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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Independent_(2019–2020)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Independent_(2019–2020)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.2 Independent (2019–2020) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Independent_(2019–2020)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Libertarian_(2020–2021)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Libertarian_(2020–2021)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.3 Libertarian (2020–2021) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Libertarian_(2020–2021)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2020_presidential_exploratory_committee" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2020_presidential_exploratory_committee"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.4 2020 presidential exploratory committee </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2020_presidential_exploratory_committee-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Committee_assignments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Committee_assignments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.5 Committee assignments </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Committee_assignments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Caucus_memberships" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Caucus_memberships"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.6 Caucus memberships </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Caucus_memberships-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-U.S._House" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-U.S._House"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Post-U.S. House </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-U.S._House-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-2024_U.S._Senate_candidacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2024_U.S._Senate_candidacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.1 2024 U.S. Senate candidacy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2024_U.S._Senate_candidacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_positions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_positions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Political positions </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Political_positions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Political positions subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Political_positions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Domestic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Domestic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Domestic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Domestic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Abortion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abortion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.1 Abortion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abortion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-D.C._statehood" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#D.C._statehood"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.2 D.C. statehood </div> </a> <ul id="toc-D.C._statehood-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death_penalty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death_penalty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.3 Death penalty </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death_penalty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Drug_policy_and_police_reform" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Drug_policy_and_police_reform"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.4 Drug policy and police reform </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Drug_policy_and_police_reform-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.5 Economic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Energy_and_environment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Energy_and_environment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.6 Energy and environment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Energy_and_environment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gerrymandering" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gerrymandering"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.7 Gerrymandering </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gerrymandering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health_care" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health_care"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.8 Health care </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health_care-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_reform" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_reform"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.9 Political reform </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_reform-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.10 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Security_and_surveillance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Security_and_surveillance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.11 Security and surveillance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Security_and_surveillance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Suicide_prevention_hotline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suicide_prevention_hotline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.12 Suicide prevention hotline </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suicide_prevention_hotline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-LGBT_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#LGBT_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.13 LGBT rights </div> </a> <ul id="toc-LGBT_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Foreign </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Diplomacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diplomacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.1 Diplomacy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diplomacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Immigration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Immigration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.2 Immigration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Immigration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.3 Military </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism_of_Donald_Trump" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism_of_Donald_Trump"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Criticism of Donald Trump </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism_of_Donald_Trump-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Comments_on_the_Mueller_Report" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comments_on_the_Mueller_Report"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.1 Comments on the Mueller Report </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comments_on_the_Mueller_Report-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trump_impeachment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trump_impeachment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.2 Trump impeachment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trump_impeachment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Personal life </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electoral_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electoral_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Electoral history </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electoral_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Justin Amash</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 18 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-18" aria-hidden="true" > 18 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B4" title="جستين عماش – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جستين عماش" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B4" title="جاستین اماش – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="جاستین اماش" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Amash" title="Justin Amash – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Justin Amash" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Amash" title="Justin Amash – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Justin Amash" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B4" title="جاستین اماش – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جاستین اماش" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Amash" title="Justin Amash – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Justin Amash" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Amash" title="Justin Amash – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Justin Amash" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%27%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%99%D7%9F_%D7%A2%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%A9" title="ג'סטין עמאש – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ג'סטין עמאש" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Amash" title="Justin Amash – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Justin Amash" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B4" title="جستين عماش – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جستين عماش" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Amash" title="Justin Amash – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Justin Amash" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Amash" title="Justin Amash – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Justin Amash" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Amash" title="Justin Amash – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Justin Amash" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%88,_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Амаш, Джастин – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Амаш, Джастин" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Amash" title="Justin Amash – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Justin Amash" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Amash" title="Justin Amash – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Justin Amash" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BD_%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%88" title="Джастін Амаш – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Джастін Амаш" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B3%88%E6%96%AF%E6%B1%80%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E9%A6%AC%E4%BB%80" title="賈斯汀·阿馬什 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="賈斯汀·阿馬什" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1714165#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div 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free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American politician (born 1980)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Justin Amash</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Justin_Amash_official_photo_(cropped)2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Justin_Amash_official_photo_%28cropped%292.jpg/220px-Justin_Amash_official_photo_%28cropped%292.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Justin_Amash_official_photo_%28cropped%292.jpg/330px-Justin_Amash_official_photo_%28cropped%292.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Justin_Amash_official_photo_%28cropped%292.jpg/440px-Justin_Amash_official_photo_%28cropped%292.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="600" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</a> from <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Michigan%27s_3rd_congressional_district" title="Michigan's 3rd congressional district">3rd</a> district</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office January 3, 2011 – January 3, 2021</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Vern_Ehlers" title="Vern Ehlers">Vern Ehlers</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Meijer" title="Peter Meijer">Peter Meijer</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of the <a href="/wiki/Michigan_House_of_Representatives" title="Michigan House of Representatives">Michigan House of Representatives</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Michigan%27s_72nd_House_of_Representatives_district" title="Michigan's 72nd House of Representatives district">72nd</a> district</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office January 14, 2009 – January 1, 2011</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Glenn Steil</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ken_Yonker" title="Ken Yonker">Ken Yonker</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"> (1980-04-18) April 18, 1980 (age 44) <a href="/wiki/Grand_Rapids,_Michigan" title="Grand Rapids, Michigan">Grand Rapids, Michigan</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> (before 2019, 2024–present)<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> <a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Independent</a> (2019–2020) <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_(United_States)" title="Libertarian Party (United States)">Libertarian</a> (2020–2024)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data">Kara Day</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">3</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan">University of Michigan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">AB</a>, <a href="/wiki/Juris_Doctor" title="Juris Doctor">JD</a>)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Justin A. Amash<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/əˈmɑːʃ/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">ə-MAHSH</a>;<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> born April 18, 1980) is an American lawyer and politician who served as the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. representative</a> for <a href="/wiki/Michigan%27s_3rd_congressional_district" title="Michigan's 3rd congressional district">Michigan's 3rd congressional district</a> from 2011 to 2021. He was the second <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian American">Palestinian American</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syrian_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian American">Syrian American</a> member of Congress.<a href="#cite_note-5">[a]</a> Originally a <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a>, Amash became an <a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">independent</a> in 2019.<a href="#cite_note-6">[5]</a> He joined the <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_(United_States)" title="Libertarian Party (United States)">Libertarian Party</a> the following year, leaving Congress in January 2021 as the only Libertarian to serve in Congress. Amash returned to the Republican Party in 2024. A native of <a href="/wiki/Grand_Rapids,_Michigan" title="Grand Rapids, Michigan">Grand Rapids, Michigan</a>, Amash was born to Palestinian and Syrian Christian parents who had immigrated to the United States. After high school, he studied <a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">economics</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan">University of Michigan</a>, graduated from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan_Law_School" title="University of Michigan Law School">University of Michigan Law School</a>, and briefly worked as a corporate lawyer and consultant before entering politics. Amash represented the <a href="/wiki/Michigan%27s_72nd_House_of_Representatives_district" title="Michigan's 72nd House of Representatives district">72nd district</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Michigan_House_of_Representatives" title="Michigan House of Representatives">Michigan House of Representatives</a> for one term before being elected to Congress in <a href="/wiki/2010_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Michigan" title="2010 United States House of Representatives elections in Michigan">2010</a>. He was the founder and chairperson of the <a href="/wiki/Liberty_Caucus" title="Liberty Caucus">Liberty Caucus</a> and was a founding member of the <a href="/wiki/House_Freedom_Caucus" class="mw-redirect" title="House Freedom Caucus">House Freedom Caucus</a>, which he left in June 2019. Amash received national attention when he became the first Republican congressman to call for the <a href="/wiki/First_impeachment_of_Donald_Trump" title="First impeachment of Donald Trump">impeachment of Donald Trump</a>, a position he maintained after leaving the party. Amash formed an exploratory committee to seek the <a href="/wiki/2020_Libertarian_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2020 Libertarian Party presidential primaries">Libertarian Party presidential nomination in the 2020 election</a>, before announcing in May of that year that he would not run for president. He did not seek reelection to Congress in 2020. Amash ran a <a href="/wiki/2024_United_States_Senate_election_in_Michigan" title="2024 United States Senate election in Michigan">candidacy for the Republican nomination for the U.S. Senate in Michigan</a>, losing to former congressman <a href="/wiki/Mike_Rogers_(Michigan_politician)" title="Mike Rogers (Michigan politician)">Mike Rogers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:2-7">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-:9-8">[7]</a> He was endorsed by the <a href="/wiki/Detroit_Free_Press" title="Detroit Free Press">Detroit Free Press</a>.<a href="#cite_note-9">[8]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Justin_Amash&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education">edit</a>]</div> Justin Amash was born on April 18, 1980, in <a href="/wiki/Grand_Rapids,_Michigan" title="Grand Rapids, Michigan">Grand Rapids, Michigan</a>. He is the second of three sons born to <a href="/wiki/Arab_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab Christian">Arab Christian</a> parents who had immigrated to the United States. His father, Attallah Amash, is a <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian Christian">Palestinian Christian</a> whose family lived in <a href="/wiki/Ramla" title="Ramla">Ramla</a> until they were <a href="/wiki/1948_Palestinian_exodus" class="mw-redirect" title="1948 Palestinian exodus">forcibly expelled</a> by Israeli soldiers during the <a href="/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War" title="1948 Arab–Israeli War">1948 Arab–Israeli War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-RS2019-10">[9]</a> Attallah and his family immigrated to the United States in 1956 when he was 16 through the sponsorship of an American pastor in <a href="/wiki/Muskegon,_Michigan" title="Muskegon, Michigan">Muskegon, Michigan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-RS2019-10">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-MLive-11">[10]</a> Amash's mother, Mimi, is a <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Syria" title="Christianity in Syria">Syrian Christian</a> who met his father through family friends in <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a>, Syria, and the two married in 1974.<a href="#cite_note-political_points-12">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-timmak-13">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-motherjones.com-14">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-Profile_3rd-15">[14]</a> Amash grew up in <a href="/wiki/Kentwood,_Michigan" title="Kentwood, Michigan">Kentwood, Michigan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-MLive-11">[10]</a> He first attended Kelloggsville Christian School in Kentwood, then <a href="/wiki/Grand_Rapids_Christian_High_School" title="Grand Rapids Christian High School">Grand Rapids Christian High School</a>, from which he graduated in 1998 as class <a href="/wiki/Valedictorian" title="Valedictorian">valedictorian</a>. He then attended the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan">University of Michigan</a>, graduating in 2002 with a <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">Bachelor of Arts</a> degree in <a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">economics</a> with high honors. Amash then attended the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan_Law_School" title="University of Michigan Law School">University of Michigan Law School</a>, graduating with a <a href="/wiki/Juris_Doctor" title="Juris Doctor">Juris Doctor</a> in 2005.<a href="#cite_note-Profile_3rd-15">[14]</a> After graduating from law school, Amash spent less than a year as a lawyer at the Grand Rapids law firm Varnum LLP.<a href="#cite_note-Profile_3rd-15">[14]</a> He then became a consultant to Michigan Industrial Tools Inc. (also known as Tekton Inc.), a company his father founded and owns.<a href="#cite_note-16">[15]</a> He worked for his family's business for a year before being elected to the <a href="/wiki/Michigan_House_of_Representatives" title="Michigan House of Representatives">Michigan House of Representatives</a> in 2008.<a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-Justin_Amash_Full_Biography-18">[17]</a> Amash's two brothers also have positions at Michigan Industrial Tools.<a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_career">Political career</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Justin_Amash&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Political career">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Michigan_House_of_Representatives">Michigan House of Representatives</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Justin_Amash&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Michigan House of Representatives">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Glenn_Steil_Sr." title="Glenn Steil Sr.">Glenn Steil Sr.</a>, the incumbent state representative for Michigan's 72nd House District, was unable to run for reelection in the 2008 election due to term limits. Amash ran in the Republican primary and defeated four other candidates before defeating Democratic nominee Albert Abbasse in the general election. During his initial tenure in the State House, Amash sponsored five resolutions and twelve bills, none of which were passed.<a href="#cite_note-20">[19]</a> While in the State House, he began using his Twitter and Facebook pages to report his floor votes and explain his reasoning and had a government transparency page on his website that would allow people to view the members and salaries of his staff.<a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[21]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="U.S._House_of_Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Justin_Amash&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: U.S. House of Representatives">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Republican_(2011–2019)">Republican (2011–2019)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Justin_Amash&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Republican (2011–2019)">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Congressman_Justin_Amash.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/40/Congressman_Justin_Amash.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="240" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="240" /></a><figcaption>Amash during his tenure as a U.S. Representative, 2013.</figcaption></figure> On February 9, 2010, Amash announced that he would run for the Republican nomination for Michigan's third congressional district and the next day incumbent Representative <a href="/wiki/Vern_Ehlers" title="Vern Ehlers">Vern Ehlers</a> announced that he would not seek reelection.<a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a> During the primary campaign he was endorsed by <a href="/wiki/Betsy_DeVos" title="Betsy DeVos">Betsy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dick_DeVos" title="Dick DeVos">Dick DeVos</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Club_for_Growth" title="Club for Growth">Club for Growth</a>, Representative <a href="/wiki/Ron_Paul" title="Ron Paul">Ron Paul</a>, and <a href="/wiki/FreedomWorks" title="FreedomWorks">FreedomWorks PAC</a>.<a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a> In the Republican primary he defeated four other candidates and shortly before the general election he was named as one of <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time magazine</a>'s "40 under 40 – Rising Stars of U.S. Politics".<a href="#cite_note-28">[27]</a> During the campaign he advocated politics supported by the <a href="/wiki/Tea_Party_movement" title="Tea Party movement">Tea Party movement</a> and defeated Democratic nominee <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Miles_Jr." title="Patrick Miles Jr.">Patrick Miles Jr.</a> in the general election. The <a href="/wiki/Steering_and_Policy_Committees_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives#House_Republican_Steering_Committee" title="Steering and Policy Committees of the United States House of Representatives">House Republican Steering Committee</a> removed Amash from the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_the_Budget" title="United States House Committee on the Budget">House Budget Committee</a> on December 3, 2012, as part of a larger party leadership-caucus shift.<a href="#cite_note-29">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-WP01-31">[30]</a> He joined Representatives <a href="/wiki/Tim_Huelskamp" title="Tim Huelskamp">Tim Huelskamp</a> and <a href="/wiki/David_Schweikert" title="David Schweikert">David Schweikert</a> in a letter to <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">Speaker of the House</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Boehner" title="John Boehner">John Boehner</a>, demanding to know why they had lost their committee positions.<a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a> A spokesperson for Republican Congressman <a href="/wiki/Lynn_Westmoreland" title="Lynn Westmoreland">Lynn Westmoreland</a> of <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a> said that Amash, Huelskamp, and Schweikert had been removed for "their inability to work with other members." <a href="/wiki/Politico" title="Politico">Politico</a> said that the three were "the first members pulled off committees as punishment for political or personality reasons in nearly two decades".<a href="#cite_note-The_a—hole_factor-33">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-'Obstinate'_Factor_Continues_to_Roil_GOP-34">[33]</a>: p.2  Following the retirement of Senator <a href="/wiki/Carl_Levin" title="Carl Levin">Carl Levin</a> it was speculated that Amash would run in the <a href="/wiki/2014_United_States_Senate_election_in_Michigan" title="2014 United States Senate election in Michigan">2014</a> Senate election and Senator <a href="/wiki/Mike_Lee" title="Mike Lee">Mike Lee</a> encouraged him to run, but Amash chose to run for reelection to the House.<a href="#cite_note-35">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[36]</a> Amash was endorsed by the fiscally conservative <a href="/wiki/Club_for_Growth" title="Club for Growth">Club for Growth</a> PAC, which spent over $500,000 supporting Amash in his Republican primary against former East Grand Rapids School Trustee Brian Ellis, who was endorsed by the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Chamber_of_Commerce" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Chamber of Commerce">U.S. Chamber of Commerce</a> and spent more than $1 million of his own money on the race.<a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[39]</a> After Amash defeated Ellis in the August primary, with 57% of the vote to Ellis's 43%, Amash was highly critical of Ellis and former Congressman <a href="/wiki/Pete_Hoekstra" title="Pete Hoekstra">Pete Hoekstra</a>, who had backed Ellis. Of Hoekstra, Amash said, "You are a disgrace. And I'm glad we could hand you one more loss before you fade into total obscurity and irrelevance." Amash took exception to one of Ellis's television ads that quoted California Republican Congressman <a href="/wiki/Devin_Nunes" title="Devin Nunes">Devin Nunes</a> calling Amash "<a href="/wiki/Al_Qaeda" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Qaeda">Al Qaeda</a>'s best friend in Congress"; he demanded an apology from Ellis for running what he called a "disgusting, despicable smear campaign."<a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-FriedersdorfAtlantic6Aug14-42">[41]</a> As <a href="/wiki/Conor_Friedersdorf" title="Conor Friedersdorf">Conor Friedersdorf</a> of <a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a> notes, "Amash voted against the reauthorization of the <a href="/wiki/Patriot_Act" title="Patriot Act">Patriot Act</a>, favored a measure to repeal <a href="/wiki/Indefinite_detention_without_trial" class="mw-redirect" title="Indefinite detention without trial">indefinite detention</a>, and opposed reauthorization of the <a href="/wiki/FISA_Amendments_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="FISA Amendments Act">FISA Amendments Act</a>."<a href="#cite_note-FriedersdorfAtlantic6Aug14-42">[41]</a> In the general election, Amash won reelection against Democratic nominee Bob Goodrich.<a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a> In 2011, Amash endorsed Representative <a href="/wiki/Ron_Paul" title="Ron Paul">Ron Paul</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Ron_Paul_2012_presidential_campaign" title="Ron Paul 2012 presidential campaign">campaign</a> for the <a href="/wiki/2012_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2012 Republican Party presidential primaries">Republican presidential nomination</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Zezima-44">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[44]</a> In 2015, he endorsed Senator <a href="/wiki/Rand_Paul" title="Rand Paul">Rand Paul</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Rand_Paul_2016_presidential_campaign" title="Rand Paul 2016 presidential campaign">campaign</a> for the <a href="/wiki/2016_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2016 Republican Party presidential primaries">Republican presidential nomination</a> and later endorsed Senator <a href="/wiki/Ted_Cruz" title="Ted Cruz">Ted Cruz</a> after Paul dropped out.<a href="#cite_note-46">[45]</a> From 2011 to 2019, Amash missed only one of 5,374 <a href="/wiki/Roll_call_(vote)" class="mw-redirect" title="Roll call (vote)">roll call</a> votes.<a href="#cite_note-47">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Independent_(2019–2020)">Independent (2019–2020)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Justin_Amash&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Independent (2019–2020)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Justin_Amash_(48831370201).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Justin_Amash_%2848831370201%29.jpg/220px-Justin_Amash_%2848831370201%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Justin_Amash_%2848831370201%29.jpg/330px-Justin_Amash_%2848831370201%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Justin_Amash_%2848831370201%29.jpg/440px-Justin_Amash_%2848831370201%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6720" data-file-height="4480" /></a><figcaption>Amash at the 2019 <a href="/wiki/Young_Americans_for_Liberty" title="Young Americans for Liberty">Young Americans for Liberty</a> Convention</figcaption></figure> In a July 4, 2019 <a href="/wiki/Op-ed" title="Op-ed">op-ed</a>, Amash announced that he was leaving the Republican Party and becoming an <a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">independent</a>.<a href="#cite_note-49">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto1-51">[50]</a> In his op-ed, he said:<blockquote>We are fast approaching the point where Congress exists as little more than a formality to legitimize outcomes dictated by the president, the speaker of the House and the Senate majority leader... Most Americans are not rigidly partisan and do not feel well represented by either of the two major parties. In fact, the parties have become more partisan in part because they are catering to fewer people, as Americans are rejecting party affiliation in record numbers. No matter your circumstance, I’m asking you to join me in rejecting the partisan loyalties and rhetoric that divide and dehumanize us. If we continue to take America for granted, we will lose it.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-51">[50]</a></blockquote> On July 8, 2019, Amash formally submitted his resignation from the Party to Republican Leader <a href="/wiki/Kevin_McCarthy" title="Kevin McCarthy">Kevin McCarthy</a> and <a href="/wiki/House_Republican_Conference" title="House Republican Conference">House Republican Conference</a> Leader <a href="/wiki/Liz_Cheney" title="Liz Cheney">Liz Cheney</a>. In the process, he resigned his seat on the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Oversight_and_Reform" class="mw-redirect" title="United States House Committee on Oversight and Reform">Committee on Oversight and Reform</a>.<a href="#cite_note-52">[51]</a> Amash thus became the only independent in the House of Representatives, and the first independent in the House since <a href="/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders">Bernie Sanders</a> of <a href="/wiki/Vermont" title="Vermont">Vermont</a> (who left the House in 2007 after being elected to the Senate); and one of three independents in the United States Congress, along with Sanders and Senator <a href="/wiki/Angus_King" title="Angus King">Angus King</a> of Maine.<a href="#cite_note-53">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Libertarian_(2020–2021)">Libertarian (2020–2021)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Justin_Amash&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Libertarian (2020–2021)">edit</a>]</div> In April 2020, Amash joined the <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_(United_States)" title="Libertarian Party (United States)">Libertarian Party</a>.<a href="#cite_note-54">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[55]</a> In doing so, Amash became the first Libertarian member to serve in either house of Congress.<a href="#cite_note-Welch-57">[56]</a> In July 2020, Amash announced that he would not seek re-election to the House, saying that he would "miss" representing his constituency in Congress.<a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2020_presidential_exploratory_committee">2020 presidential exploratory committee</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Justin_Amash&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 2020 presidential exploratory committee">edit</a>]</div> On April 28, 2020, after months of speculation that he would enter the presidential race,<a href="#cite_note-:3-59">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-60">[59]</a> Amash announced the formation of an <a href="/wiki/Exploratory_committee" title="Exploratory committee">exploratory committee</a> to seek the <a href="/wiki/2020_Libertarian_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2020 Libertarian Party presidential primaries">Libertarian presidential nomination</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:5-61">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-:6-62">[61]</a> On May 16, he withdrew his name from consideration for the Libertarian nomination, citing increased <a href="/wiki/Political_polarization_in_the_United_States" title="Political polarization in the United States">political polarization</a> and <a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States" title="Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States">economic effects of the COVID-19 pandemic</a> that would make campaigning difficult.