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id="toc-Locomotive_in_the_middle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Distributed_power" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distributed_power"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Distributed power</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distributed_power-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Great_Britain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Great_Britain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Great Britain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Great_Britain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Steam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Steam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Steam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Steam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electric_and_diesel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electric_and_diesel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Electric and diesel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electric_and_diesel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Driving_Van_Trailers_(DVTs)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Driving_Van_Trailers_(DVTs)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.3</span> <span>Driving Van Trailers (DVTs)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Driving_Van_Trailers_(DVTs)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Ireland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>North America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Israel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Israel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Israel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Israel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Zealand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Zealand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>New Zealand</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Zealand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Push–pull train</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wendezug" title="Wendezug – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Wendezug" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tren_push-pull" title="Tren push-pull – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tren push-pull" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navettrajno" title="Navettrajno – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Navettrajno" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Push-pull_tren" title="Push-pull tren – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Push-pull tren" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%B1" title="قطار دوسر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="قطار دوسر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Train_r%C3%A9versible" title="Train réversible – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Train réversible" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistem_tarik-dorong" title="Sistem tarik-dorong – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sistem tarik-dorong" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%95-%D7%93%D7%95" title="מו-דו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מו-דו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C3%AAn%C3%AAn_yekrak%C3%AA%C5%9F" title="Trênên yekrakêş – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Trênên yekrakêş" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingavonat" title="Ingavonat – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ingavonat" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trek-duwtrein" title="Trek-duwtrein – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Trek-duwtrein" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%97%E3%83%83%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A5%E3%83%97%E3%83%AB%E5%88%97%E8%BB%8A" title="プッシュプル列車 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="プッシュプル列車" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poci%C4%85g_push-pull" title="Pociąg push-pull – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pociąg push-pull" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comboio_revers%C3%ADvel" title="Comboio reversível – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Comboio reversível" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8E%A8%E6%8B%89%E5%BC%8F%E5%88%97%E8%BB%8A" title="推拉式列車 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="推拉式列車" data-language-autonym="中文" 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Push-pull_train&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Push-pull train">Push-pull train</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Train able to be operated by a driver at either end</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Top_and_tail" title="Top and tail">Top and tail</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Push%E2%80%93pull_train" title="Special:EditPage/Push–pull train">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Push%E2%80%93pull+train%22">"Push–pull train"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Push%E2%80%93pull+train%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Push%E2%80%93pull+train%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Push%E2%80%93pull+train%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Push%E2%80%93pull+train%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Push%E2%80%93pull+train%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Push-pull-train.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Push-pull-train.svg/300px-Push-pull-train.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Push-pull-train.svg/450px-Push-pull-train.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Push-pull-train.svg/600px-Push-pull-train.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="690" data-file-height="180" /></a><figcaption>In a push–pull train, locomotives at both ends of a train are used at the same time, being controlled by one driver.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Push-pull-dvt-train.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Push-pull-dvt-train.svg/300px-Push-pull-dvt-train.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Push-pull-dvt-train.svg/450px-Push-pull-dvt-train.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Push-pull-dvt-train.svg/600px-Push-pull-dvt-train.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="690" data-file-height="180" /></a><figcaption>Using a single locomotive, a <a href="/wiki/Control_car" title="Control car">control car</a> with duplicate controls is used when pushing.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dvt-dvt-train.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Dvt-dvt-train.png/300px-Dvt-dvt-train.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Dvt-dvt-train.png/450px-Dvt-dvt-train.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Dvt-dvt-train.png/600px-Dvt-dvt-train.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="522" /></a><figcaption>A push–pull train with two control cars and a locomotive in the middle</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Push–pull</b> is a configuration for <a href="/wiki/Locomotive" title="Locomotive">locomotive</a>-hauled <a href="/wiki/Train" title="Train">trains</a>, allowing them to be driven from either end of the train, whether having a locomotive at each end or not. </p><p>A push–pull train has a locomotive at one end of the train, connected via some form of remote control, such as <a href="/wiki/Multiple-unit_train_control" title="Multiple-unit train control">multiple-unit train control</a>, to a vehicle equipped with a control cab at the other end of the train. This second vehicle may be another locomotive, or an unpowered <a href="/wiki/Control_car" title="Control car">control car</a>. </p><p>In the UK and some other parts of Europe, the control car is referred to as a <i>driving trailer</i> (or <a href="/wiki/Driving_van_trailer" class="mw-redirect" title="Driving van trailer">driving van trailer</a>/DVT where there is no passenger accommodation); in the US and Canada, they are called <i>cab cars</i> and in Australia, they are called driving trailers. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Train_formation">Train formation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Push%E2%80%93pull_train&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Train formation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Locomotive_at_one_end">Locomotive at one end</h3><span 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.sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks plainlist" style="width: 16em;"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background-color: #DCDCDC;"><a href="/wiki/Multiple_unit" title="Multiple unit">Multiple unit trains</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color: #eeeeee;"> Subtypes</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electric_multiple_unit" title="Electric multiple unit">Electric multiple unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diesel_multiple_unit" title="Diesel multiple unit">Diesel multiple unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motor_coach_(rail)" title="Motor coach (rail)">Motor coach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_car" title="Power car">Power car</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Push–pull train</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color: #eeeeee;"> Technology</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multiple-unit_train_control" title="Multiple-unit train control">Multiple-unit train control</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color: #eeeeee;"> By country</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_Rail_diesel_multiple_unit_classes" title="List of British Rail diesel multiple unit classes">Britain (DMU)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_Rail_electric_multiple_unit_classes" title="List of British Rail electric multiple unit classes">Britain (EMU)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_Units_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiple Units of Ireland">Ireland</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Multiple_unit" title="Template:Multiple unit"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Multiple_unit" title="Template talk:Multiple unit"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Multiple_unit" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Multiple unit"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Austria_cityshuttle_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Austria_cityshuttle_02.jpg/220px-Austria_cityshuttle_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Austria_cityshuttle_02.jpg/330px-Austria_cityshuttle_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Austria_cityshuttle_02.jpg/440px-Austria_cityshuttle_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1125" /></a><figcaption>Push–pull train in Austria (2004); note locomotive at the rear of the train.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chr%C3%A1st_u_Plzn%C4%9B,_vlak_do_Plzn%C4%9B.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Chr%C3%A1st_u_Plzn%C4%9B%2C_vlak_do_Plzn%C4%9B.jpg/220px-Chr%C3%A1st_u_Plzn%C4%9B%2C_vlak_do_Plzn%C4%9B.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Chr%C3%A1st_u_Plzn%C4%9B%2C_vlak_do_Plzn%C4%9B.jpg/330px-Chr%C3%A1st_u_Plzn%C4%9B%2C_vlak_do_Plzn%C4%9B.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Chr%C3%A1st_u_Plzn%C4%9B%2C_vlak_do_Plzn%C4%9B.jpg/440px-Chr%C3%A1st_u_Plzn%C4%9B%2C_vlak_do_Plzn%C4%9B.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3888" /></a><figcaption>Push–pull train in the Czech Republic (2016); note control car at the rear of the train.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bf_Rochlitz,_Doppelstockgliederzug.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Bf_Rochlitz%2C_Doppelstockgliederzug.jpg/220px-Bf_Rochlitz%2C_Doppelstockgliederzug.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Bf_Rochlitz%2C_Doppelstockgliederzug.jpg/330px-Bf_Rochlitz%2C_Doppelstockgliederzug.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Bf_Rochlitz%2C_Doppelstockgliederzug.jpg/440px-Bf_Rochlitz%2C_Doppelstockgliederzug.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5608" data-file-height="3708" /></a><figcaption> Push–pull train in the former <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">German Democratic Republic</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mallow_I%C3%89-4006.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Mallow_I%C3%89-4006.jpg/220px-Mallow_I%C3%89-4006.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Mallow_I%C3%89-4006.jpg/330px-Mallow_I%C3%89-4006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Mallow_I%C3%89-4006.jpg/440px-Mallow_I%C3%89-4006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4062" data-file-height="2361" /></a><figcaption>A modern <a href="/wiki/Mark_4_(Iarnr%C3%B3d_%C3%89ireann)" title="Mark 4 (Iarnród Éireann)">driving van trailer</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lokomotiva_109_E2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Lokomotiva_109_E2.jpg/220px-Lokomotiva_109_E2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Lokomotiva_109_E2.jpg/330px-Lokomotiva_109_E2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Lokomotiva_109_E2.jpg/440px-Lokomotiva_109_E2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5315" data-file-height="3543" /></a><figcaption> Push–pull train in <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Historically, push–pull trains with steam power provided the driver with basic controls at the cab end along with a bell or other signalling code system to communicate with the fireman located in the engine itself in order to pass commands to adjust controls not available in the cab. </p><p>At low speeds, some push–pull trains are run entirely from the engine with the guard operating bell codes and brakes from the leading cab when the locomotive is pushing the train. </p><p>Many mountain railways also operate on similar principles in order to keep the locomotive lower down than the carriage to prevent any opportunity for a carriage to run away from a train down the gradient and also so that even if the locomotive ever ran away, it would not take the carriage with it. </p><p>Modern train control systems use sophisticated electronics to allow full remote control of locomotives. Nevertheless, push–pull operation still requires considerable design care to ensure that control system failure does not endanger passengers and also to ensure that in the event of a derailment, the pushing locomotive does not push a derailed train into an obstacle, worsening the accident. The 1984 <a href="/wiki/Polmont_rail_accident" title="Polmont rail accident">Polmont rail accident</a>, in Scotland, occurred when a push–pull train struck a cow on the track. </p><p>When operating push–pull, the train can be driven from either the locomotive or the alternative cab. If the train is heading in the direction in which the locomotive end of the train is facing, this is considered 'pulling'. If the train is heading in the opposite direction, this is considered 'pushing' and the <a href="/wiki/Motorman_(locomotive)" class="mw-redirect" title="Motorman (locomotive)">motorman</a> or <a href="/wiki/Engine_driver" class="mw-redirect" title="Engine driver">engine driver</a> is located in the alternative cab. This configuration means that the locomotive never needs to be uncoupled from the train and ensures fast turnaround times at a <a href="/wiki/Train_station" title="Train station">railway station</a> <a href="/wiki/Terminal_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Terminal station">terminus</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Two_locomotives">Two locomotives</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Push%E2%80%93pull_train&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Two locomotives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NEC_train_3967_passing_through_Rahway_station,_June_2007.