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<span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Biografie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biografie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Externe_link" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Externe_link"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Externe link</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Externe_link-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referentie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referentie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Referentie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referentie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Inhoud" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Inhoudsopgave omschakelen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Inhoudsopgave omschakelen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ilja Iljitsj Metsjnikov</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Ga naar een artikel in een andere taal. Beschikbaar in 79 talen" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-79" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">79 talen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilja_Iljitsch_Metschnikow" title="Ilja Iljitsch Metschnikow – Zwitserduits" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Ilja Iljitsch Metschnikow" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Zwitserduits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%88%D9%81" title="إيليا ميتشنيكوف – Arabisch" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إيليا ميتشنيكوف" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%88%D9%81" title="ايليا ميتشنيكوف – Egyptisch Arabisch" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ايليا ميتشنيكوف" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptisch Arabisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0lya_Me%C3%A7nikov" title="İlya Meçnikov – Azerbeidzjaans" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İlya Meçnikov" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbeidzjaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%86_%D9%85%DA%86%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%88" title="ایلیا ایلیچ مچنیکوو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ایلیا ایلیچ مچنیکوو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%98%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8F_%D0%98%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Мечников Илья Ильич – Basjkiers" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Мечников Илья Ильич" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Basjkiers" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8F_%D0%86%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%96%D1%87_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%9E" title="Ілья Ільіч Мечнікаў – Belarussisch" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ілья Ільіч Мечнікаў" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarussisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BB%D1%8F_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%9E" title="Ільля Мечнікаў – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Ільля Мечнікаў" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BB%D1%8F_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Иля Мечников – Bulgaars" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Иля Мечников" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AB" title="ইলিয়া মিয়েচ্‌নিকফ – Bengaals" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইলিয়া মিয়েচ্‌নিকফ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengaals" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilja_Ilji%C4%8D_Me%C4%8Dnjikov" title="Ilja Iljič Mečnjikov – Bosnisch" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Ilja Iljič Mečnjikov" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ili%C3%A0_M%C3%A9txnikov" title="Ilià Métxnikov – Catalaans" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ilià Métxnikov" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7_%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%86_%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%A9%DB%86%DA%A4" title="ئیلیا ئیلیچ میشینکۆڤ – Soranî" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئیلیا ئیلیچ میشینکۆڤ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Soranî" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilja_Ilji%C4%8D_Me%C4%8Dnikov" title="Ilja Iljič Mečnikov – Tsjechisch" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ilja Iljič Mečnikov" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Tsjechisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilya_Mechnikov" title="Ilya Mechnikov – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ilya Mechnikov" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilja_Metjnikov" title="Ilja Metjnikov – Deens" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ilja Metjnikov" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Deens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilja_Iljitsch_Metschnikow" title="Ilja Iljitsch Metschnikow – Duits" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ilja Iljitsch Metschnikow" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Duits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%8A%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%B1_%CE%9C%CE%AD%CF%84%CF%83%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%86" title="Ίλια Μέτσνικοφ – Grieks" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ίλια Μέτσνικοφ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Grieks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89lie_Metchnikoff" title="Élie Metchnikoff – Engels" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Élie Metchnikoff" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Engels" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilja_Me%C4%89nikov" title="Ilja Meĉnikov – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ilja Meĉnikov" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ili%C3%A1_M%C3%A9chnikov" title="Iliá Méchnikov – Spaans" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Iliá Méchnikov" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilja_Met%C5%A1nikov" title="Ilja Metšnikov – Estisch" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ilja Metšnikov" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89lie_Metchnikoff" title="Élie Metchnikoff – Baskisch" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Élie Metchnikoff" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Baskisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7_%D9%85%DA%86%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%88" title="ایلیا مچنیکو – Perzisch" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ایلیا مچنیکو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Perzisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilja_Met%C5%A1nikov" title="Ilja Metšnikov – Fins" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ilja Metšnikov" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Fins" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilya_Ilitch_Metchnikov" title="Ilya Ilitch Metchnikov – Frans" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ilya Ilitch Metchnikov" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Frans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilya_Ilyich_Mechnikov" title="Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov – Iers" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Iers" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilya_Ilyich_Mechnikov" title="Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov – Galicisch" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galicisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elie_Metchnikoff" title="Elie Metchnikoff – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Elie Metchnikoff" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%9E%D7%A6%27%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%91" title="איליה