<a href="#cite_note-:7-63">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-:8-64">[63]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Committee_assignments">Committee assignments</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Justin_Amash&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Committee assignments">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-notice" role="presentation" style="width: auto;"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/20px-Information_icon4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/30px-Information_icon4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/40px-Information_icon4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></td><td class="mbox-text" style="width: auto;"><div class="mbox-text-span">This list is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Lists#Incomplete_lists" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Lists">incomplete</a>; you can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Justin_Amash&action=edit">adding missing items</a>. (October 2019)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>None (July 8, 2019–January 3, 2021) (<a href="/wiki/116th_United_States_Congress" title="116th United States Congress">116th</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Oversight_and_Government_Reform" class="mw-redirect" title="United States House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform">Committee on Oversight and Government Reform</a> (January 3, 2019–July 8, 2019) (<a href="/wiki/116th_United_States_Congress" title="116th United States Congress">116th</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Oversight_Subcommittee_on_Civil_Rights_and_Civil_Liberties" title="United States House Oversight Subcommittee on Civil Rights and Civil Liberties">Subcommittee on Civil Rights and Civil Liberties</a> (<a href="/wiki/116th_United_States_Congress" title="116th United States Congress">116th</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Oversight_Subcommittee_on_National_Security" class="mw-redirect" title="United States House Oversight Subcommittee on National Security">Subcommittee on National Security</a> (<a href="/wiki/116th_United_States_Congress" title="116th United States Congress">116th</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Oversight_and_Government_Reform" class="mw-redirect" title="United States House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform">Committee on Oversight and Government Reform</a> (<a href="/wiki/115th_United_States_Congress" title="115th United States Congress">115th</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Oversight_Subcommittee_on_Information_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="United States House Oversight Subcommittee on Information Technology">Subcommittee on Information Technology</a> (<a href="/wiki/115th_United_States_Congress" title="115th United States Congress">115th</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Oversight_Subcommittee_on_National_Security" class="mw-redirect" title="United States House Oversight Subcommittee on National Security">Subcommittee on National Security</a> (<a href="/wiki/115th_United_States_Congress" title="115th United States Congress">115th</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Oversight_and_Government_Reform" class="mw-redirect" title="United States House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform">Committee on Oversight and Government Reform</a> (<a href="/wiki/114th_United_States_Congress" title="114th United States Congress">114th</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Oversight_Subcommittee_on_National_Security" class="mw-redirect" title="United States House Oversight Subcommittee on National Security">Subcommittee on National Security</a> (<a href="/wiki/114th_United_States_Congress" title="114th United States Congress">114th</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress_Joint_Economic_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Congress Joint Economic Committee">Joint Economic Committee</a> (<a href="/wiki/114th_United_States_Congress" title="114th United States Congress">114th</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Oversight_and_Government_Reform" class="mw-redirect" title="United States House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform">Committee on Oversight and Government Reform</a> (<a href="/wiki/113th_United_States_Congress" title="113th United States Congress">113th</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Oversight_Subcommittee_on_Government_Operations" class="mw-redirect" title="United States House Oversight Subcommittee on Government Operations">Subcommittee on Government Operations</a> (<a href="/wiki/113th_United_States_Congress" title="113th United States Congress">113th</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Oversight_Subcommittee_on_National_Security" class="mw-redirect" title="United States House Oversight Subcommittee on National Security">Subcommittee on National Security</a> (<a href="/wiki/113th_United_States_Congress" title="113th United States Congress">113th</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress_Joint_Economic_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Congress Joint Economic Committee">Joint Economic Committee</a> (<a href="/wiki/113th_United_States_Congress" title="113th United States Congress">113th</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Oversight_and_Government_Reform" class="mw-redirect" title="United States House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform">Committee on Oversight and Government Reform</a> (<a href="/wiki/112th_United_States_Congress" title="112th United States Congress">112th</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Oversight_Subcommittee_on_Government_Organization,_Efficiency_and_Financial_Management" class="mw-redirect" title="United States House Oversight Subcommittee on Government Organization, Efficiency and Financial Management">Subcommittee on Government Organization, Efficiency and Financial Management</a> (<a href="/wiki/112th_United_States_Congress" title="112th United States Congress">112th</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Oversight_Subcommittee_on_TARP,_Financial_Services_and_Bailouts_of_Public_and_Private_Programs" title="United States House Oversight Subcommittee on TARP, Financial Services and Bailouts of Public and Private Programs">Subcommittee on TARP, Financial Services and Bailouts of Public and Private Programs</a> (<a href="/wiki/112th_United_States_Congress" title="112th United States Congress">112th</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress_Joint_Economic_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Congress Joint Economic Committee">Joint Economic Committee</a> (<a href="/wiki/112th_United_States_Congress" title="112th United States Congress">112th</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_the_Budget" title="United States House Committee on the Budget">Committee on the Budget</a> (<a href="/wiki/112th_United_States_Congress" title="112th United States Congress">112th</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Caucus_memberships">Caucus memberships</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Justin_Amash&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Caucus memberships">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Caucus" title="Freedom Caucus">Freedom Caucus</a> (Founding member);<a href="#cite_note-PushOutBoehner-65">[64]</a> resigned from the caucus June 10, 2019.<a href="#cite_note-66">[65]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Caucus" title="Liberty Caucus">Liberty Caucus</a> (Founder and chairman)<a href="#cite_note-67">[66]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Amendment_Caucus" title="Second Amendment Caucus">Second Amendment Caucus</a> (Founding member)<a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-U.S._House">Post-U.S. House</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Justin_Amash&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Post-U.S. House">edit</a>]</div> In May 2022, Amash spoke at the <a href="/wiki/2022_Libertarian_National_Convention" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Libertarian National Convention">Libertarian Party National Convention</a>.<a href="#cite_note-69">[68]</a> In November 2022, Amash tweeted that he would be willing to serve as a "nonpartisan" <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">Speaker of the United States House of Representatives</a>, receiving support from Colorado Governor <a href="/wiki/Jared_Polis" title="Jared Polis">Jared Polis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-70">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/January_2023_Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives_election" title="January 2023 Speaker of the United States House of Representatives election">voting for the Speaker</a> on January 4, 2023, Amash arrived at the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Capitol" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Capitol">U.S. Capitol</a> in order to offer himself as a candidate, but did not receive any votes.<a href="#cite_note-72">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[73]</a> In an interview with <a href="/wiki/Reason_(magazine)" title="Reason (magazine)">Reason</a>, he said he would "Open up the process" for creating and passing legislation and criticized Speaker candidate Kevin McCarthy as someone who "cares only about power" rather than policy.<a href="#cite_note-75">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2024_U.S._Senate_candidacy">2024 U.S. Senate candidacy</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Justin_Amash&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: 2024 U.S. Senate candidacy">edit</a>]</div> In January 2024, Amash announced an <a href="/wiki/Exploratory_committee" title="Exploratory committee">exploratory committee</a> to consider running in the <a href="/wiki/2024_United_States_Senate_election_in_Michigan" title="2024 United States Senate election in Michigan">2024 United States Senate election in Michigan</a> as a Republican.<a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[76]</a> On February 29, 2024, he formally announced his entry into the race.<a href="#cite_note-:2-7">[6]</a> On August 6, 2024, Amash lost the primary election to former U.S. Representative Mike Rogers. He received 15.7% of the vote, a distant second.<a href="#cite_note-:9-8">[7]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_positions">Political positions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Justin_Amash&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Political positions">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Justin_Amash_(8001759811).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Justin_Amash_%288001759811%29.jpg/220px-Justin_Amash_%288001759811%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Justin_Amash_%288001759811%29.jpg/330px-Justin_Amash_%288001759811%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Justin_Amash_%288001759811%29.jpg/440px-Justin_Amash_%288001759811%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="3168" /></a><figcaption>Amash at the 2012 <a href="/wiki/Liberty_Political_Action_Conference" title="Liberty Political Action Conference">Liberty Political Action Conference</a></figcaption></figure> Amash has described himself as a <a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_States" title="Libertarianism in the United States">libertarian</a>, dissenting from both Republican and Democratic leadership more frequently than the vast majority of Republican members of Congress.<a href="#cite_note-78">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[79]</a> Amash was regarded as one of the most libertarian members of Congress, receiving high scores from right-leaning interest groups such as the <a href="/wiki/Club_for_Growth" title="Club for Growth">Club for Growth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heritage_Action" title="Heritage Action">Heritage Action</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Americans_for_Prosperity" title="Americans for Prosperity">Americans for Prosperity</a>, and praise from limited-government <a href="/wiki/Think_tank" title="Think tank">think tanks</a> and nonprofit organizations.<a href="#cite_note-:0-81">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-ShabadHigh-82">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-PhillipsMind-83">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-McMillin-84">[83]</a> He was a founding member of the <a href="/wiki/House_Freedom_Caucus" class="mw-redirect" title="House Freedom Caucus">House Freedom Caucus</a>,<a href="#cite_note-PushOutBoehner-65">[64]</a> a group of conservative Republicans in the House.<a href="#cite_note-AndrewsHC-85">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-PushOutBoehner-65">[64]</a> In June 2019, Amash left the caucus.<a href="#cite_note-86">[85]</a> On July 4, 2019, he announced that he was leaving the Republican Party to become an independent.<a href="#cite_note-87">[86]</a> He officially announced his membership in the <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_(United_States)" title="Libertarian Party (United States)">Libertarian Party</a> in April 2020.<a href="#cite_note-auto-88">[87]</a> Before leaving the GOP, Amash gained a reputation as a <a href="/wiki/Gadfly_(philosophy_and_social_science)" title="Gadfly (philosophy and social science)">gadfly</a> within the Republican Party; his staunchly libertarian and sometimes <a href="/wiki/Contrarian" title="Contrarian">contrarian</a> views resulted at times in disagreements with party leadership and other members of the Michigan congressional delegation.<a href="#cite_note-89">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[89]</a> Amash has been outspoken about the American <a href="/wiki/Two-party_system" title="Two-party system">two-party system</a>. In a 2020 interview, he argued that national politicians now focused on media perception of their party, whereas "the actual process of legislating is all but forgotten."<a href="#cite_note-91">[90]</a> Amash has called economists <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">F. A. Hayek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Bastiat" title="Frédéric Bastiat">Frédéric Bastiat</a> his "biggest heroes" and political inspirations<a href="#cite_note-Time-92">[91]</a> and has described himself as "Hayekian libertarian."<a href="#cite_note-Maroon-93">[92]</a> When <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> asked him to explain his approach to voting on legislation, he replied, "I follow a set of principles. I follow the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Constitution">Constitution</a>. And that's what I base my votes on. <a href="/wiki/Limited_government" title="Limited government">Limited government</a>, <a href="/wiki/Economic_freedom" title="Economic freedom">economic freedom</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">individual liberty</a>."<a href="#cite_note-nytimes.com-94">[93]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Domestic">Domestic</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Justin_Amash&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Domestic">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Abortion">Abortion</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Justin_Amash&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Abortion">edit</a>]</div> Amash opposes <a href="/wiki/Induced_abortion" class="mw-redirect" title="Induced abortion">abortion</a> and federal funding for abortion.<a href="#cite_note-ontheissues-95">[94]</a> He describes himself as "100 percent pro-life"<a href="#cite_note-96">[95]</a> and in 2017 voted in favor of <a href="/wiki/Pain-Capable_Unborn_Child_Protection_Act" title="Pain-Capable Unborn Child Protection Act">federal legislation to ban most abortions after 20 weeks of pregnancy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-97">[96]</a> Amash voted "present", rather than "yes" or "no", on the 2011 Full Year Continuing Appropriations Act, which provided for the cessation of federal funding to <a href="/wiki/Planned_Parenthood" title="Planned Parenthood">Planned Parenthood</a>. Although he supports eliminating federal funding for Planned Parenthood, he abstained from defunding legislation, arguing that "legislation that names a specific private organization to defund (rather than all organizations that engage in a particular activity) is improper" and an "arguably unconstitutional" <a href="/wiki/Bill_of_attainder" title="Bill of attainder">bill of attainder</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nytimes.com-94">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[97]</a> In May 2012, Amash was one of seven Republicans to vote against the Prenatal Non-Discrimination Act, which would have made it a crime for a doctor to perform an abortion on a woman who wants to end a pregnancy based on the gender of the fetus. He criticized the bill as ineffective and virtually impossible to enforce, and said Congress "should not criminalize thought", while maintaining that he believes "all abortion should be illegal".<a href="#cite_note-99">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[99]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="D.C._statehood">D.C. statehood</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Justin_Amash&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: D.C. statehood">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Justin_Amash_(52279473471).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Justin_Amash_%2852279473471%29.jpg/220px-Justin_Amash_%2852279473471%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Justin_Amash_%2852279473471%29.jpg/330px-Justin_Amash_%2852279473471%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Justin_Amash_%2852279473471%29.jpg/440px-Justin_Amash_%2852279473471%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6720" data-file-height="4480" /></a><figcaption>Amash at Revolution 2022 hosted by <a href="/wiki/Young_Americans_for_Liberty" title="Young Americans for Liberty">Young Americans for Liberty</a></figcaption></figure> On June 26, 2020, Amash voted against H.R. 51, a <a href="/wiki/Statehood_movement_in_the_District_of_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Statehood movement in the District of Columbia">D.C. Statehood</a> bill.<a href="#cite_note-101">[100]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Death_penalty">Death penalty</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Justin_Amash&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Death penalty">edit</a>]</div> In July 2019, Amash cosponsored Representative <a href="/wiki/Ayanna_Pressley" title="Ayanna Pressley">Ayanna Pressley</a>'s bill that would abolish the death penalty at the federal level.<a href="#cite_note-102">[101]</a> On February 26, 2020, he was one of four representatives who voted against the <a href="/wiki/Justice_for_Victims_of_Lynching_Act" title="Justice for Victims of Lynching Act">Justice for Victims of Lynching Act</a>, which recognized <a href="/wiki/Lynching" title="Lynching">lynching</a> as a federal <a href="/wiki/Hate_crime" title="Hate crime">hate crime</a>, stating that it would expand the use of the death penalty and that the acts criminalized by the bill are already illegal under federal law.<a href="#cite_note-103">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[103]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Drug_policy_and_police_reform">Drug policy and police reform</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Justin_Amash&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Drug policy and police reform">edit</a>]</div> Amash has supported efforts to decriminalize cannabis, including the <a href="/wiki/Ending_Federal_Marijuana_Prohibition_Act" title="Ending Federal Marijuana Prohibition Act">Ending Federal Marijuana Prohibition Act</a> in 2017 (which he cosponsored)<a href="#cite_note-105">[104]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Marijuana_Opportunity_Reinvestment_and_Expungement_(MORE)_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Marijuana Opportunity Reinvestment and Expungement (MORE) Act">Marijuana Opportunity Reinvestment and Expungement (MORE) Act</a> in 2020.<a href="#cite_note-106">[105]</a> Both bills sought to legalize cannabis at the federal level by removing it from the <a href="/wiki/Controlled_Substances_Act" title="Controlled Substances Act">Controlled Substances Act</a>.<a href="#cite_note-107">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[107]</a> In 2015, Amash and Representative <a href="/wiki/Ted_Lieu" title="Ted Lieu">Ted Lieu</a> (D–CA) introduced a bill<a href="#cite_note-109">[108]</a> to block the <a href="/wiki/Drug_Enforcement_Administration" title="Drug Enforcement Administration">Drug Enforcement Administration</a> (DEA) from financing its Cannabis Eradication Program through <a href="/wiki/Civil_forfeiture_in_the_United_States" title="Civil forfeiture in the United States">civil asset forfeiture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-110">[109]</a> Amash took aim at asset forfeiture in a statement, saying the practice allows "innocent people to have their property taken without sufficient <a href="/wiki/Due_Process_Clause" title="Due Process Clause">due process</a>".<a href="#cite_note-111">[110]</a> In December 2020, Amash introduced a bill titled the Civil Asset Forfeiture Elimination Act to abolish the practice nationwide.<a href="#cite_note-112">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[112]</a> In June 2020, Amash and Pressley introduced the <a href="/wiki/Ending_Qualified_Immunity_Act" title="Ending Qualified Immunity Act">Ending Qualified Immunity Act</a> which would remove from law enforcement officers, and other officials, the protection of <a href="/wiki/Qualified_immunity" title="Qualified immunity">qualified immunity</a> that routinely protects them from civil lawsuits.<a href="#cite_note-TheWeek2020-06-05-114">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-Forbes2020-06-11-115">[114]</a> In March 2010, Amash was the only member of the Michigan House of Representatives to vote against making <a href="/wiki/Benzylpiperazine" title="Benzylpiperazine">benzylpiperazine</a> a schedule I drug, saying that penalties for nonviolent crimes shouldn't be increased.<a href="#cite_note-116">[115]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Economic">Economic</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Justin_Amash&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Economic">edit</a>]</div> Amash opposes government bailouts and tax increases.<a href="#cite_note-Time-92">[91]</a> In 2011, Amash introduced H.J. Res. 81, a <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_amendment" title="Constitutional amendment">Constitutional amendment</a> proposal that would require a <a href="/wiki/Balanced_budget_amendment" title="Balanced budget amendment">balanced budget</a> over the business cycle with a ten-year transition to balance.<a href="#cite_note-117">[116]</a> That same year, he was one of four House Republicans who joined 161 Democrats to oppose an alternative balanced budget resolution<a href="#cite_note-118">[117]</a> without a federal spending cap.<a href="#cite_note-119">[118]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Energy_and_environment">Energy and environment</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Justin_Amash&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Energy and environment">edit</a>]</div> Amash has criticized the <a href="/wiki/Environmental_Protection_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental Protection Agency">Environmental Protection Agency</a>, arguing that many environmental regulations are too strict.<a href="#cite_note-ClimateChangeAmash-120">[119]</a> He voted for the <a href="/wiki/Energy_Tax_Prevention_Act" title="Energy Tax Prevention Act">Energy Tax Prevention Act of 2011</a>, which would have amended the <a href="/wiki/Clean_Air_Act_(United_States)" title="Clean Air Act (United States)">Clean Air Act of 1963</a> to prohibit the EPA from regulating specified <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gases" class="mw-redirect" title="Greenhouse gases">greenhouse gases</a> as <a href="/wiki/Air_pollutants" class="mw-redirect" title="Air pollutants">air pollutants</a>.<a href="#cite_note-121">[120]</a> In a 2017 debate, Amash "exaggerated uncertainty around the basics of climate science"—specifically, the <a href="/wiki/Scientific_consensus_on_climate_change" title="Scientific consensus on climate change">scientific consensus</a> that <a href="/wiki/Carbon_emissions" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon emissions">carbon emissions</a> cause climate change.<a href="#cite_note-122">[121]</a> But in a 2020 interview, Amash said that <a href="/wiki/Climate_variability_and_change" title="Climate variability and change">climate change</a> is a real and "very important" issue,<a href="#cite_note-Gillespie-123">[122]</a> that he believes climate change is being driven at least in part by human activity and that "action with respect to climate change" should be taken.<a href="#cite_note-Gillespie-123">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-Byrd-124">[123]</a> Amash opposes regulations to <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation" title="Climate change mitigation">combat climate change</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Gillespie-123">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-Byrd-124">[123]</a> arguing that we should instead "use clean technologies and to invent new technologies that will keep our environment clean."<a href="#cite_note-Byrd-124">[123]</a> He opposed Obama's decision to sign the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Agreement" title="Paris Agreement">Paris Agreement</a> to combat climate change,<a href="#cite_note-125">[124]</a> voted against legislation to block Trump's decision to <a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_of_the_United_States_from_the_Paris_Agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Withdrawal of the United States from the Paris Agreement">withdraw</a> the United States from the Paris Agreement,<a href="#cite_note-538Track-126">[125]</a> and voted for legislation "expressing the <a href="/wiki/Sense_of_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="Sense of Congress">sense of Congress</a> that a <a href="/wiki/Carbon_tax" title="Carbon tax">carbon tax</a> would be detrimental to the United States economy."<a href="#cite_note-538Track-126">[125]</a> He opposes government subsidies for nuclear energy or any other form of energy production.<a href="#cite_note-Gillespie-123">[122]</a> Amash was the only representative from Michigan to oppose federal aid in response to the <a href="/wiki/Flint_water_crisis" title="Flint water crisis">Flint water crisis</a>, arguing that "the U.S. Constitution does not authorize the federal government to intervene in an intrastate matter like this one." He contended that "the State of Michigan should provide comprehensive assistance to the people of Flint" instead.<a href="#cite_note-127">[126]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gerrymandering">Gerrymandering</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Justin_Amash&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Gerrymandering">edit</a>]</div> Amash opposes political <a href="/wiki/Gerrymandering_in_the_United_States" title="Gerrymandering in the United States">gerrymandering</a>, saying in 2018 that he strongly supported adopting "an independent process for drawing districts" based on geographic considerations, so that districts would be "as compact and contiguous as possible."<a href="#cite_note-128">[127]</a> Amash was the only Republican member of Michigan's congressional delegation who did not join a federal lawsuit challenging the state's political boundaries.<a href="#cite_note-129">[128]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Health_care">Health care</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Justin_Amash&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Health care">edit</a>]</div> On May 4, 2017, Amash voted in favor of repealing the <a href="/wiki/Patient_Protection_and_Affordable_Care_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act">Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act</a> (Obamacare) and to pass a revised version of the <a href="/wiki/American_Health_Care_Act_of_2017" title="American Health Care Act of 2017">American Health Care Act</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:02-130">[129]</a> Amash initially opposed the American Health Care Act, describing it as "Swampcare",<a href="#cite_note-131">[130]</a> tweeting that "It didn't take long for the swamp to drain @realDonaldTrump"<a href="#cite_note-132">[131]</a> and criticizing House leadership for attempting to "ram it through."<a href="#cite_note-133">[132]</a> Nevertheless, Amash voted for the updated AHCA plan before the <a href="/wiki/Congressional_Budget_Office" title="Congressional Budget Office">Congressional Budget Office</a> could determine its impact or cost.<a href="#cite_note-134">[133]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Political_reform">Political reform</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Justin_Amash&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Political reform">edit</a>]</div> Amash has pointed to structural problems in how Congress operates. He believes that many members have put "party above principles," in both the Democratic and Republican parties.<a href="#cite_note-libertarianism.org-135">[134]</a> He notes that many in Congress lack an understanding of parliamentary procedure, allowing leadership to dictate what legislation is passed.<a href="#cite_note-libertarianism.org-135">[134]</a> Amash notes that campaign finance poses significant challenges, but states, "I don’t know how to resolve it because I’m a big believer in free speech."<a href="#cite_note-libertarianism.org-135">[134]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Religion">Religion</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Justin_Amash&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Religion">edit</a>]</div> In November 2011, he was one of nine representatives who voted against a House resolution that affirmed <a href="/wiki/In_God_We_Trust" title="In God We Trust">In God We Trust</a> as the official motto of the United States and was the only Republican to do so.<a href="#cite_note-136">[135]</a> On February 13, 2013, he voted against the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Disaster_Assistance_Nonprofit_Fairness_Act_of_2013" title="Federal Disaster Assistance Nonprofit Fairness Act of 2013">Federal Disaster Assistance Nonprofit Fairness Act of 2013</a>, which would make all places of religious worship eligible for FEMA grants, stating that bill "skews the law away from fairness by making religious buildings automatically eligible for reconstruction aid when other entities aren’t."<a href="#cite_note-137">[136]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Security_and_surveillance">Security and surveillance</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Justin_Amash&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Security and surveillance">edit</a>]</div> Amash has been a frequent critic of the <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Agency" title="National Security Agency">National Security Agency</a>'s surveillance programs.<a href="#cite_note-motherjones.com-14">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-139">[138]</a> He voted against the 2011 reauthorization of the <a href="/wiki/USA_PATRIOT_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="USA PATRIOT Act">USA PATRIOT Act</a>,<a href="#cite_note-140">[139]</a> the 2012 reauthorization of the <a href="/wiki/FISA_Amendments_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="FISA Amendments Act">FISA Amendments Act</a>,<a href="#cite_note-141">[140]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/USA_Freedom_Act" title="USA Freedom Act">USA Freedom Act</a>.<a href="#cite_note-142">[141]</a> In 2013, Amash and 15 other members of Congress filed an <a href="/wiki/Amicus_brief" class="mw-redirect" title="Amicus brief">amicus brief</a> in Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court supporting the release of the Court's unpublished opinions regarding the "meaning, scope, and constitutionality" of Section 215 of the Patriot Act.<a href="#cite_note-143">[142]</a> On June 12, 2013, he called for <a href="/wiki/Director_of_National_Intelligence" title="Director of National Intelligence">Director of National Intelligence</a> <a href="/wiki/James_Clapper" title="James Clapper">James Clapper</a> to resign for stating at a Senate committee hearing in March that the NSA did not collect data.<a href="#cite_note-144">[143]</a> In 2013, Amash was one of two Republicans to vote in favor of closing <a href="/wiki/Guantanamo_Bay_detention_camp" title="Guantanamo Bay detention camp">Guantanamo Bay</a> and transferring its detainees. The amendment by <a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith_(Washington_politician)" title="Adam Smith (Washington politician)">Adam Smith</a> would have eliminated all funding for the detention facility by December 31, 2014, removed all limitations on the transfer of detainees, removed a ban on the transfer of detainees to the United States and removed statutes that had banned the use of taxpayer funds for the construction of facilities in the United States for those detainees. It failed on a 174–249 vote.<a href="#cite_note-145">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-146">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-147">[146]</a> In 2016, Amash was one of three Republicans to vote in favor of an amendment to close Guantánamo Bay and potentially allow federal officials to transfer detainees to facilities in the United States. It failed on a 163–259 vote.<a href="#cite_note-148">[147]</a> Amash opposed President <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a>'s 2017 <a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_13769" title="Executive Order 13769">executive order</a> to ban citizens of seven majority-<a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> countries from entering the United States. Amash said: "Like President Obama's executive actions on immigration, President Trump's executive order overreaches and undermines our constitutional system."<a href="#cite_note-Blake1-149">[148]</a> Amash proposed an amendment to the reauthorization bill of Section 702 of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act.<a href="#cite_note-150">[149]</a> The Amash amendment would have required the government in criminal cases to seek a warrant based on probable cause before searching surveillance data for information about Americans.<a href="#cite_note-151">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-152">[151]</a> While the Amash amendment received bipartisan support as well as support from civil liberties groups including the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_Liberties_Union" title="American Civil Liberties Union">American Civil Liberties Union</a>,<a href="#cite_note-153">[152]</a> the amendment ultimately failed by a vote of 183 to 233.