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/NEC_train_3967_passing_through_Rahway_station%2C_June_2007.jpg/220px-NEC_train_3967_passing_through_Rahway_station%2C_June_2007.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/NEC_train_3967_passing_through_Rahway_station%2C_June_2007.jpg/330px-NEC_train_3967_passing_through_Rahway_station%2C_June_2007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/NEC_train_3967_passing_through_Rahway_station%2C_June_2007.jpg/440px-NEC_train_3967_passing_through_Rahway_station%2C_June_2007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_Transit" class="mw-redirect" title="New Jersey Transit">New Jersey Transit</a> train with <a href="/wiki/Bombardier_ALP-46" title="Bombardier ALP-46">Bombardier ALP-46</a> locomotives on both ends and 11 cars in between, in <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a>, United States</figcaption></figure> <p>Alternatively, a push–pull train, especially a long one, may have a locomotive on each end so that there is always one locomotive pushing and one locomotive pulling. In this case, caution must be used to make sure that the two locomotives do not put too much stress on the <a href="/wiki/Railroad_car" title="Railroad car">cars</a> from uneven locomotives. It is usual to arrange matters so that the trailing locomotive supplies less power, i.e. that the locomotive at the front does more pulling than the locomotive at the rear does pushing. Having an independent locomotive, as opposed to a power car at each end, is also known in the railway world as a <a href="/wiki/Top_and_tail" title="Top and tail">top and tail</a>. When this configuration is used in the US, only one locomotive (usually the front locomotive) is allowed to provide <a href="/wiki/Head_end_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Head end power">head end power</a> (HEP: electricity supply for <a href="/wiki/HVAC" class="mw-redirect" title="HVAC">heating, air conditioning</a> and lighting) to the train. The two-locomotive formation is used by the <a href="/wiki/InterCity_125" title="InterCity 125">InterCity 125</a>; its Australian equivalent, the <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales_XPT" title="New South Wales XPT">XPT</a>; <a href="/wiki/Brightline" title="Brightline">Brightline</a>; <a href="/wiki/Amtrak" title="Amtrak">Amtrak</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Acela" title="Acela">Acela</a>; <a href="/wiki/SNCF" title="SNCF">SNCF</a>'s <a href="/wiki/TGV" title="TGV">TGV</a>; <a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Railways_Administration" title="Taiwan Railways Administration">Taiwan Railways Administration</a>'s <a href="/wiki/E1000_series" title="E1000 series">E1000 series</a>; and <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_Transit_Rail_Operations" class="mw-redirect" title="New Jersey Transit Rail Operations">New Jersey Transit</a>'s longest <a href="/wiki/Northeast_Corridor_Line" title="Northeast Corridor Line">Northeast Corridor Line</a> <a href="/wiki/Bilevel_rail_car" title="Bilevel rail car">multilevel</a> trains. </p><p>This form of operation has not necessarily been a function of train length; sometimes it was the most convenient way to set up push–pull operation in pre-HEP days without converting coaches to cab control operation. A prime example of this was the <a href="/wiki/Reading_Company" title="Reading Company">Reading Company</a> which converted its small fleet of streamstyled heavyweight medium-distance coaches for its <a href="/wiki/SEPTA_diesel_service" class="mw-redirect" title="SEPTA diesel service">non-electric commuter operation</a>, with a pair of <a href="/wiki/EMD_FP7" title="EMD FP7">EMD FP7</a> diesels bracketing a single five-car train, to supplant the Reading's fleet of <a href="/wiki/Budd_Rail_Diesel_Car" title="Budd Rail Diesel Car">RDCs</a>. This train normally operated a weekday peak-hour round trip between <a href="/wiki/Reading_Terminal" title="Reading Terminal">Reading Terminal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reading,_Pennsylvania" title="Reading, Pennsylvania">Reading, Pennsylvania</a>, from the late 1960s until 1981, with operation in the last five years by <a href="/wiki/Conrail" title="Conrail">Conrail</a> under contract to <a href="/wiki/SEPTA" title="SEPTA">SEPTA</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Locomotive_in_the_middle">Locomotive in the middle</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Push%E2%80%93pull_train&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Locomotive in the middle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:20040529K243-27.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/20040529K243-27.jpg/220px-20040529K243-27.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/20040529K243-27.jpg/330px-20040529K243-27.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/20040529K243-27.jpg/440px-20040529K243-27.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="533" /></a><figcaption>Golden Pass Panoramic train in Switzerland with locomotive in the middle</figcaption></figure> <p>A rare but possible configuration has a locomotive in the middle of the train with control cars at both ends, as was, for instance, used for a time on the Brussels–Amsterdam <a href="/wiki/HSL-Zuid#Benelux_train" title="HSL-Zuid">Benelux train</a> when there were control cars but no three-voltage (3 kV DC, 1.5 kV DC, 25 kV 50 Hz) locomotives supporting the <a href="/wiki/ERTMS" class="mw-redirect" title="ERTMS">ERTMS</a> train control system in use on the Belgian <a href="/wiki/HSL_4" title="HSL 4">HSL 4</a> and the Dutch <a href="/wiki/HSL-Zuid" title="HSL-Zuid">HSL-Zuid</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Railways_Class_28_(Bombardier)" title="Belgian Railways Class 28 (Bombardier)">Class 28 TRAXX locomotives</a> were later upgraded, and the service went back to "normal" push–pull operation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Distributed_power">Distributed power</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Push%E2%80%93pull_train&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Distributed power"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Distributed_power" title="Distributed power">Distributed power</a></div> <p>In this configuration, locomotives hauling a train are located other than at the front or the back. It may include <a href="/wiki/Remote_control_locomotive" title="Remote control locomotive">remote control locomotives</a> in the middle of a train. If operational considerations or economics require, trains can be made longer if intermediate locomotives are inserted in the train and are remotely controlled from the leading locomotive. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Push%E2%80%93pull_train&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Great_Britain">Great Britain</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Push%E2%80%93pull_train&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Great Britain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Steam">Steam</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Push%E2%80%93pull_train&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Steam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GWR_Autocoach.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/GWR_Autocoach.jpg/220px-GWR_Autocoach.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/GWR_Autocoach.jpg/330px-GWR_Autocoach.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/GWR_Autocoach.jpg/440px-GWR_Autocoach.