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nanotechnology">Outline</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color: #edfdeb"> <a href="/wiki/Impact_of_nanotechnology" title="Impact of nanotechnology">Impact</a> and <a href="/wiki/Applications_of_nanotechnology" title="Applications of nanotechnology">applications</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nanomedicine" title="Nanomedicine">Nanomedicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanotoxicology" title="Nanotoxicology">Nanotoxicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_nanotechnology" title="Green nanotechnology">Green nanotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_and_safety_hazards_of_nanomaterials" title="Health and safety hazards of nanomaterials">Hazards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulation_of_nanotechnology" title="Regulation of nanotechnology">Regulation</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color: #edfdeb"> <a href="/wiki/Nanomaterials" title="Nanomaterials">Nanomaterials</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fullerene" title="Fullerene">Fullerenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_nanotube" title="Carbon nanotube">Carbon nanotubes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanoparticle" title="Nanoparticle">Nanoparticles</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color: #edfdeb"> <a href="/wiki/Molecular_self-assembly" title="Molecular self-assembly">Molecular self-assembly</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Self-assembled_monolayer" title="Self-assembled monolayer">Self-assembled monolayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supramolecular_assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Supramolecular assembly">Supramolecular assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DNA_nanotechnology" title="DNA nanotechnology">DNA nanotechnology</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color: #edfdeb"> <a href="/wiki/Nanoelectronics" 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ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nanotechnology" title="Template:Nanotechnology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nanotechnology" title="Template talk:Nanotechnology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nanotechnology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nanotechnology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Nanoreactors</b> are a form of <a href="/wiki/Chemical_reactor" title="Chemical reactor">chemical reactor</a> that are particularly in the disciplines of <a href="/wiki/Nanotechnology" title="Nanotechnology">nanotechnology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nanobiotechnology" title="Nanobiotechnology">nanobiotechnology</a>. These special reactors are crucial in maintaining a working <a href="/wiki/Nanofoundry" title="Nanofoundry">nanofoundry</a>; which is essentially a <a href="/wiki/Foundry" title="Foundry">foundry</a> that manufactures products on a nanotechnological scale. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Summary">Summary</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nanoreactor&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Summary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_information">General information</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nanoreactor&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: General information"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term nanoreactor refers to an isolated system on the nanometer scale that is used to run chemical reactions in an environment that differs drastically from a reaction in bulk solution. The synthesis and analysis of these nanoreactors is a highly interdisciplinary subject, spanning from chemistry and physics to biology and materials science. These systems can be synthetic, such as nanopores and hollow nanoparticles, or they can be biological systems, including protein pores and channels.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Generally, the effect of confinement provided by these nanoreactors results in novel chemistry. This field has only begun to receive significant attention in the last two decades, and more work is constantly being published as nanoreactors become more sophisticated and begin to show promise for industrial applications. </p><p>Researchers in the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> have succeeded in building nanoreactors that can perform one-pot multistep reactions - the next step towards artificial <a href="/wiki/Cell_(biology)" title="Cell (biology)">cell</a>-like devices in addition for applications involving the <a href="/wiki/Screening_(medicine)" title="Screening (medicine)">screening</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diagnosis" title="Diagnosis">diagnosis</a> of a disease or illness.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A biochemical nanoreactor is created simply by unwrapping a <a href="/wiki/Virus" title="Virus">biological virus</a> through scientific methods, eliminating its harmful contents, and re-assembling its protein coat around a single molecule of enzyme.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Kinetic_isotope_effect" title="Kinetic isotope effect">kinetic isotope effect</a> is trapped in a single molecule within a membrane-based nanoreactor.<sup id="cite_ref-rsc2_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rsc2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is a phenomenon that has been found by researchers in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> during experiments done in September 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-rsc2_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rsc2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The kinetic isotope effect, where the rate of a reaction is influenced by the presence of an isotopic atom in solution, is an important principle for elucidating reaction mechanisms.<sup id="cite_ref-rsc2_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rsc2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This recent finding could open up new methods to study chemical reactions.<sup id="cite_ref-rsc2_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rsc2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They may even aid in the process of creating new (and even more powerful) nanoreactors.