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aria-controls="toc-Executive-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Executive subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Executive-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-President" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#President"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>President</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-President-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Statutory_instruments_and_delegated_legislation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Statutory_instruments_and_delegated_legislation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Statutory instruments and delegated legislation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Statutory_instruments_and_delegated_legislation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Decrees_and_other_executive_decisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decrees_and_other_executive_decisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Decrees and other executive decisions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decrees_and_other_executive_decisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ordinances" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ordinances"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2</span> <span>Ordinances</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ordinances-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Internal_limits_of_the_executive_branch;_checks_and_balances" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internal_limits_of_the_executive_branch;_checks_and_balances"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Internal limits of the executive branch; checks and balances</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internal_limits_of_the_executive_branch;_checks_and_balances-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Some_important_directorates_and_establishments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Some_important_directorates_and_establishments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Some important directorates and establishments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Some_important_directorates_and_establishments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organization_of_government_services" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organization_of_government_services"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Organization of government services</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organization_of_government_services-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shadow_Cabinet_of_France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shadow_Cabinet_of_France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Shadow Cabinet of France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shadow_Cabinet_of_France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legislative_branch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legislative_branch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Legislative branch</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legislative_branch-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Legislative branch subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Legislative_branch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-National_Assembly" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_Assembly"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>National Assembly</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_Assembly-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Latest_election" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latest_election"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Latest election</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Latest_election-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Senate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Senate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Senate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Senate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legislation_adoption_procedures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legislation_adoption_procedures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Legislation adoption procedures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legislation_adoption_procedures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Budget" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Budget"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Budget</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Budget-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Multiple_offices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Multiple_offices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Multiple offices</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Multiple_offices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic_and_Social_Council" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_and_Social_Council"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Economic and Social Council</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_and_Social_Council-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Judicial_branch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judicial_branch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Judicial branch</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Judicial_branch-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Judicial branch subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Judicial_branch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Judicial_courts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judicial_courts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Judicial courts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judicial_courts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administrative_courts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_courts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Administrative courts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_courts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Constitutional_Council" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Constitutional_Council"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Constitutional Council</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Constitutional_Council-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Financial_courts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Financial_courts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Financial courts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Financial_courts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ombudsman" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ombudsman"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Ombudsman</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ombudsman-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-French_law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#French_law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>French law</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-French_law-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle French law subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-French_law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Basic_principles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Basic_principles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Basic principles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Basic_principles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Statutory_law_versus_executive_regulations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Statutory_law_versus_executive_regulations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Statutory law versus executive regulations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Statutory_law_versus_executive_regulations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Order_of_authority_for_sources_of_the_law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Order_of_authority_for_sources_of_the_law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Order of authority for sources of the law</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Order_of_authority_for_sources_of_the_law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Local_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Local_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Local government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Local_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Politics of France</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 29 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-29" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">29 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7" title="السياسة في فرنسا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="السياسة في فرنسا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fransan%C4%B1n_d%C3%B6vl%C9%99t_qurulu%C5%9Fu" title="Fransanın dövlət quruluşu – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Fransanın dövlət quruluşu" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%96" title="Палітыка Францыі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Палітыка Францыі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Държавно устройство на Франция – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Държавно устройство на Франция" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politick%C3%BD_syst%C3%A9m_Francie" title="Politický systém Francie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Politický systém Francie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankrigs_politik" title="Frankrigs politik – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Frankrigs politik" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politisches_System_Frankreichs" title="Politisches System Frankreichs – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Politisches System Frankreichs" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%C3%ADtica_de_Francia" title="Política de Francia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Política de Francia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frantziako_politika" title="Frantziako politika – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Frantziako politika" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politique_en_France" title="Politique en France – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Politique en France" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%C3%ADtica_de_Francia" title="Política de Francia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Política de Francia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politik_Prancis" title="Politik Prancis – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Politik Prancis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politica_della_Francia" title="Politica della Francia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Politica della Francia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%A6%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%AA" title="פוליטיקה של צרפת – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פוליטיקה של צרפת" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pranc%C5%ABzijos_politin%C4%97_sistema" title="Prancūzijos politinė sistema – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Prancūzijos politinė sistema" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categur%C3%ACa:Puliteche_franzese" title="Categurìa:Puliteche franzese – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Categurìa:Puliteche franzese" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankrikes_politiske_system" title="Frankrikes politiske system – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Frankrikes politiske system" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ustr%C3%B3j_polityczny_Francji" title="Ustrój polityczny Francji – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ustrój polityczny Francji" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%C3%ADtica_da_Fran%C3%A7a" title="Política da França – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Política da França" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a history of how the current constitution was enacted, see <a href="/wiki/French_Fifth_Republic" title="French Fifth Republic">French Fifth Republic</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output 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class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 125%; background-color: #ededed"><div style="display:inline" class="fn org">Politics of France</div> <br /><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Politique en France</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Armoiries_r%C3%A9publique_fran%C3%A7aise.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Armoiries_r%C3%A9publique_fran%C3%A7aise.svg/100px-Armoiries_r%C3%A9publique_fran%C3%A7aise.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Armoiries_r%C3%A9publique_fran%C3%A7aise.svg/150px-Armoiries_r%C3%A9publique_fran%C3%A7aise.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Armoiries_r%C3%A9publique_fran%C3%A7aise.svg/200px-Armoiries_r%C3%A9publique_fran%C3%A7aise.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="175" data-file-height="199" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_emblem_of_France" title="Diplomatic emblem of France">Emblem of the French Republic</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Polity type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">Unitary</a> <a href="/wiki/Semi-presidential_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-presidential system">semi‑presidential</a> constitutional republic</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Constitution</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_France" title="Constitution of France">Fifth Republic Constitution</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="vertical-align: middle; background-color:#EBEBEB;"><a href="/wiki/Legislature" title="Legislature">Legislative branch</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Name</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliament of France">Parliament</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bicameral" class="mw-redirect" title="Bicameral">Bicameral</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Meeting place</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Versailles" title="Palace of Versailles">Palace of Versailles</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Upper_house" title="Upper house">Upper house</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Name</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Senate_(France)" title="Senate (France)">Senate</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Presiding officer</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Larcher" title="Gérard Larcher">Gérard Larcher</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_Senate_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Presidents of the Senate of France">President of the Senate</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Appointer</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Indirect_election" title="Indirect election">Indirect election</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">Lower house</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Name</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(France)" title="National Assembly (France)">National Assembly</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Presiding officer</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ya%C3%ABl_Braun-Pivet" title="Yaël Braun-Pivet">Yaël Braun-Pivet</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_National_Assembly_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Presidents of the National Assembly of France">President of the National Assembly</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Appointer</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(France)#Elections" title="National Assembly (France)">Direct popular vote</a> (<a href="/wiki/Two-round_system" title="Two-round system">two rounds if necessary</a>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="vertical-align: middle; background-color:#EBEBEB;"><a href="/wiki/Executive_(government)" title="Executive (government)">Executive branch</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">Head of state</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Title</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/President_of_France" title="President of France">President of the Republic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currently</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Macron" title="Emmanuel Macron">Emmanuel Macron</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Appointer</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Presidential_elections_in_France" title="Presidential elections in France">Direct popular vote</a> (<a href="/wiki/Two-round_system" title="Two-round system">two rounds if necessary</a>)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">Head of government</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Title</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_France" title="Prime Minister of France">Prime Minister</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currently</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Michel_Barnier" title="Michel Barnier">Michel Barnier</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Appointer</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/President_of_France" title="President of France">President of the Republic</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_(government)" title="Cabinet (government)">Cabinet</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Name</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_France" title="Government of France">Government of France</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Current