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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Land_ethic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Land_ethic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Land ethic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Land_ethic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" 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Available in 26 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-26" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">26 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88_%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AF" title="ألدو ليوبولد – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ألدو ليوبولد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88_%D9%84%D8%A6%D9%88%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AF" title="آلدو لئوپولد – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آلدو لئوپولد" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldo_Leopold" title="Aldo Leopold – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Aldo Leopold" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldo_Leopold" title="Aldo Leopold – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Aldo Leopold" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldo_Leopold" title="Aldo Leopold – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Aldo Leopold" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldo_Leopold" title="Aldo Leopold – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Aldo Leopold" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldo_Leopold" title="Aldo Leopold – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Aldo Leopold" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldo_Leopold" title="Aldo Leopold – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Aldo Leopold" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldo_Leopold" title="Aldo Leopold – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Aldo Leopold" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldo_Leopold" title="Aldo Leopold – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Aldo Leopold" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88_%D9%84%D8%A6%D9%88%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AF" title="آلدو لئوپولد – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آلدو لئوپولد" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldo_Leopold" title="Aldo Leopold – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Aldo Leopold" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%8C%EB%8F%84_%EB%A0%88%EC%98%A4%ED%8F%B4%EB%93%9C" title="알도 레오폴드 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="알도 레오폴드" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldo_Leopold" title="Aldo Leopold – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Aldo Leopold" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldo_Leopold" title="Aldo Leopold – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Aldo Leopold" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldo_Leopold" title="Aldo Leopold – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Aldo Leopold" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88_%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AF" title="الدو ليوبولد – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الدو ليوبولد" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldo_Leopold" title="Aldo Leopold – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Aldo Leopold" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AB%E3%83%89%E3%83%BB%E3%83%AC%E3%82%AA%E3%83%9D%E3%83%AB%E3%83%89" title="アルド・レオポルド – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アルド・レオポルド" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldo_Leopold" title="Aldo Leopold – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Aldo Leopold" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldo_Leopold" title="Aldo Leopold – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Aldo Leopold" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4,_%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4%D0%BE" title="Леопольд, Альдо – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Леопольд, Альдо" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldo_Leopold" title="Aldo Leopold – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Aldo Leopold" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldo_Leopold" title="Aldo Leopold – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Aldo Leopold" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%BE_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4" title="Олдо Леопольд – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Олдо Леопольд" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E5%B0%94%E5%A4%9A%C2%B7%E5%88%A9%E5%A5%A5%E6%B3%A2%E5%BE%B7" title="奥尔多·利奥波德 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="奥尔多·利奥波德" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q971382#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div style="display:inline;" class="fn">Aldo Leopold</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Aldo_Leopold,_1946_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Leopold in 1946"><img alt="Leopold in 1946" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/93/Aldo_Leopold%2C_1946_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="182" height="257" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="182" data-file-height="257" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:1.4em;">Leopold in 1946</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Born</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1887-01-11</span>)</span>January 11, 1887<br /><a href="/wiki/Burlington,_Iowa" title="Burlington, Iowa">Burlington, Iowa</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Died</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">April 21, 1948<span style="display:none">(1948-04-21)</span> (aged 61)<br /><a href="/wiki/Baraboo,_Wisconsin" title="Baraboo, Wisconsin">Baraboo, Wisconsin</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Aspen_Grove_Cemetery_(Burlington,_Iowa)" title="Aspen Grove Cemetery (Burlington, Iowa)">Aspen Grove Cemetery</a><br />Burlington, Iowa, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data role" style="line-height:1.4em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Author</li><li><a href="/wiki/Ecologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecologist">ecologist</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Forester" title="Forester">forester</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Nature_writer" class="mw-redirect" title="Nature writer">nature writer</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Education</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Subject</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">Conservation, land ethic, land health, ecological conscience</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Notable works</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><i><a href="/wiki/A_Sand_County_Almanac" title="A Sand County Almanac">A Sand County Almanac</a></i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">Estella Leopold</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Children</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/A._Starker_Leopold" title="A. Starker Leopold">A. Starker Leopold</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luna_Leopold" title="Luna Leopold">Luna Leopold</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nina_Leopold_Bradley" title="Nina Leopold Bradley">Nina Leopold Bradley</a>, <a href="/wiki/A._Carl_Leopold" title="A. Carl Leopold">A. Carl Leopold</a>, <a href="/wiki/Estella_Leopold" title="Estella Leopold">Estella Leopold</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Website</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aldoleopold.org/">www<wbr />.aldoleopold<wbr />.org</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Aldo Leopold</b> (January 11, 1887 – April 21, 1948) was an American writer, <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosopher</a>, <a href="/wiki/Natural_history" title="Natural history">naturalist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scientist" title="Scientist">scientist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ecology" title="Ecology">ecologist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Forester" title="Forester">forester</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conservation_biology" title="Conservation biology">conservationist</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Environmentalist" title="Environmentalist">environmentalist</a>. He was a professor at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Wisconsin">University of Wisconsin</a> and is best known for his book <i><a href="/wiki/A_Sand_County_Almanac" title="A Sand County Almanac">A Sand County Almanac</a></i> (1949), which has been translated into fourteen languages and has sold more than two million copies.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Leopold was influential in the development of modern <a href="/wiki/Environmental_ethics" title="Environmental ethics">environmental ethics</a> and in the movement for wilderness conservation. His ethics of nature and wildlife preservation had a profound impact on the <a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement" title="Environmental movement">environmental movement</a>, with his ecocentric or holistic ethics regarding land.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He emphasized biodiversity and ecology and was a founder of the science of <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_management" title="Wildlife management">wildlife management</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aldo_Leopold&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rand Aldo Leopold was born in <a href="/wiki/Burlington,_Iowa" title="Burlington, Iowa">Burlington, Iowa</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Dad_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dad-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on January 11, 1887. His father, Carl Leopold, was a businessman who made walnut desks<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was first cousin to his wife, Clara Starker. Charles Starker, father of Carl and uncle to Clara, was a German immigrant, educated in engineering and architecture.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rand Aldo was named after two of his father's business partners—C. W. Rand and Aldo Sommers—although he eventually dropped the use of "Rand". The Leopold family included younger siblings Mary Luize, Carl Starker, and Frederic.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Leopold's first language was German,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although he mastered English at an early age. </p><p>Aldo Leopold's early life was highlighted by the outdoors. Carl would take his children on excursions into the woods and taught his oldest son woodcraft and hunting.