מצ'ניקוב – Hebreeuws" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="איליה מצ'ניקוב" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebreeuws" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9A_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B5" title="इल्या इलिच मेखनिकोव – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="इल्या इलिच मेखनिकोव" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilja_Ilji%C4%8D_Me%C4%8Dnikov" title="Ilja Iljič Mečnikov – Kroatisch" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ilja Iljič Mečnikov" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroatisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilja_Iljics_Mecsnyikov" title="Ilja Iljics Mecsnyikov – Hongaars" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ilja Iljics Mecsnyikov" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hongaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BB%D5%AC%D5%B5%D5%A1_%D5%84%D5%A5%D5%B9%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%B8%D5%BE" title="Իլյա Մեչնիկով – Armeens" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Իլյա Մեչնիկով" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilya_Ilyich_Mechnikov" title="Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov – Indonesisch" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilya_Ilyitch_Mechnikov" title="Ilya Ilyitch Mechnikov – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Ilya Ilyitch Mechnikov" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Dlja_Metsjn%C3%ADkov" title="Ílja Metsjníkov – IJslands" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Ílja Metsjníkov" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="IJslands" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il%27ja_Il%27i%C4%8D_Me%C4%8Dnikov" title="Il'ja Il'ič Mečnikov – Italiaans" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Il'ja Il'ič Mečnikov" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AA%E3%83%A4%E3%83%BB%E3%83%A1%E3%83%81%E3%83%8B%E3%82%B3%E3%83%95" title="イリヤ・メチニコフ – Japans" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="イリヤ・メチニコフ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%90_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A9%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%95%E1%83%98" title="ილია მეჩნიკოვი – Georgisch" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ილია მეჩნიკოვი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8F_%D0%98%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B8%D1%87_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Илья Ильич Мечников – Kazachs" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Илья Ильич Мечников" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazachs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%98%EB%A6%AC_%EB%A9%94%EC%B9%98%EB%8B%88%EC%BD%94%ED%94%84" title="엘리 메치니코프 – Koreaans" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="엘리 메치니코프" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Koreaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%98%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8F_%D0%98%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Мечников Илья Ильич – Kirgizisch" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Мечников Илья Ильич" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirgizisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elias_Me%C4%8Dnikov" title="Elias Mečnikov – Latijn" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Elias Mečnikov" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latijn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C4%BCja_Me%C4%8D%C5%86ikovs" title="Iļja Mečņikovs – Lets" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Iļja Mečņikovs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Lets" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilya_Ilitch_Metchnikov" title="Ilya Ilitch Metchnikov – Malagassisch" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Ilya Ilitch Metchnikov" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagassisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%99%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Иљја Мечников – Macedonisch" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Иљја Мечников" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89lie_Metchnikoff" title="Élie Metchnikoff – Maleis" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Élie Metchnikoff" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Maleis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7_%D9%85%DA%86%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%88" title="ایلیا مچنیکو – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="ایلیا مچنیکو" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilja_Metsjnikov" title="Ilja Metsjnikov – Noors - Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ilja Metsjnikov" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Noors - Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilia_Ilich_Mechnikov" title="Ilia Ilich Mechnikov – Occitaans" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Ilia Ilich Mechnikov" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilja_Miecznikow" title="Ilja Miecznikow – Pools" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ilja Miecznikow" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Pools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%DA%86%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%81" title="میچنیکوف – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="میچنیکوف" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilya_Ilyich_Mechnikov" title="Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov – Portugees" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilya_Mechnikov" title="Ilya Mechnikov – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Ilya Mechnikov" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilia_Ilici_Mecinikov" title="Ilia Ilici Mecinikov – Roemeens" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ilia Ilici Mecinikov" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Roemeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2,_%D0%98%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8F_%D0%98%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Мечников, Илья Ильич – Russisch" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Мечников, Илья Ильич" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%98%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8F_%D0%98%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Мечников Илья Ильич – Jakoets" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Мечников Илья Ильич" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Jakoets" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilja_Me%C4%8Dnikov" title="Ilja Mečnikov – Servo-Kroatisch" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ilja Mečnikov" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Servo-Kroatisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilya_Mechnikov" title="Ilya Mechnikov – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ilya Mechnikov" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilja_Ilji%C4%8D_Me%C4%8Dnikov" title="Ilja Iljič Mečnikov – Sloveens" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ilja Iljič Mečnikov" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Sloveens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%99%D0%B0_%D0%98%D1%99%D0%B8%D1%87_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Иља Иљич Мечников – Servisch" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Иља Иљич Мечников" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Servisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilja_Metjnikov" title="Ilja Metjnikov – Zweeds" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ilja Metjnikov" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Zweeds" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilya_Mechnikov" title="Ilya Mechnikov – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ilya