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The Lapland gold rush started in the valley of the [[Ivalojoki]] River in 1870 and lasted for a few years. Although the scale of the Lapland gold rush is not comparable to the major 19th century gold rushes, the Lapland gold rush has great local significance in Lapland and across Finland.<ref name=museum>[http://www.kultamuseo.fi/en/historia.htm A SHORT GOLD HISTORY OF FINLAND] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161030182609/http://www.kultamuseo.fi/en/historia.htm |date=2016-10-30 }} Gold Prospector Museum. Retrieved 29 September 2015.</ref> == Background == [[File:Kultala Ivalojoki.jpg|thumb|Ivalo River in the late 1890s]] The first references of gold in the Finnish Lapland date back to the early 16th century, when gold was discovered from [[Utsjoki]], but its presence not widely known until the 19th century.<ref>[http://www.lapland.fi/en/lapland/nature/gold?textsize=2 Shining gold] Lapland – Above Ordinary. Retrieved 29 September 2015.</ref> In the 1860s, Norwegian geologist [[Tellef Dahll]] was conducting a geological survey in [[Finnmark]] county, located in the extreme northeastern part of [[Norway]], when he discovered gold in the [[Tana (Norway)|Tana]] river. Dahll found that the most promising sites were on the Finnish side of the river and contacted the authorities in [[Helsinki]]. In 1868, the [[Finnish Mining Board]] sent an expedition to Lapland in search of gold. Finland, which at the time was an autonomous part of Russia, was suffering from [[Famine of 1866–68|a major famine]], and the Finnish local government hoped that the gold would benefit the country's deprived economy. The expedition was led by the engineer [[Conrad Lihr]], who later became the head of the [[Mint of Finland]]. After several months, Lihr and the expedition finally discovered gold in September 1868 from the Ivalo River in the municipality of [[Inari, Finland|Inari]]. The discovery was seen as so prosperous that the government decided to pass a new law regarding future gold mining in Lapland, which was approved by [[Alexander II of Russia|Alexander II]] in April 1870. The new law repealed the former act which had given the Emperor the privilege of all [[noble metal]]s. Gold prospecting in Lapland was now free for every "decent" man of the Grand Duchy of Finland and the Russian Empire. ==The rush == [[File:Sotajoki gold mining 1898.JPG|thumb|Gold mining by the Sotajoki river in 1898]] The gold rush on the Ivalo River began in 1870, shortly after gold prospecting was made legal. During the spring and the summer, about 500 gold prospectors made their way through Lapland to the Ivalo River. The prospectors traveled hundreds of kilometers by ski, foot, or boat to the gold prospecting area, which was born to the confluence of Ivalo and its tributary Sotajoki.<ref name=partanen1>[http://www.kultahippu.fi/tarinat-2/lapin-kullankaivun-historia/lapin-kullan-kimallus-elokuvan-taustoja/ Lapin kullan kimallus elokuvan taustoja] Kultahippu. Retrieved 29 September 2015. {{in lang|fi}}</ref> To regulate the rush, the government established a headquarters for the authorities and service point for the prospectors, called the "Kultala Crown Station." In Kultala, the officials issued licenses for prospectors and purchased their gold. There were also law enforcement officers and cartographers, as well as a restaurant and post office.<ref name=museum/> At its largest, the number of government officials and gold prospectors was approximately 600 people. This was a significant community, as Lapland was mostly uninhabited wilderness, and the largest populated places contained only up to few hundred people.<ref name=partanen1/> Since the government fees and taxes were extremely high, only the 19 wealthiest prospectors were able to make claims and then employ the rest of the prospectors. The largest claims had 30–40 men, who worked for 11 hours per day, six days a week.