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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Early career</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Helsingfors,_Moscow,_and_America_(1888–1893)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Helsingfors,_Moscow,_and_America_(1888–1893)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Helsingfors, Moscow, and America (1888–1893)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Helsingfors,_Moscow,_and_America_(1888–1893)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Berlin,_1893–1913:_"A_new_epoch"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Berlin,_1893–1913:_"A_new_epoch""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Berlin, 1893–1913: "A new epoch"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Berlin,_1893–1913:_"A_new_epoch"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_I_and_Switzerland_(1913–1920)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_I_and_Switzerland_(1913–1920)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>World War I and Switzerland (1913–1920)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_I_and_Switzerland_(1913–1920)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Final_years_(1920–1924)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Final_years_(1920–1924)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Final years (1920–1924)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Final_years_(1920–1924)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Music</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Music-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Music subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pianism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pianism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Pianism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pianism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Opus_numbers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opus_numbers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Opus numbers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opus_numbers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_compositions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_compositions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Early compositions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_compositions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Busoni_and_Bach" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Busoni_and_Bach"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3</span> <span>Busoni and Bach</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Busoni_and_Bach-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Writings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.4</span> <span>Writings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Writings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mature_compositions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mature_compositions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.5</span> <span>Mature compositions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mature_compositions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Editions,_transcriptions_and_arrangements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Editions,_transcriptions_and_arrangements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.6</span> <span>Editions, transcriptions and arrangements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Editions,_transcriptions_and_arrangements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recordings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recordings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Recordings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recordings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Piano_rolls" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Piano_rolls"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Piano rolls</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Piano_rolls-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_and_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_and_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Notes and references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes_and_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ferruccio Busoni</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 42 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-42" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">42 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferruccio_Busoni" title="Ferruccio Busoni – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Ferruccio Busoni" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferruccio_Busoni" title="Ferruccio Busoni – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Ferruccio Busoni" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%88_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A" title="فيراتشيو بوزوني – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فيراتشيو بوزوني" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferruccio_Busoni" title="Ferruccio Busoni – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Ferruccio Busoni" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferru%C3%A7%C3%A7o_Buzoni" title="Ferruçço Buzoni – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ferruçço Buzoni" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferruccio_Busoni" title="Ferruccio Busoni – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ferruccio Busoni" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferruccio_Busoni" title="Ferruccio Busoni – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ferruccio Busoni" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferruccio_Busoni" title="Ferruccio Busoni – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ferruccio Busoni" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferruccio_Busoni" title="Ferruccio Busoni – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ferruccio Busoni" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferruccio_Busoni" title="Ferruccio Busoni – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ferruccio Busoni" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferruccio_Busoni" title="Ferruccio Busoni – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ferruccio Busoni" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferruccio_Busoni" title="Ferruccio Busoni – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ferruccio Busoni" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%86%D9%88_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C" title="فروچو بوزونی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فروچو بوزونی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferruccio_Busoni" title="Ferruccio Busoni – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ferruccio Busoni" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8E%98%EB%A3%A8%EC%B4%88_%EB%B6%80%EC%86%8C%EB%8B%88" title="페루초 부소니 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="페루초 부소니" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferruccio_Busoni" title="Ferruccio Busoni – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ferruccio Busoni" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferruccio_Busoni" title="Ferruccio Busoni – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Ferruccio Busoni" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferruccio_Busoni" title="Ferruccio Busoni – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ferruccio Busoni" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferruccio_Busoni" title="Ferruccio Busoni – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ferruccio Busoni" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A6%27%D7%95_%D7%91%D7%95%D7%96%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99" title="פרוצ'ו בוזוני – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פרוצ'ו בוזוני" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferruccius_Busoni" title="Ferruccius Busoni – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ferruccius Busoni" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferruccio_Busoni" title="Ferruccio Busoni – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Ferruccio Busoni" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferruccio_Benvenuto_Busoni" title="Ferruccio Benvenuto Busoni – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ferruccio Benvenuto Busoni" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%88_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%86%D9%89" title="فيراتشيو بوزونى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فيراتشيو بوزونى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferruccio_Busoni" title="Ferruccio Busoni – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ferruccio Busoni" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A7%E3%83%AB%E3%83%83%E3%83%81%E3%83%A7%E3%83%BB%E3%83%96%E3%82%BE%E3%83%BC%E3%83%8B" title="フェルッチョ・ブゾーニ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="フェルッチョ・ブゾーニ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferruccio_Busoni" title="Ferruccio Busoni – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ferruccio Busoni" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferruccio_Busoni" title="Ferruccio Busoni – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Ferruccio Busoni" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%86%D9%88_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A" title="فېروچو بوزوني – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="فېروچو بوزوني" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferruccio_Busoni" title="Ferruccio Busoni – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Ferruccio Busoni" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferruccio_Busoni" title="Ferruccio Busoni – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ferruccio Busoni" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferruccio_Busoni" title="Ferruccio Busoni – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ferruccio Busoni" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8,_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%80%D1%83%D1%87%D1%87%D0%BE" title="Бузони, Ферруччо – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бузони, Ферруччо" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferruccio_Busoni" title="Ferruccio Busoni – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ferruccio Busoni" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferruccio_Busoni" title="Ferruccio Busoni – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ferruccio Busoni" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" 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Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Italian composer, pianist, and conductor (1866–1924)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Busoni" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Busoni_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Busoni (disambiguation)">Busoni (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FerruccioBusoni1913.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/FerruccioBusoni1913.jpg/260px-FerruccioBusoni1913.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="343" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/FerruccioBusoni1913.jpg/390px-FerruccioBusoni1913.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/FerruccioBusoni1913.jpg/520px-FerruccioBusoni1913.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1980" /></a><figcaption>Busoni in 1913</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Ferruccio Busoni</b> (1 April 1866 – 27 July 1924) was an Italian <a href="/wiki/Composer" title="Composer">composer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pianist" title="Pianist">pianist</a>, conductor, editor, writer, and teacher. His international career and reputation led him to work closely with many of the leading musicians, artists and literary figures of his time, and he was a sought-after keyboard instructor and a teacher of composition. </p><p>From an early age, Busoni was an outstanding, if sometimes controversial, pianist. He studied at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Music_and_Performing_Arts,_Vienna" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Music and Performing Arts, Vienna">Vienna Conservatory</a> and then with <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Mayer_(composer)" title="Wilhelm Mayer (composer)">Wilhelm Mayer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carl_Reinecke" title="Carl Reinecke">Carl Reinecke</a>. After brief periods teaching in <a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>, he devoted himself to composing, teaching, and touring as a virtuoso pianist in Europe and the United States. His writings on music were influential, and covered not only <a href="/wiki/Aesthetics" title="Aesthetics">aesthetics</a> but considerations of <a href="/wiki/Microtones" class="mw-redirect" title="Microtones">microtones</a> and other innovative topics. He was based in Berlin from 1894 but spent much of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> in Switzerland. </p><p>He began composing in his early years in a late <a href="/wiki/Romantic_music" title="Romantic music">romantic</a> style, but after 1907, when he published his <i>Sketch of a New Esthetic of Music</i>, he developed a more individual style, often with elements of <a href="/wiki/Atonality" title="Atonality">atonality</a>. His visits to America led to interest in <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_music_of_North_America" title="Indigenous music of North America">North American indigenous tribal melodies</a> which were reflected in some of his works. His compositions include works for piano, among them a monumental <a href="/wiki/Piano_Concerto_(Busoni)" title="Piano Concerto (Busoni)">Piano Concerto</a>, and transcriptions of the works of others, notably <a href="/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach">Johann Sebastian Bach</a> (published as the <a href="/wiki/Bach-Busoni_Editions" title="Bach-Busoni Editions">Bach-Busoni Editions</a>). He also wrote <a href="/wiki/Chamber_music" title="Chamber music">chamber music</a>, vocal and orchestral works, and operas—one of which, <i><a href="/wiki/Doktor_Faust" title="Doktor Faust">Doktor Faust</a></i>, he left unfinished when he died, in Berlin, at the age of 58. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferruccio_Busoni&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_career">Early career</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferruccio_Busoni&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ferruccio_Busoni,_Vienna,_1877.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Ferruccio_Busoni%2C_Vienna%2C_1877.jpg/220px-Ferruccio_Busoni%2C_Vienna%2C_1877.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Ferruccio_Busoni%2C_Vienna%2C_1877.jpg/330px-Ferruccio_Busoni%2C_Vienna%2C_1877.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Ferruccio_Busoni%2C_Vienna%2C_1877.jpg/440px-Ferruccio_Busoni%2C_Vienna%2C_1877.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1283" data-file-height="1239" /></a><figcaption>Busoni in 1877</figcaption></figure> <p>Ferruccio Dante Michelangiolo Benvenuto Busoni<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was born on 1 April 1866 in the <a href="/wiki/Tuscany" title="Tuscany">Tuscan</a> town of <a href="/wiki/Empoli" title="Empoli">Empoli</a>, the only child of two professional musicians, Ferdinando, a clarinettist, and Anna (née Weiss), a pianist. Shortly afterwards, the family moved to <a href="/wiki/Trieste" title="Trieste">Trieste</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Child_prodigy" title="Child prodigy">child prodigy</a>, largely taught by his father, he began performing and composing at the age of seven. In an autobiographical note he comments "My father knew little about the pianoforte and was erratic in rhythm, so he made up for these shortcomings with an indescribable combination of energy, severity and pedantry."<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Busoni made his public debut as a pianist in a concert with his parents at the Schiller-Verein in Trieste on 24 November 1873 playing the first movement of <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart" title="Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart">Mozart</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Piano_Sonata_No._16_(Mozart)" title="Piano Sonata No. 16 (Mozart)">Sonata in C major</a>, and pieces by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Schumann" title="Robert Schumann">Schumann</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muzio_Clementi" title="Muzio Clementi">Clementi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Commercially promoted by his parents in a series of further concerts, Busoni later said of this period, "I never had a childhood."<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1875, he made his concerto début playing Mozart's <a href="/wiki/Piano_Concerto_No._24_(Mozart)" title="Piano Concerto No. 24 (Mozart)">Piano Concerto No. 24</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-beaumont1_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-beaumont1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From the ages of nine to eleven, with the help of a patron, Busoni studied at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Music_and_Performing_Arts,_Vienna" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Music and Performing Arts, Vienna">Vienna Conservatory</a>. His first performances in Vienna were glowingly received by the critic <a href="/wiki/Eduard_Hanslick" title="Eduard Hanslick">Eduard Hanslick</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-wirth508_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wirth508-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1877, Busoni heard the playing of <a href="/wiki/Franz_Liszt" title="Franz Liszt">Franz Liszt</a>, and was introduced to the composer, who admired his skill.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the following year, Busoni composed a four-movement <a href="/wiki/Concerto_for_Piano_and_String_Quartet_(Busoni)" title="Concerto for Piano and String Quartet (Busoni)">concerto for piano and string quartet</a>. After leaving Vienna, he had a brief period of study in <a href="/wiki/Graz" title="Graz">Graz</a> with <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Mayer_(composer)" title="Wilhelm Mayer (composer)">Wilhelm Mayer</a>, and conducted a performance of his own composition <i>Stabat Mater</i>, <a href="/wiki/Opus_number" title="Opus number">Op.</a> 55 in the composer's initial numbering sequence,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_compositions_by_Ferruccio_Busoni#BV119" title="List of compositions by Ferruccio Busoni">BV 119</a>, now lost) in 1879. Other early pieces were published at this time, including settings of <i><a href="/wiki/Ave_Maria" class="mw-redirect" title="Ave Maria">Ave Maria</a></i> (Opp. 1 and 2; <a href="/wiki/List_of_compositions_by_Ferruccio_Busoni#BV67" title="List of compositions by Ferruccio Busoni">BV 67</a>) and some piano pieces.<sup id="cite_ref-wirth508_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wirth508-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ferruccio_Busoni_as_a_young_man.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Ferruccio_Busoni_as_a_young_man.jpg/150px-Ferruccio_Busoni_as_a_young_man.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Ferruccio_Busoni_as_a_young_man.jpg/225px-Ferruccio_Busoni_as_a_young_man.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Ferruccio_Busoni_as_a_young_man.jpg/300px-Ferruccio_Busoni_as_a_young_man.jpg 2x" data-file-width="883" data-file-height="1203" /></a><figcaption>Busoni <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1886</span></figcaption></figure> <p>He was elected in 1881 to the Accademia Filharmonica of <a href="/wiki/Bologna" title="Bologna">Bologna</a>, the youngest person to receive this honour since Mozart.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the mid 1880s, Busoni was based in Vienna, where he met with <a href="/wiki/Karl_Goldmark" title="Karl Goldmark">Karl Goldmark</a> and helped to prepare the vocal score for the latter's 1886 opera <i>Merlin</i>. He also met <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Brahms" title="Johannes Brahms">Johannes Brahms</a>, to whom he dedicated two sets of piano <i>Études</i>, and who recommended he undertake study in <a href="/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig">Leipzig</a> with <a href="/wiki/Carl_Reinecke" title="Carl Reinecke">Carl Reinecke</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-wirth508_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wirth508-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this period, Busoni supported himself by giving recitals, and also by the financial support of a patron, the Baronin von Tedesco. He also continued to compose, and made his first attempt at an opera, <i>Sigune</i>, which he worked on from 1886 to 1889 before abandoning it.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He described how, finding himself penniless in Leipzig, he appealed to the publisher Schwalm to take his compositions. Schwalm demurred, but said he would commission a <a href="/wiki/Fantasia_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fantasia (music)">fantasy</a> on <a href="/wiki/Peter_Cornelius" title="Peter Cornelius">Peter Cornelius</a>'s opera <i><a href="/wiki/The_Barber_of_Baghdad" class="mw-redirect" title="The Barber of Baghdad">The Barber of Baghdad</a></i> for fifty <a href="/wiki/German_gold_mark" class="mw-redirect" title="German gold mark">marks</a> down, and a hundred on completion. The next morning, Busoni turned up at Schwalm's office, and asked for 150 marks, handing over the completed work, and saying "I worked from nine at night to three thirty, without a piano, and not knowing the opera beforehand."<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Helsingfors,_Moscow,_and_America_(1888–1893)"><span id="Helsingfors.2C_Moscow.2C_and_America_.281888.E2.80.931893.29"></span>Helsingfors, Moscow, and America (1888–1893)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferruccio_Busoni&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Helsingfors, Moscow, and America (1888–1893)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ferruccio_Busoni.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Ferruccio_Busoni.jpg/220px-Ferruccio_Busoni.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Ferruccio_Busoni.jpg/330px-Ferruccio_Busoni.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Ferruccio_Busoni.jpg/440px-Ferruccio_Busoni.jpg 2x" data-file-width="501" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Busoni <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1900</span></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1888, the musicologist <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Riemann" title="Hugo Riemann">Hugo Riemann</a> recommended Busoni to <a href="/wiki/Martin_Wegelius" title="Martin Wegelius">Martin Wegelius</a>, director of the <a href="/wiki/Sibelius_Academy" title="Sibelius Academy">Institute of Music</a> at Helsingfors (now <a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a>, Finland, then part of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>), for the vacant position of advanced piano instructor. This was Busoni's first permanent post.