<a href="#cite_note-154">[153]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Suicide_prevention_hotline">Suicide prevention hotline</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Justin_Amash&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Suicide prevention hotline">edit</a>]</div> In July 2018, Amash was the only member of the U.S. House to vote against creating a three-digit national <a href="/wiki/Suicide_prevention" title="Suicide prevention">suicide prevention</a> hotline. He argued that Congress lacked the constitutional power to pass the legislation, saying it was a "good idea" but lacked a "constitutional basis".<a href="#cite_note-155">[154]</a> Freelance journalist Jim Higdon asked Amash how the Constitution prohibits "preventing suicide by hotline"; Amash responded, "The correct question under our Constitution is: What is the authority for the legislation? We live under a Constitution that grants Congress limited, enumerated powers."<a href="#cite_note-156">[155]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="LGBT_rights">LGBT rights</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Justin_Amash&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: LGBT rights">edit</a>]</div> While running for the House of Representatives in 2010, Amash supported the <a href="/wiki/Defense_of_Marriage_Act" title="Defense of Marriage Act">Defense of Marriage Act</a>, but in 2013 he advocated repealing it, saying that the "real threat to traditional marriage & religious liberty is government, not gay couples who love each other & want to spend lives together".<a href="#cite_note-157">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-158">[157]</a> He supported the result of <a href="/wiki/Obergefell_v._Hodges" title="Obergefell v. Hodges">Obergefell v. Hodges</a> (in which the Supreme Court held that same-sex couples cannot be deprived of the <a href="/wiki/Fundamental_right" class="mw-redirect" title="Fundamental right">fundamental</a> <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_the_United_States" title="Same-sex marriage in the United States">right to marry</a>) on the grounds that government-issued marriage licenses should not be "necessary to validate the intimate relationships of consenting adults."<a href="#cite_note-159">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-160">[159]</a> In 2015, Amash was among 60 Republicans voting to uphold President Barack Obama's 2014 executive order banning federal contractors from making hiring decisions that discriminate based on sexual orientation or gender identity.<a href="#cite_note-161">[160]</a> In 2016, Amash was among 43 Republicans to vote for the Maloney Amendment to H.R. 5055 which would prohibit the use of funds for government contractors who discriminate against LGBT employees.<a href="#cite_note-162">[161]</a> In 2017, Amash was one of two dozen Republicans to vote against an amendment to the <a href="/wiki/National_Defense_Authorization_Act" title="National Defense Authorization Act">National Defense Authorization Act</a> that would have prohibited taxpayer funds from being used by the Department of Defense to provide gender transition support to military members. He said, “Those who serve in our Armed Forces deserve the best medical care...With respect to <a href="/wiki/Transgender" title="Transgender">transgender</a> persons, we should focus on the best science, not the political or philosophical opinions of partisans.”<a href="#cite_note-163">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-164">[163]</a> In 2019, Amash voted "present" on a resolution objecting to Trump's restrictions on transgender individuals in the military.<a href="#cite_note-165">[164]</a> In May 2020, Amash stated that if elected president, he would support and protect transgender Americans, saying, “I think that people can take the term ‘sex’ that's in federal law and interpret it to mean things beyond what it traditionally meant...I would protect transgender Americans under the protections that exist for sex."<a href="#cite_note-166">[165]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign">Foreign</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Justin_Amash&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Foreign">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Diplomacy">Diplomacy</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Justin_Amash&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Diplomacy">edit</a>]</div> In May 2020, Amash expressed support for U.S. membership in the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> as a "positive venue" for diplomatic engagement.<a href="#cite_note-167">[166]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Immigration">Immigration</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Justin_Amash&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Immigration">edit</a>]</div> At a January 2013 town hall event, Amash responded to a question about immigration reform, "I don't think you can just grab people and deport them...I think we need to have a system that is sympathetic to people, looks at their situations and allows as many people to stay here as possible." On March 21, 2013, he and five other representatives signed a letter to U.S. Senator <a href="/wiki/Rand_Paul" title="Rand Paul">Rand Paul</a> supporting immigration reform in the form of a "three-pronged stool" of border security, expanding legal immigration and "addressing" immigrants who came here "knowingly and illegally".<a href="#cite_note-168">[167]</a> In August he explained his support for immigration reform, saying improving the legal immigration system to make it more accessible would lead to fewer illegal border crossings. He announced his support for a path to legal status for the estimated 11 million undocumented immigrants in the U.S. He also supported an eventual path to citizenship once the undocumented obtained legal status.<a href="#cite_note-169">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-170">[169]</a> In July 2017, Amash was the only Republican to vote against <a href="/wiki/Shooting_of_Kate_Steinle#Kate's_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Shooting of Kate Steinle">Kate's law</a>, a bill that increased maximum penalties for criminals who entered the U.S. illegally more than once. He later said he was concerned the bill did not have adequate <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution">5th amendment</a> due process protections for undocumented immigrants to challenge their removal orders.<a href="#cite_note-171">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-172">[171]</a> In July 2018, House Republicans introduced a resolution supporting the officers and personnel of <a href="/wiki/U._S._Immigration_and_Customs_Enforcement" class="mw-redirect" title="U. S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement">Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE)</a>. Amash was the only Republican in the chamber to vote against the resolution.<a href="#cite_note-Maroon-93">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-CNN-173">[172]</a> He tweeted, "The House voted today on an inane resolution regarding ICE. The resolution makes several dubious claims and denounces calls to abolish ICE. I wouldn't abolish ICE without an alternative, but there's no reason to treat a federal agency as though it's beyond reproach and reform."<a href="#cite_note-CNN-173">[172]</a> In December 2018, Amash was one of eight House Republicans to vote against a stopgap government funding bill that included $5.7 billion in <a href="/wiki/Trump_wall" title="Trump wall">border wall funding</a>. He tweeted, "This massive, wasteful spending bill—stuffed with unrelated items—passed 217–185. It's amazing how some wall funding causes my fellow Republicans to embrace <a href="/wiki/Big_government" title="Big government">big government</a>."<a href="#cite_note-174">[173]</a> In February 2019, Amash was the only House Republican to co-sponsor a resolution to block <a href="/wiki/National_Emergency_Concerning_the_Southern_Border_of_the_United_States" title="National Emergency Concerning the Southern Border of the United States">Trump's declaration of a national emergency</a> to redirect funds to build a <a href="/wiki/Trump_wall" title="Trump wall">wall on the U.S.-Mexico border</a> without a congressional appropriation for such a project. He wrote, "A national emergency declaration for a non-emergency is void", and "[Trump] is attempting to circumvent our constitutional system."<a href="#cite_note-175">[174]</a> On February 25, Amash was one of 13 House Republicans to vote to block Trump's declaration.<a href="#cite_note-176">[175]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Military">Military</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Justin_Amash&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Military">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Justin_Amash_(28430150180).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Justin_Amash_%2828430150180%29.jpg/220px-Justin_Amash_%2828430150180%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Justin_Amash_%2828430150180%29.jpg/330px-Justin_Amash_%2828430150180%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Justin_Amash_%2828430150180%29.jpg/440px-Justin_Amash_%2828430150180%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5760" data-file-height="3840" /></a><figcaption>Amash speaking at the 2016 <a href="/wiki/Young_Americans_for_Liberty" title="Young Americans for Liberty">Young Americans for Liberty</a> National Convention in Washington, DC</figcaption></figure> Amash supports decreasing <a href="/wiki/Military_budget_of_the_United_States" title="Military budget of the United States">U.S. military spending</a> and believes there is significant waste in the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Defense" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Department of Defense">U.S. Department of Defense</a>.<a href="#cite_note-177">[176]</a> He believes only <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Congress</a> has the <a href="/wiki/War_Powers_Clause" title="War Powers Clause">power to declare war</a>, and has criticized multiple military actions taken by Presidents <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Obama</a> and <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a>. In July 2011, he sponsored an amendment to the Department of Defense Appropriations Act that would have prevented funding for operations against <a href="/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi">Gaddafi's</a> government and Amash later stated that President Obama's actions during the <a href="/wiki/Libyan_Civil_War_(2011)" class="mw-redirect" title="Libyan Civil War (2011)">Libyan Civil War</a> were unconstitutional without authorization from Congress.<a href="#cite_note-178">[177]</a> He criticized President Obama's <a href="/wiki/American-led_intervention_in_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="American-led intervention in Syria">intervention in Syria</a> against <a href="/wiki/Military_intervention_against_ISIL" class="mw-redirect" title="Military intervention against ISIL">the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant</a> for proceeding without a Congressional declaration of war.<a href="#cite_note-FriedersdorfAtlantic29Aug13-179">[178]</a> In 2011, Amash was one of six members of Congress who voted against House Resolution 268 reaffirming U.S. commitment to a negotiated settlement of the <a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="Israeli–Palestinian conflict">Israeli–Palestinian conflict</a> through direct Israeli–Palestinian negotiation, which passed with 407 members in support.<a href="#cite_note-timmak-13">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-180">[179]</a> In 2014 he was one of eight members of Congress who voted against a $225 million package to restock Israel's <a href="/wiki/Iron_Dome" title="Iron Dome">Iron Dome</a> <a href="/wiki/Missile_defense" title="Missile defense">missile defenses</a>, which passed with 398 members in support.<a href="#cite_note-KlapperHuffPost1Aug14-181">[180]</a> He supports a <a href="/wiki/Two-state_solution" title="Two-state solution">two-state solution</a> to the Israeli–Palestinian conflict.<a href="#cite_note-timmak-13">[12]</a> Amash joined 104 Democrats and 16 Republicans in voting against the <a href="/wiki/National_Defense_Authorization_Act_for_Fiscal_Year_2012" title="National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2012">2012 National Defense Authorization Act</a> (NDAA), which specified the budget and expenditures of the Department of Defense,<a href="#cite_note-182">[181]</a> calling it "one of the most anti-liberty pieces of legislation of our lifetime".<a href="#cite_note-183">[182]</a> Amash co-sponsored an amendment to the NDAA that would ban indefinite military detention and military trials so that all terror suspects arrested in the United States would be tried in civilian courts. He expressed concern that individuals charged with <a href="/wiki/Terrorism" title="Terrorism">terrorism</a> could be jailed for prolonged periods of time without ever being formally charged or brought to trial.<a href="#cite_note-184">[183]</a> On March 14, 2016, Amash joined the unanimous vote in the House to approve a resolution declaring the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant">Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant</a> (ISIL) to be committing <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a> against religious minorities in the Middle East (it passed 383–0), but joined Representatives <a href="/wiki/Tulsi_Gabbard" title="Tulsi Gabbard">Tulsi Gabbard</a> (D-HI) and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Massie" title="Thomas Massie">Thomas Massie</a> (R-KY) in voting against a separate measure creating an international tribunal to try those accused of participating in the alleged atrocities (it passed 392–3).<a href="#cite_note-185">[184]</a> In 2017, Amash criticized U.S. involvement in <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabian-led_intervention_in_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen">Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen</a>, arguing that "Al Qaeda in Yemen has emerged as a de facto ally of the Saudi-led militaries with whom [Trump] administration aims to partner more closely."<a href="#cite_note-186">[185]</a> In July 2017, Amash was one of only three House members to vote against the <a href="/wiki/Countering_America%27s_Adversaries_Through_Sanctions_Act" title="Countering America's Adversaries Through Sanctions Act">Countering America's Adversaries Through Sanctions Act</a>, a bill that imposed new economic sanctions against Russia, Iran, and North Korea. The bill passed the House on a 419–3 vote, with Representatives <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Massie" title="Thomas Massie">Thomas Massie</a> (R-KY) and <a href="/wiki/John_Duncan_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="John Duncan Jr.">John Duncan Jr.</a> (R-TN) also voting no.<a href="#cite_note-187">[186]</a><a href="#cite_note-5HouseMembers-188">[187]</a> Trump initially opposed the bill, saying that relations with Russia were already "at an all-time and dangerous low", but ultimately signed it.<a href="#cite_note-5HouseMembers-188">[187]</a> In January 2019, Amash voted against legislation that would prevent the President from unilaterally withdrawing from or altering <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a>,<a href="#cite_note-189">[188]</a> although he subsequently said that he supports U.S. NATO membership, pointing to his 2017 vote to affirm NATO's <a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_Treaty#Article_5" title="North Atlantic Treaty">Article 5</a>.<a href="#cite_note-190">[189]</a> In 2019, Amash signed a letter led by Representative <a href="/wiki/Ro_Khanna" title="Ro Khanna">Ro Khanna</a> and Senator <a href="/wiki/Rand_Paul" title="Rand Paul">Rand Paul</a> to Trump arguing that it is "long past time to rein in the use of force that goes beyond congressional authorization" and that they hoped this would "serve as a model for ending hostilities in the future – in particular, as you and your administration seek a political solution to our involvement in Afghanistan."<a href="#cite_note-191">[190]</a><a href="#cite_note-192">[191]</a> In October 2019, Amash criticized Trump's proposed withdrawal of U.S. troops from Syria for having "green-lighted" the <a href="/wiki/2019_Turkish_offensive_into_north-eastern_Syria" title="2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria">2019 Turkish offensive into northeastern Syria</a> against Kurdish forces.<a href="#cite_note-193">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-194">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-195">[194]</a> In January 2020, Amash voted in favor of the "No War Against Iran Act", which sought to block funding for the use of US military force in or against Iran unless Congress preemptively signed off. This proposed act is more restrictive than the 1973 <a href="/wiki/War_Powers_Resolution" title="War Powers Resolution">War Powers Act</a>, which requires the president to notify Congress within 48 hours of committing armed forces to military action and forbids armed forces from remaining for more than 60 days without congressional authorization. It passed the <a href="/wiki/U.S._House_of_Representatives" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. House of Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</a> on a 228–175 vote. Amash also voted to repeal the <a href="/wiki/Authorization_for_Use_of_Military_Force_Against_Iraq_Resolution_of_2002" title="Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Iraq Resolution of 2002">2002 authorization for use of military force</a> (AUMF), which passed the U.S. House on a 236–166 vote.<a href="#cite_note-196">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-197">[196]</a><a href="#cite_note-198">[197]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Criticism_of_Donald_Trump">Criticism of Donald Trump</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Justin_Amash&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Criticism of Donald Trump">edit</a>]</div> In 2016, Amash joined the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Republicans_who_opposed_the_2016_Donald_Trump_presidential_campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Republicans who opposed the 2016 Donald Trump presidential campaign">list of Republicans who opposed the Republican presidential nominee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Oppose_Trump-199">[198]</a><a href="#cite_note-twsWSJ4343-200">[199]</a> After Trump was elected president, the <a href="/wiki/Huffington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Huffington Post">Huffington Post</a> profiled him in an article titled "The One House Republican Who Can't Stop Criticizing Donald Trump". In that article Amash said, "I'm not here to represent a particular political party; I'm here to represent all of my constituents and to follow the Constitution."<a href="#cite_note-CBS1-201">[200]</a><a href="#cite_note-HuffPost1-202">[201]</a> After Representative <a href="/wiki/John_Lewis" title="John Lewis">John Lewis</a> (D-GA) said that Trump was not a "legitimate president," Trump sent out a series of tweets on January 14, 2017, criticizing Lewis. Amash responded to Trump's tweets with one of his own: "Dude, just stop."<a href="#cite_note-203">[202]</a> Amash later explained, "The reason I did it is he wouldn't stop ... The way he feels so slighted about everything I think is not healthy for our country." Amash felt that Lewis' comments were "inappropriate" but said that Trump's response should have been "dignified and conciliatory to the extent possible" instead of "personal jabs, attacking his district".<a href="#cite_note-204">[203]</a> In April 2017, <a href="/wiki/Dan_Scavino_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Dan Scavino Jr.">Dan Scavino</a>, a senior Trump White House aide, called for Amash to be defeated in a Republican primary challenge. Amash later called Trump a "childish bully."<a href="#cite_note-CBS1-201">[200]</a><a href="#cite_note-205">[204]</a> In May 2017, Trump was accused of pressuring fired FBI director <a href="/wiki/James_Comey" title="James Comey">James Comey</a> to end an investigation into former national security adviser <a href="/wiki/Michael_Flynn" title="Michael Flynn">Michael Flynn</a>. Amash and <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Curbelo_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Carlos Curbelo (politician)">Carlos Curbelo</a> were the first Republican members of Congress to publicly state that the allegations, if proven true, merited impeachment.<a href="#cite_note-206">[205]</a><a href="#cite_note-207">[206]</a><a href="#cite_note-208">[207]</a> In June 2018, the <a href="/wiki/HuffPost" title="HuffPost">Huffington Post</a> asked House Republicans, "If the president pardoned himself, would they support impeachment?" Amash was the only Republican who said "definitively he would support impeachment".<a href="#cite_note-HuffPost2-209">[208]</a> In July 2018, Amash strongly criticized <a href="/wiki/2018_Russia%E2%80%93United_States_summit" title="2018 Russia–United States summit">Trump's conduct at a meeting in Helsinki</a> with Russian president <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a>, writing: "The impression it left on me, a strong supporter of the meeting, is that 'something is not right here.' The president went out of his way to appear subordinate. He spoke more like the head of a <a href="/wiki/Vassal_state" title="Vassal state">vassal state</a>."<a href="#cite_note-210">[209]</a> When Trump's former attorney <a href="/wiki/Michael_Cohen_(lawyer)" title="Michael Cohen (lawyer)">Michael Cohen</a> testified before the <a href="/wiki/House_Oversight_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="House Oversight Committee">House Oversight Committee</a> on February 27, 2019, Amash asked him, "What is the truth President Trump is most afraid of people knowing?" <a href="/wiki/The_Hill_(newspaper)" title="The Hill (newspaper)">The Hill</a> columnist <a href="/wiki/Krystal_Ball" title="Krystal Ball">Krystal Ball</a> wrote, "Amash showed how someone actually can exercise oversight responsibility and try to get to the truth, even if the truth might not be in his party's short-term best interest."<a href="#cite_note-211">[210]</a> <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a> editor <a href="/wiki/Chris_Cillizza" title="Chris Cillizza">Chris Cillizza</a> wrote, "The Michigan Republican did something on Wednesday that almost none of his GOP colleagues seemed willing to even try: Ask Cohen questions about his relationship with Trump that might actually shed some new light on not only their relationship but on the President of the United States."<a href="#cite_note-212">[211]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Comments_on_the_Mueller_Report">Comments on the Mueller Report</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Justin_Amash&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Comments on the Mueller Report">edit</a>]</div> In May 2019, Amash said that Trump "has engaged in impeachable conduct" based on the <a href="/wiki/Obstruction_of_justice" class="mw-redirect" title="Obstruction of justice">obstruction of justice</a> findings of the <a href="/wiki/Mueller_Report" class="mw-redirect" title="Mueller Report">Mueller Report</a>, which, Amash said, "few members of Congress have read".<a href="#cite_note-213">[212]</a> Amash also said that Attorney General <a href="/wiki/William_Barr" title="William Barr">William Barr</a> "deliberately misrepresented" the report's findings<a href="#cite_note-214">[213]</a> and that partisanship was making it difficult to maintain <a href="/wiki/Checks_and_balances" class="mw-redirect" title="Checks and balances">checks and balances</a> in the American political system.<a href="#cite_note-:1-215">[214]</a> Amash was the first Republican member of Congress to call for Trump's impeachment.<a href="#cite_note-216">[215]</a> In response, Trump called Amash a "loser", accused him of "getting his name out there through controversy", and stated that the Mueller report had concluded that there was no obstruction of justice.<a href="#cite_note-:1-215">[214]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-81">[80]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ronna_McDaniel" title="Ronna McDaniel">Ronna McDaniel</a>, chairwoman of the <a href="/wiki/Republican_National_Committee" title="Republican National Committee">Republican National Committee</a>, accused Amash of "parroting the Democrats' talking points on Russia."<a href="#cite_note-:1-215">[214]</a> She did not explicitly express support for a primary challenge against Amash, but tweeted, "voters in Amash's district strongly support this president."<a href="#cite_note-:0-81">[80]</a> House Minority Leader <a href="/wiki/Kevin_McCarthy" title="Kevin McCarthy">Kevin McCarthy</a>, a Republican, claimed that Amash "votes more with <a href="/wiki/Nancy_Pelosi" title="Nancy Pelosi">Nancy Pelosi</a> than he ever does with me"; <a href="/wiki/PolitiFact" title="PolitiFact">PolitiFact</a> evaluated this as false.<a href="#cite_note-217">[216]</a> Republican Senator <a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney">Mitt Romney</a> described Amash's statement as "courageous", though he disagreed with Amash's conclusions.<a href="#cite_note-218">[217]</a> The New York Times reported that while many Republicans supported Trump in public, they criticized his actions in private.<a href="#cite_note-219">[218]</a> Shortly after making his remarks on impeachment, Amash received a standing ovation from the majority of attendees at a town hall meeting in his district. He told the crowd that Trump was setting a bad example for the nation's children.<a href="#cite_note-220">[219]</a> Two days after Amash's comments, state representative <a href="/wiki/Jim_Lower" title="Jim Lower">James Lower</a> announced that he would challenge Amash in the 2020 Republican primary, running as a self-described "pro-Trump conservative."<a href="#cite_note-221">[220]</a> <a href="/wiki/Army_National_Guard" title="Army National Guard">Army National Guard</a> member Thomas Norton announced his candidacy in April.<a href="#cite_note-222">[221]</a> Three other Republicans sought the nomination to oppose Amash; <a href="/wiki/Peter_Meijer" title="Peter Meijer">Peter Meijer</a> ultimately won the August 4 primary<a href="#cite_note-223">[222]</a> as Amash opted to not stand for re-election. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Trump_impeachment">Trump impeachment</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Justin_Amash&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Trump impeachment">edit</a>]</div> On October 31, 2019, Amash was the only non-Democrat in the House to vote for an <a href="/wiki/First_impeachment_inquiry_against_Donald_Trump" class="mw-redirect" title="First impeachment inquiry against Donald Trump">impeachment inquiry against Trump</a> in connection with the <a href="/wiki/Trump-Ukraine_scandal" class="mw-redirect" title="Trump-Ukraine scandal">Trump-Ukraine scandal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-224">[223]</a><a href="#cite_note-225">[224]</a><a href="#cite_note-226">[225]</a> On December 18, 2019, he voted in favor of both <a href="/wiki/Article_of_impeachment" title="Article of impeachment">articles</a> of <a href="/wiki/Federal_impeachment_in_the_United_States" title="Federal impeachment in the United States">impeachment proceedings</a> against Trump, the only non-Democrat to vote in favor of either article.<a href="#cite_note-227">[226]</a><a href="#cite_note-228">[227]</a> When <a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney">Mitt Romney</a> was the only Republican senator who voted to convict Trump in his <a href="/wiki/First_impeachment_trial_of_Donald_Trump" title="First impeachment trial of Donald Trump">Senate trial</a>, Amash tweeted, "Thank you, @SenatorRomney, for upholding your oath to support and defend the Constitution. You will never regret putting your faith in God and doing right according to the law and your conscience."<a href="#cite_note-229">[228]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Justin_Amash&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Personal life">edit</a>]</div> Amash and his wife Kara (née Day) married after graduating from college, having previously met at the high school they attended together.<a href="#cite_note-230">[229]</a> They have a son and two daughters.<a href="#cite_note-231">[230]</a><a href="#cite_note-232">[231]</a> Several of his relatives were killed by <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Saint_Porphyrius_airstrike" title="Church of Saint Porphyrius airstrike">an Israeli airstrike</a> while sheltering in a church on October 19, 2023, during the <a href="/wiki/2023_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 Israel–Hamas war">Israel-Hamas War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-233">[232]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Electoral_history">Electoral history</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Justin_Amash&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Electoral history">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders"> <caption>2008 Michigan 72nd State House District Republican primary<a href="#cite_note-234">[233]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" colspan="2" style="width: 130px">Party </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 17em">Candidate </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 5em">Votes </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 3.5em">% </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 3.5em"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style>±% </th></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="background-color: #E81B23; width: 5px;"> </td> <td class="org" style="width: 130px"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> </td> <td class="fn">Justin Amash </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">4,733 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">41.4% </td> <td style="color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center;" class="table-na"> </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="background-color: #E81B23; width: 5px;"> </td> <td class="org" style="width: 130px"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> </td> <td class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Ken_Yonker" title="Ken Yonker">Ken Yonker</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">4,010 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">35.1% </td> <td style="color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center;" class="table-na"> </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="background-color: #E81B23; width: 5px;"> </td> <td class="org" style="width: 130px"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> </td> <td class="fn">Linda Steil </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">2,170 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">19.0% </td> <td style="color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center;" class="table-na"> </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="background-color: #E81B23; width: 5px;"> </td> <td class="org" style="width: 130px"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> </td> <td class="fn">David Elias </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">320 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">2.8% </td> <td style="color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center;" class="table-na"> </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="background-color: #E81B23; width: 5px;"> </td> <td class="org" style="width: 130px"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> </td> <td class="fn">Timothy Cyrus </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">199 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">1.7% </td> <td style="color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center;" class="table-na"> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="text-align:right;">Total votes </th> <td style="text-align:right;">11,432 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">100.0% (rounded) </td> <td style="text-align:right;"> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders"> <caption>2008 Michigan 72nd State House District election<a href="#cite_note-235">[234]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" colspan="2" style="width: 130px">Party </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 17em">Candidate </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 5em">Votes </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 3.5em">% </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 3.5em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">±% </th></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="background-color: #E81B23; width: 5px;"> </td> <td class="org" style="width: 130px"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> </td> <td class="fn">Justin Amash </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">31,245 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">61.0% </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">−4.7% </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="background-color: #3333FF; width: 5px;"> </td> <td class="org" style="width: 130px"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> </td> <td class="fn">Albert S. Abbasse </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">18,463 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">36.0% </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">+4.3% </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="background-color: #FED105; width: 5px;"> </td> <td class="org" style="width: 130px"><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_(United_States)" title="Libertarian Party (United States)">Libertarian</a> </td> <td class="fn">William Wenzel III </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">1,559 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">3.0% </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">+1.6% </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="text-align:right;">Total votes </th> <td style="text-align:right;">51,267 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">100.0% (rounded) </td> <td style="text-align:right;"> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders"> <caption>2010 Michigan 3rd Congressional District Republican primary<a href="#cite_note-236">[235]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" colspan="2" style="width: 130px">Party </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 17em">Candidate </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 5em">Votes </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 3.5em">% </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 3.5em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">±% </th></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="background-color: #E81B23; width: 5px;"> </td> <td class="org" style="width: 130px"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> </td> <td class="fn">Justin Amash </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">38,569 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">40.4% </td> <td style="color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center;" class="table-na"> </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="background-color: #E81B23; width: 5px;"> </td> <td class="org" style="width: 130px"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> </td> <td class="fn">Steve Heacock </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">25,157 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">26.3% </td> <td style="color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center;" class="table-na"> </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="background-color: #E81B23; width: 5px;"> </td> <td class="org" style="width: 130px"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> </td> <td class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Bill_Hardiman" title="Bill Hardiman">Bill Hardiman</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">22,715 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">23.7% </td> <td style="color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center;" class="table-na"> </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="background-color: #E81B23; width: 5px;"> </td> <td class="org" style="width: 130px"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> </td> <td class="fn">Bob Overbeek </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">5,133 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">5.4% </td> <td style="color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center;" class="table-na"> </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="background-color: #E81B23; width: 5px;"> </td> <td class="org" style="width: 130px"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> </td> <td class="fn">Louise E. Johnson </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">4,020 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">4.2% </td> <td style="color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center;" class="table-na"> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="text-align:right;">Total votes </th> <td style="text-align:right;">95,594 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">100.0% (rounded) </td> <td style="text-align:right;"> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders"> <caption>2010 Michigan 3rd Congressional District election<a href="#cite_note-237">[236]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" colspan="2" style="width: 130px">Party </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 17em">Candidate </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 5em">Votes </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 3.5em">% </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 3.5em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">±% </th></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="background-color: #E81B23; width: 5px;"> </td> <td class="org" style="width: 130px"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> </td> <td class="fn">Justin Amash </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">133,714 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">59.7% </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">−1.4% </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="background-color: #3333FF; width: 5px;"> </td> <td class="org" style="width: 130px"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> </td> <td class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Miles_Jr." title="Patrick Miles Jr.">Patrick Miles Jr.