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aldo showed an aptitude for observation, spending hours counting and cataloging birds near his home.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mary would later say of her older brother, "He was very much an outdoorsman, even in his extreme youth. He was always out climbing around the bluffs, or going down to the river, or going across the river into the woods."<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He attended Prospect Hill Elementary, where he ranked at the top of his class, and then, the overcrowded Burlington High School. Every August, the family vacationed in Michigan on the forested <a href="/wiki/Marquette_Island" title="Marquette Island">Marquette Island</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lake_Huron" title="Lake Huron">Lake Huron</a>, which the children took to exploring.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Schooling">Schooling</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aldo_Leopold&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Schooling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aldo_Leopold_Sheffield_Scientific_School_Class_of_1908.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Aldo_Leopold_Sheffield_Scientific_School_Class_of_1908.jpg/220px-Aldo_Leopold_Sheffield_Scientific_School_Class_of_1908.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="341" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/63/Aldo_Leopold_Sheffield_Scientific_School_Class_of_1908.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="323" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Leopold's entry in the <a href="/wiki/Yale" class="mw-redirect" title="Yale">Yale</a> <a href="/wiki/Sheffield_Scientific_School" title="Sheffield Scientific School">Sheffield Scientific School</a> yearbook, 1908</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1900, <a href="/wiki/Gifford_Pinchot" title="Gifford Pinchot">Gifford Pinchot</a>, who oversaw the newly implemented Division of Forestry in the Department of Agriculture, donated money to <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a> to begin one of the nation's first forestry schools. Hearing of this development, the teenaged Leopold decided on forestry as a vocation.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His parents agreed to let him attend <a href="/wiki/The_Lawrenceville_School" class="mw-redirect" title="The Lawrenceville School">The Lawrenceville School</a>, a preparatory college in New Jersey, to improve his chances of admission to Yale. The Burlington High School principal wrote in a reference letter to the headmaster at Lawrenceville that Leopold was "as earnest a boy as we have in school... painstaking in his work.... Moral character above reproach."<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He arrived at his new school in January 1904, shortly before he turned 17. He was considered an attentive student, although he was again drawn to the outdoors. Lawrenceville was suitably rural, and Leopold spent much time mapping the area and studying its wildlife.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Leopold studied at the Lawrenceville School for a year, during which time he was accepted to Yale. Because the <a href="/wiki/Yale_School_of_the_Environment" title="Yale School of the Environment">Yale School of Forestry</a> granted only graduate degrees, he first enrolled in <a href="/wiki/Sheffield_Scientific_School" title="Sheffield Scientific School">Sheffield Scientific School</a>'s preparatory forestry courses for his undergraduate studies, in New Haven, Connecticut.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While Leopold was able to explore the woods and fields of Lawrenceville daily, sometimes to the detriment of his studying, at Yale he had little opportunity to do so; his studies and social life made his outdoor trips few and far between.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Leopold graduated from the Yale Forestry School in 1909.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aldo_Leopold&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1909, Leopold was assigned to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Forest_Service" title="United States Forest Service">Forest Service</a>'s District 3 in the Arizona and New Mexico territories. At first, he was a forest assistant at the Apache National Forest in the Arizona Territory. In 1911, he was transferred to the Carson National Forest in northern New Mexico. Leopold's career, which kept him in New Mexico until 1924, included developing the first comprehensive management plan for the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Canyon" title="Grand Canyon">Grand Canyon</a>, writing the Forest Service's first game and fish handbook, and proposing <a href="/wiki/Gila_Wilderness" title="Gila Wilderness">Gila Wilderness Area</a>, the first national wilderness area in the Forest Service system.<sup id="cite_ref-GroupedRef1_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GroupedRef1-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On April 5, 1923, he was elected an associate member (now called "professional member") of the <a href="/wiki/Boone_and_Crockett_Club" title="Boone and Crockett Club">Boone and Crockett Club</a>, a wildlife conservation organization founded by <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_Bird_Grinnell" title="George Bird Grinnell">George Bird Grinnell</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1924, he accepted transfer to the U.S. Forest Products Laboratory in Madison, Wisconsin, and became an associate director.<sup id="cite_ref-Dad_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dad-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1933, he was appointed Professor of Game Management in the Agricultural Economics Department at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin%E2%80%93Madison" title="University of Wisconsin–Madison">University of Wisconsin</a>, the first such professorship of wildlife management.<sup id="cite_ref-Dad_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dad-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time he was named Research Director of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin%E2%80%93Madison_Arboretum" title="University of Wisconsin–Madison Arboretum">University of Wisconsin–Madison Arboretum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Leopold and other members of the first Arboretum Committee initiated a research agenda around re-establishing "original Wisconsin" landscape and plant communities, particularly those that predated European settlement, such as <a href="/wiki/Tallgrass_prairie" title="Tallgrass prairie">tallgrass prairie</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oak_savanna" title="Oak savanna">oak savanna</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ego_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ego-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under the Oberlaender Trust of the <a href="/wiki/Carl_Schurz" title="Carl Schurz">Carl Schurz</a> Memorial Foundation, Leopold was part of the 1935 group of six U.S. Forest Service associates who toured the forests of Germany and Austria. Leopold was invited specifically to study game management, and this was his first and only time abroad. His European observations would have a significant impact on his ecological thinking, leading him to view the German policies in favor of blocks of monoculture trees in straight lines as a cautionary tale leading to <a href="/wiki/Soil_degradation" class="mw-redirect" title="Soil degradation">soil degradation</a> and an overall loss of biodiversity.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After 1935, Leopold was no longer working for the <b>U.S. Forest Service</b>; he had left the agency in 1928 to work independently and later became a professor at the <b>University of Wisconsin</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-GroupedRef1_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GroupedRef1-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life_and_death">Personal life and death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aldo_Leopold&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Personal life and death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aldo_Leopold%27s_headstone.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Aldo_Leopold%27s_headstone.jpeg/220px-Aldo_Leopold%27s_headstone.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Aldo_Leopold%27s_headstone.jpeg/330px-Aldo_Leopold%27s_headstone.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Aldo_Leopold%27s_headstone.jpeg/440px-Aldo_Leopold%27s_headstone.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="538" /></a><figcaption>Leopold's headstone at his family plot in Aspen Grove Cemetery in <a href="/wiki/Burlington,_Iowa" title="Burlington, Iowa">Burlington, Iowa</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Leopold married Estella Bergere in northern New Mexico in 1912 and they had five children together.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They lived in a modest two-story home close to the UW–Madison campus. His children followed in his footsteps as teachers and naturalists: <a href="/wiki/A._Starker_Leopold" title="A. Starker Leopold">Aldo Starker Leopold</a> (1913–1983) was a wildlife biologist and professor at UC Berkeley;<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Luna_Leopold" title="Luna Leopold">Luna B. Leopold</a> (1915–2006) became a <a href="/wiki/Hydrology" title="Hydrology">hydrologist</a> and geology professor at UC Berkeley; <a href="/wiki/Nina_Leopold_Bradley" title="Nina Leopold Bradley">Nina Leopold Bradley</a> (1917–2011) was a researcher and naturalist; <a href="/wiki/A._Carl_Leopold" title="A. Carl Leopold">Aldo Carl Leopold</a> (1919–2009) was a plant physiologist,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who taught at Purdue University for 25 years; and daughter <a href="/wiki/Estella_Leopold" title="Estella Leopold">Estella Leopold</a> (1927–2024) was a noted botanist and conservationist and professor <i>emerita</i> at the University of Washington. </p><p>Leopold purchased 80 acres in the <a href="/wiki/Central_Plain_(Wisconsin)" title="Central Plain (Wisconsin)">sand country</a> of central Wisconsin. The once-forested region had been logged, swept by repeated fires, overgrazed by dairy cows, and left barren. He put his theories to work in the field and eventually set to work writing his best-selling <i><a href="/wiki/A_Sand_County_Almanac" title="A Sand County Almanac">A Sand County Almanac</a></i> (1949) which was finished just prior to his death. Leopold died of a heart attack while battling a wild fire on a neighbor's property.<sup id="cite_ref-Dad_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dad-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Leopold is buried at <a href="/wiki/Aspen_Grove_Cemetery_(Burlington,_Iowa)" title="Aspen Grove Cemetery (Burlington, Iowa)">Aspen Grove Cemetery</a> in Burlington.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Today, Leopold's home is an official landmark of the city of Madison. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ideas">Ideas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aldo_Leopold&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Ideas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Early on, Leopold was assigned to hunt and kill bears, wolves, and mountain lions in New Mexico. Local ranchers hated these predators because of livestock losses, but Leopold came to respect the animals. One day after fatally shooting a <a href="/wiki/Mexican_wolf" title="Mexican wolf">wolf</a>, Leopold reached the animal and was transfixed by a "fierce green fire dying in her eyes." That experience changed him and put him on the path toward an ecocentric outlook.<sup id="cite_ref-Essential_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Essential-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He developed an ecological ethic that replaced the earlier wilderness ethic that stressed the need for human dominance. His rethinking the importance of predators in the balance of nature has resulted in the return of bears and mountain lions to New Mexico wilderness areas.<sup id="cite_ref-GroupedRef1_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GroupedRef1-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the early 1920s, Leopold had concluded that a particular kind of preservation should be embraced in the national forests of the American West. He was prompted to this by the rampant building of roads to accommodate the "proliferation of the automobile" and the related increasingly heavy recreational demands placed on public lands. He was the first to employ the term "wilderness" to describe such preservation. Over the next two decades, he added ethical and scientific rationales to his defense of the wilderness concept. Leopold believed that it is easier to maintain wilderness than to create it.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In one essay, he rhetorically asked, "Of what avail are forty freedoms without a blank spot on the map?" Leopold saw a progress of ethical sensitivity from interpersonal relationships, to relationships to society as a whole, to relationships with the land, leading to a steady diminution of actions based on expediency, conquest, and self-interest. Leopold thus rejected the utilitarianism of conservationists such as <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-GroupedRef1_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GroupedRef1-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aldo_Leopold_trip_to_the_Rio_Gavilan_(5441676907).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Aldo_Leopold_trip_to_the_Rio_Gavilan_%285441676907%29.jpg/220px-Aldo_Leopold_trip_to_the_Rio_Gavilan_%285441676907%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Aldo_Leopold_trip_to_the_Rio_Gavilan_%285441676907%29.jpg/330px-Aldo_Leopold_trip_to_the_Rio_Gavilan_%285441676907%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Aldo_Leopold_trip_to_the_Rio_Gavilan_%285441676907%29.jpg/440px-Aldo_Leopold_trip_to_the_Rio_Gavilan_%285441676907%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2847" data-file-height="2292" /></a><figcaption>Aldo Leopold with quiver and bow seated on rimrock above the Rio Gavilan in northern Mexico while on a bow hunting trip in 1938</figcaption></figure> <p>By the 1930s, Leopold had become one of the first Americans to publish extensively on the startup discipline of wildlife management. He advocated the scientific management of wildlife habitats by both public and private landholders rather than a reliance on game refuges, hunting laws, and other methods intended to protect specific species of desired game. In his 1933 book <i>Game Management</i>, Leopold defined the science of wildlife management as "the art of making land produce sustained annual crops of wild game for recreational use." But, as Curt Meine<sup id="cite_ref-GroupedRef1_20-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GroupedRef1-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has pointed out, he also considered it to be a technique for restoring and maintaining diversity in the environment. </p><p>The concept of "wilderness" also took on a new meaning; Leopold no longer saw it as a hunting or recreational ground, but as an arena for a healthy biotic community, including wolves and mountain lions. In 1935, he helped found the <a href="/wiki/The_Wilderness_Society_(United_States)" title="The Wilderness Society (United States)">Wilderness Society</a>, dedicated to expanding and protecting the nation's wilderness areas. He regarded the society as "one of the focal points of a new attitude—an intelligent humility toward Man's place in nature."<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Science writer Connie Barlow says Leopold wrote eloquently from a perspective that today would be called <a href="/wiki/Religious_Naturalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious Naturalism">Religious Naturalism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Though often forgotten, thinking about population dynamics and consumption also shaped Aldo Leopold’s ecological vision in profound ways. By studying wildlife population fluctuations, Leopold extended many of the ideas about <a href="/wiki/Carrying_capacity" title="Carrying capacity">carrying capacity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Environmental_degradation" title="Environmental degradation">environmental degradation</a> that <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Pearl" title="Raymond Pearl">Raymond Pearl</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edward_Murray_East" title="Edward Murray East">Edward Murray East</a> had articulated, and these ideas, in turn, shaped his path-breaking ideas of ecological interconnection. Moreover, although later readers associate Leopold with wildlife ecology, his career helps show how Malthusian ideas of human society intertwined and overlapped with ideas of nature. He was greatly influenced by ecologists who themselves gleaned ideas from Malthusian models of human society, and himself often thought of human events—especially the Great Depression and World War II—in terms of the models of population and consumption that he was developing for animals.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nature_writing">Nature writing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aldo_Leopold&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Nature writing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Leopold's <a href="/wiki/Nature_Writing" class="mw-redirect" title="Nature Writing">nature writing</a> is notable for its simple directness. His portrayals of various natural environments through which he had moved, or had known for many years, displayed impressive intimacy with what exists and happens in nature. This includes detailed diaries and journals of his <a href="/wiki/United_States_Forest_Service" title="United States Forest Service">Forest Service</a> activity, hunting and field experience, as well as observations and activities at his <a href="/wiki/Sauk_County,_Wisconsin" title="Sauk County, Wisconsin">Sand County</a> farm.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He offered frank criticism of the harm he believed was frequently done to natural systems (such as land) out of a sense of a culture or society's sovereign ownership over the land base – eclipsing any sense of a community of life to which humans belong. He felt the security and prosperity resulting from "mechanization" now gives people the time to reflect on the preciousness of nature and to learn more about what happens there; however, he also wrote, "Theoretically, the mechanization of farming ought to cut the farmer's chains, but whether it really does is debatable."<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="A_Sand_County_Almanac"><i>A Sand County Almanac</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aldo_Leopold&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: A Sand County Almanac"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The book was published in 1949, shortly after Leopold's death. One of the well-known quotes from the book which clarifies his <a href="/wiki/Land_ethic" title="Land ethic">land ethic</a> is, </p> <blockquote><p>A thing is right when it tends to preserve the integrity, stability, and beauty of the <a href="/wiki/Biotic_community" class="mw-redirect" title="Biotic community">biotic community</a>. It is wrong when it tends otherwise. (p.262) </p></blockquote> <p>The concept of a <a href="/wiki/Trophic_cascade" title="Trophic cascade">trophic cascade</a> is put forth in the chapter, "<a href="/wiki/Thinking_like_a_mountain" title="Thinking like a mountain">Thinking Like a Mountain</a>", wherein Leopold realizes that killing a predatory <a href="/wiki/Wolf" title="Wolf">wolf</a> carries serious implications for the rest of the ecosystem<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> — a conclusion that found sympathetic appreciation generations later: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>In January 1995 I helped carry the first grey wolf into Yellowstone, where they had been eradicated by federal predator control policy only six decades earlier. Looking through the crates into her eyes, I reflected on how Aldo Leopold once took part in that policy, then eloquently challenged it. By illuminating for us how wolves play a critical role in the whole of creation, he expressed the ethic and the laws which would reintroduce them nearly a half-century after his death.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Babbitt" title="Bruce Babbitt">Bruce Babbitt</a>, former <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Interior" title="United States Secretary of the Interior">Secretary of the Interior</a><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Thinking Like a Mountain was originally written during World War II and shows that Leopold's thinking was shaped by that global cataclysm.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Land_ethic">Land ethic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aldo_Leopold&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Land ethic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In "The <a href="/wiki/Land_ethic" title="Land ethic">Land Ethic</a>", a chapter in <i><a href="/wiki/A_Sand_County_Almanac" title="A Sand County Almanac">A Sand County Almanac</a></i>, Leopold delves into conservation in "The Ecological Conscience" section. He wrote: "Conservation is a state of harmony between men and land." He noted that conservation guidelines at the time boiled down to: "obey the law, vote right, join some organizations, and practice what conservation is profitable on your own land; the government will do the rest." (p. 243–244) </p><p>Leopold explained: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The land ethic simply enlarges the boundaries of the community to include soils, waters, plants, and animals, or collectively: the land. This sounds simple: do we not already sing our love for and obligation to the land of the free and the home of the brave? Yes, but just what and whom do we love? Certainly not the soil, which we are sending helter-skelter down river. Certainly not the waters, which we assume have no function except to turn turbines, float barges, and carry off sewage. Certainly not the plants, of which we exterminate whole communities without batting an eye. Certainly not the animals, of which we have already extirpated many of the largest and most beautiful species. A land ethic of course cannot prevent the alteration, management, and use of these 'resources,' but it does affirm their right to continued existence, and, at least in spots, their continued existence in a natural state. In short, a land ethic changes the role of Homo sapiens from conqueror of the land-community to plain member and citizen of it. It implies respect for his fellow-members, and also respect for the community as such.