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1393" data-file-height="921" /></a><figcaption>A single <a href="/wiki/GWR_Autocoach" class="mw-redirect" title="GWR Autocoach">GWR Autocoach</a> capable of steam push–pull operation</figcaption></figure> <dl><dt>Great Western Railway</dt></dl> <p>The first company to use the system was the <a href="/wiki/Great_Western_Railway" title="Great Western Railway">Great Western Railway</a> which, in 1904, equipped carriages and <a href="/wiki/0-6-0" title="0-6-0">0-6-0</a> locomotives as an <a href="/wiki/GWR_Autocoach" class="mw-redirect" title="GWR Autocoach">autotrain</a> to run on the <a href="/wiki/Brentford_Branch_Line" class="mw-redirect" title="Brentford Branch Line">Brentford Branch Line</a> (between <a href="/wiki/Southall_railway_station" title="Southall railway station">Southall</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brentford_railway_station" title="Brentford railway station">Brentford</a>) as an experimental substitute for steam <a href="/wiki/Railmotor" title="Railmotor">railcars</a>. Control was by rodding and the mechanism allowed the driving compartment to be either one or two carriages-distant from the engine. With the engine in the middle of a formation, up to four carriages could be used. To reduce the surprise of a locomotive at the "wrong" end of its train, some were initially fitted with panelling painted in carriage livery.<sup id="cite_ref-companion_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-companion-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The experiment was successful and the company's remaining railcars were gradually converted for autotrain use and purpose-built units constructed. </p> <dl><dt>Other railways</dt></dl> <p>Other companies followed the lead in 1905: the <a href="/wiki/North_Eastern_Railway_(United_Kingdom)" title="North Eastern Railway (United Kingdom)">North Eastern</a> and <a href="/wiki/London,_Brighton_%26_South_Coast_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="London, Brighton & South Coast Railway">London, Brighton & South Coast Railway</a> using a compressed-air method of control and the <a href="/wiki/Midland_Railway" title="Midland Railway">Midland Railway</a>, using a cable-and-pulley mechanism. The <a href="/wiki/Great_Central_Railway" title="Great Central Railway">Great Central</a> deployed the trains in 1906, using cable controls similar to that of the Midland. By the 1920s, most companies had them and they remained in use until they were replaced by <a href="/wiki/Diesel_multiple_unit" title="Diesel multiple unit">diesel multiple units</a> (DMUs) in the 1950s.<sup id="cite_ref-companion_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-companion-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Electric_and_diesel">Electric and diesel</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Push%E2%80%93pull_train&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Electric and diesel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DBSO_9714_Ogston.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/DBSO_9714_Ogston.jpg/220px-DBSO_9714_Ogston.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/DBSO_9714_Ogston.jpg/330px-DBSO_9714_Ogston.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/DBSO_9714_Ogston.jpg/440px-DBSO_9714_Ogston.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1524" data-file-height="1512" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Network_Rail" title="Network Rail">Network Rail</a> <a href="/wiki/Driving_Brake_Standard_Open" title="Driving Brake Standard Open">Driving Brake Standard Open</a> in October 2009</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1967, the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Region_of_British_Railways" title="Southern Region of British Railways">Southern Region</a>, already familiar with operating electric multiple units, applied the technique to its services from <a href="/wiki/London_Waterloo_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="London Waterloo railway station">London Waterloo</a> to <a href="/wiki/Bournemouth_railway_station" title="Bournemouth railway station">Bournemouth</a>, which were operated by <a href="/wiki/Electro-diesel_locomotive" title="Electro-diesel locomotive">electro-diesel locomotives</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-companion_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-companion-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the early 1970s, the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Region_of_British_Railways" title="Scottish Region of British Railways">Scottish Region</a> used a system with a <a href="/wiki/British_Rail_Class_27" title="British Rail Class 27">Class 27</a> locomotive at each end of a rake of coaches that had been retrofitted with the necessary 'Blue Star' <a href="/wiki/Multiple_working" title="Multiple working">multiple working</a> cables to control the remote unit; but some problems of delay in actuation were experienced. They were replaced in 1979 by a system in which a <a href="/wiki/Driving_Brake_Standard_Open" title="Driving Brake Standard Open">Driving Brake Standard Open</a> (DBSO), converted from a <a href="/wiki/British_Rail_Mark_2" title="British Rail Mark 2">Mark 2</a>, could control the <a href="/wiki/British_Rail_Class_47" title="British Rail Class 47">Class 47/7</a> locomotive via computerised <a href="/wiki/Time-division_multiplexing" title="Time-division multiplexing">time-division multiplex</a> (TDM) signalling through the train lighting circuits. This had the added benefit that intermediate carriages needed no special equipment, and was found more satisfactory. Such trains became widely used on the intensive passenger service between <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Waverley_railway_station" title="Edinburgh Waverley railway station">Edinburgh Waverley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Glasgow_Queen_Street_railway_station" title="Glasgow Queen Street railway station">Glasgow Queen Street</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-companion_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-companion-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the push–pull sets were replaced by multiple units, the DBSOs were transferred to operate on the <a href="/wiki/Great_Eastern_Main_Line" title="Great Eastern Main Line">Great Eastern Main Line</a> between <a href="/wiki/Liverpool_Street_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Liverpool Street railway station">Liverpool Street</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norwich_railway_station" title="Norwich railway station">Norwich</a>, where they were modified to work with <a href="/wiki/British_Rail_Class_86" title="British Rail Class 86">Class 86</a> electric locomotives. </p><p>The original system of using the Blue Star multiple working was later revived after <a href="/wiki/Privatisation_of_British_Rail" title="Privatisation of British Rail">privatisation</a> as a way of allowing locomotive-hauled stock to replace multiple units on certain routes, thus increasing capacity without the complications of having to run around or drag a dead locomotive at the rear. It was used by <a href="/wiki/First_North_Western" title="First North Western">First North Western</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wessex_Trains" title="Wessex Trains">Wessex Trains</a> with <a href="/wiki/British_Rail_Class_31" title="British Rail Class 31">Class 31s</a>, and by <a href="/wiki/Abellio_Greater_Anglia" class="mw-redirect" title="Abellio Greater Anglia">Abellio Greater Anglia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arriva_Trains_Northern" title="Arriva Trains Northern">Arriva Trains Northern</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Rail" title="Northern Rail">Northern Rail</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arriva_Rail_North" title="Arriva Rail North">Arriva Rail North</a> with <a href="/wiki/British_Rail_Class_37" title="British Rail Class 37">Class 37s</a> all with <a href="/wiki/British_Rail_Mark_2" title="British Rail Mark 2">Mark 2</a> carriages.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same system was also adopted by <a href="/wiki/Network_Rail" title="Network Rail">Network Rail</a> for its track observation trains, although on many trains one locomotive has recently been replaced by a DBSO modified to work with Blue Star.