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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Passenger_multiple_units" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Passenger_multiple_units"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Passenger multiple units</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Passenger_multiple_units-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Freight_multiple_units" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Freight_multiple_units"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Freight multiple units</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Freight_multiple_units-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comparison_to_locomotive-hauled_trains" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparison_to_locomotive-hauled_trains"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Comparison to locomotive-hauled trains</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Comparison_to_locomotive-hauled_trains-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Comparison to locomotive-hauled trains subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Comparison_to_locomotive-hauled_trains-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Advantages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Advantages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Advantages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Advantages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Energy_efficiency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Energy_efficiency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>Energy efficiency</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Energy_efficiency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gradients" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gradients"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.2</span> <span>Gradients</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gradients-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Acceleration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Acceleration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.3</span> <span>Acceleration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Acceleration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Turnaround_times" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turnaround_times"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.4</span> <span>Turnaround times</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turnaround_times-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Failure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Failure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.5</span> <span>Failure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Failure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Axle_loads" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Axle_loads"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.6</span> <span>Axle loads</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Axle_loads-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disadvantages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disadvantages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Disadvantages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disadvantages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Maintenance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maintenance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.1</span> <span>Maintenance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maintenance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Failure_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Failure_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.2</span> <span>Failure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Failure_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Idle_trains" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Idle_trains"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.3</span> <span>Idle trains</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Idle_trains-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Passage_between_units" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Passage_between_units"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.4</span> <span>Passage between units</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Passage_between_units-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flexibility" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flexibility"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.5</span> <span>Flexibility</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flexibility-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Noise" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Noise"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.6</span> <span>Noise</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Noise-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Obsolescence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Obsolescence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.7</span> <span>Obsolescence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Obsolescence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_country" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_country"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>By country</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-By_country-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle By country subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-By_country-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Algeria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Algeria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.1</span> <span>Algeria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Algeria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.2</span> <span>South Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-East_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#East_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>East Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-East_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.1</span> <span>China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.2</span> <span>Japan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Belgium" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Belgium"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3.1</span> <span>Belgium</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Belgium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3.2</span> <span>Ireland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3.3</span> <span>Russia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sweden" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sweden"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3.4</span> <span>Sweden</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sweden-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Switzerland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Switzerland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3.5</span> <span>Switzerland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Switzerland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3.6</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oceania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oceania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Oceania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oceania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4.1</span> <span>Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>South Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5.1</span> <span>India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Southeast_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southeast_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>Southeast Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southeast_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Indonesia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indonesia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6.1</span> <span>Indonesia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indonesia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philippines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philippines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6.2</span> <span>Philippines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philippines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.7</span> <span>North America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Multiple unit</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 33 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-33" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">33 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triebwagen" title="Triebwagen – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Triebwagen" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A9_%D8%B0%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%B9" title="عربة ذاتية الدفع – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عربة ذاتية الدفع" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D1%80%D1%83%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%8B_%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%9E" title="Маторвагонны рухомы састаў – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Маторвагонны рухомы састаў" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Мотриса – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Мотриса" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unitat_de_tren" title="Unitat