Mechnikov" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%8D" title="இலியா மெச்னிகோவ் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இலியா மெச்னிகோவ்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%8A%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9F" title="อีลี เมตช์นิคอฟ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อีลี เมตช์นิคอฟ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilya_Ilyich_Mechnikov" title="Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0lya_Me%C3%A7nikov" title="İlya Meçnikov – Turks" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İlya Meçnikov" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8F_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Илья Мечников – Tataars" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Илья Мечников" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tataars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%86%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%8F_%D0%86%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%87" title="Мечников Ілля Ілліч – Oekraïens" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Мечников Ілля Ілліч" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Oekraïens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D9%85%D9%B9%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%88" title="الئی مٹینیکو – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="الئی مٹینیکو" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilya_Mechnikov" title="Ilya Mechnikov – Oezbeeks" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Ilya Mechnikov" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Oezbeeks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilya_Ilyich_Mechnikov" title="Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov – Vietnamees" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilya_Ilych_Mechnikov" title="Ilya Ilych Mechnikov – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Ilya Ilych Mechnikov" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E9%BB%8E%E8%80%B6%C2%B7%E5%9F%83%E9%BB%8E%E8%B5%AB%C2%B7%E6%A2%85%E5%A5%91%E5%B0%BC%E5%8F%AF%E5%A4%AB" title="埃黎耶·埃黎赫·梅契尼可夫 – Wuyu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="埃黎耶·埃黎赫·梅契尼可夫" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%90_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A9%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%95%E1%83%98" title="ილია მეჩნიკოვი – Mingreels" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ილია მეჩნიკოვი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingreels" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilya_Ilyich_Mechnikov" title="Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%C2%B7%E6%A2%85%E5%A5%91%E5%B0%BC%E5%8F%AF%E5%A4%AB" title="伊利亞·梅契尼可夫 – Chinees" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="伊利亞·梅契尼可夫" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilya_Mechnikov" title="Ilya Mechnikov – Minnanyu" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Ilya Mechnikov" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnanyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q172254#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Taalkoppelingen bewerken" class="wbc-editpage">Koppelingen bewerken</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Naamruimten"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Ilja_Iljitsj_Metsjnikov" title="Inhoudspagina bekijken [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Artikel</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Overleg:Ilja_Iljitsj_Metsjnikov" rel="discussion" title="Overleg over deze pagina [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Overleg</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown 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</div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Uit Wikipedia, de vrije encyclopedie</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="nl" dir="ltr"><table class="infobox" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1"> <tbody><tr> <th class="infobox-kop notheme" style="background-color:lightsteelblue; color:inherit; text-align:center; font-size:120%;" colspan="3"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Nobel_prize_medal.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nobelprijswinnaar"><img alt="Nobelprijswinnaar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nobel_prize_medal.svg/25px-Nobel_prize_medal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nobel_prize_medal.svg/38px-Nobel_prize_medal.svg.png 1.5x, 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data-file-width="280" data-file-height="396" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;" colspan="3"><div style="font-size:90%">Ilja Iljitsj Metsjnikov</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Geboorteland </th> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Russische_Rijk" class="mw-redirect" title="Russische Rijk">Russische Rijk</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Geboorteplaats </th> <td colspan="2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivanivka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ivanivka (de pagina bestaat niet)">Ivanivka</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Nationaliteit </th> <td colspan="2">Oekraïens </td></tr> <tr> <th>Overlijdensplaats </th> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Parijs" title="Parijs">Parijs</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Nobelprijs </th> <td colspan="2">Fysiologie of Geneeskunde </td></tr> <tr> <th>Jaar </th> <td colspan="2">1908 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Reden </th> <td colspan="2">Voor de bestudering van het immuunsysteem </td></tr> <tr> <th>Samen met </th> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ehrlich" title="Paul Ehrlich">Paul Ehrlich</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span class="nowrap">Voorganger(s)</span> </th> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Louis_Alphonse_Laveran" title="Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran">Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Opvolger(s) </th> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Emil_Theodor_Kocher" title="Emil Theodor Kocher">Emil Theodor Kocher</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="infobox-kop notheme center" style="background-color:lightsteelblue; color:inherit;" colspan="3"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr> <td style="vertical-align:middle;"><b>Portaal</b>  <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Portal.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portaalicoon"><img alt="Portaalicoon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/22px-Portal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/33px-Portal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/44px-Portal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="32" /></a></span>   </td> <td class="ta-left"><b><a href="/wiki/Portaal:Geneeskunde" title="Portaal:Geneeskunde">Geneeskunde</a> </b> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><b>Ilja Iljitsj Metsjnikov</b> (<a href="/wiki/Russisch" title="Russisch">Russisch</a>: Илья Ильич Мечников), ook bekend als <b>Eli Metchnikoff</b>, (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivanivka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ivanivka (de pagina bestaat niet)">Ivanivka</a> bij <a href="/wiki/Charkov" class="mw-redirect" title="Charkov">Charkov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oekra%C3%AFne" title="Oekraïne">Oekraïne</a>, <a href="/wiki/16_mei" title="16 mei">16 mei</a> <a href="/wiki/1845" title="1845">1845</a> – <a href="/wiki/Parijs" title="Parijs">Parijs</a>, <a href="/wiki/16_juli" title="16 juli">16 juli</a> <a href="/wiki/1916" title="1916">1916</a>) was een <a href="/wiki/Oekra%C3%AFne" title="Oekraïne">Oekraïens</a> en <a href="/wiki/Rusland" title="Rusland">Russisch</a> <a href="/wiki/Microbiologie" title="Microbiologie">microbioloog</a> die het meest bekend is voor zijn werk naar het <a href="/wiki/Immuunsysteem" title="Immuunsysteem">immuunsysteem</a>. Metsjnikov kreeg in <a href="/wiki/1908" title="1908">1908</a>, samen met <a href="/wiki/Paul_Ehrlich" title="Paul Ehrlich">Paul Ehrlich</a>, de <a href="/wiki/Nobelprijs_voor_de_Fysiologie_of_Geneeskunde" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobelprijs voor de Fysiologie of Geneeskunde">Nobelprijs voor de Fysiologie of Geneeskunde</a> voor zijn werk aan <a href="/wiki/Fagocytose" title="Fagocytose">fagocytose</a>. </p><p>De theorie van Metsjnikov dat bacteriën in <a href="/wiki/Fermentatie" title="Fermentatie">gefermenteerde</a> <a href="/wiki/Zuivel" title="Zuivel">melkproducten</a> het leven zouden verlengen heeft aan de basis gelegen voor het wetenschappelijk onderzoek rondom <a href="/wiki/Probiotica" class="mw-redirect" title="Probiotica">probiotica</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biografie">Biografie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ilja_Iljitsj_Metsjnikov&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Biografie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ilja_Iljitsj_Metsjnikov&action=edit&section=1" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Biografie"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hij ging naar de Universiteit van <a href="/wiki/Charkov" class="mw-redirect" title="Charkov">Charkov</a> om <a href="/wiki/Natuurwetenschap" title="Natuurwetenschap">natuurwetenschap</a> te studeren, en maakte het vierjarig curriculum in twee jaar af. Hierna ging hij naar <a href="/wiki/Duitsland" title="Duitsland">Duitsland</a> om zeefauna te bestuderen op <a href="/wiki/Helgoland" title="Helgoland">Helgoland</a> en daarna aan de universiteiten van <a href="/wiki/Gie%C3%9Fen" title="Gießen">Gießen</a>, <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen_(stad)" title="Göttingen (stad)">Göttingen</a> en <a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCnchen" title="München">München</a>. In 1867 keerde hij terug naar Rusland als docent aan de nieuwe universiteit van <a href="/wiki/Odessa_(stad)" title="Odessa (stad)">Odessa</a>, gevolgd door een aanstelling aan de <a href="/wiki/Staatsuniversiteit_van_Sint-Petersburg" title="Staatsuniversiteit van Sint-Petersburg">universiteit van Sint-Petersburg</a>. In 1870 ging hij terug naar Odessa om titulair hoogleraar <a href="/wiki/Zo%C3%B6logie" title="Zoölogie">zoölogie</a> en vergelijkende anatomie te worden. </p><p>Zijn eerste vrouw Ljoedmilla Fjodorovitsj leed aan <a href="/wiki/Tuberculose" title="Tuberculose">tuberculose</a> waaraan ze in 1873 overleed. Haar dood, samen met andere problemen, deden hem een onsuccesvolle zelfmoordpoging doen met een grote dosis <a href="/wiki/Opium" title="Opium">opium</a>. Hij trouwde opnieuw in 1875, en zijn tweede vrouw kreeg in 1880 <a href="/wiki/Vlektyfus" title="Vlektyfus">tyfus</a>, wat leidde tot een tweede zelfmoordpoging. Hij werd er erg ziek van. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Ilja_Iljitsch_Metschnikow_Nadar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Ilja_Iljitsch_Metschnikow_Nadar.jpg/260px-Ilja_Iljitsch_Metschnikow_Nadar.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Ilja_Iljitsch_Metschnikow_Nadar.jpg/390px-Ilja_Iljitsch_Metschnikow_Nadar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Ilja_Iljitsch_Metschnikow_Nadar.jpg/520px-Ilja_Iljitsch_Metschnikow_Nadar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1140" /></a><figcaption>Ilja Iljitsj Metsjnikov, door <a href="/wiki/Gaspard-F%C3%A9lix_Tournachon" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaspard-Félix Tournachon">Nadar</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Hij raakte geïnteresseerd in de studie van <a href="/wiki/Microbe" class="mw-redirect" title="Microbe">microben</a> en speciaal het <a href="/wiki/Immuunsysteem" title="Immuunsysteem">immuunsysteem</a>. In 1882 nam hij ontslag in Odessa en zette een eigen laboratorium op in <a href="/wiki/Universiteit_Messina" title="Universiteit Messina">Messina</a> om vergelijkende <a href="/wiki/Embryologie" title="Embryologie">embryologie</a> te bestuderen, waar hij <a href="/wiki/Fagocytose" title="Fagocytose">fagocytose</a> ontdekte na experimenten met de <a href="/wiki/Larve" title="Larve">larven</a> van <a href="/wiki/Zeesterren" title="Zeesterren">zeesterren</a>. Zijn theorieën waren radicaal: <a href="/wiki/Witte_bloedcel" title="Witte bloedcel">Witte bloedcellen</a> konden schadelijke lichaampjes als bacteriën verslinden en vernietigen. De ‘gesofisticeerde’ microbejagers in het westen — <a href="/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur">Pasteur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emil_Adolf_von_Behring" title="Emil Adolf von Behring">Behring</a>, etc. — bespotten de Rus en zijn theorie. </p><p>Metsjnikov keerde in 1886 naar <a href="/wiki/Odessa_(stad)" title="Odessa (stad)">Odessa</a> terug als directeur van het eerste Russische bacteriologisch instituut dat opgezet was om <a href="/wiki/Vaccin" title="Vaccin">vaccins</a> tegen <a href="/wiki/Tuberculose" title="Tuberculose">tuberculose</a> <a href="/wiki/Cholera" title="Cholera">cholera</a> en <a href="/wiki/Hondsdolheid" title="Hondsdolheid">hondsdolheid</a> te ontwikkelen en verspreiden. Na wat moeilijkheden ging hij in 1888 weg en vertrok naar <a href="/wiki/Parijs" title="Parijs">Parijs</a> om Pasteurs advies te vragen. Pasteur gaf hem een aanstelling aan het <a href="/wiki/Pasteur-instituut_(Frankrijk)" title="Pasteur-instituut (Frankrijk)">Pasteur-instituut</a>, waar hij de rest van zijn leven bleef. Aan dat instituut zette hij het onderzoek naar <a href="/wiki/Fagocytose" title="Fagocytose">fagocytose</a> voort. In 1904 werd hij daar adjunct-directeur. </p><p>Later in het gelijk gesteld, leverde Metsjnikovs werk aan <a href="/wiki/Fagocyt" title="Fagocyt">fagocyten</a> hem in 1908 de <a href="/wiki/Nobelprijs_voor_de_Fysiologie_of_Geneeskunde" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobelprijs voor de Fysiologie of Geneeskunde">Nobelprijs voor de Fysiologie of Geneeskunde</a> op. Inmiddels zijn Metsjnikovs ideeën een basisprincipe van de <a href="/wiki/Immunologie" title="Immunologie">immunologie</a>. </p><p>Metsjnikov en <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Roux" title="Émile Roux">Émile Roux</a> waren de eersten die ontdekten dat de wonden van <a href="/wiki/Syfilis" title="Syfilis">syfilispatiënten</a> de <a href="/wiki/Treponema_pallidum" title="Treponema pallidum">Treponema pallidum</a> bacterie bevatten en dat de ziekte overgedragen kan worden op apen. Ze onderzochten de effecten van een <a href="/wiki/Kwik(I)chloride" title="Kwik(I)chloride">calomelhoudende</a> zalf ter behandeling van syfilis. </p><p>Rond 1900 ging Metsjnikov ervan uit dat de complexe microbiële flora in het <a href="/wiki/Dikke_darm" title="Dikke darm">colon</a> een slechte invloed had op de gastheer. Bij anaerobe afbraak van proteïnen in het colon zouden rottingsbacteriën toxische stoffen produceren. Hij veronderstelde dat diverse ziekten zoals <a href="/wiki/Atheromatose" title="Atheromatose">atherosclerose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dementie" title="Dementie">dementie</a> en zelfs <a href="/wiki/Veroudering_(mens)" title="Veroudering (mens)">veroudering</a> in zijn algemeenheid, veroorzaakt werden door deze "autointoxicatie". Metsjnikov poneerde als eerste de term "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dysbiose&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dysbiose (de pagina bestaat niet)">dysbiose</a>" om de overgroei van pathogene darmbacteriën te beschrijven. </p><p>Metsjnikov ontdekte dat het regelmatig gebruik van <a href="/wiki/Melkzuurbacteri%C3%ABn" title="Melkzuurbacteriën">melkzuurbacteriën</a> in gefermenteerde <a href="/wiki/Zuivel" title="Zuivel">zuivelproducten</a>, zoals <a href="/wiki/Yoghurt" title="Yoghurt">yoghurt</a>, geassocieerd was met gezondheid en ouderdom in <a href="/wiki/Bulgarije" title="Bulgarije">Bulgaarse</a> plattelandgemeenschappen.