<sup id="cite_ref-rsc2_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rsc2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Using nanocrystals, a scalable and inexpensive process can ultimately create nanoreactors.<sup id="cite_ref-lbl_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lbl-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Researchers at the <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Berkeley_National_Laboratory" title="Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory">Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory</a> in <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">Berkeley</a> have the ability to take advantage of the large difference in select components to create these nanocrystals and nanoreactors.<sup id="cite_ref-lbl_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lbl-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nanocrystals are easier to use and less expensive than methods that employ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sacrificial_template&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sacrificial template (page does not exist)">sacrificial templates</a> in the creation process of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hollow_particle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hollow particle (page does not exist)">hollow particles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-lbl_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lbl-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Catalyst particles are separated into <a href="/wiki/Electron_shell" title="Electron shell">shells</a> in order to prevent <a href="/wiki/Particle_aggregation" title="Particle aggregation">particle aggregation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-lbl_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lbl-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Selective entry into the catalysis chamber reduces the likelihood of desired products undergoing secondary <a href="/wiki/Chemical_reaction" title="Chemical reaction">reactions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-lbl_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lbl-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nanoreactors can also be built by controlling the positioning of two different <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzymes</a> in the central <a href="/wiki/Reservoir" title="Reservoir">water reservoir</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Plastic" title="Plastic">plastic</a> membrane of synthetic nanoscopic bubbles.<sup id="cite_ref-sciencedaily_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sciencedaily-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once the third enzyme is added into the surrounding solution, it becomes possible for three different enzymatic reactions to occur at once without interfering with each other (resulting in a "one-pot" reaction).<sup id="cite_ref-sciencedaily_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sciencedaily-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The potential for nanoreactors can be demonstrated by binding the enzyme <a href="/wiki/Horseradish_peroxidase" title="Horseradish peroxidase">horseradish peroxidase</a> into the membrane itself; trapping the enzyme <a href="/wiki/Glucose_oxidase" title="Glucose oxidase">glucose oxidase</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-sciencedaily_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sciencedaily-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The surrounding solution would end up containing the enzyme <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lipase_B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lipase B (page does not exist)">lipase B</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Glucose" title="Glucose">glucose</a> molecules containing four acetyl groups as the substrate.<sup id="cite_ref-sciencedaily_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sciencedaily-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The resulting glucose would cross the membrane, become oxidized, and the horseradish peroxidase would convert the sample substrate ABTS (2,2’-azinobis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)) into its radical cation.<sup id="cite_ref-sciencedaily_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sciencedaily-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abilities">Abilities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nanoreactor&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Abilities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nanoreactors can also be used to emulsify water, create <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_fuel" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrogen fuel">hydrofuels</a> (which essentially blends 15% water into the refined diesel product), play a helpful role in the <a href="/wiki/Chemical_substance" title="Chemical substance">chemical</a> industry by allowing multiple streams of raw materials to exists in a single nanoreactor, manufacture personal care products (i.e., <a href="/wiki/Lotion" title="Lotion">lotions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cream_(pharmaceutical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cream (pharmaceutical)">pharmaceutical creams</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shampoo" title="Shampoo">shampoos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hair_conditioner" title="Hair conditioner">conditioners</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shower_gel" title="Shower gel">shower gels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deodorant" title="Deodorant">deodorants</a>), and improve the food and beverage industries (by processing <a href="/wiki/Sauce" title="Sauce">sauces</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pur%C3%A9e" title="Purée">purées</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cooking_base" title="Cooking base">cooking bases</a> for soup, emulsifying <a href="/wiki/Drink" title="Drink">non-alcoholic beverages</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Salad_dressing" title="Salad dressing">salad dressings</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-ctinanotech_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ctinanotech-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Personal care goods can be enhanced by companies feeding multiple phases of material, using a mixing device with water, and creating instant <a href="/wiki/Emulsion" title="Emulsion">emulsions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ctinanotech_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ctinanotech-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These emulsions would come with smaller particles, are expected to have a longer <a href="/wiki/Shelf_life" title="Shelf life">shelf life</a> and an give off an enhanced appearance when sold at retailers.