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id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scope" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scope"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Scope</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Scope-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Scope subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Scope-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Overview" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overview"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Overview</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overview-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_sociology_vs._sociology_of_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_sociology_vs._sociology_of_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Political sociology vs. sociology of politics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_sociology_vs._sociology_of_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-People" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#People"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>People</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-People-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle People subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-People-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Karl_Marx" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Karl_Marx"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Karl Marx</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Karl_Marx-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Antonio_Gramsci" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antonio_Gramsci"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Antonio Gramsci</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antonio_Gramsci-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ralph_Miliband" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ralph_Miliband"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Ralph Miliband</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ralph_Miliband-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nicos_Poulantzas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nicos_Poulantzas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Nicos Poulantzas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nicos_Poulantzas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bob_Jessop" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bob_Jessop"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Bob Jessop</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bob_Jessop-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Max_Weber" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Max_Weber"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Max Weber</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Max_Weber-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Approaches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Approaches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Approaches</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Approaches-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Approaches subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Approaches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Italian_school_of_elite_theory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italian_school_of_elite_theory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Italian school of elite theory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italian_school_of_elite_theory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pluralism_and_power_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pluralism_and_power_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Pluralism and power relations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pluralism_and_power_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Power_elite" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Power_elite"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Power elite</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Power_elite-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Concepts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Concepts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Concepts</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Concepts-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Concepts subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Concepts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-T._H._Marshall_on_citizenship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#T._H._Marshall_on_citizenship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>T. H. Marshall on citizenship</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-T._H._Marshall_on_citizenship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Seymour_Martin_Lipset_on_the_social_requisites_of_democracy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seymour_Martin_Lipset_on_the_social_requisites_of_democracy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Seymour Martin Lipset on the social requisites of democracy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seymour_Martin_Lipset_on_the_social_requisites_of_democracy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Videos" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Videos"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Videos</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Videos-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Research_organisations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research_organisations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Research organisations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Research_organisations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Research organisations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Research_organisations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Political_sociology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_sociology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Political sociology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_sociology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interdisciplinary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interdisciplinary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Interdisciplinary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interdisciplinary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Bibliography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Introductory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Introductory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Introductory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Introductory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>General</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criminology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criminology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.3</span> <span>Criminology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criminology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health_and_well-being" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health_and_well-being"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.4</span> <span>Health and well-being</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health_and_well-being-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Science" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Science"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.5</span> <span>Science</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Science-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Political sociology</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 34 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-34" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">34 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A" title="علم الاجتماع السياسي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="علم الاجتماع السياسي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siyasi_sosiologiya" title="Siyasi sosiologiya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Siyasi sosiologiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Политическа социология – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Политическа социология" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociologia_pol%C3%ADtica" title="Sociologia política – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sociologia política" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politick%C3%A1_sociologie" title="Politická sociologie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Politická sociologie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politisk_sociologi" title="Politisk sociologi – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Politisk sociologi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politische_Soziologie" title="Politische Soziologie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Politische Soziologie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociolog%C3%ADa_pol%C3%ADtica" title="Sociología política – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sociología política" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politika_sociologio" title="Politika sociologio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Politika sociologio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soziologia_politiko" title="Soziologia politiko – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Soziologia politiko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="جامعه‌شناسی سیاسی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جامعه‌شناسی سیاسی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociologie_politique" title="Sociologie politique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sociologie politique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%95%EC%B9%98%EC%82%AC%ED%9A%8C%ED%95%99" title="정치사회학 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="정치사회학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="राजनीतिक समाजशास्त्र – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="राजनीतिक समाजशास्त्र" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sosiologi_politik" title="Sosiologi politik – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sosiologi politik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociologia_politica" title="Sociologia politica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sociologia politica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%92%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%98%D7%99%D7%AA" title="סוציולוגיה פוליטית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סוציולוגיה פוליטית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%8F%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%82_%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Саясат социологиясы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Саясат социологиясы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sosyoloji_politik" title="Sosyoloji politik – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Sosyoloji politik" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politisk%C4%81_sociolo%C4%A3ija" title="Politiskā socioloģija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Politiskā socioloģija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politin%C4%97_sociologija" title="Politinė sociologija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Politinė sociologija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szoci%C3%A1lpolitika" title="Szociálpolitika – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szociálpolitika" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%AD%A6" title="政治社会学 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="政治社会学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politisk_sosiologi" title="Politisk sosiologi – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Politisk sosiologi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siyosiy_sotsiologiya" title="Siyosiy sotsiologiya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Siyosiy sotsiologiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socjologia_polityki" title="Socjologia polityki – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Socjologia polityki" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociologia_pol%C3%ADtica" title="Sociologia política – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sociologia política" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Политическая социология – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Политическая социология" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociol%C3%B3gia_politiky" title="Sociológia politiky – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Sociológia politiky" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Политичка социологија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Политичка социологија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siyaset_sosyolojisi" title="Siyaset sosyolojisi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Siyaset sosyolojisi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Соціологія політики – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Соціологія політики" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/X%C3%A3_h%E1%BB%99i_h%E1%BB%8Dc_ch%C3%ADnh_tr%E1%BB%8B" title="Xã hội học chính trị – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Xã hội học chính trị" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%AD%A6" title="政治社会学 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="政治社会学" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q745692#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> 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sociology</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:All_Oppression_is_Connected_(39787330942).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Protest in New York City, New York. "All Oppression is Connected"." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/All_Oppression_is_Connected_%2839787330942%29.jpg/350px-All_Oppression_is_Connected_%2839787330942%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/All_Oppression_is_Connected_%2839787330942%29.jpg/525px-All_Oppression_is_Connected_%2839787330942%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/All_Oppression_is_Connected_%2839787330942%29.jpg/700px-All_Oppression_is_Connected_%2839787330942%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Protest" title="Protest">Protest</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>. "All Oppression is Connected".</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">Sociology</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Social_Network_Diagram_(segment).