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Amongst his close colleagues and associates there were the conductor and composer <a href="/wiki/Armas_J%C3%A4rnefelt" title="Armas Järnefelt">Armas Järnefelt</a>, the writer <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Paul" title="Adolf Paul">Adolf Paul</a>, and the composer <a href="/wiki/Jean_Sibelius" title="Jean Sibelius">Jean Sibelius</a>, with whom he struck up a continuing friendship.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Paul described Busoni at this time as "a small, slender Italian with chestnut beard, grey eyes, young and gay, with ... a small round cap perched proudly on his thick artist's curls".<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between 1888 and 1890, Busoni gave about thirty piano recitals and chamber concerts in Helsingfors;<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> amongst his compositions at this period were a set of Finnish folksongs for <a href="/wiki/Piano_duet" title="Piano duet">piano duet</a> (Op. 27).<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1889, visiting Leipzig, he heard a performance on the organ of <a href="/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach">Bach</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Toccata_and_Fugue_in_D_minor,_BWV_565" title="Toccata and Fugue in D minor, BWV 565">Toccata and Fugue in D minor</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_compositions_by_Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="List of compositions by Johann Sebastian Bach">BWV</a> 565), and was persuaded by his pupil Kathi Petri—the mother of his future pupil <a href="/wiki/Egon_Petri" title="Egon Petri">Egon Petri</a>, then only five years old—to transcribe it for piano. Busoni's biographer <a href="/wiki/Edward_Joseph_Dent" title="Edward Joseph Dent">Edward Dent</a> writes that "This was not only the beginning of [his] transcriptions, but ... the beginning of that style of pianoforte touch and technique which was entirely [Busoni's] creation."<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Returning to Helsingfors, in March of the same year Busoni met his future wife, Gerda Sjöstrand, the daughter of the Swedish sculptor <a href="/wiki/Carl_Eneas_Sj%C3%B6strand" title="Carl Eneas Sjöstrand">Carl Eneas Sjöstrand</a>, and proposed to her within a week. He composed <i>Kultaselle</i> ("To the Beloved") for cello and piano for her (<a href="/wiki/List_of_compositions_by_Ferruccio_Busoni#BV237" title="List of compositions by Ferruccio Busoni">BV 237</a>; published in 1891 without an opus number).<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1890, Busoni published his first edition of Bach works: the two- and three-part <i><a href="/wiki/Inventions_and_Sinfonias_(Bach)" class="mw-redirect" title="Inventions and Sinfonias (Bach)">Inventions</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the same year he won the prize for composition, with his <i>Konzertstück</i> ("Concert Piece") for piano and orchestra, Op. 31a (<a href="/wiki/List_of_compositions_by_Ferruccio_Busoni#BV236" title="List of compositions by Ferruccio Busoni">BV 236</a>), at the first <a href="/wiki/Anton_Rubinstein_Competition" title="Anton Rubinstein Competition">Anton Rubinstein Competition</a>, initiated by <a href="/wiki/Anton_Rubinstein" title="Anton Rubinstein">Anton Rubinstein</a> himself at the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_Conservatory" title="Saint Petersburg Conservatory">Saint Petersburg Conservatory</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a consequence he was invited to visit and teach at the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Conservatoire" class="mw-redirect" title="Moscow Conservatoire">Moscow Conservatoire</a>. Gerda joined him in Moscow where they promptly married.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His first concert in Moscow, when he performed <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven" title="Ludwig van Beethoven">Beethoven</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Piano_Concerto_No._5_(Beethoven)" title="Piano Concerto No. 5 (Beethoven)"><i>Emperor</i> Concerto</a>, was warmly received. But living in Moscow did not suit the Busonis for both financial and professional reasons; he felt excluded by his nationalistically-inclined Russian colleagues. So when Busoni received an approach from <a href="/wiki/William_Steinway" title="William Steinway">William Steinway</a> to teach at the <a href="/wiki/New_England_Conservatory_of_Music" title="New England Conservatory of Music">New England Conservatory of Music</a> in Boston, he was happy to take the opportunity, particularly since the conductor of the <a href="/wiki/Boston_Symphony_Orchestra" title="Boston Symphony Orchestra">Boston Symphony Orchestra</a> at that time was <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Nikisch" title="Arthur Nikisch">Arthur Nikisch</a>, whom he had known since 1876 when they performed together at a concert in Vienna.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Busoni's first son, Benvenuto (known as Benni), was born in Boston in 1892, but Busoni's experience at New England Conservatory proved unsatisfactory. After a year he resigned from the Conservatory and launched himself into a series of recitals across the Eastern US.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Berlin,_1893–1913:_"A_new_epoch""><span id="Berlin.2C_1893.E2.80.931913:_.22A_new_epoch.22"></span>Berlin, 1893–1913: "A new epoch"</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferruccio_Busoni&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Berlin, 1893–1913: "A new epoch""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Busonimap.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Busonimap.jpg/290px-Busonimap.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Busonimap.jpg/435px-Busonimap.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Busonimap.jpg/580px-Busonimap.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1254" data-file-height="1011" /></a><figcaption>Cartoon by Busoni of his 1904 US tour, drawn for his wife: "Map of the West of the United States showing the long and dolorous Tour, the anti-sentimental journey of F.B., 1904, Chicago"</figcaption></figure> <p>Busoni was at the Berlin premiere of <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Verdi" title="Giuseppe Verdi">Giuseppe Verdi</a>'s opera <i><a href="/wiki/Falstaff_(opera)" title="Falstaff (opera)">Falstaff</a></i> in April 1893. The result was to force on him a re-evaluation of the potential of Italian musical traditions which he had so far ignored in favour of the German traditions, and in particular the models of Brahms and the orchestral techniques of Liszt and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Wagner</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Busoni immediately began to draft an adulatory letter to Verdi (which he never summoned the courage to send), in which he addressed him as "Italy's leading composer" and "one of the noblest persons of our time", and in which he explained that "<i>Falstaff</i> provoked in me such a revolution of spirit that I can ... date the beginning of a new epoch in my artistic life from that time."<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1894, Busoni settled in Berlin, which he henceforth regarded as his home base, except during the years around <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>. He had earlier felt unsympathetic toward the city: in an 1889 letter to Gerda he had described it as "this Jewish city that I hate, irritating, idle, arrogant, <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/parvenu" class="extiw" title="wikt:parvenu">parvenu</a></i>".<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>ii<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city was swiftly growing in population and influence during this period and determined to stake itself as the musical capital of the united Germany,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but as Busoni's friend the English composer <a href="/wiki/Bernard_van_Dieren" title="Bernard van Dieren">Bernard van Dieren</a> pointed out, "international <i>virtuosi</i> who for practical reasons chose Berlin as their abode were not so much concerned with questions of prestige", and for Busoni the city's development as "the centre of the musical industry [was to] develop an atmosphere which [Busoni] detested more than the deepest pool of stagnant convention".<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Berlin proved an excellent base for Busoni's European tours. As in the previous two years in the US, the composer had to depend for his living on exhausting but remunerative tours as a piano virtuoso; in addition at this period he was remitting substantial amounts to his parents, who continued to depend on his income. Busoni's programming and style as a recitalist initially raised concerns in some of Europe's musical centres. His first concerts in London, in 1897, met with mixed comments. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Musical_Times" title="The Musical Times">The Musical Times</a></i> reported that he "commenced in a manner to irritate the genuine amateurs [i.e. music-lovers] by playing a ridiculous travesty of one of Bach's masterly Organ Preludes and Fugues, but he made amends by an interpretation of Chopin's <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tudes_(Chopin)" title="Études (Chopin)">Studies (Op. 25)</a> which was of course unequal but, on the whole, interesting".<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Paris, the critic Arthur Dandelot commented "this artist has certainly great qualities of technique and charm", but strongly objected to his addition of <a href="/wiki/Chromatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromatic">chromatic</a> passages to parts of Liszt's <i><a href="/wiki/Deux_l%C3%A9gendes_(Liszt)" title="Deux légendes (Liszt)">St. François de Paule marchant sur les flots</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Busoni's international reputation rose swiftly, and he frequently performed in Berlin and other European capitals and regional centres (including Manchester, Birmingham, Marseilles, Florence, and many German and Austrian cities) throughout this period, as well as returning to America for four visits between 1904 and 1915.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This journeying life led van Dieren to call him "a musical <a href="/wiki/Ishmael" title="Ishmael">Ishmael</a>" (after the Biblical wanderer).<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The musicologist <a href="/wiki/Antony_Beaumont" title="Antony Beaumont">Antony Beaumont</a> considers Busoni's six Liszt recitals in Berlin of 1911 as the climax of his pre-war career as a pianist.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Busoni's performing commitments somewhat stifled his creative capacity during this period: in 1896 he wrote "I have great success as a pianist, the composer I conceal for the present."<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His monumental <a href="/wiki/Piano_Concerto_(Busoni)" title="Piano Concerto (Busoni)">Piano Concerto</a> (whose five movements last over an hour and include an offstage male chorus) was written between 1901 and 1904.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1904 and 1905, the composer wrote his <i><a href="/wiki/Turandot_Suite" title="Turandot Suite">Turandot Suite</a></i> as <a href="/wiki/Incidental_music" title="Incidental music">incidental music</a> for <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Gozzi" title="Carlo Gozzi">Carlo Gozzi</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Turandot_(Gozzi)" title="Turandot (Gozzi)">play of the same name</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A major project undertaken at this time was the opera <i><a href="/wiki/Die_Brautwahl" title="Die Brautwahl">Die Brautwahl</a></i>, based on a tale by <a href="/wiki/E._T._A._Hoffmann" title="E. T. A. Hoffmann">E. T. A. Hoffmann</a>, first performed (to a lukewarm reception) in Berlin in 1912.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Busoni also began to produce solo piano works that clearly revealed a more mature style, including the <i><a href="/wiki/Elegies_(Busoni)" title="Elegies (Busoni)">Elegies</a></i> (BV 249; 1907), the suite <i><a href="/wiki/An_die_Jugend" title="An die Jugend">An die Jugend</a></i> (BV 252; 1909) and the first two piano <a href="/wiki/Sonatina" title="Sonatina">sonatinas</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_compositions_by_Ferruccio_Busoni#BV257" title="List of compositions by Ferruccio Busoni">BV 257</a> (1910) and BV 259 (1912).<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a series of orchestral concerts in Berlin between 1902 and 1909, both as pianist and conductor, Busoni particularly promoted contemporary music from outside Germany (though he avoided contemporary music, except for his own, in his solo recitals).<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The series, which was held at the <i>Beethovensaal</i> (Beethoven Hall), included German premieres of music by <a href="/wiki/Edward_Elgar" title="Edward Elgar">Edward Elgar</a>, Sibelius, <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Franck" title="César Franck">César Franck</a>, <a href="/wiki/Claude_Debussy" title="Claude Debussy">Claude Debussy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vincent_d%27Indy" title="Vincent d'Indy">Vincent d'Indy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carl_Nielsen" title="Carl Nielsen">Carl Nielsen</a> and <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Bart%C3%B3k" title="Béla Bartók">Béla Bartók</a>. The concerts also included premieres of some of Busoni's own works of the period, among them, in 1904, the Piano Concerto, in which he was the soloist under conductor <a href="/wiki/Karl_Muck" title="Karl Muck">Karl Muck</a>; in 1905, his <i>Turandot Suite</i>, and, in 1907, his <i>Comedy Overture</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Music of older masters was included, but sometimes with an unexpected twist. For example, Beethoven's <a href="/wiki/Piano_Concerto_No._3_(Beethoven)" title="Piano Concerto No. 3 (Beethoven)">Third Piano Concerto</a> with the eccentric first movement cadenza by <a href="/wiki/Charles-Valentin_Alkan" title="Charles-Valentin Alkan">Charles-Valentin Alkan</a> (which includes references to Beethoven's <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._5_(Beethoven)" title="Symphony No. 5 (Beethoven)">Fifth Symphony</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-dent156_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dent156-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The concerts aroused much publicity but generated aggressive comments from critics. Couling suggests the programming of the concerts was "generally regarded as a provocation".<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the period Busoni undertook teaching at masterclasses at <a href="/wiki/Weimar" title="Weimar">Weimar</a>, Vienna and Basel. In 1900 he was invited by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Alexander,_Grand_Duke_of_Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach" title="Charles Alexander, Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach">Duke Karl-Alexander</a> of Weimar to lead a masterclass for fifteen young virtuosi. This concept was more amenable to Busoni than teaching formally in a Conservatory: the twice-weekly seminars were successful and were repeated in the following year. Pupils included <a href="/wiki/Maud_Allan" title="Maud Allan">Maud Allan</a>, who later became famous as a dancer and remained a friend.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His experience in Vienna in 1907 was less satisfactory, although amongst his more rewarding pupils were <a href="/wiki/Ignaz_Friedman" title="Ignaz Friedman">Ignaz Friedman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leo_Sirota" title="Leo Sirota">Leo Sirota</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louis_Gruenberg" title="Louis Gruenberg">Louis Gruenberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Turczy%C5%84ski" title="Józef Turczyński">Józef Turczyński</a> and Louis Closson; the latter four were dedicatees of pieces in Busoni's 1909 piano album <i>An die Jugend</i>. But arguments with the Directorate of the Vienna Conservatoire, under whose auspices the classes were held, soured the atmosphere.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the autumn of 1910 Busoni gave masterclasses and also carried out a series of recitals in Basel.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the years before World War I, Busoni steadily extended his contacts in the art world in general as well as amongst musicians. <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Schoenberg" title="Arnold Schoenberg">Arnold Schoenberg</a>, with whom Busoni had been in correspondence since 1903, settled in Berlin in 1911 partially as a consequence of Busoni lobbying on his behalf. In 1913 Busoni arranged at his own apartment a private performance of Schoenberg's <i><a href="/wiki/Pierrot_lunaire" title="Pierrot lunaire">Pierrot lunaire</a></i> which was attended by, amongst others, <a href="/wiki/Willem_Mengelberg" title="Willem Mengelberg">Willem Mengelberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edgard_Var%C3%A8se" title="Edgard Varèse">Edgard Varèse</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Artur_Schnabel" title="Artur Schnabel">Artur Schnabel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Paris in 1912 Busoni had meetings with <a href="/wiki/Gabriele_D%27Annunzio" title="Gabriele D'Annunzio">Gabriele D'Annunzio</a>, who proposed collaboration in a ballet or opera.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also met with the <a href="/wiki/Futurism" title="Futurism">Futurist</a> artists <a href="/wiki/Filippo_Tommaso_Marinetti" title="Filippo Tommaso Marinetti">Filippo Marinetti</a> and <a href="/wiki/Umberto_Boccioni" title="Umberto Boccioni">Umberto Boccioni</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_I_and_Switzerland_(1913–1920)"><span id="World_War_I_and_Switzerland_.281913.E2.80.931920.29"></span>World War I and Switzerland (1913–1920)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferruccio_Busoni&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: World War I and Switzerland (1913–1920)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ritratto_di_Busoni,_1916_(Roberto_Biccioni).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Ritratto_di_Busoni%2C_1916_%28Roberto_Biccioni%29.jpg/290px-Ritratto_di_Busoni%2C_1916_%28Roberto_Biccioni%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Ritratto_di_Busoni%2C_1916_%28Roberto_Biccioni%29.jpg/435px-Ritratto_di_Busoni%2C_1916_%28Roberto_Biccioni%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Ritratto_di_Busoni%2C_1916_%28Roberto_Biccioni%29.jpg/580px-Ritratto_di_Busoni%2C_1916_%28Roberto_Biccioni%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="695" data-file-height="525" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of Busoni by <a href="/wiki/Umberto_Boccioni" title="Umberto Boccioni">Umberto Boccioni</a>, 1916 (in the collection of the <a href="/wiki/Galleria_Nazionale_d%27Arte_Moderna" title="Galleria Nazionale d'Arte Moderna">Galleria Nazionale d'Arte Moderna</a>, Rome)</figcaption></figure> <p>Following a series of concerts in Northern Italy in spring 1913, Busoni was offered the directorship of the Liceo Rossini in Bologna. He had recently moved to an apartment in <a href="/wiki/Viktoria-Luise-Platz" title="Viktoria-Luise-Platz">Viktoria-Luise-Platz</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sch%C3%B6neberg" title="Schöneberg">Schöneberg</a>, Berlin, but took up the offer, intending to spend his summers in Berlin. The posting proved unsuccessful. Bologna was a cultural backwater, despite occasional visits from celebrities such as <a href="/wiki/Isadora_Duncan" title="Isadora Duncan">Isadora Duncan</a>. Busoni's piano pupils were untalented, and he had constant arguments with the local authorities. After the outbreak of World War I, in August 1914, he asked for a year of absence to play an American tour; in fact he was never to return. Virtually his sole permanent achievement at the school was to have modernized its sanitary facilities.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He had however during this time composed another <a href="/wiki/Concertante" class="mw-redirect" title="Concertante">concertante</a> work for piano and orchestra, the <i><a href="/wiki/Indian_Fantasy" title="Indian Fantasy">Indian Fantasy</a></i>. The piece is based on melodies and rhythms from various <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">American Indian</a> tribes; Busoni derived them from a book he had received from his former pupil, the <a href="/wiki/Ethnomusicology" title="Ethnomusicology">ethnomusicologist</a> <a href="/wiki/Natalie_Curtis" title="Natalie Curtis">Natalie Curtis Burlin</a> during his 1910 tour of the US. The work was premiered with Busoni as soloist in March 1914, in Berlin.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From June 1914 to January 1915, Busoni was in Berlin. As a native of a neutral country (Italy) living in Germany, Busoni was not greatly concerned, at first, by the outbreak of war. During this period, he began to work seriously on the libretto for his proposed opera <i><a href="/wiki/Doktor_Faust" title="Doktor Faust">Doktor Faust</a></i>. In January 1915 he left for a concert tour of the US, which was to be his last visit there. During this time he continued work on his Bach edition, including his version of the <i><a href="/wiki/Goldberg_Variations" title="Goldberg Variations">Goldberg Variations</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon the composer's return to Europe, Italy had entered the war. Busoni therefore chose to base himself from 1915 in Switzerland. In Zurich, he found local supporters in <a href="/wiki/Volkmar_Andreae" title="Volkmar Andreae">Volkmar Andreae</a> (conductor of the <a href="/wiki/Tonhalle_Orchestra" class="mw-redirect" title="Tonhalle Orchestra">Tonhalle Orchestra</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Philipp_Jarnach" title="Philipp Jarnach">Philipp Jarnach</a>. His friend <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Vianna_da_Motta" title="José Vianna da Motta">José Vianna da Motta</a> also taught piano in Geneva at this time. Andreae arranged for Busoni to give concerts with his orchestra.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jarnach, who was 23 when he met Busoni, in 1915, became Busoni's indispensable assistant, among other things preparing piano scores of his operas; Busoni referred to him as his <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/famulus" class="extiw" title="wikt:famulus">famulus</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While in America, Busoni had carried out further work on <i>Doktor Faust</i>, and had written the libretto of his one-act opera <i><a href="/wiki/Arlecchino_(opera)" title="Arlecchino (opera)">Arlecchino</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He completed it in Zurich and, to provide a full evening at the theatre, reworked his earlier <i>Turandot</i> into a <a href="/wiki/Turandot_(Busoni)" title="Turandot (Busoni)">one-act piece</a>. The two were premiered together in Zurich in May 1917.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Italy in 1916, Busoni met again with the artist Boccioni, who painted his portrait; Busoni was deeply affected when a few months later Boccioni was killed (in a riding accident) whilst on military training, and published an article strongly critical of war.