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aldo_Leopold&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1950 <a href="/wiki/The_Wildlife_Society" title="The Wildlife Society">The Wildlife Society</a> honored Leopold by creating an annual award in his name.<sup id="cite_ref-wildlifeAldoLeopoldMemorialAward_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wildlifeAldoLeopoldMemorialAward-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>Aldo Leopold Foundation</i> of <a href="/wiki/Baraboo,_Wisconsin" title="Baraboo, Wisconsin">Baraboo, Wisconsin</a>, was founded in 1982 by Aldo and Estella Leopold's five children as a 501(c)3 not-for-profit conservation organization whose mission is "to foster the land ethic through the legacy of Aldo Leopold."<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Aldo Leopold Foundation owns and manages the original <a href="/wiki/Aldo_Leopold_Shack_and_Farm" title="Aldo Leopold Shack and Farm">Aldo Leopold Shack and Farm</a> and 300 surrounding acres, in addition to several other parcels. Its headquarters is the green-built <i>Leopold Center</i> where it conducts educational and land stewardship programs. The foundation also acts as the executor of Leopold's literary estate, encourages scholarship on Leopold, and serves as a clearinghouse for information regarding Leopold, his work, and his ideas. It provides interpretive resources and tours for thousands of visitors annually, distributes a curriculum about how to use Leopold's writing and <a href="/wiki/Land_ethic" title="Land ethic">ideas</a> in environmental education.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The center maintains a robust website and numerous print resources. In 2012, in collaboration with the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Forest_Service" title="United States Forest Service">United States Forest Service</a>, the foundation and the <a href="/wiki/Center_for_Humans_and_Nature" title="Center for Humans and Nature">Center for Humans and Nature</a> released the first full-length film about Leopold, titled <i>Green Fire: Aldo Leopold and a Land Ethic for Our Time</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The film aired on public television stations across the nation and won a Midwest regional Emmy award in the documentary category.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aldo_Leopold_Wilderness_Research_Institute_at_University_of_Montana_Missoula_20130725.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Aldo_Leopold_Wilderness_Research_Institute_at_University_of_Montana_Missoula_20130725.JPG/220px-Aldo_Leopold_Wilderness_Research_Institute_at_University_of_Montana_Missoula_20130725.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Aldo_Leopold_Wilderness_Research_Institute_at_University_of_Montana_Missoula_20130725.JPG/330px-Aldo_Leopold_Wilderness_Research_Institute_at_University_of_Montana_Missoula_20130725.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Aldo_Leopold_Wilderness_Research_Institute_at_University_of_Montana_Missoula_20130725.JPG/440px-Aldo_Leopold_Wilderness_Research_Institute_at_University_of_Montana_Missoula_20130725.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Aldo Leopold Wilderness Research Institute</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Aldo_Leopold_Wilderness" title="Aldo Leopold Wilderness">Aldo Leopold Wilderness</a> in New Mexico's <a href="/wiki/Gila_National_Forest" title="Gila National Forest">Gila National Forest</a> was named after him in 1980.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Leopold_Center_for_Sustainable_Agriculture" title="Leopold Center for Sustainable Agriculture">Leopold Center for Sustainable Agriculture</a> was established in 1987 at <a href="/wiki/Iowa_State_University" title="Iowa State University">Iowa State University</a> in Ames. It was named in honor of Leopold. Since its founding, it has pioneered new forms of sustainable agriculture practices. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Forest_Service" title="United States Forest Service">U.S. Forest Service</a> established the Aldo Leopold Wilderness Research Institute at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Montana" title="University of Montana">University of Montana, Missoula</a> in 1993. It is "the only Federal research group in the United States dedicated to the development and dissemination of knowledge needed to improve management of <a href="/wiki/Wilderness" title="Wilderness">wilderness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Park" title="Park">parks</a>, and similarly <a href="/wiki/Protected_area" title="Protected area">protected areas</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Aldo_Leopold_Neighborhood_Historic_District" title="Aldo Leopold Neighborhood Historic District">Aldo Leopold Neighborhood Historic District</a>, which includes Leopold's former home in <a href="/wiki/Albuquerque,_New_Mexico" title="Albuquerque, New Mexico">Albuquerque</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a>, was listed on the <a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="National Register of Historic Places">National Register of Historic Places</a> in 2002.<sup id="cite_ref-nrhp_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nrhp-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Aldo_Leopold_Legacy_Trail_System" title="Aldo Leopold Legacy Trail System">Aldo Leopold Legacy Trail System</a>, a system of 42 state trails in Wisconsin, was created by the state in 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Leopold Center for Sustainable Agriculture in Iowa, created through the 1987 Iowa Groundwater Protection Act is committed to "new ways to farm profitably while conserving natural resources as well as reducing negative environmental and social impacts".<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An organization, the Leopold Heritage Group, is "dedicated to promoting the global legacy of Aldo Leopold in his hometown of Burlington, Iowa."<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1985, Leopold was inducted along with <a href="/wiki/John_Muir" title="John Muir">John Muir</a> as the first inductees to the Wisconsin Conservation Hall of Fame. <sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Leopold Residence Hall at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin%E2%80%93Madison" title="University of Wisconsin–Madison">University of Wisconsin-Madison</a> was named after him. It opened in 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aldo_Leopold&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Report on a Game Survey of the North Central States</i> (Madison: SAAMI, 1931)</li> <li><i>Game Management</i> (New York: Scribner's, 1933)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Sand_County_Almanac" title="A Sand County Almanac">A Sand County Almanac</a></i> (New York: Oxford, 1949)</li> <li><i>Round River: From the Journals of Aldo Leopold</i> (New York: Oxford, 1953)</li> <li><i>A Sand County Almanac and Other Writings on Ecology and Conservation</i> (New York: Library of America, 2013)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aldo_Leopold&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grey_Owl" title="Grey Owl">Grey Owl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_environmental_events" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of environmental events">Timeline of environmental events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_Ethic" class="mw-redirect" title="Land Ethic">Land Ethic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sand_County_Foundation" title="Sand County Foundation">Sand County Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yale_School_of_Forestry_%26_Environmental_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Yale School of Forestry & Environmental Studies">Yale School of Forestry & Environmental Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aldo_Leopold_Legacy_Trail_System" title="Aldo Leopold Legacy Trail System">Aldo Leopold Legacy Trail System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aldo_Leopold_Wilderness" title="Aldo Leopold Wilderness">Aldo Leopold Wilderness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_Wetland_Management_District" title="Leopold Wetland Management District">Leopold Wetland Management District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_McTaggart-Cowan" title="Ian McTaggart-Cowan">Ian McTaggart-Cowan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Drew_Lanham" title="J. Drew Lanham">J. Drew Lanham</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aldo_Leopold&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aldoleopold.org/about/aldo-leopold/sand-county-almanac/">"A Sand County Almanac"</a>. <i>The Aldo Leopold Foundation</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170129061034/https://www.aldoleopold.org/about/aldo-leopold/sand-county-almanac/">Archived</a> from the original on January 29, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Aldo+Leopold+Foundation&rft.atitle=A+Sand+County+Almanac&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aldoleopold.org%2Fabout%2Faldo-leopold%2Fsand-county-almanac%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAldo+Leopold" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Phillip F. Cramer, <i>Deep Environmental Politics: The Role of Radical Environmentalism in Crafting American Environmental Policy</i> (1998)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Errington, pp. 341–350.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dad-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dad_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dad_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dad_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dad_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/41007596/aldo_leopold_18871948/">"To Her, He Was Simply Dad"</a>. <i>The Capital Times</i>. February 27, 2008. p. 29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 24,</span> 2019</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Newspapers.