<sup id="cite_ref-PMID_15481739_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PMID_15481739-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hij schreef dit, geïnspireerd door het werk van de Japanse wetenschapper <a href="/w/index.php?title=Minoru_Shirota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Minoru Shirota (de pagina bestaat niet)">Minoru Shirota</a>, toe aan de <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bacillus_bulgaricus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bacillus bulgaricus (de pagina bestaat niet)">Bacillus bulgaricus</a></i>, die ontdekt werd door de Bulgaarse arts <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stamen_Grigorov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stamen Grigorov (de pagina bestaat niet)">Stamen Grigorov</a>. Zuurvorming door melkzuurbacteriën zou de groei van de rottingsbacteriën tegengaan. </p><p>De wetenschappelijke onderbouwing voor het gebruik van melkzuurbacteriën beschreef Metsjnikov in het boek "Essais optimistes" uit 1907<sup id="cite_ref-Essais_optimistes_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Essais_optimistes-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> en in een publicatie uit 1908.<sup id="cite_ref-Etudes1908_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Etudes1908-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Overtuigd van zijn theorie gebruikte Metsjnikov dagelijks gefermenteerde zuivelproducten tot hij in 1916 op 71-jarige leeftijd overleed. </p><p>Na zijn dood heeft het lang geduurd voordat zijn theorie omtrent melkzuurbacteriën wetenschappelijk serieus werd genomen. In de periode rondom de beide Wereldoorlogen deden slechts enkele wetenschappers, vooral Russische onderzoekers, wetenschappelijk onderzoek naar het therapeutisch gebruik van micro-organismen. In de jaren 60 van de twintigste eeuw ontstond hernieuwde belangstelling en werd het begrip "<a href="/wiki/Probioticum" title="Probioticum">probioticum</a>" geïntroduceerd als benaming voor micro-organismen met een verondersteld gezondheidsbevorderend effect. </p><p>Tot Metsjnikovs bekendste publicaties behoren <i>L'immunité dans les maladies infectieuses</i> (1907), <i>Études sur la nature humaine</i> (1903) en <i>Essais optimistes</i> (1907). </p><p>De universiteit van Odessa draagt sinds 1945 zijn naam. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Externe_link">Externe link</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ilja_Iljitsj_Metsjnikov&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Externe link" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ilja_Iljitsj_Metsjnikov&action=edit&section=2" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Externe link"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/medicine/laureates/1908/mechnikov-bio.html">Nobel biografie</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referentie">Referentie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ilja_Iljitsj_Metsjnikov&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Referentie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ilja_Iljitsj_Metsjnikov&action=edit&section=3" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Referentie"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Microbe Hunters, door Paul De Kruif (p. 1926)</li></ul> <div class="toccolours appendix" role="presentation" style="font-size:90%; margin:1em 0 -0.5em; clear:both;"> <div><span style="font-weight:bold">Bronnen, noten en/of referenties</span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-PMID_15481739-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-PMID_15481739_1-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" id="CITEREFBrown_AC,_Valiere_A.2004"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r67679320">.mw-parser-output .taalaanduiding{font-family:sans-serif;font-size:85%;cursor:help;color:var(--color-subtle,#555)}.mw-parser-output .taalaanduiding span{border-bottom:1px dotted var(--color-subtle,#555)}</style><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Engels">(<span>en</span>) </span><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Brown AC, Valiere A.</span> (April 2004). <cite>Probiotics and medical nutrition therapy.</cite>. <i>Nutr Clin Care</i> <b>7</b> (2): 56–68. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldcat.org/issn/1096-6781">1096-6781</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15481739">15481739</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1482314">1482314</a>. </span> Dit is een <a href="/wiki/Open_access" class="mw-redirect" title="Open access">open access</a> artikel.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Essais_optimistes-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Essais_optimistes_2-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67679320"><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Frans">(<span>fr</span>) </span>Elie Metchnikoff - Essais optimistes (1907), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archive.org/details/essaisoptimiste00metcgoog">gratis online te lezen</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Etudes1908-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Etudes1908_3-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67679320"><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Frans">(<span>fr</span>) </span>Metchnikoff E. 1908. Etudes sur la ﬂore intestinale. Ann. Inst. Pasteur Paris 22:929–55</span> </li> </ol></div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r67837862">.mw-parser-output .navigatie{position:relative;clear:both;overflow:auto;margin:1em auto -0.5em;padding:2px;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);text-align:center;font-size:87%}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-bewerken{margin-left:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-bewerken .mw-ui-icon::before{background-size:0.9em}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-afb-links,.mw-parser-output .navigatie-afb-rechts{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-afb-rechts{right:2px}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-afb-groot{float:right;padding-left:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-titel{background-color:#ddeef8;padding:2px 5.5em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-inhoud{padding:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-inhoud p:first-child{margin:0}.mw-parser-output .navigatie 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/OOjs_UI_icon_article-ltr.svg/16px-OOjs_UI_icon_article-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/OOjs_UI_icon_article-ltr.svg/24px-OOjs_UI_icon_article-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/OOjs_UI_icon_article-ltr.svg/32px-OOjs_UI_icon_article-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span> · <span class="ui-state-disabled" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Overleg sjabloon (de pagina bestaat niet)"><img alt="Overleg sjabloon (de pagina bestaat niet)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/OOjs_UI_icon_speechBubbles-ltr.svg/16px-OOjs_UI_icon_speechBubbles-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/OOjs_UI_icon_speechBubbles-ltr.svg/24px-OOjs_UI_icon_speechBubbles-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/OOjs_UI_icon_speechBubbles-ltr.svg/32px-OOjs_UI_icon_speechBubbles-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></span></span> · <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="//nl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sjabloon:Navigatie_winnaars_van_de_Nobelprijs_voor_Fysiologie_of_Geneeskunde&action=edit" title="Sjabloon bewerken"><img alt="Sjabloon bewerken" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/16px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/24px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/32px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></div></div> <div id="Winnaars_van_de_Nobelprijs_voor_Fysiologie_of_Geneeskunde" class="navigatie-titel">Winnaars van de <a href="/wiki/Nobelprijs_voor_Fysiologie_of_Geneeskunde" title="Nobelprijs