<ref name=partanen1/> The major claims produced some 10 kilograms of gold yearly, but the rush was over soon, as the gold started running out. In 1873, the government fees were cut in half and a year later a special law for the gold prospecting on the Tana River was passed.<ref>[http://www.kultahippu.fi/tarinat-2/lapin-kullankaivun-historia/kullankaivu-toi-inarin-lapin-maailmankartalle/ Kullankaivu toi Inarin maailmankartalle] Kultahippu. Retrieved 29 September 2015. {{in lang|fi}}</ref> The Ivalo River area was almost abandoned in the early 1880s, and the few prospectors that were left moved to Sotajoki and to the [[Laanila]] village, located 10 kilometers east. In 1883–1884, the Kultala Crown Station was used by the professor [[Selim Lemström]] for exploring the [[Aurora|northern lights]], until it was closed in 1900. During the 1920s, two companies were practicing industrial gold mining, but both went bankrupt within a few years.<ref>[http://www.gtk.fi/geologia/kiviharrastus/maakuntakivet/lappi.html Maakuntakivet: Lappi - Kulta] Geological Survey of Finland. Retrieved 29 September 2015. {{in lang|fi}}</ref> == Later gold prospecting == Gold was also found in the Norwegian Lapland in the 1890s, but a rush never occurred.<ref>[http://www.lapland-travel-info.com/Lapland-gold.html Lapland Gold Makes the Area a Nice Place For Gold Diggers and panners] Lapland Travel Info. Retrieved 29 September 2015.</ref> In 1934, [[Sami people]] from the Purnumukka village found gold from [[Tankavaara]] in [[Sodankylä]]. The discovery attracted several Finnish prospectors, as well as some foreigners like the Swedish mining company [[Boliden AB]] and the German architect Werner Thiede from [[Hamburg]]. Thiede later had some problems with the authorities and was deported in 1938. During [[World War II]], Thiede served in the German Army in [[German occupation of Norway|occupied Norway]] and returned to Tankavaara in 1944 as the Germans were building the [[Schutzwall]] defensive line across the northeastern Lapland. As the German troops retreated, they destroyed all the gold mining facilities in Tankavaara, except the ones built by Thiede. Since the 1970s, the Tankavaara area has served as a tourist attraction, including restaurants, hotels, and a gold prospecting museum.<ref name=museum/> Another minor rush in Lapland occurred in 1945 when gold was found in the [[Lemmenjoki]] river. Today there are still around 20 prospectors and 50 claims at the [[Lemmenjoki National Park]], producing more than 20 kilograms of gold every year. The 2011 mining act prohibits all mechanical mining until 2021, but manual [[gold panning]] is still legal.<ref name=museum/> == Lapland Gold Rush in Culture == The Lapland gold rushes have inspired several artists such as the novelist [[Arvo Ruonaniemi]] and the naivistic painter [[Andreas Alariesto]]. The most notable films are the 1951 classic comedy ''[[At the Rovaniemi Fair]]'' by [[Jorma Nortimo]] and the 1999 drama ''[[Gold Fever in Lapland]]'' which is based on the 1870 Ivalo gold rush.<ref>[http://productiondesign.fi/?page_id=293 GOLD FEAVER IN LAPLAND] Production Design. Retrieved 29 September 2015.</ref> == References == <references/> == External links == {{Commonscat}} *[http://www.kultamuseo.fi/museo/pages/en/front-page.php?lang=EN Gold Prospector Museum Official Homepage] {{Gold rush}} {{Financial bubbles}} {{coord|68.50604|N|26.680836|E|scale:80000_region:FI|display=title}} [[Category:Gold rushes]] [[Category:1870s in Finland]] [[Category:Lapland (Finland)]] [[Category:Inari, Finland]] [[Category:Mining in Finland]] [[Category:Mining in Russia]] </textarea><div class="templatesUsed"><div class="mw-templatesUsedExplanation"><p><span id="templatesused">Pages transcluded onto the current version of this page<span class="posteditwindowhelplinks"> (<a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">help</a>)</span>:</span> </p></div><ul> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Commons_category" title="Template:Commons category">Template:Commons category</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Commons_category&action=edit" title="Template:Commons 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