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspapers.com">Newspapers.com</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Capital+Times&rft.atitle=To+Her%2C+He+Was+Simply+Dad&rft.pages=29&rft.date=2008-02-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F41007596%2Faldo_leopold_18871948%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAldo+Leopold" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Open_access" title="open access publication – free to read"><img alt="Open access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/9px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/14px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/18px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDelhomme" class="citation web cs1">Delhomme, PJ. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.boone-crockett.org/bc-member-spotlight-aldo-leopold">"B&C Member Spotlight - Aldo Leopold"</a>. <i>Boone And Crockett Club</i>. Boone and Crockett Club<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 10,</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Boone+And+Crockett+Club&rft.atitle=B%26C+Member+Spotlight+-+Aldo+Leopold&rft.aulast=Delhomme&rft.aufirst=PJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.boone-crockett.org%2Fbc-member-spotlight-aldo-leopold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAldo+Leopold" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bob Hansen. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.leopoldheritage.org/index.php/leopold-s-legacy/hansen-column">Bringing up Aldo</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180313225822/http://www.leopoldheritage.org/index.php/leopold-s-legacy/hansen-column">Archived</a> March 13, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". Leopold Heritage Group.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lorbiecki, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Meine, p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Meine, p. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lorbiecki, p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lorbiecki, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Meine, p. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lorbiecki, p. 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lorbiecki, p. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Meine, pp. 37–38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lorbiecki, p. 31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Meine, p. 52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Aldo Leopold Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aldoleopold.org/about/aldo-leopold/">Aldo Leopold</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.yale.edu/2011/11/09/legacy-renowned-conservationist-aldo-leopold-profiled-documentary">Legacy of renowned conservationist Aldo Leopold profiled in documentary</a>. <i>Yale News</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GroupedRef1-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GroupedRef1_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GroupedRef1_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GroupedRef1_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GroupedRef1_20-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GroupedRef1_20-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Meine</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cdm16013.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p16013coll13/id/125">"CONTENTdm"</a>. <i>cdm16013.contentdm.oclc.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cdm16013.contentdm.oclc.org&rft.atitle=CONTENTdm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcdm16013.contentdm.oclc.org%2Fdigital%2Fcollection%2Fp16013coll13%2Fid%2F125&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAldo+Leopold" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCourt2012">Court 2012</a>, pp. 63–64</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ego-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ego_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arboretum.wisc.edu/about-us/history/">"History"</a>. <i>UW Arboretum</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UW+Arboretum&rft.atitle=History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farboretum.wisc.edu%2Fabout-us%2Fhistory%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAldo+Leopold" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://foresthistory.org/digital-collections/the-oberlaender-trusts-and-american-forestry/">"The Oberlaender Trust and American Forestry"</a>. <i>Forest History Society</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 30,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forest+History+Society&rft.atitle=The+Oberlaender+Trust+and+American+Forestry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforesthistory.org%2Fdigital-collections%2Fthe-oberlaender-trusts-and-american-forestry%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAldo+Leopold" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leopold Family. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aldoleopold.org/about/aldo-leopold/leopold-family/">Leopold Family</a>". The Aldo Leopold Foundation.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaitt,_RJ1984" class="citation journal cs1">Raitt, RJ (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/auk/v101n04/p0868-p0871.pdf">"In Memoriam: A. Starker Leopold"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Auk</i>. <b>101</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">868–</span>871. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F4086914">10.2307/4086914</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4086914">4086914</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Auk&rft.atitle=In+Memoriam%3A+A.+Starker+Leopold&rft.volume=101&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E868-%3C%2Fspan%3E871&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F4086914&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4086914%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Raitt%2C+RJ&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsora.unm.edu%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fjournals%2Fauk%2Fv101n04%2Fp0868-p0871.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAldo+Leopold" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mark Staves and <a href="/wiki/Randy_Wayne_(biologist)" title="Randy Wayne (biologist)">Randy Wayne</a>. (December 3, 2009.) "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lansingstar.com/content/view/5628/71/#ixzz0ZaZuYZGo">In Memoriam: A. Carl Leopold</a>". <i>The Lansing Star</i>. Retrieved on February 2, 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lorbiecki, p. 179.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Essential-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Essential_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWithgottLaposata2012" class="citation book cs1">Withgott, Jay; Laposata, Matthew (2012). <i>Essential Environment: the science behind the stories</i> (4th ed.). Pearson. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-321-75290-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-321-75290-1"><bdi>978-0-321-75290-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essential+Environment%3A+the+science+behind+the+stories&rft.pages=14&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Pearson&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-321-75290-1&rft.aulast=Withgott&rft.aufirst=Jay&rft.au=Laposata%2C+Matthew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAldo+Leopold" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2006" class="citation journal cs1">Miller, Char (January 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/jof/article/104/1/51/4599208?login=true">"Aldo Leopold (1921) The Wilderness and Its Place in Forest Recreation Policy, Journal of Forestry 19(7): 718-721"</a>. <i>Journal of Forestry</i>. <b>104</b> (1): 51. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjof%2F104.1.51">10.1093/jof/104.1.51</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Forestry&rft.atitle=Aldo+Leopold+%281921%29+The+Wilderness+and+Its+Place+in+Forest+Recreation+Policy%2C+Journal+of+Forestry+19%287%29%3A+718-721&rft.volume=104&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=51&rft.date=2006-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjof%2F104.1.51&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Char&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fjof%2Farticle%2F104%2F1%2F51%2F4599208%3Flogin%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAldo+Leopold" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Flader, p. 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metanexus.net/blog/ritualizing-big-history">"Ritualizing Big History"</a>. Metanexus blog. March 14, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ritualizing+Big+History&rft.pub=Metanexus+blog&rft.date=2013-03-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.metanexus.net%2Fblog%2Fritualizing-big-history&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAldo+Leopold" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Thomas Robertson (2012). <i>The Malthusian Moment: Global Population Growth and the Birth of American Environmentalism</i>, p 23-29. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uwdc.library.wisc.edu/collections/aldoleopold/">"Aldo Leopold Archives – UW Digital Collections"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 22,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Aldo+Leopold+Archives+%E2%80%93+UW+Digital+Collections&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fuwdc.library.wisc.edu%2Fcollections%2Faldoleopold%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAldo+Leopold" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leopold, A. <i>A Sand County Almanac</i> (1970 ed.) p. 262)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leopold, Aldo <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eco-action.org/dt/thinking.html">"Thinking Like a Mountain"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090104183119/http://www.eco-action.org/dt/thinking.html">Archived</a> January 4, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lorbiecki, quote on back cover</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Thomas Robertson (2012). <i>The Malthusian Moment: Global Population Growth and the Birth of American Environmentalism</i>, Rutgers University Press, p 28-29. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wildlifeAldoLeopoldMemorialAward-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wildlifeAldoLeopoldMemorialAward_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wildlife.org/engage/awards/aldo-leopold-award/">"Aldo Leopold Memorial Award"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wildlife_Society" title="The Wildlife Society">The Wildlife Society</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 17,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wildlife+Society&rft.atitle=Aldo+Leopold+Memorial+Award&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwildlife.org%2Fengage%2Fawards%2Faldo-leopold-award%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAldo+Leopold" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aldoleopold.org/about/mission-vision/">"Mission / Vision"</a>. <i>The Aldo Leopold Foundation</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Aldo+Leopold+Foundation&rft.atitle=Mission+%2F+Vision&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aldoleopold.org%2Fabout%2Fmission-vision%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAldo+Leopold" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221209211657/https://www.aldoleopold.org/teach-learn/leopold-education-project/">"Leopold Education Project"</a>. <i>The Aldo Leopold Foundation</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aldoleopold.org/teach-learn/leopold-education-project/">the original</a> on December 9, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 2,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Aldo+Leopold+Foundation&rft.atitle=Leopold+Education+Project&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aldoleopold.org%2Fteach-learn%2Fleopold-education-project%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAldo+Leopold" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161028103012/http://www.aldoleopold.org/greenfire/index.shtml">"Green Fire Film"</a>. The Aldo Leopold Foundation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aldoleopold.org/greenfire/index.shtml">the original</a> on October 28, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 2,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Green+Fire+Film&rft.pub=The+Aldo+Leopold+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aldoleopold.org%2Fgreenfire%2Findex.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAldo+Leopold" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aldoleopold.org/teach-learn/green-fire-film/about-green-fire/">"About Green Fire"</a>. <i>The Aldo Leopold Foundation</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Aldo+Leopold+Foundation&rft.atitle=About+Green+Fire&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aldoleopold.org%2Fteach-learn%2Fgreen-fire-film%2Fabout-green-fire%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAldo+Leopold" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wilderness.net/index.cfm?fuse=NWPS&sec=wildView&wid=4&tab=General&CFID=5163954&CFTOKEN=93201038">Aldo Leopold Wilderness</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304051059/http://www.wilderness.net/index.cfm?fuse=NWPS&sec=wildView&wid=4&tab=General&CFID=5163954&CFTOKEN=93201038">Archived</a> March 4, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Wilderness.net</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://leopold.wilderness.net/about-us/default.php">"About Us"</a>. Aldo Leopold Wilderness Research Institute<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 2,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+Us&rft.pub=Aldo+Leopold+Wilderness+Research+Institute&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fleopold.wilderness.net%2Fabout-us%2Fdefault.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAldo+Leopold" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nrhp-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nrhp_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/NRHP/02001164_text">"National Register of Historic Places Registration Form: Aldo Leopold Neighborhood Historic District"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a>. October 16, 2002.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Register+of+Historic+Places+Registration+Form%3A+Aldo+Leopold+Neighborhood+Historic+District&rft.pub=National+Park+Service&rft.date=2002-10-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnpgallery.nps.gov%2FNRHP%2FGetAsset%2FNRHP%2F02001164_text&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAldo+Leopold" class="Z3988"></span> with <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/NRHP/02001164_photos">11 accompanying photos</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dnr.wi.gov/news/BreakingNews_Print.asp?id=1290">DNR Secretary: Aldo Leopold's legacy alive on renamed trails Find a Wisconsin State Trail</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180103011811/http://dnr.wi.gov/news/BreakingNews_Print.asp?id=1290">Archived</a> January 3, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. Retrieved January 2, 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wisgov.state.wi.us/journal_media_detail.asp?locid=19&prid=3032">Governor Doyle Names State Trails 'Aldo Leopold Legacy Trail System'</a>". WI Office of the Governor: Media Room. Retrieved January 31, 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://host.madison.com/news/article_fed70e34-b46a-517a-94ce-366453d16382.html">State trails now a legacy to Aldo Leopold</a>". (June 5, 2009.) <i>The Capital Times</i>. Retrieved January 31, 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.leopold.iastate.edu/about/leopold-center">"Leopold Center for Sustainable Agriculture"</a>. <i>www.leopold.iastate.edu</i>. November 22, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 22,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.leopold.iastate.edu&rft.atitle=Leopold+Center+for+Sustainable+Agriculture&rft.date=2019-11-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.leopold.iastate.edu%2Fabout%2Fleopold-center&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAldo+Leopold" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160228013556/http://www.leopoldheritage.org/">"Leopold Heritage Group"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.leopoldheritage.org/">the original</a> on February 28, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 26,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Leopold+Heritage+Group&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.leopoldheritage.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAldo+Leopold" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wchf.org/about/">"About the Wisconsin Conservation Hall of Fame"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+the+Wisconsin+Conservation+Hall+of+Fame&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwchf.org%2Fabout%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAldo+Leopold" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.housing.wisc.edu/undergraduate/residence-halls/leopold/">"Leopold Residence Hall"</a>. <i>University Housing</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 20,</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+Housing&rft.atitle=Leopold+Residence+Hall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.housing.wisc.edu%2Fundergraduate%2Fresidence-halls%2Fleopold%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAldo+Leopold" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aldo_Leopold&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Errington, P. L. 1948. "In Appreciation of Aldo Leopold". <i>The Journal of Wildlife Management</i>, 12(4).</li> <li>Flader, Susan L. 1974. <i>Thinking like a Mountain: Aldo Leopold and the Evolution of an Ecological Attitude toward Deer, Wolves, and Forests</i>. Columbia: University of Missouri Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8262-0167-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8262-0167-9">0-8262-0167-9</a>.</li> <li>Lorbiecki, Marybeth. 1996. <i>Aldo Leopold: A Fierce Green Fire</i>. Helena, Mont.: Falcon Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56044-478-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-56044-478-9">1-56044-478-9</a>.</li> <li>Meine, Curt. 1988. <i>Aldo Leopold: His Life and Work</i>. Madison: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin_Press" title="University of Wisconsin Press">University of Wisconsin Press</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-299-11490-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-299-11490-2">0-299-11490-2</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aldo_Leopold&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Callicott, J. Baird. 1987. <i>Companion to A Sand County Almanac: Interpretive and Critical Essays</i>. Madison, Wis.: University of Wisconsin Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-299-11230-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-299-11230-6">0-299-11230-6</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCourt2012" class="citation book cs1">Court, Franklin E. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kR5L6qlKX10C"><i>Pioneers of Ecological Restoration: The People and Legacy of the University of Wisconsin Arboretum</i></a>. University of Wisconsin Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-299-28663-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-299-28663-7"><bdi>978-0-299-28663-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pioneers+of+Ecological+Restoration%3A+The+People+and+Legacy+of+the+University+of+Wisconsin+Arboretum&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-299-28663-7&rft.aulast=Court&rft.aufirst=Franklin+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkR5L6qlKX10C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAldo+Leopold" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Knight, Richard L. and Suzanne Riedel (ed). 2002. <i>Aldo Leopold and the Ecological Conscience</i>. Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-514944-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-514944-0">0-19-514944-0</a>.</li> <li>Lannoo, Michael J. 2010. <i>Leopold's Shack and Ricketts's Lab: The Emergence of Environmentalism</i>. Berkeley: University of California Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-26478-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-26478-6">978-0-520-26478-6</a>.</li> <li>Lutz, Julianne. <i>Aldo Leopold's Odyssey: Rediscovering the Author of A Sand County Almanac</i>. Washington, D.C.: Shearwater Books/Island Press, 2006.</li> <li>McClintock, James I. 1994. <i>Nature's Kindred Spirits</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin_Press" title="University of Wisconsin Press">University of Wisconsin Press</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-299-14174-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-299-14174-8">0-299-14174-8</a>.</li> <li>Nash, Roderick. 1967. <i>Wilderness and the American Mind,</i> New Haven: Yale University Press.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Newton, Julianne Lutz. 2006. <i>Aldo Leopold's Odyssey</i>. Washington: Island Press/Shearwater Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59726-045-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59726-045-9">978-1-59726-045-9</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetersen,_Harry_L.2003" class="citation journal cs1">Petersen, Harry L. (Fall 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141129030408/http://www.amff.com/assets/images/archived-journals/2003-Vol29-No4web.pdf">"Aldo Leopold's Contribution to Fly Fishing"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The American Fly Fisher</i>. <b>29</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">2–</span>10. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amff.com/assets/images/archived-journals/2003-Vol29-No4web.