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Social_Network_Diagram_%28segment%29.svg/250px-Social_Network_Diagram_%28segment%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Social_Network_Diagram_%28segment%29.svg/375px-Social_Network_Diagram_%28segment%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Social_Network_Diagram_%28segment%29.svg/500px-Social_Network_Diagram_%28segment%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="670" data-file-height="260" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="padding-bottom:0.35em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_sociology" title="History of sociology">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_sociology" title="Outline of sociology">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_sociology_articles" title="Index of sociology articles">Index</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Key themes</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Society" title="Society">Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">Globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_behavior" title="Human behavior">Human behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment" title="Human impact on the environment">Human environmental impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_(social_science)" title="Identity (social science)">Identity</a></li> <li>Industrial revolutions <a href="/wiki/Digital_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital Revolution">3</a> / <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Industrial_Revolution" title="Fourth Industrial Revolution">4</a> / <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Industrial_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Fifth Industrial Revolution">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popularity" title="Popularity">Popularity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_complexity" title="Social complexity">Social complexity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_environment" title="Social environment">Social environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_equality" title="Social equality">Social equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_equity" title="Social equity">Social equity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_(social_and_political)" title="Power (social and political)">Social power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stratification" title="Social stratification">Social stratification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_structure" title="Social structure">Social structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_cycle_theory" title="Social cycle theory">Social cycle theory</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Sociological_theory" title="Sociological theory">Perspectives</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_theories" title="Conflict theories">Conflict theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_theory" title="Critical theory">Critical theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_functionalism" title="Structural functionalism">Structural functionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positivism" title="Positivism">Positivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_constructionism" title="Social constructionism">Social constructionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_darwinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Social darwinism">Social darwinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolic_interactionism" title="Symbolic interactionism">Symbolic interactionism</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Branches_of_sociology" class="mw-redirect" title="Branches of sociology">Branches</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gerontology" title="Gerontology">Aging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_architecture" title="Sociology of architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_art" title="Sociology of art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrosociology" title="Astrosociology">Astrosociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_the_body" title="Sociology of the body">Body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminology" title="Criminology">Criminology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_human_consciousness" title="Sociology of human consciousness">Consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_culture" title="Sociology of culture">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_death" title="Sociology of death">Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demography" title="Demography">Demography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deviance_(sociology)" title="Deviance (sociology)">Deviance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_disaster" title="Sociology of disaster">Disaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_sociology" title="Economic sociology">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_education" title="Sociology of education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_emotions" title="Sociology of emotions">Emotion</a> (<a href="/wiki/Social_aspects_of_jealousy" title="Social aspects of jealousy">Jealousy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_sociology" title="Environmental sociology">Environmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_the_family" title="Sociology of the family">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_sociology" title="Feminist sociology">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_sociology" title="Fiscal sociology">Fiscal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_food" title="Sociology of food">Food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_gender" title="Sociology of gender">Gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_generations" title="Theory of generations">Generations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_health_and_illness" title="Sociology of health and illness">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_sociology" title="Historical sociology">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_immigration" title="Sociology of immigration">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_sociology" title="Industrial sociology">Industrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_the_Internet" title="Sociology of the Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_Jewry" title="Sociology of Jewry">Jewry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_knowledge" title="Sociology of knowledge">Knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_language" title="Sociology of language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_law" title="Sociology of law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_leisure" title="Sociology of leisure">Leisure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_literature" title="Sociology of literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_sociology" title="Marxist sociology">Marxist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_sociology" title="Mathematical sociology">Mathematic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_sociology" title="Medical sociology">Medical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_sociology" title="Military sociology">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociomusicology" title="Sociomusicology">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_peace,_war,_and_social_conflict" title="Sociology of peace, war, and social conflict">Peace, war, and social conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_philosophy" title="Sociology of philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_sociology" title="Public sociology">Public</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_punishment" title="Sociology of punishment">Punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_race_and_ethnic_relations" title="Sociology of race and ethnic relations">Race and ethnicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_religion" title="Sociology of religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_sociology" title="Rural sociology">Rural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_scientific_knowledge" title="Sociology of scientific knowledge">Science</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_the_history_of_science" title="Sociology of the history of science">History of science</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_movement_theory" title="Social movement theory">Social movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_psychology_(sociology)" title="Social psychology (sociology)">Social psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociocybernetics" title="Sociocybernetics">Sociocybernetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_sociology" title="Sociology of sociology">Sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_space" title="Sociology of space">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_sport" title="Sociology of sport">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_construction_of_technology" title="Social construction of technology">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_terrorism" title="Sociology of terrorism">Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_sociology" title="Urban sociology">Urban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_utopian_sociology" title="Real utopian sociology">Utopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victimology" title="Victimology">Victimology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_sociology" title="Visual sociology">Visual</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Social_research" title="Social research">Methods</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quantitative_research" title="Quantitative research">Quantitative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qualitative_research" title="Qualitative research">Qualitative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_historical_research" title="Comparative historical research">Comparative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_sociology" title="Computational sociology">Computational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnography" title="Ethnography">Ethnographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversation_analysis" title="Conversation analysis">Conversation analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_method" title="Historical method">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interview_(research)" title="Interview (research)">Interview</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_sociology" title="Mathematical sociology">Mathematical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_network_analysis" title="Social network analysis">Network analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_experiment" title="Social experiment">Social experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Survey_(human_research)" title="Survey (human research)">Survey</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sociologists" title="List of sociologists">Major theorists</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><b>1700s:</b> <a href="/wiki/Auguste_Comte" title="Auguste Comte">Comte</a> · <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Joseph_Siey%C3%A8s" title="Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès">Sieyès</a><br /></li></ul> <p><b>1800s:</b> <a href="/wiki/Harriet_Martineau" title="Harriet Martineau">Martineau</a> · <a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a> · <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a> · <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Spencer</a> · <a href="/wiki/Gustave_Le_Bon" title="Gustave Le Bon">Le Bon</a> · <a href="/wiki/Lester_Frank_Ward" title="Lester Frank Ward">Ward</a> · <a href="/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto" title="Vilfredo Pareto">Pareto</a> · <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_T%C3%B6nnies" title="Ferdinand Tönnies">Tönnies</a> · <a href="/wiki/Thorstein_Veblen" title="Thorstein Veblen">Veblen</a> · <a href="/wiki/Georg_Simmel" title="Georg Simmel">Simmel</a> · <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim" title="Émile Durkheim">Durkheim</a> · <a href="/wiki/Jane_Addams" title="Jane Addams">Addams</a> · <a href="/wiki/George_Herbert_Mead" title="George Herbert Mead">Mead</a> · <a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Weber</a> · <a href="/wiki/W.E.B._Du_Bois" class="mw-redirect" title="W.E.B. Du Bois">Du Bois</a> · <a href="/wiki/Karl_Mannheim" title="Karl Mannheim">Mannheim</a> · <a href="/wiki/Norbert_Elias" title="Norbert Elias">Elias</a><br /> </p> <b>1900s:</b> <a href="/wiki/Erich_Fromm" title="Erich Fromm">Fromm</a> · <a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Adorno</a> · <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Gehlen" title="Arnold Gehlen">Gehlen</a> · <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Aron" title="Raymond Aron">Aron</a> · <a href="/wiki/Robert_K._Merton" title="Robert K. Merton">Merton</a> · <a href="/wiki/Robert_Nisbet" title="Robert Nisbet">Nisbet</a> · <a href="/wiki/C._Wright_Mills" title="C. Wright Mills">Mills</a> · <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Bell" title="Daniel Bell">Bell</a> · <a href="/wiki/Helmut_Schoeck" title="Helmut Schoeck">Schoeck</a> · <a href="/wiki/Erving_Goffman" title="Erving Goffman">Goffman</a> · <a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Bauman" title="Zygmunt Bauman">Bauman</a> · <a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Foucault</a> · <a href="/wiki/Niklas_Luhmann" title="Niklas Luhmann">Luhmann </a> · <a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Habermas</a> · <a href="/wiki/Jean_Baudrillard" title="Jean Baudrillard">Baudrillard</a> · <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Bourdieu" title="Pierre Bourdieu">Bourdieu</a> · <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Giddens" title="Anthony Giddens">Giddens</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_sociology_articles" title="Index of sociology articles">Lists</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_sociology" title="Bibliography of sociology">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sociological_terminology" title="Category:Sociological terminology">Terminology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sociology_journals" title="List of sociology journals">Journals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sociological_associations" title="List of sociological associations">Organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sociologists" title="List of sociologists">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_sociology" title="Timeline of sociology">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sociology_by_country" title="Category:Sociology by country">By country</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Social_sciences.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/16px-Social_sciences.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/24px-Social_sciences.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/32px-Social_sciences.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="139" data-file-height="122" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Society" title="Portal:Society">Society portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sociology" title="Template:Sociology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sociology" title="Template talk:Sociology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sociology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sociology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Political sociology</b> is an <a href="/wiki/Interdisciplinary" class="mw-redirect" title="Interdisciplinary">interdisciplinary</a> field of study concerned with exploring how governance and society interact and influence one another at the micro to macro <a href="/wiki/Levels_of_analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Levels of analysis">levels of analysis</a>. Interested in the social causes and consequences of how power is distributed and changes throughout and amongst societies, political sociology's focus ranges across individual <a href="/wiki/Families" class="mw-redirect" title="Families">families</a> to the <a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">state</a> as sites of social and political conflict and power contestation.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Introduction">Introduction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_sociology&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Introduction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Political sociology was conceived as an <a href="/wiki/Interdisciplinary" class="mw-redirect" title="Interdisciplinary">interdisciplinary</a> sub-field of <a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">sociology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Politics" title="Politics">politics</a> in the early 1930s<sup id="cite_ref-:2_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> throughout the social and political disruptions that took place through the rise of <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This new area drawing upon works by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oliver_Edmund_burke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oliver Edmund burke (page does not exist)">oliver Edmund burke</a><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Alexis de Tocqueville</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Bryce,_1st_Viscount_Bryce" title="James Bryce, 1st Viscount Bryce">James Bryce</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Michels" title="Robert Michels">Robert Michels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Max Weber</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim" title="Émile Durkheim">Émile Durkheim</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a> to understand an integral theme of political sociology; power.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Power_(social_and_political)" title="Power (social and political)">Power</a>'s definition for political sociologists varies across the approaches and conceptual framework utilised within this interdisciplinary study. At its basic understanding, power can be seen as the ability to influence or control other people or processes around you. This helps to create a variety of research focuses and use of methodologies as different scholars' understanding of power differs. Alongside this, their academic disciplinary department/ institution can also flavour their research as they develop from their baseline of inquiry (e.g. political or sociological studies) into this interdisciplinary field (see <a href="#Political_sociology_vs_sociology_of_politics">§ Political sociology vs sociology of politics</a>). Although with deviation in how it is carried out, political sociology has an overall focus on understanding why power structures are the way they are in any given societal context.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Political sociologists, throughout its broad manifestations, propose that in order to understand power, society and politics must be studied with one another and neither treated as assumed variables. In the words of political scientist Michael Rush, "For any society to be understood, so must its politics; and if the politics of any society is to be understood, so must that society."<sup id="cite_ref-:3_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_sociology&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The development of political sociology from the 1930s onwards took place as the separating disciplines of sociology and politics explored their overlapping areas of interest.