cabinet</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Barnier_government" title="Barnier government">Barnier government</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Leader</th><td class="infobox-data">Prime Minister</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Appointer</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/President_of_France" title="President of France">President of the Republic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_Matignon" title="Hôtel Matignon">Hôtel Matignon</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Ministries</th><td class="infobox-data">19</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="vertical-align: middle; background-color:#EBEBEB;"><a href="/wiki/Judiciary" title="Judiciary">Judicial branch</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Name</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_France" title="Judiciary of France">Judiciary of France</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Politics_of_France" title="Category:Politics of France">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><div class="adr"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Politics of France</a></div></th></tr><tr><th><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_the_French_Republic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Arms_of_the_French_Republic.svg/125px-Arms_of_the_French_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Arms_of_the_French_Republic.svg/188px-Arms_of_the_French_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Arms_of_the_French_Republic.svg/250px-Arms_of_the_French_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="304" data-file-height="364" /></a></span></th></tr><tr><th style="border-bottom: #aaa 1px solid"></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Constitutions_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutions of France">Constitutions</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Fifth_Republic" title="French Fifth Republic">Fifth Republic</a></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man_and_of_the_Citizen" title="Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen">Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen</a></i></div></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_France" title="Government of France">Executive</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/President_of_France" title="President of France">President</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_France" title="List of presidents of France">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Macron" title="Emmanuel Macron">Emmanuel Macron</a> (<a href="/wiki/La_R%C3%A9publique_En_Marche!" class="mw-redirect" title="La République En Marche!">LREM</a>)</li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_France" title="Prime Minister of France">Prime Minister</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_France" title="List of prime ministers of France">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Barnier" title="Michel Barnier">Michel Barnier</a> (<a href="/wiki/Les_R%C3%A9publicains" class="mw-redirect" title="Les Républicains">LR</a>)</li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Government_of_France" title="Government of France">Government</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barnier_government" title="Barnier government">Barnier</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/French_Parliament" title="French Parliament">Legislature</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(France)" title="National Assembly (France)">National Assembly</a>: <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Member of Parliament (France)">Membership</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_National_Assembly_of_France" title="List of presidents of the National Assembly of France">President</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ya%C3%ABl_Braun-Pivet" title="Yaël Braun-Pivet">Yaël Braun-Pivet</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_(France)" title="Senate (France)">Senate</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_Senate_of_France" title="List of presidents of the Senate of France">President</a>: <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Larcher" title="Gérard Larcher">Gérard Larcher</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_French_Parliament" title="Congress of the French Parliament">Congress of the French Parliament</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_France" title="Judiciary of France">Judiciary</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Council_(France)" title="Constitutional Council (France)">Constitutional Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conseil_d%27%C3%89tat_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conseil d'État (France)">Council of State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Cassation_(France)" title="Court of Cassation (France)">Court of Cassation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Audit_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Court of Audit of France">Court of Audit</a></li> <li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><i><a href="/wiki/Cour_de_Justice_de_la_R%C3%A9publique" title="Cour de Justice de la République">Cour de Justice de la République</a></i></div></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_France" title="Administrative divisions of France">Administrative divisions</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_France" title="Regions of France">Regions</a></b></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_France" title="Metropolitan France">Metropolitan regions</a></b></li></ul> <div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auvergne-Rh%C3%B4ne-Alpes" title="Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes">Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourgogne-Franche-Comt%C3%A9" title="Bourgogne-Franche-Comté">Bourgogne-Franche-Comté</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brittany_(administrative_region)" title="Brittany (administrative region)">Brittany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre-Val_de_Loire" title="Centre-Val de Loire">Centre-Val de Loire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corsica" title="Corsica">Corsica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Est" title="Grand Est">Grand Est</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hauts-de-France" title="Hauts-de-France">Hauts-de-France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele-de-France" title="Île-de-France">Île-de-France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normandy_(administrative_region)" title="Normandy (administrative region)">Normandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle-Aquitaine" title="Nouvelle-Aquitaine">Nouvelle-Aquitaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occitania_(administrative_region)" title="Occitania (administrative region)">Occitania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pays_de_la_Loire" title="Pays de la Loire">Pays de la Loire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provence-Alpes-C%C3%B4te_d%27Azur" title="Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur">Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Overseas_departments_and_regions_of_France" title="Overseas departments and regions of France">Overseas regions</a></b></li></ul> <div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Guiana" title="French Guiana">French Guiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guadeloupe" title="Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martinique" title="Martinique">Martinique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayotte" title="Mayotte">Mayotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union" title="Réunion">Réunion</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Overseas_country_of_France" title="Overseas country of France">Overseas country</a></b></li></ul> <div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Polynesia" title="French Polynesia">French Polynesia</a></li></ul> </div> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Departments_of_France" title="Departments of France">Departments</a></b></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_France" title="Elections in France">Elections</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Referendums_in_France" title="Referendums in France">Referendums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_elections_in_France" title="Presidential elections in France">Presidential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_elections_in_France" title="Legislative elections in France">Legislative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_senate_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="French senate elections">Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_elections_in_France" title="Municipal elections in France">Municipal</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_France" title="List of political parties in France">Political parties</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_France" title="Foreign relations of France">Foreign relations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93Africa_relations" title="France–Africa relations">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93Americas_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="France–Americas relations">Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93Asia_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="France–Asia relations">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France_and_the_United_Nations" title="France and the United Nations">France and the United Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_alliances_of_France" title="Foreign alliances of France">Foreign alliances</a></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_for_Europe_and_Foreign_Affairs_(France)" title="Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs (France)">Ministry of Europe and Foreign Affairs</a></div></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_European_Union" title="Politics of the European Union">Politics of the European Union</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centrism_in_France" title="Centrism in France">Centrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_France" title="Human rights in France">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_political_scandals" class="mw-redirect" title="List of French political scandals">Political scandals</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/32px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/48px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/64px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:France" title="Portal:France">France portal</a> <div class="hlist" style="text-align:center;font-weight:normal;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_political_science#Politics_by_region" title="Outline of political science">Other countries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_France" title="Template:Politics of France"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Politics_of_France" title="Template talk:Politics of France"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Politics_of_France" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Politics of France"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>politics of France</b> take place within the framework of a <a href="/wiki/Semi-presidential_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-presidential systems">semi-presidential system</a> determined by the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_France" title="Constitution of France">French Constitution</a> of the <a href="/wiki/French_Fifth_Republic" title="French Fifth Republic">French Fifth Republic</a>. The nation declares itself to be an "indivisible, <a href="/wiki/La%C3%AFcit%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Laïcité">secular</a>, <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democratic</a>, and social <a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">Republic</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The constitution provides for a <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">separation of powers</a> and proclaims France's "attachment to the <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">Rights of Man</a> and the principles of <a href="/wiki/National_Sovereignty" class="mw-redirect" title="National Sovereignty">National Sovereignty</a> as defined by the <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_1789" class="mw-redirect" title="Declaration of 1789">Declaration of 1789</a>". </p><p>The political system of <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> consists of an <a href="/wiki/Executive_branch" class="mw-redirect" title="Executive branch">executive branch</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Legislative_branch" class="mw-redirect" title="Legislative branch">legislative branch</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/Judicial_branch" class="mw-redirect" title="Judicial branch">judicial branch</a>. Executive power is exercised by the <a href="/wiki/President_of_France" title="President of France">president of the republic</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_France" title="Government of France">Government</a>. The Government consists of the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_France" title="Prime Minister of France">prime minister</a> and ministers. The prime minister is appointed by the president, and is responsible to Parliament. The <a href="/wiki/Government_of_France" title="Government of France">government</a>, including the prime minister, can be revoked by the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(France)" title="National Assembly (France)">National Assembly</a>, the lower house of Parliament, through a motion of no-confidence; this ensures that the prime minister is practically always supported by a majority in the lower house (which, on most topics, has prominence over the upper house). </p><p>Parliament consists of the National Assembly and the <a href="/wiki/Senate_(France)" title="Senate (France)">Senate</a>. It passes statutes and votes on the budget; it controls the action of the executive through formal questioning on the floor of the houses of Parliament and by establishing commissions of inquiry. The constitutionality of the statutes is checked by the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Council_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional Council of France">Constitutional Council</a>, members of which are appointed by the president of the republic, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_National_Assembly_of_France" title="List of presidents of the National Assembly of France">president of the National Assembly</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_Senate_of_France" title="List of presidents of the Senate of France">president of the Senate</a>. Former presidents of the Republic can also be members of the Council if they wish (Valéry Giscard d'Estaing and Jacques Chirac are the only former presidents to have participated in the Council's work). </p><p>The independent judiciary is based upon <a href="/wiki/Civil_law_(legal_system)" title="Civil law (legal system)">civil law</a> system which evolved from the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Code" title="Napoleonic Code">Napoleonic Codes</a>. It is divided into the judicial branch (dealing with <a href="/wiki/Civil_law_(private_law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil law (private law)">civil law</a> and <a href="/wiki/Criminal_law" title="Criminal law">criminal law</a>) and the administrative branch (dealing with appeals against executive decisions), each with their own independent supreme court of appeal: the <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Cassation_(France)" title="Court of Cassation (France)">Court of Cassation</a> for the judicial courts and the <i><a href="/wiki/Conseil_d%27Etat_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conseil d'Etat (France)">Conseil d'Etat</a></i> for the administrative courts.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The French government includes various bodies that check abuses of power and independent agencies. </p><p>While France is a <a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">unitary state</a>, its administrative subdivisions—<a href="/wiki/Regions_of_France" title="Regions of France">regions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Departments_of_France" title="Departments of France">departments</a> and <a href="/wiki/Communes_of_France" title="Communes of France">communes</a>—have various legal functions, and the national government is prohibited from intruding into their normal operations. France was a founding member of the <a href="/wiki/European_Coal_and_Steel_Community" title="European Coal and Steel Community">European Coal and Steel Community</a>, later the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>. As such, France has transferred part of its <a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">sovereignty</a> to European institutions, as provided by its constitution. The French government therefore has to abide by <a href="/wiki/Treaties_of_the_European_Union" title="Treaties of the European Union">European treaties</a>, <a href="/wiki/Directive_(European_Union)" title="Directive (European Union)">directives</a> and <a href="/wiki/Regulation_(European_Union)" title="Regulation (European Union)">regulations</a>. According to the <a href="/wiki/V-Dem_Democracy_indices" class="mw-redirect" title="V-Dem Democracy indices">V-Dem Democracy indices</a> France was in 2023 the 10th most electoral democratic country in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-vdem_dataset_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vdem_dataset-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Constitution">Constitution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_France&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Constitution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_France" title="Constitution of France">Constitution of France</a></div> <p>A popular <a href="/wiki/Referendum" title="Referendum">referendum</a> approved the constitution of the <a href="/wiki/French_Fifth_Republic" title="French Fifth Republic">French Fifth Republic</a> in 1958, greatly strengthening the authority of the presidency and the executive with respect to Parliament. </p><p>The constitution does not contain a <a href="/wiki/Bill_of_rights" title="Bill of rights">bill of rights</a> in itself, but its preamble mentions that France should follow the principles of the <i><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man_and_of_the_Citizen" title="Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen">Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen</a></i>, as well as those of the preamble to the constitution of the <a href="/wiki/French_Fourth_Republic" title="French Fourth Republic">Fourth Republic</a>. This has been judged to imply that the principles laid forth in those texts have constitutional value, and that legislation infringing on those principles should be found unconstitutional if a recourse is filed before the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Council_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional Council of France">Constitutional Council</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, recent modifications of the Constitution have added a reference in the preamble to an Environment charter that has full constitutional value, and a right for citizens to contest the constitutionality of a statute before the Constitutional Council.