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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Death-duty in late Anglo-Saxon England</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the death duty. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Heriot_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Heriot (disambiguation)">Heriot (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p><b>Heriot</b>, from <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> <i>heregeat</i> ("war-gear"), was originally a death-duty in <a href="/wiki/History_of_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="History of Anglo-Saxon England">late Anglo-Saxon England</a>, which required that at death, a nobleman provided to his king a given set of military equipment, often including horses, swords, shields, spears and helmets. It later developed into a kind of tenurial <a href="/wiki/Feudal_relief" title="Feudal relief">feudal relief</a> due from <a href="/wiki/Villein_(feudal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Villein (feudal)">villeins</a>. The equivalent term in French was <i>droit du meilleur catel</i>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heriot&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The word derives from <a href="/wiki/Old_English_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old English language">Old English</a> <i>here-geatwa</i>, meaning the arms and equipment (<i>geatwa</i>) of a soldier or army (<i>here</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heriot&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An example of heriot was the right of a lord in <a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">feudal</a> <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> to seize a <a href="/wiki/Serf" class="mw-redirect" title="Serf">serf</a>'s best horse, clothing, or both, upon his death. It arose from the tradition of the lord lending a serf a horse or armour or weapons to fight so that when the serf died the lord would rightfully reclaim his property.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrooks197891–92_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooks197891–92-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In England, heriot is first mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Will_(law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Will (law)">wills</a> of West-Saxon nobles in the mid-tenth century, such as that of <a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelm%C3%A6r_the_Stout" title="Æthelmær the Stout">Æthelmær the Stout</a>. Large bequests were made to the king, especially of war gear, in return for the king's permission to make a will and for his support in ensuring that the provisions of the will were carried out.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPracy202488–92_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPracy202488–92-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The regulation of levels of heriot is the subject of a clause in <a href="/wiki/Cnut_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Cnut the Great">Cnut</a>'s secular law-code (II Cnut § 71), drawn up between 1020 and 1023. The form of this duty depended on the rank of the nobleman (earl, king's <a href="/wiki/Thegn" title="Thegn">thegn</a>, median thegn) and on his region (<a href="/wiki/Danelaw" title="Danelaw">Danelaw</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wessex" title="Wessex">Wessex</a>). </p><p>When <a href="/wiki/Knight" title="Knight">knights</a> as a class emerged and were later able to acquire their own fighting instruments, the lord continued to claim rights to property upon death, extending sometimes to everyone and not just the fighting knights. Serfs could make provisions for heriot in their wills, but death in battle often meant no heriot was required, because the winner of a fight would often take horse and armour anyway as was often the custom.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> By the 13th century the payment was made either in money or in kind by handing over the best beast or chattel of the tenant.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The enlightened cleric <a href="/wiki/Jacques_de_Vitry" title="Jacques de Vitry">Jacques de Vitry</a> called lords who imposed heriots "vultures that prey upon death... worms feeding upon the corpse." </p><p>Heriot came in many varieties. <a href="/wiki/G._G._Coulton" title="G. G. Coulton">G. G. Coulton</a> reports a curious case of heriot in modern times: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>In the later 19th century <a href="/wiki/Nathan_Rothschild,_1st_Baron_Rothschild" title="Nathan Rothschild, 1st Baron Rothschild">Lord Rothschild</a> bought an estate of which part was <a href="/wiki/Copyhold" title="Copyhold">copyhold</a> under <a href="/wiki/New_College,_Oxford" title="New College, Oxford">New College, Oxford</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Warden_(college)" title="Warden (college)">Warden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fellow" title="Fellow">Fellows</a>, therefore, were in that respect his lords, and he had to redeem the <a href="/wiki/Fee_simple" title="Fee simple">freehold</a> in all haste lest, at his death, these overlords should claim as a heriot his best beast which, in the case of so distinguished a racing man as Rothschild, might have been worth twenty thousand pounds or more.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></p></blockquote> <p>Heriot is one of the many curious laws from feudal times that started because of a logical need between two parties, and persisted because a lord's customary rights tended to continue on even when their original reason no longer existed. This law and many others, such as the noble right not to pay taxes, have a long and contentious history in Europe. It was legally abolished in Britain in 1922.