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">Sociology</a> can be viewed as the broad analysis of human society and the interrelationship of these societies. Predominantly focused on the relationship of human behaviour with society. <a href="/wiki/Political_science" title="Political science">Political science</a> or politics as a study largely situates itself within this definition of sociology and is sometimes regarded as a well developed sub-field of sociology, but is seen as a stand alone disciplinary area of research due to the size of scholarly work undertaken within it. Politics offers a complex definition and is important to note that what 'politics' means is subjective to the author and context. From the study of governmental institutions, public policy, to power relations, politics has a rich disciplinary outlook.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The importance of studying sociology within politics, and vice versa, has had recognition across figures from Mosca to Pareto as they recognised that politicians and politics do not operate in a societal vacuum, and society does not operate outside of politics. Here, political sociology sets about to study the relationships of society and politics.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Numerous works account for highlighting a political sociology, from the work of <a href="/wiki/Auguste_Comte" title="Auguste Comte">Comte</a> and <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Spencer</a> to other figures such as <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim" title="Émile Durkheim">Durkheim</a>. Although feeding into this interdisciplinary area, the body of work by <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a> and <a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Max Weber</a> are considered foundational to its inception as a sub-field of research.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scope">Scope</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_sociology&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Scope"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Overview">Overview</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_sociology&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The scope of political sociology is broad, reflecting on the wide interest in how power and oppression operate over and within social and political areas in society.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although diverse, some major themes of interest for political sociology include: </p> <ol><li>Understanding the dynamics of how the <a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">state</a> and <a href="/wiki/Society" title="Society">society</a> exercise and contest power (e.g. power structures, authority, social inequality).<sup id="cite_ref-:8_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>How political values and behaviours shape society and how society's values and behaviours shape politics (e.g. public opinion, ideologies, social movements).</li> <li>How these operate across formal and informal areas of politics and society (e.g. ministerial cabinet vs. family home).<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>How socio-political cultures and identities change over time.</li></ol> <p>In other words, political sociology is concerned with how social trends, dynamics, and structures of domination affect formal political processes alongside social forces working together to create change.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From this perspective, we can identify three major theoretical frameworks: <a href="/wiki/Pluralism_(political_theory)" title="Pluralism (political theory)">pluralism</a>, elite or managerial theory, and class analysis, which overlaps with <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxist</a> analysis.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pluralism sees politics primarily as a contest among competing interest groups. <a href="/wiki/Elite_theory" title="Elite theory">Elite or managerial theory</a> is sometimes called a state-centered approach. It explains what the state does by looking at constraints from organizational structure, semi-autonomous state managers, and interests that arise from the state as a unique, power-concentrating organization. A leading representative is <a href="/wiki/Theda_Skocpol" title="Theda Skocpol">Theda Skocpol</a>. Social class theory analysis emphasizes the political power of capitalist elites.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It can be split into two parts: one is the "power structure" or "instrumentalist" approach, whereas another is the <a href="/wiki/Structural_functionalism" title="Structural functionalism">structuralist</a> approach. The power structure approach focuses on the question of who rules and its most well-known representative is <a href="/wiki/G._William_Domhoff" title="G. William Domhoff">G. William Domhoff</a>. The structuralist approach emphasizes the way a capitalist economy operates; only allowing and encouraging the state to do some things but not others (<a href="/wiki/Nicos_Poulantzas" title="Nicos Poulantzas">Nicos Poulantzas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bob_Jessop" title="Bob Jessop">Bob Jessop</a>). </p><p>Where a typical research question in political <a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">sociology</a> might have been, "Why do so few American or European citizens choose to <a href="/wiki/Voting" title="Voting">vote</a>?"<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or even, "What difference does it make if women get elected?",<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> political sociologists also now ask, "How is the body a site of power?",<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "How are emotions relevant to global <a href="/wiki/Poverty" title="Poverty">poverty</a>?",<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and "What difference does knowledge make to <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democracy</a>?"<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_sociology_vs._sociology_of_politics">Political sociology vs. sociology of politics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_sociology&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Political sociology vs. sociology of politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While both are valid lines of enquiry, sociology of politics is a sociological <a href="/wiki/Reductionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Reductionist">reductionist</a> account of politics (e.g. exploring <a href="/wiki/Political" class="mw-redirect" title="Political">political</a> areas through a <a href="/wiki/Sociological" class="mw-redirect" title="Sociological">sociological</a> lens), whereas political sociology is a collaborative socio-political exploration of society and its power contestation. When addressing political sociology, there is noted overlap in using <i>sociology of politics</i> as a synonym. Sartori outlines that <i>sociology of politics</i> refers specifically to a sociological analysis of politics and not an interdisciplinary area of research that political sociology works towards. This difference is made by the variables of interest that both perspectives focus upon. Sociology of politics centres on the non-political causes of oppression and power contestation in political life, whereas political sociology includes the political causes of these actions throughout commentary with non-political ones.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="People">People</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_sociology&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: People"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Karl_Marx">Karl Marx</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_sociology&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Karl Marx"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Karl_Marx_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A portrait picture of Karl Marx." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Karl_Marx_001.jpg/220px-Karl_Marx_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="316" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Karl_Marx_001.jpg/330px-Karl_Marx_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Karl_Marx_001.jpg/440px-Karl_Marx_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1428" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>A portrait picture of Karl Marx</figcaption></figure> <p>Marx's ideas about the <a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">state</a> can be divided into three subject areas: <a href="/wiki/Pre-capitalist_societies" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-capitalist societies">pre-capitalist</a> states, states in the <a href="/wiki/Capitalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Capitalist">capitalist</a> (i.e. present) era and the state (or absence of one) in <a href="/wiki/Post-capitalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-capitalist">post-capitalist</a> society. Overlaying this is the fact that his own ideas about the state changed as he grew older, differing in his early pre-<a href="/wiki/Communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist">communist</a> phase, the <a href="/wiki/Young_Marx" title="Young Marx">young Marx</a> phase which predates the unsuccessful <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">1848 uprisings in Europe</a> and in his mature, more nuanced work. </p><p>In Marx's 1843 <i><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_Hegel%27s_Philosophy_of_Right" title="Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of Right">Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of Right</a></i>, his basic conception is that the state and <a href="/wiki/Civil_society" title="Civil society">civil society</a> are separate. However, he already saw some limitations to that model, arguing: "The political state everywhere needs the guarantee of spheres lying outside it."<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He added: "He as yet was saying nothing about the abolition of private property, does not express a developed theory of class, and "the solution [he offers] to the problem of the state/civil society separation is a purely <i>political</i> solution, namely universal suffrage".<sup id="cite_ref-:4_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the time he wrote <i><a href="/wiki/The_German_Ideology" title="The German Ideology">The German Ideology</a></i> (1846), Marx viewed the state as a creature of the <a href="/wiki/Bourgeois" class="mw-redirect" title="Bourgeois">bourgeois</a> economic interest. Two years later, that idea was expounded in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Communist_Manifesto" title="The Communist Manifesto">The Communist Manifesto</a></i>:<sup id="cite_ref-:5_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "The executive of the modern state is nothing but a committee for managing the common affairs of the whole bourgeoisie."<sup id="cite_ref-:5_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This represents the high point of conformance of the state theory to an <a href="/wiki/Historical_materialism" title="Historical materialism">economic interpretation of history</a> in which the <a href="/wiki/Forces_of_production" class="mw-redirect" title="Forces of production">forces of production</a> determine peoples' production relations and their production relations determine all other relations, including the political.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although "determines" is the strong form of the claim, Marx also uses "conditions". Even "determination" is not causality and some reciprocity of action is admitted. The bourgeoisie control the economy, therefore they control the state. In this theory, the state is an instrument of class rule. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antonio_Gramsci">Antonio Gramsci</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_sociology&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Antonio Gramsci"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Antonio Gramsci</a>'s theory of <a href="/wiki/Cultural_hegemony" title="Cultural hegemony">hegemony</a> is tied to his conception of the capitalist state. Gramsci does not understand the state in the narrow sense of the government. Instead, he divides it between political society (the police, the army, legal system, etc.) – the arena of political institutions and legal constitutional control – and <a href="/wiki/Civil_society" title="Civil society">civil society</a> (the family, the education system, trade unions, etc.) – commonly seen as the private or non-state sphere, which mediates between the state and the economy. However, he stresses that the division is purely conceptual and that the two often overlap in reality. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Gramsci claims the capitalist state rules through force plus consent: political society is the realm of force and civil society is the realm of consent. Gramsci proffers that under modern capitalism the <a href="/wiki/Bourgeoisie" title="Bourgeoisie">bourgeoisie</a> can maintain its economic control by allowing certain demands made by trade unions and mass political parties within civil society to be met by the political sphere. Thus, the bourgeoisie engages in <a href="/wiki/Passive_revolution" title="Passive revolution">passive revolution</a> by going beyond its immediate economic interests and allowing the forms of its hegemony to change. Gramsci posits that movements such as <a href="/wiki/Reformism" title="Reformism">reformism</a> and fascism, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Scientific_management" title="Scientific management">scientific management</a> and <a href="/wiki/Assembly_line" title="Assembly line">assembly line</a> methods of <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Winslow_Taylor" title="Frederick Winslow Taylor">Frederick Taylor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Henry_Ford" title="Henry Ford">Henry Ford</a> respectively, are examples of this. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ralph_Miliband">Ralph Miliband</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_sociology&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Ralph Miliband"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>English Marxist sociologist <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Miliband" title="Ralph Miliband">Ralph Miliband</a> was influenced by American sociologist <a href="/wiki/C._Wright_Mills" title="C. Wright Mills">C. Wright Mills</a>, of whom he had been a friend. He published <i>The State in Capitalist Society</i> in 1969, a study in Marxist political sociology, rejecting the idea that pluralism spread political power, and maintaining that power in Western democracies was concentrated in the hands of a dominant class.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nicos_Poulantzas">Nicos Poulantzas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_sociology&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Nicos Poulantzas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Nicos_Poulantzas" title="Nicos Poulantzas">Nicos Poulantzas</a>' theory of the state reacted to what he saw as simplistic understandings within Marxism. For him <a href="/wiki/Instrumentalism" title="Instrumentalism">Instrumentalist</a> Marxist accounts such as that of Miliband held that the state was simply an instrument in the hands of a particular <a href="/wiki/Social_class" title="Social class">class</a>. Poulantzas disagreed with this because he saw the capitalist class as too focused on its individual short-term profit, rather than on maintaining the class's power as a whole, to simply exercise the whole of state power in its own interest. Poulantzas argued that the state, though relatively autonomous from the capitalist class, nonetheless functions to ensure the smooth operation of capitalist society, and therefore benefits the capitalist class. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In particular, he focused on how an inherently divisive system such as capitalism could coexist with the social stability necessary for it to reproduce itself—looking in particular to nationalism as a means to overcome the class divisions within capitalism. Borrowing from Gramsci's notion of <a href="/wiki/Cultural_hegemony" title="Cultural hegemony">cultural hegemony</a>, Poulantzas argued that repressing movements of the oppressed is not the sole function of the state. Rather, state power must also obtain the consent of the oppressed. It does this through class alliances, where the dominant group makes an "alliance" with subordinate groups as a means to obtain the consent of the subordinate group. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bob_Jessop">Bob Jessop</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_sociology&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Bob Jessop"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Bob_Jessop" title="Bob Jessop">Bob Jessop</a> was influenced by Gramsci, Miliband and Poulantzas to propose that the state is not as an entity but as a social relation with differential strategic effects. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> This means that the state is not something with an essential, fixed property such as a neutral coordinator of different social interests, an autonomous corporate actor with its own bureaucratic goals and interests, or the 'executive committee of the bourgeoisie' as often described by <a href="/wiki/Pluralism_(political_theory)" title="Pluralism (political theory)">pluralists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elitists" class="mw-redirect" title="Elitists">elitists</a>/<a href="/wiki/Statism" title="Statism">statists</a> and conventional <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxists</a> respectively. Rather, what the state is essentially determined by is the nature of the wider social relations in which it is situated, especially the balance of social forces. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Max_Weber">Max Weber</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_sociology&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Max Weber"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In political sociology, one of Weber's most influential contributions is his "<a href="/wiki/Politics_as_a_Vocation" title="Politics as a Vocation">Politics as a Vocation</a>" (<i>Politik als Beruf</i>) essay. Therein, Weber unveils the definition of the <a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">state</a> as that entity that possesses a <a href="/wiki/Monopoly_on_the_legitimate_use_of_physical_force" class="mw-redirect" title="Monopoly on the legitimate use of physical force">monopoly on the legitimate use of physical force</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-E-PoV_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-E-PoV-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Weber wrote that politics is the sharing of state's power between various groups, and political leaders are those who wield this power.<sup id="cite_ref-E-PoV_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-E-PoV-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Weber distinguished three <a href="/wiki/Ideal_type" title="Ideal type">ideal types</a> of political leadership (alternatively referred to as three types of domination, legitimisation or authority):<sup id="cite_ref-:6_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_authority" title="Charismatic authority">charismatic authority</a> (<a href="/wiki/Family" title="Family">familial</a> and <a href="/wiki/Religion_and_politics" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and politics">religious</a>),</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_authority" title="Traditional authority">traditional authority</a> (<a href="/wiki/Patriarch" title="Patriarch">patriarchs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patriarchy" title="Patriarchy">patrimonialism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">feudalism</a>) and</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rational-legal_authority" title="Rational-legal authority">legal authority</a> (modern law and state, <a href="/wiki/Bureaucracy" title="Bureaucracy">bureaucracy</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-WolfJM_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WolfJM-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p>In his view, every historical relation between rulers and ruled contained such elements and they can be analysed on the basis of <a href="/wiki/Tripartite_classification_of_authority" title="Tripartite classification of authority">this tripartite distinction</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He notes that the instability of charismatic authority forces it to "routinise" into a more structured form of authority.<sup id="cite_ref-Ritzer2009-38-42_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ritzer2009-38-42-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a pure type of traditional rule, sufficient resistance to a ruler can lead to a "traditional revolution". The move towards a <a href="/wiki/Rational-legal" class="mw-redirect" title="Rational-legal">rational-legal</a> structure of authority, utilising a bureaucratic structure, is inevitable in the end.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus this theory can be sometimes viewed as part of the <a href="/wiki/Social_evolutionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Social evolutionism">social evolutionism</a> theory. This ties to his broader concept of <a href="/wiki/Rationalization_(sociology)" title="Rationalization (sociology)">rationalisation</a> by suggesting the inevitability of a move in this direction,<sup id="cite_ref-Ritzer2009-38-42_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ritzer2009-38-42-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in which "Bureaucratic administration means fundamentally domination through knowledge."<sup id="cite_ref-Bureaucratic_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bureaucratic-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Weber described many ideal types of public administration and government in <i><a href="/wiki/Economy_and_Society" title="Economy and Society">Economy and Society</a></i> (1922). His critical study of the bureaucratisation of society became one of the most enduring parts of his work.<sup id="cite_ref-Ritzer2009-38-42_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ritzer2009-38-42-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bureaucratic_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bureaucratic-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was Weber who began the studies of bureaucracy and whose works led to the popularisation of this term.<sup id="cite_ref-BuSach_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BuSach-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many aspects of modern <a href="/wiki/Public_administration" title="Public administration">public administration</a> go back to him and a classic, hierarchically organised civil service of the Continental type is called "Weberian civil service".<sup id="cite_ref-Hooghe2001_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hooghe2001-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the most efficient and rational way of organising, bureaucratisation for Weber was the key part of the rational-legal authority and furthermore, he saw it as the key process in the ongoing rationalisation of the Western society.<sup id="cite_ref-Ritzer2009-38-42_30-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ritzer2009-38-42-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bureaucratic_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bureaucratic-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Weber's ideal bureaucracy is characterised by hierarchical organisation, by delineated lines of authority in a fixed area of activity, by action taken (and recorded) on the basis of written rules, by bureaucratic officials needing expert training, by rules being implemented neutrally and by career advancement depending on technical qualifications judged by organisations, not by individuals.<sup id="cite_ref-Bureaucratic_31-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bureaucratic-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AllanAllan2005-172-176_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AllanAllan2005-172-176-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Approaches">Approaches</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_sociology&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Approaches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italian_school_of_elite_theory">Italian school of elite theory</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_sociology&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Italian school of elite theory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto" title="Vilfredo Pareto">Vilfredo Pareto</a> (1848–1923), <a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Mosca" title="Gaetano Mosca">Gaetano Mosca</a> (1858–1941), and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Michels" title="Robert Michels">Robert Michels</a> (1876–1936), were cofounders of the Italian school of elitism which influenced subsequent elite theory in the Western tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The outlook of the Italian school of elitism is based on two ideas: Power lies in position of authority in key economic and political institutions. The psychological difference that sets elites apart is that they have personal resources, for instance intelligence and skills, and a vested interest in the government; while the rest are incompetent and do not have the capabilities of governing themselves, the elite are resourceful and strive to make the government work. For in reality, the elite would have the most to lose in a failed state. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto" title="Vilfredo Pareto">Pareto</a> emphasized the psychological and intellectual superiority of elites, believing that they were the highest achievers in any field. He discussed the existence of two types of elites: Governing elites and Non-governing elites. He also extended the idea that a whole elite can be replaced by a new one and how one can circulate from being elite to non-elite. <a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Mosca" title="Gaetano Mosca">Mosca</a> emphasized the sociological and personal characteristics of elites. He said elites are an organized minority and that the masses are an unorganized majority. The ruling class is composed of the ruling elite and the sub-elites. He divides the world into two group: Political class and Non-Political class. Mosca asserts that elites have intellectual, moral, and material superiority that is highly esteemed and influential. </p><p>Sociologist <a href="/wiki/Robert_Michels" title="Robert Michels">Michels</a> developed the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Law_of_Oligarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron Law of Oligarchy">iron law of oligarchy</a> where, he asserts, social and political organizations are run by few individuals, and social organization and labor division are key. He believed that all organizations were elitist and that elites have three basic principles that help in the bureaucratic structure of political organization: </p> <ol><li>Need for leaders, specialized staff and facilities</li> <li>Utilization of facilities by leaders within their organization</li> <li>The importance of the psychological attributes of the leaders</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pluralism_and_power_relations">Pluralism and power relations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_sociology&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Pluralism and power relations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Contemporary political sociology takes these questions seriously, but it is concerned with the play of power and politics across societies, which includes, but is not restricted to, relations between the state and society. In part, this is a product of the growing complexity of social relations, the impact of social movement organizing, and the relative weakening of the state as a result of globalization. To a significant part, however, it is due to the radical rethinking of <a href="/wiki/Social_theory" title="Social theory">social theory</a>. This is as much focused now on micro questions (such as the formation of identity through social interaction, the politics of knowledge, and the effects of the contestation of meaning on structures), as it is on macro questions (such as how to capture and use state power). Chief influences here include cultural studies (<a href="/wiki/Stuart_Hall_(cultural_theorist)" title="Stuart Hall (cultural theorist)">Stuart Hall</a>), post-structuralism (<a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Michel Foucault</a>, <a href="/wiki/Judith_Butler" title="Judith Butler">Judith Butler</a>), pragmatism (<a href="/wiki/Luc_Boltanski" title="Luc Boltanski">Luc Boltanski</a>), structuration theory (<a href="/wiki/Anthony_Giddens" title="Anthony Giddens">Anthony Giddens</a>), and cultural sociology (<a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_C._Alexander" title="Jeffrey C. Alexander">Jeffrey C. Alexander</a>). </p><p>Political sociology attempts to explore the dynamics between the two institutional systems introduced by the advent of Western capitalist system that are the democratic constitutional liberal state and the capitalist economy. While democracy promises impartiality and legal equality before all citizens, the capitalist system results in unequal <a href="/wiki/Economic_power" title="Economic power">economic power</a> and thus possible political inequality as well. </p><p>For pluralists,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the distribution of political power is not determined by economic interests but by multiple social divisions and political agendas. The diverse political interests and beliefs of different factions work together through collective organizations to create a flexible and fair representation that in turn influences political parties which make the decisions. The distribution of power is then achieved through the interplay of contending interest groups. The government in this model functions just as a mediating broker and is free from control by any economic power. This pluralistic democracy however requires the existence of an underlying framework that would offer mechanisms for citizenship and expression and the opportunity to organize representations through social and industrial organizations, such as trade unions. Ultimately, decisions are reached through the complex process of bargaining and compromise between various groups pushing for their interests. Many factors, pluralists believe, have ended the domination of the political sphere by an economic elite. The power of organized labour and the increasingly interventionist state have placed restrictions on the power of capital to manipulate and control the state. Additionally, capital is no longer owned by a dominant class, but by an expanding managerial sector and diversified shareholders, none of whom can exert their will upon another. </p><p>The pluralist emphasis on fair representation however overshadows the constraints imposed on the extent of choice offered. Bachrauch and Baratz (1963) examined the deliberate withdrawal of certain policies from the political arena. For example, organized movements that express what might seem as radical change in a society can often by portrayed as illegitimate.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Power_elite">Power elite</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_sociology&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Power elite"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A main rival to pluralist theory in the United States was the theory of the "power elite" by sociologist <a href="/wiki/C._Wright_Mills" title="C. Wright Mills">C. Wright Mills</a>. According to Mills, the eponymous "power elite" are those that occupy the dominant positions, in the dominant institutions (military, economic and political) of a dominant country, and their decisions (or lack of decisions) have enormous consequences, not only for the U.S. population but, "the underlying populations of the world." The institutions which they head, Mills posits, are a triumvirate of groups that have succeeded weaker predecessors: (1) "two or three hundred giant corporations" which have replaced the traditional agrarian and craft economy, (2) a strong federal political order that has inherited power from "a decentralized set of several dozen states" and "now enters into each and every cranny of the social structure", and (3) the military establishment, formerly an object of "distrust fed by state militia," but now an entity with "all the grim and clumsy efficiency of a sprawling bureaucratic domain." Importantly, and in distinction from modern American <a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theory" title="Conspiracy theory">conspiracy theory</a>, Mills explains that the elite themselves may not be aware of their status as an elite, noting that "often they are uncertain about their roles" and "without conscious effort, they absorb the aspiration to be ... The Onecide." Nonetheless, he sees them as a quasi-hereditary caste. The members of the power elite, according to Mills, often enter into positions of societal prominence through educations obtained at establishment universities. The resulting elites, who control the three dominant institutions (military, economy and political system) can be generally grouped into one of six types, according to Mills: </p> <ul><li>the "Metropolitan 400", members of historically notable local families in the principal American cities, generally represented on the <a href="/wiki/Social_Register" title="Social Register">Social Register</a></li> <li>"Celebrities", prominent entertainers and media personalities</li> <li>the "Chief Executives", presidents and CEOs of the most important companies within each industrial sector</li> <li>the "Corporate Rich", major landowners and corporate shareholders</li> <li>the "Warlords", senior military officers, most importantly the <a href="/wiki/Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff" title="Joint Chiefs of Staff">Joint Chiefs of Staff</a></li> <li>the "Political Directorate", "fifty-odd men of the executive branch" of the U.S. federal government, including the senior leadership in the <a href="/wiki/Executive_Office_of_the_President" class="mw-redirect" title="Executive Office of the President">Executive Office of the President</a>, sometimes variously drawn from elected officials of the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Party of the United States">Democratic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Republican Party of the United States">Republican</a> parties but usually professional government <a href="/wiki/Bureaucrat" title="Bureaucrat">bureaucrats</a></li></ul> <p>Mills formulated a very short summary of his book: "Who, after all, runs America? No one runs it altogether, but in so far as any group does, the power elite."