voor Fysiologie of Geneeskunde">Nobelprijs voor Fysiologie of Geneeskunde</a></div> <div class="navigatie-inhoud mw-collapsible-content"> <p>1901: <a href="/wiki/Emil_Adolf_von_Behring" title="Emil Adolf von Behring">Behring</a> · 1902: <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Ross" title="Ronald Ross">Ross</a> · 1903: <a href="/wiki/Niels_Ryberg_Finsen" title="Niels Ryberg Finsen">Finsen</a> · 1904: <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Pavlov" title="Ivan Pavlov">Pavlov</a> · 1905: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Koch" title="Robert Koch">Koch</a> · 1906: <a href="/wiki/Camillo_Golgi" title="Camillo Golgi">Golgi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Santiago_Ram%C3%B3n_y_Cajal" title="Santiago Ramón y Cajal">Ramón y Cajal</a> · 1907: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Louis_Alphonse_Laveran" title="Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran">Laveran</a> · 1908: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mechnikov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Ehrlich" title="Paul Ehrlich">Ehrlich</a> · 1909: <a href="/wiki/Emil_Theodor_Kocher" title="Emil Theodor Kocher">Kocher</a> · 1910: <a href="/wiki/Albrecht_Kossel" title="Albrecht Kossel">Kossel</a> · 1911: <a href="/wiki/Allvar_Gullstrand" title="Allvar Gullstrand">Gullstrand</a> · 1912: <a href="/wiki/Alexis_Carrel" title="Alexis Carrel">Carrel</a> · 1913: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Richet" title="Charles Richet">Richet</a> · 1914: <a href="/wiki/Robert_B%C3%A1r%C3%A1ny" title="Robert Bárány">Bárány</a> · 1919: <a href="/wiki/Jules_Bordet" title="Jules Bordet">Bordet</a> · 1920: <a href="/wiki/August_Krogh" title="August Krogh">Krogh</a> · 1922: <a href="/wiki/Archibald_Hill" title="Archibald Hill">Hill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Otto_Fritz_Meyerhof" title="Otto Fritz Meyerhof">Meyerhof</a> · 1923: <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Banting" title="Frederick Banting">Banting</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Macleod_(medicus)" title="John Macleod (medicus)">Macleod</a> · 1924: <a href="/wiki/Willem_Einthoven" title="Willem Einthoven">Einthoven</a> · 1926: <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Andreas_Grib_Fibiger" title="Johannes Andreas Grib Fibiger">Fibiger</a> · 1927: <a href="/wiki/Julius_Wagner-Jauregg" title="Julius Wagner-Jauregg">Wagner-Jauregg</a> · 1928: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Nicolle" title="Charles Nicolle">Nicolle</a> · 1929: <a href="/wiki/Christiaan_Eijkman" title="Christiaan Eijkman">Eijkman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Gowland_Hopkins" title="Frederick Gowland Hopkins">Hopkins</a> · 1930: <a href="/wiki/Karl_Landsteiner" title="Karl Landsteiner">Landsteiner</a> · 1931: <a href="/wiki/Otto_Heinrich_Warburg" title="Otto Heinrich Warburg">Warburg</a> · 1932: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Scott_Sherrington" title="Charles Scott Sherrington">Sherrington</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Douglas_Adrian" title="Edgar Douglas Adrian">Adrian</a> · 1933: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hunt_Morgan" title="Thomas Hunt Morgan">Morgan</a> · 1934: <a href="/wiki/George_Whipple" title="George Whipple">Whipple</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Minot" title="George Minot">Minot</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Murphy" title="William Murphy">Murphy</a> · 1935: <a href="/wiki/Hans_Spemann" title="Hans Spemann">Spemann</a> · 1936: <a href="/wiki/Henry_Hallett_Dale" title="Henry Hallett Dale">Dale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Otto_Loewi" title="Otto Loewi">Loewi</a> · 1937: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Szent-Gy%C3%B6rgyi" title="Albert Szent-Györgyi">Szent-Györgyi</a> · 1938: <a href="/wiki/Corneel_Heymans" title="Corneel Heymans">Heymans</a> · 1939: <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Domagk" title="Gerhard Domagk">Domagk</a> · 1943: <a href="/wiki/Henrik_Dam" title="Henrik Dam">Dam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Adelbert_Doisy" title="Edward Adelbert Doisy">Doisy</a> · 1944: <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Erlanger" title="Joseph Erlanger">Erlanger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer_Gasser" title="Herbert Spencer Gasser">Gasser</a> · 1945: <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Fleming" title="Alexander Fleming">Fleming</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Boris_Chain" title="Ernst Boris Chain">Chain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Howard_Florey" title="Howard Florey">Florey</a> · 1946: <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Joseph_Muller" title="Hermann Joseph Muller">Muller</a> · 1947: <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Ferdinand_Cori" title="Carl Ferdinand Cori">C. Cori</a></span>, <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gerty_Cori" title="Gerty Cori">G. Cori</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Bernardo_Houssay" title="Bernardo Houssay">Houssay</a> · 1948: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Hermann_M%C3%BCller" title="Paul Hermann Müller">Müller</a> · 1949: <a href="/wiki/Walter_Rudolf_Hess" title="Walter Rudolf Hess">Hess</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Egas_Moniz" title="António Egas Moniz">Moniz</a> · 1950: <a href="/wiki/Edward_Calvin_Kendall" title="Edward Calvin Kendall">Kendall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tadeus_Reichstein" title="Tadeus Reichstein">Reichstein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philip_Showalter_Hench" title="Philip Showalter Hench">Hench</a> · 1951: <a href="/wiki/Max_Theiler" title="Max Theiler">Theiler</a> · 1952: <a href="/wiki/Selman_Waksman" title="Selman Waksman">Waksman</a> · 1953: <a href="/wiki/Hans_Krebs_(arts)" title="Hans Krebs (arts)">Krebs</a>,<a href="/wiki/Fritz_Albert_Lipmann" title="Fritz Albert Lipmann">Lipmann</a> · 1954: <a href="/wiki/John_Franklin_Enders" title="John Franklin Enders">Enders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Huckle_Weller" title="Thomas Huckle Weller">Weller</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Chapman_Robbins" title="Frederick Chapman Robbins">Robbins</a> · 1955: <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Theorell" title="Hugo Theorell">Theorell</a> · 1956: <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Cournand" title="André Frédéric Cournand">Cournand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Werner_Forssmann" title="Werner Forssmann">Forssmann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dickinson_W._Richards" title="Dickinson W. Richards">Richards</a> · 1957: <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Bovet" title="Daniel Bovet">Bovet</a> · 1958: <a href="/wiki/George_Wells_Beadle" title="George Wells Beadle">Beadle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Lawrie_Tatum" title="Edward Lawrie Tatum">Tatum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Lederberg" title="Joshua Lederberg">Lederberg</a> · 1959: <a href="/wiki/Severo_Ochoa" title="Severo Ochoa">Ochoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Kornberg" title="Arthur Kornberg">Kornberg</a> · 1960: <a href="/wiki/Frank_Macfarlane_Burnet" title="Frank Macfarlane Burnet">Burnet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Medawar" title="Peter Medawar">Medawar</a> · 1961: <a href="/wiki/Georg_von_B%C3%A9k%C3%A9sy" title="Georg von Békésy">Békésy</a> · 1962: <a href="/wiki/Francis_Crick" title="Francis Crick">Crick</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Watson" title="James Watson">Watson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Wilkins" title="Maurice Wilkins">Wilkins</a> · 1963: <a href="/wiki/John_Eccles" title="John Eccles">Eccles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alan_Lloyd_Hodgkin" title="Alan Lloyd Hodgkin">Hodgkin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Huxley" title="Andrew