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The foundational principles of the constitution include: the <a href="/wiki/Social_equality" title="Social equality">equality</a> of all citizens before law, and the rejection of <a href="/wiki/Social_class" title="Social class">special class privileges</a> such as those that existed prior to the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>; <a href="/wiki/Presumption_of_innocence" title="Presumption of innocence">presumption of innocence</a>; <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">freedom of speech</a>; <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_opinion" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom of opinion">freedom of opinion</a> including <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">freedom of religion</a>; the guarantee of property against arbitrary seizure; the accountability of government agents to the citizenry. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:French_government.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/French_government.svg/512px-French_government.svg.png" decoding="async" width="512" height="444" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/French_government.svg/768px-French_government.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/French_government.svg/1024px-French_government.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="444" /></a><figcaption>The main processes of the French national government (most of the justice system excluded for clarity)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Executive">Executive</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_France&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Executive"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:340px;max-width:340px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:168px;max-width:168px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emmanuel_Macron_March_2024_(4).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Emmanuel_Macron_March_2024_%284%29.jpg/166px-Emmanuel_Macron_March_2024_%284%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="166" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Emmanuel_Macron_March_2024_%284%29.jpg/249px-Emmanuel_Macron_March_2024_%284%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Emmanuel_Macron_March_2024_%284%29.jpg/332px-Emmanuel_Macron_March_2024_%284%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1434" data-file-height="1956" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Macron" title="Emmanuel Macron">Emmanuel Macron</a>,<br /><small><a href="/wiki/President_of_France" title="President of France">President</a> since 2017</small></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:168px;max-width:168px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Brexit_debate_-_Michel_Barnier,_EU_Brexit_negotiator_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Brexit_debate_-_Michel_Barnier%2C_EU_Brexit_negotiator_%28cropped%29.jpg/166px-Brexit_debate_-_Michel_Barnier%2C_EU_Brexit_negotiator_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="166" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Brexit_debate_-_Michel_Barnier%2C_EU_Brexit_negotiator_%28cropped%29.jpg/249px-Brexit_debate_-_Michel_Barnier%2C_EU_Brexit_negotiator_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Brexit_debate_-_Michel_Barnier%2C_EU_Brexit_negotiator_%28cropped%29.jpg/332px-Brexit_debate_-_Michel_Barnier%2C_EU_Brexit_negotiator_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1377" data-file-height="1876" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Michel_Barnier" title="Michel Barnier">Michel Barnier</a>,<br /><small><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_France" title="Prime Minister of France">Prime Minister</a> since 2024</small></div></div></div></div></div> <p>France has a <a href="/wiki/Semi-presidential_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-presidential system">semi-presidential system</a> of government, with both a <a href="/wiki/President_of_France" title="President of France">president</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_France" title="Prime Minister of France">prime minister</a>. The prime minister is responsible to the <a href="/wiki/French_Parliament" title="French Parliament">French Parliament</a>. A presidential candidate is required to obtain a nationwide majority of non-blank votes at either the first or second round of balloting, which implies that the <a href="/wiki/President_of_France" title="President of France">president</a> is somewhat supported by at least half of the voting population. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="President">President</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_France&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: President"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As a consequence, the president of France is the pre-eminent figure in French politics. He appoints the prime minister and chairs the Council of Ministers (Cabinet meeting).<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though the president may not <i>de jure</i> dismiss the prime minister, nevertheless, if the prime minister is from the same political side, they can, in practice, have them resign on demand (De Gaulle is said to have initiated this practice "by requiring undated letters of resignation from his nominees to the premiership," though more recent presidents have not necessarily used this method<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). The president appoints the ministers, ministers-delegate and secretaries on the prime minister's proposal. When the <a href="/wiki/Presidential_majority" title="Presidential majority">president's political party or supporters control parliament</a>, the president is the <i>dominant</i> player in executive action, choosing whomever he wishes for the government, and having it follow <i>his</i> political agenda (parliamentary disagreements do occur, though, even within the same party). </p><p>However, when the president's political opponents control parliament, the president's dominance can be severely limited, as they must choose a prime minister and government who reflect the majority in parliament, and who may implement the agenda of the parliamentary majority. When <a href="/wiki/Political_Parties_in_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Political Parties in France">parties</a> from opposite ends of the political spectrum control parliament and the presidency, the power-sharing arrangement is known as <a href="/wiki/Cohabitation_(government)" title="Cohabitation (government)">cohabitation</a>. Before 2002, <i>cohabitation</i> occurred more commonly, because the term of the president was seven years and the term of the National Assembly was five years. With the term of the president shortened to five years, and with the presidential and parliamentary elections separated by only a few months, this is less likely to happen<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="this is no longer true as of the last parliamentary elections (July 2024)">needs update</span></a></i>]</sup>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Macron" title="Emmanuel Macron">Emmanuel Macron</a> became president on 14 May 2017, succeeding <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Hollande" title="François Hollande">François Hollande</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/2022_French_presidential_election" title="2022 French presidential election">2022 presidential election</a> President Macron was re-elected after beating his far-right rival, <a href="/wiki/Marine_Le_Pen" title="Marine Le Pen">Marine Le Pen</a>, in the runoff.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was the first re-elected incumbent French president since 2002.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:right; font-size: 95%;"> <caption>Summary of the 10 April and 24 April 2022 French presidential election results </caption> <tbody><tr style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;"> <th colspan="2" rowspan="2">Candidate </th> <th rowspan="2" colspan="2">Party </th> <th colspan="2">1st round <br /> 10 April 2022 </th> <th colspan="2">2nd round <br /> 24 April 2022 </th></tr> <tr> <th width="75">Votes </th> <th width="30">% </th> <th width="75">Votes </th> <th width="30">% </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#FFEB00;"> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Macron" title="Emmanuel Macron">Emmanuel Macron</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/La_R%C3%A9publique_En_Marche!" class="mw-redirect" title="La République En Marche!">La République En Marche!</a> </td> <td>LREM </td> <td>9,783,058 </td> <td>27.85 </td> <td>18,768,639 </td> <td>58.55 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#004A77;"> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Marine_Le_Pen" title="Marine Le Pen">Marine Le Pen</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/National_Rally" title="National Rally">National Rally</a> </td> <td>RN </td> <td>8,133,828 </td> <td>23.15 </td> <td>13,288,686 </td> <td>41.45 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#56277E;"> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_M%C3%A9lenchon" title="Jean-Luc Mélenchon">Jean-Luc Mélenchon</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/La_France_Insoumise" title="La France Insoumise">La France Insoumise</a> </td> <td>LFI </td> <td>7,712,520 </td> <td>21.95 </td> <td style="background-color:#F4F4F4;" colspan="2" rowspan="10"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#170066;"> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89ric_Zemmour" title="Éric Zemmour">Éric Zemmour</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Reconqu%C3%AAte" title="Reconquête">Reconquête</a> </td> <td>R! </td> <td>2,485,226 </td> <td>7.07 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#0043B0;"> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Val%C3%A9rie_P%C3%A9cresse" title="Valérie Pécresse">Valérie Pécresse</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/The_Republicans_(France)" title="The Republicans (France)">The Republicans</a> </td> <td>LR </td> <td>1,679,001 </td> <td>4.78 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#79b41d;"> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Yannick_Jadot" title="Yannick Jadot">Yannick Jadot</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Europe_Ecology_%E2%80%93_The_Greens" class="mw-redirect" title="Europe Ecology – The Greens">Europe Ecology – The Greens</a> </td> <td>EELV </td> <td>1,627,853 </td> <td>4.63 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#ADC1FD;"> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Lassalle" title="Jean Lassalle">Jean Lassalle</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Lassalle" title="Jean Lassalle">Résistons!</a> </td> <td>RES </td> <td>1,101,387 </td> <td>3.13 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#E4002A;"> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Fabien_Roussel" title="Fabien Roussel">Fabien Roussel</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/French_Communist_Party" title="French Communist Party">French Communist Party</a> </td> <td>PCF </td> <td>802,422 </td> <td>2.28 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#0087CD;"> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Dupont-Aignan" title="Nicolas Dupont-Aignan">Nicolas Dupont-Aignan</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Debout_la_France" title="Debout la France">Debout la France</a> </td> <td>DLF </td> <td>725,176 </td> <td>2.06 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#E3265B;"> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Anne_Hidalgo" title="Anne Hidalgo">Anne Hidalgo</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_(France)" title="Socialist Party (France)">Socialist Party</a> </td> <td>PS </td> <td>616,478 </td> <td>1.75 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#C0081F;"> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Poutou" title="Philippe Poutou">Philippe Poutou</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/New_Anticapitalist_Party" title="New Anticapitalist Party">New Anticapitalist Party</a> </td> <td>NPA </td> <td>268,904 </td> <td>0.77 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#AA0000;"> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Nathalie_Arthaud" title="Nathalie Arthaud">Nathalie Arthaud</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Lutte_Ouvri%C3%A8re" title="Lutte Ouvrière">Lutte Ouvrière</a> </td> <td>LO </td> <td>197,094 </td> <td>0.56 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#E9E9E9;" colspan="10"> </td></tr> <tr style="font-weight:bold"> <td style="text-align:left;" colspan="4">Total </td> <td>35,132,947 </td> <td>100.00 </td> <td>32,057,325 </td> <td>100.00 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#E9E9E9;" colspan="10"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;" colspan="4">Valid votes </td> <td>35,132,947 </td> <td>97.80 </td> <td>32,057,325 </td> <td>91.34 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;" colspan="4">Blank ballots </td> <td>543,609 </td> <td>1.51 </td> <td>2,233,904 </td> <td>6.37 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;" colspan="4">Invalid ballots </td> <td>247,151 </td> <td>0.69 </td> <td>805,249 </td> <td>2.29 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;" colspan="4">Turnout </td> <td>35,923,707 </td> <td>73.69 </td> <td>35,096,478 </td> <td>71.99 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;" colspan="4">Not voted </td> <td>12,824,169 </td> <td>26.31 </td> <td>13,655,861 </td> <td>28.01 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;" colspan="4">Registered voters </td> <td>48,747,876 </td> <td style="background-color:#F4F4F4;"> </td> <td>48,752,339 </td> <td style="background-color:#F4F4F4;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#F4F4F4;" colspan="10"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left" colspan="10">Source: Minister of the Interior<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Government">Government</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_France&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The prime minister <a href="/wiki/Leadership" title="Leadership">leads</a> the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_France" title="Government of France">government</a>, which comprises junior and senior ministers.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has at its disposal the <a href="/wiki/French_Civil_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="French Civil Service">civil service</a>, government agencies, and the <a href="/wiki/Military_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of France">armed forces</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Constitution,_article_20_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Constitution,_article_20-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The government is responsible to Parliament,<sup id="cite_ref-Constitution,_article_20_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Constitution,_article_20-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the National Assembly may pass a motion of censure,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> forcing the resignation of the government. This, in practice, forces the government to reflect the same political party or coalition which has the majority in the Assembly. Ministers have to answer questions from members of Parliament, both written and oral; this is known as the <i>questions au gouvernement</i> ("questions to the government").<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, ministers attend meetings of the houses of Parliament when laws pertaining to their areas of responsibility are being discussed. </p><p><a href="/wiki/French_government_ministers" class="mw-redirect" title="French government ministers">Government ministers</a> cannot pass legislation without parliamentary approval, though the prime minister may issue autonomous regulations or subordinated regulations (<i>décrets d'application</i>) provided they do not infringe on the Parliament domain, as detailed in the constitution. Ministers, however, can propose legislation to Parliament; since the Assembly is usually politically allied to the ministers, such legislation is, in general, very likely to pass (unless there is a hung parliament). However, this is not guaranteed, and, on occasion, the opinion of the majority parliamentarians may differ significantly from those of the executive, which often results in a large number of amendments. </p><p>The prime minister can commit the government's responsibility on a bill (effectively treating the bill as an issue of a confidence vote), under the provisions of article 49.3 of the Constitution. The bill is then considered passed unless the National Assembly votes a motion of no-confidence (French: <i>motion de censure</i>), in which case the bill is defeated and the government has to resign. As of 2006<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_France&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, the use of this article was the "<a href="/wiki/First_Employment_Contract" title="First Employment Contract">First Employment Contract</a>" proposed by Prime Minister Dominique de Villepin,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a move that greatly backfired.