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An expanded re-issue of Busoni's 1907 work <i>A New Esthetic of Music</i> let to a virulent counter-attack from the German composer <a href="/wiki/Hans_Pfitzner" title="Hans Pfitzner">Hans Pfitzner</a> and an extended war of words.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Busoni continued to experiment with <a href="/wiki/Microtonal_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Microtonal music">microtones</a>: in America he had obtained some <a href="/wiki/Harmonium" class="mw-redirect" title="Harmonium">harmonium</a> reeds tuned in <a href="/wiki/Third-tone" class="mw-redirect" title="Third-tone">third-tones</a>, and he claimed that he "had worked out the theory of a system of thirds of tones in two rows, each separated from each other by a semitone".<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although he met with many other artistic personalities also based in Switzerland during the war (including <a href="/wiki/Stefan_Zweig" title="Stefan Zweig">Stefan Zweig</a>, who noted his extensive drinking, and <a href="/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce">James Joyce</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Busoni soon found his circumstances limiting. After the end of the war, he again undertook concert tours in England, Paris and Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In London, he met with the composer <a href="/wiki/Kaikhosru_Shapurji_Sorabji" title="Kaikhosru Shapurji Sorabji">Kaikhosru Shapurji Sorabji</a> who played his Piano Sonata No. 1 for him (he had dedicated it to Busoni). Busoni was sufficiently impressed to write a letter of recommendation for Sorabji.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Busoni's former pupil <a href="/wiki/Leo_Kestenberg" title="Leo Kestenberg">Leo Kestenberg</a>, by then an official at the Ministry of Culture in the German <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a>, invited him to return to Germany with the promise of a teaching post and productions of his operas, he was very glad to take the opportunity.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Final_years_(1920–1924)"><span id="Final_years_.281920.E2.80.931924.29"></span>Final years (1920–1924)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferruccio_Busoni&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Final years (1920–1924)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gedenktafel_busoni.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Plaque reads: Hier wohnte bis zu seinem Tode, Ferruccio Busoni, Musiker, Denker, Lehrer, 1866–1924, Die Società Dante Alighieri Comitado di Berlino anlässlich des 100. Geburtstages des Künstlers" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Gedenktafel_busoni.jpg/220px-Gedenktafel_busoni.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/be/Gedenktafel_busoni.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="323" data-file-height="183" /></a><figcaption>Commemorative plaque at site of Busoni's apartment in Schöneberg, Berlin</figcaption></figure><p>In 1920, Busoni returned to the Berlin apartment at Viktoria-Luise-Platz 11 that he had left in 1915. His health began to decline, but he continued to give concerts. His main concern was to complete <i>Doktor Faust</i>, the libretto of which had been published in Germany in 1918. In 1921 he wrote "Like a subterranean river, heard but not seen, the music for <i>Faust</i> roars and flows continually in the depths of my aspirations".<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Berlin was the heart of the musical world of the Weimar Republic. Busoni's works, including his operas, were regularly programmed. Health permitting, he continued to perform; problems of <a href="/wiki/Hyperinflation_in_the_Weimar_Republic" title="Hyperinflation in the Weimar Republic">hyperinflation in Germany</a> meant that he needed to undertake tours of England. His last appearance as a pianist was in Berlin in May 1922, playing Beethoven's <i>Emperor</i> Concerto.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among his composition pupils in Berlin were <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Weill" title="Kurt Weill">Kurt Weill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wladimir_Vogel" title="Wladimir Vogel">Wladimir Vogel</a>, and Robert Blum, and during these last years Busoni also had contact with Varèse, <a href="/wiki/Igor_Stravinsky" title="Igor Stravinsky">Stravinsky</a>, the conductor <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Scherchen" title="Hermann Scherchen">Hermann Scherchen</a>, and others.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Busoni died in Berlin on 27 July 1924, officially from <a href="/wiki/Heart_failure" title="Heart failure">heart failure</a>, although inflamed kidneys and overwork also contributed to his death.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Doktor Faust</i> remained unfinished at his death and was premiered in Berlin in 1925, completed by Jarnach.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Busoni's Berlin apartment was destroyed in an air-raid in 1943, and many of his possessions and papers were lost or looted. A plaque at the site commemorates his residence. Busoni's wife, Gerda, died in Sweden in 1956. Their son Benni, who, despite his American nationality had lived in Berlin throughout World War II, died there in 1976. Their second son Lello, an illustrator, died in New York in 1962.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Music">Music</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferruccio_Busoni&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pianism">Pianism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferruccio_Busoni&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Pianism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ferruccio_Busoni,_ca_1895.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Ferruccio_Busoni%2C_ca_1895.jpg/220px-Ferruccio_Busoni%2C_ca_1895.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Ferruccio_Busoni%2C_ca_1895.jpg/330px-Ferruccio_Busoni%2C_ca_1895.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Ferruccio_Busoni%2C_ca_1895.jpg/440px-Ferruccio_Busoni%2C_ca_1895.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3525" data-file-height="2350" /></a><figcaption>Busoni at the piano, from a postcard produced <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1895–1900</span></figcaption></figure> <p>The pianist <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Brendel" title="Alfred Brendel">Alfred Brendel</a> said of Busoni's playing that it "signifies the victory of reflection over <a href="/wiki/Bravura" title="Bravura">bravura</a>" after the more flamboyant era of Liszt. He cites Busoni himself: "Music is so constituted that every context is a new context and should be treated as an 'exception'. The solution of a problem, once found, cannot be reapplied to a different context. Our art is a theatre of surprise and invention, and of the seemingly unprepared. The spirit of music arises from the depths of our humanity and is returned to the high regions whence it has descended on mankind."<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Henry_Wood" title="Henry Wood">Sir Henry Wood</a> was surprised to hear Busoni playing, with two hands in <a href="/wiki/Fifteenth" title="Fifteenth">double octaves</a>, passages in a Mozart concerto written as single notes. At this, <a href="/wiki/Donald_Tovey" title="Donald Tovey">Donald Tovey</a> proclaimed Busoni "to be an absolute purist in <i>not</i> confining himself strictly to Mozart's written text", that is, that Mozart himself could have taken similar liberties. The musicologist <a href="/wiki/Percy_Scholes" title="Percy Scholes">Percy Scholes</a> wrote that "Busoni, from his perfect command over every means of expression and his complete consideration of every phrase in a composition to every other phrase and to the whole, was the truest artist of all the pianists [I] had ever heard."<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works">Works</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferruccio_Busoni&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_compositions_by_Ferruccio_Busoni" title="List of compositions by Ferruccio Busoni">List of compositions by Ferruccio Busoni</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_adaptations_by_Ferruccio_Busoni" title="List of adaptations by Ferruccio Busoni">List of adaptations by Ferruccio Busoni</a></div> <p>Busoni's works include compositions, adaptations, transcriptions, recordings and writings. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Opus_numbers">Opus numbers</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferruccio_Busoni&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Opus numbers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Busoni gave many of his works <a href="/wiki/Opus_number" title="Opus number">opus numbers</a>; some numbers apply to more than one work (after the composer dropped some of his earlier works from his acknowledged corpus). Furthermore, not all the composer's numbers are in temporal order.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The musicologist Jürgen Kindermann has prepared a thematic catalogue of his works and transcriptions which is also used, in the form of the letters <b><a href="/wiki/List_of_compositions_by_Ferruccio_Busoni#Catalog_numbers" title="List of compositions by Ferruccio Busoni">BV</a></b> (for <i>Busoni Verzeichnis</i> ("Busoni Index"); sometimes the letters <b>KiV</b> for <i>Kindermann Verzeichnis</i> are used) followed by a numeric identifier, to identify his compositions and transcriptions. The identifier <b>B</b> (for <i>Bearbeitung</i>, "<a href="/wiki/Arrangement" title="Arrangement">arrangement</a>") is used for Busoni's transcriptions and <a href="/wiki/Cadenza" title="Cadenza">cadenzas</a>. For example, <b>BV B 1</b> refers to Busoni's cadenzas for Beethoven's <a href="/wiki/Piano_Concerto_No._4_(Beethoven)" title="Piano Concerto No. 4 (Beethoven)">Piano Concerto No. 4</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Early_compositions">Early compositions</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferruccio_Busoni&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Early compositions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1917, <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Leichtentritt" title="Hugo Leichtentritt">Hugo Leichtentritt</a> suggested that the Second Violin Sonata Op. 36a (<a href="/wiki/List_of_compositions_by_Ferruccio_Busoni#BV244" title="List of compositions by Ferruccio Busoni">BV 244</a>), completed in 1900, "stands on the border-line between the first and second epochs of Busoni",<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although van Dieren asserts that in conversation Busoni "made no such claims for any work written before 1910. This means that he dated his work as an independent composer from the piano pieces <i><a href="/wiki/An_die_Jugend" title="An die Jugend">An die Jugend</a></i> ... and the <i><a href="/wiki/Elegies_(Busoni)" title="Elegies (Busoni)">Berceuse</a></i> in its original version for piano." (These works were actually written in 1909.)<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Kindermann <i>Busoni Verzeichnis</i> lists over 200 compositions in the period to 1900, which are met with very rarely in the contemporary repertoire or in recording, mostly featuring piano, either as solo instrument or accompanying others, but also including some works for <a href="/wiki/Chamber_music" title="Chamber music">chamber</a> ensemble and some for orchestra, amongst them two large-scale <a href="/wiki/Suite_(music)" title="Suite (music)">suites</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Violin_concerto" title="Violin concerto">violin concerto</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-robbv_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-robbv-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Antony_Beaumont" title="Antony Beaumont">Antony Beaumont</a> notes that Busoni wrote virtually no chamber music after 1898 and no songs between 1886 and 1918, commenting that this was "part of the process of freeing himself from his Leipzig background ... [evoking] worlds of middle-class respectability in which he was not at home, and [in which] the shadows of Schumann, Brahms and <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Wolf" title="Hugo Wolf">Wolf</a> loomed too large."<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first decade of the 20th century is described by Brendel as being for Busoni "a creative pause" after which he "finally gained an artistic profile of his own" as opposed to the "easy routine which had kept his entire earlier production on the tracks of eclecticism".<sup id="cite_ref-brendel208_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brendel208-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During this period, Busoni wrote his Piano Concerto, one of the largest such works he ever wrote in terms of duration and resources. Dent comments "In construction [the Concerto] is difficult to analyse ... on account of the way in which themes are transferred from movement to another. The work has to be considered as a whole, and Busoni always desired it to be played straight through without interruption."<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The press reaction to the premiere of the concerto was largely one of outrage: the <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C3%A4gliche_Rundschau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tägliche Rundschau (page does not exist)">Tägliche Rundschau</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A4gliche_Rundschau_(1881%E2%80%931933)" class="extiw" title="de:Tägliche Rundschau (1881–1933)">de</a>]</span></i> complained of "Noise, more noise, eccentricity and licentiousness", while another journal opined that "the composer would have done better to stay within more modest boundaries".<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The other major work during this "creative pause" was the <i>Turandot Suite</i>. Busoni employed motifs from Chinese and other oriental music in the suite, though, as Leichtentritt points out, the Suite is "in fact the product of an Occidental mind, for whom the exact imitation of the real Chinese model would always be unnatural and unattainable ... the appearance is more artistic than the real thing would be."<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The suite was first performed as a purely musical item in 1905; it was used in a production of the play in 1911, and was eventually transformed into a two-act opera in 1917.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Busoni_and_Bach">Busoni and Bach</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferruccio_Busoni&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Busoni and Bach"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bach-Busoni-_Well-Tempered_Clavichord_(1894)_cover.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Bach-Busoni-_Well-Tempered_Clavichord_%281894%29_cover.jpg/180px-Bach-Busoni-_Well-Tempered_Clavichord_%281894%29_cover.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Bach-Busoni-_Well-Tempered_Clavichord_%281894%29_cover.jpg/270px-Bach-Busoni-_Well-Tempered_Clavichord_%281894%29_cover.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Bach-Busoni-_Well-Tempered_Clavichord_%281894%29_cover.jpg/360px-Bach-Busoni-_Well-Tempered_Clavichord_%281894%29_cover.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1038" data-file-height="1422" /></a><figcaption>Cover of first edition of Busoni's edition of Bach's <i><a href="/wiki/The_Well-Tempered_Clavier" title="The Well-Tempered Clavier">The Well-Tempered Clavier</a></i>, Book I, 1894</figcaption></figure><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For broader coverage of this topic, see <a href="/wiki/Bach-Busoni_Editions" title="Bach-Busoni Editions">Bach-Busoni Editions</a>.</div> <p>1894 saw the publication in Berlin of the first part of Busoni's edition of the music of Johann Sebastian Bach for the piano; the first book of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Well-Tempered_Clavier" title="The Well-Tempered Clavier">The Well-Tempered Clavier</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was equipped with substantial appendices, including one "<a href="/wiki/File:Busoni-On_the_Transcription_of_Bach_Organ-works_Schirmer_English.pdf" title="File:Busoni-On the Transcription of Bach Organ-works Schirmer English.pdf">On the Transcription of Bach's Organ Works for the Pianoforte</a>". This was eventually to form a volume of the <a href="/wiki/Bach-Busoni_Edition" class="mw-redirect" title="Bach-Busoni Edition">Bach-Busoni Edition</a>, an undertaking which was to extend over thirty years. Seven volumes were edited by Busoni himself; these included the 1890 edition of the <i>Two- and Three-Part Inventions</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>iii<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Busoni also began to publish his concert <a href="/wiki/Piano_transcription" class="mw-redirect" title="Piano transcription">piano transcriptions</a> of Bach's music, which he often included in his own recitals. These included some of Bach's <a href="/wiki/Chorale_prelude" title="Chorale prelude">chorale preludes</a> for organ, the organ <a href="/wiki/Toccata_and_Fugue_in_D_minor,_BWV_565" title="Toccata and Fugue in D minor, BWV 565">Toccata and Fugue in D minor</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Chromatic_Fantasia_and_Fugue" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromatic Fantasia and Fugue">Chromatic Fantasia and Fugue</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These transcriptions go beyond literal reproduction of the music for piano and often involve substantial recreation, although never straying from the original rhythmic outlines, melody notes and harmony.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is in line with Busoni's own concept that the performing artist should be free to intuit and communicate his divination of the composer's intentions.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Busoni adds tempo markings, articulation and phrase markings, dynamics and metronome markings to the originals, as well as extensive performance suggestions. In his edition of Bach's <i><a href="/wiki/Goldberg_Variations" title="Goldberg Variations">Goldberg Variations</a></i> (BV B 35), for example, he suggests cutting eight of the variations for a "concert performance", as well as substantially rewriting many sections. <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Hamilton" title="Kenneth Hamilton">Kenneth Hamilton</a> comments that "the last four variations are rewritten as a free fantasy in a pianistic style which owes far more to Busoni than to Bach."<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the death of his father in 1909, Busoni wrote in his memory a <i>Fantasia after J. S. Bach</i> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_compositions_by_Ferruccio_Busoni#BV253" title="List of compositions by Ferruccio Busoni">BV 253</a>); and in the following year came his extended fantasy based on Bach, the <i><a href="/wiki/Fantasia_contrappuntistica" title="Fantasia contrappuntistica">Fantasia contrappuntistica</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Writings">Writings</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferruccio_Busoni&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Writings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Busoni wrote a number of essays on music. The <i>Entwurf einer neuen Ästhetik der Tonkunst</i> (<i>Sketch of a New <a href="/wiki/Aesthetics" title="Aesthetics">Esthetic</a> of Music</i>), first published in 1907, set out the principles underlying his performances and his mature compositions. A collection of reflections which are "the outcome of convictions long held and slowly matured", the <i>Sketch</i> asserts that "The spirit of an artwork ... remains[s] unchanged in value through changing years" but its form, manner of expression, and the conventions of the era when it was created, "are transient and age rapidly". The <i>Sketch</i> includes the maxim that "Music was born free; and to win freedom is its destiny".<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It therefore takes issue with <a href="/wiki/Conventional_wisdom" title="Conventional wisdom">conventional wisdom</a> on music, caricatured by Busoni as the constricting rules of the "lawgivers".<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It praises the music of Beethoven and JS Bach as the essence of the spirit of music ("Ur-Musik") and says that their art should "be conceived as a <i>beginning</i>, and not as an unsurpassable finality."<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Busoni asserts the right of the interpreter vis-à-vis the purism of the "lawgivers". "The performance of music, its <i>emotional interpretation</i>, derives from those free heights whence descended Art itself ... What the composer's inspiration <i>necessarily</i> loses through notation, his interpreter should restore by his own."<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He envisages a future music that will include the division of the octave into more than the traditional 12 <a href="/wiki/Semitone" title="Semitone">semitones</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, he asserted the importance of musical form and structure: His idea of a 'Young Classicism'<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>iv<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "aimed to incorporate experimental features in "firm, rounded forms" ... motivated each time by musical necessity." (Brendel).<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another collection of Busoni's essays was published in 1922 as <i>Von der Einheit der Musik</i>, later republished as <i>Wesen und Einheit der Musik</i>, and in 1957 translated as <i>The Essence of Music</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Busoni also wrote the librettos of his four operas.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mature_compositions">Mature compositions</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferruccio_Busoni&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Mature compositions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fantasiabusoni.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Fantasiabusoni.JPG/220px-Fantasiabusoni.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Fantasiabusoni.JPG/330px-Fantasiabusoni.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Fantasiabusoni.JPG/440px-Fantasiabusoni.JPG 2x" data-file-width="905" data-file-height="762" /></a><figcaption>Sketch by Busoni of the structure of his <i>Fantasia Contrappuntistica</i>, 1910</figcaption></figure><p>Writing in 1917, Hugo Leichtentritt described Busoni's mature style as having elements in common with those of Sibelius, Debussy, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Scriabin" title="Alexander Scriabin">Alexander Scriabin</a>, and Schoenberg, noting in particular his movement away from traditional major and minor scales towards <a href="/wiki/Atonality" title="Atonality">atonality</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first landmarks of this mature style are the group of piano works published in 1907–1912 (the <i>Elegies</i>, the suite <i>An die Jugend</i> and the first two piano sonatinas) and Busoni's first completed opera, <i>Die Brautwahl</i>; together with the rather different Bach homage, the 1910 <i>Fantasia contrappuntistica</i>, Busoni's largest work for solo piano. About half an hour in length, it is essentially an extended fantasy on the final incomplete fugue from Bach's <i><a href="/wiki/The_Art_of_Fugue" title="The Art of Fugue">The Art of Fugue</a></i>. It uses several melodic figures found in Bach's work, most notably the <a href="/wiki/BACH_motif" title="BACH motif">B-A-C-H motif</a>. Busoni revised the work a number of times and arranged it for two pianos.