<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Who_Rules_America%3F" title="Who Rules America?">Who Rules America?</a></i> is a book by research psychologist and sociologist, <a href="/wiki/G._William_Domhoff" title="G. William Domhoff">G. William Domhoff</a>, first published in 1967 as a best-seller (#12), with six subsequent editions.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Domhoff argues in the book that a <a href="/wiki/Power_elite" class="mw-redirect" title="Power elite">power elite</a> wields power in America through its support of think-tanks, foundations, commissions, and academic departments.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, he argues that the elite control institutions through overt authority, not through covert influence.<sup id="cite_ref-miller_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-miller-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his introduction, Domhoff writes that the book was inspired by the work of four men: sociologists <a href="/wiki/E._Digby_Baltzell" title="E. Digby Baltzell">E. Digby Baltzell</a>, <a href="/wiki/C._Wright_Mills" title="C. Wright Mills">C. Wright Mills</a>, economist <a href="/wiki/Paul_Sweezy" title="Paul Sweezy">Paul Sweezy</a>, and political scientist <a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Dahl" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert A. Dahl">Robert A. Dahl</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Concepts">Concepts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_sociology&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Concepts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="T._H._Marshall_on_citizenship">T. H. Marshall on citizenship</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_sociology&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: T. H. Marshall on citizenship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/T._H._Marshall" title="T. H. Marshall">T. H. Marshall</a>'s Social Citizenship is a political concept first highlighted in his essay, <i>Citizenship and Social Class</i> in 1949. Marshall's concept defines the social responsibilities the state has to its citizens or, as Marshall puts it, "from [granting] the right to a modicum of <a href="/wiki/Economic_welfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic welfare">economic welfare</a> and security to the right to share to the full in the social heritage and to live the life of a civilized being according to the standards prevailing in the society".<sup id="cite_ref-:9_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the key points made by Marshall is his belief in an evolution of rights in <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> acquired via <a href="/wiki/Citizenship" title="Citizenship">citizenship</a>, from "<a href="/wiki/Civil_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil rights">civil rights</a> in the eighteenth [century], political in the nineteenth, and social in the twentieth".<sup id="cite_ref-:9_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This evolution however, has been criticized by many for only being from the perspective of the white working man. Marshall concludes his essay with three major factors for the evolution of <a href="/wiki/Social_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Social rights">social rights</a> and for their further evolution, listed below: </p> <ol><li>The lessening of the <a href="/wiki/Income_gap" class="mw-redirect" title="Income gap">income gap</a></li> <li>"The great extension of the area of common culture and common experience"<sup id="cite_ref-:9_43-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>An enlargement of citizenship and more rights granted to these citizens.</li></ol> <p>Many of the social responsibilities of a state have since become a major part of many state's policies (see <a href="/wiki/United_States_Social_Security" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Social Security">United States Social Security</a>). However, these have also become controversial issues as there is a debate over whether a citizen truly has the <a href="/wiki/Right_to_education" title="Right to education">right to education</a> and even more so, to <a href="/wiki/Social_welfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Social welfare">social welfare</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Seymour_Martin_Lipset_on_the_social_requisites_of_democracy">Seymour Martin Lipset on the social requisites of democracy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_sociology&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Seymour Martin Lipset on the social requisites of democracy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <i><a href="/wiki/Political_Man" title="Political Man">Political Man</a>: The Social Bases of Politics</i> political sociologist <a href="/wiki/Seymour_Martin_Lipset" title="Seymour Martin Lipset">Seymour Martin Lipset</a> provided a very influential analysis of the bases of democracy across the world. Larry Diamond and Gary Marks argue that "Lipset's assertion of a direct relationship between <a href="/wiki/Economic_development" title="Economic development">economic development</a> and democracy has been subjected to extensive empirical examination, both quantitative and qualitative, in the past 30 years. And the evidence shows, with striking clarity and consistency, a strong causal relationship between economic development and democracy."<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The book sold more than 400,000 copies and was translated into 20 languages, including: Vietnamese, Bengali, and Serbo-Croatian.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lipset was one of the first proponents of <a href="/wiki/Modernization_theory" title="Modernization theory">Modernization theory</a> which states that democracy is the direct result of economic growth, and that "[t]he more well-to-do a nation, the greater the chances that it will sustain democracy."<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lipset's modernization theory has continued to be a significant factor in academic discussions and research relating to <a href="/wiki/Democratic_transitions" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic transitions">democratic transitions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been referred to as the "Lipset hypothesis",<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as the "Lipset thesis".<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Videos">Videos</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_sociology&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Videos"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Tawnya Adkins Covert (2017), "What is Political Sociology?" (<a href="/wiki/SAGE_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="SAGE Publishing">SAGE</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="Paywall">paywall</a>).</li> <li>V. Bautista (2020), "Introduction to Political Sociology" (<a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research_organisations">Research organisations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_sociology&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Research organisations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_sociology">Political sociology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_sociology&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Political sociology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aalborg_University" title="Aalborg University">Aalborg University</a>: Political Sociology Research Group</li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Sociological_Association" title="American Sociological Association">American Sociological Association</a>: Section on Political Sociology</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Consortium_for_Political_Research" title="European Consortium for Political Research">European Consortium for Political Research</a>: Political Sociology Standing Group</li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Amsterdam" title="University of Amsterdam">University of Amsterdam</a>: Political Sociology Power, Place and Difference Programme Group</li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a>: Political Sociology Cluster</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interdisciplinary">Interdisciplinary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_sociology&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Interdisciplinary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>: Political and Historical Sociology Research Cluster</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_sociology&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_sociology" title="Bibliography of sociology">Bibliography of sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_anthropology" title="Political anthropology">Political anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">Political philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_spectrum" title="Political spectrum">Political spectrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_structure" class="mw-redirect" title="Power structure">Power structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_identity" title="Political identity">Political identity</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_sociology&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFScott2014" class="citation book cs1">Scott, John (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/910157494"><i>A dictionary of sociology</i></a> (4 ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 575–576. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-176305-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-176305-2"><bdi>978-0-19-176305-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/910157494">910157494</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+dictionary+of+sociology&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=575-576&rft.edition=4&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F910157494&rft.isbn=978-0-19-176305-2&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F910157494&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitical+sociology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoser1967" class="citation book cs1">Coser, Lewis A. (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/politicalsociolo0000cose_u5o7/page/2/mode/1up"><i>Political sociology; selected essays</i></a> (1 ed.). New York: Harper & Row. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-131293-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-131293-2"><bdi>0-06-131293-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/177119">177119</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+sociology%3B+selected+essays&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Row&rft.date=1967&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F177119&rft.isbn=0-06-131293-2&rft.aulast=Coser&rft.aufirst=Lewis+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpoliticalsociolo0000cose_u5o7%2Fpage%2F2%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitical+sociology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBendixLipset1957" class="citation journal cs1">Bendix, Reinhard; Lipset, Seymour M. (1957). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/001139215700600201">"Political Sociology: An essay with special reference to the development of research in the United States of America and Western Europe"</a>. <i>Current Sociology</i>. <b>6</b> (2): 79–99. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F001139215700600201">10.1177/001139215700600201</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0011-3921">0011-3921</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145607717">145607717</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Sociology&rft.atitle=Political+Sociology%3A+An+essay+with+special+reference+to+the+development+of+research+in+the+United+States+of+America+and+Western+Europe&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=79-99&rft.date=1957&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145607717%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0011-3921&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F001139215700600201&rft.aulast=Bendix&rft.aufirst=Reinhard&rft.au=Lipset%2C+Seymour+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.sagepub.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1177%2F001139215700600201&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitical+sociology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKryzanek2010" class="citation cs2">Kryzanek, Ann P. (2010), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230112612_5">"Sociological Approaches: Old and New in Political Sociology"</a>, <i>Grand Theories and Ideologies in the Social Sciences</i>, New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, pp. 81–96, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2F9780230112612_5">10.1057/9780230112612_5</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-28839-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-349-28839-7"><bdi>978-1-349-28839-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-06-16</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Grand+Theories+and+Ideologies+in+the+Social+Sciences&rft.atitle=Sociological+Approaches%3A+Old+and+New+in+Political+Sociology&rft.pages=81-96&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1057%2F9780230112612_5&rft.isbn=978-1-349-28839-7&rft.aulast=Kryzanek&rft.aufirst=Ann+P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1057%2F9780230112612_5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitical+sociology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClemens2016" class="citation book cs1">Clemens, Elisabeth Stephanie (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/932385459"><i>What is political sociology?</i></a>. Cambridge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7456-9160-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7456-9160-2"><bdi>978-0-7456-9160-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/932385459">932385459</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+is+political+sociology%3F&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F932385459&rft.isbn=978-0-7456-9160-2&rft.aulast=Clemens&rft.aufirst=Elisabeth+Stephanie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F932385459&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitical+sociology" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRush1992" class="citation book cs1">Rush, Michael (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/introductiontopo0000rush/page/3/mode/1up"><i>Politics and society : an introduction to political sociology</i></a>. New York: Prentice Hall. p. 13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7450-1215-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7450-1215-9"><bdi>0-7450-1215-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/26551452">26551452</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Politics+and+society+%3A+an+introduction+to+political+sociology&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F26551452&rft.isbn=0-7450-1215-9&rft.aulast=Rush&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fintroductiontopo0000rush%2Fpage%2F3%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitical+sociology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:8_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDomhoff1967" class="citation book cs1">Domhoff, G. 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Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-13-958363-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-13-958363-7"><bdi>0-13-958363-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/256506">256506</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Who+rules+America%3F&rft.place=Englewood+Cliffs%2C+N.J.&rft.pub=Prentice-Hall&rft.date=1967&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F256506&rft.isbn=0-13-958363-7&rft.aulast=Domhoff&rft.aufirst=G.+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwhorulesamericab0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitical+sociology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/45505958"><i>The politics of social inequality</i></a>. Betty A. Dobratz, Lisa K. Waldner, Tim Buzzell (1 ed.). Amsterdam: New York. 2001. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7623-0756-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7623-0756-0"><bdi>0-7623-0756-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/45505958">45505958</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+politics+of+social+inequality&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=New+York&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F45505958&rft.isbn=0-7623-0756-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F45505958&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitical+sociology" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNachtigal1994" class="citation journal cs1">Nachtigal, Paul M. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131030011034/http://www.jrre.psu.edu/articles/v10,n3,p161-166,Nachtigal.pdf">"Political Trends Affecting Nonmetropolitan America"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Research in Rural Education</i>. <b>10</b> (3): 161–166. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jrre.psu.edu/articles/v10,n3,p161-166,Nachtigal.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2013-10-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Research+in+Rural+Education&rft.atitle=Political+Trends+Affecting+Nonmetropolitan+America&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=161-166&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Nachtigal&rft.aufirst=Paul+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jrre.psu.edu%2Farticles%2Fv10%2Cn3%2Cp161-166%2CNachtigal.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitical+sociology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilma_van_der_Veen2009" class="citation web cs1">Wilma van der Veen, E (2009-12-12). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stmarys.ca/~evanderveen/wvdv/political_sociology/political_sociological_theories.htm">"POLITICAL SOCIOLOGICAL THEORIES"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091212105955/http://stmarys.ca/~evanderveen/wvdv/political_sociology/political_sociological_theories.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2009-12-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Long Grove, Illinois. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57766-307-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-57766-307-1"><bdi>1-57766-307-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/53480377">53480377</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Masters+of+sociological+thought+%3A+ideas+in+historical+and+social+context&rft.place=Long+Grove%2C+Illinois&rft.edition=2&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F53480377&rft.isbn=1-57766-307-1&rft.aulast=Coser&rft.aufirst=Lewis+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F53480377&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitical+sociology" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPiven2000" class="citation book cs1">Piven, Frances Fox (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whyamericansdont00pive_1"><i>Why Americans still don't vote : and why politicians want it that way</i></a>. Richard A. Cloward (1 ed.). Boston: Beacon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8070-0449-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8070-0449-9"><bdi>0-8070-0449-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/43894515">43894515</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Why+Americans+still+don%27t+vote+%3A+and+why+politicians+want+it+that+way&rft.place=Boston&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Beacon+Press&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F43894515&rft.isbn=0-8070-0449-9&rft.aulast=Piven&rft.aufirst=Frances+Fox&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwhyamericansdont00pive_1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitical+sociology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillips1991" class="citation book cs1">Phillips, Anne (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/22984818"><i>Engendering democracy</i></a>. University Park, Pa.: Pennsylvania State University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-271-00783-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-271-00783-4"><bdi>0-271-00783-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/22984818">22984818</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Engendering+democracy&rft.place=University+Park%2C+Pa.&rft.pub=Pennsylvania+State+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F22984818&rft.isbn=0-271-00783-4&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=Anne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F22984818&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitical+sociology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/779166506"><i>The Wiley-Blackwell companion to political sociology</i></a>. Edwin Amenta, Kate Nash, Alan Scott. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. 2012. pp. 347–359. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-5509-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-5509-3"><bdi>978-1-4443-5509-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/779166506">779166506</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wiley-Blackwell+companion+to+political+sociology&rft.place=Hoboken%2C+NJ&rft.pages=347-359&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F779166506&rft.isbn=978-1-4443-5509-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F779166506&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitical+sociology" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNash2008" class="citation journal cs1">Nash, Kate (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://research.gold.ac.uk/id/eprint/94/">"Global citizenship as show business: the cultural politics of Make Poverty History"</a>. <i>Media, Culture & Society</i>. <b>30</b> (2): 167–181. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0163443707086859">10.1177/0163443707086859</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0163-4437">0163-4437</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144223251">144223251</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Media%2C+Culture+%26+Society&rft.atitle=Global+citizenship+as+show+business%3A+the+cultural+politics+of+Make+Poverty+History&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=167-181&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144223251%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0163-4437&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0163443707086859&rft.aulast=Nash&rft.aufirst=Kate&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fresearch.gold.ac.uk%2Fid%2Feprint%2F94%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitical+sociology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSantos2007" class="citation book cs1">Santos, Boaventura de Sousa (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/74525259"><i>Another knowledge is possible : beyond northern epistemologies</i></a>. Boaventura de Sousa Santos. London: Verso. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84467-117-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84467-117-5"><bdi>978-1-84467-117-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/74525259">74525259</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Another+knowledge+is+possible+%3A+beyond+northern+epistemologies&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Verso&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F74525259&rft.isbn=978-1-84467-117-5&rft.aulast=Santos&rft.aufirst=Boaventura+de+Sousa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F74525259&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitical+sociology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSartori1969" class="citation journal cs1">Sartori, Giovanni (1969-04-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1477-7053.1969.tb00173.x">"From the Sociology of Politics to Political Sociology"</a>. <i>Government and Opposition</i>. <b>4</b> (2): 195–214. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1477-7053.1969.tb00173.x">10.1111/j.1477-7053.1969.tb00173.x</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0017-257X">0017-257X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Government+and+Opposition&rft.atitle=From+the+Sociology+of+Politics+to+Political+Sociology&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=195-214&rft.date=1969-04-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1477-7053.1969.tb00173.x&rft.issn=0017-257X&rft.aulast=Sartori&rft.aufirst=Giovanni&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1477-7053.1969.tb00173.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitical+sociology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarx1843" class="citation book cs1">Marx, Karl (1843). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/105683"><i>Critique of Hegel's 'Philosophy of right'<span></span></i></a>. Joseph J. O'Malley. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 115. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-07836-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-07836-9"><bdi>0-521-07836-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/105683">105683</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Critique+of+Hegel%27s+%27Philosophy+of+right%27&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=115&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1843&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F105683&rft.isbn=0-521-07836-9&rft.aulast=Marx&rft.aufirst=Karl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F105683&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitical+sociology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParry1972" class="citation book cs1">Parry, Geraint (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/participationinp00gera/page/130/mode/2up"><i>Participation in politics</i></a>. Bryce Anderson, Anthony Arblaster, Dennis Austin, Jim Bulpitt, C. H. Dodd, Michael Evans. Manchester. p. 130. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87471-131-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-87471-131-2"><bdi>0-87471-131-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/587215">587215</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Participation+in+politics&rft.place=Manchester&rft.pages=130&rft.date=1972&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F587215&rft.isbn=0-87471-131-2&rft.aulast=Parry&rft.aufirst=Geraint&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fparticipationinp00gera%2Fpage%2F130%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitical+sociology" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarx2002" class="citation book cs1">Marx, Karl (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ComManifesto/page/n13/mode/2up"><i>The Communist manifesto</i></a>. Friedrich Engels, Gareth Stedman Jones. London: Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-044757-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-044757-1"><bdi>0-14-044757-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/48754391">48754391</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Communist+manifesto&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F48754391&rft.isbn=0-14-044757-1&rft.aulast=Marx&rft.aufirst=Karl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FComManifesto%2Fpage%2Fn13%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitical+sociology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarx2011" class="citation book cs1">Marx, Karl (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/792820929"><i>The German ideology, Parts I & III</i></a>. Friedrich Engels, R. Pascal. Mansfield, CT: Martino Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61427-048-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61427-048-5"><bdi>978-1-61427-048-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/792820929">792820929</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+German+ideology%2C+Parts+I+%26+III&rft.place=Mansfield%2C+CT&rft.pub=Martino+Publishing&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F792820929&rft.isbn=978-1-61427-048-5&rft.aulast=Marx&rft.aufirst=Karl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F792820929&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitical+sociology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarl.2010" class="citation book cs1">Karl., Marx (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/marxcontributioncritpolecon"><i>A Contribution to the critique of political economy</i></a>. Nabu Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-142-42574-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-142-42574-6"><bdi>978-1-142-42574-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/629920309">629920309</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Contribution+to+the+critique+of+political+economy&rft.pub=Nabu+Press&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F629920309&rft.isbn=978-1-142-42574-6&rft.aulast=Karl.&rft.aufirst=Marx&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmarxcontributioncritpolecon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitical+sociology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ODNB-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewman2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Newman, Michael (2004). "Miliband, Ralph [formerly Adolphe] (1924–1994)". <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F55138">10.1093/ref:odnb/55138</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Miliband%2C+Ralph+%5Bformerly+Adolphe%5D+%281924%E2%80%931994%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F55138&rft.aulast=Newman&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitical+sociology" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeber2015" class="citation book cs1">Weber, Max (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/907284212"><i>Weber's rationalism and modern society : new translations on politics, bureaucracy, and social stratification</i></a>. Tony Waters, Dagmar Waters. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 129–98. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-36586-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-36586-6"><bdi>978-1-137-36586-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/907284212">907284212</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Weber%27s+rationalism+and+modern+society+%3A+new+translations+on+politics%2C+bureaucracy%2C+and+social+stratification&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=129-98&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F907284212&rft.isbn=978-1-137-36586-6&rft.aulast=Weber&rft.aufirst=Max&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F907284212&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitical+sociology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-E-PoV-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-E-PoV_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-E-PoV_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniel_Warner1991" class="citation book cs1">Daniel Warner (1991). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ethicofresponsib0000warn"><i>An ethic of responsibility in international relations</i></a></span>. Lynne Rienner Publishers. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ethicofresponsib0000warn/page/9">9</a>–10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55587-266-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55587-266-3"><bdi>978-1-55587-266-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 April</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+ethic+of+responsibility+in+international+relations&rft.pages=9-10&rft.pub=Lynne+Rienner+Publishers&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-1-55587-266-3&rft.au=Daniel+Warner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fethicofresponsib0000warn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitical+sociology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhelps2014" class="citation journal cs1">Phelps, Martha Lizabeth (December 2014). "Doppelgangers of the State: Private Security and Transferable Legitimacy". <i>Politics & Policy</i>. <b>42</b> (6): 824–49. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fpolp.12100">10.1111/polp.12100</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Politics+%26+Policy&rft.atitle=Doppelgangers+of+the+State%3A+Private+Security+and+Transferable+Legitimacy&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=824-49&rft.date=2014-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fpolp.12100&rft.aulast=Phelps&rft.aufirst=Martha+Lizabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitical+sociology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeong2012" class="citation book cs1">Jeong, Chun Hai (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/849815163"><i>Principles of public administration : Malaysian perspectives</i></a>. Kuala Lumpur. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-967-349-233-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-967-349-233-6"><bdi>978-967-349-233-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/849815163">849815163</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Principles+of+public+administration+%3A+Malaysian+perspectives&rft.place=Kuala+Lumpur&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F849815163&rft.isbn=978-967-349-233-6&rft.aulast=Jeong&rft.aufirst=Chun+Hai&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F849815163&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitical+sociology" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WolfJM-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WolfJM_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolfgang_J._Mommsen1992" class="citation book cs1">Wolfgang J. Mommsen (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kgF9bjMoocYC&pg=PA46"><i>The Political and Social Theory of Max Weber: Collected Essays</i></a>. University of Chicago Press. p. 46. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-53400-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-53400-8"><bdi>978-0-226-53400-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Political+and+Social+Theory+of+Max+Weber%3A+Collected+Essays&rft.pages=46&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-226-53400-8&rft.au=Wolfgang+J.+Mommsen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkgF9bjMoocYC%26pg%3DPA46&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitical+sociology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:7_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBendix1977" class="citation book cs1">Bendix, Reinhard (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/3751900"><i>Max Weber : an intellectual portrait</i></a>. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 296–305. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-03503-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-03503-8"><bdi>0-520-03503-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/3751900">3751900</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Max+Weber+%3A+an+intellectual+portrait&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pages=296-305&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1977&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F3751900&rft.isbn=0-520-03503-8&rft.aulast=Bendix&rft.aufirst=Reinhard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F3751900&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitical+sociology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ritzer2009-38-42-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ritzer2009-38-42_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ritzer2009-38-42_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ritzer2009-38-42_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ritzer2009-38-42_30-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorge_Ritzer2009" class="citation book cs1">George Ritzer (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pX6pPwAACAAJ"><i>Contemporary Sociological Theory and Its Classical Roots: The Basics</i></a>. McGraw-Hill. pp. 38–42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-340438-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-340438-7"><bdi>978-0-07-340438-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contemporary+Sociological+Theory+and+Its+Classical+Roots%3A+The+Basics&rft.pages=38-42&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-07-340438-7&rft.au=George+Ritzer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpX6pPwAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitical+sociology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bureaucratic-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bureaucratic_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bureaucratic_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bureaucratic_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bureaucratic_31-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_SwedbergOla_Agevall2005" class="citation book cs1">Richard Swedberg; Ola Agevall (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_c3Mcnh8hCgC&pg=PA19"><i>The Max Weber dictionary: key words and central concepts</i></a>. Stanford: Stanford University Press. pp. 18–21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-5095-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-5095-0"><bdi>978-0-8047-5095-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Max+Weber+dictionary%3A+key+words+and+central+concepts&rft.place=Stanford&rft.pages=18-21&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-5095-0&rft.au=Richard+Swedberg&rft.au=Ola+Agevall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_c3Mcnh8hCgC%26pg%3DPA19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitical+sociology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BuSach-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BuSach_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarshall_SashkinMolly_G._Sashkin2003" class="citation book cs1">Marshall Sashkin; Molly G. Sashkin (2003). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/leadershipthatma0000sash"><i>Leadership that matters: the critical factors for making a difference in people's lives and organisations' success</i></a></span>. Berrett-Koehler Publishers. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/leadershipthatma0000sash/page/n65">52</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57675-193-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57675-193-0"><bdi>978-1-57675-193-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Leadership+that+matters%3A+the+critical+factors+for+making+a+difference+in+people%27s+lives+and+organisations%27+success&rft.pages=52&rft.pub=Berrett-Koehler+Publishers&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-57675-193-0&rft.au=Marshall+Sashkin&rft.au=Molly+G.+Sashkin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fleadershipthatma0000sash&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitical+sociology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hooghe2001-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hooghe2001_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHooghe2001" class="citation book cs1">Hooghe, Liesbet (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=e15KnRiGipYC&pg=PA40"><i>The European Commission and the integration of Europe: images of governance</i></a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-00143-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-00143-4"><bdi>978-0-521-00143-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+European+Commission+and+the+integration+of+Europe%3A+images+of+governance&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=40&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-521-00143-4&rft.aulast=Hooghe&rft.aufirst=Liesbet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3De15KnRiGipYC%26pg%3DPA40&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitical+sociology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AllanAllan2005-172-176-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AllanAllan2005-172-176_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllan2005" class="citation book cs1">Allan, Kenneth D. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/explorationsincl00alla/page/172"><i>Explorations in Classical Sociological Theory: Seeing the Social World</i></a>. Thousand Oaks: Pine Forge Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/explorationsincl00alla/page/172">172–76</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-0572-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-0572-5"><bdi>978-1-4129-0572-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Explorations+in+Classical+Sociological+Theory%3A+Seeing+the+Social+World&rft.place=Thousand+Oaks&rft.pages=172-76&rft.pub=Pine+Forge+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-4129-0572-5&rft.aulast=Allan&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fexplorationsincl00alla%2Fpage%2F172&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitical+sociology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNye1977" class="citation book cs1">Nye, Robert A. (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/3881843"><i>The anti-democratic sources of elite theory : Pareto, Mosca, Michels</i></a>. London: SAGE. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8039-9872-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8039-9872-4"><bdi>0-8039-9872-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/3881843">3881843</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+anti-democratic+sources+of+elite+theory+%3A+Pareto%2C+Mosca%2C+Michels&rft.place=London&rft.pub=SAGE&rft.date=1977&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F3881843&rft.isbn=0-8039-9872-4&rft.aulast=Nye&rft.aufirst=Robert+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F3881843&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitical+sociology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChambliss2014" class="citation book cs1">Chambliss, J. J. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/909324368"><i>Philosophy of education : an encyclopedia</i></a>. New York: Routledge. p. 179. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-138-86652-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-138-86652-2"><bdi>978-1-138-86652-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/909324368">909324368</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philosophy+of+education+%3A+an+encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=179&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F909324368&rft.isbn=978-1-138-86652-2&rft.aulast=Chambliss&rft.aufirst=J.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F909324368&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitical+sociology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDahl1989" class="citation book cs1">Dahl, Robert A. 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New Haven: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-04409-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-04409-7"><bdi>0-300-04409-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/19264138">19264138</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Democracy+and+its+critics&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F19264138&rft.isbn=0-300-04409-7&rft.aulast=Dahl&rft.aufirst=Robert+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F19264138&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitical+sociology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBachrachBaratz1963" class="citation journal cs1">Bachrach, Peter; Baratz, Morton S. 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Lipset: Remembered in political science, neglected in sociology"</a>. <i>European Journal of Cultural and Political Sociology</i>. <b>6</b> (4): 448–473. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F23254823.2019.1570859">10.1080/23254823.2019.1570859</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7099882">7099882</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32309461">32309461</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+Cultural+and+Political+Sociology&rft.atitle=The+political+sociologist+Seymour+M.+Lipset%3A+Remembered+in+political+science%2C+neglected+in+sociology&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=448-473&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7099882%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32309461&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F23254823.2019.1570859&rft.aulast=Korom&rft.aufirst=Philipp&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7099882&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitical+sociology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_sociology&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Introductory">Introductory</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_sociology&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Introductory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Dobratz, B., Waldner, L. and Buzzell, T., 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.routledge.com/Power-Politics-and-Society-An-Introduction-to-Political-Sociology/Dobratz-Waldner-Buzzell/p/book/9781138553507">Power, Politics, and Society: An Introduction to Political Sociology</a>. London: Routledge.</li> <li>Janoski, T., Hicks, A., Schwartz, M. and Alford,, R., 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Kmr6gBjhRI4C">The handbook of political sociology</a>. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.</li> <li>Lachmann, R., 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wiley.com/en-us/States+and+Power-p-9780745645384">States and Power</a>. Oxford: Wiley.</li> <li>Nash, K., 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=49saFOUpbE8C">Readings in contemporary political sociology</a>. Malden, Mass.: Blackwell.</li> <li>Neuman, W., 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.textbooks.com/Power-State-and-Society-An-Introduction-to-Political-Sociology-08-Edition/9781577665885/W-Lawrence-Neuman.php">Power, state, and society</a>. Long Grove, Ill.: Waveland Press.</li> <li>Orum, A. and Dale, J., 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kMAbAQAAMAAJ">Introduction to political sociology</a>. New York: Oxford University Press.</li> <li>Rush, M., 1992. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/introductiontopo0000rush/page/3/mode/1up">Politics and Society: An Introduction to Political Sociology</a>. London: Routledge.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General">General</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_sociology&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: General"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Amenta, E., Nash, K. and Scott, A., 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4Iw7CwAAQBAJ">The Wiley-Blackwell companion to political sociology</a>. Malden, MA: John Wiley & Sons.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Criminology">Criminology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_sociology&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Criminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Jacobs, D. and Carmichael, J., 2002. <a href="//doi.org/10.2307/3088936" class="extiw" title="doi:10.2307/3088936">The Political Sociology of the Death Penalty: A Pooled Time-Series Analysis</a>. American Sociological Review, 67(1), p. 109.</li> <li>Jacobs, D. and Helms, R., 2001. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0049089X00906860">Toward a Political Sociology of Punishment: Politics and Changes in the Incarcerated Population</a>. Social Science Research, 30(2), pp. 171–194.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health_and_well-being">Health and well-being</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_sociology&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Health and well-being"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Banks, D. and Purdy, M., 2001. The Sociology and Politics of Health. London: Routledge.</li> <li>Beckfield, J., 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dthjDwAAQBAJ">Political sociology and the people's health</a>. Abingdon: Oxford University Press.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Science">Science</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_sociology&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Science"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Frickel, S. and Moore, K., 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B5UrOzBEEpsC">The new political sociology of science</a>. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_sociology&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politics-society.aau.dk/research/research-groups/polsoc/">Political Sociology Research Group</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.asanet.org/asa-communities/sections/political-sociology">Section on Political Sociology</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ecpr.eu/StandingGroups/StandingGroupHome.aspx?ID=28">Political Sociology Standing Group</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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href="/wiki/Rural_sociology" title="Rural sociology">Rural sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_anthropology" title="Social anthropology">Social anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_movement" title="Social movement">Social movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_psychology_(sociology)" title="Social psychology (sociology)">Social psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociolinguistics" title="Sociolinguistics">Sociolinguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_sociology" title="Urban sociology">Urban sociology</a></li> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Sociology_of" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#eedde9;;width:1%">Sociology of</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_art" title="Sociology of art">art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_the_body" title="Sociology of the body">body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_human_consciousness" title="Sociology of human consciousness">consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_culture" title="Sociology of culture">culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_death" title="Sociology of death">death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deviance_(sociology)" title="Deviance (sociology)">deviance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_sociology" title="Economic sociology">economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_education" title="Sociology of education">education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_emotions" title="Sociology of emotions">emotions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_sociology" title="Environmental sociology">environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_the_family" title="Sociology of the family">family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_food" title="Sociology of food">food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_gender" title="Sociology of gender">gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_health_and_illness" title="Sociology of health and illness">health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_immigration" title="Sociology of immigration">immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_knowledge" title="Sociology of knowledge">knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_law" title="Sociology of law">law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_leisure" title="Sociology of leisure">leisure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Sociology of medicine">medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_sociology" title="Military sociology">military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_race_and_ethnic_relations" title="Sociology of race and ethnic relations">race and ethnicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_religion" title="Sociology of religion">religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_sports" class="mw-redirect" title="Sociology of sports">sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_scientific_knowledge" title="Sociology of scientific knowledge">science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_small_groups" title="Sociology of small groups">small groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_space" title="Sociology of space">space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stratification" title="Social stratification">stratification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociotechnology" title="Sociotechnology">technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_sociology" title="Industrial sociology">work</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#eedde9;;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;">Major theorists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Joseph_Siey%C3%A8s" title="Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès">Sieyès</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Comte" title="Auguste Comte">Comte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Martineau" title="Harriet Martineau">Martineau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Le_Bon" title="Gustave Le Bon">Le Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lester_Frank_Ward" title="Lester Frank Ward">Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto" title="Vilfredo Pareto">Pareto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_T%C3%B6nnies" title="Ferdinand Tönnies">Tönnies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorstein_Veblen" title="Thorstein Veblen">Veblen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Simmel" title="Georg Simmel">Simmel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim" title="Émile Durkheim">Durkheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Addams" title="Jane Addams">Addams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Herbert_Mead" title="George Herbert Mead">Mead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Weber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W.E.B._Du_Bois" class="mw-redirect" title="W.E.B. Du Bois">Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Mannheim" title="Karl Mannheim">Mannheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norbert_Elias" title="Norbert Elias">Elias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Fromm" title="Erich Fromm">Fromm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Adorno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Gehlen" title="Arnold Gehlen">Gehlen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Aron" title="Raymond Aron">Aron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_K._Merton" title="Robert K. Merton">Merton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nisbet" title="Robert Nisbet">Nisbet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Wright_Mills" title="C. Wright Mills">Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Bell" title="Daniel Bell">Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmut_Schoeck" title="Helmut Schoeck">Schoeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erving_Goffman" title="Erving Goffman">Goffman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Bauman" title="Zygmunt Bauman">Bauman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Foucault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niklas_Luhmann" title="Niklas Luhmann">Luhmann </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Habermas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baudrillard" title="Jean Baudrillard">Baudrillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Bourdieu" title="Pierre Bourdieu">Bourdieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Giddens" title="Anthony Giddens">Giddens</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#eedde9;;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;">Methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quantitative_research" title="Quantitative research">Quantitative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qualitative_research" title="Qualitative research">Qualitative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_historical_research" title="Comparative historical research">Comparative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_sociology" title="Computational sociology">Computational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnography" title="Ethnography">Ethnographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversation_analysis" title="Conversation analysis">Conversation analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_method" title="Historical method">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interview_(research)" title="Interview (research)">Interview</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_sociology" title="Mathematical sociology">Mathematical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_network_analysis" title="Social network analysis">Network analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_experiment" title="Social experiment">Social experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Survey_(human_research)" title="Survey (human research)">Survey</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#eedde9;;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;">Key themes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Society" title="Society">Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">Globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_behavior" title="Human behavior">Human behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment" title="Human impact on the environment">Human environmental impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_(social_science)" title="Identity (social science)">Identity</a></li> <li>Industrial revolutions <a href="/wiki/Digital_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital Revolution">3</a> / <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Industrial_Revolution" title="Fourth Industrial Revolution">4</a> / <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Industrial_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Fifth Industrial Revolution">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popularity" title="Popularity">Popularity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_complexity" title="Social complexity">Social complexity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_environment" title="Social environment">Social environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_equality" title="Social equality">Social equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_equity" title="Social equity">Social equity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_(social_and_political)" title="Power (social and political)">Social power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stratification" title="Social stratification">Social stratification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_structure" title="Social structure">Social structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_cycle_theory" title="Social cycle theory">Social cycle theory</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#eedde9;"><div> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Sociology" title="Category:Sociology">Categories</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sociology_lists" title="Category:Sociology lists">lists</a></li> <li><a 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href="/wiki/Portal:Society" title="Portal:Society">Society portal</a></b></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Social_sciences" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Social_sciences" title="Template:Social sciences"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Social_sciences" title="Template talk:Social sciences"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Social_sciences" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Social sciences"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Social_sciences" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Social_science" title="Social science">Social sciences</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_social_science" title="Outline of social science">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_social_sciences" title="History of the social sciences">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_sociology_articles" title="Index of sociology articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Primary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">Anthropology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_anthropology" title="Cultural anthropology">cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_anthropology" title="Social anthropology">social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_anthropology" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical anthropology">physical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">Economics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microeconomics" title="Microeconomics">microeconomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macroeconomics" title="Macroeconomics">macroeconomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Econometrics" title="Econometrics">econometrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_economics" title="Mathematical economics">mathematical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography" title="Geography">Geography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Physical_geography" title="Physical geography">physical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_geography" title="Human geography">human</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_geography" title="Technical geography">technical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_geography" title="Integrated geography">integrated</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History" title="History">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_history" title="Cultural history">cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_sciences_of_history" title="Auxiliary sciences of history">auxiliary sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history" title="Economic history">economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_history_(field)" title="World history (field)">human</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history" title="Military history">military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_history" title="Political history">political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_history" title="Social history">social</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">Law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jurisprudence" title="Jurisprudence">jurisprudence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_history" title="Legal history">legal history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_legal_systems" title="List of national legal systems">legal systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_law" title="Public law">public law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_law" title="Private law">private law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">Linguistics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Semiotics" title="Semiotics">semiotics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_science" title="Political science">Political science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_relations" title="International relations">international relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_politics" title="Comparative politics">comparative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_policy" title="Public policy">public policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_administration" title="Public administration">public administration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">Psychology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abnormal_psychology" title="Abnormal psychology">abnormal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_psychology" title="Cognitive psychology">cognitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Developmental_psychology" title="Developmental psychology">developmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personality_psychology" title="Personality psychology">personality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_psychology" title="Social psychology">social</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">Sociology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criminology" title="Criminology">criminology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demography" title="Demography">demography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_the_Internet" title="Sociology of the Internet">internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_sociology" title="Rural sociology">rural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_sociology" title="Urban sociology">urban</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Interdisciplinary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Administration <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_administration" title="Business administration">business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_administration" title="Public administration">public</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthrozoology" title="Anthrozoology">Anthrozoology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Area_studies" title="Area studies">Area studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_studies" title="Business studies">Business studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_science" title="Cognitive science">Cognitive science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communication_studies" title="Communication studies">Communication studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_studies" title="Community studies">Community studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminology" title="Criminology">Criminology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_studies" title="Cultural studies">Cultural studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_studies" title="Development studies">Development studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education" title="Education">Education</a></li> <li>Environmental <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_social_science" title="Environmental social science">social science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_studies" title="Environmental studies">studies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_studies" title="Food studies">Food studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_studies" title="Gender studies">Gender studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_studies" title="Global studies">Global studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_sociology" title="Historical sociology">Historical sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_technology" title="History of technology">History of technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_ecology" title="Human ecology">Human ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_science" title="Information science">Information science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_relations" title="International relations">International studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">Linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Management" title="Management">Management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_studies" title="Media studies">Media studies</a></li> <li>Philosophies <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_science" title="Philosophy of science">science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_and_economics" title="Philosophy and economics"> economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_history" 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