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Traditionally, the government comprises members of three ranks. Ministers are the most senior members of the government; deputy ministers (<i>ministres délégués</i>) assist ministers in particular areas of their portfolio; state secretaries (<i>secrétaires d'État</i>) assist ministers in less important areas, and attend government meetings only occasionally. Before the founding of the <a href="/wiki/French_Fifth_Republic" title="French Fifth Republic">Fifth Republic</a> in 1958, some ministers of particular political importance were called "Ministers of State" (<i>ministres d'État</i>); the practice has continued under the Fifth Republic in a mostly honorific fashion: ministers styled "Minister of State" are of higher importance in the <i>gouvernement</i> and have the ability to deputize for the PM and the authority to hold inter-ministerial meetings.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The number of ministries and the division of responsibilities and administrations between them varies from government to government. While the name and exact responsibility of each ministry may change, one generally finds at least: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_the_Economy,_Industry_and_Employment_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of the Economy, Industry and Employment (France)">Ministry for the Economy, Industry and Employment</a> (taxes, budget)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Interior_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of the Interior (France)">Ministry of the Interior</a> (law enforcement, relationships with local governments)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Justice_(France)" title="Ministry of Justice (France)">Ministry of Justice and Keeper of the Seals</a> (prisons, running the court system, supervision of the prosecution service)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_National_Education_(France)" title="Ministry of National Education (France)">Ministry of National Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Defence (France)">Ministry of Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (France)">Ministry of Foreign Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Transport_(France)" title="Minister of Transport (France)">Ministry of Transportation</a></li></ul> <p>(For more on French ministries, see <a href="/wiki/French_government_ministers" class="mw-redirect" title="French government ministers">French government ministers</a>.) </p><p>The government has a leading role in shaping the agenda of the houses of Parliament. It may propose laws to Parliament, as well as amendments during parliamentary meetings. It may make use of some procedures to speed up parliamentary deliberations. </p><p>The government holds weekly meetings (usually on Wednesday mornings): this weekly meeting, known as the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers" title="Council of Ministers">Council of Ministers</a>, is chaired by the president and usually takes place at the <a href="/wiki/%C3%89lys%C3%A9e_Palace" title="Élysée Palace">Élysée Palace</a>. The Council of Ministers is the executive's formal decision-making body since government bills need to be approved by the Council to be introduced in Parliament, some decrees are signed during the meeting (<i>decrees in Council of Ministers</i>) and some constitutional powers have to be approved by the Council beforehand to be invoked. </p><p>The current French prime minister is <a href="/wiki/Michel_Barnier" title="Michel Barnier">Michel Barnier</a> since 5 September 2024. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Statutory_instruments_and_delegated_legislation">Statutory instruments and delegated legislation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_France&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Statutory instruments and delegated legislation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The French executive has a limited power to establish regulation or legislation. (See <a href="#Statutory_law_versus_executive_regulations">below</a> for how such regulations or legislative items interact with statute law.) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Decrees_and_other_executive_decisions">Decrees and other executive decisions</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_France&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Decrees and other executive decisions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Only the president and prime minister sign <a href="/wiki/Decree" title="Decree">decrees</a> (<i>décrets</i>), which are akin to US <a href="/wiki/Executive_order_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Executive order (United States)">executive orders</a>. Decrees can only be taken following certain procedures and with due respect to the constitution and statute law. </p> <ul><li>The president signs decrees appointing and dismissing most senior civil and military servants, for positions listed in the Constitution or in statutes. He also signs decrees establishing some regulations (<i>décrets en conseil des ministres</i>). All such decrees must be countersigned by the prime minister and the ministers concerned.</li> <li>The prime minister signs decrees establishing <a href="/wiki/Regulation" title="Regulation">regulations</a>, which the concerned ministers countersign. In some areas, they constitute <a href="/wiki/Primary_legislation" class="mw-redirect" title="Primary legislation">primary legislation</a>, in some others they must be subordinate to an existing <a href="/wiki/Statute" title="Statute">statute</a>. In some cases, statutes impose a compulsory advisory review by the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Council_of_State_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of State (France)">Conseil d'État</a></i></span> (<i>décrets en Conseil d'État</i>), as opposed to <i>décrets simples</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The individual ministers issue ministerial orders (<i>arrêtés</i>) in their fields of competence, subordinate to statutes and decrees. </p><p>Contrary to a sometimes used polemical <i><a href="/wiki/Clich%C3%A9" title="Cliché">cliché</a></i>, that dates from the <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">French Third Republic</a> of 1870–1940, with its decrees-law (<i>décrets-lois</i>), neither the president nor the prime minister may <a href="/wiki/Rule_by_decree" title="Rule by decree">rule by decree</a> (outside of the narrow case of presidential emergency powers). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ordinances">Ordinances</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_France&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Ordinances"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ordonnance" title="Ordonnance">Ordonnance</a></div> <p>The executive cannot issue decrees in areas that the Constitution puts under the responsibility of legislation, issued by Parliament. Still, Parliament may, through a habilitation law, authorize the executive to issue <a href="/wiki/Decree" title="Decree">ordinances</a> (<i>ordonnances</i>), with legislative value, in precisely-defined areas.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Habilitation laws specify the scope of the ordinance. After the ordinance is issued, the government has to propose a ratifying bill in order that the ordinance becomes a law. If Parliament votes "no" to ratification, the ordinance is cancelled. Most of the time, ratification is made implicitly or explicitly through a Parliament act that deals with the subject concerned, rather than by the ratification act itself.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The use of ordinances is normally reserved for urgent matters, or for technical, uncontroversial texts (such as the ordinances that converted all sums in <a href="/wiki/French_franc" title="French franc">French francs</a> to <a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">euros</a> in the various laws in force in France).<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is also a practice of using ordinances to transpose <a href="/wiki/European_Directives" class="mw-redirect" title="European Directives">European Directives</a> into French law, to avoid late transposition of Directives, which happens often and is criticized by the <a href="/wiki/EU_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="EU Commission">EU Commission</a>. Ordinances are also used to codify law into codes – to rearrange them for the sake of clarity without substantially modifying them. They are also sometimes used to push controversial legislation through, such as when Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Dominique_de_Villepin" title="Dominique de Villepin">Dominique de Villepin</a> created new forms of work contracts in 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The opposition then criticizes the use of ordinances in such contexts as anti-democratic and demeaning to Parliament. Note however that since the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly of France">National Assembly</a> can dismiss the government through a motion of censure, the government necessarily relies on a majority in Parliament, and this majority would be likely to adopt the controversial law anyway. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Internal_limits_of_the_executive_branch;_checks_and_balances"><span id="Internal_limits_of_the_executive_branch.3B_checks_and_balances"></span>Internal limits of the executive branch; checks and balances</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_France&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Internal limits of the executive branch; checks and balances"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The general rule is that government agencies and the civil service are at the disposal of the government. However, various agencies<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are independent agencies (<i>autorités administratives indépendantes</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that have been statutorily excluded from the executive's authority, although they belong in the executive branch. </p><p>These independent agencies have some specialized regulatory power, some executive power, and some <a href="/wiki/Quasi-judicial_body" title="Quasi-judicial body">quasi-judicial</a> power. They are also often consulted by the government or the French Parliament seeking advice before regulating by law. They can impose sanctions that are named "administrative sanctions" <i>sanctions administratives</i>. However, their decisions can still be contested in a judicial court or in an administrative court. </p><p>Some examples of independent agencies: </p> <ul><li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Banque_de_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Banque de France">Banque de France</a></i>, the central bank, is independent (financial and economic code, L141 and following). This was a prerequisite for integrating the <a href="/wiki/European_System_of_Central_Banks" title="European System of Central Banks">European System of Central Banks</a>.</li> <li>The Electronic Communications & Posts Regulation Authority (<i>Autorité de régulation des communications électroniques et des postes (ARCEP)</i>), which was previously named Telecommunication Regulation Authority (<i>Autorité de régulation des télécommunications (ART)</i>), is an <i>independent administrative authority</i> for the open markets of telecommunications and postal services.</li> <li>The Energy Regulation Commission (<i>Commission de régulation de l'énergie (CRE)</i>) is an <i>independent administrative authority</i> for the open markets of gas and electricity.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Autorit%C3%A9_des_march%C3%A9s_financiers_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Autorité des marchés financiers (France)">Financial Markets Authority</a> (<i>Autorité des marchés financiers (AMF)</i>) regulates <a href="/wiki/Securities" class="mw-redirect" title="Securities">securities</a> markets.</li> <li>The Higher Council of the Audiovisual (<i>Conseil supérieur de l'audiovisuel (CSA)</i>) supervises the granting and withdrawing of emission frequencies for <a href="/wiki/Radio" title="Radio">radio</a> and <a href="/wiki/Television" title="Television">television</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Public_broadcasting" title="Public broadcasting">public broadcasting</a>.</li> <li>The National Commission on Campaign Accounts and Political Financing (<i>Commission Nationale des Comptes de Campagne et des Financements Politiques</i>) regulates the financing and spending of political parties and political campaigning.</li></ul> <p>Public media corporations should not be influenced in their news reporting by the executive in power, since they have the duty to supply the public with unbiased information.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> For instance, the <a href="/wiki/Agence_France-Presse" title="Agence France-Presse">Agence France-Presse</a> (AFP) is an independent public corporation. Its resources must come solely from its commercial sales. The majority of the seats in its board are held by representatives of the French <a href="/wiki/Mass_media" title="Mass media">press</a>. </p><p>The government also provides for watchdogs over its own activities; these independent administrative authorities are headed by a commission typically composed of senior lawyers or of members of the Parliament. Each of the two chambers of the Parliament often has its own commission, but sometimes they collaborate to create a single <i>Commission nationale mixte paritaire</i>. For example: </p> <ul><li>The National Commission for Computing & Freedom (<i>Commission nationale informatique et libertés (CNIL)</i>); public services must request authorization from it before establishing a file with personal information, and they must heed its recommendations; private bodies must only declare their files; citizens have recourse before the commission against abuses.</li> <li>The National Commission for the Control of Security Interceptions (<i>Commission nationale de contrôle des interceptions de sécurité (CNCIS)</i>); the executive, in a limited number of circumstances concerning national security, may request an authorization from the commission for <a href="/wiki/Wiretaps" class="mw-redirect" title="Wiretaps">wiretaps</a> (in other circumstances, wiretaps may only be authorized within a judicially-administered criminal investigation).</li></ul> <p>In addition, the duties of public service limit the power that the executive has over the <a href="/wiki/French_Civil_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="French Civil Service">French Civil Service</a>. For instance, appointments, except for the highest positions (the national directors of agencies and administrations), must be made solely on merit (typically determined in competitive exams) or on time in office. Certain civil servants have statuses that prohibit executive interference; for instance, <a href="/wiki/Judge" title="Judge">judges</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prosecutor" title="Prosecutor">prosecutors</a> may be named or moved only according to specific procedures. Public researchers and university professors enjoy <a href="/wiki/Academic_freedom" title="Academic freedom">academic freedom</a>; by law, they enjoy complete freedom of speech within the ordinary constraints<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> of academia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Some_important_directorates_and_establishments">Some important directorates and establishments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_France&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Some important directorates and establishments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The government also provides specialized agencies for regulating critical markets or limited resources, and markets set up by regulations. Although, as part of the <i>administration</i>, they are subordinate to the ministers, they often act with a high degree of independence. </p> <ul><li>The General Directorate of Competition, Consumption & Repression of Frauds (<i>Direction générale de la concurrence, de la consommation et de la répression des fraudes (DGCCRF)</i>) regulates and controls the legality and safety of products and services available on the markets open to competition for all <a href="/wiki/Economic_actor" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic actor">economic actors</a> and private consumers, and can deliver administrative <i>sanctions</i> in case of abuses.</li> <li>The General Directorate of Civil Aviation (<i>Direction générale de l'aviation civile (DGAC)</i>) regulates the traffic in the national air space and delivers the authorizations for airways companies and other private or public organizations and people.