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Busoni also drew inspiration from North American indigenous tribal melodies drawn from the studies of Natalie Curtis, which informed his <i>Indian Fantasy</i> for piano and orchestra of 1913 and two books of solo piano sketches, <i>Indian Diary</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1917, Busoni wrote the one-act opera <i><a href="/wiki/Arlecchino_(opera)" title="Arlecchino (opera)">Arlecchino</a></i> (1917) as a companion piece for his revision of <i>Turandot</i> as an opera. He began serious work on his opera <i><a href="/wiki/Doktor_Faust" title="Doktor Faust">Doktor Faust</a></i> in 1916, leaving it incomplete at his death. It was then finished by his student <a href="/wiki/Philipp_Jarnach" title="Philipp Jarnach">Philipp Jarnach</a>, who worked with Busoni's sketches as he knew of them.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1980s Antony Beaumont created an expanded and improved completion by drawing on material to which Jarnach did not have access; <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Horowitz" title="Joseph Horowitz">Joseph Horowitz</a> has described the Beaumont completion as "longer, more adventurous and perhaps less good."<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the last seven years of his life Busoni worked sporadically on his <a href="/wiki/Klavier%C3%BCbung_(Busoni)" title="Klavierübung (Busoni)"><i>Klavierübung</i></a>, a compilation of exercises, transcriptions, and original compositions of his own, with which he hoped to pass on his accumulated knowledge of keyboard technique. It was issued in five parts between 1918 and 1922<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An extended version in ten books was published posthumously in 1925.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Editions,_transcriptions_and_arrangements"><span id="Editions.2C_transcriptions_and_arrangements"></span>Editions, transcriptions and arrangements</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferruccio_Busoni&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Editions, transcriptions and arrangements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Apart from his work on the music of Bach, Busoni edited and transcribed works by other composers. He edited three volumes of the 34-volume Franz Liszt Foundation's edition of Liszt's works, including most of the études, and the <i><a href="/wiki/Grandes_%C3%A9tudes_de_Paganini" title="Grandes études de Paganini">Grandes études de Paganini</a></i>. Other Liszt transcriptions include his piano arrangement of Liszt's organ <i><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_and_Fugue_on_the_chorale_%22Ad_nos,_ad_salutarem_undam%22" title="Fantasy and Fugue on the chorale "Ad nos, ad salutarem undam"">Fantasy and Fugue on the chorale "Ad nos, ad salutarem undam"</a></i> (BV B 59) (based on a theme from <a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Meyerbeer" title="Giacomo Meyerbeer">Giacomo Meyerbeer</a>'s opera <i><a href="/wiki/Le_Proph%C3%A8te" class="mw-redirect" title="Le Prophète">Le Prophète</a></i>) and concert versions of two of the <i><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Rhapsodies" title="Hungarian Rhapsodies">Hungarian Rhapsodies</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Busoni also made keyboard transcriptions of works by Mozart, <a href="/wiki/Franz_Schubert" title="Franz Schubert">Franz Schubert</a>, <a href="/wiki/Niels_Gade" title="Niels Gade">Niels Gade</a> and others in the period 1886–1891 for the publisher <a href="/wiki/Breitkopf_%26_H%C3%A4rtel" title="Breitkopf & Härtel">Breitkopf & Härtel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, during his earliest contacts with Arnold Schoenberg in 1909, he made a 'concert interpretation' of the latter's atonal <a href="/wiki/Drei_Klavierst%C3%BCcke_(Schoenberg)" title="Drei Klavierstücke (Schoenberg)">Piano Piece, Op. 11</a>, No. 2 (BV B 97) (which greatly annoyed Schoenberg himself).<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Busoni's own works sometimes feature incorporated elements of other composers' music. The fourth movement of <i>An die Jugend</i> (1909), for instance, uses two of <a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Paganini" title="Niccolò Paganini">Niccolò Paganini</a>'s <a href="/wiki/24_Caprices_for_Solo_Violin_(Paganini)" title="24 Caprices for Solo Violin (Paganini)">Caprices for solo violin</a> (numbers 11 and 15),<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the 1920 piece <i>Piano Sonatina No. 6</i> (<i>Fantasia da camera super Carmen</i>) is based on themes from <a href="/wiki/Georges_Bizet" title="Georges Bizet">Georges Bizet</a>'s opera <i><a href="/wiki/Carmen" title="Carmen">Carmen</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recordings">Recordings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferruccio_Busoni&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Recordings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ferruccio_Busoni_discography_(as_pianist)" title="Ferruccio Busoni discography (as pianist)">Ferruccio Busoni discography (as pianist)</a></div> <p>Busoni's output on <a href="/wiki/Gramophone_record" class="mw-redirect" title="Gramophone record">gramophone record</a> as a pianist was very limited, and many of his original recordings were destroyed when the <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Graphophone_Company" title="Columbia Graphophone Company">Columbia Graphophone Company</a>'s factory burned down in 1912.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Busoni mentions recording the Gounod-Liszt <i>Faust Waltz</i> in a letter to his wife in 1919. This recording was never released. He never recorded any of his own works.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Piano_rolls">Piano rolls</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferruccio_Busoni&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Piano rolls"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Busoni made a considerable number of <a href="/wiki/Piano_roll" title="Piano roll">piano rolls</a>; a few of them have been re-recorded and released on <a href="/wiki/Vinyl_LP" class="mw-redirect" title="Vinyl LP">vinyl LP</a> and <a href="/wiki/CD" class="mw-redirect" title="CD">CD</a>. These include a 1950 recording by Columbia sourced from piano rolls made by <a href="/wiki/Welte-Mignon" title="Welte-Mignon">Welte-Mignon</a> including music of <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin" title="Frédéric Chopin">Chopin</a> and transcriptions by Liszt. The value of these recordings in ascertaining Busoni's performance style is a matter of some dispute. Many of his colleagues and students expressed disappointment with the recordings and felt they did not truly represent Busoni's pianism.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Egon Petri was horrified by the piano roll recordings when they first appeared on vinyl and said that they were a travesty of Busoni's playing.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, Petri's student <a href="/wiki/Gunnar_Johansen" title="Gunnar Johansen">Gunnar Johansen</a> who had heard Busoni play on several occasions, remarked, "Of Busoni's piano rolls and recordings, only <i>Feux follets</i> (no. 5 of Liszt's <i><a href="/wiki/Transcendental_%C3%89tudes" title="Transcendental Études">Transcendental Études</a></i>) is really something unique. The rest is curiously unconvincing. The recordings, especially of Chopin, are a plain misalliance".<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferruccio_Busoni&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ferruccio_Busoni_discography" title="Ferruccio Busoni discography">Ferruccio Busoni discography</a></div> <p>Busoni's impact on music was perhaps more through those who studied piano and composition with him, and through his writings on music, than through his compositions themselves, of whose style there are no direct successors. Alfred Brendel has opined: "Compositions like the monstrously overwritten <i>Piano Concerto</i> ... obstruct our view of his superlative late piano music. How topical still – and undiscovered – are the first two sonatinas... and the <i>Toccata</i> of 1921 ... <i>Doktor Faust</i>, now as ever, towers over the musical theatre of its time."<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Helmut Wirth has written that Busoni's "ambivalent nature, striving to reconcile tradition with innovation, his gifts as a composer and the profundity of his theoretical writings make [him] one of the most interesting figures in the history of 20th-century music."<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Ferruccio_Busoni_International_Piano_Competition" title="Ferruccio Busoni International Piano Competition">Ferruccio Busoni International Piano Competition</a> was initiated in Busoni's honour in 1949, to commemorate the 25th anniversary of his death.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_and_references">Notes and references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferruccio_Busoni&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Notes and references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Notes</b> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-roman" style="column-width: 45em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The names were chosen by his father to reflect <a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante Alighieri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michelangelo_Buonarrotti" class="mw-redirect" title="Michelangelo Buonarrotti">Michelangelo Buonarrotti</a> and <a href="/wiki/Benvenuto_Cellini" title="Benvenuto Cellini">Benvenuto Cellini</a>; but "in later life, Ferruccio, feeling that all these names involved too formidable a responsibility", quietly dropped them.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The spelling version 'Michelangelo' is sometimes found for his third given name; the spelling 'Michelangiolo' is given by (amongst others) <a href="/wiki/Edward_Joseph_Dent" title="Edward Joseph Dent">Dent</a>, who consulted with Busoni's wife and family in writing his life of the composer.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Busoni's attitude to Jews and <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">antisemitism</a> is somewhat ambiguous. Busoni's great-great-grandfather on his mother's side was half-Jewish (although he may not have been aware of this);<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Busoni used Jewish melodies to characterize a Jewish character in his opera <i>Die Brautwahl</i>;<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when during World War I Busoni took a stand against German aggression, <a href="/wiki/Hans_Pfitzner" title="Hans Pfitzner">Hans Pfitzner</a> took the occasion to call his views "a manifestation of the international Jewish movement" against Germany;<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 1920 Busoni referred to his pupil <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Weill" title="Kurt Weill">Kurt Weill</a> as "a very fine Jew, who will certainly make his way".<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But in protest at German <a href="/wiki/Hyper-inflation" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyper-inflation">hyper-inflation</a> in 1923, he rewrote for concert performance an aria from <i>Das Brautwahl</i>, "The Gruesome Tale of the Jew Coiner Lippold", and naïvely expressed surprise when performance was turned down on the grounds of its anti-Semitic implications.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Busoni's work was also included in a 25-volume comprehensive "Busoni Edition" of Bach's keyboard works, the other volumes of which were undertaken by Petri and Bruno Muggelini.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Busoni's concept of 'Young Classicism' (in his original German 'Junge Klassizität') should be distinguished from the later inter-war movement of <a href="/wiki/Neoclassicism_(music)" title="Neoclassicism (music)">Neoclassicism</a>, although his interest in <a href="/wiki/Musical_form" title="Musical form">musical form</a> may have influenced the latter.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div> <p><b>References</b> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dent (1933), pp. 7—8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dent (1933), p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dent (1933), p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Couling (2005) pp. 14–16</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-beaumont1-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-beaumont1_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Beaumont (2001) §1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wirth508-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wirth508_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wirth508_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wirth508_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Wirth (1980), p. 508</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Walker (1996), p. 367.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See section <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Opus_numbers">Opus numbers</a> in this article.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dent (1933), pp. 41–42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Couling (2005), pp. 70–1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kogan (2010), p. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wis (1977), p. 251.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wis (1977), p. 256.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wis (1977), p. 255.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wis (1977), pp. 267–269.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wis (1977), p. 258.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dent (1933), p. 86.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wis (1977), pp. 259–261.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dent (1933), p. 103</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Taylor (2007), p. 218.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wis (1977), p. 264.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Couling (2005), p. 128.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dent (1933), pp. 97–100</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dent (1933), pp. 115–117.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Beaumont (1987), pp. 53–54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Couling (2005), p. 143.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Couling (2005), p. 352.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Knyt (2010a) p. 233</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kogan (2010), p. 101.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Couling (2005), p. 330.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Beaumont (1987), pp. 371, 374.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Couling (2005), pp. 148–149.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">van Dieren (1935), p. 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Scholes (1947), p. 318.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roberge (1996), p. 274.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Couling (2005), pp. 166–173, 183–188, 215–216.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">van Dieren (1935), p. 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Beaumont (n.d.), §1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dent (1933), p. 105, p. 113.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Beaumont (1985), p. 61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Beaumont (1985), p. 76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Beaumont (1985), p. 116.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Beaumont (1985), pp. 101, 148, 178.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wirth (1980), p. 509.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dent (1933), pp. 332–336.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dent156-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dent156_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dent (1933), p. 156</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith (2000), vol. 2, pp. 178—179.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Couling (2005), p. 192.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dent (1933), pp. 125—128.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dent (1933), pp. 160–161; Beaumont (1997), p. 91.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Couling (2005), p. 239.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Beaumont (1985), pp. 26–27, 208.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dent (1933), pp. 197–198, 201–202.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dent (1933), p. 203.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dent (1933), pp. 205–225.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">.Beaumont (1985), pp. 190–191.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dent (1933), pp. 220—223</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dent (1933), p. 229.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Couling (2005), p. 311</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dent (1933), pp. 223</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Beaumont (1985), p. 219, p. 240.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dent (1933), pp. 231–232.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Couling (2005), pp. 306–310.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Couling (2005), p. 292.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Couling (2005), p. 290, p. 311</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dent (1933), pp. 240–247.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Beaumont (1987), pp. 300, 303.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Couling (2005), pp. 318–322.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dent (1933), p. 264.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dent (1933), pp. 265–271; Coulson (2005), p. 337.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Couling (2005), pp. 335–336.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Couling (2005), pp. 351–352.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Beaumont (1995), p. 311.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Couling (2005), pp. 353–354.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brendel (1976), p. 211.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Citations and comment from Scholes (1947), p. 318.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dent (1933), p. 37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kindermann (1980)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leichtentritt (1917), p. 76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">van Dieren (1935), p. 52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-robbv-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-robbv_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roberge (1991), pp. 8–63</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Beaumont (1985), p. 42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-brendel208-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-brendel208_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brendel (1976), p. 208.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dent (1933), p. 142.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Couling (2005), pp. 195–196.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leichtentritt (1917). p. 79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dent (1933), pp. 152–153, 233.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dent (1933), p. 348.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Beaumont (1985), pp. 375–376.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">see Beaumont (1987), p. 111.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dent (1933), pp. 318–319.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leichentritt (1914), p. 88.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Busoni (1907), p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hamilton (1998), pp. 66–67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Beaumont (1985), pp. 137, 160.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Busoni (1911), p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Busoni (1911), p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Busoni (1911), p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Busoni (1911), p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Busoni (1911), p. 10—12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Brendel (1976), pp. 114—115.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brendel (1976), p. 108.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in German)</span> Busoni, Ferruccio. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/vondereinheitder00buso"><i>Von der Einheit der Musik: von Dritteltönen und junger Klassizität, von Bühnen und Bauten und anschliessenden Bezirken</i>.</a> Berlin: M. Hesse, 1922</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Busoni, Ferruccio, translated by Rosamond Ley. <i>The Essence of Music: And Other Papers</i>. London: Rockliff, 1957. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/6741344">6741344</a> (digitized: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/592760169">592760169</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wirth (1980), p. 510</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leichtentritt (1917), p. 95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Beaumont (1985), pp. 160–176.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Beaumont (1985), pp. 190–203.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Beaumont (1985), pp. 349–352.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Horowitz (2000).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Beaumont (1985), p. 295, pp. 302–307.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Busoni (1925).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Beaumont (1985), p. 377.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leichtentritt (1917), p. 72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Beaumont (1997), pp. 314–318.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Beaumont (1985), pp. 152–153.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Beaumont (1985), pp. 275–277.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.emiarchivetrust.org/musics-tech-nightmare-part-2/">"Music's tech nightmare: Part 2 – The legendary Louis Sterling"</a>. <i>EMI Archive Trust</i>. 11 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=EMI+Archive+Trust&rft.atitle=Music%27s+tech+nightmare%3A+Part+2+%E2%80%93+The+legendary+Louis+Sterling&rft.date=2023-04-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.emiarchivetrust.org%2Fmusics-tech-nightmare-part-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerruccio+Busoni" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Summers (2004)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Knyt (2010b) pp. 250–260</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sitsky (1986) p. 329.