</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">83,953 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">37.5% </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">+2.1% </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="background-color: #FED105; width: 5px;"> </td> <td class="org" style="width: 130px"><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_(United_States)" title="Libertarian Party (United States)">Libertarian</a> </td> <td class="fn">James Rogers </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">2,677 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">1.2% </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">−2.3% </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="background-color: #A356DE; width: 5px;"> </td> <td class="org" style="width: 130px"><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Party_(United_States)" title="Constitution Party (United States)">Constitution</a> </td> <td class="fn">Theodore Gerrard </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">2,144 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">1.0% </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">+1.0% </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="background-color: #17aa5c; width: 5px;"> </td> <td class="org" style="width: 130px"><a href="/wiki/Green_Party_of_the_United_States" title="Green Party of the United States">Green</a> </td> <td class="fn">Charlie Shick </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">1,575 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">0.7% </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">+0.7% </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="text-align:right;">Total votes </th> <td style="text-align:right;">224,063 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">100.0% (rounded) </td> <td style="text-align:right;"> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders"> <caption>2012 Michigan 3rd Congressional District election<a href="#cite_note-238">[237]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" colspan="2" style="width: 130px">Party </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 17em">Candidate </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 5em">Votes </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 3.5em">% </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 3.5em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">±% </th></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="background-color: #E81B23; width: 5px;"> </td> <td class="org" style="width: 130px"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> </td> <td class="fn">Justin Amash (incumbent) </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">171,675 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">52.6% </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">−7.1% </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="background-color: #3333FF; width: 5px;"> </td> <td class="org" style="width: 130px"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> </td> <td class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Steve_Pestka" title="Steve Pestka">Steve Pestka</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">144,108 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">44.2% </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">+6.7% </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="background-color: #FED105; width: 5px;"> </td> <td class="org" style="width: 130px"><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_(United_States)" title="Libertarian Party (United States)">Libertarian</a> </td> <td class="fn">William J. Gelineau </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">10,498 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">3.2% </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">+2.0% </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="background-color: #DCDCDC; width: 5px;"> </td> <td class="org" style="width: 130px"><a href="/wiki/Independent_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent (politician)">Independent</a> </td> <td class="fn">Steven Butler (write-in) </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">2 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">0.0% </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">+0.0% </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="text-align:right;">Total votes </th> <td style="text-align:right;">326,283 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">100.0% (rounded) </td> <td style="text-align:right;"> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders"> <caption>2014 Michigan 3rd Congressional District Republican primary<a href="#cite_note-239">[238]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" colspan="2" style="width: 130px">Party </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 17em">Candidate </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 5em">Votes </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 3.5em">% </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 3.5em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">±% </th></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="background-color: #E81B23; width: 5px;"> </td> <td class="org" style="width: 130px"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> </td> <td class="fn">Justin Amash (incumbent) </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">39,706 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">59.7% </td> <td style="color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center;" class="table-na"> </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="background-color: #E81B23; width: 5px;"> </td> <td class="org" style="width: 130px"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> </td> <td class="fn">Brian Ellis </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">33,953 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">42.6% </td> <td style="color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center;" class="table-na"> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="text-align:right;">Total votes </th> <td style="text-align:right;">69,128 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">100.0% (rounded) </td> <td style="text-align:right;"> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders"> <caption>2014 Michigan 3rd Congressional District election<a href="#cite_note-240">[239]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" colspan="2" style="width: 130px">Party </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 17em">Candidate </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 5em">Votes </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 3.5em">% </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 3.5em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">±% </th></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="background-color: #E81B23; width: 5px;"> </td> <td class="org" style="width: 130px"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> </td> <td class="fn">Justin Amash (incumbent) </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">125,754 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">57.9% </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">+5.3% </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="background-color: #3333FF; width: 5px;"> </td> <td class="org" style="width: 130px"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> </td> <td class="fn">Bob Goodrich </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">84,720 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">39.0% </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">−5.2% </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="background-color: #17aa5c; width: 5px;"> </td> <td class="org" style="width: 130px"><a href="/wiki/Green_Party_of_the_United_States" title="Green Party of the United States">Green</a> </td> <td class="fn">Tonya Duncan </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">6,691 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">3.1% </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">+3.1% </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="text-align:right;">Total votes </th> <td style="text-align:right;">217,165 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">100.0% (rounded) </td> <td style="text-align:right;"> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders"> <caption>2016 Michigan 3rd Congressional District election<a href="#cite_note-241">[240]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" colspan="2" style="width: 130px">Party </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 17em">Candidate </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 5em">Votes </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 3.5em">% </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 3.5em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">±% </th></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="background-color: #E81B23; width: 5px;"> </td> <td class="org" style="width: 130px"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> </td> <td class="fn">Justin Amash (incumbent) </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">203,545 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">59.5% </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">+1.5% </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="background-color: #3333FF; width: 5px;"> </td> <td class="org" style="width: 130px"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> </td> <td class="fn">Douglas Smith </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">128,400 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">37.5% </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">−1.5% </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="background-color: #A356DE; width: 5px;"> </td> <td class="org" style="width: 130px"><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Party_(United_States)" title="Constitution Party (United States)">Constitution</a> </td> <td class="fn">Theodore Gerrard </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">10,420 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">3.0% </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">+3.0% </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="text-align:right;">Total votes </th> <td style="text-align:right;">342,365 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">100.0% (rounded) </td> <td style="text-align:right;"> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders"> <caption>2018 Michigan 3rd Congressional District election<a href="#cite_note-242">[241]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" colspan="2" style="width: 130px">Party </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 17em">Candidate </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 5em">Votes </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 3.5em">% </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 3.5em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">±% </th></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="background-color: #E81B23; width: 5px;"> </td> <td class="org" style="width: 130px"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> </td> <td class="fn">Justin Amash (incumbent) </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">169,107 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">54.4% </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">−5.0% </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="background-color: #3333FF; width: 5px;"> </td> <td class="org" style="width: 130px"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> </td> <td class="fn">Cathy Albro </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">134,185 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">43.2% </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">+5.7% </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="background-color: #A356DE; width: 5px;"> </td> <td class="org" style="width: 130px"><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Party_(United_States)" title="Constitution Party (United States)">Constitution</a> </td> <td class="fn">Theodore Gerrard </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">7,445 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">2.4% </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">−0.6% </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="background-color: #DCDCDC; width: 5px;"> </td> <td class="org" style="width: 130px"><a href="/wiki/Independent_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent (politician)">Independent</a> </td> <td class="fn">Joe Farrington (write-in) </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">3 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">0.0% </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">+0.0% </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="text-align:right;">Total votes </th> <td style="text-align:right;">310,740 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">100.0% (rounded) </td> <td style="text-align:right;"> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="; margin-right:1em; font-size:95%"> <caption><a href="/wiki/2024_United_States_Senate_election_in_Michigan" title="2024 United States Senate election in Michigan">2024 United States Senate election in Michigan</a> Republican primary results </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" colspan="2" style="width: 15em">Party </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 17em">Candidate </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 5em">Votes </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 3.5em">% </th></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#E81B23;width:5px"> </td> <td class="org" style="width:130px"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(US)" class="mw-redirect" title="Republican Party (US)">Republican</a> </td> <td class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Mike_Rogers_(Michigan_politician)" title="Mike Rogers (Michigan politician)">Mike Rogers</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;margin-right:0.5em">553,083 </td> <td style="text-align:right;margin-right:0.5em">63.2% </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#E81B23;width:2px"> </td> <td class="org" style="width:130px"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(US)" class="mw-redirect" title="Republican Party (US)">Republican</a> </td> <td class="fn">Justin Amash </td> <td style="text-align:right">137,004 </td> <td style="text-align:right">15.7% </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#E81B23;width:2px"> </td> <td class="org" style="width:130px"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(US)" class="mw-redirect" title="Republican Party (US)">Republican</a> </td> <td class="fn">Sherry O'Donnell </td> <td style="text-align:right">105,979 </td> <td style="text-align:right">12.1% </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#E81B23;width:2px"> </td> <td class="org" style="width:130px"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(US)" class="mw-redirect" title="Republican Party (US)">Republican</a> </td> <td class="fn">Sandy Pensler (withdrawn) </td> <td style="text-align:right">79,302 </td> <td style="text-align:right">9.1% </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="text-align:right;">Total votes </th> <td style="text-align:right;">875,368 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">100.0% </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Justin_Amash&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Arab_and_Middle-Eastern_Americans_in_the_United_States_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Arab and Middle-Eastern Americans in the United States Congress">List of Arab and Middle-Eastern Americans in the United States Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_politicians_who_switched_parties_in_office" title="List of American politicians who switched parties in office">List of American politicians who switched parties in office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_who_switched_parties" title="List of United States representatives who switched parties">List of United States representatives who switched parties</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Justin_Amash&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> After <a href="/wiki/Mary_Rose_Oakar" title="Mary Rose Oakar">Mary Rose Oakar</a> was the first Syrian American in Congress. <a href="/wiki/John_E._Sununu" title="John E. Sununu">John E. Sununu</a> was the first Palestinian American in Congress.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Justin_Amash&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/2024-election/justin-amash-michigan-gop-senate-primary-rcna141175">"Former Rep. Justin Amash enters Michigan's jumbled GOP Senate primary"</a>. NBC News. February 29, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NBC+News&rft.atitle=Former+Rep.+Justin+Amash+enters+Michigan%27s+jumbled+GOP+Senate+primary&rft.date=2024-02-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fpolitics%2F2024-election%2Fjustin-amash-michigan-gop-senate-primary-rcna141175&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Amash" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CDIR-2020-07-22/pdf/CDIR-2020-07-22-MI-H-4.pdf">Congressional Directory</a> (PDF). 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Congressional+Directory&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.govinfo.gov%2Fcontent%2Fpkg%2FCDIR-2020-07-22%2Fpdf%2FCDIR-2020-07-22-MI-H-4.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Amash" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: <code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140912114602/https://amash.house.gov/about/biography">"Biography"</a>. 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Retrieved March 15, 2016. <q>Representative Justin Amash, a Michigan Republican, is one of the most important civil libertarians in the House of Representatives. He isn't just a staunch opponent of the NSA's mass surveillance of Americans – he actually has a sophisticated understanding of surveillance policy (unlike the vast majority of his congressional colleagues) as well as a record of bringing forth actual reform proposals./Amash voted against the reauthorization of the Patriot Act, favored a measure to repeal indefinite detention, and opposed reauthorization of the FISA Amendments Act. Little wonder that an ACLU staffer told Mother Jones that he's 'a game changer.'</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=Why+Justin+Amash%27s+Primary+Victory+Matters&rft.date=2014-08-06&rft.au=Friedersdorf%2C+Conor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fpolitics%2Farchive%2F2014%2F08%2Fwhy-rep-justin-amashs-primary-victory-matters%2F375634&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Amash" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://miboecfr.nictusa.com/election/results/2014GEN_CENR.html">"2014 Michigan Election results"</a>. Michigan Department of State. Retrieved April 1, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Michigan+Department+of+State&rft.atitle=2014+Michigan+Election+results&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmiboecfr.nictusa.com%2Felection%2Fresults%2F2014GEN_CENR.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Amash" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zezima-44"><a href="#cite_ref-Zezima_44-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZezima2015" class="citation news cs1">Zezima, Katie (May 4, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-politics/wp/2015/05/04/justin-amash-endorses-rand-paul-for-president">"Justin Amash endorses Rand Paul for president"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Justin+Amash+endorses+Rand+Paul+for+president&rft.date=2015-05-04&rft.aulast=Zezima&rft.aufirst=Katie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Fpost-politics%2Fwp%2F2015%2F05%2F04%2Fjustin-amash-endorses-rand-paul-for-president&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Amash" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJim_Harger2011" class="citation web cs1">Jim Harger (September 19, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mlive.com/politics/2011/09/us_rep_justin_amash_endorses_r.html">"U.S. Rep. Justin Amash endorses Ron Paul's bid for the GOP presidential nomination"</a>. MLive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=U.S.+Rep.+Justin+Amash+endorses+Ron+Paul%27s+bid+for+the+GOP+presidential+nomination&rft.pub=MLive&rft.date=2011-09-19&rft.au=Jim+Harger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mlive.com%2Fpolitics%2F2011%2F09%2Fus_rep_justin_amash_endorses_r.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Amash" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJesser_Byrnes2016" class="citation web cs1">Jesser Byrnes (February 23, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thehill.com/blogs/blog-briefing-room/news/270395-rep-amash-endorses-cruz/">"Rep. Amash endorses Cruz"</a>. The Hill. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161214042655/http://thehill.com/blogs/blog-briefing-room/news/270395-rep-amash-endorses-cruz">Archived</a> from the original on December 14, 2016. Retrieved January 1, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Hill&rft.atitle=Rep.+Amash+endorses+Cruz&rft.date=2016-02-23&rft.au=Jesser+Byrnes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthehill.com%2Fblogs%2Fblog-briefing-room%2Fnews%2F270395-rep-amash-endorses-cruz%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Amash" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govtrack.us/congress/members/justin_amash/412438">"Justin Amash"</a>. govtrack.us. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180128122619/https://www.govtrack.us/congress/members/justin_amash/412438">Archived</a> from the original on January 28, 2018. 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April 15, 2011. p. 5. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20200228234424/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/45819142/detroit-free-press/">Archived</a> from the original on February 28, 2020 – via <a href="/wiki/Newspapers.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspapers.com">Newspapers.com</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Detroit+Free+Press&rft.atitle=Mich.+lawmaker+is+guided+by+Constitution&rft.pages=5&rft.date=2011-04-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F45819142%2Fdetroit-free-press%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Amash" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmash2019" class="citation news cs1">Amash, Justin (July 4, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/justin-amash-our-politics-is-in-a-partisan-death-spiral-thats-why-im-leaving-the-gop/2019/07/04/afbe0480-9e3d-11e9-b27f-ed2942f73d70_story.html">"Our politics is in a partisan death spiral. That's why I'm leaving the GOP"</a>. Washington Post. 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The Detroit News.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Detroit+News&rft.atitle=Amash+leaves+the+Republican+Party%2C+saying+politics+is+%27trapped+in+a+partisan+death+spiral%27&rft.aulast=Burke&rft.aufirst=Melissa+Nann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.detroitnews.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2F2019%2F07%2F04%2Fjustin-amash-leaves-republican-party%2F1647393001%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Amash" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto1-51">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_51-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_51-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/congress/rep-justin-amash-announces-he-s-leaving-republican-party-n1026561">"Rep. Justin Amash announces he's leaving Republican Party"</a>. NBC News. July 4, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NBC+News&rft.atitle=Rep.+Justin+Amash+announces+he%27s+leaving+Republican+Party&rft.date=2019-07-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fpolitics%2Fcongress%2Frep-justin-amash-announces-he-s-leaving-republican-party-n1026561&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Amash" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZanonaBresnahan2019" class="citation web cs1">Zanona, Melanie; Bresnahan, John (July 8, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://politi.co/32gl3DS">"Justin Amash resigns from House committee after dumping GOP"</a>. Politico. Retrieved November 7, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Politico&rft.atitle=Justin+Amash+resigns+from+House+committee+after+dumping+GOP&rft.date=2019-07-08&rft.aulast=Zanona&rft.aufirst=Melanie&rft.au=Bresnahan%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpoliti.co%2F32gl3DS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Amash" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCassata2019" class="citation news cs1">Cassata, Donna (July 4, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/powerpost/rep-amash-lone-gop-critic-of-trump-leaves-republican-party/2019/07/04/9dfb2afc-9e42-11e9-85d6-5211733f92c7_story.html">"Rep. Justin Amash, lone GOP critic of Trump, leaves Republican Party"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. Retrieved July 5, 2019. <q>The only other independents in Congress, Sens. Bernie Sanders (Vt.) and Angus King (Maine), caucus with Democrats in the Senate.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Rep.+Justin+Amash%2C+lone+GOP+critic+of+Trump%2C+leaves+Republican+Party&rft.date=2019-07-04&rft.aulast=Cassata&rft.aufirst=Donna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fpowerpost%2Frep-amash-lone-gop-critic-of-trump-leaves-republican-party%2F2019%2F07%2F04%2F9dfb2afc-9e42-11e9-85d6-5211733f92c7_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Amash" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://time.com/5832934/michigan-rep-justin-amash-gop-president-libertarian/">"Michigan Rep. Justin Amash on the Why He'd Run for President as a Libertarian and the Culture of the GOP"</a>. Time.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Michigan+Rep.+Justin+Amash+on+the+Why+He%27d+Run+for+President+as+a+Libertarian+and+the+Culture+of+the+GOP&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftime.com%2F5832934%2Fmichigan-rep-justin-amash-gop-president-libertarian%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Amash" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurke" class="citation web cs1">Burke, Melissa Nann. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.detroitnews.com/story/news/politics/2020/07/16/justin-amash-not-campaigning-re-election-representative-congress-michigan/5444677002/">"'I'm still going to miss it': Amash not campaigning for re-election to his seat in Congress"</a>. The Detroit News.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Detroit+News&rft.atitle=%27I%27m+still+going+to+miss+it%27%3A+Amash+not+campaigning+for+re-election+to+his+seat+in+Congress&rft.aulast=Burke&rft.aufirst=Melissa+Nann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.detroitnews.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2F2020%2F07%2F16%2Fjustin-amash-not-campaigning-re-election-representative-congress-michigan%2F5444677002%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Amash" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/apr/29/justin-amash-us-presidential-election-libertarian">"Who is Justin Amash and does he have a chance in the US presidential election?"</a>. The Guardian. April 29, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Who+is+Justin+Amash+and+does+he+have+a+chance+in+the+US+presidential+election%3F&rft.date=2020-04-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fus-news%2F2020%2Fapr%2F29%2Fjustin-amash-us-presidential-election-libertarian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Amash" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Welch-57"><a href="#cite_ref-Welch_57-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWelch2020" class="citation web cs1">Welch, Matt (April 29, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://reason.com/2020/04/29/justin-amash-becomes-the-first-libertarian-member-of-congress/">"Justin Amash Becomes the First Libertarian Member of Congress"</a>. reason.com. 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July 17, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NBC+News&rft.atitle=Rep.+Justin+Amash+confirms+he+won%27t+seek+re-election+to+Congress&rft.date=2020-07-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fpolitics%2Fcongress%2Frep-justin-amash-confirms-he-won-t-seek-re-election-n1234137&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Amash" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-59"><a href="#cite_ref-:3_59-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWelch2019" class="citation news cs1">Welch, Matt (September 16, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://reason.com/2019/09/16/will-justin-amash-run-for-president-as-a-libertarian-in-2020/">"Will Justin Amash Run for President as a Libertarian in 2020?"</a>. 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Retrieved October 25, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Will+Justin+Amash+Run+for+President+as+a+Libertarian+in+2020%3F&rft.date=2019-09-16&rft.aulast=Welch&rft.aufirst=Matt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freason.com%2F2019%2F09%2F16%2Fwill-justin-amash-run-for-president-as-a-libertarian-in-2020%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Amash" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-60"><a href="#cite_ref-:4_60-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVilla2019" class="citation news cs1">Villa, Lissandra (October 10, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://time.com/5696967/justin-amash-2/">"In Donald Trump's America, Rep. Justin Amash Sets an Independent Course"</a>. Time. 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No. March/April 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180112100916/https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2017/03/libertarian-politics-success-failure-donald-trump-era-214847">Archived</a> from the original on January 12, 2018. Retrieved January 12, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Politico+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+End+of+the+Libertarian+Dream%3F&rft.issue=March%2FApril+2017&rft.aulast=Glasser&rft.aufirst=Susan+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.com%2Fmagazine%2Fstory%2F2017%2F03%2Flibertarian-politics-success-failure-donald-trump-era-214847&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Amash" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-81">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_81-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_81-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_81-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDesiderio2019" class="citation web cs1">Desiderio, Andrew (May 18, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politico.com/story/2019/05/18/justin-amash-trump-impeachable-mueller-1332780">"Michigan GOP congressman says Trump's conduct impeachable"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Politico" title="Politico">Politico</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Politico&rft.atitle=Michigan+GOP+congressman+says+Trump%27s+conduct+impeachable&rft.date=2019-05-18&rft.aulast=Desiderio&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.com%2Fstory%2F2019%2F05%2F18%2Fjustin-amash-trump-impeachable-mueller-1332780&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Amash" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ShabadHigh-82"><a href="#cite_ref-ShabadHigh_82-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShabad2019" class="citation web cs1">Shabad, Rebecca (May 20, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/congress/amash-s-impeachment-call-comes-political-price-how-high-n1007831">"Amash's impeachment call comes with a political price. How high?