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Driving_Van_Trailers_(DVTs)"><span id="Driving_Van_Trailers_.28DVTs.29"></span>Driving Van Trailers (DVTs)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Push%E2%80%93pull_train&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Driving Van Trailers (DVTs)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GNER_train_steams_into_Alnmouth_Station_-_07_June_2005.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/GNER_train_steams_into_Alnmouth_Station_-_07_June_2005.jpg/220px-GNER_train_steams_into_Alnmouth_Station_-_07_June_2005.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/GNER_train_steams_into_Alnmouth_Station_-_07_June_2005.jpg/330px-GNER_train_steams_into_Alnmouth_Station_-_07_June_2005.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/GNER_train_steams_into_Alnmouth_Station_-_07_June_2005.jpg/440px-GNER_train_steams_into_Alnmouth_Station_-_07_June_2005.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2016" data-file-height="1512" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Great_North_Eastern_Railway" title="Great North Eastern Railway">GNER</a> <a href="/wiki/Driving_Van_Trailer#Mark_4_DVT" title="Driving Van Trailer">Mark 4 Driving Van Trailer</a> at <a href="/wiki/Alnmouth_railway_station" title="Alnmouth railway station">Alnmouth</a> in June 2005</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Driving_Van_Trailer" title="Driving Van Trailer">Driving Van Trailer</a></div> <p>In 1988, 52 <a href="/wiki/Driving_Van_Trailer" title="Driving Van Trailer">Mark 3 Driving Van Trailers</a> were built by <a href="/wiki/British_Rail_Engineering_Limited" title="British Rail Engineering Limited">British Rail Engineering Limited</a> to allow it to replace life expired electric locomotives on the <a href="/wiki/West_Coast_Main_Line" title="West Coast Main Line">West Coast Main Line</a>. These operated with <a href="/wiki/British_Rail_Mark_2" title="British Rail Mark 2">Mark 2</a> and <a href="/wiki/British_Rail_Mark_3" title="British Rail Mark 3">Mark 3</a> sets.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As part of the electrification of the <a href="/wiki/East_Coast_Main_Line" title="East Coast Main Line">East Coast Main Line</a>, 31 <a href="/wiki/Driving_Van_Trailer#Mark_4_DVT" title="Driving Van Trailer">Mark 4 Driving Van Trailers</a> were built in the late 1980s by <a href="/wiki/Metro-Cammell" title="Metro-Cammell">Metro-Cammell</a> to operate with <a href="/wiki/British_Rail_Mark_4" title="British Rail Mark 4">Mark 4s</a> coaches at the south end of the <a href="/wiki/InterCity_225" title="InterCity 225">InterCity 225</a> sets. Some of these passed to <a href="/wiki/Transport_for_Wales_Rail" title="Transport for Wales Rail">Transport for Wales Rail</a> in 2021 to work on their Holyhead to Cardiff <i>Premier Service</i>. </p><p>In the 2000s, some Mark 3s have been modified to operate with <a href="/wiki/British_Rail_Class_67" title="British Rail Class 67">Class 67</a> locomotives with <a href="/wiki/Arriva_Trains_Wales" title="Arriva Trains Wales">Arriva Trains Wales</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chiltern_Railways" title="Chiltern Railways">Chiltern Railways</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wrexham_%26_Shropshire" title="Wrexham & Shropshire">Wrexham & Shropshire</a>. </p><p>In 2019, new <a href="/wiki/British_Rail_Mark_5A" title="British Rail Mark 5A">Mark 5</a> carriages, one of which has a cab, entered service with <a href="/wiki/British_Rail_Class_68" title="British Rail Class 68">Class 68</a> locomotives for <a href="/wiki/TransPennine_Express" title="TransPennine Express">TransPennine Express</a>, in a push–pull configuration. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ireland">Ireland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Push%E2%80%93pull_train&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Ireland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/CI%C3%89" title="CIÉ">Córas Iompair Éireann</a>'s first push–pull trains were conversions of their <a href="/wiki/CI%C3%89_2600_Class" title="CIÉ 2600 Class">2600 Class DMUs</a> (<a href="/wiki/Park_Royal_Vehicles" title="Park Royal Vehicles">Park Royal</a> body, <a href="/wiki/Associated_Equipment_Company" title="Associated Equipment Company">AEC</a> motors) running with the long withdrawn <a href="/wiki/CIE_201_Class" class="mw-redirect" title="CIE 201 Class">201 Class</a> <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan-Vickers" title="Metropolitan-Vickers">Metropolitan-Vickers</a> Bo-Bo diesels re-engined with EMD 567 prime movers; the cars were subsequently renumbered in the 6100 series (Driving van trailers), 6200 series (trailer with "blind" cab end) and 6300 series (double-gangway intermediate car). In push–pull formation, they operated <a href="/wiki/Dublin_Suburban_Rail" title="Dublin Suburban Rail">Dublin Suburban Rail</a> services from 1971 until the inauguration of the <a href="/wiki/Dublin_Area_Rapid_Transit" title="Dublin Area Rapid Transit">DART</a> EMU service in July 1984. The remaining push–pull trains operated on Dublin-Maynooth commuter services until they were supplanted by Cravens, and later by the modern <a href="/wiki/IE_2600_Class" class="mw-redirect" title="IE 2600 Class">2600 Class DMUs</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Iarnr%C3%B3d_%C3%89ireann" title="Iarnród Éireann">Iarnród Éireann</a> employs push–pull trains of two different kinds. The first of these were built in 1996. These are <a href="/wiki/Coaching_stock_of_Ireland#De_Dietrich_(1997–present)" title="Coaching stock of Ireland">De Dietrich Ferroviaire</a>–built <a href="/wiki/Enterprise_(train_service)" title="Enterprise (train service)">Enterprise</a> push–pull sets, jointly owned with <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Railways" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Ireland Railways">Northern Ireland Railways</a> for operation on the <a href="/wiki/Dublin-Belfast_railway_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Dublin-Belfast railway line">Dublin to Belfast route</a>. These are powered by <a href="/wiki/IE_201_Class" class="mw-redirect" title="IE 201 Class">201 Class</a> locomotives. </p><p>The other type of push–pull train used in Ireland is the <a href="/wiki/Mark_4_(Iarnr%C3%B3d_%C3%89ireann)" title="Mark 4 (Iarnród Éireann)">Mark 4</a> type (not to be confused with the <a href="/wiki/British_Rail_Mark_4" title="British Rail Mark 4">British Rail Mark 4</a> type). These sets, delivered in 2005–2006, are used exclusively on the Dublin to Cork route, again operated by 201 Class locomotives. </p><p>Between 1980 and 2009, Iarnród Éireann operated push–pull sets based on the <a href="/wiki/British_Rail_Mark_3" title="British Rail Mark 3">British Rail Mark 3</a> design, with a non-gangwayed driving cab fitted.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These were operated with 201 Class locomotives, although in the past <a href="/wiki/CIE_121_Class" class="mw-redirect" title="CIE 121 Class">121 Class</a> locomotives were also used. It remains unknown whether these sets were ever hauled as normal coaching stock by non–push–pull fitted locomotives. The sets originally operated in the <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a> outer-suburban area and on the <a href="/wiki/Limerick_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Limerick railway station">Limerick</a> to <a href="/wiki/Limerick_Junction_railway_station" title="Limerick Junction railway station">Limerick Junction</a> shuttle, but were gradually moved to mainline InterCity routes out of <a href="/wiki/Dublin_Heuston_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Dublin Heuston railway station">Dublin Heuston</a> after the introduction of railcar sets elsewhere. The entire Mark 3 fleet was withdrawn in September 2009 and scrapped in 2014. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="France">France</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Push%E2%80%93pull_train&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In June 1958, <a href="/wiki/SNCF" title="SNCF">SNCF</a> commenced operating steam trains in push–pull formation out of <a href="/wiki/Gare_de_l%27Est" title="Gare de l'Est">Gare de l'Est</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_America">North America</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Push%E2%80%93pull_train&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: North America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Geneva_Metra_071020.