</li> <li>The National Agency for Employment (<i>Agence nationale pour l'emploi (ANPE)</i>) maintained<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (March 2019)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> a public registry for the allocation of social benefits to unemployed people (but now<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_France&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> a single registry is shared with the independent <i>ASSEDIC</i> paying them, a joint association of employers and workers unions), assists them as well as employers seeking people, and controls them. The French State names its general director and the Parliament provides for its finances and personnel, but it only fills one-third of the seats at its decision board of directors (the other seats are shared equally by unions of employers and of workers). <a href="/wiki/ANPE" class="mw-redirect" title="ANPE">ANPE</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ass%C3%A9dic" title="Assédic">Assédic</a> merged in 2008 to form <a href="/wiki/P%C3%B4le_emploi" class="mw-redirect" title="Pôle emploi">Pôle emploi</a>.</li> <li>The National Agency of Frequencies (<i>Agence nationale des fréquences (ANFR)</i>), a public establishment of an administrative character,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> regulates and maintains the allocation of radio frequency spectrum resources along with other international frequencies regulators and national regulators (the <a href="/wiki/Regulatory_Authority_for_Audiovisual_and_Digital_Communication" title="Regulatory Authority for Audiovisual and Digital Communication">ARCOM</a> (ex-CSA) and ARCEP) or public ministries, controls the operators on the national territory, and publishes compliance standards for manufacturers of radioelectric equipment.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Organization_of_government_services">Organization of government services</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_France&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Organization of government services"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Each ministry has a central administration (<i>administration centrale</i>), generally divided into directorates. These directorates are usually subdivided into divisions or sub-directorates. Each directorate is headed by a director, named by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=President_in_Council&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="President in Council (page does not exist)">President in Council</a>. The central administration largely stays the same, regardless of the political tendency of the executive in power. </p><p>In addition, each minister has a private office, which is composed of members whose nomination is politically determined, called the <i>cabinet</i>. Cabinets are quite important and employ numbers of highly qualified staff to follow all administrative and political affairs. They are powerful, and have been sometimes considered as a parallel administration, especially (but not only) in all matters that are politically sensitive. Each <i>cabinet</i> is led by a chief-of-staff entitled <i>directeur de cabinet</i>. </p><p>The state also has distributive services spread throughout French territory, often reflecting divisions into <i><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_France" title="Regions of France">régions</a></i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Departments_of_France" title="Departments of France">départements</a></i>. The <a href="/wiki/Prefect" title="Prefect">prefect</a>, the representative of the national government in each <i>région</i> or <i>département</i>, supervises the activities of the distributive services in his or her jurisdiction. Generally, the services of a certain administration in a <i>région</i> or <i>département</i> are managed by a high-level civil servant, often called director, but not always; for instance, the services of the <i><a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%A9sor_public" title="Trésor public">Trésor public</a></i> (Treasury) in each <i>département</i> are headed by a treasurer-paymaster general, appointed by the president of the republic. In the last several<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="This term requires quantification. (March 2019)">quantify</span></a></i>]</sup> decades, the departmental <i>conseil général</i> (see "Local Government" below) has taken on new responsibilities and plays an important role in administering government services at the local level. </p><p>The government also maintains public establishments. These have a relative administrative and financial autonomy, to accomplish a defined mission. They are attached to one or more supervising authorities. These are classified into several categories: </p> <ul><li>public establishments of an administrative character, including, for instance: <ul><li>universities, and most public establishments of higher education</li> <li>establishments of a research and technical character, such as <a href="/wiki/CNRS" class="mw-redirect" title="CNRS">CNRS</a> or <a href="/wiki/INRIA" class="mw-redirect" title="INRIA">INRIA</a></li></ul></li> <li>public establishments of an industrial and commercial character, including, for instance, <a href="/wiki/Commissariat_%C3%A0_l%27%C3%89nergie_Atomique" class="mw-redirect" title="Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique">CEA</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ifremer" class="mw-redirect" title="Ifremer">Ifremer</a></li></ul> <p>Note that in administrations and public establishments of an administrative character operate under public law, while establishments of an industrial and commercial character operate mostly under private law. In consequence, in the former, permanent personnel are civil servants, while normally in the latter, they are contract employees. </p><p>In addition, the government owns and controls all, or the majority, of shares of some companies, like <i><a href="/wiki/Electricit%C3%A9_de_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Electricité de France">Electricité de France</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/SNCF" title="SNCF">SNCF</a></i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Areva" title="Areva">Areva</a></i>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Social_security" class="mw-redirect" title="Social security">Social security</a> organizations, though established by statute and controlled and supervised by the state, are not operated nor directly controlled by the national government. Instead, they are managed by the "social partners" (<i>partenaires sociaux</i>) – unions of employers such as the <a href="/wiki/MEDEF" class="mw-redirect" title="MEDEF">MEDEF</a> and unions of employees. Their budget is separate from the national budget. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Shadow_Cabinet_of_France">Shadow Cabinet of France</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_France&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Shadow Cabinet of France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Shadow_Cabinet_of_France" title="Shadow Cabinet of France">Shadow Cabinet</a> is sometimes formed by the opposition parties in the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(France)" title="National Assembly (France)">National Assembly</a>, though this is uncommon. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legislative_branch">Legislative branch</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_France&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Legislative branch"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliament of France">Parliament of France</a></div> <p>The Parliament of France, making up the <a href="/wiki/Legislative_branch" class="mw-redirect" title="Legislative branch">legislative branch</a>, consists of two houses: the National Assembly and the Senate; the National Assembly is the pre-eminent body. </p><p>Parliament meets for one nine-month session each year: under special circumstances the president can call an additional session. Although parliamentary powers have diminished from those existing under the <a href="/wiki/French_Fourth_Republic" title="French Fourth Republic">Fourth Republic</a>, the National Assembly can still cause a government to fall if an absolute majority of the total Assembly membership votes to censure. It happened once under the 5th Republic: in 1962 when the parliamentary majority of the time voted a motion of censure against the government of George Pompidou.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The government has a strong influence in shaping the agenda of Parliament (the cabinet has control over the parliamentary order of business 50% of the time, 2 out of 4 weeks per month). The government can also 'commit its responsibility' on a bill it has proposed (effectively treating the bill as an issue of a vote of confidence), and unless a motion of no confidence is introduced (within 24 hours after the proposal) and passed (within 48 hours of introduction – thus full procedures last at most 72 hours), the bill is considered adopted without a vote. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Member of Parliament (France)">Members of Parliament</a> enjoy <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_immunity_in_France" title="Parliamentary immunity in France">parliamentary immunity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both assemblies have committees that write reports on a variety of topics. If necessary, they can establish parliamentary enquiry commissions with broad investigative power. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_Assembly">National Assembly</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_France&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: National Assembly"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(France)" title="National Assembly (France)">National Assembly (France)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Legislative_elections_in_France" title="Legislative elections in France">Legislative elections in France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Number_of_Parliamentarians_in_the_Fifth_French_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Number of Parliamentarians in the Fifth French Republic">Number of Parliamentarians in the Fifth French Republic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Member of Parliament (France)">Member of Parliament (France)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paris_Assemblee_Nationale_DSC00074.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Paris_Assemblee_Nationale_DSC00074.jpg/220px-Paris_Assemblee_Nationale_DSC00074.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Paris_Assemblee_Nationale_DSC00074.jpg/330px-Paris_Assemblee_Nationale_DSC00074.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Paris_Assemblee_Nationale_DSC00074.jpg/440px-Paris_Assemblee_Nationale_DSC00074.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2168" data-file-height="996" /></a><figcaption>The National Assembly sits in the <i><a href="/wiki/Palais_Bourbon" title="Palais Bourbon">Palais Bourbon</a></i>, by the <a href="/wiki/Seine_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Seine River">Seine</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The National Assembly is the principal legislative body. Its 577 deputies are directly elected for five-year terms in local majority votes, and all seats are voted on in each election.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The National Assembly may force the resignation of the government by voting a motion of censure. For this reason, the prime minister and their government are necessarily from the dominant party or coalition in the assembly. In the case of a president and assembly from opposing parties, this leads to the situation known as <i><a href="/wiki/Cohabitation_(government)" title="Cohabitation (government)">cohabitation</a></i>. While motions of censure are periodically proposed by the opposition following government actions that it deems highly inappropriate, they are usually purely rhetorical; party discipline ensures that, throughout a parliamentary term, the government is never overthrown by the Assembly provided that the governing party/coalition has a working majority in the Chamber (which is no longer the case for the current ruling coalition as a result of the <a href="/wiki/2022_French_legislative_election" title="2022 French legislative election">2022 legislative election</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Latest_election">Latest election</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_France&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Latest election"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2022_French_legislative_election" title="2022 French legislative election">2022 French legislative election</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be <b>updated</b>. The reason given is: <a href="/wiki/2024_French_legislative_election" title="2024 French legislative election">2024 French legislative election</a>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The June 2022 legislative election saw <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Macron" title="Emmanuel Macron">President Macron</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Ensemble_Citoyens" class="mw-redirect" title="Ensemble Citoyens">centrist coalition</a> (ENS) losing its working majority in the National Assembly: enjoying a 115-seat majority before the election, the governing coalition was reduced to being the largest bloc in a <a href="/wiki/Hung_parliament" title="Hung parliament">hung parliament</a>, falling 38 short of an overall majority. </p><p>By contrast, a <a href="/wiki/NUPES" class="mw-redirect" title="NUPES">far-left-to-centre-left coalition</a> (NUPES) increased its total number of seats to 151 and a <a href="/wiki/National_Rally" title="National Rally">right-wing populist party</a> (RN) won a record number of seats, going from 8 to 89 MPs, thus becoming the largest opposition party in Parliament. </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/The_Republicans_(France)" title="The Republicans (France)">centre-right-to-right-wing party</a> (LR) was left holding the <a href="/wiki/Balance_of_power_(parliament)" title="Balance of power (parliament)">balance of power</a> in this hung parliament. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:right; font-size: 95%;"> <caption>Summary of the 12–19 June 2022 National Assembly election results </caption> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="13"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:National_Assembly_2022.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/National_Assembly_2022.svg/375px-National_Assembly_2022.svg.png" decoding="async" width="375" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/National_Assembly_2022.svg/563px-National_Assembly_2022.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/National_Assembly_2022.svg/750px-National_Assembly_2022.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="185" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:center" colspan="3" rowspan="2">Parties and coalitions </th> <th colspan="3">First round </th> <th colspan="3">Second round </th> <th colspan="2">Total </th></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center"> <th width="75">Votes </th> <th width="30">% </th> <th width="30">Seats </th> <th width="75">Votes </th> <th width="30">% </th> <th width="30">Seats </th> <th width="30">Seats </th> <th>+/- </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#FFEB00"> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ensemble_Citoyens" class="mw-redirect" title="Ensemble Citoyens">Ensemble</a> </td> <td>ENS </td> <td>5,857,364 </td> <td>25.75 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>8,002,419 </td> <td>38.57 </td> <td>244 </td> <td><b>245</b> </td> <td style="text-align:centre;"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 105</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#BB1840"> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/New_Ecological_and_Social_People%27s_Union" title="New Ecological and Social People's Union">New Ecological and Social People's Union</a></span> </td> <td>NUPES </td> <td>5,836,079 </td> <td>25.66 </td> <td>4 </td> <td>6,556,198 </td> <td>31.60 </td> <td>127 </td> <td><b>131</b> </td> <td style="text-align:centre;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 79 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#254671"> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/National_Rally_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Rally (France)">National Rally</a> </td> <td>RN </td> <td>4,248,537 </td> <td>18.68 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>3,589,465 </td> <td>17.30 </td> <td>89 </td> <td><b>89</b> </td> <td style="text-align:centre;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 81 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#B9DAFF"> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Union_of_the_Right_and_Centre" title="Union of the Right and Centre">Union of the Right and Centre</a> </td> <td>UDC </td> <td>2,568,502 </td> <td>11.29 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>1,512,281 </td> <td>7.29 </td> <td>64 </td> <td><b>64</b> </td> <td style="text-align:centre;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 66 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#170066"> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Reconqu%C3%AAte" title="Reconquête">Reconquête</a> </td> <td>REC </td> <td>964,775 </td> <td>4.24 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0 </td> <td style="text-align:centre;"><i>New</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#FFC0C0"> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Miscellaneous left<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>DVG </td> <td>713,574 </td> <td>3.14 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>408,706 </td> <td>1.97 </td> <td>21 </td> <td><b>21</b> </td> <td style="text-align:centre;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 9 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#77ff77"> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Ecologists </td> <td>ECO </td> <td>608,314 </td> <td>2.67 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0 </td> <td style="text-align:centre;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#ADC1FD"> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Miscellaneous right<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>DVD </td> <td>530,782 </td> <td>2.33 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>231,071 </td> <td>1.11 </td> <td>10 </td> <td><b>10</b> </td> <td