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on November 29, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 16,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Fly+Fisher&rft.atitle=Aldo+Leopold%27s+Contribution+to+Fly+Fishing&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2-%3C%2Fspan%3E10&rft.date=2003&rft.au=Petersen%2C+Harry+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.amff.com%2Fassets%2Fimages%2Farchived-journals%2F2003-Vol29-No4web.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAldo+Leopold" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Sutter, Paul S. 2002. <i>Driven Wild: How the Fight against Automobiles Launched the Modern Wilderness Movement</i>. Seattle: University of Washington Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-295-98219-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-295-98219-5">0-295-98219-5</a>.</li> <li>Tanner, Thomas. 1987. <i>Aldo Leopold: The Man and His Legacy</i>. Ankeny, Iowa Soil Conservation Soc. of America.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWild1978" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Wild" title="Peter Wild">Wild, Peter</a> (1978). "8: Move Toward Holism: 'Thinking Like a Mountain,' Aldo Leopold Breaks with the Forest Service". <i>Pioneer Conservationists of Western America</i>. <a href="/wiki/Edward_Abbey" title="Edward Abbey">Edward Abbey</a> (Introduction). Missoula: Mountain Press Publishing. pp. <span class="nowrap">93–</span>103. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0878421076" title="Special:BookSources/0878421076"><bdi>0878421076</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=8%3A+Move+Toward+Holism%3A+%27Thinking+Like+a+Mountain%2C%27+Aldo+Leopold+Breaks+with+the+Forest+Service&rft.btitle=Pioneer+Conservationists+of+Western+America&rft.place=Missoula&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E93-%3C%2Fspan%3E103&rft.pub=Mountain+Press+Publishing&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=0878421076&rft.aulast=Wild&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAldo+Leopold" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aldo_Leopold&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output 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Olson">Sigurd F. Olson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallace_Stegner" title="Wallace Stegner">Wallace Stegner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Zahniser" title="Howard Zahniser">Howard Zahniser</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Environmentalism521" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#006400;color:#ADD8E6;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li 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sociology">Sociology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#006400;color:#ADD8E6;;width:1%">Views</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#006400;color:#ADD8E6;;width:1%">Philosophical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_ecology" title="Political ecology">Political ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_philosophy" title="Environmental philosophy">Environmental philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biocentrism_(ethics)" title="Biocentrism (ethics)">Biocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_ecology" title="Deep ecology">Deep ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_jurisprudence" title="Earth jurisprudence">Earth jurisprudence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecocentrism" title="Ecocentrism">Ecocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resacralization_of_nature" title="Resacralization of nature">Resacralization of nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ecology_(theory)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social ecology (theory)">Social ecology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#006400;color:#ADD8E6;;width:1%">Political</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bioconservatism" title="Bioconservatism">Bioconservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bright_green_environmentalism" title="Bright green environmentalism">Bright green environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disinvestment" title="Disinvestment">Disinvestment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-capitalism" title="Eco-capitalism">Eco-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecofascism" title="Ecofascism">Ecofascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecofeminism" title="Ecofeminism">Ecofeminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-nationalism" title="Eco-nationalism">Eco-nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-socialism" title="Eco-socialism">Eco-socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-terrorism" title="Eco-terrorism">Eco-terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecomodernism" title="Ecomodernism">Ecomodernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-market_environmentalism" title="Free-market environmentalism">Free-market environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_anarchism" title="Green anarchism">Green anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_conservatism" title="Green conservatism">Green conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_left" title="Green left">Green left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_liberalism" title="Green liberalism">Green liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_libertarianism" title="Green libertarianism">Green libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_politics" title="Green politics">Green politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_syndicalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Green syndicalism">Green syndicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_coal" title="War on coal">War on coal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#006400;color:#ADD8E6;;width:1%">Religious</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecotheology" title="Ecotheology">Ecotheology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_environmentalism" title="Christian views on environmentalism">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_environmentalism" title="Evangelical environmentalism">Evangelical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_environmentalism" title="Islamic environmentalism">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_environmentalism" title="Judaism and environmentalism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stewardship_(theology)" title="Stewardship (theology)">Stewardship (theology)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#006400;color:#ADD8E6;;width:1%">Opposition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-environmentalism" title="Anti-environmentalism">Anti-environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_skepticism" title="Environmental skepticism">Environmental skepticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_killings" title="List of environmental killings">List of environmental killings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biophilia_hypothesis" title="Biophilia hypothesis">Biophilia hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism_of_the_poor" title="Environmentalism of the poor">Environmentalism of the poor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_stewardship" title="Environmental stewardship">Environmental stewardship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardline_(subculture)" title="Hardline (subculture)">Hardline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_conservation" title="Nature conservation">Nature conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_environmentalism" title="Radical environmentalism">Radical environmentalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#006400;color:#ADD8E6;;width:1%">Offshoots</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-fracking_movement" title="Anti-fracking movement">Anti-fracking movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-nuclear_movement" title="Anti-nuclear movement">Anti-nuclear movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Car-free_movement" title="Car-free movement">Car-free movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_movement" title="Climate movement">Climate movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_movement" title="Conservation movement">Conservation movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_environmentalism" title="Cultural environmentalism">Cultural environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Degrowth" title="Degrowth">Degrowth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Optimism" title="Earth Optimism">Earth Optimism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-anxiety" title="Eco-anxiety">Eco-anxiety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_grief" title="Ecological grief">Ecological grief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_defender" title="Environmental defender">Environmental defender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_justice" title="Environmental justice">Environmental justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_banking" title="Ethical banking">Ethical banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_consumerism" title="Ethical consumerism">Ethical consumerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_shame" title="Flight shame">Flight shame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_investing" title="Impact investing">Impact investing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_stewardship" title="Product stewardship">Product stewardship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_movement_(culture)" title="Slow movement (culture)">Slow movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_organization" title="Sustainability organization">Sustainability organization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#006400;color:#ADD8E6;;width:1%">Goals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circular_economy" title="Circular economy">Circular economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_action" title="Climate action">Climate action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation" title="Climate change mitigation">Climate change mitigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_community" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservation community">Conservation community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_civilization" title="Ecological civilization">Ecological civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_personhood" title="Environmental personhood">Environmental personhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_protection" title="Environmental protection">Environmental protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_policy" title="Environmental policy">Environmental policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental,_social,_and_corporate_governance" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental, social, and