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Geneva_Metra_071020.jpg/220px-Geneva_Metra_071020.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Geneva_Metra_071020.jpg/330px-Geneva_Metra_071020.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Geneva_Metra_071020.jpg/440px-Geneva_Metra_071020.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2775" data-file-height="1835" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Metra" title="Metra">Metra</a> train in push mode, with a non-locomotive passenger car in the front. Note the engineer's station in the upper level of the passenger car.</figcaption></figure><p>The first major application of push–pull operation using the modern single diesel configuration was on the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_%26_Northwestern" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago & Northwestern">Chicago & Northwestern</a> Railroad, announced in 1958.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1959, the C&NW received its first Control Cab equipped <a href="/wiki/Bilevel_rail_car" title="Bilevel rail car">Bilevel rail cars</a> for commuter use. The extreme efficiency and success of these trains is why almost all of the commuter rail services in the United States and Canada utilize 100% push–pull operation on their locomotive-hauled trains.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Examples include: <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a> (<a href="/wiki/Metra" title="Metra">Metra</a>); <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> (<a href="/wiki/Metro-North_Railroad" title="Metro-North Railroad">Metro-North</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Long_Island_Rail_Road" title="Long Island Rail Road">Long Island Rail Road</a> and <a href="/wiki/NJ_Transit_Rail_Operations" title="NJ Transit Rail Operations">New Jersey Transit</a>); <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a> (<a href="/wiki/SEPTA_Regional_Rail" title="SEPTA Regional Rail">SEPTA</a>); the <a href="/wiki/Washington,_DC" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington, DC">Washington, DC</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a> area (<a href="/wiki/MARC_Train" title="MARC Train">MARC</a> and <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Railway_Express" title="Virginia Railway Express">VRE</a>); <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a> (<a href="/wiki/MBTA_Commuter_Rail" title="MBTA Commuter Rail">MBTA</a>); <a href="/wiki/Dallas-Fort_Worth_metroplex" class="mw-redirect" title="Dallas-Fort Worth metroplex">Dallas-Fort Worth metroplex</a> (<a href="/wiki/Trinity_Railway_Express" title="Trinity Railway Express">Trinity Railway Express</a>); <a href="/wiki/Greater_Miami" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Miami">the Greater Miami area</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tri-Rail" title="Tri-Rail">Tri-Rail</a>); the <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay_Area" title="San Francisco Bay Area">San Francisco Bay Area</a> (<a href="/wiki/Caltrain" title="Caltrain">Caltrain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Altamont_Corridor_Express" title="Altamont Corridor Express">ACE</a>); <a href="/wiki/Southern_California" title="Southern California">Southern California</a> (<a href="/wiki/Metrolink_(California)" title="Metrolink (California)">Metrolink</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coaster_(rail_service)" title="Coaster (rail service)">Coaster</a>); <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a> (<a href="/wiki/GO_Transit" title="GO Transit">GO Transit</a>); <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a> (<a href="/wiki/Exo_(public_transit)" title="Exo (public transit)">AMT</a>); and the <a href="/wiki/Wasatch_Front" title="Wasatch Front">Wasatch Front</a> in Utah (<a href="/wiki/Utah_Transit_Authority" title="Utah Transit Authority">UTA</a> <a href="/wiki/FrontRunner" title="FrontRunner">FrontRunner</a>). Most of these systems (except for SEPTA and Metro-North) continue to utilize some type of <a href="/wiki/Bilevel_rail_car" title="Bilevel rail car">bi-level passenger cars</a> for push–pull service, either partially or exclusively. </p><p>Amtrak has a number of converted Metroliner EMUs in service as cab cars on the Keystone Corridor, where they operate in conjunction with ACS-64 electric locomotives. In addition, many regional services, such as the Michigan Services, <a href="/wiki/Downeaster_(train)" title="Downeaster (train)"><i>Downeaster</i></a>, and <i>Cascades</i>, are operated with <a href="/wiki/Non-Powered_Control_Units" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-Powered Control Units">Non-Powered Control Units</a> – <a href="/wiki/EMD_F40PH" title="EMD F40PH">EMD F40PH</a> locomotives converted to use as a cab control and baggage car, earning itself the nickname 'cabbage cars'. Similarly, the <i><a href="/wiki/Capitol_Corridor" title="Capitol Corridor">Capitol Corridor</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/San_Joaquin_(train)" class="mw-redirect" title="San Joaquin (train)">San Joaquin</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Surfliner" title="Pacific Surfliner">Pacific Surfliner</a></i> services in California are operated in push–pull configuration using purpose-built cab cars and diesel locomotives. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Muskingum_Electric_Railroad" title="Muskingum Electric Railroad">Muskingum Electric Railroad</a> was a private, coal-hauling railway in central <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a> that ran for more than 20 years with two driverless <a href="/wiki/General_Electric" title="General Electric">General Electric</a> <a href="/wiki/GE_E50C" class="mw-redirect" title="GE E50C">E50C</a> electric locomotives that ran backwards from the coal-fired powerplant they served to the mine where their trains were loaded by affixing bogie trucks, a headlight, and a horn to the last freight car on each train. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Israel">Israel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Push%E2%80%93pull_train&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Israel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:07.09.06_09_Train_163_Crossing_Road_6_Bridge.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/07.09.06_09_Train_163_Crossing_Road_6_Bridge.JPG/220px-07.09.06_09_Train_163_Crossing_Road_6_Bridge.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/07.09.06_09_Train_163_Crossing_Road_6_Bridge.JPG/330px-07.09.06_09_Train_163_Crossing_Road_6_Bridge.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/07.09.06_09_Train_163_Crossing_Road_6_Bridge.JPG/440px-07.09.06_09_Train_163_Crossing_Road_6_Bridge.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>A GEC Alsthom push–pull</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1996, <a href="/wiki/Israel_Railways" title="Israel Railways">Israel Railways</a> began running GEC Alstom push–pull coaches. Since then, it has also acquired push–pull coaches from <a href="/wiki/Bombardier_Double-deck_Coach" title="Bombardier Double-deck Coach">Bombardier</a> and <a href="/wiki/Siemens_Viaggio_Light" title="Siemens Viaggio Light">Siemens</a>. As of 2016, the bulk of Israel Railways' passenger operations use push–pull coaches. All of them have one locomotive at one end and a control car at the other end. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Push%E2%80%93pull_train&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales_XPT" title="New South Wales XPT">New South Wales XPT</a> long-distance passenger trains used by <a href="/wiki/NSW_TrainLink" title="NSW TrainLink">NSW TrainLink</a> operate in a push–pull operation. In the past <a href="/wiki/V/Line" title="V/Line">V/Line</a> operated <a href="/wiki/V/Line_P_class" title="V/Line P class">P class</a> push–pulls on interurban services to <a href="/wiki/Bacchus_Marsh_railway_station" title="Bacchus Marsh railway station">Bacchus Marsh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wyndham_Vale_railway_station" title="Wyndham Vale railway station">Wyndham Vale</a> until 2017. <a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Australian_Railways%27&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="South Australian Railways' (page does not exist)">South Australian Railways'</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=2000_class&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2000 class (page does not exist)">2000 class</a> DMUs could be found with at least one motor car and one cab car in a push–pull configuration until their withdrawal in 2016. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Zealand">New Zealand</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Push%E2%80%93pull_train&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: New Zealand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:D_Class_steam_locomotive_NZR_no_197_at_Lower_Hutt_Railway_Station,_1906_ATLIB_307681.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/D_Class_steam_locomotive_NZR_no_197_at_Lower_Hutt_Railway_Station%2C_1906_ATLIB_307681.png/220px-D_Class_steam_locomotive_NZR_no_197_at_Lower_Hutt_Railway_Station%2C_1906_ATLIB_307681.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/D_Class_steam_locomotive_NZR_no_197_at_Lower_Hutt_Railway_Station%2C_1906_ATLIB_307681.png/330px-D_Class_steam_locomotive_NZR_no_197_at_Lower_Hutt_Railway_Station%2C_1906_ATLIB_307681.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/D_Class_steam_locomotive_NZR_no_197_at_Lower_Hutt_Railway_Station%2C_1906_ATLIB_307681.png/440px-D_Class_steam_locomotive_NZR_no_197_at_Lower_Hutt_Railway_Station%2C_1906_ATLIB_307681.png 2x" data-file-width="6288" data-file-height="4809" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/NZR_D_class_(1874)" title="NZR D class (1874)">D Class</a> NZR no 197 at <a href="/wiki/Lower_Hutt_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower Hutt railway station">Lower Hutt</a>, 1906 with motor train</figcaption></figure> <p>In the first quarter of the 20th century up to 13 <a href="/wiki/Control_car#New_Zealand" title="Control car">motor trains</a> ran on <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Railways_Department" title="New Zealand Railways Department">NZR</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Until 2015, the <a href="/wiki/Public_transport_in_Auckland" title="Public transport in Auckland">Auckland</a> suburban network run by <a href="/wiki/Transdev" title="Transdev">Transdev</a> used rebuilt <a href="/wiki/British_Rail_Mark_2" title="British Rail Mark 2">British Rail Mark 2</a> carriages in either four, five or six car configurations. Three to five SA class carriages and an SD class driving carriage, fitted with a cab, were coupled to a <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_DC_class_locomotive" title="New Zealand DC class locomotive">DC class</a> (4- and 5-car) or <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_DF_class_locomotive_(1979)" title="New Zealand DF class locomotive (1979)">DFT/DFB class</a> (6-car) locomotive, leased from <a href="/wiki/KiwiRail" title="KiwiRail">KiwiRail</a>. </p><p>All SA and SD class cars were rebuilt by <a href="/wiki/Hillside_Workshops" class="mw-redirect" title="Hillside Workshops">Hillside Workshops</a>. Auckland also operated former <a href="/wiki/Queensland_Rail" title="Queensland Rail">Queensland Rail</a> <a href="/wiki/SX_carriages" title="SX carriages">SX carriages</a> in push–pull mode with two <a href="/wiki/NZR_DB_class" class="mw-redirect" title="NZR DB class">DBR class</a> locomotives. </p><p>Following electrification of most of the Auckland suburban railway network, these diesel units have been replaced by a modern electrical fleet that consist of one or two sets of 3 car units (each of which have one carriage that can service passengers with disabilities). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Push%E2%80%93pull_train&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output 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.reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPawson1978" class="citation book cs1">Pawson, John R. (1978). <i>Delaware Valley Rails</i>. Willow Grove, PA: John R. Pawson. pp. 62–63. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9602080-0-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-9602080-0-3"><bdi>0-9602080-0-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Delaware+Valley+Rails&rft.place=Willow+Grove%2C+PA&rft.pages=62-63&rft.pub=John+R.+Pawson&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=0-9602080-0-3&rft.aulast=Pawson&rft.aufirst=John+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APush%E2%80%93pull+train" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-companion-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-companion_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-companion_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-companion_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-companion_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Simmons, Jack; Biddle, Gordon (editors) 1997. <i>Oxford Companion to British Railway History</i> p 407. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-211697-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-211697-5">0-19-211697-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1">"Pull and push to Bournemouth". <i><a href="/wiki/Railway_Gazette_International" title="Railway Gazette International">Railway Gazette</a></i>. No. 7 July 1967. p. 481.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Railway+Gazette&rft.atitle=Pull+and+push+to+Bournemouth&rft.issue=7+July+1967&rft.pages=481&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APush%E2%80%93pull+train" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Glover, John (1999). <i>Railway Operations</i> p 58. <a href="/wiki/Ian_Allan_Publishing" title="Ian Allan Publishing">Ian Allan Publishing</a>, Shepperton, England. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7110-2689-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7110-2689-0">0-7110-2689-0</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1">"FNW starts locomotive haulage". <i><a href="/wiki/Rail_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Rail Magazine">Rail Magazine</a></i>. No. 481. 18 February 2004. p. 63.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rail+Magazine&rft.atitle=FNW+starts+locomotive+haulage&rft.issue=481&rft.pages=63&rft.date=2004-02-18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APush%E2%80%93pull+train" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1">"Wessex Trains showcases its push-pull DMU replacement". <i><a href="/wiki/Rail_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Rail Magazine">Rail Magazine</a></i>. No. 447. 30 October 2002. p. 12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rail+Magazine&rft.atitle=Wessex+Trains+showcases+its+push-pull+DMU+replacement&rft.issue=447&rft.pages=12&rft.date=2002-10-30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APush%E2%80%93pull+train" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1">"Class 37/4s to be straight replacements for AGA 47s". <i><a href="/wiki/Rail_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Rail Magazine">Rail Magazine</a></i>. No. 773. 29 April 2015. p. 28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rail+Magazine&rft.atitle=Class+37%2F4s+to+be+straight+replacements+for+AGA+47s&rft.issue=773&rft.pages=28&rft.date=2015-04-29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APush%E2%80%93pull+train" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1">"Arriva Trains Northern to run loco-hauled service over S&C". <i><a href="/wiki/Rail_Express" class="mw-redirect" title="Rail Express">Rail Express</a></i>. No. 87. August 2003. p. 5.