style="text-align:centre;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 4 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#DDDD00"> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Regionalists </td> <td>REG </td> <td>291,384 </td> <td>1.28 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>264,779 </td> <td>1.28 </td> <td>10 </td> <td><b>10</b> </td> <td style="text-align:centre;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 5 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#fcdaa8"> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Miscellaneous centre </td> <td>DVC </td> <td>283,612 </td> <td>1.25 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>99,145 </td> <td>0.48 </td> <td>4 </td> <td><b>4</b> </td> <td style="text-align:centre;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 4 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#bb0000"> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Miscellaneous far-left<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>DXG </td> <td>266,412 </td> <td>1.17 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>11,229 </td> <td>0.05 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0 </td> <td style="text-align:centre;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#0087CD"> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Sovereignist right<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>DSV </td> <td>249,603 </td> <td>1.10 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>19,306 </td> <td>0.09 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Essonne%27s_8th_constituency" title="Essonne's 8th constituency">1</a> </td> <td><b>1</b> </td> <td style="text-align:centre;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#DCDCDC"> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Miscellaneous </td> <td>DIV </td> <td>192,624 </td> <td>0.85 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>18,295 </td> <td>0.09 </td> <td>1 </td> <td><b>1</b> </td> <td style="text-align:centre;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 2 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#F0C200;"> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Radical_Party_of_the_Left" title="Radical Party of the Left">Radical Party of the Left</a> </td> <td>PRG </td> <td>126,689 </td> <td>0.56 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>34,576<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>0.17 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Charente-Maritime%27s_1st_constituency" title="Charente-Maritime's 1st constituency">1</a> </td> <td><b>1</b> </td> <td style="text-align:centre;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 2 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#404040"> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Miscellaneous far-right </td> <td>DXD </td> <td>6,457 </td> <td>0.03 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0 </td> <td style="text-align:centre;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#E9E9E9" colspan="13"> </td></tr> <tr style="font-weight:bold"> <td style="text-align:left" colspan="3">Total </td> <td>22,744,708 </td> <td>100.00 </td> <td>5 </td> <td>20,747,470 </td> <td>100.00 </td> <td>572 </td> <td>577 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#E9E9E9" colspan="12"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left" colspan="3">Valid votes </td> <td>22,744,708 </td> <td>97.80 </td> <td style="background-color:#E9E9E9" rowspan="6"> </td> <td>20,747,470 </td> <td>92.36 </td> <td style="background-color:#E9E9E9" colspan="3" rowspan="6"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left" colspan="3">Blank ballots </td> <td>362,193 </td> <td>1.56 </td> <td>1,235,844 </td> <td>5.50 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left" colspan="3">Null ballots </td> <td>149,306 </td> <td>0.64 </td> <td>480,962 </td> <td>2.14 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left" colspan="3">Turnout </td> <td>23,256,207 </td> <td>47.51 </td> <td>22,464,276 </td> <td>46.23 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left" colspan="3">Abstentions </td> <td>25,697,541 </td> <td>52.49 </td> <td>26,125,084 </td> <td>53.77 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left" colspan="3">Registered voters </td> <td>48,953,748 </td> <td style="background-color:#E9E9E9"> </td> <td>48,589,360 </td> <td style="background-color:#E9E9E9"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#E9E9E9" colspan="12"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left" colspan="12">Source: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.resultats-elections.interieur.gouv.fr/legislatives-2022/FE.html">Ministry of the Interior</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Senate">Senate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_France&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Senate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/French_Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="French Senate">French Senate</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:S%C3%A9nat-4_(47547673571).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/S%C3%A9nat-4_%2847547673571%29.jpg/220px-S%C3%A9nat-4_%2847547673571%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/S%C3%A9nat-4_%2847547673571%29.jpg/330px-S%C3%A9nat-4_%2847547673571%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/S%C3%A9nat-4_%2847547673571%29.jpg/440px-S%C3%A9nat-4_%2847547673571%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>The Senate's amphitheater</figcaption></figure> <p>Senators are chosen by an electoral college of about 165,000 local elected officials for six-year terms, and half of the Senate is renewed every three years. Before the law of 30 July 2004, senators were elected for nine years, renewed by thirds every three years.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are currently 348 senators: 326 represent the metropolitan and overseas <i><a href="/wiki/Departments_of_France" title="Departments of France">départements</a></i>, 10 the other dependencies and 12 the French established abroad.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Senate's legislative powers are limited; on most matters of legislation, the National Assembly has the last word in the event of a disagreement between the two houses. </p><p>Since the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/French_Fifth_Republic" title="French Fifth Republic">Fifth Republic</a>, the Senate has almost always had a right-wing majority. This is mostly due to the over-representation of small villages compared to big cities. This, and the indirect mode of election, prompted socialist <a href="/wiki/Lionel_Jospin" title="Lionel Jospin">Lionel Jospin</a>, who was prime minister at the time, to declare the Senate an "anomaly".<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legislation_adoption_procedures">Legislation adoption procedures</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_France&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Legislation adoption procedures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Statute legislation may be proposed by the government (council of ministers), or by members of Parliament. In the first case, it is a <i>projet de loi</i> (English: government bill); in the latter case, a <i>proposition de loi</i> (English: private members' bill). </p><p>All <i>projets de loi</i> must undergo compulsory advisory review by the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Council_of_State_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of State (France)">Conseil d'État</a></i></span> before being submitted to parliament.<sup id="cite_ref-Constitution,_article_39_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Constitution,_article_39-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since 2009, the bill submitted to Parliament must also come with a study of the possible impact of the law: other possible options, interactions with <a href="/wiki/European_law" class="mw-redirect" title="European law">European law</a>, economical, social, financial and environmental consequences.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Propositions de loi</i> cannot increase the financial load of the state without providing for funding.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Projets de loi</i> start in the house of the government's choice (except in some narrow cases<sup id="cite_ref-Constitution,_article_39_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Constitution,_article_39-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). <i>Propositions de loi</i> start in the house where they originated. After the house has amended and voted on the text, it is sent to the other house, which can also amend it. If the houses do not choose to adopt the text in identical terms, it is sent before a commission made of equal numbers of members of both houses, which tries to harmonize the text. If it does not manage to do so, the National Assembly can vote the text and have the final say on it (except for laws related to the organization of the Senate).<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The law is then sent to the president of France for signature.<sup id="cite_ref-Constitution,_article_10_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Constitution,_article_10-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At this point, the president of France, the speaker of either house or a delegation of 60 deputies or 60 senators can ask for the text to undergo constitutional review before being put into force;<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it is then sent before the Constitutional Council. The president can also, only once per law and with the countersigning of the prime minister, send the law back to parliament for another review.<sup id="cite_ref-Constitution,_article_10_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Constitution,_article_10-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Otherwise, the president must sign the law. After being countersigned by the prime minister and the concerned ministers,<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it is then sent to the <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_Officiel_de_la_R%C3%A9publique_Fran%C3%A7aise" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal Officiel de la République Française">Journal Officiel</a></i> for publication.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Budget">Budget</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_France&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Budget"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Budget_of_France" title="Budget of France">Budget of France</a> and <a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_France" title="Taxation in France">Taxation in France</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Politics_of_France" title="Special:EditPage/Politics of France">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Public_Deficit_of_France.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Public_Deficit_of_France.png/400px-Public_Deficit_of_France.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Public_Deficit_of_France.png/600px-Public_Deficit_of_France.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Public_Deficit_of_France.png/800px-Public_Deficit_of_France.png 2x" data-file-width="881" data-file-height="541" /></a><figcaption>French government borrowing (<a href="/wiki/Budget_deficits" class="mw-redirect" title="Budget deficits">budget deficits</a>) as a percentage of GNP, 1960–2009<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be <b>updated</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2022</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></figcaption></figure> <p>Financing Acts (<i>lois de finances</i>) and the Social Security Financing Acts (<i>lois de financement de la sécurité sociale</i>) are special Acts of Parliament voted and approved through specific procedures. </p><p>Because of the importance of allowing government and social security organizations to proceed with the payment of their suppliers, employees, and recipients, without risk of a being stopped by parliamentary discord, these bills are specially constrained. In the past, parliamentarians would often add unrelated amendments (<i>cavaliers budgétaires</i>) to the finance bills, to get such amendments passed – because of the reduced time in which the budget is examined. These are now considered unconstitutional. If Parliament cannot agree on a budget within some specified reasonable bounds, the government is entitled to adopt a budget through <a href="/wiki/Decree" title="Decree">ordinances</a>: this threat prevents parliamentarians from threatening to bankrupt the executive. </p><p>The way the Finance Bill is organized, and the way the government has to execute the budget, were deeply reformed in 2001 by the <i>Loi organique n°2001-692 du 1er août 2001 relative aux lois de finances</i>, generally known as the LOLF. Because of the major changes involved, the application of the law was gradual, and the first budget to be fully passed under LOLF will be the 2006 budget, passed in late 2005. </p><p>The LOLF divides expenses according to identifiable "missions" (which can be subdivided into sub-missions etc.). The performance of the administration and public bodies will be evaluated with respect to these missions. </p><p>The budget of the national government was forecast to be 290 billion <a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">Euro</a> in 2011. This includes neither <a href="/wiki/Social_security_in_France#Budget" title="Social security in France">Social Security</a>, nor the budgets of <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9centralisation_in_France#Financial_Autonomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Décentralisation in France">local governments</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Multiple_offices">Multiple offices</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_France&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Multiple offices"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Cumul_des_mandats" class="mw-redirect" title="Cumul des mandats">Cumul des mandats</a></div> <p>It has long been customary for Parliament members to hold, in addition to the office of deputy or senator, another local office such as <a href="/wiki/Mayor_(France)" title="Mayor (France)">city mayor</a>, hence titles like "Deputy and Mayor" (<i>député-maire</i>) and "Senator and Mayor" (<i>sénateur-maire</i>). This is known as the <i>cumul</i> of electoral offices. Proponents of the <i>cumul</i> allege that having local responsibilities ensures that members of parliament stay in contact with the reality of their constituency; also, they are said to be able to defend the interest of their city etc. better by having a seat in parliament. </p><p>In recent years, the <i>cumul</i> has been increasingly criticized. Critics contend that lawmakers that also have some local mandate cannot be assiduous to both tasks; for instance, they may neglect their duties to attend parliamentary sittings and commission in order to attend to tasks in their constituency. The premise that holders of dual office can defend the interest of their city etc. in the National Parliament is criticized in that national lawmakers should have the national interest in their mind, not the advancement of the projects of the particular city they are from. Finally, this criticism is part of a wider criticism of the political class as a cozy, closed world in which the same people make a long career from multiple positions. </p><p>As a consequence, laws that restrict the possibilities of having multiple mandates have been enacted. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic_and_Social_Council">Economic and Social Council</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_France&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Economic and Social Council"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/French_Economic_and_Social_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="French Economic and Social Council">French Economic and Social Council</a></div> <p>The Economic and Social Council is a <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/consultation" class="extiw" title="wikt:consultation">consultative</a> assembly. It does not play a role in the adoption of statutes and regulations, but advises the lawmaking bodies on questions of social and economic policies. </p><p>The executive may refer any question or proposal of social or economic importance to the Economic and Social Council. </p><p>The Economic and Social Council publishes reports, which are sent to the prime minister, the National Assembly and the Senate. They are published in the <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Journal_Official_of_the_R%C3%A9publique_Fran%C3%A7aise&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Journal Official of the République Française (page does not exist)">Journal Official</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Judicial_branch">Judicial branch</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_France&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Judicial branch"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_France" title="Judiciary of France">Judiciary of France</a></div> <p>The most distinctive feature of the French judicial system is that it is divided into judicial and administrative streams. French law provides for a separate judicial branch with an independent judiciary which does not answer to or is directly controlled by the other two branches of government.<sup id="cite_ref-MDLJ-OrgJustice_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MDLJ-OrgJustice-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> France has a <a href="/wiki/Civil_law_(legal_system)" title="Civil law (legal system)">civil law</a> legal system, the basis of which is codified law; however, case law plays a significant role in the determination of the courts. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Judicial_courts">Judicial courts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_France&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Judicial courts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The judicial stream of courts adjudicates civil and criminal cases. The judicial court stream consists of inferior courts, intermediate <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Appeal_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Court of Appeal (France)">appellate courts</a>, and the French <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Cassation_(France)" title="Court of Cassation (France)">Court of Cassation</a>, the supreme court. </p><p>Judges are government employees but are granted special statutory protection from the executive. Judges have security of tenure and may not be promoted (or demoted) without their consent. Their careers are overseen by the Judicial Council of France. </p><p>The public prosecutors, on the other hand, take orders from the Minister of Justice. In the past, this has bred suspicion of undue political pressure to dismiss suits or claims against government officials charged with corruption, and the status of public prosecutors and their ties to government are frequently topics of debate. </p><p>Trial by <a href="/wiki/Jury" title="Jury">jury</a> is available only for severe criminal cases, which are the jurisdiction of the <a href="/wiki/Cour_d%27assises" title="Cour d'assises">Courts of Assizes</a>. A full Court is made up of a 3-judge panel and a petty jury of 9 jurors (vs. 12 jurors on appeal), who, together, render verdicts, and if a conviction is handed down, also determine a sentence. Jurors are selected at random from eligible voters. </p><p>In most other courts, judges are professional, except that the criminal court for minors is composed of one professional and two lay judges. Also, several specialty courts of original jurisdiction are sat by judges who are elected into office. For instance, labor tribunals are staffed with an equal number of magistrates from employers' unions and employees' unions. The same applies to land estate tribunals. </p><p>Pre-trial proceedings are <a href="/wiki/Inquisitorial" class="mw-redirect" title="Inquisitorial">inquisitorial</a> by nature, but open court proceedings are <a href="/wiki/Adversarial_system" title="Adversarial system">adversarial</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Legal_burden_of_proof" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal burden of proof">burden of proof</a> in criminal proceedings is on the <a href="/wiki/Prosecution" class="mw-redirect" title="Prosecution">prosecution</a>, and the accused is constitutionally presumed innocent until proven guilty. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administrative_courts">Administrative courts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_France&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Administrative courts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DSC00652_conseil_etat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/DSC00652_conseil_etat.jpg/250px-DSC00652_conseil_etat.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/DSC00652_conseil_etat.jpg/375px-DSC00652_conseil_etat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/DSC00652_conseil_etat.jpg/500px-DSC00652_conseil_etat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2588" data-file-height="1324" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Conseil_d%27Etat_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conseil d'Etat (France)">Conseil d'État</a> sits in the <i>Palais Royal</i>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Courts of administrative law adjudicate on claims and suits against government offices and agencies. The administrative stream is made up of administrative courts, courts of administrative appeal, and the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_State_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of State (France)">Council of State</a> as the court of last resort. </p><p>The Council of State hears cases against executive branch decisions and has the power to quash or set aside executive-issued statutory instruments such as orders and regulations when they violate constitutional law, enacted legislation, or codified law.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Court proceedings mostly involve written hearings and are <a href="/wiki/Inquisitorial" class="mw-redirect" title="Inquisitorial">inquisitorial</a>, with judges having the parties submit written testimony or arguments. </p><p>Any jurisdictional dispute between the judicial and administrative streams are settled by a special court called <i>Tribunal des conflits</i>, or "Court of Jurisdictional Dispute", composed of an equal number of Supreme Court justices and councillors of State. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Constitutional_Council">Constitutional Council</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_France&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Constitutional Council"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Council_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional Council of France">Constitutional Council of France</a></div> <p>Neither judicial nor administrative courts are empowered to rule on the <a href="/wiki/Constitutionality" title="Constitutionality">constitutionality</a> of acts of Parliament. While technically not part of the judicial branch, the <b>Constitutional Council</b> examines legislation and decides whether or not it violates the Constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This applies, prior to their enactment, to all forms of organic laws, but only by referral from the French president, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_Senate_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Presidents of the Senate of France">president of the Senate</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_National_Assembly_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Presidents of the National Assembly of France">president of the National Assembly</a>, the prime minister, or any of the 60 senators or 60 assembly members of the other types of laws or treaties. After their enactment, laws can all be reviewed by referral from the highest administrative court, the Conseil d'Etat, or by the highest judicial court, the Cour de Cassation. The Constitutional Council may declare acts to be unconstitutional, even if they contradict the principles of the 1789 <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man_and_of_the_Citizen" title="Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen">Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen</a> (cited in the Preamble of the Constitution). </p><p>Council members to the Constitutional Council are appointed for nine years (three every three years); three are appointed by the president, three by the president of the National Assembly, and three by the president of the Senate. The former presidents are also members for life of the Constitutional Council. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Financial_courts">Financial courts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_France&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Financial courts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>France's main Court of Audit (<i><a href="/wiki/Cour_des_Comptes" class="mw-redirect" title="Cour des Comptes">Cour des Comptes</a></i>) and regional audit courts audit government finances, public institutions (including other courts), and public entities. The court publishes an annual report and can refer criminal matters to public prosecutors. It can also directly fine public accountants for mishandling funds, and refer civil servants who misused funds to the Court of Financial and Budgetary Discipline. </p><p>The main and regional audit courts do not judge the accountants of private organizations. However, in some circumstances, they may audit their accounting, especially when an organization has been awarded a government contract over a public utility or a service requiring the permanent use of the public domain or if an organization is a bidder on a government contract. The Court is often solicitated by various state agencies, parliamentary commissions, and public regulators, but it can also petitioned to act by any French citizen or organization operating in France. </p><p>The Court's finances are overseen by financial commissions of the two Houses of the French Parliament which also set the Court's working budget in the annual Act of finances. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ombudsman">Ombudsman</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_France&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Ombudsman"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1973 the position of <i>médiateur de la République</i> (the Republic's <a href="/wiki/Ombudsman" title="Ombudsman">ombudsman</a>) was created. The ombudsman is charged with solving, without the need to a recourse before the courts, the disagreements between citizens and the administrations and other entities charged with a mission of a public service;<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> proposing reforms to the Government and the administrations to further these goals; and actively participating in the international promotion of <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a>. </p><p>In 2008, the office was enshrined in the French Constitution and three years later, in 2011, it was renamed <i>Défenseur des droits</i> (Defender of Rights). </p><p>The ombudsman is appointed for a period of six years by the president of the republic in the Council of Ministers. He cannot be removed from office and is protected for his official actions by an immunity similar to <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_immunity" title="Parliamentary immunity">parliamentary immunity</a>. He does not receive or accept orders from any authority. The current ombudsman is <a href="/wiki/Claire_H%C3%A9don" title="Claire Hédon">Claire Hédon</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="French_law">French law</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_France&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: French law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Politics_of_France" title="Special:EditPage/Politics of France">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Basic_principles">Basic principles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_France&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Basic principles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man_and_of_the_Citizen_in_1789.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man_and_of_the_Citizen_in_1789.jpg/250px-Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man_and_of_the_Citizen_in_1789.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="317" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man_and_of_the_Citizen_in_1789.jpg/375px-Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man_and_of_the_Citizen_in_1789.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man_and_of_the_Citizen_in_1789.jpg/500px-Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man_and_of_the_Citizen_in_1789.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3657" data-file-height="4636" /></a><figcaption>The basic principles that the French Republic must respect are found in the 1789 <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man_and_of_the_Citizen" title="Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen">Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>France uses a <a href="/wiki/Civil_law_(legal_system)" title="Civil law (legal system)">civil law</a> system; that is, law arises primarily from written statutes; judges are not to make law, but merely to interpret it (though the amount of judge interpretation in certain areas makes it equivalent to <a href="/wiki/Case_law" title="Case law">case law</a>). </p><p>Many fundamental principles of French Law were laid in the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Code" title="Napoleonic Code">Napoleonic Codes</a>. Basic principles of the <a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">rule of law</a> were laid in the Napoleonic Code: laws can only address the future and not the past (<a href="/wiki/Ex_post_facto" class="mw-redirect" title="Ex post facto">ex post facto</a> laws are prohibited); to be applicable, laws must have been officially published (see <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_Officiel_de_la_R%C3%A9publique_Fran%C3%A7aise" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal Officiel de la République Française">Journal Officiel</a></i>). </p><p>In agreement with the principles of the <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man_and_of_the_Citizen" title="Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen">Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen</a>, the general rule is that of freedom, and law should only prohibit actions detrimental to society. As <a href="/wiki/Guy_Canivet" title="Guy Canivet">Guy Canivet</a>, first president of the <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Cassation_(France)" title="Court of Cassation (France)">Court of Cassation</a>, said about what should be the rule in French law:<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><i>Freedom is the rule, and its restriction is the exception; any restriction of Freedom must be provided for by Law and must follow the principles of necessity and proportionality.</i></dd></dl> <p>That is, law may lay out prohibitions only if they are needed, and if the inconveniences caused by this restriction do not exceed the inconveniences that the prohibition is supposed to remedy. </p><p>France does not recognize <a href="/wiki/Religious_law" title="Religious law">religious law</a>, nor does it recognize religious beliefs as a motivation for the enactment of prohibitions. As a consequence, France has long had neither <a href="/wiki/Blasphemy" title="Blasphemy">blasphemy</a> laws nor <a href="/wiki/Sodomy_law" title="Sodomy law">sodomy laws</a> (the latter being abolished in 1789). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Statutory_law_versus_executive_regulations">Statutory law versus executive regulations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_France&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Statutory law versus executive regulations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>French law differentiates between legislative acts (<i>loi</i>), generally passed by the <a href="/wiki/Legislative_branch" class="mw-redirect" title="Legislative branch">legislative branch</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Regulation" title="Regulation">regulations</a> (<i>règlement</i>, instituted by <i>décrets</i>), issued by the prime minister. There also exist secondary regulation called <i>arrêtés</i>, issued by ministers, subordinates acting in their names, or local authorities; these may only be taken in areas of competency and within the scope delineated by primary legislation. There are also more and more regulations issued by independent agencies, especially relating to economic matters. </p><p>According to the Constitution of France (article 34): </p><p>Statutes shall concern: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil rights">Civic rights</a> and the fundamental guarantees granted to citizens for the exercise of their <a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_liberties&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Public liberties (page does not exist)">public liberties</a>; the obligations imposed for the purposes of <a href="/wiki/Defense_(military)" class="mw-redirect" title="Defense (military)">national defence</a> upon citizens in respect of their persons and their <a href="/wiki/Property" title="Property">property</a>;</li> <li>Nationality, the status and legal capacity of persons, matrimonial regimes, <a href="/wiki/Inheritance" title="Inheritance">inheritance</a> and gifts;</li> <li>The determination of serious <a href="/wiki/Crime" title="Crime">crimes</a> and other major offences and the penalties applicable to them; <a href="/wiki/Criminal_procedure" title="Criminal procedure">criminal procedure</a>; <a href="/wiki/Amnesty" title="Amnesty">amnesty</a>; the establishment of new classes of <a href="/wiki/Court" title="Court">courts</a> and tribunals and the regulations governing the members of the <a href="/wiki/Judiciary" title="Judiciary">judiciary</a>;</li> <li>The base, rates and methods of collection of <a href="/wiki/Tax" title="Tax">taxes</a> of all types; the issue of <a href="/wiki/Currency" title="Currency">currency</a>.</li></ul> <p>Statutes shall likewise determine the rules concerning: </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Electoral_system" title="Electoral system">electoral</a> systems of <a href="/wiki/French_Parliament" title="French Parliament">parliamentary assemblies</a> and local assemblies;</li> <li>The creation of categories of public establishments;</li> <li>The fundamental guarantees granted to civil and military personnel employed by the State;</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Nationalization" title="Nationalization">nationalization</a> of enterprises and transfers of ownership in enterprises from the public to the private sector.</li></ul> <p>Statutes shall determine the fundamental principles of: </p> <ul><li>The general organization of national defence;</li> <li>The self-government of territorial units, their powers and their resources;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education" title="Education">Education</a>;</li> <li>The regime governing ownership, rights in rem, and civil and commercial obligations;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_law" title="Labour law">Labour law</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">trade-union</a> law and <a href="/wiki/Social_security" class="mw-redirect" title="Social security">social security</a>.