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohansen1979" class="citation journal cs1">Johansen, Gunnar (1979). "Busoni the pianist – in Perspective". <i>The Piano Quarterly</i>. <b>28</b>: 46–47.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Piano+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Busoni+the+pianist+%E2%80%93+in+Perspective&rft.volume=28&rft.pages=46-47&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Johansen&rft.aufirst=Gunnar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerruccio+Busoni" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brendel (1976), p. 118.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wirth (1980).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.concorsobusoni.it/en/history-of-the-competition-ferruccio-busoni">"History of the competition"</a><i>, Ferruccio Busoni International Piano Competition</i> website, accessed 28 April 2015</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferruccio_Busoni&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 45em;"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeaumont1985" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Antony_Beaumont" title="Antony Beaumont">Beaumont, Antony</a> (1985). <i>Busoni the Composer</i>. London: Faber and Faber. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-571-13149-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-571-13149-5"><bdi>978-0-571-13149-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Busoni+the+Composer&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Faber+and+Faber&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-571-13149-5&rft.aulast=Beaumont&rft.aufirst=Antony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerruccio+Busoni" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Beaumont, Antony, ed. (1987). <i>Busoni: Selected Letters</i>. New York:Columbia University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-06460-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-06460-6">978-0-231-06460-6</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeaumont2001" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Beaumont, Antony (2001). "Busoni, Ferruccio (Dante Michelangelo Benvenuto)". <i><a href="/wiki/Grove_Music_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="Grove Music Online">Grove Music Online</a></i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Busoni%2C+Ferruccio+%28Dante+Michelangelo+Benvenuto%29&rft.btitle=Grove+Music+Online&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Beaumont&rft.aufirst=Antony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerruccio+Busoni" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrendel1976" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Brendel" title="Alfred Brendel">Brendel, Alfred</a> (1976). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/musicalthoughtsa0000bren"><i>Musical Thoughts and After-Thoughts</i></a></span>. London: Robson Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-903895-43-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-903895-43-9"><bdi>978-0-903895-43-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Musical+Thoughts+and+After-Thoughts&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Robson+Books&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0-903895-43-9&rft.aulast=Brendel&rft.aufirst=Alfred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmusicalthoughtsa0000bren&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerruccio+Busoni" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBusoni1911" class="citation book cs1">Busoni, Ferruccio (1911). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/31799"><i>Sketch of a New Esthetic of Music</i></a>. Translated by <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Baker" title="Theodore Baker">Theodore Baker</a>. New York: G. Schirmer. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/13835974">13835974</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sketch+of+a+New+Esthetic+of+Music&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=G.+Schirmer&rft.date=1911&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F13835974&rft.aulast=Busoni&rft.aufirst=Ferruccio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Febooks%2F31799&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerruccio+Busoni" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Busoni, Ferruccio (1925). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://imslp.org/wiki/Klavier%C3%BCbung_in_10_B%C3%BCchern_(Busoni,_Ferruccio)">Klavierübung in zehn Büchern</a></i>. Leipzig: Breitkopf & Härtel.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCouling2005" class="citation book cs1">Couling, Della (2005). <i>Ferruccio Busoni: "A Musical Ishmael"</i>. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-5142-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-5142-9"><bdi>978-0-8108-5142-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ferruccio+Busoni%3A+%22A+Musical+Ishmael%22&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Maryland&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-5142-9&rft.aulast=Couling&rft.aufirst=Della&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerruccio+Busoni" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Joseph_Dent" title="Edward Joseph Dent">Dent, Edward J.</a> (1933). <i>Ferruccio Busoni: A Biography</i>, London: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. (Reprint: London: Ernst Eulenberg, 1974) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-903873-02-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-903873-02-4">978-0-903873-02-4</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamilton1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Hamilton" title="Kenneth Hamilton">Hamilton, Kenneth</a> (1998). "The virtuoso tradition". In Rowland, David (ed.). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompani00rowl_0"><i>The Cambridge Companion to the Piano</i></a></span>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompani00rowl_0/page/57">57–74</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-47986-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-47986-8"><bdi>978-0-521-47986-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+virtuoso+tradition&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+the+Piano&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=57-74&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-521-47986-8&rft.aulast=Hamilton&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcambridgecompani00rowl_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerruccio+Busoni" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamilton2008" class="citation book cs1">Hamilton, Kenneth (2008). <i>After the Golden Age</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-517826-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-517826-5"><bdi>978-0-19-517826-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=After+the+Golden+Age&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-19-517826-5&rft.aulast=Hamilton&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerruccio+Busoni" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorowitz2000" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Horowitz" title="Joseph Horowitz">Horowitz, Joseph</a> (23 April 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2000/04/23/arts/music-doktor-faust-captures-a-composer-s-paradoxes.html">"<i>Doktor Faust</i> Captures a Composer's Paradoxes"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Doktor+Faust+Captures+a+Composer%27s+Paradoxes&rft.date=2000-04-23&rft.aulast=Horowitz&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2000%2F04%2F23%2Farts%2Fmusic-doktor-faust-captures-a-composer-s-paradoxes.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerruccio+Busoni" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Kindermann, Jürgen (1980). <i>Thematisch-chronologisches Verzeichnis der Werke von Ferruccio B. Busoni</i>. Studien zur Musikgeschichte des 19. Jahrhunderts, vol. 19. Regensburg: Gustav Bosse Verlag. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7649-2033-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-7649-2033-3">978-3-7649-2033-3</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnyt2010a" class="citation journal cs1">Knyt, Erinn E. (2010a). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"How I Compose": Ferruccio Busoni's Views about Invention, Quotation, and the Compositional Process". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Journal_of_Musicology" title="The Journal of Musicology">The Journal of Musicology</a></i>. <b>27</b> (2): 224–264. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fjm.2010.27.2.224">10.1525/jm.2010.27.2.224</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/jm.2010.27.2.224">10.1525/jm.2010.27.2.224</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Musicology&rft.atitle=%22How+I+Compose%22%3A+Ferruccio+Busoni%27s+Views+about+Invention%2C+Quotation%2C+and+the+Compositional+Process&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=224-264&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Fjm.2010.27.2.224&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.1525%2Fjm.2010.27.2.224%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Knyt&rft.aufirst=Erinn+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerruccio+Busoni" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></li> <li>Knyt, Errin E. (2010b). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=d8I7h0eObT0C"><i>Ferruccio Busoni and the Ontology of the Musical Work: Permutations and Possibilities</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/D._Phil." class="mw-redirect" title="D. Phil.">D. Phil.</a> dissertation, <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a>, accessed 5 June 2016</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKogan2010" class="citation book cs1">Kogan, Grigory (2010). <i>Busoni as Pianist</i>. Translated by Svetlana Belsky. Rochester: University of Rochester Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58046-335-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58046-335-5"><bdi>978-1-58046-335-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Busoni+as+Pianist&rft.place=Rochester&rft.pub=University+of+Rochester+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-58046-335-5&rft.aulast=Kogan&rft.aufirst=Grigory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerruccio+Busoni" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeichtentritt1917" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Leichtentritt" title="Hugo Leichtentritt">Leichtentritt, Hugo</a> (1917). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/2439516">"Ferruccio Busoni as a Composer"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Musical_Quarterly" title="The Musical Quarterly">The Musical Quarterly</a></i>. <b>3</b> (1): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jstor-738005/page/n1">69</a>–87. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmq%2Fiii.1.69">10.1093/mq/iii.1.69</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/738005">738005</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Musical+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Ferruccio+Busoni+as+a+Composer&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=69-87&rft.date=1917&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fmq%2Fiii.1.69&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F738005%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Leichtentritt&rft.aufirst=Hugo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F2439516&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerruccio+Busoni" class="Z3988"></span> (extract from <i>Ferruccio Busoni</i>, Breitkopf & Härtel 1916)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberge1991" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc-Andr%C3%A9_Roberge" class="extiw" title="fr:Marc-André Roberge">Roberge, Marc-André</a> <span class="cs1-format">[in French]</span> (1991). <i>Ferruccio Busoni: A Bio-Bibliography</i>. Bio-Bibliographies in Music, no. 34. New York, Westport, Connecticut, London: Greenwood Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ferruccio+Busoni%3A+A+Bio-Bibliography&rft.place=New+York%2C+Westport%2C+Connecticut%2C+London&rft.series=Bio-Bibliographies+in+Music%2C+no.+34&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Roberge&rft.aufirst=Marc-Andr%C3%A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerruccio+Busoni" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberge1996" class="citation journal cs1">Roberge, Marc-André (1996). "Ferruccio Busoni et la France". <i>Revue de Musicologie</i>. <b>82</b> (2): 269–305. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F947129">10.2307/947129</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/947129">947129</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revue+de+Musicologie&rft.atitle=Ferruccio+Busoni+et+la+France&rft.volume=82&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=269-305&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F947129&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F947129%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Roberge&rft.aufirst=Marc-Andr%C3%A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerruccio+Busoni" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScholes1947" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Percy_Scholes" title="Percy Scholes">Scholes, Percy A.</a> (1947). <i>The Mirror of Music 1844–1944</i>. London: Novello and Company. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/634410668">634410668</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mirror+of+Music+1844%E2%80%931944&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Novello+and+Company&rft.date=1947&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F634410668&rft.aulast=Scholes&rft.aufirst=Percy+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerruccio+Busoni" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Sitsky" title="Larry Sitsky">Sitsky, Larry</a> (1986). <i>Busoni and the Piano: The Works, the Writings, and the Recordings</i>. Greenwood Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-23671-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-23671-6">978-0-313-23671-6</a></li> <li>Smith, Ronald (2000). <i>Alkan: The Man, The Music</i> (2 vols in 1). London: Kahn and Averill. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-871082-73-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-871082-73-9">978-1-871082-73-9</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStevenson1987" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Stevenson" title="Ronald Stevenson">Stevenson, Ronald</a> (1987). "Book review: <i>Ferruccio Busoni—Selected Letters</i> translated and edited by <a href="/wiki/Antony_Beaumont" title="Antony Beaumont">Antony Beaumont</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Tempo_(journal)" title="Tempo (journal)">Tempo</a></i>. New Series (163): 27–29. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0040298200023585">10.1017/S0040298200023585</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/945689">945689</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tempo&rft.atitle=Book+review%3A+Ferruccio+Busoni%E2%80%94Selected+Letters+translated+and+edited+by+Antony+Beaumont&rft.issue=163&rft.pages=27-29&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0040298200023585&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F945689%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Stevenson&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerruccio+Busoni" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></li> <li>Summers, Jonathan (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.naxos.com/mainsite/blurbs_reviews.asp?item_code=8.110777&catNum=8110777&filetype=About%20this%20Recording&language=English">"Busoni's Complete Recordings"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201020181542/https://www.naxos.com/mainsite/blurbs_reviews.asp?item_code=8.110777&catNum=8110777&filetype=About%20this%20Recording&language=English">Archived</a> 20 October 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, notes to <i>Busoni and his pupils (1922–1952)</i>, CD recording, <a href="/wiki/Naxos_Records" class="mw-redirect" title="Naxos Records">Naxos Records</a> 8.110777</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2007" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, Philip S. (2007). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/antonrubinsteinl00tayl"><i>Anton Rubinstein: A Life in Music</i></a></span>. Bloomingdale and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-34871-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-34871-5"><bdi>978-0-253-34871-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anton+Rubinstein%3A+A+Life+in+Music&rft.place=Bloomingdale+and+Indianapolis&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-253-34871-5&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Philip+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fantonrubinsteinl00tayl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerruccio+Busoni" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_Dieren1935" class="citation book cs1">van Dieren, Bernard (1935). <i>Down among the Dead Men</i>. London: Humphrey Milford (Oxford University Press). <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/906126003">906126003</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Down+among+the+Dead+Men&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Humphrey+Milford+%28Oxford+University+Press%29&rft.date=1935&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F906126003&rft.aulast=van+Dieren&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerruccio+Busoni" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVogel1968" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Wladimir_Vogel" title="Wladimir Vogel">Vogel, Wladimir</a> (1968). "Impressions of Ferruccio Busoni". <i><a href="/wiki/Perspectives_of_New_Music" title="Perspectives of New Music">Perspectives of New Music</a></i>. <b>6</b> (2): 167–173. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F832359">10.2307/832359</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/832359">832359</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Perspectives+of+New+Music&rft.atitle=Impressions+of+Ferruccio+Busoni&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=167-173&rft.date=1968&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F832359&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F832359%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Vogel&rft.aufirst=Wladimir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerruccio+Busoni" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alan_Walker_(musicologist)" title="Alan Walker (musicologist)">Walker, Alan</a> (1996). <i>Franz Liszt. Volume 3: The Final Years 1861–1880</i>. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-394-52542-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-394-52542-6"><bdi>978-0-394-52542-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Franz+Liszt.+Volume+3%3A+The+Final+Years+1861%E2%80%931880&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-394-52542-6&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerruccio+Busoni" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWirth1980" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Wirth, Helmut (1980). "Busoni, Ferruccio (Dante Michelangelo Benvenuto)". <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Grove_Dictionary_of_Music_and_Musicians" title="The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians">The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians</a></i>. Vol. 3. London: Macmillan. pp. 508–512. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-23111-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-23111-1"><bdi>978-0-333-23111-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Busoni%2C+Ferruccio+%28Dante+Michelangelo+Benvenuto%29&rft.btitle=The+New+Grove+Dictionary+of+Music+and+Musicians&rft.place=London&rft.pages=508-512&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-333-23111-1&rft.aulast=Wirth&rft.aufirst=Helmut&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerruccio+Busoni" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWis1977" class="citation journal cs1">Wis, Roberto (1977). "Ferruccio Busoni and Finland". <i>Acta Musicologica</i>. <b>49</b> (2): 250–269. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F932592">10.2307/932592</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/932592">932592</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Musicologica&rft.atitle=Ferruccio+Busoni+and+Finland&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=250-269&rft.date=1977&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F932592&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F932592%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Wis&rft.aufirst=Roberto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerruccio+Busoni" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferruccio_Busoni&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marc-Andr%C3%A9_Roberge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marc-André Roberge (page does not exist)">Roberge, Marc-André</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc-Andr%C3%A9_Roberge" class="extiw" title="fr:Marc-André Roberge">fr</a>]</span> (21 May 2021). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://roberge.mus.ulaval.ca/srs/07-prese.htm">Opus Sorabjianum. v. 3.00</a></i>, roberge.mus.ulaval.ca. Accessed 22 January 2022.