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rail+Express&rft.atitle=Arriva+Trains+Northern+to+run+loco-hauled+service+over+S%26C&rft.issue=87&rft.pages=5&rft.date=2003-08&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APush%E2%80%93pull+train" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1">"Network Rail buys four DBSOs". <i><a href="/wiki/Today%27s_Railways_UK" title="Today's Railways UK">Today's Railways UK</a></i>. No. 64. April 2007. p. 70.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Today%27s+Railways+UK&rft.atitle=Network+Rail+buys+four+DBSOs&rft.issue=64&rft.pages=70&rft.date=2007-04&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APush%E2%80%93pull+train" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1">"Met-Cam scoops MkIV contract". <i><a href="/wiki/Railway_Gazette_International" title="Railway Gazette International">Railway Gazette International</a></i>. No. February 1987. p. 73.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Railway+Gazette+International&rft.atitle=Met-Cam+scoops+MkIV+contract&rft.issue=February+1987&rft.pages=73&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APush%E2%80%93pull+train" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRP_Grainger1990" class="citation journal cs1">RP Grainger (1990). "Push–pull trains for Iarnród Éireann – Irish Rail". <i>Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part F: Journal of Rail and Rapid Transit</i>. <b>204</b> (16). Prof Eng Publishing: 21–30. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1243%2FPIME_PROC_1990_204_182_02">10.1243/PIME_PROC_1990_204_182_02</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0954-4097">0954-4097</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:111243351">111243351</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Institution+of+Mechanical+Engineers%2C+Part+F%3A+Journal+of+Rail+and+Rapid+Transit&rft.atitle=Push%E2%80%93pull+trains+for+Iarnr%C3%B3d+%C3%89ireann+%E2%80%93+Irish+Rail&rft.volume=204&rft.issue=16&rft.pages=21-30&rft.date=1990&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A111243351%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0954-4097&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1243%2FPIME_PROC_1990_204_182_02&rft.au=RP+Grainger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APush%E2%80%93pull+train" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1">"Push-and-Pull Trains". <i><a href="/wiki/Railway_Gazette_International" title="Railway Gazette International">Railway Gazette</a></i>. No. 8 May 1959. p. 533.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Railway+Gazette&rft.atitle=Push-and-Pull+Trains&rft.issue=8+May+1959&rft.pages=533&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APush%E2%80%93pull+train" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1">"C&NW Plans Push-Pull Commuting". <i><a href="/wiki/Railway_Age" title="Railway Age">Railway Age</a></i>. No. 21 April 1958. pp. 17–19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Railway+Age&rft.atitle=C%26NW+Plans+Push-Pull+Commuting&rft.issue=21+April+1958&rft.pages=17-19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APush%E2%80%93pull+train" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/parliamentary/appendix-to-the-journals-of-the-house-of-representatives/1925/I/1873">"Appendix to the Journals of the House of Representatives | 1925 Session I"</a>. <i>paperspast.natlib.govt.nz</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=paperspast.natlib.govt.nz&rft.atitle=Appendix+to+the+Journals+of+the+House+of+Representatives+%7C+1925+Session+I&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpaperspast.natlib.govt.nz%2Fparliamentary%2Fappendix-to-the-journals-of-the-house-of-representatives%2F1925%2FI%2F1873&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APush%E2%80%93pull+train" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Push%E2%80%93pull_train&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKing2006" class="citation book cs1">King, Mike (2006). <i>An Illustrated History of Southern Push–Pull Stock</i>. <a href="/wiki/Ian_Allan_Publishing" title="Ian Allan Publishing">Ian Allan Publishing</a> (OPC). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86093-596-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-86093-596-5"><bdi>0-86093-596-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Illustrated+History+of+Southern+Push%E2%80%93Pull+Stock&rft.pub=Ian+Allan+Publishing+%28OPC%29&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-86093-596-5&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Mike&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APush%E2%80%93pull+train" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis1991" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, John (1991). <i>Great Western Railway Auto Trailers: Pre-grouping Vehicles (Part 1)</i>. Wild Swan Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-906867-99-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-906867-99-1"><bdi>0-906867-99-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Great+Western+Railway+Auto+Trailers%3A+Pre-grouping+Vehicles+%28Part+1%29&rft.pub=Wild+Swan+Publications&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-906867-99-1&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APush%E2%80%93pull+train" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis1995" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, John (1995). <i>Great Western Railway Auto Trailers: Post-Grouping and Absorbed Vehicles (Part 2)</i>. Wild Swan Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-874103-25-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-874103-25-9"><bdi>1-874103-25-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Great+Western+Railway+Auto+Trailers%3A+Post-Grouping+and+Absorbed+Vehicles+%28Part+2%29&rft.pub=Wild+Swan+Publications&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=1-874103-25-9&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APush%E2%80%93pull+train" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis2004" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, John (2004). <i>Great Western Steam Railmotors: and their services</i>. Wild Swan Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-874103-96-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-874103-96-8"><bdi>1-874103-96-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Great+Western+Steam+Railmotors%3A+and+their+services&rft.pub=Wild+Swan+Publications&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1-874103-96-8&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APush%E2%80%93pull+train" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Push%E2%80%93pull_train&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090201085947/http://railway-technical.com/pu-pl.shtml">The Development of Push–Pull Operation (at Railway Technical Web Pages)</a> – history, mainly UK</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chicago.railfan.net/cgi/photos.pl/?page=AMTK_Cabbage">Amtrak cab-baggage (cabbage) cars</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Push–pull_train&oldid=1240476625">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Push–pull_train&oldid=1240476625</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rail_transport_operations" title="Category:Rail transport operations">Rail transport operations</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_November_2023" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from November 2023">Articles needing additional references from November 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_September_2022" title="Category:Use dmy dates from September 2022">Use dmy dates from September 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_November_2013" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from November 2013">Articles with unsourced statements from November 2013</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link from Wikidata">Commons category link from Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 15 August 2024, at 15:16<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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