<sup id="cite_ref-ctinanotech_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ctinanotech-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The needs of the food and beverage industry can result in lower processing costs, more space, better efficiency, and lower equipment costs.<sup id="cite_ref-ctinanotech_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ctinanotech-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This may bring down the cost of food and beverages for consumers; even alcoholic beverages that are subject to hidden <a href="/wiki/Pigovian_tax" class="mw-redirect" title="Pigovian tax">sin taxes</a>. </p><p>Hydrofuel can be used to move heavy duty <a href="/wiki/Transport" title="Transport">transports</a>, <a href="/wiki/Train" title="Train">trains</a>, earth-moving equipment (including <a href="/wiki/Bulldozer" title="Bulldozer">bulldozers</a>), in addition to providing fuel to most <a href="/wiki/Boat" title="Boat">boats</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ship" title="Ship">ships</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ctinanotech_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ctinanotech-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reduced pollution and increased fuel efficiency may come out of nanoreactor-produced hydrofuel.<sup id="cite_ref-ctinanotech_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ctinanotech-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The increased usage of renewable energy may also help to improve the world's environment thanks to nanoreactors.<sup id="cite_ref-ctinanotech_7-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ctinanotech-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Applications">Applications</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nanoreactor&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Roy, Skinner, et al. studied the dynamics of water in self-assembled gemini surfactants in 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This work illustrates not only the utility of nano-scale materials for chemical reactions, but also the complexity that is required to study the effects. The team utilized spectroscopic techniques and molecular dynamics simulations to determine that within the nanoporous structures, the dynamics of water in the gyroid phase is an order of magnitude slower than in the bulk water. This result arises from the difference in curvature at the interfaces of the normal gyroid. When compared with water confined in a reverse spherical micelle of a sulfonate surfactant, the water exhibited faster dynamics. This complex behavior was postulated to have implications for future work in ion transport. </p><p>Carbon nanotubes have been a popular area of research, and specifically, single-walled carbon nanotubes provide unique surfaces for chemistry. Li, G and Fu, C et al. report on large changes to the Raman spectra by encapsulating sulfur in these single-walled carbon nanotubes. In an example of how confinement to such small spaces influences chemistry, the authors theorize that the changes to the Raman spectra can be attributed to van der Waals interactions of the sulfur with the walls of the nanotubes. These effects are highly sensitive to the size of the confinement chamber, as the van der Waals interactions were not significant for larger diameter single-walled nanotubes. The authors suggest that confinement within the single-walled nanotubes allows S<sub>2</sub> molecules to undergo polymerization to linear diradicals.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nanoreactors are also being applied to biological spaces. In a study by Tagliazucchi and Szleifer, they study the binding of proteins to ligands inside of both long nanochannels and short nanopores. Inside these confined spaces, the ligands are attached to the walls by polymeric tethers. This technology has already seen applications as sensors that measure concentrations of proteins in solution. This study developed a theory to model how the proteins bind under these highly confined conditions to inform the design of these sensors.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nanoreactor&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPetroskoJohnsonWhiteMirkin2016" class="citation journal cs1">Petrosko, Sarah Hurst; Johnson, Robert; White, Henry; Mirkin, Chad A. (2016-06-22). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fjacs.6b05393">"Nanoreactors: Small Spaces, Big Implications in Chemistry"</a>. <i>Journal of the American Chemical Society</i>. <b>138</b> (24): 7443–7445. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fjacs.6b05393">10.1021/jacs.6b05393</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-7863">0002-7863</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27329225">27329225</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Chemical+Society&rft.atitle=Nanoreactors%3A+Small+Spaces%2C+Big+Implications+in+Chemistry&rft.volume=138&rft.issue=24&rft.pages=7443-7445&rft.date=2016-06-22&rft.issn=0002-7863&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27329225&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fjacs.6b05393&rft.aulast=Petrosko&rft.aufirst=Sarah+Hurst&rft.au=Johnson%2C+Robert&rft.au=White%2C+Henry&rft.au=Mirkin%2C+Chad+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1021%252Fjacs.6b05393&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANanoreactor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nanowerk.com/spotlight/spotid=3066.php"><i>Another nanotechnology example of mimicking nature: nanoreactors for one-pot multistep reactions</i></a> at NanoWerk</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rsc.org/chemistryworld/News/2007/September/24090702.asp"><i>Viral nanoreactor captures single molecules</i></a> at RSC.org</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rsc2-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rsc2_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rsc2_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rsc2_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rsc2_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rsc2_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rsc.org/chemistryworld/News/2010/September/12091001.asp"><i>Isotope