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NBC_News" title="NBC News">NBC News</a>. <q>Amash, 39, who identifies as a libertarian Republican, is considered among the most conservative members of the House. ... Conservative groups like the Club for Growth, Heritage Action for America and Americans for Prosperity have awarded him lifetime ratings of more than 85 percent.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NBC+News&rft.atitle=Amash%27s+impeachment+call+comes+with+a+political+price.+How+high%3F&rft.date=2019-05-20&rft.aulast=Shabad&rft.aufirst=Rebecca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fpolitics%2Fcongress%2Famash-s-impeachment-call-comes-political-price-how-high-n1007831&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Amash" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PhillipsMind-83"><a href="#cite_ref-PhillipsMind_83-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillips2019" class="citation web cs1">Phillips, Amber (May 20, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2019/05/20/why-justin-amashs-impeachment-comments-probably-wont-change-nancy-pelosis-mind/">"Why Justin Amash's impeachment comments probably won't change Nancy Pelosi's mind"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. <q>Amash is one of the most conservative lawmakers in Congress, which gives him street cred when he calls for impeaching a Republican president. But Amash is also a different strain of conservative; he leans libertarian.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Why+Justin+Amash%27s+impeachment+comments+probably+won%27t+change+Nancy+Pelosi%27s+mind&rft.date=2019-05-20&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=Amber&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fpolitics%2F2019%2F05%2F20%2Fwhy-justin-amashs-impeachment-comments-probably-wont-change-nancy-pelosis-mind%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Amash" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-McMillin-84"><a href="#cite_ref-McMillin_84-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcMillin2013" class="citation news cs1">McMillin, Zane (July 8, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mlive.com/news/grand-rapids/2013/07/rep_justin_amash_most_liberal.html">"Rep. Justin Amash 'most liberal Republican,' GOP strategist Karl Rove says"</a>. MLive Media Group. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200228055938/https://www.mlive.com/news/grand-rapids/2013/07/rep_justin_amash_most_liberal.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 28, 2020. Retrieved May 22, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Rep.+Justin+Amash+%27most+liberal+Republican%2C%27+GOP+strategist+Karl+Rove+says&rft.date=2013-07-08&rft.aulast=McMillin&rft.aufirst=Zane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mlive.com%2Fnews%2Fgrand-rapids%2F2013%2F07%2Frep_justin_amash_most_liberal.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Amash" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AndrewsHC-85"><a href="#cite_ref-AndrewsHC_85-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrewsBlochPark2017" class="citation news cs1">Andrews, Wilson; Bloch, Matthew; Park, Haeyoun (March 24, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2017/03/24/us/politics/republicans-opposed-health-care-bill.html">"Who Stopped the Republican Health Bill?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190705013256/https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2017/03/24/us/politics/republicans-opposed-health-care-bill.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 5, 2019. Retrieved May 22, 2019. <q>15 were hard-line conservatives who wanted a complete repeal of the Affordable Care Act. They are all members of the House Freedom Caucus, who are among the most conservative members of the House ... Justin Amash, MI-3</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Who+Stopped+the+Republican+Health+Bill%3F&rft.date=2017-03-24&rft.aulast=Andrews&rft.aufirst=Wilson&rft.au=Bloch%2C+Matthew&rft.au=Park%2C+Haeyoun&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Finteractive%2F2017%2F03%2F24%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2Frepublicans-opposed-health-care-bill.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Amash" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFByrdSullivan2019" class="citation news cs1">Byrd, Haley; Sullivan, Kate (June 11, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2019/06/10/politics/justin-amash-leaves-freedom-caucus">"Justin Amash leaves the conservative Freedom Caucus"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Justin+Amash+leaves+the+conservative+Freedom+Caucus&rft.date=2019-06-11&rft.aulast=Byrd&rft.aufirst=Haley&rft.au=Sullivan%2C+Kate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2019%2F06%2F10%2Fpolitics%2Fjustin-amash-leaves-freedom-caucus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Amash" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmash2019" class="citation news cs1">Amash, Justin (July 4, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/justin-amash-our-politics-is-in-a-partisan-death-spiral-thats-why-im-leaving-the-gop/2019/07/04/afbe0480-9e3d-11e9-b27f-ed2942f73d70_story.html">"Justin Amash: Our politics is in a partisan death spiral. That's why I'm leaving the GOP"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190704105042/https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/justin-amash-our-politics-is-in-a-partisan-death-spiral-thats-why-im-leaving-the-gop/2019/07/04/afbe0480-9e3d-11e9-b27f-ed2942f73d70_story.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 4, 2019. Retrieved July 4, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Justin+Amash%3A+Our+politics+is+in+a+partisan+death+spiral.+That%27s+why+I%27m+leaving+the+GOP.&rft.date=2019-07-04&rft.aulast=Amash&rft.aufirst=Justin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fopinions%2Fjustin-amash-our-politics-is-in-a-partisan-death-spiral-thats-why-im-leaving-the-gop%2F2019%2F07%2F04%2Fafbe0480-9e3d-11e9-b27f-ed2942f73d70_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Amash" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-88"><a href="#cite_ref-auto_88-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWelch2020" class="citation magazine cs1">Welch, Matt (April 29, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://reason.com/2020/04/29/justin-amash-becomes-the-first-libertarian-member-of-congress/">"Justin Amash Becomes the First Libertarian Member of Congress"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Reason_(magazine)" title="Reason (magazine)">Reason</a>. Retrieved April 30, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reason&rft.atitle=Justin+Amash+Becomes+the+First+Libertarian+Member+of+Congress&rft.date=2020-04-29&rft.aulast=Welch&rft.aufirst=Matt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freason.com%2F2020%2F04%2F29%2Fjustin-amash-becomes-the-first-libertarian-member-of-congress%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Amash" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMak2011" class="citation web cs1">Mak, Tim (December 8, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190626090357/https://www.politico.com/story/2011/12/amash-casts-himself-in-pauls-mold-070145">"Amash casts himself in Paul's mold"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Politico" title="Politico">Politico</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politico.com/story/2011/12/amash-casts-himself-in-pauls-mold-070145">the original</a> on June 26, 2019. <q>With an unconventional approach to politics, Amash has chosen personal preferences over fealty to the Capitol Hill 'community' – alienating and isolating him from House leadership, his state's delegation and special interest groups ... As a congressman and earlier as a state representative, he made a name for himself as a contrarian who bucks party leadership based on inviolable personal beliefs.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Politico&rft.atitle=Amash+casts+himself+in+Paul%27s+mold&rft.date=2011-12-08&rft.aulast=Mak&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.com%2Fstory%2F2011%2F12%2Famash-casts-himself-in-pauls-mold-070145&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Amash" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThrush2019" class="citation news cs1">Thrush, Glenn (May 20, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190522123725/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/20/us/politics/justin-amash-trump-impeachment.html">"Impeachment Appeal Pushes Justin Amash From G.O.P. Gadfly to Insurgent"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/20/us/politics/justin-amash-trump-impeachment.html">the original</a> on May 22, 2019. <q>Amash ... has made a political career of going it alone. ... a libertarian with a contrarian streak.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Impeachment+Appeal+Pushes+Justin+Amash+From+G.O.P.+Gadfly+to+Insurgent&rft.date=2019-05-20&rft.aulast=Thrush&rft.aufirst=Glenn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2019%2F05%2F20%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2Fjustin-amash-trump-impeachment.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Amash" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSauer2020" class="citation news cs1">Sauer, Megan (September 26, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/elections/2020/09/26/justin-amash-whats-next-ex-republican-and-trump-foe/3491245001/">"Rep. Justin Amash, the ex-Republican who tussled with Trump and the GOP, reflects on what's next"</a>. <a href="/wiki/USA_Today" title="USA Today">USA Today</a>. Retrieved November 28, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=Rep.+Justin+Amash%2C+the+ex-Republican+who+tussled+with+Trump+and+the+GOP%2C+reflects+on+what%27s+next&rft.date=2020-09-26&rft.aulast=Sauer&rft.aufirst=Megan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Felections%2F2020%2F09%2F26%2Fjustin-amash-whats-next-ex-republican-and-trump-foe%2F3491245001%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Amash" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Time-92">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Time_92-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Time_92-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2023831_2023829_2025197,00.html">"Time Magazine names Justin Amash one of its 40 Rising Stars"</a>. Time. October 14, 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190521234531/http://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2023831_2023829_2025197,00.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 21, 2019. Retrieved May 20, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Time+Magazine+names+Justin+Amash+one+of+its+40+Rising+Stars&rft.date=2010-10-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.time.com%2Ftime%2Fspecials%2Fpackages%2Farticle%2F0%2C28804%2C2023831_2023829_2025197%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Amash" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Maroon-93">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Maroon_93-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Maroon_93-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeigel2018" class="citation news cs1">Weigel, David (July 31, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/powerpost/the-new-dr-no-rep-justin-amash-marooned-in-congress/2018/07/31/5e9f9ca2-90e8-11e8-8322-b5482bf5e0f5_story.html">"The new 'Dr. No': Rep. Justin Amash, marooned in Congress"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. Retrieved August 5, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=The+new+%27Dr.+No%27%3A+Rep.+Justin+Amash%2C+marooned+in+Congress&rft.date=2018-07-31&rft.aulast=Weigel&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fpowerpost%2Fthe-new-dr-no-rep-justin-amash-marooned-in-congress%2F2018%2F07%2F31%2F5e9f9ca2-90e8-11e8-8322-b5482bf5e0f5_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Amash" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nytimes.com-94">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nytimes.com_94-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nytimes.com_94-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteinhauer2011" class="citation news cs1">Steinhauer, Jennifer (April 14, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/15/us/politics/15freshman.html">"Justin Amash, Republican Freshman, Bucks His Party"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170228220348/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/15/us/politics/15freshman.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 28, 2017. Retrieved February 27, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Justin+Amash%2C+Republican+Freshman%2C+Bucks+His+Party&rft.date=2011-04-14&rft.aulast=Steinhauer&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2011%2F04%2F15%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2F15freshman.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Amash" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ontheissues-95"><a href="#cite_ref-ontheissues_95-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ontheissues.org/MI/Justin_Amash.htm">"Justin Amash on the Issues"</a>. Ontheissues.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121209132841/http://ontheissues.org/MI/Justin_Amash.htm">Archived</a> from the original on December 9, 2012. 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Retrieved June 13, 2020. <q>Though the text of the bill has yet to be released as of this writing, so the exact provisions remain unknown, Rep. Justin Amash (L-Mich.) is partnering with Rep. Ayanna Pressley (D-Mass.) to introduce the 'End Qualified Immunity Act.' 'Qualified immunity was created by the Supreme Court in contravention of the text of the [Civil Rights Act of 1871] and the intent of Congress,' Amash argued in a letter urging colleagues to support his bill. 'It is time for us to correct their mistake [ ... and] ensure that those whose rights are violated by the police aren't forced to suffer the added injustice of being denied their day in court.'</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Week&rft.atitle=How+the+Supreme+Court+could+change+policing+in+an+instant&rft.date=2020-06-05&rft.au=Bonnie+Kristian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheweek.com%2Farticles%2F918150%2Fhow-supreme-court-could-change-policing-instant&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Amash" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Forbes2020-06-11-115"><a href="#cite_ref-Forbes2020-06-11_115-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNick_Sibilla2020" class="citation news cs1">Nick Sibilla (June 11, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/nicksibilla/2020/06/11/court-rejects-qualified-immunity-for-cops-who-shot-a-motionless-black-man-22-times/#12a699339d29">"Court Rejects Qualified Immunity For Cops Who Shot A "Motionless" Black Man 22 Times"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Forbes_magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Forbes magazine">Forbes magazine</a>. Retrieved June 13, 2020. <q>That proposal comes on the heels of the End Qualified Immunity Act, sponsored by Reps. Justin Amash (L-MI) and Ayanna Pressley (D-MA), which would end qualified immunity for all local and state government officials, not just police officers and prison guards.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Forbes+magazine&rft.atitle=Court+Rejects+Qualified+Immunity+For+Cops+Who+Shot+A+%22Motionless%22+Black+Man+22+Times&rft.date=2020-06-11&rft.au=Nick+Sibilla&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Fnicksibilla%2F2020%2F06%2F11%2Fcourt-rejects-qualified-immunity-for-cops-who-shot-a-motionless-black-man-22-times%2F%2312a699339d29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Amash" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/45817107/battle-creek-enquirer/">"How They Voted"</a>. 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August 3, 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170806023041/https://ivn.us/2017/08/03/meet-5-lawmakers-voted-against-russia-sanctions-bill/">Archived</a> from the original on August 6, 2017. Retrieved August 5, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IVN.us&rft.atitle=Meet+the+5+Lawmakers+Who+Voted+Against+the+Russia+Sanctions+Bill&rft.date=2017-08-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fivn.us%2F2017%2F08%2F03%2Fmeet-5-lawmakers-voted-against-russia-sanctions-bill%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Amash" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmash2019" class="citation web cs1">Amash, Justin (January 23, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://twitter.com/justinamash/status/1088094255267135489?lang=en">"Yesterday, the House voted on an extreme, misguided measure regarding NATO. This bill doesn't simply instruct @POTUS he can't withdraw without congressional approval; rather, it includes a blanket rejection of *any* proposal *ever* to Congress to alter this alliance. I voted no"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Yesterday%2C+the+House+voted+on+an+extreme%2C+misguided+measure+regarding+NATO.+This+bill+doesn%27t+simply+instruct+%40POTUS+he+can%27t+withdraw+without+congressional+approval%3B+rather%2C+it+includes+a+blanket+rejection+of+%2Aany%2A+proposal+%2Aever%2A+to+Congress+to+alter+this+alliance.+I+voted+no.&rft.date=2019-01-23&rft.aulast=Amash&rft.aufirst=Justin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftwitter.com%2Fjustinamash%2Fstatus%2F1088094255267135489%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Amash" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmash2019" class="citation web cs1">Amash, Justin (January 23, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://twitter.com/justinamash/status/1088274219580960768">"I didn't say it binds Congress into perpetuity; I said it contains a *current* statement of policy that "reject[s] any efforts" to substantially change this alliance anytime. I support NATO (see clerk.house.gov/evs/2017/roll328.xml), but this bill includes reckless policy I can't support"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=I+didn%27t+say+it+binds+Congress+into+perpetuity%3B+I+said+it+contains+a+%2Acurrent%2A+statement+of+policy+that+%22reject%5Bs%5D+any+efforts%22+to+substantially+change+this+alliance+anytime.+I+support+NATO+%28see+clerk.house.gov%2Fevs%2F2017%2Froll328.xml%29%2C+but+this+bill+includes+reckless+policy+I+can%27t+support.&rft.date=2019-01-23&rft.aulast=Amash&rft.aufirst=Justin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftwitter.com%2Fjustinamash%2Fstatus%2F1088274219580960768&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Amash" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEverett2019" class="citation news cs1">Everett, Burgess (April 3, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politico.com/story/2019/04/03/congress-syria-withdrawal-1252185">"Rand Paul, Ocasio-Cortez praise Trump for Syria withdrawal"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Politico" title="Politico">Politico</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190403181800/https://www.politico.com/story/2019/04/03/congress-syria-withdrawal-1252185">Archived</a> from the original on April 3, 2019. Retrieved April 3, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Politico&rft.atitle=Rand+Paul%2C+Ocasio-Cortez+praise+Trump+for+Syria+withdrawal&rft.date=2019-04-03&rft.aulast=Everett&rft.aufirst=Burgess&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.com%2Fstory%2F2019%2F04%2F03%2Fcongress-syria-withdrawal-1252185&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Amash" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBolton2019" class="citation news cs1">Bolton, Alexander (April 3, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thehill.com/policy/defense/437144-rand-paul-teams-up-with-ocasio-cortez-omar-to-press-trump-on-syria-withdrawal/">"Rand Paul teams up with Ocasio-Cortez, Omar to press Trump on Syria withdrawal"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Hill_(newspaper)" title="The Hill (newspaper)">The Hill</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190403181803/https://thehill.com/policy/defense/437144-rand-paul-teams-up-with-ocasio-cortez-omar-to-press-trump-on-syria-withdrawal">Archived</a> from the original on April 3, 2019. Retrieved April 3, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hill&rft.atitle=Rand+Paul+teams+up+with+Ocasio-Cortez%2C+Omar+to+press+Trump+on+Syria+withdrawal&rft.date=2019-04-03&rft.aulast=Bolton&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthehill.com%2Fpolicy%2Fdefense%2F437144-rand-paul-teams-up-with-ocasio-cortez-omar-to-press-trump-on-syria-withdrawal%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Amash" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmash2019" class="citation web cs1">Amash, Justin (October 13, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://twitter.com/justinamash/status/1183431827371036672">"President Trump long ago could (and should) have withdrawn from Syria and worked to keep out Turkey. Instead, he pulled back a few troops (no withdrawal) and green lighted Turkey's attack. His sudden concern about endless wars is just cover for his having facilitated a disaster"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=President+Trump+long+ago+could+%28and+should%29+have+withdrawn+from+Syria+and+worked+to+keep+out+Turkey.+Instead%2C+he+pulled+back+a+few+troops+%28no+withdrawal%29+and+green+lighted+Turkey%27s+attack.+His+sudden+concern+about+endless+wars+is+just+cover+for+his+having+facilitated+a+disaster.&rft.date=2019-10-13&rft.aulast=Amash&rft.aufirst=Justin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftwitter.com%2Fjustinamash%2Fstatus%2F1183431827371036672&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Amash" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmash2019" class="citation web cs1">Amash, Justin (October 7, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://twitter.com/justinamash/status/1181244246126419972">"1. We shouldn't have any U.S. forces in Syria without congressional approval. 2. We shouldn't tell Turkey it's okay to invade Syria. President Trump is keeping troops in Syria; just moving some. And despite Trump's Twitter warnings, Turkey would not invade without his go-ahead"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1.+We+shouldn%27t+have+any+U.S.+forces+in+Syria+without+congressional+approval.+2.+We+shouldn%27t+tell+Turkey+it%27s+okay+to+invade+Syria.+President+Trump+is+keeping+troops+in+Syria%3B+just+moving+some.+And+despite+Trump%27s+Twitter+warnings%2C+Turkey+would+not+invade+without+his+go-ahead.&rft.date=2019-10-07&rft.aulast=Amash&rft.aufirst=Justin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftwitter.com%2Fjustinamash%2Fstatus%2F1181244246126419972&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Amash" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmash2019" class="citation web cs1">Amash, Justin (October 7, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://twitter.com/justinamash/status/1181224116348706821">"U.S. forces should not even be in Syria without congressional approval. Regardless, Turkey would not take this action without the express consent of the White House. It's disingenuous for President Trump to suggest it's all about "ISIS fighters" when the target is Kurdish forces"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=U.S.+forces+should+not+even+be+in+Syria+without+congressional+approval.+Regardless%2C+Turkey+would+not+take+this+action+without+the+express+consent+of+the+White+House.+It%27s+disingenuous+for+President+Trump+to+suggest+it%27s+all+about+%22ISIS+fighters%22+when+the+target+is+Kurdish+forces.&rft.date=2019-10-07&rft.aulast=Amash&rft.aufirst=Justin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftwitter.com%2Fjustinamash%2Fstatus%2F1181224116348706821&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Amash" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennedy2020" class="citation web cs1">Kennedy, Merrit (January 30, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2020/01/30/801183240/congress-votes-no-war-against-iran-in-rebuke-to-trump">"House Votes 'No War Against Iran,' In Rebuke To Trump"</a>. NPR. Retrieved January 30, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NPR&rft.atitle=House+Votes+%27No+War+Against+Iran%2C%27+In+Rebuke+To+Trump&rft.date=2020-01-30&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.aufirst=Merrit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2020%2F01%2F30%2F801183240%2Fcongress-votes-no-war-against-iran-in-rebuke-to-trump&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Amash" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://clerk.house.gov/evs/2020/roll033.xml">"Final Vote Results for Roll Call Vote – 33"</a>. House.gov. Retrieved May 2, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=House.gov&rft.atitle=Final+Vote+Results+for+Roll+Call+Vote+%E2%80%93+33&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fclerk.house.gov%2Fevs%2F2020%2Froll033.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Amash" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://clerk.house.gov/evs/2020/roll034.xml">"Final Vote Results for Roll Call vote – 34"</a>. House.gov. Retrieved May 2, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=House.gov&rft.atitle=Final+Vote+Results+for+Roll+Call+vote+%E2%80%93+34&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fclerk.house.gov%2Fevs%2F2020%2Froll034.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Amash" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oppose_Trump-199"><a href="#cite_ref-Oppose_Trump_199-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBritzkyBarrDunn2016" class="citation web cs1">Britzky, Haley; Barr, Luke; Dunn, Andrew (April 29, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thehill.com/blogs/ballot-box/presidential-races/278141-republicans-who-vow-to-never-back-trump/">"Republicans who vow to never back Trump"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Hill_(newspaper)" title="The Hill (newspaper)">The Hill</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160505100353/http://thehill.com/blogs/ballot-box/presidential-races/278141-republicans-who-vow-to-never-back-trump">Archived</a> from the original on May 5, 2016. Retrieved May 5, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Hill&rft.atitle=Republicans+who+vow+to+never+back+Trump&rft.date=2016-04-29&rft.aulast=Britzky&rft.aufirst=Haley&rft.au=Barr%2C+Luke&rft.au=Dunn%2C+Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthehill.com%2Fblogs%2Fballot-box%2Fpresidential-races%2F278141-republicans-who-vow-to-never-back-trump%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Amash" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-twsWSJ4343-200"><a href="#cite_ref-twsWSJ4343_200-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrews2017" class="citation news cs1">Andrews, Natalie (February 20, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/justin-amash-emerges-as-leading-critic-of-fellow-republican-donald-trump-1487599201">"Justin Amash Emerges as Leading Critic of Fellow Republican Donald Trump"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Wall_Street_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Wall Street Journal">Wall Street Journal</a>. Retrieved February 21, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Justin+Amash+Emerges+as+Leading+Critic+of+Fellow+Republican+Donald+Trump&rft.date=2017-02-20&rft.aulast=Andrews&rft.aufirst=Natalie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2Fjustin-amash-emerges-as-leading-critic-of-fellow-republican-donald-trump-1487599201&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Amash" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CBS1-201">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CBS1_201-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CBS1_201-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatson2017" class="citation web cs1">Watson, Kathryn (April 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbsnews.com/news/trump-aide-dan-scavino-calls-for-amash-primary-challenger/">"Trump aide calls for primary challenge against Freedom Caucus member"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CBS_News" title="CBS News">CBS News</a>. Retrieved March 11, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CBS+News&rft.atitle=Trump+aide+calls+for+primary+challenge+against+Freedom+Caucus+member&rft.date=2017-04&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.aufirst=Kathryn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2Fnews%2Ftrump-aide-dan-scavino-calls-for-amash-primary-challenger%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Amash" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HuffPost1-202"><a href="#cite_ref-HuffPost1_202-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFuller2016" class="citation news cs1">Fuller, Matt (December 27, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/justin-amash-donald-trump_us_58406d7ae4b017f37fe35a9e">"The One House Republican Who Can't Stop Criticizing Donald Trump"</a>. 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Retrieved February 28, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=MI+%E2%80%93+District+03+2014&rft.date=2015-01-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ourcampaigns.com%2FRaceDetail.html%3FRaceID%3D782866&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Amash" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=801344">"MI – District 03 2016"</a>. November 28, 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170726235456/http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=801344">Archived</a> from the original on July 26, 2017. Retrieved February 28, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=MI+%E2%80%93+District+03+2016&rft.date=2016-11-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ourcampaigns.com%2FRaceDetail.html%3FRaceID%3D801344&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Amash" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=833147">"MI – District 03 2018"</a>. July 4, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=MI+%E2%80%93+District+03+2018&rft.date=2019-07-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ourcampaigns.com%2FRaceDetail.html%3FRaceID%3D833147&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Amash" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Justin_Amash&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/person/?1033767">Appearances</a> on <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=A000367">Biography</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Biographical Directory of the United States Congress">Biographical Directory of the United States Congress</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fec.gov/data/candidate/H0MI03126">Financial information (federal office)</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Election_Commission" title="Federal Election Commission">Federal Election Commission</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.congress.gov/member/justin-amash/A000367">Legislation sponsored</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://justfacts.votesmart.org/candidate/105566">Profile</a> at <a href="/wiki/Vote_Smart" title="Vote Smart">Vote Smart</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc"><a href="/wiki/Michigan_House_of_Representatives" title="Michigan House of Representatives">Michigan House of Representatives</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glenn_Steil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Glenn Steil (page does not exist)">Glenn Steil</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Member of the <a href="/wiki/Michigan_House_of_Representatives" title="Michigan House of Representatives">Michigan House of Representatives</a> from the 72nd district 2009–2011 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Ken_Yonker" title="Ken Yonker">Ken Yonker</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc"><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Vern_Ehlers" title="Vern Ehlers">Vern Ehlers</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Member of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Representatives_from_Michigan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States Representatives from Michigan">U.S. House of Representatives</a> from <a href="/wiki/Michigan%27s_3rd_congressional_district" title="Michigan's 3rd congressional district">Michigan's 3rd congressional district</a> 2011–2021 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Meijer" title="Peter Meijer">Peter Meijer</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cfc;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_order_of_precedence" title="United States order of precedence">U.S. order of precedence</a> (ceremonial) </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/James_A._Barcia" class="mw-redirect" title="James A. Barcia">James A. Barcia</a></div>as Former US Representative </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/United_States_order_of_precedence" title="United States order of precedence">Order of precedence of the United States</a> as Former US Representative </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Skip_Bafalis" title="Skip Bafalis">Skip Bafalis</a></div>as Former US Representative </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_representatives_from_Michigan" title="Template talk:United States representatives from Michigan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_representatives_from_Michigan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States representatives from Michigan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Members_of_the_U.S._House_of_Representatives_from_Michigan" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Michigan" title="United States congressional delegations from Michigan">Members of the U.S. House of Representatives from Michigan</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Michigan_Territory%27s_at-large_congressional_district" title="Michigan Territory's at-large congressional district">Territory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Woodbridge" title="William Woodbridge">Woodbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Sibley" title="Solomon Sibley">Sibley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Richard" title="Gabriel Richard">Richard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austin_Eli_Wing" title="Austin Eli Wing">Wing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Biddle_(Michigan_politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Biddle (Michigan politician)">Biddle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austin_Eli_Wing" title="Austin Eli Wing">Wing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Lyon" title="Lucius Lyon">Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Wallace_Jones" title="George Wallace Jones">G. Jones</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Michigan%27s_at-large_congressional_district" title="Michigan's at-large congressional district">At-large</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_E._Crary" title="Isaac E. Crary">Crary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_M._Howard" title="Jacob M. Howard">J. Howard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_H._Kelley" title="Patrick H. Kelley">Kelley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Staebler" title="Neil Staebler">Staebler</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg/100px-Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg/150px-Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg/200px-Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="1030" /> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Flag_of_Michigan.svg/100px-Flag_of_Michigan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Flag_of_Michigan.svg/150px-Flag_of_Michigan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Flag_of_Michigan.svg/200px-Flag_of_Michigan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="685" data-file-height="457" /></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Michigan%27s_1st_congressional_district" title="Michigan's 1st congressional district">1st district</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_McClelland_(American_politician)" title="Robert McClelland (American politician)">McClelland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_W._Buel" title="Alexander W. Buel">Buel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebenezer_J._Penniman" title="Ebenezer J. Penniman">Penniman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Stuart_(brigadier_general)" title="David Stuart (brigadier general)">D. Stuart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Alanson_Howard" title="William Alanson Howard">W. Howard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_B._Cooper_(politician)" title="George B. Cooper (politician)">Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Alanson_Howard" title="William Alanson Howard">W. Howard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bradley_F._Granger" title="Bradley F. Granger">Granger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_C._Beaman" title="Fernando C. Beaman">Beaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Waldron" title="Henry Waldron">Waldron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_W._Field" title="Moses W. Field">Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpheus_S._Williams" title="Alpheus S. Williams">A. S. Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stoughton_Newberry" title="John Stoughton Newberry">Newberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_W._Lord" title="Henry W. Lord">Lord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_C._Maybury" title="William C. Maybury">Maybury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Logan_Chipman" class="mw-redirect" title="John Logan Chipman">J. L. Chipman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levi_T._Griffin" title="Levi T. Griffin">Griffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Blaisdell_Corliss" title="John Blaisdell Corliss">Corliss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Lucking" title="Alfred Lucking">Lucking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Denby_(politician)" title="Edwin Denby (politician)">Denby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Ellsworth_Doremus" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank Ellsworth Doremus">Doremus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_P._Codd" title="George P. Codd">Codd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Clancy" title="Robert H. Clancy">Clancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_B._Sosnowski" title="John B. Sosnowski">Sosnowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Clancy" title="Robert H. Clancy">Clancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_G._Sadowski" title="George G. Sadowski">Sadowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolph_G._Tenerowicz" title="Rudolph G. Tenerowicz">Tenerowicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_G._Sadowski" title="George G. Sadowski">Sadowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaddeus_M._Machrowicz" title="Thaddeus M. Machrowicz">Machrowicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucien_Nedzi" title="Lucien Nedzi">Nedzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Conyers" title="John Conyers">Conyers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bart_Stupak" title="Bart Stupak">Stupak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Benishek" title="Dan Benishek">Benishek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Bergman" title="Jack Bergman">Bergman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Michigan%27s_2nd_congressional_district" title="Michigan's 2nd congressional district">2nd district</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Lyon" title="Lucius Lyon">Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Smith_Chipman" title="John Smith Chipman">J. S. Chipman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Bradley_(politician)" title="Edward Bradley (politician)">E. Bradley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_E._Stuart" title="Charles E. Stuart">C. Stuart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Sprague_(Michigan_politician)" title="William Sprague (Michigan politician)">Sprague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_E._Stuart" title="Charles E. Stuart">C. Stuart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_A._Noble" title="David A. Noble">Noble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Waldron" title="Henry Waldron">Waldron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_C._Beaman" title="Fernando C. Beaman">Beaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Upson" title="Charles Upson">Upson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_L._Stoughton" title="William L. Stoughton">Stoughton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Waldron" title="Henry Waldron">Waldron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Willits" title="Edwin Willits">Willits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_B._Eldredge" title="Nathaniel B. Eldredge">Eldredge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_P._Allen" title="Edward P. Allen">Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_S._Gorman" title="James S. Gorman">Gorman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Spalding" title="George Spalding">Spalding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_C._Smith_(politician)" title="Henry C. Smith (politician)">H. Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_E._Townsend" title="Charles E. Townsend">Townsend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wedemeyer" title="William Wedemeyer">Wedemeyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Beakes" title="Samuel Beakes">Beakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_R._Bacon" title="Mark R. Bacon">Bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Beakes" title="Samuel Beakes">Beakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earl_C._Michener" title="Earl C. Michener">Michener</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Lehr" title="John C. Lehr">Lehr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earl_C._Michener" title="Earl C. Michener">Michener</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Meader" title="George Meader">Meader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weston_E._Vivian" title="Weston E. Vivian">Vivian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marvin_L._Esch" title="Marvin L. Esch">Esch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Pursell" title="Carl Pursell">Pursell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pete_Hoekstra" title="Pete Hoekstra">Hoekstra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Huizenga" title="Bill Huizenga">Huizenga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Moolenaar" title="John Moolenaar">Moolenaar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Michigan%27s_3rd_congressional_district" title="Michigan's 3rd congressional district">3rd district</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_B._Hunt" title="James B. Hunt">Hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinsley_S._Bingham" title="Kinsley S. Bingham">Bingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_L._Conger" title="James L. Conger">J. Conger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Clark_(New_York_and_Michigan_politician)" title="Samuel Clark (New York and Michigan politician)">Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_S._Walbridge" title="David S. Walbridge">Walbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_William_Kellogg" title="Francis William Kellogg">Kellogg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Longyear" title="John W. Longyear">Longyear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austin_Blair" title="Austin Blair">Blair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Willard" title="George Willard">Willard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonas_H._McGowan" title="Jonas H. McGowan">McGowan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_S._Lacey" title="Edward S. Lacey">Lacey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_O%27Donnell_(politician)" title="James O'Donnell (politician)">O'Donnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_C._Burrows" title="Julius C. Burrows">Burrows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Milnes" title="Alfred Milnes">Milnes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_M._Todd" title="Albert M. Todd">A. Todd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Gardner" title="Washington Gardner">Gardner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_M._C._Smith" title="John M. C. Smith">J. Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Frankhauser" title="William H. Frankhauser">Frankhauser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_M._C._Smith" title="John M. C. Smith">J. Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_B._Williams" title="Arthur B. Williams">A. B. Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_L._Hooper" title="Joseph L. Hooper">Hooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_M._Kimball" title="Henry M. Kimball">Kimball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verner_Main" title="Verner Main">Main</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_W._Shafer" title="Paul W. Shafer">Shafer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_E._Johansen" title="August E. Johansen">Johansen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_H._Todd_Jr." title="Paul H. Todd Jr.">P. Todd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garry_E._Brown" title="Garry E. Brown">G. Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Wolpe" title="Howard Wolpe">Wolpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_B._Henry" title="Paul B. Henry">Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vern_Ehlers" title="Vern Ehlers">Ehlers</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Amash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Meijer" title="Peter Meijer">Meijer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillary_Scholten" title="Hillary Scholten">Scholten</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Michigan%27s_4th_congressional_district" title="Michigan's 4th congressional district">4th district</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hestor_L._Stevens" title="Hestor L. Stevens">H. L. Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Peck" title="George Washington Peck">Peck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dewitt_C._Leach" title="Dewitt C. Leach">Leach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowland_E._Trowbridge" title="Rowland E. Trowbridge">Trowbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_William_Kellogg" title="Francis William Kellogg">Kellogg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_W._Ferry" title="Thomas W. Ferry">Ferry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilder_D._Foster" title="Wilder D. Foster">Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_C._Burrows" title="Julius C. Burrows">Burrows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allen_Potter" title="Allen Potter">Potter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_W._Keightley" title="Edwin W. Keightley">Keightley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_C._Burrows" title="Julius C. Burrows">Burrows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_L._Yaple" title="George L. Yaple">Yaple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_C._Burrows" title="Julius C. Burrows">Burrows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_F._Thomas" title="Henry F. Thomas">Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_L._Hamilton" title="Edward L. Hamilton">Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Ketcham" title="John C. Ketcham">Ketcham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Ernest_Foulkes" title="George Ernest Foulkes">Foulkes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clare_Hoffman" title="Clare Hoffman">Hoffman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Edward_Hutchinson" title="J. Edward Hutchinson">Hutchinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Stockman" title="David Stockman">Stockman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_D._Siljander" title="Mark D. Siljander">Siljander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Upton" title="Fred Upton">Upton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dave_Camp" title="Dave Camp">Camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Moolenaar" title="John Moolenaar">Moolenaar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Huizenga" title="Bill Huizenga">Huizenga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Michigan%27s_5th_congressional_district" title="Michigan's 5th congressional district">5th district</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_C._Baldwin" title="Augustus C. Baldwin">Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowland_E._Trowbridge" title="Rowland E. Trowbridge">Trowbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_D._Conger" title="Omar D. Conger">O. Conger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilder_D._Foster" title="Wilder D. Foster">Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_B._Williams_(Michigan_politician)" title="William B. Williams (Michigan politician)">W. Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Stone" title="John W. Stone">Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Webber_(politician)" title="George W. Webber (politician)">Webber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Houseman" title="Julius Houseman">Houseman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_C._Comstock" title="Charles C. Comstock">Comstock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melbourne_H._Ford" title="Melbourne H. Ford">M. Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_E._Belknap" title="Charles E. Belknap">Belknap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melbourne_H._Ford" title="Melbourne H. Ford">M. Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_E._Belknap" title="Charles E. Belknap">Belknap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_F._Richardson" title="George F. Richardson">Richardson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Alden_Smith" title="William Alden Smith">W. Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerrit_J._Diekema" title="Gerrit J. Diekema">Diekema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_F._Sweet" title="Edwin F. Sweet">Sweet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_E._Mapes" title="Carl E. Mapes">Mapes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartel_J._Jonkman" title="Bartel J. Jonkman">Jonkman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">G. Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Vander_Veen" title="Richard Vander Veen">Vander Veen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_S._Sawyer" title="Harold S. Sawyer">Sawyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_B._Henry" title="Paul B. Henry">Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Barcia" title="James Barcia">Barcia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dale_Kildee" title="Dale Kildee">D. E. Kildee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Kildee" title="Dan Kildee">D. T. Kildee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Walberg" title="Tim Walberg">Walberg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Michigan%27s_6th_congressional_district" title="Michigan's 6th congressional district">6th district</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Driggs" title="John F. Driggs">Driggs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randolph_Strickland" title="Randolph Strickland">Strickland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabez_G._Sutherland" title="Jabez G. Sutherland">Sutherland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Begole" title="Josiah Begole">Begole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._Durand" title="George H. Durand">Durand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_S._Brewer" title="Mark S. Brewer">Brewer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_L._Spaulding" title="Oliver L. Spaulding">Spaulding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_B._Winans_(politician)" title="Edwin B. Winans (politician)">Winans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_S._Brewer" title="Mark S. Brewer">Brewer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byron_G._Stout" title="Byron G. Stout">Stout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_D._Aitken" title="David D. Aitken">Aitken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_William_Smith" class="mw-redirect" title="Samuel William Smith">S. Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_H._Kelley" title="Patrick H. Kelley">Kelley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grant_M._Hudson" title="Grant M. Hudson">Hudson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seymour_H._Person" title="Seymour H. Person">Person</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_E._Cady" title="Claude E. Cady">Cady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_W._Blackney" title="William W. Blackney">Blackney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_J._Transue" title="Andrew J. Transue">Transue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_W._Blackney" title="William W. Blackney">Blackney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kit_Clardy" title="Kit Clardy">Clardy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Hayworth" title="Donald Hayworth">Hayworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_E._Chamberlain" title="Charles E. Chamberlain">Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Carr_(Michigan_politician)" title="Bob Carr (Michigan politician)">Carr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Whitney_Dunn" title="James Whitney Dunn">Dunn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Carr_(Michigan_politician)" title="Bob Carr (Michigan politician)">Carr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Upton" title="Fred Upton">Upton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debbie_Dingell" title="Debbie Dingell">Dingell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Michigan%27s_7th_congressional_district" title="Michigan's 7th congressional district">7th district</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Omar_D._Conger" title="Omar D. Conger">O. Conger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Treadway_Rich" title="John Treadway Rich">Rich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezra_C._Carleton" title="Ezra C. Carleton">Carleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Rice_Whiting" class="mw-redirect" title="Justin Rice Whiting">Whiting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_G._Snover" title="Horace G. Snover">Snover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Weeks" title="Edgar Weeks">Weeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_McMorran" title="Henry McMorran">McMorran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_C._Cramton" title="Louis C. Cramton">Cramton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_P._Wolcott" title="Jesse P. Wolcott">Wolcott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_J._McIntosh" title="Robert J. McIntosh">McIntosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_G._O%27Hara" title="James G. O'Hara">O'Hara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Mackie" title="John C. Mackie">Mackie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Riegle" title="Donald Riegle">Riegle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dale_Kildee" title="Dale Kildee">D. E. Kildee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Smith_(American_politician)" title="Nick Smith (American politician)">N. Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Schwarz" title="Joe Schwarz">Schwarz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Walberg" title="Tim Walberg">Walberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Schauer" title="Mark Schauer">Schauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Walberg" title="Tim Walberg">Walberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elissa_Slotkin" title="Elissa Slotkin">Slotkin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Michigan%27s_8th_congressional_district" title="Michigan's 8th congressional district">8th district</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_B._Bradley" title="Nathan B. Bradley">N. Bradley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_C._Ellsworth" title="Charles C. Ellsworth">Ellsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roswell_G._Horr" title="Roswell G. Horr">Horr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_E._Tarsney" title="Timothy E. Tarsney">Tarsney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_T._Bliss" title="Aaron T. Bliss">Bliss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_M._Youmans" title="Henry M. Youmans">Youmans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_S._Linton" title="William S. Linton">Linton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Brucker" title="Ferdinand Brucker">Brucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_W._Fordney" title="Joseph W. Fordney">Fordney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird_J._Vincent" title="Bird J. Vincent">Vincent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_J._Hart" title="Michael J. Hart">Hart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_L._Crawford" title="Fred L. Crawford">Crawford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvin_Morell_Bentley" title="Alvin Morell Bentley">Bentley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._James_Harvey" title="R. James Harvey">Harvey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Bob_Traxler" title="J. Bob Traxler">Traxler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Carr_(Michigan_politician)" title="Bob Carr (Michigan politician)">Carr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Chrysler" title="Dick Chrysler">Chrysler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debbie_Stabenow" title="Debbie Stabenow">Stabenow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Rogers_(Michigan_politician)" title="Mike Rogers (Michigan politician)">Rogers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Bishop_(politician)" title="Mike Bishop (politician)">M. Bishop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elissa_Slotkin" title="Elissa Slotkin">Slotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Kildee" title="Dan Kildee">Kildee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Michigan%27s_9th_congressional_district" title="Michigan's 9th congressional district">9th district</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jay_Abel_Hubbell" class="mw-redirect" title="Jay Abel Hubbell">Hubbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byron_M._Cutcheon" title="Byron M. Cutcheon">Cutcheon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrison_H._Wheeler" title="Harrison H. Wheeler">H. Wheeler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Moon" title="John W. Moon">Moon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roswell_P._Bishop" title="Roswell P. Bishop">R. Bishop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_C._McLaughlin" title="James C. McLaughlin">McLaughlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_W._Musselwhite" title="Harry W. Musselwhite">Harry W. Musselwhite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_J._Engel" title="Albert J. Engel">Engel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Thompson" title="Ruth Thompson">Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_P._Griffin" title="Robert P. Griffin">Griffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Vander_Jagt" title="Guy Vander Jagt">Vander Jagt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dale_Kildee" title="Dale Kildee">D. E. Kildee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Knollenberg" title="Joe Knollenberg">Knollenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Peters" title="Gary Peters">Peters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sander_Levin" title="Sander Levin">S. Levin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andy_Levin" title="Andy Levin">A. Levin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisa_McClain" title="Lisa McClain">McClain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Michigan%27s_10th_congressional_district" title="Michigan's 10th congressional district">10th district</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herschel_H._Hatch" title="Herschel H. Hatch">Hatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spencer_O._Fisher" title="Spencer O. Fisher">Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_W._Wheeler" title="Frank W. Wheeler">F. Wheeler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._E._Weadock" title="Thomas A. E. Weadock">Weadock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rousseau_Owen_Crump" class="mw-redirect" title="Rousseau Owen Crump">Crump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_H._Aplin" title="Henry H. Aplin">Aplin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_A._Loud" title="George A. Loud">Loud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_O._Woodruff" title="Roy O. Woodruff">Woodruff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_A._Loud" title="George A. Loud">Loud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_A._Currie" title="Gilbert A. Currie">Currie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_O._Woodruff" title="Roy O. Woodruff">Woodruff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elford_Albin_Cederberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Elford Albin Cederberg">Cederberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_J._Albosta" title="Donald J. Albosta">Albosta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Schuette" title="Bill Schuette">Schuette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dave_Camp" title="Dave Camp">Camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Bonior" title="David Bonior">Bonior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candice_Miller" title="Candice Miller">Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Mitchell_(politician)" title="Paul Mitchell (politician)">Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisa_McClain" title="Lisa McClain">McClain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_James_(Michigan_politician)" title="John James (Michigan politician)">J. James</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Michigan%27s_11th_congressional_district" title="Michigan's 11th congressional district">11th district</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Breitung" title="Edward Breitung">Breitung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seth_C._Moffatt" title="Seth C. Moffatt">Moffatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_W._Seymour" title="Henry W. Seymour">Seymour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_M._Stephenson" title="Samuel M. Stephenson">Stephenson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Avery_(politician)" title="John Avery (politician)">Avery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_S._Mesick" title="William S. Mesick">Mesick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_B._Darragh" title="Archibald B. Darragh">Darragh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_H._Dodds" title="Francis H. Dodds">Dodds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_O._Lindquist" title="Francis O. Lindquist">Lindquist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_D._Scott" title="Frank D. Scott">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_P._Bohn" title="Frank P. Bohn">Bohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prentiss_M._Brown" title="Prentiss M. Brown">P. Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Luecke" title="John F. Luecke">Luecke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Van_Ness_Bradley" title="Frederick Van Ness Bradley">F. Bradley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_E._Potter" title="Charles E. Potter">Potter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_A._Knox" title="Victor A. Knox">Knox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_F._Clevenger" title="Raymond F. Clevenger">Clevenger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Ruppe" title="Philip Ruppe">Ruppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Davis_(Michigan_politician)" title="Bob Davis (Michigan politician)">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Knollenberg" title="Joe Knollenberg">Knollenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaddeus_McCotter" title="Thaddeus McCotter">McCotter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Curson" title="David Curson">Curson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerry_Bentivolio" title="Kerry Bentivolio">Bentivolio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dave_Trott_(politician)" title="Dave Trott (politician)">Trott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haley_Stevens" title="Haley Stevens">H. Stevens</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Michigan%27s_12th_congressional_district" title="Michigan's 12th congressional district">12th district</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_M._Stephenson" title="Samuel M. Stephenson">Stephenson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_D._Shelden" title="Carlos D. Shelden">Shelden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._Olin_Young" title="H. Olin Young">Young</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Josiah_MacDonald" title="William Josiah MacDonald">MacDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._Frank_James" title="W. Frank James">W. F. James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Eugene_Hook" title="Frank Eugene Hook">Hook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_B._Bennett" title="John B. Bennett">Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Eugene_Hook" title="Frank Eugene Hook">Hook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_B._Bennett" title="John B. Bennett">Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_G._O%27Hara" title="James G. O'Hara">O'Hara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Bonior" title="David Bonior">Bonior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sander_Levin" title="Sander Levin">Levin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dingell" title="John Dingell">J. Dingell Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debbie_Dingell" title="Debbie Dingell">D. Dingell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashida_Tlaib" title="Rashida Tlaib">Tlaib</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Michigan%27s_13th_congressional_district" title="Michigan's 13th congressional district">13th district</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Archibald_Nichols" title="Charles Archibald Nichols">Nichols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_J._McLeod" title="Clarence J. McLeod">McLeod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_M._Brennan" title="Vincent M. Brennan">Brennan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_J._McLeod" title="Clarence J. McLeod">McLeod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_D._O%27Brien" title="George D. O'Brien">O'Brien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_J._McLeod" title="Clarence J. McLeod">McLeod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_D._O%27Brien" title="George D. O'Brien">O'Brien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_A._Coffin" title="Howard A. Coffin">Coffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_D._O%27Brien" title="George D. O'Brien">O'Brien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Diggs" title="Charles Diggs">Diggs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Crockett_Jr." title="George Crockett Jr.">Crockett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara-Rose_Collins" title="Barbara-Rose Collins">Collins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_D._Ford" title="William D. Ford">W. Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynn_Rivers" title="Lynn Rivers">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolyn_Cheeks_Kilpatrick" title="Carolyn Cheeks Kilpatrick">Kilpatrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hansen_Clarke" title="Hansen Clarke">Clarke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Conyers" title="John Conyers">Conyers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brenda_Jones_(politician)" title="Brenda Jones (politician)">B. Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashida_Tlaib" title="Rashida Tlaib">Tlaib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shri_Thanedar" title="Shri Thanedar">Thanedar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Michigan%27s_14th_congressional_district" title="Michigan's 14th congressional district">14th district</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carl_M._Weideman" title="Carl M. Weideman">Weideman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_C._Rabaut" title="Louis C. Rabaut">Rabaut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_F._Youngblood" title="Harold F. Youngblood">Youngblood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_C._Rabaut" title="Louis C. Rabaut">Rabaut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_M._Ryan" title="Harold M. Ryan">Ryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucien_Nedzi" title="Lucien Nedzi">Nedzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Hertel" title="Dennis Hertel">Hertel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Conyers" title="John Conyers">Conyers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Peters" title="Gary Peters">Peters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brenda_Lawrence" title="Brenda Lawrence">Lawrence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Michigan%27s_15th_congressional_district" title="Michigan's 15th congressional district">15th district</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Dingell_Sr." title="John Dingell Sr.">J. Dingell Sr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dingell" title="John Dingell">J. Dingell Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_D._Ford" title="William D. Ford">W. Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara-Rose_Collins" title="Barbara-Rose Collins">Collins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolyn_Cheeks_Kilpatrick" title="Carolyn Cheeks Kilpatrick">Kilpatrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dingell" title="John Dingell">J. Dingell Jr.</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Michigan%27s_16th_congressional_district" title="Michigan's 16th congressional district">16th district</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Lesinski_Sr." title="John Lesinski Sr.">Lesinski Sr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lesinski_Jr." title="John Lesinski Jr.">Lesinski Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dingell" title="John Dingell">J. Dingell Jr.