</li> <li><i>The Piano Quarterly</i>, no. 108 (Winter 1979–80) is a special Busoni issue containing, among other articles, interviews with <a href="/wiki/Gunnar_Johansen" title="Gunnar Johansen">Gunnar Johansen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guido_Agosti" title="Guido Agosti">Guido Agosti</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gisela_Selden-Goth" class="mw-redirect" title="Gisela Selden-Goth">Selden-Goth, Gisela</a> (1922) Ferruccio Busoni: Der Versuch Eines Porträts [An Attempt at a Portrait]. pub. E.P. Tal & Co. 1922</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferruccio_Busoni&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output 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li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Ferruccio_Busoni" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Ferruccio Busoni">Ferruccio Busoni</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ferruccio_Busoni" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Ferruccio Busoni">Ferruccio Busoni</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/26666">Works by Ferruccio Busoni</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Busoni%2C%20Ferruccio%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Ferruccio%20Busoni%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Busoni%2C%20Ferruccio%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Ferruccio%20Busoni%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Busoni%2C%20F%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Ferruccio%20Busoni%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Busoni%2C%20Ferruccio%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Ferruccio%20Busoni%22%29%20OR%20%28%221866-1924%22%20AND%20Busoni%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Ferruccio Busoni</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/pe/002821">Newspaper clippings about Ferruccio Busoni</a> in the <a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Press_Archives" title="20th Century Press Archives">20th Century Press Archives</a> of the <a href="/wiki/German_National_Library_of_Economics" title="German National Library of Economics">ZBW</a></li></ul> <p><b>Music scores</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="https://imslp.org/wiki/Category:Busoni,_Ferruccio" class="extiw" title="scores:Category:Busoni, Ferruccio">Free scores by Ferruccio Busoni</a> at the <a href="/wiki/International_Music_Score_Library_Project" title="International Music Score Library Project">International Music Score Library Project</a> (IMSLP)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdl.handle.net/1802/3202">4 Poesie liriche Op.40 for chorus</a> Score from Sibley Music Library Digital Scores Collection</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ferruccio_Busoni" title="Template:Ferruccio Busoni"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ferruccio_Busoni" title="Template talk:Ferruccio Busoni"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ferruccio_Busoni" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ferruccio Busoni"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ferruccio_Busoni" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ferruccio Busoni</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>Lists: <a href="/wiki/List_of_compositions_by_Ferruccio_Busoni" title="List of compositions by Ferruccio Busoni">Compositions</a> · <a href="/wiki/List_of_adaptations_by_Ferruccio_Busoni" title="List of adaptations by Ferruccio Busoni">Adaptations</a> · <a href="/wiki/Ferruccio_Busoni_discography" title="Ferruccio Busoni discography">Discography</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Operas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Die_Brautwahl" title="Die Brautwahl">Die Brautwahl</a></i> (1912)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Turandot_(Busoni)" title="Turandot (Busoni)">Turandot</a></i> (1917)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arlecchino_(opera)" title="Arlecchino (opera)">Arlecchino</a></i> (1917)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Doktor_Faust" title="Doktor Faust">Doktor Faust</a></i> (1925)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ferruccio_Busoni" title="Ferruccio Busoni"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Maestro_Busoni_by_Umberto_Boccioni%2C_1916_-_Galleria_nazionale_d%27arte_moderna_-_Rome%2C_Italy_-_DSC05451.jpg/175px-Maestro_Busoni_by_Umberto_Boccioni%2C_1916_-_Galleria_nazionale_d%27arte_moderna_-_Rome%2C_Italy_-_DSC05451.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Maestro_Busoni_by_Umberto_Boccioni%2C_1916_-_Galleria_nazionale_d%27arte_moderna_-_Rome%2C_Italy_-_DSC05451.jpg/263px-Maestro_Busoni_by_Umberto_Boccioni%2C_1916_-_Galleria_nazionale_d%27arte_moderna_-_Rome%2C_Italy_-_DSC05451.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Maestro_Busoni_by_Umberto_Boccioni%2C_1916_-_Galleria_nazionale_d%27arte_moderna_-_Rome%2C_Italy_-_DSC05451.jpg/350px-Maestro_Busoni_by_Umberto_Boccioni%2C_1916_-_Galleria_nazionale_d%27arte_moderna_-_Rome%2C_Italy_-_DSC05451.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3533" data-file-height="5115" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concertos</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Concerto_for_Piano_and_String_Quartet_(Busoni)" title="Concerto for Piano and String Quartet (Busoni)">Concerto for Piano and String Quartet</a> (1878)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piano_Concerto_(Busoni)" title="Piano Concerto (Busoni)">Piano Concerto</a> (1904)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Indian_Fantasy" title="Indian Fantasy">Indian Fantasy</a></i> (1916)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Orchestral</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Comedy_Overture" title="Comedy Overture">Comedy Overture</a></i> (1897)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Turandot_Suite" title="Turandot Suite">Turandot Suite</a></i> (1905)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Berceuse_%C3%A9l%C3%A9giaque" title="Berceuse élégiaque">Berceuse élégiaque</a></i> (1909)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Piano compositions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Elegies_(Busoni)" title="Elegies (Busoni)">Elegies</a></i> (1908)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/An_die_Jugend" title="An die Jugend">An die Jugend</a></i> (1909)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fantasia_contrappuntistica" title="Fantasia contrappuntistica">Fantasia contrappuntistica</a></i> (1910)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Klavier%C3%BCbung_(Busoni)" title="Klavierübung (Busoni)">Klavierübung</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Piano editions<br />and transcriptions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bach-Busoni_Editions" title="Bach-Busoni Editions">Bach-Busoni Editions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bach-Busoni_Editions#Busoni.27s_transcription_of_the_Toccata_and_Fugue_in_D_minor" title="Bach-Busoni Editions"><i>Toccata and Fugue in D minor</i> (JS Bach)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_on_Themes_from_Mozart%27s_Figaro_and_Don_Giovanni" title="Fantasy on Themes from Mozart's Figaro and Don Giovanni">Fantasy on Themes from Mozart's Figaro and Don Giovanni</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Keyboard students</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guido_Agosti" title="Guido Agosti">Guido Agosti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maud_Allan" title="Maud Allan">Maud Allan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignaz_Friedman" title="Ignaz Friedman">Ignaz Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Ganz" class="mw-redirect" title="Rudolf Ganz">Rudolf Ganz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percy_Grainger" title="Percy Grainger">Percy Grainger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Gruenberg" title="Louis Gruenberg">Louis Gruenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egon_Petri" title="Egon Petri">Egon Petri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Sirota" title="Leo Sirota">Leo Sirota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zdenka_Ticharich" title="Zdenka Ticharich">Zdenka Ticharich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Turczy%C5%84ski" title="Józef Turczyński">Józef Turczyński</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Composition students</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natalie_Curtis" title="Natalie Curtis">Natalie Curtis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philipp_Jarnach" title="Philipp Jarnach">Philipp Jarnach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgard_Var%C3%A8se" title="Edgard Varèse">Edgard Varèse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wladimir_Vogel" title="Wladimir Vogel">Wladimir Vogel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Weill" title="Kurt Weill">Kurt Weill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stefan_Wolpe" title="Stefan Wolpe">Stefan Wolpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Frederick_Boyle" title="George Frederick Boyle">George Frederick Boyle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ferruccio_Busoni_International_Piano_Competition" title="Ferruccio Busoni International Piano Competition">Ferruccio Busoni International Piano Competition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferruccio_Busoni_discography_(as_pianist)" title="Ferruccio Busoni discography (as pianist)">Ferruccio Busoni discography (as pianist)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Ferruccio_Busoni" title="Category:Ferruccio Busoni">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ferruccio_Busoni" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Ferruccio Busoni">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Romantic_music" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Romantic_music" title="Template:Romantic music"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Romantic_music" title="Template talk:Romantic music"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Romantic_music" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Romantic music"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Romantic_music" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Romantic_music" title="Romantic music">Romantic music</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_Romantic_composers" title="List of Romantic composers">List of Romantic composers</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Composers and<br /> musicians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adolphe_Adam" title="Adolphe Adam">Adam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles-Valentin_Alkan" title="Charles-Valentin Alkan">Alkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Arensky" title="Anton Arensky">Arensky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Atterberg" title="Kurt Atterberg">Atterberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Auber" title="Daniel Auber">Auber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mily_Balakirev" title="Mily Balakirev">Balakirev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Bazzini" title="Antonio Bazzini">Bazzini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amy_Beach" title="Amy Beach">Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven" title="Ludwig van Beethoven">Beethoven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincenzo_Bellini" title="Vincenzo Bellini">Bellini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Sterndale_Bennett" title="William Sterndale Bennett">Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Auguste_de_B%C3%A9riot" title="Charles Auguste de Bériot">Bériot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hector_Berlioz" title="Hector Berlioz">Berlioz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Bertin" title="Louise Bertin">Bertin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Berwald" title="Franz Berwald">Berwald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Bizet" title="Georges Bizet">Bizet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Borodin" title="Alexander Borodin">Borodin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Bortkiewicz" title="Sergei Bortkiewicz">Bortkiewicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Brahms" title="Johannes Brahms">Brahms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Bruch" title="Max Bruch">Bruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Bruckner" title="Anton Bruckner">Bruckner</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Busoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Whitefield_Chadwick" title="George Whitefield Chadwick">Chadwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9cile_Chaminade" title="Cécile Chaminade">Chaminade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Chausson" title="Ernest Chausson">Chausson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Cherubini" title="Luigi Cherubini">Cherubini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin" title="Frédéric Chopin">Chopin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernhard_Crusell" title="Bernhard Crusell">Crusell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Cui" title="César Cui">Cui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Czerny" title="Carl Czerny">Czerny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9licien_David" title="Félicien David">Félicien David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_David_(musician)" title="Ferdinand David (musician)">Ferdinand David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9o_Delibes" title="Léo Delibes">Delibes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Delius" title="Frederick Delius">Delius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Denza" title="Luigi Denza">Denza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_d%27Indy" title="Vincent d'Indy">d'Indy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Donizetti" title="Gaetano Donizetti">Donizetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton%C3%ADn_Dvo%C5%99%C3%A1k" title="Antonín Dvořák">Dvořák</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Elgar" title="Edward Elgar">Elgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Farrenc" title="Louise Farrenc">Farrenc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Faur%C3%A9" title="Gabriel Fauré">Fauré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Field_(composer)" title="John Field (composer)">Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Foote" title="Arthur Foote">Foote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Foster" title="Stephen Foster">Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Franck" title="César Franck">Franck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Franz" title="Robert Franz">Franz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauro_Giuliani" title="Mauro Giuliani">Giuliani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Glazunov" title="Alexander Glazunov">Glazunov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Glinka" title="Mikhail Glinka">Glinka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B4nio_Carlos_Gomes" title="Antônio Carlos Gomes">Gomes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Melchor_Gomis" title="José Melchor Gomis">J. Gomis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Gounod" title="Charles Gounod">Gounod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Gretchaninov" title="Alexander Gretchaninov">Gretchaninov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edvard_Grieg" title="Edvard Grieg">Grieg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fromental_Hal%C3%A9vy" title="Fromental Halévy">Halévy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Herbert" title="Victor Herbert">Herbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_H%C3%A9rold" title="Ferdinand Hérold">Hérold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Holst" title="Gustav Holst">Holst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Nepomuk_Hummel" title="Johann Nepomuk Hummel">Hummel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Joachim" title="Joseph Joachim">Joachim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Joplin" title="Scott Joplin">Joplin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Kalivoda" title="Jan Kalivoda">Kalivoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Kalkbrenner" title="Friedrich Kalkbrenner">Kalkbrenner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Kreisler" title="Fritz Kreisler">Kreisler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Kuhlau" title="Friedrich Kuhlau">Kuhlau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toivo_Kuula" title="Toivo Kuula">Kuula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Lachner" title="Franz Lachner">Lachner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Lalo" title="Édouard Lalo">Lalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruggero_Leoncavallo" title="Ruggero Leoncavallo">Leoncavallo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Liszt" title="Franz Liszt">Liszt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Loewe" title="Carl Loewe">Loewe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Christian_Lumbye" title="Hans Christian Lumbye">Lumbye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mykola_Lysenko" title="Mykola Lysenko">Lysenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_MacDowell" title="Edward MacDowell">MacDowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leevi_Madetoja" title="Leevi Madetoja">Madetoja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Mahler" title="Gustav Mahler">Mahler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Marschner" title="Heinrich Marschner">Marschner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santiago_Masarnau_Fern%C3%A1ndez" title="Santiago Masarnau Fernández">Masarnau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Massenet" title="Jules Massenet">Massenet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Medtner" title="Nikolai Medtner">Medtner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_M%C3%A9hul" title="Étienne Méhul">Méhul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanny_Mendelssohn" title="Fanny Mendelssohn">Fanny Mendelssohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Mendelssohn" title="Felix Mendelssohn">Felix Mendelssohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saverio_Mercadante" title="Saverio Mercadante">Mercadante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Am%C3%A9d%C3%A9e_M%C3%A9reaux" title="Amédée Méreaux">Méreaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Meyerbeer" title="Giacomo Meyerbeer">Meyerbeer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Moniuszko" title="Stanisław Moniuszko">Moniuszko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignaz_Moscheles" title="Ignaz Moscheles">Moscheles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moritz_Moszkowski" title="Moritz Moszkowski">Moszkowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modest_Mussorgsky" title="Modest Mussorgsky">Mussorgsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Niedermeyer" title="Louis Niedermeyer">Niedermeyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Nielsen" title="Carl Nielsen">Nielsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Offenbach" title="Jacques Offenbach">Offenbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Onslow_(composer)" title="George Onslow (composer)">Onslow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Pacini" title="Giovanni Pacini">Pacini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignacy_Jan_Paderewski" title="Ignacy Jan Paderewski">Paderewski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Paganini" title="Niccolò Paganini">Paganini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Knowles_Paine" title="John Knowles Paine">Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Popper" title="David Popper">Popper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Prudent" title="Émile Prudent">Prudent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Puccini" title="Giacomo Puccini">Puccini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Rachmaninoff" title="Sergei Rachmaninoff">Rachmaninoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_Raff" title="Joachim Raff">Raff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Reicha" title="Anton Reicha">Reicha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Reinecke" title="Carl Reinecke">Reinecke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottorino_Respighi" title="Ottorino Respighi">Respighi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Ries" title="Ferdinand Ries">Ries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Rimsky-Korsakov" title="Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov">Rimsky-Korsakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Rode" title="Pierre Rode">Rode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gioachino_Rossini" title="Gioachino Rossini">Rossini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Rubinstein" title="Anton Rubinstein">Rubinstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Saint-Sa%C3%ABns" title="Camille Saint-Saëns">Saint-Saëns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pablo_de_Sarasate" title="Pablo de Sarasate">Sarasate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Schubert" title="Franz Schubert">Schubert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clara_Schumann" title="Clara Schumann">C. Schumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Schumann" title="Robert Schumann">R. Schumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Scriabin" title="Alexander Scriabin">Scriabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Sibelius" title="Jean Sibelius">Sibelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bed%C5%99ich_Smetana" title="Bedřich Smetana">Smetana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_Sor" title="Fernando Sor">Sor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Philip_Sousa" title="John Philip Sousa">Sousa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Spohr" title="Louis Spohr">Spohr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspare_Spontini" title="Gaspare Spontini">Spontini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Strauss_I" title="Johann Strauss I">J. Strauss I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Strauss_II" title="Johann Strauss II">J. Strauss II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Strauss" title="Richard Strauss">R. Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Taneyev" title="Sergei Taneyev">Taneyev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_T%C3%A1rrega" title="Francisco Tárrega">Tárrega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky" title="Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky">Tchaikovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigismond_Thalberg" title="Sigismond Thalberg">Thalberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Tobias" title="Rudolf Tobias">Tobias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Verdi" title="Giuseppe Verdi">Verdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Vieuxtemps" title="Henri Vieuxtemps">Vieuxtemps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_V%C3%A1clav_Vo%C5%99%C3%AD%C5%A1ek" title="Jan Václav Voříšek">Voříšek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Wagner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Maria_von_Weber" title="Carl Maria von Weber">Weber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henryk_Wieniawski" title="Henryk Wieniawski">Wieniawski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Vaughan_Williams" title="Ralph Vaughan Williams">Vaughan Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Wolf" title="Hugo Wolf">Wolf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Ysa%C3%BFe" title="Eugène Ysaÿe">Ysaÿe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Instrumentation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_guitar" title="Romantic guitar">Romantic guitar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orchestra#Early_Romantic_orchestra" title="Orchestra">Romantic orchestra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Genres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballade_(classical_music)" title="Ballade (classical music)">Ballade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Character_piece" title="Character piece">Character piece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chorale_prelude" title="Chorale prelude">Chorale prelude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermezzo" title="Intermezzo">Intermezzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lied" title="Lied">Lied</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazurka" title="Mazurka">Mazurka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orchestral_song" title="Orchestral song">Orchestral song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_ballet" title="Romantic ballet">Romantic ballet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantische_Oper" title="Romantische Oper">Romantic opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symphonic_poem" title="Symphonic poem">Symphonic poem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symphony" title="Symphony">Symphony</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indianist_movement" title="Indianist movement">Indianist movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_nationalism" title="Musical nationalism">Musical nationalism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Neue_Zeitschrift_f%C3%BCr_Musik" title="Neue Zeitschrift für Musik">Neue Zeitschrift für Musik</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_German_School" title="New German School">New German School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-romanticism" title="Post-romanticism">Post-romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky_and_the_Belyayev_circle" title="Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky and the Belyayev circle">Tchaikovsky and the Belyayev circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky_and_The_Five" title="Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky and The Five">Tchaikovsky and The Five</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Romantics" title="War of the Romantics">War of the Romantics</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_practice_period" title="Common practice period">Common practice period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_chess" title="Romantic chess">Chess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture" title="Gothic Revival architecture">Gothic Revival architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_poetry" title="Romantic poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_science" title="Romanticism in science">Science</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_nationalism" title="Musical nationalism">Musical nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_nationalism" title="Romantic nationalism">Romantic nationalism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div style="float: left;"> ← <b><a href="/wiki/Template:Classical_period_(music)" title="Template:Classical period (music)">Classical music</a></b></div><div style="float: right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Template:Modernism_(music)" title="Template:Modernism (music)">Modernist music</a></b> → </div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Romantic_music" title="Category:Romantic music">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Classical_music" title="Portal:Classical music">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Romanticism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Romanticism" title="Template:Romanticism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Romanticism" title="Template talk:Romanticism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Romanticism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Romanticism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Romanticism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Countries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danish_Golden_Age" title="Danish Golden Age">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_literature_in_English" title="Romantic literature in English">England (literature)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_France" title="Romanticism in France">France</a> <a href="/wiki/19th-century_French_literature#Romanticism" title="19th-century French literature">(literature)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Romanticism" title="German Romanticism">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taish%C5%8D_Roman" title="Taishō Roman">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_romantic_nationalism" title="Norwegian romantic nationalism">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_Poland" title="Romanticism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Russian_Poetry" title="Golden Age of Russian Poetry">Russia (literature)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_Scotland" title="Romanticism in Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_Spanish_literature" title="Romanticism in Spanish literature">Spain (literature)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Romantic_literature" title="Swedish Romantic literature">Sweden (literature)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancients_(art_group)" title="Ancients (art group)">Ancients</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohemianism" title="Bohemianism">Bohemianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coppet_group" title="Coppet group">Coppet group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Enlightenment" title="Counter-Enlightenment">Counter-Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_Romanticism" title="Dark Romanticism">Dark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf_School_of_painting" title="Düsseldorf School of painting">Düsseldorf School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_historical_school" title="German historical school">German historical school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture" title="Gothic Revival architecture">Gothic revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudson_River_School" title="Hudson River School">Hudson River School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indianism_(arts)" title="Indianism (arts)">Indianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jena_Romanticism" title="Jena Romanticism">Jena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Poets" title="Lake Poets">Lake Poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_nationalism" title="Romantic nationalism">Nationalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazarene_movement" title="Nazarene movement">Nazarene movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-romanticism" title="Neo-romanticism">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preromanticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Preromanticism">Pre</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sturm_und_Drang" title="Sturm und Drang">Sturm und Drang</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-romanticism" title="Post-romanticism">Post</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Purismo" title="Purismo">Purismo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendentalism" title="Transcendentalism">Transcendentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_school" title="Ukrainian school">Ukrainian school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-Romanticism" title="Ultra-Romanticism">Ultra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Wallenrod" title="Konrad Wallenrod">Wallenrodism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Themes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_flower" title="Blue flower">Blue flower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Marine_Art_(Romantic_Era)" title="British Marine Art (Romantic Era)">British Marine</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gesamtkunstwerk" title="Gesamtkunstwerk">Gesamtkunstwerk</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_fiction" title="Gothic fiction">Gothic fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hero" title="Hero">Hero</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byronic_hero" title="Byronic hero">Byronic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_hero" title="Romantic hero">Romantic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_fiction" title="Historical fiction">Historical fiction</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mal_du_si%C3%A8cle" title="Mal du siècle">Mal du siècle</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medievalism" title="Medievalism">Medievalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_savage" class="mw-redirect" title="Noble savage">Noble savage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nostalgia#Romanticism" title="Nostalgia">Nostalgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossian" title="Ossian">Ossian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">Pantheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhine_romanticism" title="Rhine romanticism">Rhine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genius_(literature)#Romanticism_and_genius" title="Genius (literature)">Romantic genius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wanderlust" title="Wanderlust">Wanderlust</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Weltschmerz" title="Weltschmerz">Weltschmerz</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Mountain_art" title="White Mountain art">White Mountain art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Romanticism#Literature" title="Romanticism">Writers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Brazil</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Casimiro_de_Abreu" title="Casimiro de Abreu">Abreu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Alencar" title="José de Alencar">Alencar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Ant%C3%B4nio_de_Almeida" title="Manuel Antônio de Almeida">Manuel Antônio de Almeida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castro_Alves" title="Castro Alves">Alves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machado_de_Assis" title="Machado de Assis">Assis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvares_de_Azevedo" title="Álvares de Azevedo">Azevedo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobias_Barreto" title="Tobias Barreto">Barreto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gon%C3%A7alves_Dias" title="Gonçalves Dias">Dias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernardo_Guimar%C3%A3es" title="Bernardo Guimarães">Guimarães</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joaquim_Manuel_de_Macedo" title="Joaquim Manuel de Macedo">Macedo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gon%C3%A7alves_de_Magalh%C3%A3es,_Viscount_of_Araguaia" title="Gonçalves de Magalhães, Viscount of Araguaia">Magalhães</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Firmina_dos_Reis" title="Maria Firmina dos Reis">Reis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfredo_d%27Escragnolle_Taunay,_Viscount_of_Taunay" title="Alfredo d'Escragnolle Taunay, Viscount of Taunay">Taunay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fagundes_Varela" title="Fagundes Varela">Varela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_France#Literature" title="Romanticism in France">France</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Baudelaire" title="Charles Baudelaire">Baudelaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aloysius_Bertrand" title="Aloysius Bertrand">Bertrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_de_Chateaubriand" title="François-René de Chateaubriand">Chateaubriand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Dumas" title="Alexandre Dumas">Dumas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9ophile_Gautier" title="Théophile Gautier">Gautier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo">Hugo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphonse_de_Lamartine" title="Alphonse de Lamartine">Lamartine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosper_M%C3%A9rim%C3%A9e" title="Prosper Mérimée">Mérimée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_de_Musset" title="Alfred de Musset">Musset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_de_Nerval" title="Gérard de Nerval">Nerval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Nodier" title="Charles Nodier">Nodier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_de_Vigny" title="Alfred de Vigny">Vigny</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Germany</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achim_von_Arnim" title="Achim von Arnim">A. v. Arnim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bettina_von_Arnim" title="Bettina von Arnim">B. v. Arnim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Beer_(poet)" title="Michael Beer (poet)">Beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clemens_Brentano" title="Clemens Brentano">Brentano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Freiherr_von_Eichendorff" title="Joseph Freiherr von Eichendorff">Eichendorff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_de_la_Motte_Fouqu%C3%A9" title="Friedrich de la Motte Fouqué">Fouqué</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Goethe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brothers_Grimm" title="Brothers Grimm">Brothers Grimm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karoline_von_G%C3%BCnderrode" title="Karoline von Günderrode">Günderrode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Gutzkow" title="Karl Gutzkow">Gutzkow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Hauff" title="Wilhelm Hauff">Hauff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Heine" title="Heinrich Heine">Heine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._T._A._Hoffmann" title="E. T. A. Hoffmann">Hoffmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_H%C3%B6lderlin" title="Friedrich Hölderlin">Hölderlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Paul" title="Jean Paul">Jean Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_von_Kleist" title="Heinrich von Kleist">Kleist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_M%C3%B6rike" title="Eduard Mörike">Mörike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novalis" title="Novalis">Novalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Schwab" title="Gustav Schwab">Schwab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Tieck" title="Ludwig Tieck">Tieck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Uhland" title="Ludwig Uhland">Uhland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Romantic_literature_in_English" title="Romantic literature in English">Great<br />Britain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Laetitia_Barbauld" title="Anna Laetitia Barbauld">Barbauld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Blake" title="William Blake">Blake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Bront%C3%AB" title="Anne Brontë">Anne Brontë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Bront%C3%AB" title="Charlotte Brontë">C. Brontë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emily_Bront%C3%AB" title="Emily Brontë">E. Brontë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Burns" title="Robert Burns">Burns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Byron" title="Lord Byron">Byron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Clare" title="John Clare">Clare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge" title="Samuel Taylor Coleridge">Coleridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_De_Quincey" title="Thomas De Quincey">de Quincey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Edgeworth" title="Maria Edgeworth">Maria Edgeworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Keats" title="John Keats">Keats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maturin" title="Charles Maturin">Maturin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_William_Polidori" title="John William Polidori">Polidori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Radcliffe" title="Ann Radcliffe">Radcliffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Robinson_(poet)" title="Mary Robinson (poet)">Mary Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Scott" title="Walter Scott">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Seward" title="Anna Seward">Seward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Shelley" title="Mary Shelley">M. Shelley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percy_Bysshe_Shelley" title="Percy Bysshe Shelley">P. B. Shelley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Southey" title="Robert Southey">Southey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wordsworth" title="William Wordsworth">Wordsworth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_Poland#Notable_Polish_Romantic_writers_and_poets" title="Romanticism in Poland">Poland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aleksander_Fredro" title="Aleksander Fredro">Fredro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Krasi%C5%84ski" title="Zygmunt Krasiński">Krasiński</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Ignacy_Kraszewski" title="Józef Ignacy Kraszewski">Józef Ignacy Kraszewski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoni_Malczewski" title="Antoni Malczewski">Malczewski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Mickiewicz" title="Adam Mickiewicz">Mickiewicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprian_Norwid" title="Cyprian Norwid">Norwid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Potocki" title="Jan Potocki">Potocki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wincenty_Pol" title="Wincenty Pol">Wincenty Pol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juliusz_S%C5%82owacki" title="Juliusz Słowacki">Słowacki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Portugal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camilo_Castelo_Branco" title="Camilo Castelo Branco">Castelo Branco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Feliciano_de_Castilho" title="António Feliciano de Castilho">Castilho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_de_Deus_de_Nogueira_Ramos" title="João de Deus de Nogueira Ramos">João de Deus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BAlio_Dinis" title="Júlio Dinis">Dinis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almeida_Garrett" title="Almeida Garrett">Garrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Herculano" title="Alexandre Herculano">Herculano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Augusto_Soares_de_Passos" title="António Augusto Soares de Passos">Soares dos Passos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yevgeny_Baratynsky" title="Yevgeny Baratynsky">Baratynsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Batyushkov" title="Konstantin Batyushkov">Batyushkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Gogol" title="Nikolai Gogol">Gogol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Karamzin" title="Nikolay Karamzin">Karamzin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_K%C3%BCchelbecker" title="Wilhelm Küchelbecker">Küchelbecker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Lermontov" title="Mikhail Lermontov">Lermontov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Pushkin" title="Alexander Pushkin">Pushkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Tyutchev" title="Fyodor Tyutchev">Tyutchev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Vyazemsky" title="Pyotr Vyazemsky">Vyazemsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasily_Zhukovsky" title="Vasily Zhukovsky">Zhukovsky</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Serbia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90ura_Jak%C5%A1i%C4%87" title="Đura Jakšić">Jakšić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laza_Kosti%C4%87" title="Laza Kostić">Kostić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petar_II_Petrovi%C4%87-Njego%C5%A1" title="Petar II Petrović-Njegoš">Njegoš</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Branko_Radi%C4%8Devi%C4%87" title="Branko Radičević">Radičević</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milica_Stojadinovi%C4%87-Srpkinja" title="Milica Stojadinović-Srpkinja">Stojadinović-Srpkinja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jovan_Jovanovi%C4%87_Zmaj" title="Jovan Jovanović Zmaj">Zmaj</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gustavo_Adolfo_B%C3%A9cquer" title="Gustavo Adolfo Bécquer">Bécquer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosal%C3%ADa_de_Castro" title="Rosalía de Castro">Rosalía de Castro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Espronceda" title="José de Espronceda">Espronceda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Garc%C3%ADa_Guti%C3%A9rrez" title="Antonio García Gutiérrez">Gutiérrez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81ngel_de_Saavedra,_3rd_Duke_of_Rivas" title="Ángel de Saavedra, 3rd Duke of Rivas">Saavedra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Zorrilla" title="José Zorrilla">Zorrilla</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">U.S.</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Cullen_Bryant" title="William Cullen Bryant">Bryant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Fenimore_Cooper" title="James Fenimore Cooper">Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Hawthorne" title="Nathaniel Hawthorne">Hawthorne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Gilbert_Holland" title="Josiah Gilbert Holland">Josiah Gilbert Holland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Irving" title="Washington Irving">Irving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Wadsworth_Longfellow" title="Henry Wadsworth Longfellow">Longfellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Russell_Lowell" title="James Russell Lowell">Lowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe">Poe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khachatur_Abovian" title="Khachatur Abovian">Abovian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vittorio_Alfieri" title="Vittorio Alfieri">Alfieri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Christian_Andersen" title="Hans Christian Andersen">Andersen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikoloz_Baratashvili" title="Nikoloz Baratashvili">Baratashvili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hristo_Botev" title="Hristo Botev">Botev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Chavchavadze" title="Alexander Chavchavadze">Chavchavadze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihai_Eminescu" title="Mihai Eminescu">Eminescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugo_Foscolo" title="Ugo Foscolo">Foscolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naim_Frash%C3%ABri" title="Naim Frashëri">Frashëri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_Gustaf_Geijer" title="Erik Gustaf Geijer">Geijer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N._F._S._Grundtvig" title="N. F. S. Grundtvig">Grundtvig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Heliade_R%C4%83dulescu" title="Ion Heliade Rădulescu">Heliade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jorge_Isaacs" title="Jorge Isaacs">Isaacs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolaus_Lenau" title="Nikolaus Lenau">Lenau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Leopardi" title="Giacomo Leopardi">Leopardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karel_Hynek_M%C3%A1cha" title="Karel Hynek Mácha">Mácha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Manzoni" title="Alessandro Manzoni">Manzoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maturin" title="Charles Maturin">Maturin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Oehlenschl%C3%A4ger" title="Adam Oehlenschläger">Oehlenschläger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grigol_Orbeliani" title="Grigol Orbeliani">Orbeliani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France_Pre%C5%A1eren" title="France Prešeren">Prešeren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raffi_(novelist)" title="Raffi (novelist)">Raffi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johan_Ludvig_Runeberg" title="Johan Ludvig Runeberg">Runeberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taras_Shevchenko" title="Taras Shevchenko">Shevchenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zachris_Topelius" title="Zachris Topelius">Topelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mih%C3%A1ly_V%C3%B6r%C3%B6smarty" title="Mihály Vörösmarty">Vörösmarty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henrik_Wergeland" title="Henrik