de tren – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Unitat de tren" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togs%C3%A6t" title="Togsæt – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Togsæt" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triebwagen" title="Triebwagen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Triebwagen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mootorvagun" title="Mootorvagun – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Mootorvagun" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidad_m%C3%BAltiple" title="Unidad múltiple – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Unidad múltiple" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trajnunuo" title="Trajnunuo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Trajnunuo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%AF%DA%A9%D8%B4%D8%B4%DB%8C" title="قطار خودکششی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="قطار خودکششی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rame_automotrice" title="Rame automotrice – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Rame automotrice" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8F%99%EB%A0%A5%EB%B6%84%EC%82%B0%EC%8B%9D_%EC%97%B4%EC%B0%A8" title="동력분산식 열차 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="동력분산식 열차" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88" title="इलेक्ट्रिक मल्टिपल इकाई – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="इलेक्ट्रिक मल्टिपल इकाई" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kereta_Rel" title="Kereta Rel – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kereta Rel" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A2" title="קרונוע – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קרונוע" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepur_r%C3%A8l" title="Sepur rèl – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Sepur rèl" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automotrice" title="Automotrice – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Automotrice" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorvonat" title="Motorvonat – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Motorvonat" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treinstel" title="Treinstel – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Treinstel" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E5%8A%9B%E5%88%86%E6%95%A3%E6%96%B9%E5%BC%8F" title="動力分散方式 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="動力分散方式" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorvogn_(tog)" title="Motorvogn (tog) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Motorvogn (tog)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zesp%C3%B3%C5%82_trakcyjny" title="Zespół trakcyjny – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Zespół trakcyjny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidade_de_material_rolante" title="Unidade de material rolante – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Unidade de material rolante" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automotor" title="Automotor – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Automotor" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2" title="Моторвагонный подвижной состав – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Моторвагонный подвижной состав" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_unit" title="Multiple unit – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Multiple unit" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moottorivaunu" title="Moottorivaunu – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Moottorivaunu" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorvagn" title="Motorvagn – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Motorvagn" data-language-autonym="Svenska" 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#b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Multiple_unit" title="Special:EditPage/Multiple unit">improve this article</a> by <a 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Multiple+unit%22">"Multiple unit"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Multiple+unit%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Multiple+unit%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Multiple+unit%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Multiple+unit%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Multiple+unit%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2008</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ICE_3_Oberhaider-Wald-Tunnel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/ICE_3_Oberhaider-Wald-Tunnel.jpg/220px-ICE_3_Oberhaider-Wald-Tunnel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/ICE_3_Oberhaider-Wald-Tunnel.jpg/330px-ICE_3_Oberhaider-Wald-Tunnel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/ICE_3_Oberhaider-Wald-Tunnel.jpg/440px-ICE_3_Oberhaider-Wald-Tunnel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Bahn" title="Deutsche Bahn">Deutsche Bahn</a> <a href="/wiki/ICE_3" title="ICE 3">ICE 3</a> <a href="/wiki/Electric_multiple_unit" title="Electric multiple unit">EMU</a> capable of up to 320 km/h (199 mph) in <a href="/wiki/Rhineland-Palatinate" title="Rhineland-Palatinate">Rhineland-Palatinate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prospector_new_railcar,_Toodyay.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Prospector_new_railcar%2C_Toodyay.jpg/220px-Prospector_new_railcar%2C_Toodyay.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Prospector_new_railcar%2C_Toodyay.jpg/330px-Prospector_new_railcar%2C_Toodyay.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Prospector_new_railcar%2C_Toodyay.jpg/440px-Prospector_new_railcar%2C_Toodyay.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Transwa_Prospector" class="mw-redirect" title="Transwa Prospector">Transwa Prospector</a> <a href="/wiki/DEMU" class="mw-redirect" title="DEMU">DEMU</a> is capable of speeds up to 200 km/h (124 mph), and provides a passenger service between <a href="/wiki/Perth,_Western_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Perth, Western Australia">Perth</a> and the mining town of <a href="/wiki/Kalgoorlie" title="Kalgoorlie">Kalgoorlie</a> in <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks plainlist" style="width: 16em;"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background-color: #DCDCDC;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Multiple unit trains</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color: #eeeeee;"> Subtypes</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electric_multiple_unit" title="Electric multiple unit">Electric multiple unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diesel_multiple_unit" title="Diesel multiple unit">Diesel multiple unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motor_coach_(rail)" title="Motor coach (rail)">Motor coach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_car" title="Power car">Power car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Push%E2%80%93pull_train" title="Push–pull train">Push–pull train</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color: #eeeeee;"> Technology</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multiple-unit_train_control" title="Multiple-unit train control">Multiple-unit train control</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color: #eeeeee;"> By country</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_Rail_diesel_multiple_unit_classes" title="List of British Rail diesel multiple unit classes">Britain (DMU)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_Rail_electric_multiple_unit_classes" title="List of British Rail electric multiple unit classes">Britain (EMU)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_Units_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiple Units of Ireland">Ireland</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Multiple_unit" title="Template:Multiple unit"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Multiple_unit" title="Template talk:Multiple unit"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Multiple_unit" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Multiple unit"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>multiple-unit train</b> (or <b>multiple unit</b> (<b>MU</b>)) is a self-propelled <a href="/wiki/Train" title="Train">train</a> composed of one or more <a href="/wiki/Coach_(rail)" class="mw-redirect" title="Coach (rail)">carriages</a> joined, which if coupled to another multiple unit can be controlled by a single driver,<sup id="cite_ref-Gloss_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gloss-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with <a href="/wiki/Multiple-unit_train_control" title="Multiple-unit train control">multiple-unit train control</a>. </p><p>Although multiple units consist of several carriages, single self-propelled carriages – also called <a href="/wiki/Railcar" title="Railcar">railcars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rail_motor_coach" class="mw-redirect" title="Rail motor coach">rail motor coaches</a> or <a href="/wiki/Railbus" title="Railbus">railbuses</a> – are in fact multiple units when two or more of them are working connected through multiple-unit train control (regardless of whether passengers can walk between the units or not). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiple_unit&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Side_Elevated_Railroad_car_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/South_Side_Elevated_Railroad_car_1.jpg/220px-South_Side_Elevated_Railroad_car_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/South_Side_Elevated_Railroad_car_1.jpg/330px-South_Side_Elevated_Railroad_car_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/South_Side_Elevated_Railroad_car_1.jpg/440px-South_Side_Elevated_Railroad_car_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2008" /></a><figcaption>South Side Elevated Railroad car #1—one of the cars that Frank Sprague converted to MU operation in Chicago</figcaption></figure> <p>Multiple-unit train control was first used in <a href="/wiki/Electric_multiple_unit" title="Electric multiple unit">electric multiple units</a> in the 1890s. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Liverpool_Overhead_Railway" title="Liverpool Overhead Railway">Liverpool Overhead Railway</a> opened in 1893 with two-car electric multiple units,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> controllers in cabs at both ends directly controlling the traction current to motors on both cars.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The multiple-unit traction control system was developed by <a href="/wiki/Frank_J._Sprague" title="Frank J. Sprague">Frank Sprague</a> and first applied and tested on the <a href="/wiki/South_Side_Elevated_Railroad" title="South Side Elevated Railroad">South Side Elevated Railroad</a> (now part of the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_%27L%27" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago 'L'">Chicago 'L'</a>) in 1897. In 1895, derived from his company's invention and production of direct-current elevator control systems, Frank Sprague invented a multiple-unit controller for electric train operation. This accelerated the construction of electric-traction railways and trolley systems worldwide. Each car of the train has its own traction motors: by means of motor control relays in each car energized by train-line wires from the front car, all the traction motors in the train are controlled in unison. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Design">Design</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiple_unit&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most MUs are powered either by <a href="/wiki/Traction_motors" class="mw-redirect" title="Traction motors">traction motors</a>, receiving their power through a <a href="/wiki/Third_rail_electric_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Third rail electric system">third rail</a> or <a href="/wiki/Overhead_lines" class="mw-redirect" title="Overhead lines">overhead wire</a> (<a href="/wiki/Electric_multiple_unit" title="Electric multiple unit">EMU</a>), or by a <a href="/wiki/Diesel_engine" title="Diesel engine">diesel engine</a> driving a generator producing electricity to drive traction motors. </p><p>A MU has the same power and traction components as a <a href="/wiki/Locomotive" title="Locomotive">locomotive</a>, but instead of the components being concentrated in one car, they are spread throughout the cars that make up the unit. In many cases these cars can only propel themselves when they are part of the unit, so they are semi-permanently coupled. For example, in a DMU one car might carry the <a href="/wiki/Prime_mover_(locomotive)" title="Prime mover (locomotive)">prime mover</a> and <a href="/wiki/Traction_motor" title="Traction motor">traction motors</a>, and another the engine for <a href="/wiki/Head-end_power" title="Head-end power">head-end power</a> generation; an EMU might have one car carry the <a href="/wiki/Pantograph_(rail)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pantograph (rail)">pantograph</a> and <a href="/wiki/Transformer" title="Transformer">transformer</a>, and another car carry the traction motors. </p><p>MU cars can be a motor or trailer car, it is not necessary for every one to be motorized. Trailer cars can contain supplementary equipment such as air compressors, batteries, etc.; they may also be fitted with a driving cab. </p><p>In most cases, MU trains can only be driven/controlled from dedicated cab cars. However, in some MU trains, every car is equipped with a driving console, and other controls necessary to operate the train, therefore every car can be used as a cab car whether it is motorised or not, if on the end of the train. An example of this arrangement is the <a href="/wiki/NJ_Transit" title="NJ Transit">NJ Transit</a> Arrows. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Passenger_multiple_units">Passenger multiple units</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiple_unit&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Passenger multiple units"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Virtually all rapid-transit rolling stock, such as on the <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Subway" title="New York City Subway">New York City Subway</a>, the <a href="/wiki/London_Underground" title="London Underground">London Underground</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Metro" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris Metro">Paris Metro</a> and other subway systems, are multiple-units, usually EMUs. Most trains in the Netherlands and Japan are MUs, being suitable for use in areas of high population density. </p><p>Many <a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail" title="High-speed rail">high-speed rail</a> trains are also multiple-units, such as the Japanese <i><a href="/wiki/Shinkansen" title="Shinkansen">Shinkansen</a></i> and the German <a href="/wiki/Intercity-Express" class="mw-redirect" title="Intercity-Express">Intercity-Express</a> <a href="/wiki/ICE_3" title="ICE 3">ICE 3</a> <a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail" title="High-speed rail">high-speed trains</a>. A new high-speed MU, the <a href="/wiki/Automotrice_%C3%A0_grande_vitesse" class="mw-redirect" title="Automotrice à grande vitesse">AGV</a>, was unveiled by France's <a href="/wiki/Alstom" title="Alstom">Alstom</a> on 5 February 2008. It has a claimed service speed of 360 km/h (220 mph). India's ICF announced the country's first high-speed engine-less train named 'train 18', which would run at 250 km/h maximum speed.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Freight_multiple_units">Freight multiple units</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiple_unit&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Freight multiple units"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Multiple units have been occasionally used for freight traffic, such as carrying containers or for trains used for maintenance. The Japanese <a href="/wiki/M250_series" title="M250 series">M250 series</a> train has four front and end carriages that are EMUs, and has been operating since March 2004. The German <a href="/wiki/CargoSprinter" title="CargoSprinter">CargoSprinter</a> have been used in three countries since 2003. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comparison_to_locomotive-hauled_trains">Comparison to locomotive-hauled trains</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiple_unit&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Comparison to locomotive-hauled trains"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Original_research plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Original_research" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>possibly contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">original research</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Multiple_unit&action=edit">improve it</a> by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verifying</a> the claims made and adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a>. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2012</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Advantages">Advantages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiple_unit&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Advantages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Energy_efficiency">Energy efficiency</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiple_unit&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Energy efficiency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>They are more energy-efficient than locomotive-hauled trains. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gradients">Gradients</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiple_unit&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Gradients"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>They have better <a href="/wiki/Adhesion_railway" title="Adhesion railway">adhesion</a>, as more of the train's weight is carried on driven wheels, rather than the locomotive having to haul the dead weight of unpowered coaches. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Acceleration">Acceleration</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiple_unit&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Acceleration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>They have a higher power-to-weight-ratio than a locomotive-hauled train since they don't have a heavy locomotive that does not itself carry passengers, but contributes to the total weight of the train. This is particularly important where train services make frequent stops, since the energy consumed for accelerating the train increases significantly with an increase in weight. Because of the <a href="/wiki/Energy_efficiency_(physics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy efficiency (physics)">energy efficiency</a> and higher adhesive-weight-to-total-weight ratio values, they generally have higher acceleration ability than locomotive-type trains and are favored in urban trains and metro systems for frequent start/stop routines. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Turnaround_times">Turnaround times</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiple_unit&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Turnaround times"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most of them have cabs at both ends, resulting in quicker turnaround times, reduced crewing costs, and enhanced safety. The faster turnaround time and the reduced size (due to higher frequencies) as compared to large <a href="/wiki/Locomotive" title="Locomotive">locomotive</a>-hauled trains, has made the MU a major part of <a href="/wiki/Commuter_rail" title="Commuter rail">suburban</a> commuter rail services in many countries. MUs are also used by most rapid transit systems. However, the need to turn a locomotive is no longer a problem for locomotive-hauled trains due to the increasing use of <a href="/wiki/Push-pull_train" class="mw-redirect" title="Push-pull train">push pull trains</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Failure">Failure</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiple_unit&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Failure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Multiple units may usually be quickly made up or separated into sets of varying lengths. Several multiple units may run as a single train, then be broken at a junction point into shorter trains for different destinations. As there are multiple engines/motors, the failure of one engine does not prevent the train from continuing its journey. A locomotive-drawn train typically has only one power unit, whose failure will disable the train. However, some locomotive-hauled trains may contain more than one power unit and thus be able to continue at reduced speed after the failure of one. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Axle_loads">Axle loads</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiple_unit&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Axle loads"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>They have lighter axle loads, allowing operation on lighter tracks, where locomotives may be banned. Another side effect of this is reduced track wear, as traction forces can be provided through many axles, rather than just the four or six of a locomotive. They generally have rigid couplers instead of the flexible ones often used on locomotive-hauled trains. That means brakes/throttle can be more quickly applied without an excessive amount of jerk experienced in passenger coaches. In a locomotive-hauled train, if the number of cars is changed to meet the demand, acceleration and braking performance will also change. This calls for performance calculations to be done taking the heaviest train composition into account. This may sometimes cause some trains in off-peak periods to be overpowered with respect to the required performance. When 2 or more multiple units are coupled, train performance remains almost unchanged. However, in locomotive-hauled train compositions, using more powerful locomotives when a train is longer can solve this problem. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Disadvantages">Disadvantages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiple_unit&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Disadvantages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Maintenance">Maintenance</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiple_unit&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Maintenance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It may be easier to maintain one locomotive than many self-propelled cars. In the past, it was often safer to locate the train's power systems away from passengers. This was particularly the case for steam locomotives, but still has some relevance for casualties than one with a locomotive (where the heavy locomotive would act as a "crumple zone"). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Failure_2">Failure</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiple_unit&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Failure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>If a locomotive fails, it can be easily replaced with minimal shunting movements. There would be no need for passengers to evacuate the train. Failure of a multiple unit will often require a whole new train and time-consuming switching activities; also passengers would be asked to evacuate the failed train and board another one. However, if the train consists of more than one multiple unit they are often designed such that in the event of the failure of one unit others in the train can tow it in neutral if brakes and other safety systems are operational. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Idle_trains">Idle trains</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiple_unit&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Idle trains"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Idle trains do not waste expensive motive power resources. Separate locomotives mean that the costly motive power assets can be moved around as needed and also used for hauling freight trains. A multiple unit arrangement would limit these costly motive power resources to use in passenger transportation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Passage_between_units">Passage between units</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiple_unit&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Passage between units"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It is difficult to have <a href="/wiki/Gangway_connection" title="Gangway connection">gangway connections</a> between coupled units and still retain an aerodynamic leading front end. Because of this, there is usually no passage between high-speed coupled units, though lower-speed coupled units frequently have connections between coupled units.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> This may require more crew members, so that ticket inspectors, for example, can be present in all of them. This leads to higher operating costs and lower use of crew resources. In a locomotive-hauled train, one crew can serve the train regardless of the number of cars in the train provided limits of individual workload are not exceeded. Likewise, in such instances, buffet cars and other shared passenger facilities may need to be duplicated in each unit, reducing efficiency. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Flexibility">Flexibility</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiple_unit&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Flexibility"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Large locomotives can be used instead of small locomotives where more power is needed. Also, different types of passenger cars (such as reclining-seats, compartment cars, couchettes, sleepers, restaurant cars, buffet cars, etc.) can be easily added to or removed from a locomotive-drawn train. This is not so easy for a multiple unit, since individual cars can be attached or detached only in a maintenance facility. This also allows a loco-hauled train to be flexible in terms of number of cars. Cars can be removed or added one by one, but on multiple units two or more units have to be coupled. This is not so flexible. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Noise">Noise</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiple_unit&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Noise"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The passenger environment of a multiple unit is often noticeably noisier than that of a locomotive-hauled train, due to the presence of underfloor machinery. The same applies to vibration. This is a particular problem with <a href="/wiki/Diesel_multiple_unit" title="Diesel multiple unit">DMUs</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Obsolescence">Obsolescence</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiple_unit&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Obsolescence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Separating the motive power from the payload-carrying cars means that either can be replaced when obsolete without affecting the other. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="By_country">By country</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiple_unit&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: By country"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Africa">Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiple_unit&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Algeria">Algeria</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiple_unit&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Algeria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coradia_ZZe-03,_Gare_de_l%27Agha_2023.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Coradia_ZZe-03%2C_Gare_de_l%27Agha_2023.jpg/220px-Coradia_ZZe-03%2C_Gare_de_l%27Agha_2023.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Coradia_ZZe-03%2C_Gare_de_l%27Agha_2023.jpg/330px-Coradia_ZZe-03%2C_Gare_de_l%27Agha_2023.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Coradia_ZZe-03%2C_Gare_de_l%27Agha_2023.jpg/440px-Coradia_ZZe-03%2C_Gare_de_l%27Agha_2023.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2830" data-file-height="1852" /></a><figcaption>A Coradia ZZe trainset from <a href="/wiki/National_Company_for_Rail_Transport" title="National Company for Rail Transport">SNTF</a> at Agha Station</figcaption></figure> <p>Algeria possesses 17 units of the Coradia El Djazaïr, a multiple unit train produced by Alstom. These units are similar to the French version of Régiolis, which belongs to the Coradia family.