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heriot&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Copyhold" title="Copyhold">Copyhold</a> (the manorial law relating to heriot).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_weaponry" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon weaponry">Anglo-Saxon weaponry</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heriot&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChisholm1911">Chisholm 1911</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooks197891–92-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrooks197891–92_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrooks1978">Brooks 1978</a>, pp. 91–92.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPracy202488–92-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPracy202488–92_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPracy2024">Pracy 2024</a>, pp. 88–92.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFriar2001" class="citation book cs1">Friar, Stephen (2001). <i>The Sutton Companion to Local History</i> (rev. ed.). Stroud: Sutton Publishing. p. 209. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7509-2723-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7509-2723-2"><bdi>0-7509-2723-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sutton+Companion+to+Local+History&rft.place=Stroud&rft.pages=209&rft.edition=rev.&rft.pub=Sutton+Publishing&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-7509-2723-2&rft.aulast=Friar&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeriot" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heriot&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrooks1978" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Brooks_(historian)" title="Nicholas Brooks (historian)">Brooks, Nicholas</a> (1978). "Arms, status and warfare in late-Saxon England". In Hill, David (ed.). <i>Ethelred the Unready: papers from the millenary conference</i>. BAR British series. Vol. 59. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports. pp. 81–103. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/086054043X" title="Special:BookSources/086054043X"><bdi>086054043X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Arms%2C+status+and+warfare+in+late-Saxon+England&rft.btitle=Ethelred+the+Unready%3A+papers+from+the+millenary+conference&rft.place=Oxford&rft.series=BAR+British+series&rft.pages=81-103&rft.pub=British+Archaeological+Reports&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=086054043X&rft.aulast=Brooks&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeriot" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPracy2024" class="citation book cs1">Pracy, Stuart (2024). "Royal Power and the Heriots of Ealdormen and Bishops". In Blanchard, Mary; Riedel, Christopher (eds.). <i>The Reigns of Edmund, Eadred and Eadwig, 939-959: New Interpretations</i>. Woodbridge, UK: The Boydell Press. pp. 80–97. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78327-764-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78327-764-3"><bdi>978-1-78327-764-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Royal+Power+and+the+Heriots+of+Ealdormen+and+Bishops&rft.btitle=The+Reigns+of+Edmund%2C+Eadred+and+Eadwig%2C+939-959%3A+New+Interpretations&rft.place=Woodbridge%2C+UK&rft.pages=80-97&rft.pub=The+Boydell+Press&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=978-1-78327-764-3&rft.aulast=Pracy&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeriot" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Heriot" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Heriot">Heriot</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 13 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 364.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Heriot&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=364&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeriot" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heriot&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Abels, Richard. <i>Lordship and Military Obligation in Anglo-Saxon England</i>. London, 1988.</li> <li>Abels, Richard. "Heriot." <i>The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Anglo-Saxon England</i>, ed. Michael Lapidge et al. Oxford: Blackwell: 1999. 235–6.</li></ul> <ul><li>Stafford, Pauline. "King and kin, Lord and Community." In <i>Gender, Family and the Legitimation of Power</i>, 2006</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heriot&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/1035Cnutrelf.html">Canute, King of the English: On Heriots and Reliefs, c. 1016-1035</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heriot&oldid=1244792968">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heriot&oldid=1244792968</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Feudalism_in_England" title="Category:Feudalism in England">Feudalism in England</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Serfdom" title="Category:Serfdom">Serfdom</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_July_2023" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from July 2023">Articles with unsourced statements from July 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_March_2021" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from March 2021">Articles with unsourced statements from March 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_the_1911_Encyclopaedia_Britannica_with_Wikisource_reference" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference">Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_text_from_the_1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica">Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 9 September 2024, at 06:38<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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