Wergeland">Wergeland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Romantic_music" title="Romantic music">Musicians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Austria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Bruckner" title="Anton Bruckner">Bruckner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Czerny" title="Carl Czerny">Czerny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Nepomuk_Hummel" title="Johann Nepomuk Hummel">Hummel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Mahler" title="Gustav Mahler">Mahler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Schubert" title="Franz Schubert">Schubert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigismond_Thalberg" title="Sigismond Thalberg">Thalberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Wolf" title="Hugo Wolf">Wolf</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Czechia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anton%C3%ADn_Dvo%C5%99%C3%A1k" title="Antonín Dvořák">Dvořák</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignaz_Moscheles" title="Ignaz Moscheles">Moscheles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Reicha" title="Anton Reicha">Reicha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bed%C5%99ich_Smetana" title="Bedřich Smetana">Smetana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_V%C3%A1clav_Vo%C5%99%C3%AD%C5%A1ek" title="Jan Václav Voříšek">Voříšek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">France</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adolphe_Adam" title="Adolphe Adam">Adam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles-Valentin_Alkan" title="Charles-Valentin Alkan">Alkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Auber" title="Daniel Auber">Auber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hector_Berlioz" title="Hector Berlioz">Berlioz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Faur%C3%A9" title="Gabriel Fauré">Fauré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fromental_Hal%C3%A9vy" title="Fromental Halévy">Halévy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_M%C3%A9hul" title="Étienne Méhul">Méhul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Onslow_(composer)" title="George Onslow (composer)">Onslow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Saint-Sa%C3%ABns" title="Camille Saint-Saëns">Saint-Saëns</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Germany</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven" title="Ludwig van Beethoven">Beethoven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Brahms" title="Johannes Brahms">Brahms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Bruch" title="Max Bruch">Bruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Kalkbrenner" title="Friedrich Kalkbrenner">Kalkbrenner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Loewe" title="Carl Loewe">Loewe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Marschner" title="Heinrich Marschner">Marschner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanny_Mendelssohn" title="Fanny Mendelssohn">Fanny Mendelssohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Mendelssohn" title="Felix Mendelssohn">Felix Mendelssohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Meyerbeer" title="Giacomo Meyerbeer">Meyerbeer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moritz_Moszkowski" title="Moritz Moszkowski">Moszkowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clara_Schumann" title="Clara Schumann">C. Schumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Schumann" title="Robert Schumann">R. Schumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Spohr" title="Louis Spohr">Spohr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Strauss" title="Richard Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Wagner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Maria_von_Weber" title="Carl Maria von Weber">Weber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hungary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ferenc_Erkel" title="Ferenc Erkel">Erkel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Goldmark" title="Karl Goldmark">Goldmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Heller" title="Stephen Heller">Heller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jen%C5%91_Hubay" title="Jenő Hubay">Hubay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Joachim" title="Joseph Joachim">Joachim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Liszt" title="Franz Liszt">Liszt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Italy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vincenzo_Bellini" title="Vincenzo Bellini">Bellini</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Busoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Cherubini" title="Luigi Cherubini">Cherubini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Donizetti" title="Gaetano Donizetti">Donizetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Paganini" title="Niccolò Paganini">Paganini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gioachino_Rossini" title="Gioachino Rossini">Rossini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspare_Spontini" title="Gaspare Spontini">Spontini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Verdi" title="Giuseppe Verdi">Verdi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Poland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Bortkiewicz" title="Sergei Bortkiewicz">Bortkiewicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin" title="Frédéric Chopin">Chopin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karol_Lipi%C5%84ski" title="Karol Lipiński">Lipiński</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Moniuszko" title="Stanisław Moniuszko">Moniuszko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignacy_Jan_Paderewski" title="Ignacy Jan Paderewski">Paderewski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoni_Stolpe" title="Antoni Stolpe">Stolpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Tausig" title="Karl Tausig">Tausig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henryk_Wieniawski" title="Henryk Wieniawski">Wieniawski</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Arensky" title="Anton Arensky">Arensky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mily_Balakirev" title="Mily Balakirev">Balakirev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Borodin" title="Alexander Borodin">Borodin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Cui" title="César Cui">Cui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Glinka" title="Mikhail Glinka">Glinka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Lyapunov" title="Sergei Lyapunov">Lyapunov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Medtner" title="Nikolai Medtner">Medtner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modest_Mussorgsky" title="Modest Mussorgsky">Mussorgsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Rachmaninoff" title="Sergei Rachmaninoff">Rachmaninoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Rimsky-Korsakov" title="Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov">Rimsky-Korsakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Rubinstein" title="Anton Rubinstein">Rubinstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Scriabin" title="Alexander Scriabin">Scriabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky" title="Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky">Tchaikovsky</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Serbia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stevan_Hristi%C4%87" title="Stevan Hristić">Hristić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petar_Konjovi%C4%87" title="Petar Konjović">Konjović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stevan_Mokranjac" title="Stevan Mokranjac">Mokranjac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kornelije_Stankovi%C4%87" title="Kornelije Stanković">Stanković</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Sterndale_Bennett" title="William Sterndale Bennett">Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Berwald" title="Franz Berwald">Berwald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Elgar" title="Edward Elgar">Elgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Field_(composer)" title="John Field (composer)">Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Franck" title="César Franck">Franck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edvard_Grieg" title="Edvard Grieg">Grieg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Sibelius" title="Jean Sibelius">Sibelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_Sor" title="Fernando Sor">Sor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_philosophy" title="Romanticism in philosophy">Philosophers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vissarion_Belinsky" title="Vissarion Belinsky">Belinsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Berchet" title="Giovanni Berchet">Berchet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Chaadayev" title="Pyotr Chaadayev">Chaadayev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge" title="Samuel Taylor Coleridge">Coleridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Constant" title="Benjamin Constant">Constant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte" title="Johann Gottlieb Fichte">Fichte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Goethe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Hazlitt" title="William Hazlitt">Hazlitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksey_Khomyakov" title="Aleksey Khomyakov">Khomyakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9licit%C3%A9_de_La_Mennais" title="Félicité de La Mennais">Lamennais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariano_Jos%C3%A9_de_Larra" title="Mariano José de Larra">Larra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">Maistre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini" title="Giuseppe Mazzini">Mazzini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Michelet" title="Jules Michelet">Michelet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_M%C3%BCller" title="Adam Müller">Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novalis" title="Novalis">Novalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Quinet" title="Edgar Quinet">Quinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_Joseph_Schelling" title="Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling">Schelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller">Schiller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Wilhelm_Schlegel" title="August Wilhelm Schlegel">A. Schlegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schlegel" title="Friedrich Schlegel">F. Schlegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schleiermacher" title="Friedrich Schleiermacher">Schleiermacher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Pivert_de_Senancour" title="Étienne Pivert de Senancour">Senancour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johan_Vilhelm_Snellman" title="Johan Vilhelm Snellman">Snellman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Tieck" title="Ludwig Tieck">Tieck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Heinrich_Wackenroder" title="Wilhelm Heinrich Wackenroder">Wackenroder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Romanticism#Visual_arts" title="Romanticism">Visual artists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Aivazovsky" title="Ivan Aivazovsky">Aivazovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Bierstadt" title="Albert Bierstadt">Bierstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Blake" title="William Blake">Blake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Parkes_Bonington" title="Richard Parkes Bonington">Bonington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Bryullov" title="Karl Bryullov">Bryullov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9odore_Chass%C3%A9riau" title="Théodore Chassériau">Chassériau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederic_Edwin_Church" title="Frederic Edwin Church">Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Constable" title="John Constable">Constable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cole" title="Thomas Cole">Cole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste-Camille_Corot" title="Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot">Corot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johan_Christian_Dahl" title="Johan Christian Dahl">Dahl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_d%27Angers" title="David d'Angers">David d'Angers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix" title="Eugène Delacroix">Delacroix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Edelfelt" title="Albert Edelfelt">Edelfelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caspar_David_Friedrich" title="Caspar David Friedrich">Friedrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Fuseli" title="Henry Fuseli">Fuseli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akseli_Gallen-Kallela" title="Akseli Gallen-Kallela">Gallen-Kallela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9odore_G%C3%A9ricault" title="Théodore Géricault">Géricault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne-Louis_Girodet_de_Roussy-Trioson" title="Anne-Louis Girodet de Roussy-Trioson">Girodet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Nepomucen_G%C5%82owacki" title="Jan Nepomucen Głowacki">Głowacki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Goya" title="Francisco Goya">Goya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Gude" title="Hans Gude">Gude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Hayez" title="Francesco Hayez">Hayez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Janmot" title="Louis Janmot">Janmot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jones_(artist)" title="Thomas Jones (artist)">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orest_Kiprensky" title="Orest Kiprensky">Kiprensky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Anton_Koch" title="Joseph Anton Koch">Koch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franciszek_Ksawery_Lampi" title="Franciszek Ksawery Lampi">Lampi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Leutze" title="Emanuel Leutze">Leutze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Martin_(painter)" title="John Martin (painter)">Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piotr_Micha%C5%82owski" title="Piotr Michałowski">Michałowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Palmer" title="Samuel Palmer">Palmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_de_Ara%C3%BAjo_Porto-Alegre,_Baron_of_Santo_%C3%82ngelo" title="Manuel de Araújo Porto-Alegre, Baron of Santo Ângelo">Porto-Alegre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine-Augustin_Pr%C3%A9ault" title="Antoine-Augustin Préault">Préault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_R%C3%A9voil" title="Pierre Révoil">Révoil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fleury_Fran%C3%A7ois_Richard" title="Fleury François Richard">Richard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Rude" title="François Rude">Rude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philipp_Otto_Runge" title="Philipp Otto Runge">Runge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raden_Saleh" title="Raden Saleh">Saleh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ary_Scheffer" title="Ary Scheffer">Scheffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wojciech_Stattler" title="Wojciech Stattler">Stattler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Stroy" title="Michael Stroy">Stroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolph_Tidemand" title="Adolph Tidemand">Tidemand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasily_Tropinin" title="Vasily Tropinin">Tropinin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._M._W._Turner" title="J. M. W. Turner">Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philipp_Veit" title="Philipp Veit">Veit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Ward_(English_artist)" title="James Ward (English artist)">Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Wiertz" title="Antoine Wiertz">Wiertz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Scholars" class="mw-redirect" title="Scholars">Scholars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Abraham" title="Gerald Abraham">Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._H._Abrams" title="M. H. Abrams">Abrams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Barzun" title="Jacques Barzun">Barzun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_C._Beiser" title="Frederick C. Beiser">Beiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._C._W._Blanning" title="T. C. W. Blanning">Blanning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Bloom" title="Harold Bloom">Bloom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Blume" title="Friedrich Blume">Blume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Dahlhaus" title="Carl Dahlhaus">Dahlhaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Ferber" title="Michael Ferber">Ferber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northrop_Frye" title="Northrop Frye">Frye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Janion" title="Maria Janion">Janion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Lacoue-Labarthe" title="Philippe Lacoue-Labarthe">Lacoue-Labarthe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Oncken_Lovejoy" title="Arthur Oncken Lovejoy">Lovejoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_de_Man" title="Paul de Man">de Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_Nancy" title="Jean-Luc Nancy">Nancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henrik_Gabriel_Porthan" title="Henrik Gabriel Porthan">Porthan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Ricks" title="Christopher Ricks">Ricks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Rosen" title="Charles Rosen">Rosen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Wellek" title="René Wellek">Wellek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coleridge%27s_theory_of_life" title="Coleridge's theory of life">Coleridge's theory of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_idealism" title="German idealism">German idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_romantics" title="List of romantics">List of romantics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Romantic_poets" title="List of Romantic poets">List of Romantic poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages_in_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Ages in history">Middle Ages in history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opium_and_Romanticism" title="Opium and Romanticism">Opium and Romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_ballet" title="Romantic ballet">Romantic ballet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_epistemology" title="Romantic epistemology">Romantic epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_medicine" title="Romantic medicine">Romantic medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_poetry" title="Romantic poetry">Romantic poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_psychology" title="Romantic psychology">Romantic psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_and_economics" title="Romanticism and economics">Romanticism and economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_and_the_French_Revolution" title="Romanticism and the French Revolution">Romanticism and the French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_science" title="Romanticism in science">Romanticism in science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_and_Bacon" title="Romanticism and Bacon">Bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_evolution_theory" title="Romanticism in evolution theory">Evolution theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wanderer_above_the_Sea_of_Fog" title="Wanderer above the Sea of Fog">Wanderer above the Sea of Fog</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div style="position:relative;"> <div style="position:absolute;">← <b><a href="/wiki/Template:Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Template:Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></b></div> <div style="position:absolute;right:0;"><b><a href="/wiki/Template:Modernism" title="Template:Modernism">Modernism</a></b> →</div> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q219551#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q219551#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000123206042">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/44484509">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/44836/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJxmFv8BYW33CKTtKvRkDq">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118518011">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79124601">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13892013n">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13892013n">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00620437">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Busoni, Ferruccio"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV025575">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36171981">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn19990001245&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX869778">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/39349">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068598920">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90248525">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000037066&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000028836&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=194143">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC199604062">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/khwzspv342f7s3z">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810603083705606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/74656">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007259256005171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:au:finaf:000190678">Finland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14042770">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA05648089?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/cab67e98-340d-424e-baf1-b127902c200b">MusicBrainz</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.adk.de/de/akademie/mitglieder/?we_objectID=52945">ADK</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://adp.library.ucsb.edu/names/102577">Discography of American Historical Recordings</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1223725">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="BUSONI, Ferruccio"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/ferruccio-busoni_(Dizionario-Biografico)">Italian People</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118518011.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118518011">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/030133394">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/026961">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w62z154b">SNAC</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rism.online/people/119172">RISM</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ferruccio_Busoni&oldid=1256605693">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ferruccio_Busoni&oldid=1256605693</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" 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