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="South_Africa">South Africa</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiple_unit&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: South Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikimania_2018,_Cape_Town_(P1050609).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Wikimania_2018%2C_Cape_Town_%28P1050609%29.jpg/220px-Wikimania_2018%2C_Cape_Town_%28P1050609%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Wikimania_2018%2C_Cape_Town_%28P1050609%29.jpg/330px-Wikimania_2018%2C_Cape_Town_%28P1050609%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Wikimania_2018%2C_Cape_Town_%28P1050609%29.jpg/440px-Wikimania_2018%2C_Cape_Town_%28P1050609%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Metrorail 10M5 approaching <a href="/wiki/Simon%27s_Town_railway_station" title="Simon's Town railway station">Simon's Town station</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Metrorail_(South_Africa)" title="Metrorail (South Africa)">Metrorail</a>, which provides commuter rail service in major urban areas of South Africa, operates most services using electric multiple unit train sets of the type <a href="/wiki/SAR_Class_5M2" class="mw-redirect" title="SAR Class 5M2">5M2A</a>. These trains are being gradually refurbished and subsequently designated as 10M3 (Cape Town), 10M4 (Gauteng) or 10M5 (Durban). Metrorail services are split into four regions; <a href="/wiki/Metrorail_Gauteng" title="Metrorail Gauteng">Gauteng</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metrorail_KwaZulu-Natal" title="Metrorail KwaZulu-Natal">KwaZulu-Natal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metrorail_Eastern_Cape" title="Metrorail Eastern Cape">Eastern Cape</a> and <a href="/wiki/Metrorail_Western_Cape" title="Metrorail Western Cape">Western Cape</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Gautrain" title="Gautrain">Gautrain</a>, a commuter rail system in <a href="/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg">Johannesburg</a>, operates with <a href="/wiki/Bombardier_Electrostar" title="Bombardier Electrostar">Bombardier Electrostar</a> electric multiple units. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="East_Asia">East Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiple_unit&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: East Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="China">China</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiple_unit&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:China_railways_CRH2_unit_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/China_railways_CRH2_unit_001.jpg/220px-China_railways_CRH2_unit_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/China_railways_CRH2_unit_001.jpg/330px-China_railways_CRH2_unit_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/China_railways_CRH2_unit_001.jpg/440px-China_railways_CRH2_unit_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3075" data-file-height="2014" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/China_Railway_High-speed" title="China Railway High-speed">China Railway High-speed</a> EMU</figcaption></figure> <p>The concept of multiple unit has entered the horizon of the Chinese since the 6th Speed-up Campaign of <a href="/wiki/China_Railway" title="China Railway">China Railway</a> in 2007. With the upgrade of <a href="/wiki/Jinghu_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Jinghu Railway">Jinghu Railway</a>, North <a href="/wiki/Jingguang_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Jingguang Railway">Jingguang Railway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jingha_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Jingha Railway">Jingha Railway</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hukun_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Hukun Railway">Hukun Railway</a>, and the construction of new Passenger Dedicated Lines (or Passenger Railways) completed, <a href="/wiki/China_Railway_High-speed" title="China Railway High-speed">CRH</a> (China Railway High-speed) trains have been put into service, mainly in North and Northeast China, and East China. All these CRH trains are electric multiple units. This was the beginning of the general service of multiple unit trains in China's national railway system. </p><p>Far earlier than the introduction of CRH brand, multiple unit trains have been running on all major cities' metro lines in China. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Japan">Japan</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiple_unit&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Japan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shinkansen_N700_z15.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Shinkansen_N700_z15.jpg/220px-Shinkansen_N700_z15.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Shinkansen_N700_z15.jpg/330px-Shinkansen_N700_z15.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Shinkansen_N700_z15.jpg/440px-Shinkansen_N700_z15.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2153" data-file-height="1469" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/N700_Series_Shinkansen" title="N700 Series Shinkansen">N700 Series Shinkansen</a> set in June 2008</figcaption></figure> <p>In Japan most passenger trains, including the high-speed <a href="/wiki/Shinkansen" title="Shinkansen">Shinkansen</a>, are of the multiple-unit (MU) type, with most locomotives now used solely in freight operations. Of the locomotive-hauled passenger services still in operation, the majority are tourist-oriented, such as the numerous steam-hauled trains operated seasonally on scenic lines throughout the country, as well as some of the luxury cruise trains. </p><p>Japan is a country of high population density with a large number of railway passengers in relatively small urban areas, and frequent operation of short-distance trains has been required. Therefore, the high acceleration ability and quick turnaround times of MUs have advantages, encouraging their development in this country. Additionally, the mountainous terrain gives the MUs an advantage on grades steeper than those found in most countries, particularly on small private lines many of which run from coastal cities to small towns in the mountains. </p><p>Most long-distance trains in Japan were operated by locomotives until the 1950s, but by utilizing and enhancing the technology of short-distance urban MU trains, long-distance express MU-type vehicles were developed and widely introduced starting in the mid-1950s. This work resulted in the original <a href="/wiki/Shinkansen" title="Shinkansen">Shinkansen</a> development which optimized all of the EMU's efficiencies to maximize speed. It was introduced upon completion of the <a href="/wiki/Tokaido_Shinkansen" title="Tokaido Shinkansen">Tokaido Shinkansen</a> (literally "new trunk line") in 1964. By the 1970s, locomotive traction was regarded as slow and inefficient, and its use is now mostly limited to freight trains. </p><p>From 1999, there have been development efforts in <a href="/wiki/M250_series" title="M250 series">freight EMU</a> technology, but it is currently used only for an express freight service on the <a href="/wiki/Tokaido_Main_Line" class="mw-redirect" title="Tokaido Main Line">Tokaido Main Line</a> between Tokyo and Osaka. The government has been pushing for the adoption of freight EMU technology on energy efficiency grounds in the hope that widespread adoption could assist in meeting CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub> emissions targets. The effort has been principally targeted at express package shipping that would otherwise travel by road. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiple_unit&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Belgium">Belgium</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiple_unit&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Belgium"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Railways_Classical_twin_EMUs" title="Belgian Railways Classical twin EMUs">first EMUs</a> have been introduced in Belgium in the 1930s. Several models have followed since then, such as the <i>AM75</i>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SNCB_AM75_(827)_Gare_de_Binche_-_08_ao%C3%BBt_2023.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/SNCB_AM75_%28827%29_Gare_de_Binche_-_08_ao%C3%BBt_2023.jpg/220px-SNCB_AM75_%28827%29_Gare_de_Binche_-_08_ao%C3%BBt_2023.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/SNCB_AM75_%28827%29_Gare_de_Binche_-_08_ao%C3%BBt_2023.jpg/330px-SNCB_AM75_%28827%29_Gare_de_Binche_-_08_ao%C3%BBt_2023.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/SNCB_AM75_%28827%29_Gare_de_Binche_-_08_ao%C3%BBt_2023.jpg/440px-SNCB_AM75_%28827%29_Gare_de_Binche_-_08_ao%C3%BBt_2023.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>AM75 at the Binche train station (Belgium).</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ireland">Ireland</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiple_unit&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Ireland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Multiple_units_of_Ireland" title="Multiple units of Ireland">Multiple units of Ireland</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3ras_Iompair_%C3%89ireann" class="mw-redirect" title="Córas Iompair Éireann">CIÉ</a> introduced its first <a href="/wiki/GNRI_AEC_Class" title="GNRI AEC Class">DMUs</a>, the 2600-class, in 1951. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Russia">Russia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiple_unit&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Russia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RZD_ED4M-0103_Moskva-Yaroslavskaya.