</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Michigan%27s_17th_congressional_district" title="Michigan's 17th congressional district">17th district</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Anthony_Dondero" title="George Anthony Dondero">Dondero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_G._Oakman" title="Charles G. Oakman">Oakman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Griffiths" title="Martha Griffiths">Griffiths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_M._Brodhead" title="William M. Brodhead">Brodhead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sander_Levin" title="Sander Levin">Levin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Michigan%27s_18th_congressional_district" title="Michigan's 18th congressional district">18th district</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Anthony_Dondero" title="George Anthony Dondero">Dondero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Broomfield" title="William Broomfield">Broomfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_J._Huber" title="Robert J. Huber">Huber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_J._Blanchard" title="James J. Blanchard">Blanchard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Broomfield" title="William Broomfield">Broomfield</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Michigan%27s_19th_congressional_district" title="Michigan's 19th congressional district">19th district</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Billie_S._Farnum" title="Billie S. Farnum">Farnum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_H._McDonald" title="Jack H. McDonald">McDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Broomfield" title="William Broomfield">Broomfield</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Michigan&#039;s_delegation(s)_to_the_112th–116th_United_States_Congresses_(ordered_by_seniority)" style="display:table;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:USCongRep-start" title="Template:USCongRep-start"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:USCongRep-start" title="Template talk:USCongRep-start"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:USCongRep-start" title="Special:EditPage/Template:USCongRep-start"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Michigan&#039;s_delegation(s)_to_the_112th–116th_United_States_Congresses_(ordered_by_seniority)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a>'s delegation(s) to the 112th–116th <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congresses</a> (ordered by seniority)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-width:0;"><div style="padding:0"> <table style="width:100%"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/112th_United_States_Congress" title="112th United States Congress">112th</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Michigan" title="List of United States senators from Michigan">Senate</a>: ▌<a href="/wiki/Carl_Levin" title="Carl Levin">C. Levin</a> (D) · ▌<a href="/wiki/Debbie_Stabenow" title="Debbie Stabenow">D. Stabenow</a> (D)</div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Michigan" title="List of United States representatives from Michigan">House</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li>▌<a href="/wiki/John_Dingell" title="John Dingell">J. Dingell Jr.</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/John_Conyers" title="John Conyers">J. Conyers</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Dale_Kildee" title="Dale Kildee">D. Kildee</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Sander_Levin" title="Sander Levin">S. Levin</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Fred_Upton" title="Fred Upton">F. Upton</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Dave_Camp" title="Dave Camp">D. Camp</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Mike_Rogers_(Michigan_politician)" title="Mike Rogers (Michigan politician)">M. Rogers</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Thaddeus_McCotter" title="Thaddeus McCotter">T. McCotter</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Candice_Miller" title="Candice Miller">C. Miller</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Gary_Peters" title="Gary Peters">G. Peters</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Tim_Walberg" title="Tim Walberg">T. Walberg</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a class="mw-selflink selflink">J. Amash</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Dan_Benishek" title="Dan Benishek">D. Benishek</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Hansen_Clarke" title="Hansen Clarke">H. Clarke</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Bill_Huizenga" title="Bill Huizenga">B. Huizenga</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/David_Curson" title="David Curson">D. Curson</a> (D)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/113th_United_States_Congress" title="113th United States Congress">113th</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Michigan" title="List of United States senators from Michigan">Senate</a>: ▌<a href="/wiki/Carl_Levin" title="Carl Levin">C. Levin</a> (D) · ▌<a href="/wiki/Debbie_Stabenow" title="Debbie Stabenow">D. Stabenow</a> (D)</div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Michigan" title="List of United States representatives from Michigan">House</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li>▌<a href="/wiki/John_Dingell" title="John Dingell">J. Dingell Jr.</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/John_Conyers" title="John Conyers">J. Conyers</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Sander_Levin" title="Sander Levin">S. Levin</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Fred_Upton" title="Fred Upton">F. Upton</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Dave_Camp" title="Dave Camp">D. Camp</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Mike_Rogers_(Michigan_politician)" title="Mike Rogers (Michigan politician)">M. Rogers</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Candice_Miller" title="Candice Miller">C. Miller</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Gary_Peters" title="Gary Peters">G. Peters</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Tim_Walberg" title="Tim Walberg">T. Walberg</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a class="mw-selflink selflink">J. Amash</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Dan_Benishek" title="Dan Benishek">D. Benishek</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Bill_Huizenga" title="Bill Huizenga">B. Huizenga</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Kerry_Bentivolio" title="Kerry Bentivolio">K. Bentivolio</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Dan_Kildee" title="Dan Kildee">D. Kildee</a> (R)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/114th_United_States_Congress" title="114th United States Congress">114th</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Michigan" title="List of United States senators from Michigan">Senate</a>: ▌<a href="/wiki/Debbie_Stabenow" title="Debbie Stabenow">D. Stabenow</a> (D) · ▌<a href="/wiki/Gary_Peters" title="Gary Peters">G. Peters</a> (D)</div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Michigan" title="List of United States representatives from Michigan">House</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li>▌<a href="/wiki/John_Conyers" title="John Conyers">J. Conyers</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Sander_Levin" title="Sander Levin">S. Levin</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Fred_Upton" title="Fred Upton">F. Upton</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Candice_Miller" title="Candice Miller">C. Miller</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Tim_Walberg" title="Tim Walberg">T. Walberg</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a class="mw-selflink selflink">J. Amash</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Dan_Benishek" title="Dan Benishek">D. Benishek</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Bill_Huizenga" title="Bill Huizenga">B. Huizenga</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Dan_Kildee" title="Dan Kildee">D. Kildee</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Mike_Bishop_(politician)" title="Mike Bishop (politician)">M. Bishop</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Debbie_Dingell" title="Debbie Dingell">D. Dingell</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Brenda_Lawrence" title="Brenda Lawrence">B. Lawrence</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/John_Moolenaar" title="John Moolenaar">J. Moolenaar</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Dave_Trott_(politician)" title="Dave Trott (politician)">D. Trott</a> (R)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/115th_United_States_Congress" title="115th United States Congress">115th</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Michigan" title="List of United States senators from Michigan">Senate</a>: ▌<a href="/wiki/Debbie_Stabenow" title="Debbie Stabenow">D. Stabenow</a> (D) · ▌<a href="/wiki/Gary_Peters" title="Gary Peters">G. Peters</a> (D)</div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Michigan" title="List of United States representatives from Michigan">House</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li>▌<a href="/wiki/John_Conyers" title="John Conyers">J. Conyers</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Sander_Levin" title="Sander Levin">S. Levin</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Fred_Upton" title="Fred Upton">F. Upton</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Tim_Walberg" title="Tim Walberg">T. Walberg</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a class="mw-selflink selflink">J. Amash</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Bill_Huizenga" title="Bill Huizenga">B. Huizenga</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Dan_Kildee" title="Dan Kildee">D. Kildee</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Mike_Bishop_(politician)" title="Mike Bishop (politician)">M. Bishop</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Debbie_Dingell" title="Debbie Dingell">D. Dingell</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Brenda_Lawrence" title="Brenda Lawrence">B. Lawrence</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/John_Moolenaar" title="John Moolenaar">J. Moolenaar</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Dave_Trott_(politician)" title="Dave Trott (politician)">D. Trott</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Jack_Bergman" title="Jack Bergman">J. Bergman</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Paul_Mitchell_(politician)" title="Paul Mitchell (politician)">P. Mitchell</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Brenda_Jones_(politician)" title="Brenda Jones (politician)">B. Jones</a> (D)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/116th_United_States_Congress" title="116th United States Congress">116th</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Michigan" title="List of United States senators from Michigan">Senate</a>: ▌<a href="/wiki/Debbie_Stabenow" title="Debbie Stabenow">D. Stabenow</a> (D) · ▌<a href="/wiki/Gary_Peters" title="Gary Peters">G. Peters</a> (D)</div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Michigan" title="List of United States representatives from Michigan">House</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li>▌<a href="/wiki/Fred_Upton" title="Fred Upton">F. Upton</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Tim_Walberg" title="Tim Walberg">T. Walberg</a> (R)</li> <li>▌▌▌<a class="mw-selflink selflink">J. Amash</a> (R/I/L)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Bill_Huizenga" title="Bill Huizenga">B. Huizenga</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Dan_Kildee" title="Dan Kildee">D. Kildee</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Debbie_Dingell" title="Debbie Dingell">D. Dingell</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Brenda_Lawrence" title="Brenda Lawrence">B. Lawrence</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/John_Moolenaar" title="John Moolenaar">J. Moolenaar</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Jack_Bergman" title="Jack Bergman">J. Bergman</a> (R)</li> <li>▌▌<a href="/wiki/Paul_Mitchell_(politician)" title="Paul Mitchell (politician)">P. Mitchell</a> (R/I)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Andy_Levin" title="Andy Levin">A. Levin</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Elissa_Slotkin" title="Elissa Slotkin">E. Slotkin</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Haley_Stevens" title="Haley Stevens">H. Stevens</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Rashida_Tlaib" title="Rashida Tlaib">R. Tlaib</a> (D)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Third-party_and_independent_members_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Third_Party_US_Reps" title="Template:Third Party US Reps"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Third_Party_US_Reps" title="Template talk:Third Party US Reps"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Third_Party_US_Reps" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Third Party US Reps"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Third-party_and_independent_members_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Third_party_(U.S._politics)" title="Third party (U.S. politics)">Third-party</a> and independent <a href="/wiki/Third-party_and_independent_members_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Third-party and independent members of the United States Congress">members of the</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">United States House of Representatives</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #00DDDD;"><a href="/wiki/Law_and_Order_Party_of_Rhode_Island" title="Law and Order Party of Rhode Island">Law and Order Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Y._Cranston" title="Henry Y. Cranston">Henry Y. Cranston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisha_R._Potter" title="Elisha R. Potter">Elisha R. Potter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #F59100;"><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Union_Party_(United_States)" title="Constitutional Union Party (United States)">Constitutional Union Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Appleton_(politician)" title="William Appleton (politician)">William Appleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_S._Rollins" title="James S. Rollins">James S. Rollins</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FF69B4;"><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Liberal Republican Party (United States)">Liberal Republican Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_P._Banks" title="Nathaniel P. Banks">Nathaniel P. Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_B._Banning" title="Henry B. Banning">Henry B. Banning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_G._Blair" title="James G. Blair">James G. Blair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Boarman" title="Alexander Boarman">Alexander Boarman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_George_Bromberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick George Bromberg">Frederick George Bromberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Edwards_(Arkansas_politician)" title="John Edwards (Arkansas politician)">John Edwards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustavus_A._Finkelnburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Gustavus A. Finkelnburg">Gustavus A. Finkelnburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Joseph_Hynes" title="William Joseph Hynes">William Joseph Hynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_A._Sheridan" title="George A. Sheridan">George A. Sheridan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #0BDA51;"><a href="/wiki/Greenback_Party" title="Greenback Party">Greenback Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bradley_Barlow" title="Bradley Barlow">Bradley Barlow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_N._Brumm" title="Charles N. Brumm">Charles N. Brumm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Henry_Burrows" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Henry Burrows">Joseph Henry Burrows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Ford" title="Nicholas Ford">Nicholas Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_P._Forsythe" title="Albert P. Forsythe">Albert P. Forsythe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_H._Gillette" title="Edward H. Gillette">Edward H. Gillette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ira_Sherwin_Hazeltine" class="mw-redirect" title="Ira Sherwin Hazeltine">Ira Sherwin Hazeltine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Jones_(Texas_politician)" title="George Washington Jones (Texas politician)">George W. Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Ladd" title="George W. Ladd">George W. Ladd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_M._Lowe" title="William M. Lowe">William M. Lowe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_De_La_Matyr" title="Gilbert De La Matyr">Gilbert De La Matyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Mosgrove" title="James Mosgrove">James Mosgrove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thompson_H._Murch" title="Thompson H. Murch">Thompson H. Murch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theron_Moses_Rice" class="mw-redirect" title="Theron Moses Rice">Theron Moses Rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Lindsay_Russell" title="Daniel Lindsay Russell">Daniel Lindsay Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_B._Weaver" title="James B. Weaver">James B. Weaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luman_Hamlin_Weller" title="Luman Hamlin Weller">Luman Hamlin Weller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hendrick_Bradley_Wright" class="mw-redirect" title="Hendrick Bradley Wright">Hendrick Bradley Wright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seth_Hartman_Yocum" class="mw-redirect" title="Seth Hartman Yocum">Seth Hartman Yocum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 Black;"><a href="/wiki/Readjuster_Party" title="Readjuster Party">Readjuster Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Bowen" title="Henry Bowen">Henry Bowen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Stephen_Hooper" class="mw-redirect" title="Benjamin Stephen Hooper">Benjamin Stephen Hooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Libbey" title="Harry Libbey">Harry Libbey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Murphy_Mayo" title="Robert Murphy Mayo">Robert Murphy Mayo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Paul_(judge)" title="John Paul (judge)">John Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sergeant_Wise" title="John Sergeant Wise">John Sergeant Wise</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FF6347;"><a href="/wiki/Labor_Party_(United_States,_19th_century)" title="Labor Party (United States, 19th century)">Labor Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_P._Featherstone" title="Lewis P. Featherstone">Lewis P. Featherstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_I._Hopkins" title="Samuel I. Hopkins">Samuel I. Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Smith_(Wisconsin_politician)" title="Henry Smith (Wisconsin politician)">Henry Smith</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #ACE1AF;"><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(United_States)" title="People's Party (United States)">Populist Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Wilbur_Atwater" class="mw-redirect" title="John Wilbur Atwater">John Wilbur Atwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Baker_(Kansas_politician)" title="William Baker (Kansas politician)">William Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Barlow" title="Charles A. Barlow">Charles A. Barlow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Calhoun_Bell" title="John Calhoun Bell">John Calhoun Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haldor_Boen" title="Haldor Boen">Haldor Boen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_D._Botkin" title="Jeremiah D. Botkin">Jeremiah D. Botkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marion_Cannon" title="Marion Cannon">Marion Cannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtis_H._Castle" title="Curtis H. Castle">Curtis H. Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_H._Clover" title="Benjamin H. Clover">Benjamin H. Clover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Davis_(Kansas_politician)" title="John Davis (Kansas politician)">John Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caldwell_Edwards" title="Caldwell Edwards">Caldwell Edwards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Edgar_Fowler" title="John Edgar Fowler">John Edgar Fowler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Taylor_Goodwyn" class="mw-redirect" title="Albert Taylor Goodwyn">Albert Taylor Goodwyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Laury_Greene" title="William Laury Greene">William Laury Greene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Gunn_(congressman)" class="mw-redirect" title="James Gunn (congressman)">James Gunn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kittel_Halvorson" title="Kittel Halvorson">Kittel Halvorson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Alexander_Harris_(Kansas_politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Alexander Harris (Kansas politician)">William Alexander Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milford_W._Howard" title="Milford W. Howard">Milford W. Howard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_Hudson" title="Thomas Jefferson Hudson">Thomas Jefferson Hudson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Edward_Kelley" title="John Edward Kelley">John Edward Kelley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omer_Madison_Kem" class="mw-redirect" title="Omer Madison Kem">Omer Madison Kem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freeman_Knowles" title="Freeman Knowles">Freeman Knowles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_H._Martin_(North_Carolina)" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles H. Martin (North Carolina)">Charles H. Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_A._McKeighan" title="William A. McKeighan">William A. McKeighan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Maxwell" title="Samuel Maxwell">Samuel Maxwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_B._McCormick" title="Nelson B. McCormick">Nelson B. McCormick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Neville_(representative)" title="William Neville (representative)">William Neville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_G._Otis" title="John G. Otis">John G. Otis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lafe_Pence" title="Lafe Pence">Lafe Pence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mason_S._Peters" title="Mason S. Peters">Mason S. Peters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_R._Ridgely" title="Edwin R. Ridgely">Edwin R. Ridgely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Simpson" title="Jerry Simpson">Jerry Simpson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alonzo_C._Shuford" title="Alonzo C. Shuford">Alonzo C. Shuford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Skinner_(politician)" title="Harry Skinner (politician)">Harry Skinner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ledyard_Stark" class="mw-redirect" title="William Ledyard Stark">William Ledyard Stark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Franklin_Strowd" class="mw-redirect" title="William Franklin Strowd">William Franklin Strowd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roderick_Dhu_Sutherland" class="mw-redirect" title="Roderick Dhu Sutherland">Roderick Dhu Sutherland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_D._Vincent" title="William D. Vincent">William D. Vincent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._Watson" title="Thomas E. Watson">Thomas E. Watson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #F2CED4;"><a href="/wiki/Silver_Republican_Party" title="Silver Republican Party">Silver Republican Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_L._Glenn" title="Thomas L. Glenn">Thomas L. Glenn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Carey_Jones" title="William Carey Jones">William Carey Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Shafroth" title="John F. Shafroth">John F. Shafroth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Wilson" title="Edgar Wilson">Edgar Wilson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #CD3700;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Party of America">Socialist Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Victor_L._Berger" title="Victor L. Berger">Victor L. Berger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiorello_La_Guardia" title="Fiorello La Guardia">Fiorello La Guardia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meyer_London" title="Meyer London">Meyer London</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #5FD170;">Progressive Parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Ryum_Amlie" title="Thomas Ryum Amlie">Thomas Ryum Amlie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_J._Boileau" title="Gerald J. Boileau">Gerald J. Boileau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_M._Chandler" title="Walter M. Chandler">Walter M. Chandler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ira_C._Copley" title="Ira C. Copley">Ira C. Copley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Falconer" title="Jacob Falconer">Jacob Falconer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_J._Gehrmann" title="Bernard J. Gehrmann">Bernard J. Gehrmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franck_R._Havenner" title="Franck R. Havenner">Franck R. Havenner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Hinebaugh" title="William H. Hinebaugh">William H. Hinebaugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willis_James_Hulings" class="mw-redirect" title="Willis James Hulings">Willis James Hulings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merlin_Hull" title="Merlin Hull">Merlin Hull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melville_Clyde_Kelly" class="mw-redirect" title="Melville Clyde Kelly">Melville Clyde Kelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Josiah_MacDonald" title="William Josiah MacDonald">William Josiah MacDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitmell_P._Martin" title="Whitmell P. Martin">Whitmell P. Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Sauthoff" title="Harry Sauthoff">Harry Sauthoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_D._Schall" title="Thomas D. Schall">Thomas D. Schall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_J._Schneider" title="George J. Schneider">George J. Schneider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Stephens_(American_politician)" title="William Stephens (American politician)">William Stephens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Wilson_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Wilson Temple">Henry Wilson Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_M._Thomson" title="Charles M. Thomson">Charles M. Thomson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardner_R._Withrow" title="Gardner R. Withrow">Gardner R. Withrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_O._Woodruff" title="Roy O. Woodruff">Roy O. Woodruff</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #66FF99;"><a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Farmer%E2%80%93Labor_Party" title="Minnesota Farmer–Labor Party">Farmer–Labor Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_M._Arens" title="Henry M. Arens">Henry M. Arens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bernard_(American_politician)" title="John Bernard (American politician)">John Bernard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rich_T._Buckler" title="Rich T. Buckler">Rich T. Buckler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Leighton_Carss" title="William Leighton Carss">William Leighton Carss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Hagen" title="Harold Hagen">Harold Hagen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dewey_Johnson_(Minnesota_politician)" title="Dewey Johnson (Minnesota politician)">Dewey Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnus_Johnson" title="Magnus Johnson">Magnus Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ole_J._Kvale" title="Ole J. Kvale">Ole J. Kvale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_John_Kvale" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul John Kvale">Paul John Kvale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Lundeen" title="Ernest Lundeen">Ernest Lundeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Shoemaker" title="Francis Shoemaker">Francis Shoemaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Teigan" title="Henry Teigan">Henry Teigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knud_Wefald" title="Knud Wefald">Knud Wefald</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FF6347;"><a href="/wiki/American_Labor_Party" title="American Labor Party">American Labor Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Isacson" title="Leo Isacson">Leo Isacson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vito_Marcantonio" title="Vito Marcantonio">Vito Marcantonio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #CC0000;"><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_New_York" title="Liberal Party of New York">Liberal Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irwin_D._Davidson" title="Irwin D. Davidson">Irwin D. Davidson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt_Jr." title="Franklin D. Roosevelt Jr.">Franklin D. Roosevelt Jr.</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>▌<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Justin Amash</a> (<a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_(United_States)" title="Libertarian Party (United States)">Libertarian</a>)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/William_Carney_(politician)" title="William Carney (politician)">William Carney</a> (<a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_New_York_State" title="Conservative Party of New York State">Conservative</a>)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Charles_Hiram_Randall" title="Charles Hiram Randall">Charles Randall</a> (<a href="/wiki/Prohibition_Party" title="Prohibition Party">Prohibition</a>)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Benjamin_F._Shively" title="Benjamin F. Shively">Benjamin F. Shively</a> (<a href="/wiki/Anti-Monopoly_Party" title="Anti-Monopoly Party">Anti-Monopoly</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #DDDDBB;">Independents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_B._Anderson" title="William B. Anderson">William B. Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Campbell_(Illinois_politician)" title="Alexander Campbell (Illinois politician)">Alexander Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Ronald_Chalmers" title="James Ronald Chalmers">James Ronald Chalmers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo_Ann_Emerson" title="Jo Ann Emerson">Jo Ann Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_M._Foglietta" title="Thomas M. Foglietta">Thomas M. Foglietta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgil_Goode" title="Virgil Goode">Virgil Goode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Kent_(American_politician)" title="William Kent (American politician)">William Kent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caleb_Lyon" title="Caleb Lyon">Caleb Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Mitchell_(politician)" title="Paul Mitchell (politician)">Paul Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Nichols_(politician)" title="John Nichols (politician)">John Nichols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_P._Ochiltree" title="Thomas P. Ochiltree">Thomas P. Ochiltree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_A._Porter" title="Peter A. Porter">Peter A. Porter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frazier_Reams" title="Frazier Reams">Frazier Reams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders">Bernie Sanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Hawley_Seelye" title="Julius Hawley Seelye">Julius Hawley Seelye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_William_Shreve" class="mw-redirect" title="Milton William Shreve">Milton William Shreve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Hyatt_Smith" title="J. Hyatt Smith">J. Hyatt Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amos_Tuck" title="Amos Tuck">Amos Tuck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Wright" class="mw-redirect" title="George Washington Wright">George Washington Wright</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Portal:Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_party_(U.S._politics)" title="Third party (U.S. politics)">Third party (U.S. politics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_third-party_and_independent_performances_in_United_States_elections" title="List of third-party and independent performances in United States elections">Notable third-party performances in United States elections</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="(←_2016)_2020_United_States_presidential_election_(2024_→)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:2020_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template:2020 United States presidential election"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:2020_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template talk:2020 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:2020_United_States_presidential_election" title="Special:EditPage/Template:2020 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="(←_2016)_2020_United_States_presidential_election_(2024_→)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">(<a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="2016 United States presidential election">← 2016</a>) <a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_election" title="2020 United States presidential election">2020 United States presidential election</a> (<a href="/wiki/2024_United_States_presidential_election" title="2024 United States presidential election">2024 →</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Kamala Harris</a> (D), 306 electoral votes; <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mike_Pence" title="Mike Pence">Mike Pence</a> (R), 232 electoral votes <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_elections" title="2020 United States elections">2020 United States elections</a></li> <li>Polls <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nationwide_opinion_polling_for_the_2020_United_States_presidential_election" title="Nationwide opinion polling for the 2020 United States presidential election">national</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statewide_opinion_polling_for_the_2020_United_States_presidential_election" title="Statewide opinion polling for the 2020 United States presidential election">state</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_election_predictions" title="2020 United States presidential election predictions">Predictions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_2020_United_States_presidential_election" title="Timeline of the 2020 United States presidential election">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_debates" title="2020 United States presidential debates">Debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postal_voting_in_the_2020_United_States_elections" title="Postal voting in the 2020 United States elections">Postal voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media_in_the_2020_United_States_presidential_election" title="Social media in the 2020 United States presidential election">Social media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundraising_in_the_2020_United_States_presidential_election" title="Fundraising in the 2020 United States presidential election">Fundraising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_2020_United_States_presidential_electors" title="List of 2020 United States presidential electors">Electors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_United_States_Electoral_College_vote_count" title="2021 United States Electoral College vote count">Electoral College vote count</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_Joe_Biden" title="Presidential transition of Joe Biden">Transition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_Joe_Biden" title="Inauguration of Joe Biden">inauguration</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #3333FF;; font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a> ▌<a href="/wiki/Independent_Party_of_Oregon" title="Independent Party of Oregon">IPO</a> · ▌<a href="/wiki/Working_Families_Party" title="Working Families Party">WFP</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Democratic_Party_presidential_candidates" title="2020 Democratic Party presidential candidates">Candidates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Democratic_Party_presidential_debates" title="2020 Democratic Party presidential debates">Debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Democratic_Party_presidential_forums" title="2020 Democratic Party presidential forums">Forums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Results_of_the_2020_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="Results of the 2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries">Results</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2020 Democratic National Convention">Convention</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_automatic_delegates_at_the_2020_Democratic_National_Convention" title="List of automatic delegates at the 2020 Democratic National Convention">automatic delegates</a>)</li> <li>Polls (<a href="/wiki/Nationwide_opinion_polling_for_the_2020_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="Nationwide opinion polling for the 2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries">national</a> · <a href="/wiki/Statewide_opinion_polling_for_the_2020_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="Statewide opinion polling for the 2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries">state</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_the_2020_Democratic_Party_presidential_primary_candidates" title="Political positions of the 2020 Democratic Party presidential primary candidates">Positions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endorsements_in_the_2020_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="Endorsements in the 2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries">Endorsements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Democratic_Party_vice_presidential_candidate_selection" title="2020 Democratic Party vice presidential candidate selection">VP candidate selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biden-Sanders_Unity_Task_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Biden-Sanders Unity Task Forces">Unity Task Forces</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden_2020_presidential_campaign" title="Joe Biden 2020 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Joe_Biden_2020_presidential_campaign_endorsements" title="List of Joe Biden 2020 presidential campaign endorsements">endorsements</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Joe_Biden_2020_presidential_campaign_celebrity_endorsements" title="List of Joe Biden 2020 presidential campaign celebrity endorsements">celebrity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Joe_Biden_2020_presidential_campaign_endorsements_from_organizations" title="List of Joe Biden 2020 presidential campaign endorsements from organizations">organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Joe_Biden_2020_presidential_campaign_U.S._Congress_endorsements" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Joe Biden 2020 presidential campaign U.S. Congress endorsements">Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Joe_Biden_2020_presidential_campaign_state_and_territorial_legislative_endorsements" title="List of Joe Biden 2020 presidential campaign state and territorial legislative endorsements">state & territorial officials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Joe_Biden_2020_presidential_campaign_municipal_endorsements" title="List of Joe Biden 2020 presidential campaign municipal endorsements">municipal officials</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Joe_Biden" title="Political positions of Joe Biden">positions</a></li></ul></li> <li>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Kamala Harris</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Kamala_Harris" title="Political positions of Kamala Harris">positions</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt>Withdrew during primaries</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Michael_Bennet" title="Michael Bennet">Michael Bennet</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Michael_Bloomberg" title="Michael Bloomberg">Michael Bloomberg</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Michael_Bloomberg_2020_presidential_campaign" title="Michael Bloomberg 2020 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Michael_Bloomberg_2020_presidential_campaign_endorsements" title="List of Michael Bloomberg 2020 presidential campaign endorsements">endorsements</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Michael_Bloomberg" title="Political positions of Michael Bloomberg">positions</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pete_Buttigieg" title="Pete Buttigieg">Pete Buttigieg</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Pete_Buttigieg_2020_presidential_campaign" title="Pete Buttigieg 2020 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Pete_Buttigieg_2020_presidential_campaign_endorsements" title="List of Pete Buttigieg 2020 presidential campaign endorsements">endorsements</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Pete_Buttigieg" title="Political positions of Pete Buttigieg">positions</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tulsi_Gabbard" title="Tulsi Gabbard">Tulsi Gabbard</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Tulsi_Gabbard_2020_presidential_campaign" title="Tulsi Gabbard 2020 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Tulsi_Gabbard" title="Political positions of Tulsi Gabbard">positions</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Amy_Klobuchar" title="Amy Klobuchar">Amy Klobuchar</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Amy_Klobuchar_2020_presidential_campaign" title="Amy Klobuchar 2020 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Amy_Klobuchar_2020_presidential_campaign_endorsements" title="List of Amy Klobuchar 2020 presidential campaign endorsements">endorsements</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Amy_Klobuchar" title="Political positions of Amy Klobuchar">positions</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Deval_Patrick" title="Deval Patrick">Deval Patrick</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders">Bernie Sanders</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Bernie_Sanders_2020_presidential_campaign" title="Bernie Sanders 2020 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Bernie_Sanders_2020_presidential_campaign_endorsements" title="List of Bernie Sanders 2020 presidential campaign endorsements">endorsements</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Bernie_Sanders" title="Political positions of Bernie Sanders">positions</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Media_coverage_of_Bernie_Sanders" title="Media coverage of Bernie Sanders">media coverage</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tom_Steyer" title="Tom Steyer">Tom Steyer</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Warren" title="Elizabeth Warren">Elizabeth Warren</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Warren_2020_presidential_campaign" title="Elizabeth Warren 2020 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Elizabeth_Warren_2020_presidential_campaign_endorsements" title="List of Elizabeth Warren 2020 presidential campaign endorsements">endorsements</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Elizabeth_Warren" title="Political positions of Elizabeth Warren">positions</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Yang" title="Andrew Yang">Andrew Yang</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Yang_2020_presidential_campaign" title="Andrew Yang 2020 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Andrew_Yang_2020_presidential_campaign_endorsements" title="List of Andrew Yang 2020 presidential campaign endorsements">endorsements</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Withdrew before primaries</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cory_Booker" title="Cory Booker">Cory Booker</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Cory_Booker_2020_presidential_campaign" title="Cory Booker 2020 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Cory_Booker_2020_presidential_campaign_endorsements" title="List of Cory Booker 2020 presidential campaign endorsements">endorsements</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Cory_Booker" title="Political positions of Cory Booker">positions</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Steve_Bullock_(American_politician)" title="Steve Bullock (American politician)">Steve Bullock</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Julian_Castro" title="Julian Castro">Julian Castro</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bill_de_Blasio" title="Bill de Blasio">Bill de Blasio</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_Delaney_(Maryland_politician)" title="John Delaney (Maryland politician)">John Delaney</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/John_Delaney_2020_presidential_campaign" title="John Delaney 2020 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_John_Delaney" title="Political positions of John Delaney">positions</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kirsten_Gillibrand" title="Kirsten Gillibrand">Kirsten Gillibrand</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Kirsten_Gillibrand" title="Political positions of Kirsten Gillibrand">positions</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ben_Gleib" title="Ben Gleib">Ben Gleib</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mike_Gravel" title="Mike Gravel">Mike Gravel</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Mike_Gravel_2020_presidential_campaign" title="Mike Gravel 2020 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Kamala Harris</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris_2020_presidential_campaign" title="Kamala Harris 2020 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Kamala_Harris_2020_presidential_campaign_endorsements" title="List of Kamala Harris 2020 presidential campaign endorsements">endorsements</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Kamala_Harris" title="Political positions of Kamala Harris">positions</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_Hickenlooper" title="John Hickenlooper">John Hickenlooper</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jay_Inslee" title="Jay Inslee">Jay Inslee</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Jay_Inslee_2020_presidential_campaign" title="Jay Inslee 2020 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wayne_Messam" title="Wayne Messam">Wayne Messam</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Seth_Moulton" title="Seth Moulton">Seth Moulton</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Richard_Ojeda" title="Richard Ojeda">Richard Ojeda</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Beto_O%27Rourke" title="Beto O'Rourke">Beto O'Rourke</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Beto_O%27Rourke_2020_presidential_campaign" title="Beto O'Rourke 2020 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tim_Ryan_(Ohio_politician)" title="Tim Ryan (Ohio politician)">Tim Ryan</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Joe_Sestak" title="Joe Sestak">Joe Sestak</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Eric_Swalwell" title="Eric Swalwell">Eric Swalwell</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Marianne_Williamson" title="Marianne Williamson">Marianne Williamson</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Marianne_Williamson_2020_presidential_campaign" title="Marianne Williamson 2020 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #E81B23;; font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a> ▌<a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_New_York_State" title="Conservative Party of New York State">CPNYS</a> · ▌<a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Right_to_Life_Party" title="New York State Right to Life Party">RTLP</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2020 Republican Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Results_of_the_2020_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="Results of the 2020 Republican Party presidential primaries">Results</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Republican_Party_presidential_debates" title="2020 Republican Party presidential debates">Debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Republican_National_Convention" title="2020 Republican National Convention">Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opinion_polling_for_the_2020_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="Opinion polling for the 2020 Republican Party presidential primaries">Polls</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Incumbent nominee</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_2020_presidential_campaign" title="Donald Trump 2020 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd> <dd>endorsements <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Donald_Trump_2020_presidential_campaign_political_endorsements" title="List of Donald Trump 2020 presidential campaign political endorsements">political</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Donald_Trump_2020_presidential_campaign_non-political_endorsements" title="List of Donald Trump 2020 presidential campaign non-political endorsements">non-political</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Donald_Trump" title="Political positions of Donald Trump">positions</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Republicans_who_opposed_the_Donald_Trump_2020_presidential_campaign" title="List of Republicans who opposed the Donald Trump 2020 presidential campaign">GOP opposition</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Republican_reactions_to_Donald_Trump%27s_claims_of_2020_election_fraud" title="Republican reactions to Donald Trump's claims of 2020 election fraud">GOP reactions to fraud claims</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd>Incumbent VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Mike_Pence" title="Mike Pence">Mike Pence</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Withdrew during primaries</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rocky_De_La_Fuente" title="Rocky De La Fuente">Rocky De La Fuente</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bob_Ely" title="Bob Ely">Bob Ely</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jack_Fellure" title="Jack Fellure">Jack Fellure</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Zoltan_Istvan" title="Zoltan Istvan">Zoltan Istvan</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Joe_Walsh_(Illinois_politician)" title="Joe Walsh (Illinois politician)">Joe Walsh</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Joe_Walsh_2020_presidential_campaign" title="Joe Walsh 2020 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bill_Weld" title="Bill Weld">Bill Weld</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Bill_Weld_2020_presidential_campaign" title="Bill Weld 2020 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Withdrew before primaries</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mark_Sanford" title="Mark Sanford">Mark Sanford</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Mark_Sanford_2020_presidential_campaign" title="Mark Sanford 2020 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FED105;"><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_(United_States)" title="Libertarian Party (United States)">Libertarian Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020_Libertarian_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2020 Libertarian Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Results_of_the_2020_Libertarian_Party_presidential_primaries" title="Results of the 2020 Libertarian Party presidential primaries">Results</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Libertarian_National_Convention" title="2020 Libertarian National Convention">Convention</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Nominee</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jo_Jorgensen" title="Jo Jorgensen">Jo Jorgensen</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Jo_Jorgensen_2020_presidential_campaign" title="Jo Jorgensen 2020 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jo_Jorgensen_2020_presidential_campaign_endorsements" title="List of Jo Jorgensen 2020 presidential campaign endorsements">endorsements</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Spike_Cohen" title="Spike Cohen">Spike Cohen</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Eliminated in balloting</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jim_Gray_(jurist)" title="Jim Gray (jurist)">Jim Gray</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Adam_Kokesh" title="Adam Kokesh">Adam Kokesh</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_McAfee" title="John McAfee">John McAfee</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_Monds" title="John Monds">John Monds</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Vermin_Supreme" title="Vermin Supreme">Vermin Supreme</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Vermin_Supreme_2020_presidential_campaign" title="Vermin Supreme 2020 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Withdrew before or during primaries</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Max_Abramson" title="Max Abramson">Max Abramson</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Chafee" title="Lincoln Chafee">Lincoln Chafee</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Zoltan_Istvan" title="Zoltan Istvan">Zoltan Istvan</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Formed exploratory committee but did not run</dt> <dd><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Justin Amash</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #17aa5c;; font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Green_Party_of_the_United_States" title="Green Party of the United States">Green Party</a> ▌<a href="/wiki/Legal_Marijuana_Now_Party" title="Legal Marijuana Now Party">LMN</a> · ▌<a href="/wiki/Socialist_Alternative_(United_States)" title="Socialist Alternative (United States)">SA</a> · ▌<a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_USA" title="Socialist Party USA">SPUSA</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020_Green_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2020 Green Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Results_of_the_2020_Green_Party_presidential_primaries" title="Results of the 2020 Green Party presidential primaries">Results</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Green_Party_presidential_debates_and_forums" title="2020 Green Party presidential debates and forums">Debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Green_National_Convention" title="2020 Green National Convention">Convention</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Howie_Hawkins" title="Howie Hawkins">Howie Hawkins</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Howie_Hawkins_2020_presidential_campaign" title="Howie Hawkins 2020 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Howie_Hawkins_2020_presidential_campaign_endorsements" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Howie Hawkins 2020 presidential campaign endorsements">endorsements</a></li></ul></li> <li>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Angela_Nicole_Walker" title="Angela Nicole Walker">Angela Walker</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Withdrew during primaries</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Dario_Hunter" title="Dario Hunter">Dario Hunter</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Other candidates</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Ventura" title="Jesse Ventura">Jesse Ventura</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #A356DE;"><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Party_(United_States)" title="Constitution Party (United States)">Constitution Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020_Constitution_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2020 Constitution Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a></li> <li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Don_Blankenship" title="Don Blankenship">Don Blankenship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Other_third-party_candidates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Third-party_and_independent_candidates_for_the_2020_United_States_presidential_election" title="Third-party and independent candidates for the 2020 United States presidential election">Other third-party candidates</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #385AA3;; font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Alliance_Party_(United_States)" title="Alliance Party (United States)">Alliance Party</a> ▌<a href="/wiki/American_Independent_Party" title="American Independent Party">AIP</a> · ▌<a href="/wiki/Reform_Party_of_the_United_States_of_America" title="Reform Party of the United States of America">Reform</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Rocky_De_La_Fuente" title="Rocky De La Fuente">Rocky De La Fuente</a></li> <li>VP nominee: Darcy Richardson</li> <li>AIP VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Kanye_West" title="Kanye West">Kanye West</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Other candidates</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Max_Abramson" title="Max Abramson">Max Abramson</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Phil_Collins_(politician)" title="Phil Collins (politician)">Phil Collins</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #F37120;"><a href="/wiki/American_Solidarity_Party" title="American Solidarity Party">American Solidarity Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Brian_T._Carroll" title="Brian T. Carroll">Brian T. Carroll</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Other candidates</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Joe_Schriner" title="Joe Schriner">Joe Schriner</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #791a52;"><a href="/wiki/Birthday_Party_(political_party)" class="mw-redirect" title="Birthday Party (political party)">Birthday Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Kanye_West" title="Kanye West">Kanye West</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kanye_West_2020_presidential_campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanye West 2020 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Views_of_Kanye_West" title="Views of Kanye West">positions</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 Black;"><a href="/wiki/Bread_and_Roses_(political_party)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bread and Roses (political party)">Bread and Roses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Jerome_Segal" title="Jerome Segal">Jerome Segal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 red;; font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Party_for_Socialism_and_Liberation" title="Party for Socialism and Liberation">Party for Socialism & Liberation</a> ▌<a href="/wiki/Liberty_Union_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberty Union Party">LUP</a> · ▌<a href="/wiki/Peace_and_Freedom_Party" title="Peace and Freedom Party">PFP</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Gloria_La_Riva" title="Gloria La Riva">Gloria La Riva</a></li> <li>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Peltier" title="Leonard Peltier">Leonard Peltier</a> (withdrew)</li></ul> <ul><li>Other candidates: <a href="/wiki/Howie_Hawkins" title="Howie Hawkins">Howie Hawkins</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #5FD170;"><a href="/wiki/Oregon_Progressive_Party" title="Oregon Progressive Party">Progressive Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Dario_Hunter" title="Dario Hunter">Dario Hunter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FF00FF;"><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_Party" title="Prohibition Party">Prohibition Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Phil_Collins_(politician)" title="Phil Collins (politician)">Phil Collins</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #CD3700;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Action_(United_States)" title="Socialist Action (United States)">Socialist Action</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Jeff_Mackler" title="Jeff Mackler">Jeff Mackler</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #D30101;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Equality_Party_(United_States)" title="Socialist Equality Party (United States)">Socialist Equality Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Kishore" title="Joseph Kishore">Joseph Kishore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #AA0000;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Workers_Party_(United_States)" title="Socialist Workers Party (United States)">Socialist Workers Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Alyson_Kennedy" title="Alyson Kennedy">Alyson Kennedy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #DDDDBB;"><a href="/wiki/Third-party_and_independent_candidates_for_the_2020_United_States_presidential_election" title="Third-party and independent candidates for the 2020 United States presidential election">Independent candidates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Declared</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/VoiceoverPete" title="VoiceoverPete">Pete Accetturo</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mark_Charles" title="Mark Charles">Mark Charles</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Brock_Pierce" title="Brock Pierce">Brock Pierce</a> (▌<a href="/wiki/Independence_Party_of_New_York" title="Independence Party of New York">IPNY</a> nominee)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jade_Simmons" title="Jade Simmons">Jade Simmons</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Joe_Schriner" title="Joe Schriner">Joe Schriner</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Withdrew</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Perry_Caravello" title="Perry Caravello">Perry Caravello</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Gable" title="Jeremy Gable">Jeremy Gable</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Disputes" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Disputes</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Attempts_to_overturn_the_2020_United_States_presidential_election" title="Attempts to overturn the 2020 United States presidential election">Attempts to overturn</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_United_States_election_protests" title="2020–21 United States election protests">Protests</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2021_United_States_inauguration_week_protests" title="2021 United States inauguration week protests">during inauguration week</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack" title="January 6 United States Capitol attack">U.S. Capitol attack</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack" title="Timeline of the January 6 United States Capitol attack">timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack" title="Aftermath of the January 6 United States Capitol attack">aftermath</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_impeachment_of_Donald_Trump" title="Second impeachment of Donald Trump">second impeachment of Donald Trump</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_impeachment_trial_of_Donald_Trump" title="Second impeachment trial of Donald Trump">trial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_6_commission" title="January 6 commission">January 6 commission</a></li></ul></li> <li>reactions <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_reactions_to_the_January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack" title="Domestic reactions to the January 6 United States Capitol attack">domestic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack" title="International reactions to the January 6 United States Capitol attack">international</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trump_fake_electors_plot" title="Trump fake electors plot">Trump fake electors plot</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arizona_prosecution_of_fake_electors" title="Arizona prosecution of fake electors">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_election_racketeering_prosecution" title="Georgia election racketeering prosecution">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_prosecution_of_fake_electors" title="Michigan prosecution of fake electors">Michigan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trump%E2%80%93Raffensperger_phone_call" title="Trump–Raffensperger phone call">Trump–Raffensperger phone call</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastman_memos" title="Eastman memos">Eastman memos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lawsuits</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-election_lawsuits_related_to_the_2020_U.S._presidential_election" title="Pre-election lawsuits related to the 2020 U.S. presidential election">Filed before Election Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-election_lawsuits_related_to_the_2020_U.S._presidential_election" title="Post-election lawsuits related to the 2020 U.S. presidential election">Filed during or after Election Day</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Post-election_lawsuits_related_to_the_2020_U.S._presidential_election_from_Arizona" title="Post-election lawsuits related to the 2020 U.S. presidential election from Arizona">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-election_lawsuits_related_to_the_2020_U.S._presidential_election_from_Georgia" title="Post-election lawsuits related to the 2020 U.S. presidential election from Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-election_lawsuits_related_to_the_2020_U.S._presidential_election_from_Michigan" title="Post-election lawsuits related to the 2020 U.S. presidential election from Michigan">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-election_lawsuits_related_to_the_2020_U.S._presidential_election_from_Nevada" title="Post-election lawsuits related to the 2020 U.S. presidential election from Nevada">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-election_lawsuits_related_to_the_2020_U.S._presidential_election_from_Pennsylvania" title="Post-election lawsuits related to the 2020 U.S. presidential election from Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-election_lawsuits_related_to_the_2020_U.S._presidential_election_from_Wisconsin" title="Post-election lawsuits related to the 2020 U.S. presidential election from Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_v._Pennsylvania" title="Texas v. Pennsylvania">Texas v. Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Seasons_Total_Landscaping_press_conference" title="Four Seasons Total Landscaping press conference">Four Seasons Total Landscaping press conference</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Controversies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_interference_in_the_2020_United_States_elections" title="Russian interference in the 2020 United States elections">Russian interference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_efforts_to_restrict_voting_following_the_2020_presidential_election" title="Republican efforts to restrict voting following the 2020 presidential election">Voting restrictions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output 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.portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/19px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/37px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:Balance,_by_David.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/21px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/32px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/41px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="606" data-file-height="558" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Law" title="Portal:Law">Law</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="diagram" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png/19px-Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png/29px-Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png/38px-Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png 2x" data-file-width="647" data-file-height="647" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Libertarianism" title="Portal:Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Flag_of_Michigan.svg/21px-Flag_of_Michigan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Flag_of_Michigan.svg/32px-Flag_of_Michigan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Flag_of_Michigan.svg/42px-Flag_of_Michigan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="685" data-file-height="457" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Michigan" title="Portal:Michigan">Michigan</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/21px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/32px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/42px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Palestine" title="Portal:Palestine">Palestine</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/19px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/29px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/38px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/21px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/42px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1714165#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1714165#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1714165#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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