Huxley">Huxley</a> · 1964: <a href="/wiki/Konrad_Emil_Bloch" title="Konrad Emil Bloch">Bloch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Feodor_Felix_Konrad_Lynen" title="Feodor Felix Konrad Lynen">Lynen</a> · 1965: <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Jacob" title="François Jacob">Jacob</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Michael_Lwoff" title="André Michael Lwoff">Lwoff</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Monod" title="Jacques Monod">Monod</a> · 1966: <a href="/wiki/Francis_Peyton_Rous" title="Francis Peyton Rous">Rous</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Brenton_Huggins" title="Charles Brenton Huggins">Huggins</a> · 1967: <a href="/wiki/Ragnar_Granit" title="Ragnar Granit">Granit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haldan_Keffer_Hartline" title="Haldan Keffer Hartline">Hartline</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Wald" title="George Wald">Wald</a> · 1968: <a href="/wiki/Robert_W._Holley" title="Robert W. Holley">Holley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Har_Gobind_Khorana" title="Har Gobind Khorana">Khorana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Warren_Nirenberg" title="Marshall Warren Nirenberg">Nirenberg</a> · 1969: <a href="/wiki/Max_Delbr%C3%BCck" title="Max Delbrück">Delbrück</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Hershey" title="Alfred Hershey">Hershey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salvador_Luria" title="Salvador Luria">Luria</a> · 1970: <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Katz" title="Bernard Katz">Katz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ulf_Svante_von_Euler" title="Ulf Svante von Euler">Euler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Julius_Axelrod" title="Julius Axelrod">Axelrod</a> · 1971: <a href="/wiki/Earl_Wilbur_Sutherland_jr." title="Earl Wilbur Sutherland jr.">Sutherland</a> · 1972: <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Edelman" title="Gerald Edelman">Edelman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rodney_Porter" title="Rodney Porter">Porter</a> · 1973: <a href="/wiki/Karl_von_Frisch" title="Karl von Frisch">Frisch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Konrad_Lorenz" title="Konrad Lorenz">Lorenz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Niko_Tinbergen" title="Niko Tinbergen">Tinbergen</a> · 1974: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Claude" title="Albert Claude">Claude</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christian_de_Duve" title="Christian de Duve">De Duve</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Emil_Palade" title="George Emil Palade">Palade</a> · 1975: <a href="/wiki/David_Baltimore" title="David Baltimore">Baltimore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Renato_Dulbecco" title="Renato Dulbecco">Dulbecco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Howard_Martin_Temin" title="Howard Martin Temin">Temin</a> · 1976: <a href="/wiki/Baruch_Samuel_Blumberg" title="Baruch Samuel Blumberg">Blumberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Carleton_Gajdusek" title="Daniel Carleton Gajdusek">Gajdusek</a> · 1977: <a href="/wiki/Roger_Guillemin" title="Roger Guillemin">Guillemin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Schally" title="Andrew Schally">Schally</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rosalyn_Sussman_Yalow" title="Rosalyn Sussman Yalow">Yalow</a> · 1978: <a href="/wiki/Werner_Arber" title="Werner Arber">Arber</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Nathans" title="Daniel Nathans">Nathans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Othanel_Smith" title="Hamilton Othanel Smith">Smith</a> · 1979: <a href="/wiki/Allan_McLeod_Cormack" title="Allan McLeod Cormack">Cormack</a>, <a href="/wiki/Godfrey_Hounsfield" title="Godfrey Hounsfield">Hounsfield</a> · 1980: <a href="/wiki/Baruj_Benacerraf" title="Baruj Benacerraf">Benacerraf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Dausset" title="Jean Dausset">Dausset</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Davis_Snell" title="George Davis Snell">Snell</a> · 1981: <a href="/wiki/Roger_Sperry" title="Roger Sperry">Sperry</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_H._Hubel" title="David H. Hubel">Hubel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Torsten_Wiesel" title="Torsten Wiesel">Wiesel</a> · 1982: <a href="/wiki/Sune_Karl_Bergstr%C3%B6m" title="Sune Karl Bergström">Bergström</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bengt_Ingemar_Samuelsson" title="Bengt Ingemar Samuelsson">Samuelsson</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Robert_Vane" title="John Robert Vane">Vane</a> · 1983: <a href="/wiki/Barbara_McClintock" title="Barbara McClintock">McClintock</a> · 1984: <a href="/wiki/Niels_Kaj_Jerne" title="Niels Kaj Jerne">Jerne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georges_J.F._K%C3%B6hler" title="Georges J.F. Köhler">Köhler</a>, <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Milstein" title="César Milstein">Milstein</a> · 1985: <a href="/wiki/Michael_Stuart_Brown" title="Michael Stuart Brown">Brown</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Goldstein" title="Joseph Goldstein">Goldstein</a> · 1986: <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Cohen_(biochemicus)" title="Stanley Cohen (biochemicus)">Cohen</a>, <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rita_Levi-Montalcini" title="Rita Levi-Montalcini">Levi-Montalcini</a></span> · 1987: <a href="/wiki/Susumu_Tonegawa" title="Susumu Tonegawa">Tonegawa</a> · 1988: <a href="/wiki/James_Whyte_Black" title="James Whyte Black">Black</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gertrude_Elion" title="Gertrude Elion">Elion</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_H._Hitchings" title="George H. Hitchings">Hitchings</a> · 1989: <a href="/wiki/John_Michael_Bishop" title="John Michael Bishop">Bishop</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harold_E._Varmus" title="Harold E. Varmus">Varmus</a> · 1990: <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Murray_(chirurg)" title="Joseph Murray (chirurg)">Murray</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Donnall_Thomas" title="Edward Donnall Thomas">Thomas</a> · 1991: <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Neher" title="Erwin Neher">Neher</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bert_Sakmann" title="Bert Sakmann">Sakmann</a> · 1992: <a href="/wiki/Edmond_H._Fischer" title="Edmond H. Fischer">Fischer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Gerhard_Krebs" title="Edwin Gerhard Krebs">Krebs</a> · 1993: <a href="/wiki/Richard_John_Roberts" title="Richard John Roberts">Roberts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phillip_Allen_Sharp" title="Phillip Allen Sharp">Sharp</a> · 1994: <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Goodman_Gilman" title="Alfred Goodman Gilman">Gilman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martin_Rodbell" title="Martin Rodbell">Rodbell</a> · 1995: <a href="/wiki/Edward_B._Lewis" title="Edward B. Lewis">Lewis</a>, <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Christiane_N%C3%BCsslein-Volhard" title="Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard">Nüsslein-Volhard</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Eric_F._Wieschaus" title="Eric F. Wieschaus">Wieschaus</a> · 1996: <a href="/wiki/Peter_C._Doherty" title="Peter C. Doherty">Doherty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rolf_M._Zinkernagel" title="Rolf M. Zinkernagel">Zinkernagel</a> · 1997: <a href="/wiki/Stanley_B._Prusiner" title="Stanley B. Prusiner">Prusiner</a> · 1998: <a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Furchgott" title="Robert F. Furchgott">Furchgott</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louis_Ignarro" title="Louis Ignarro">Ignarro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ferid_Murad" title="Ferid Murad">Murad</a> · 1999: <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnter_Blobel" title="Günter Blobel">Blobel</a> · 2000: <a href="/wiki/Arvid_Carlsson" title="Arvid Carlsson">Carlsson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Greengard" title="Paul Greengard">Greengard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eric_Kandel" title="Eric Kandel">Kandel</a> · 2001: <a href="/wiki/Leland_H._Hartwell" title="Leland H. Hartwell">Hartwell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tim_Hunt" title="Tim Hunt">Hunt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Nurse" title="Paul Nurse">Nurse</a> · 2002: <a href="/wiki/Sydney_Brenner" title="Sydney Brenner">Brenner</a>, <a href="/wiki/H._Robert_Horvitz" title="H. Robert Horvitz">Horvitz</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Edward_Sulston" title="John Edward Sulston">Sulston</a> · 2003: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Lauterbur" title="Paul Lauterbur">Lauterbur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Mansfield" title="Peter Mansfield">Mansfield</a> · 2004: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Axel" title="Richard Axel">Axel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Linda_B._Buck" title="Linda B. Buck">Buck</a> · 2005: <a href="/wiki/Barry_Marshall" title="Barry Marshall">Marshall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robin_Warren" title="Robin Warren">Warren</a> · 2006: <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Fire" title="Andrew Fire">Fire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Craig_Mello" title="Craig Mello">Mello</a> · 2007: <a href="/wiki/Mario_Capecchi" title="Mario Capecchi">Capecchi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Smithies" title="Oliver Smithies">Smithies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martin_Evans" title="Martin Evans">Evans</a> · 2008: <a href="/wiki/Harald_zur_Hausen" title="Harald zur Hausen">Zur Hausen</a>, <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7oise_Barr%C3%A9-Sinoussi" title="Françoise Barré-Sinoussi">Barré–Sinoussi</a>,</span> <a href="/wiki/Luc_Montagnier" title="Luc Montagnier">Montagnier</a> · 2009: <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Blackburn" title="Elizabeth Blackburn">Blackburn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carol_Greider" title="Carol Greider">Greider</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jack_Szostak" title="Jack Szostak">Szostak</a> · 2010: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Edwards_(fysioloog)" title="Robert Edwards (fysioloog)">Edwards</a> · 2011: <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Beutler" title="Bruce Beutler">Beutler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jules_Hoffmann" title="Jules Hoffmann">Hoffmann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Steinman" title="Ralph Steinman">Steinman</a> · 2012: <a href="/wiki/John_Gurdon" title="John Gurdon">Gurdon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shinya_Yamanaka" title="Shinya Yamanaka">Yamanaka</a> · 2013: <a href="/wiki/James_Rothman" title="James Rothman">Rothman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Randy_Schekman" title="Randy Schekman">Schekman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_S%C3%BCdhof" title="Thomas Südhof">Südhof</a> · 2014: <a href="/wiki/John_O%27Keefe" title="John O'Keefe">O'Keefe</a>, <a href="/wiki/May-Britt_Moser" title="May-Britt Moser">Moser</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edvard_Moser" title="Edvard Moser">Moser</a> · 2015: <a href="/wiki/William_C._Campbell_(wetenschapper)" title="William C. Campbell (wetenschapper)">Campbell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Satoshi_Omura" title="Satoshi Omura">Omura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Youyou_Tu" title="Youyou Tu">Tu</a> · 2016: <a href="/wiki/Yoshinori_Osumi" title="Yoshinori Osumi">Osumi</a> · 2017: <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_C._Hall" title="Jeffrey C. Hall">Hall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Rosbash" title="Michael Rosbash">Rosbash</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_W._Young" title="Michael W. Young">Young</a> · 2018: <a href="/wiki/James_Allison" title="James Allison">Allison</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tasuku_Honjo" title="Tasuku Honjo">Honjo</a> · 2019: <a href="/wiki/William_Kaelin_jr." title="William Kaelin jr.">Kaelin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_J._Ratcliffe" title="Peter J. Ratcliffe">Ratcliffe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gregg_L._Semenza" title="Gregg L. Semenza">Semenza</a> · 2020: <a href="/wiki/Harvey_J._Alter" title="Harvey J. Alter">Alter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Houghton" title="Michael Houghton">Houghton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_M._Rice" title="Charles M. Rice">Rice</a> · 2021: <a href="/wiki/David_Julius" title="David Julius">Julius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ardem_Patapoutian" title="Ardem Patapoutian">Patapoutian</a> · 2022: <a href="/wiki/Svante_P%C3%A4%C3%A4bo" title="Svante Pääbo">Pääbo</a> · 2023: <a href="/wiki/Katalin_Karik%C3%B3" title="Katalin Karikó">Karikó</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drew_Weissman" title="Drew Weissman">Weissman</a> · 2024: <a href="/wiki/Victor_Ambros" title="Victor Ambros">Ambros</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gary_Ruvkun" title="Gary Ruvkun">Ruvkun</a> </p> </div></div> <div class="interProject commons mw-list-item" style="display:none;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ilya_Ilyich_Mechnikov#mw-subcategories" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov">Mediabestanden</a></div> <div class="interProjectTemplate interProject-groot toccolours" style="display:flex; gap:1em; align-items:center; clear:both; margin:1em 0 -0.5em 0;"> <div style="min-width:max-content;"><span class="noviewer noresize" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/25px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/38px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/50px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div>Zie de categorie <i><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ilya_Ilyich_Mechnikov#mw-subcategories" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov">Ilja Iljitsj Metsjnikov</a></b></i> van <a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons">Wikimedia Commons</a> voor mediabestanden over dit onderwerp.</div> </div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Overgenomen van "<a dir="ltr" href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ilja_Iljitsj_Metsjnikov&oldid=67563613">https://nl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ilja_Iljitsj_Metsjnikov&oldid=67563613</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Alles" title="Categorie:Alles">Categorieën</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Microbioloog" title="Categorie:Microbioloog">Microbioloog</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Winnaar_van_de_Nobelprijs_voor_Fysiologie_of_Geneeskunde" title="Categorie:Winnaar van de Nobelprijs voor Fysiologie of Geneeskunde">Winnaar van de Nobelprijs voor Fysiologie of Geneeskunde</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Russisch_medicus" title="Categorie:Russisch medicus">Russisch medicus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Immunoloog" title="Categorie:Immunoloog">Immunoloog</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:19e-eeuws_medicus" title="Categorie:19e-eeuws medicus">19e-eeuws medicus</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Deze pagina is voor het laatst bewerkt op 21 mei 2024 om 20:13.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">De tekst is beschikbaar onder de licentie <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.nl">Creative Commons Naamsvermelding/Gelijk delen</a>, er kunnen aanvullende voorwaarden van toepassing zijn. 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