corporate governance">Environmental, social, and corporate governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentally_friendly" title="Environmentally friendly">Environmentally friendly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greening" title="Greening">Greening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_economy" title="Green economy">Green economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenwashing" title="Greenwashing">Greenwashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_resource_management" title="Natural resource management">Natural resource management</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_resource_management" title="Environmental resource management">Environmental resource management</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights_of_nature" title="Rights of nature">Rights of nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short-haul_flight_ban" title="Short-haul flight ban">Short-haul flight ban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">Sustainability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_vegetarianism" title="Environmental vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="List of environmental protests">Protests</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tree_sitting" title="Tree sitting">Tree sitting</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#006400;color:#ADD8E6;;width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement_in_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental movement in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement_in_Australia" title="Environmental movement in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement_in_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental movement in Brazil">Brazil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism_in_Rio_Grande_do_Sul" title="Environmentalism in Rio Grande do Sul">Rio Grande do Sul</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism_in_China" title="Environmentalism in China">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-incinerator_movement_in_China" title="Anti-incinerator movement in China">Anti-incinerator movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental movement in India">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chipko_movement" title="Chipko movement">Chipko movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement_in_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental movement in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement_in_New_Zealand" title="Environmental movement in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement_in_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental movement in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement_in_South_Africa" title="Environmental movement in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement_in_Switzerland" title="Environmental movement in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_direct_action_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Environmental direct action in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement_in_the_United_States" title="Environmental movement in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#006400;color:#ADD8E6;;width:1%">In culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_art" title="Environmental art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_books" title="List of environmental books">Books</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecofiction" title="Ecofiction">Ecofiction</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspicuous_conservation" title="Conspicuous conservation">Conspicuous conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filmography_of_environmentalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Filmography of environmentalism">Film</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_films" title="List of environmental films">list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_film_festivals" title="List of environmental film festivals">festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_eco-horror_films" title="List of eco-horror films">horror</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_journalism" title="Environmental journalism">Journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism_in_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Environmentalism in The Lord of the Rings"><i>The Lord of the Rings</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism_in_music" title="Environmentalism in music">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecomusicology" title="Ecomusicology">Ecomusicology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism_in_motorsport" title="Environmentalism in motorsport">Motorsport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_sculpture" title="Environmental sculpture">Sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surfing_and_environmentalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Surfing and environmentalism">Surfing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecotourism" title="Ecotourism">Tourism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eco_hotel" title="Eco hotel">Eco hotel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_environmental_publications" title="Lists of environmental publications">Publications</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#006400;color:#ADD8E6;;width:1%">Environmentalists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalist" title="Environmentalist">Environmentalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_defender" title="Environmental defender">Environmental defender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_protector" class="mw-redirect" title="Water protector">Water protector</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Notable_people14" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#006400;color:#ADD8E6;;width:1%">Notable people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunderlal_Bahuguna" title="Sunderlal Bahuguna">Sunderlal Bahuguna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Bookchin" title="Murray Bookchin">Murray Bookchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Brower" title="David Brower">David Brower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Carson" title="Rachel Carson">Rachel Carson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Cousteau" title="Jacques Cousteau">Jacques Cousteau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ng_Cho-nam" title="Ng Cho-nam">Ng Cho-nam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Flannery" title="Tim Flannery">Tim Flannery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_activism_of_Al_Gore" title="Environmental activism of Al Gore">Al Gore</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Aldo Leopold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wangari_Maathai" class="mw-redirect" title="Wangari Maathai">Wangari Maathai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seyyed_Hossein_Nasr" title="Seyyed Hossein Nasr">Seyyed Hossein Nasr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chico_Mendes" title="Chico Mendes">Chico Mendes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Muir" title="John Muir">John Muir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dz%C5%8D_Tanaka" title="Shōzō Tanaka">Shōzō Tanaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greta_Thunberg" title="Greta Thunberg">Greta Thunberg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#006400;color:#ADD8E6;;width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barriers_to_pro-environmental_behaviour" title="Barriers to pro-environmental behaviour">Barriers to pro-environmental behaviour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_ethics" title="Business ethics">Business ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_ethic" title="Land ethic">Land ethic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lifeboat_ethics" title="Lifeboat ethics">Lifeboat ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragedy_of_the_commons" title="Tragedy of the commons">Tragedy of the commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#006400;color:#ADD8E6;"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/32px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/48px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/64px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="700" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Environment" title="Portal:Environment">Environment portal</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q971382#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata3304" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q971382#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata3304" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q971382#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121381496">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/69033111">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/16973/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJpym8JwgGt87VVb4kJ7HC">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/119334801">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50049888">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12491163d">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12491163d">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00447408">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Leopold, Aldo <1887-1948>"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/UFIV120297">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35300628">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0001720&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1730630">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/1392089">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p080144934">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90601944">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000185246&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000543360&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC201835850">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/75kns7tr0r8pfs5">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810681124005606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007432448605171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA06376483?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500216732">ULAN</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/903319">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/119334801.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/119334801">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/034121382">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6x63qgc">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aldo_Leopold&oldid=1276764917">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aldo_Leopold&oldid=1276764917</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1887_births" title="Category:1887 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