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/RZD_ED4M-0103_Moskva-Yaroslavskaya.jpg/220px-RZD_ED4M-0103_Moskva-Yaroslavskaya.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/RZD_ED4M-0103_Moskva-Yaroslavskaya.jpg/330px-RZD_ED4M-0103_Moskva-Yaroslavskaya.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/RZD_ED4M-0103_Moskva-Yaroslavskaya.jpg/440px-RZD_ED4M-0103_Moskva-Yaroslavskaya.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1253" data-file-height="953" /></a><figcaption>Elektrichka on <a href="/wiki/Yaroslavskiy_Rail_Terminal" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaroslavskiy Rail Terminal">Yaroslavskiy Rail Terminal</a>, Moscow</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Elektrichka" title="Elektrichka">Elektrichka</a></div> <p><b>Elektrichka</b> (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">электри́чка</span>, <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a>: <span lang="uk">електри́чка</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ukrainian" title="Romanization of Ukrainian">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Ukrainian-language romanization"><i lang="uk-Latn">elektrychka</i></span>) is an informal word for <i>elektropoezd</i> (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">электропо́езд</span>), a <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> or post-Soviet regional (mostly <a href="/wiki/Suburban" class="mw-redirect" title="Suburban">suburban</a>) <a href="/wiki/Electrical_multiple_unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical multiple unit">electrical multiple unit</a> passenger <a href="/wiki/Train" title="Train">train</a>. Elektrichkas are widespread in Russia, <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> and some other countries of the former Soviet Union. The first <i>elektrichka</i> ride occurred in August 1929 between Moscow and <a href="/wiki/Mytishchi" title="Mytishchi">Mytishchi</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sweden">Sweden</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiple_unit&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Sweden"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Swedish railroads have been privatized in steps for about 25 years, and today many different companies operate different types of multiple units. A majority of passenger trains today consists of multiple unit trains of which regional traffic exclusively use them. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Switzerland">Switzerland</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiple_unit&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Switzerland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SBB_RABe_523_FLIRT_der_Zuger_S-Bahn.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/SBB_RABe_523_FLIRT_der_Zuger_S-Bahn.jpg/220px-SBB_RABe_523_FLIRT_der_Zuger_S-Bahn.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/SBB_RABe_523_FLIRT_der_Zuger_S-Bahn.jpg/330px-SBB_RABe_523_FLIRT_der_Zuger_S-Bahn.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/SBB_RABe_523_FLIRT_der_Zuger_S-Bahn.jpg/440px-SBB_RABe_523_FLIRT_der_Zuger_S-Bahn.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3387" data-file-height="2253" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Stadler_FLIRT" title="Stadler FLIRT">RABe 523</a> is the most common multiple units on Switzerland, used by almost every S-Bahn.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Federal_Railways" title="Swiss Federal Railways">Swiss Federal Railways</a> use many multiple units, mainly on regional lines (<a href="/wiki/S-Bahn" title="S-Bahn">S-Bahn</a>). </p> <ul><li>Regional lines <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SBB-CFF-FFS_RBDe_560" title="SBB-CFF-FFS RBDe 560">RBDe 560</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SBB-CFF-FFS_RABe_514" class="mw-redirect" title="SBB-CFF-FFS RABe 514">RABe 514</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RABe_520" title="RABe 520">RABe 520</a> "Thurbo"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stadler_FLIRT" title="Stadler FLIRT">RABe 523</a> "FLIRT" and variants</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stadler_KISS" title="Stadler KISS">RABe 511</a> "KISS"</li></ul></li> <li>Inter-City lines <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SBB-CFF-FFS_RABDe_500" class="mw-redirect" title="SBB-CFF-FFS RABDe 500">RABDe 500</a> "ICN"</li></ul></li> <li>International lines <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Pendolino" title="New Pendolino">ETR 610</a><sup id="cite_ref-NoteETR_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NoteETR-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SBB_RABe_501" title="SBB RABe 501">RABe 501</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiple_unit&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Southern_377_at_Hemel_Hempstead.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Southern_377_at_Hemel_Hempstead.JPG/220px-Southern_377_at_Hemel_Hempstead.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Southern_377_at_Hemel_Hempstead.JPG/330px-Southern_377_at_Hemel_Hempstead.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Southern_377_at_Hemel_Hempstead.JPG/440px-Southern_377_at_Hemel_Hempstead.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1760" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Southern_(train_operating_company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern (train operating company)">Southern</a> <a href="/wiki/British_Rail_Class_377" title="British Rail Class 377">Class 377</a>/2 377207 at <a href="/wiki/Hemel_Hempstead_railway_station" title="Hemel Hempstead railway station">Hemel Hempstead</a> with a train from <a href="/wiki/Milton_Keynes_Central_railway_station" title="Milton Keynes Central railway station">Milton Keynes Central</a> to <a href="/wiki/East_Croydon_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="East Croydon railway station">East Croydon</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/British_electric_multiple_units" title="British electric multiple units">British electric multiple units</a> and <a href="/wiki/British_railcars_and_diesel_multiple_units" title="British railcars and diesel multiple units">British railcars and diesel multiple units</a></div> <p>In the UK the use of modern diesel multiple units was pioneered in Northern Ireland,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> although a number of other railway companies also experimented with early DMUs (including the Great Western and the London Midland Scottish). Notable examples include the <a href="/wiki/British_Rail_Sprinter" class="mw-redirect" title="British Rail Sprinter">Sprinter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bombardier_Voyager_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombardier Voyager family">Voyager</a> families, and the newer <a href="/wiki/British_Rail_Class_395" title="British Rail Class 395">Javelin</a> trains. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/London_Underground" title="London Underground">London Underground</a> passenger system is operated exclusively by EMUs. Work trains on the Underground employ separate locomotives, some of which are dual battery/live rail powered. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> the majority of passenger services have been operated by diesel multiple units since the mid-1950s under the tenure of both the <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Transport_Authority" title="Ulster Transport Authority">Ulster Transport Authority</a> (1948–1966) and <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Railways" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Ireland Railways">Northern Ireland Railways</a> (since 1967). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oceania">Oceania</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiple_unit&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Oceania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Australia">Australia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiple_unit&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first multiple unis in Australia were the <a href="/wiki/Tait_(train)" title="Tait (train)">Tait</a> trains, wooden bodied <a href="/wiki/Electric_Multiple_Unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric Multiple Unit">Electric Multiple Unit</a> train that operated in <a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Victoria_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria (Australia)">Victoria</a>. They were originally introduced as steam locomotive hauled carriages but were converted to electric traction from 1919 during Melbourne’s electrification project.<sup id="cite_ref-pjvm_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pjvm-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_Asia">South Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiple_unit&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: South Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="India">India</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiple_unit&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Indian_Railways" title="Indian Railways">Indian Railways</a> has recently introduced a semi-high-speed EMU named <a href="/wiki/Vande_Bharat_(trainset)" title="Vande Bharat (trainset)">Vande Bharat Express</a>, capable of running at 183 km/h (114 mph). And it continues to use diesel and electrical multiple units on its national network. All suburban and rapid transit lines are served by EMUs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Southeast_Asia">Southeast Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiple_unit&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Southeast Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Indonesia">Indonesia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiple_unit&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Indonesia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Indonesia uses diesel since 1976 and electric MUs since 1925. Most of these MUs were built in Japan. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Philippines">Philippines</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiple_unit&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Philippines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Manila Railroad Company (MRR) acquired its first multiple units in the 1930s. The locally-built MC class was initially powered by gasoline and was changed to diesel during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. Both the MRR and its successor, the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_National_Railways" title="Philippine National Railways">Philippine National Railways</a> (PNR), has since acquired various classes of diesel multiple units. All multiple units owned by MRR and all of the older MUs of the PNR were built by Japanese firms. On the other hand, its newer rolling stock were built in <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>. There will also be DMUs that will be built in <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first electric multiple units were acquired in 1984 for the <a href="/wiki/LRT_Line_1_(Metro_Manila)" title="LRT Line 1 (Metro Manila)">LRT Line 1</a> built by <a href="/wiki/La_Brugeoise_et_Nivelles" title="La Brugeoise et Nivelles">La Brugeoise et Nivelles</a> in <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first EMUs to be used outside of <a href="/wiki/Rapid_transit" title="Rapid transit">rapid transit</a> will enter service between 2021 and 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_America">North America</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiple_unit&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: North America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gtw_riverline.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Gtw_riverline.JPG/220px-Gtw_riverline.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Gtw_riverline.JPG/330px-Gtw_riverline.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Gtw_riverline.JPG/440px-Gtw_riverline.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>New Jersey transit <a href="/wiki/Stadler_GTW" title="Stadler GTW">Stadler GTW</a> DMU used on the <a href="/wiki/River_Line_(NJ_Transit)" title="River Line (NJ Transit)">River Line</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Commuter_rail_in_North_America" title="Commuter rail in North America">Commuter rail in North America</a></div> <p>Most trains in North America are locomotive-hauled and use Multiple Unit (MU) control to control multiple locomotives. The control system of the leading locomotive connects to the other locomotives so that the engineer's control is repeated on all the additional locomotives. The locomotives are connected by multi-core cables. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.railway-technical.com/trains/rolling-stock-index-l/diesel-locomotives/us-locomotive-mu-control.html"><i>The Railway Technical Website</i></a>, vol. US Locomotive MU Control</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Railway+Technical+Website&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.railway-technical.com%2Ftrains%2Frolling-stock-index-l%2Fdiesel-locomotives%2Fus-locomotive-mu-control.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMultiple+unit" class="Z3988"></span> This does not make these locomotives MUs <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (June 2019)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Multiple_unit#Dubious" title="Talk:Multiple unit">discuss</a></i>]</sup>for the purposes of this article. See <a href="/wiki/Train#North_America" title="Train">locomotive consist</a>. </p><p>However, commuters, <a href="/wiki/Rapid_transit" title="Rapid transit">rapid transit</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Light_rail" title="Light rail">light rail</a> operations make extensive use of MUs. Most<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> electrically powered trains are MUs. </p><p>The Southeastern Pennsylvania Transportation Authority (<a href="/wiki/SEPTA" title="SEPTA">SEPTA</a>) Regional Rail Division uses EMUs almost exclusively — the exception being some of its peak express service. <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_Transit" class="mw-redirect" title="New Jersey Transit">New Jersey Transit</a> service on the <a href="/wiki/Northeast_Corridor_Line" title="Northeast Corridor Line">Northeast Corridor Line</a> is split between electric locomotives and EMUs. </p><p><a href="/wiki/M2_(railcar)" class="mw-redirect" title="M2 (railcar)">M2</a>, <a href="/wiki/M4_(railcar)" class="mw-redirect" title="M4 (railcar)">M4</a>, <a href="/wiki/M6_(railcar)" class="mw-redirect" title="M6 (railcar)">M6</a> and <a href="/wiki/M8_(railcar)" title="M8 (railcar)">M8</a> EMUs which operate on the <a href="/wiki/New_Haven_Line" title="New Haven Line">New Haven Line</a> of <a href="/wiki/Metro-North_Railroad" title="Metro-North Railroad">Metro-North Railroad</a>, are “<a href="/wiki/Multi-system_(rail)" title="Multi-system (rail)">multi-system</a>” meaning they can draw power from either the third rail or from <a href="/wiki/Overhead_lines" class="mw-redirect" title="Overhead lines">overhead lines</a>. This allows operation under the wires between <a href="/wiki/Pelham_(Metro-North_station)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pelham (Metro-North station)">Pelham, NY</a> and <a href="/wiki/Union_Station_(New_Haven)" title="Union Station (New Haven)">New Haven, CT</a>, a section of track owned by Metro North but shared with Amtrak's Northeast Corridor service, and on third rail between Pelham and <a href="/wiki/Grand_Central_Terminal" title="Grand Central Terminal">Grand Central Terminal</a>. EMUs are used on <a href="/wiki/Agence_m%C3%A9tropolitaine_de_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Agence métropolitaine de transport">AMT</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Deux-Montagnes_Line_(AMT)" class="mw-redirect" title="Deux-Montagnes Line (AMT)">Montreal/Deux-Montagnes line</a>. </p><p>DMUs are less common, partly because new light rail operations are almost entirely electric, with many commuter routes already electrified, and also because of the difficulties posed by <a href="/wiki/Federal_Railway_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Railway Administration">Federal Railway Administration</a> rules limiting their use on shared passenger/freight corridors. When the <a href="/wiki/Budd_RDC" class="mw-redirect" title="Budd RDC">Budd RDC</a> was developed following World War II, it was adopted for many secondary passenger routes in the United States (especially on the <a href="/wiki/Boston_and_Maine_Railroad" title="Boston and Maine Railroad">Boston and Maine Railroad</a>) and Canada. These operations generally survived longer in Canada, but several were abandoned in the <a href="/wiki/Via_Rail" title="Via Rail">Via Rail</a> cutbacks of the early 1990s. One that survives is <a href="/wiki/Victoria_-_Courtenay_train" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria - Courtenay train">Victoria - Courtenay train</a> on Vancouver Island. DMU use in Canada has been resurrected in recent years, beginning with the opening of <a href="/wiki/Union_Pearson_Express" title="Union Pearson Express">Union Pearson Express</a> in 2015. </p><p>While most DMUs need to comply with strict <a href="/wiki/Federal_Railroad_Administration" title="Federal Railroad Administration">FRA</a> crash requirements for simultaneous operation with freight railways, European-style DMUs are used with <a href="/wiki/Timesharing" class="mw-redirect" title="Timesharing">timesharing</a> arrangements on several rail lines, including the <a href="/wiki/River_Line_(New_Jersey_Transit)" class="mw-redirect" title="River Line (New Jersey Transit)">RiverLINE</a> in New Jersey. Only a handful of manufacturers in the United States produce or have produced FRA-compliant DMUs, including <a href="/wiki/Colorado_Railcar" title="Colorado Railcar">Colorado Railcar</a> (now <a href="/wiki/US_Railcar" title="US Railcar">US Railcar</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Nippon_Sharyo" title="Nippon Sharyo">Nippon Sharyo</a>/<a href="/wiki/Sumitomo_Corporation" title="Sumitomo Corporation">Sumitomo Corporation</a>. <a href="/wiki/NJ_Transit" title="NJ Transit">NJ Transit</a> has experimented with this DMU on the <a href="/wiki/Princeton_Branch" title="Princeton Branch">Princeton Branch</a> line. In August 2006 it was announced that Amtrak wants the State of Vermont to experiment with DMUs on the state-subsidized Vermonter line from <a href="/wiki/New_Haven_(Amtrak_station)" class="mw-redirect" title="New Haven (Amtrak station)">New Haven</a> north to <a href="/wiki/St._Albans_(city),_Vermont" title="St. Albans (city), Vermont">St. Albans</a> to replace the less efficient diesel locomotive trainsets currently used. </p><p>MU streetcars were used in Toronto by the <a href="/wiki/Toronto_Transportation_Commission" title="Toronto Transportation Commission">Toronto Transportation Commission</a> (later <a href="/wiki/Toronto_Transit_Commission" title="Toronto Transit Commission">Toronto Transit Commission</a>) from 1949 to 1966 using 100 <a href="/wiki/Presidents%27_Conference_Committee_(Toronto_LRT_car)" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidents' Conference Committee (Toronto LRT car)">PCC A-7</a> built by <a href="/wiki/St._Louis_Car_Company" title="St. Louis Car Company">St. Louis Car Company</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Car_and_Foundry" title="Canadian Car and Foundry">Canadian Car and Foundry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These two car units ran along the <a href="/wiki/Toronto_streetcar_system#Route_numbers" title="Toronto streetcar system">Bloor Street</a> route only beginning in 1950 and ceased operations after the opening of the Bloor–Danforth subway line in 1966. The A-7 units were later converted to single use. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiple_unit&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diesel_multiple_unit" title="Diesel multiple unit">Diesel multiple unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_car" title="Power car">Power car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_terminology" class="mw-redirect" title="Rail terminology">Rail terminology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twin_unit" title="Twin unit">Twin unit</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiple_unit&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Gloss-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gloss_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180810143338/https://www.rssb.co.uk/rgs/rulebooks/GERM8000-master-module%20Iss%201.pdf">"Rulebook Master: Glossary of Railway Terminology, Train Working "Coupled in multiple - Traction units coupled to allow through controls by one driver"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Rail_Safety_and_Standards_Board" title="Rail Safety and Standards Board">Rail Safety and Standards Board</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rssb.co.uk/rgs/rulebooks/GERM8000-master-module%20Iss%201.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 10 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rulebook+Master%3A+Glossary+of+Railway+Terminology%2C+Train+Working+%22Coupled+in+multiple+-+Traction+units+coupled+to+allow+through+controls+by+one+driver%22&rft.pub=Rail+Safety+and+Standards+Board&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rssb.co.uk%2Frgs%2Frulebooks%2FGERM8000-master-module%2520Iss%25201.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMultiple+unit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/mol/collections/transport/overheadrailway.aspx">"Liverpool Overhead Railway Motor Coach Number 3, 1892"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Museums_Liverpool" title="National Museums Liverpool">National Museums Liverpool</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 January</span> 2011</span>. <q>This is one of the original motor coaches which has electric motors mounted beneath the floor, a driving cab at one end and third-class accommodation with wooden seats.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Liverpool+Overhead+Railway+Motor+Coach+Number+3%2C+1892&rft.pub=National+Museums+Liverpool&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk%2Fmol%2Fcollections%2Ftransport%2Foverheadrailway.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMultiple+unit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSprague1902" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Sprague" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank Sprague">Sprague, Frank</a> (18 January 1902). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1902/01/18/archives/mr-sprague-answers-mr-westinghouse.html">"Mr Sprague answers Mr Westinghouse"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Mr+Sprague+answers+Mr+Westinghouse&rft.date=1902-01-18&rft.aulast=Sprague&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1902%2F01%2F18%2Farchives%2Fmr-sprague-answers-mr-westinghouse.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMultiple+unit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7227807.stm">"France unveils super-fast train"</a>, <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>, 5 February 2008. Retrieved 5 February 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInternational2018-05-19T06:00:00+01:00" class="citation web cs1">International2018-05-19T06:00:00+01:00, Railway Gazette. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.railwaygazette.com/passenger/by-coradia-to-batna/46474.article">"By Coradia to Batna"</a>. <i>Railway Gazette International</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Railway+Gazette+International&rft.atitle=By+Coradia+to+Batna&rft.aulast=International2018-05-19T06%3A00%3A00%2B01%3A00&rft.aufirst=Railway+Gazette&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.railwaygazette.com%2Fpassenger%2Fby-coradia-to-batna%2F46474.article&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMultiple+unit" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NoteETR-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NoteETR_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The ETR 470 is currently being retired. Both ETR are property of <a href="/wiki/Cisalpino" title="Cisalpino">Cisalpino</a>, a company owned by the Swiss Federal Railways and <a href="/wiki/Trenitalia" title="Trenitalia">Trenitalia</a> and are used on <a href="/wiki/Eurocity" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurocity">Eurocity</a> lines</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pjvm-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pjvm_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVincent2007" class="citation web cs1">Vincent, Peter J. (30 August 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pjv101.net/cd/pages/c225m.htm">"M – Sliding Door Suburban Motor Car"</a>. <i>PJV's Website</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PJV%27s+Website&rft.atitle=M+%E2%80%93+Sliding+Door+Suburban+Motor+Car&rft.date=2007-08-30&rft.aulast=Vincent&rft.aufirst=Peter+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pjv101.net%2Fcd%2Fpages%2Fc225m.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMultiple+unit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.abs-cbn.com/business/12/18/19/chinese-firm-signs-contract-to-supply-trains-for-pnr-bicol-project">"Chinese firm signs contract to supply trains for PNR Bicol project"</a>. 18 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chinese+firm+signs+contract+to+supply+trains+for+PNR+Bicol+project&rft.date=2019-12-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.abs-cbn.com%2Fbusiness%2F12%2F18%2F19%2Fchinese-firm-signs-contract-to-supply-trains-for-pnr-bicol-project&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMultiple+unit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSatre1998" class="citation journal cs1">Satre, Gary (June 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ejrcf.or.jp/jrtr/jrtr16/pdf/f33_satre.pdf">"The Metro Manila LRT—A Historical Perspective"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Japan Railway & Transport Review</i>. <b>16</b>: 33–37. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170518232855/http://www.ejrcf.or.jp/jrtr/jrtr16/pdf/f33_satre.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 18 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Japan+Railway+%26+Transport+Review&rft.atitle=The+Metro+Manila+LRT%E2%80%94A+Historical+Perspective&rft.volume=16&rft.pages=33-37&rft.date=1998-06&rft.aulast=Satre&rft.aufirst=Gary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ejrcf.or.jp%2Fjrtr%2Fjrtr16%2Fpdf%2Ff33_satre.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMultiple+unit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFValdez2019" class="citation news cs1">Valdez, Denise (21 May 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bworldonline.com/dotr-prepares-to-award-rolling-stock-contract/">"DoTr prepares to award rolling stock contract"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BusinessWorld" title="BusinessWorld">BusinessWorld</a></i>. Manila<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BusinessWorld&rft.atitle=DoTr+prepares+to+award+rolling+stock+contract&rft.date=2019-05-21&rft.aulast=Valdez&rft.aufirst=Denise&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bworldonline.com%2Fdotr-prepares-to-award-rolling-stock-contract%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMultiple+unit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_C._Kohler2015" class="citation web cs1">Peter C. Kohler (25 June 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://transit.toronto.on.ca/streetcar/4505.shtml">"The Post-War All-Electric PCC Cars (Classes A6-A8)"</a>. Transit Toronto.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Post-War+All-Electric+PCC+Cars+%28Classes+A6-A8%29&rft.pub=Transit+Toronto&rft.date=2015-06-25&rft.au=Peter+C.+Kohler&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftransit.toronto.on.ca%2Fstreetcar%2F4505.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMultiple+unit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiple_unit&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Multiple_units" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Multiple units">Multiple units</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin1924" class="citation book cs1">Martin, T. Commerford (1924). <a href="/wiki/Waldemar_Kaempffert" title="Waldemar Kaempffert">Kaempffert, Waldemar Bernhard</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/popularhistoryof01kaem"><i>A Popular History of American Invention</i></a>. Vol. 1. London; New York: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Scribner%27s_Sons" title="Charles Scribner's Sons">Charles Scribner's Sons</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/popularhistoryof01kaem/page/122">122</a>–123<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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