effect seen on single molecule</i></a> at RSC.org</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lbl-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lbl_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lbl_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lbl_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lbl_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lbl_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lbl.gov/tt/techs/lbnl2012.html"><i>Hollow Nanocrystals and Nanoreactors</i></a> at Berkeley Lab</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sciencedaily-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sciencedaily_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sciencedaily_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sciencedaily_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sciencedaily_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sciencedaily_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/08/070820112825.htm"><i>Nanoreactors For Reaction Cascades</i></a> at Science Daily</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ctinanotech-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ctinanotech_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ctinanotech_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ctinanotech_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ctinanotech_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ctinanotech_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ctinanotech_7-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ctinanotech_7-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ctinanotech.com/technology/cti-cavitation-industry-applications"><i>CTI Nano Reactors Applications</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111105075230/http://www.ctinanotech.com/technology/cti-cavitation-industry-applications">Archived</a> 2011-11-05 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at CTI Nanotech</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoySkoffPerroniMondal2016" class="citation journal cs1">Roy, Santanu; Skoff, David; Perroni, Dominic V.; Mondal, Jagannath; Yethiraj, Arun; Mahanthappa, Mahesh K.; Zanni, Martin T.; Skinner, James L. (2016-03-02). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jacs.5b12370">"Water Dynamics in Gyroid Phases of Self-Assembled Gemini Surfactants"</a>. <i>Journal of the American Chemical Society</i>. <b>138</b> (8): 2472–2475. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fjacs.5b12370">10.1021/jacs.5b12370</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-7863">0002-7863</a>. <a href="/wiki/OSTI_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OSTI (identifier)">OSTI</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1341619">1341619</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26875689">26875689</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Chemical+Society&rft.atitle=Water+Dynamics+in+Gyroid+Phases+of+Self-Assembled+Gemini+Surfactants&rft.volume=138&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=2472-2475&rft.date=2016-03-02&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26875689&rft.issn=0002-7863&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.osti.gov%2Fbiblio%2F1341619%23id-name%3DOSTI&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fjacs.5b12370&rft.aulast=Roy&rft.aufirst=Santanu&rft.au=Skoff%2C+David&rft.au=Perroni%2C+Dominic+V.&rft.au=Mondal%2C+Jagannath&rft.au=Yethiraj%2C+Arun&rft.au=Mahanthappa%2C+Mahesh+K.&rft.au=Zanni%2C+Martin+T.&rft.au=Skinner%2C+James+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubs.acs.org%2Fdoi%2F10.1021%2Fjacs.5b12370&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANanoreactor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiFuOviedoChen2016" class="citation journal cs1">Li, Guanghui; Fu, Chengyin; Oviedo, M. Belén; Chen, Mingguang; Tian, Xiaojuan; Bekyarova, Elena; Itkis, Mikhail E.; Wong, Bryan M.; Guo, Juchen; Haddon, Robert C. (2016-01-13). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jacs.5b10598">"Giant Raman Response to the Encapsulation of Sulfur in Narrow Diameter Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes"</a>. <i>Journal of the American Chemical Society</i>. <b>138</b> (1): 40–43. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fjacs.5b10598">10.1021/jacs.5b10598</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11336%2F47490">11336/47490</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-7863">0002-7863</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26675065">26675065</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Chemical+Society&rft.atitle=Giant+Raman+Response+to+the+Encapsulation+of+Sulfur+in+Narrow+Diameter+Single-Walled+Carbon+Nanotubes&rft.volume=138&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=40-43&rft.date=2016-01-13&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11336%2F47490&rft.issn=0002-7863&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26675065&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fjacs.5b10598&rft.aulast=Li&rft.aufirst=Guanghui&rft.au=Fu%2C+Chengyin&rft.au=Oviedo%2C+M.+Bel%C3%A9n&rft.au=Chen%2C+Mingguang&rft.au=Tian%2C+Xiaojuan&rft.au=Bekyarova%2C+Elena&rft.au=Itkis%2C+Mikhail+E.&rft.au=Wong%2C+Bryan+M.&rft.au=Guo%2C+Juchen&rft.au=Haddon%2C+Robert+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubs.acs.org%2Fdoi%2F10.1021%2Fjacs.5b10598&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANanoreactor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTagliazucchiSzleifer2015" class="citation journal cs1">Tagliazucchi, Mario; Szleifer, Igal (2015-10-07). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jacs.5b05032">"How Does Confinement Change Ligand–Receptor Binding Equilibrium? Protein Binding in Nanopores and Nanochannels"</a>. <i>Journal of the American Chemical Society</i>. <b>137</b> (39): 12539–12551. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fjacs.5b05032">10.1021/jacs.5b05032</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11336%2F80444">11336/80444</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-7863">0002-7863</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26368839">26368839</a>.</cite><span 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