</li></ul> <p>Finance Acts shall determine the resources and obligations of the State in the manner and with the reservations specified in an institutional Act. Social Security Finance Acts shall determine the general conditions for the financial balance of Social Security and, in light of their revenue forecasts, shall determine expenditure targets in the manner and with the reservations specified in an institutional Act. Programme Acts shall determine the objectives of the economic and social action of the State. </p><p>The provisions of this article may be enlarged upon and complemented by an organic law. </p><p>Other areas are matters of <a href="/wiki/Regulation" title="Regulation">regulation</a>. This separation between law and regulation is enforced by the <i>Conseil constitutionnel</i>: the government can, with the agreement of the <i>Conseil constitutionnel</i>, modify by decrees the laws that infringe on the domain of regulations. At the same, the <i>Conseil d'État</i> nullifies decrees that infringe on the domain of the law. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Order_of_authority_for_sources_of_the_law">Order of authority for sources of the law</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_France&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Order of authority for sources of the law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When courts have to deal with incoherent texts, they apply a certain hierarchy: a text higher in the hierarchy will overrule a lower text. The general rule is that the Constitution is superior to laws which are superior to regulations. However, with the intervention of European law and international treaties, and the quasi-<a href="/wiki/Case_law" title="Case law">case law</a> of the administrative courts, the hierarchy may become somewhat unclear. The following hierarchy of norms should thus be taken with due caution: </p> <ol><li>French Constitution, including the basic core constitutional values recognized by the laws of the Republic as defined by the Constitutional Council;</li> <li>European Union treaties and regulations;</li> <li>International treaties and agreements;</li> <li>organic laws;</li> <li>ordinary laws;</li> <li>executive orders (advised on by the Council of State);</li> <li>other executive orders;</li> <li>rules and regulations; <ul><li>of multiple ministers;</li> <li>of a single minister;</li> <li>of local authorities;</li></ul></li> <li>regulations and decisions by independent agencies.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Local_government">Local government</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_France&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Local government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Traditionally, decision-making in France is highly centralized, with each of France's <a href="/wiki/Departments_of_France" title="Departments of France">departments</a> headed by a <a href="/wiki/Prefect_(France)" title="Prefect (France)">prefect</a> appointed by the central government, in addition to the <i>conseil général</i>, a locally elected council. However, in 1982, the national government passed legislation to <a href="/wiki/Decentralisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Decentralisation">decentralize</a> authority by giving a wide range of administrative and fiscal powers to local elected officials. In March 1986, regional councils were directly elected for the first time, and the process of decentralization has continued, albeit at a slow pace. In March 2003, a constitutional revision has changed very significantly the legal framework towards a more decentralized system and has increased the powers of local governments. Albeit France is still one of the most centralized major countries in Europe and the world. </p><p>Administrative units with a local government in <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_France" title="Metropolitan France">Metropolitan France</a> (that is, the parts of France lying in Europe) consist of: </p> <ul><li>about 35,000 <i><a href="/wiki/Commune_in_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Commune in France">communes</a></i>, headed by a municipal council and a mayor, grouped in</li> <li>96 <i><a href="/wiki/Departments_of_France" title="Departments of France">départements</a></i>, headed by a <i>conseil général</i> (general council) and its president, grouped in</li> <li>18 <i><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_France" title="Regions of France">régions</a></i>, headed by a <a href="/wiki/Conseil_r%C3%A9gional" class="mw-redirect" title="Conseil régional">regional council</a> and its <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_regional_council" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the regional council">president</a>.</li></ul> <p>The <i>conseil général</i> is an institution created in 1790 by the French Revolution in each of the newly created departments (they were suppressed by the Vichy government from 1942 to 1944). A <i>conseiller général</i> (departmental councillor) must be at least 21 years old and either live or pay taxes in the locality they are elected from. (Sociologist Jean Viard noted [<i>Le Monde</i>, 22 Feb 2006] that half of all <i>conseillers généraux</i> were still <i>fils de paysans</i>, i.e. sons of peasants, suggesting France's deep rural roots). Though the central government can theoretically dissolve a <i>conseil général</i> (in case of a dysfunctional <i>conseil</i>), this has happened only once in the Fifth Republic. </p><p>The <i>conseil général</i> discusses and passes laws on matters that concern the department; it is administratively responsible for departmental employees and land, manages subsidized housing, public transportation, and school subsidies, and contributes to public facilities. It is not allowed to express "political wishes." The <i>conseil général</i> meets at least three times a year and elects its president for a term of 3 years, who presides over its "permanent commission," usually consisting of 5-10 other departmental councillors elected from among their number. The <i>conseil général</i> has accrued new powers in the course of the political decentralization that has occurred past in France during the past thirty years. There are in all more than 4,000 <i>conseillers généraux</i> in France. </p><p>Different levels of administration have different duties, and shared responsibility is common; for instance, in the field of education, <i>communes</i> run public elementary schools, while <i>départements</i> run public junior high schools and <i>régions</i> run public high schools, but only for the building and upkeep of buildings; curricula and teaching personnel are supplied by the national Ministry of Education. </p><p>The 3 main cities, <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lyon" title="Lyon">Lyon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille">Marseille</a> have a special statute. Paris is at the same time a <i>commune</i> and a <i>département</i> with an institution, the <i>Conseil de Paris</i>, that is elected at the same time as the other <i>conseil municipaux</i>, but that operates also as a <i>conseil général</i>. The 3 cities are also divided into <i>arrondissement</i> each having its <i>conseil d'arrondissement</i> and its mayor. </p><p><a href="/wiki/French_overseas_departments_and_territories" class="mw-redirect" title="French overseas departments and territories">French overseas possessions</a> are divided into two groups: </p> <ul><li>Four <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9gions_d%27outre-mer" class="mw-redirect" title="Régions d'outre-mer">overseas <i>regions</i></a>, with some strong similarity of organization to their metropolitan counterparts; in these overseas regions all laws of France are automatically applicable, except if a specific text provides otherwise or provides some adaptation. The four <i>régions</i> are fully incorporated parts of the territory of the French Republic, and as such belong to the European Union, which means that European law is applicable;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territoires_d%27outre-mer" class="mw-redirect" title="Territoires d'outre-mer">Territories</a>, generally having greater autonomy. In general, French laws are not applicable, except if a specific text provides otherwise. A new Territory was created in February 2007: <a href="/wiki/Saint-Barth%C3%A9lemy" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint-Barthélemy">Saint-Barthélemy</a>. This Territory used to be part of the overseas department of Guadeloupe. The statute of Saint-Barthélemy provides the automatic application of French law, except mostly in the domain of taxes and immigration, which are left to the Territory. The Territories do not belong to the European Union. However, as "overseas territories" they have association agreements with the EU and may opt into some EU provisions. EU law applies to them only insofar is necessary to implement the association agreements.</li></ul> <p>All inhabited French territory is represented in both houses of Parliament and votes for the presidential election. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_France&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-fascism" title="Anti-fascism">Anti-fascism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Post%E2%80%93World_War_II_anti-fascism" title="Post–World War II anti-fascism">Post–World War II anti-fascism</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_France&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>All texts in French unless otherwise noted.</i> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFNationale" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Nationale, Assemblée. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.assemblee-nationale.fr/langues/welcome-to-the-english-website-of-the-french-national-assembly">"Welcome to the english website of the French National Assembly – Assemblée nationale"</a>. <i>www2.assemblee-nationale.fr</i> (in French)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www2.assemblee-nationale.fr&rft.atitle=Welcome+to+the+english+website+of+the+French+National+Assembly+%E2%80%93+Assembl%C3%A9e+nationale&rft.aulast=Nationale&rft.aufirst=Assembl%C3%A9e&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.assemblee-nationale.fr%2Flangues%2Fwelcome-to-the-english-website-of-the-french-national-assembly&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fra.europa.eu/sites/default/files/fra_uploads/1531-access-to-justice-2011-country-FR.pdf">"France"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Access to justice in Europe: an overview of challenges and opportunities</i>. European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights. p. 1. <q>France has a unique organisation of its courts and tribunals which are divided into two orders: the judiciary justice and the administrative justice</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Access+to+justice+in+Europe%3A+an+overview+of+challenges+and+opportunities&rft.atitle=France&rft.pages=1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffra.europa.eu%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Ffra_uploads%2F1531-access-to-justice-2011-country-FR.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vdem_dataset-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-vdem_dataset_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFV-Dem_Institute2023" class="citation web cs1">V-Dem Institute (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.v-dem.net/data/the-v-dem-dataset/">"The V-Dem Dataset"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+V-Dem+Dataset&rft.date=2023&rft.au=V-Dem+Institute&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.v-dem.net%2Fdata%2Fthe-v-dem-dataset%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See decisions <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.conseil-constitutionnel.fr/decision/1971/7144dc.htm">71-44 DC of 16 July 1971</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.conseil-constitutionnel.fr/decision/1973/7351dc.htm">73-51 DC of 27 December 1973</a> citing the preamble of the Constitution and the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/WAspad/UnTexteDeJorf?numjo=JUSX0300069L">Constitutional law 2005-205 of 1 March 2005</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Constitution, article 8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnappWright2003" class="citation book cs1">Knapp, Andrew; Wright, Vincent (2 September 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hw-IAgAAQBAJ&q=does+prime+minister+of+%22france%22+sign+an+undated+resignation+letter+when+appointed&pg=PA102"><i>The Government and Politics of France</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-84129-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-84129-5"><bdi>978-1-134-84129-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Government+and+Politics+of+France&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003-09-02&rft.isbn=978-1-134-84129-5&rft.aulast=Knapp&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft.au=Wright%2C+Vincent&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dhw-IAgAAQBAJ%26q%3Ddoes%2Bprime%2Bminister%2Bof%2B%2522france%2522%2Bsign%2Ban%2Bundated%2Bresignation%2Bletter%2Bwhen%2Bappointed%26pg%3DPA102&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/apr/24/whats-in-emmanuel-macrons-intray-after-his-re-election-as-french-president">"What's in Emmanuel Macron's intray after his re-election as French president?"</a>. <i>the Guardian</i>. 24 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=the+Guardian&rft.atitle=What%27s+in+Emmanuel+Macron%27s+intray+after+his+re-election+as+French+president%3F&rft.date=2022-04-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2022%2Fapr%2F24%2Fwhats-in-emmanuel-macrons-intray-after-his-re-election-as-french-president&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/europe/2022/04/30/frances-re-elected-president-prepares-for-a-tough-second-term">"France's re-elected president prepares for a tough second term"</a>. <i>The Economist</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=France%27s+re-elected+president+prepares+for+a+tough+second+term&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Feurope%2F2022%2F04%2F30%2Ffrances-re-elected-president-prepares-for-a-tough-second-term&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.interieur.gouv.fr/Elections/Les-resultats/Presidentielles/elecresult__presidentielle-2022/(path)/presidentielle-2022/FE.html">"Résultats de l'élection présidentielle 2022"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220507115012/https://www.interieur.gouv.fr/Elections/Les-resultats/Presidentielles/elecresult__presidentielle-2022/(path)/presidentielle-2022/FE.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=R%C3%A9sultats+de+l%27%C3%A9lection+pr%C3%A9sidentielle+2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.interieur.gouv.fr%2FElections%2FLes-resultats%2FPresidentielles%2Felecresult__presidentielle-2022%2F%28path%29%2Fpresidentielle-2022%2FFE.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Constitution, article 21</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Constitution,_article_20-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Constitution,_article_20_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Constitution,_article_20_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Constitution, article 20</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Constitution, article 49</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Constitution, article 48</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">National Assembly, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/12/cri/2005-2006/20060143.asp">transcripts of the sitting of 9 February 2006</a>: appearance of Dominique de Villepin announcing the application of article 49-3; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/12/ta/ta0534.asp">adopted text</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The "first employment contract" was cancelled by a <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/WAspad/UnTexteDeJorf?numjo=SOCX0609236L">law of 21 April 2006</a> following massive street protests; see <i><a href="/wiki/First_Employment_Contract" title="First Employment Contract">First Employment Contract</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lci.fr/politique/ministre-d-etat-ou-ministre-quelles-differences-protocole-salaire-statut-2127275.html">"Ministre d'Etat ou ministre : quelles différences ?"</a>. <i>LCI</i> (in French). 17 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=LCI&rft.atitle=Ministre+d%27Etat+ou+ministre+%3A+quelles+diff%C3%A9rences+%3F&rft.date=2019-07-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lci.fr%2Fpolitique%2Fministre-d-etat-ou-ministre-quelles-differences-protocole-salaire-statut-2127275.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.conseil-etat.fr/ce/missio/index_mi_cg01.shtml#1">Le rôle consultatif du Conseil d'État</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090429075357/http://www.conseil-etat.fr/ce/missio/index_mi_cg01.shtml">Archived</a> 29 April 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Constitution, article 38</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">On the legal régime of ordinances and explicit and implicit ratification, see <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.senat.fr/ej/ej_ordonnance/ej_ordonnance1.html">Les ordonnances : bilan au 31 décembre 2006</a></i> by the legal service of the <a href="/wiki/French_Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="French Senate">French Senate</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/WAspad/UnTexteDeJorf?numjo=JUSX0000009L">Law 2000-517</a> authorized the government to adopt ordinances to convert sums from Francs to Euros in various legislative texts.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/WAspad/UnTexteDeJorf?numjo=SOCX0500188R">Ordinance of 2 August 2005</a> regarding the "new employment contract"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/html/sites/sites_autorites.htm">this list</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See bibliography</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Code of postal services and electronic communications, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/WAspad/UnArticleDeCode?commun=&code=CPOSTESL.rcv&art=L43">article L43</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLe_Parisien2018" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Le Parisien (27 July 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.leparisien.fr/politique/pompidou-renverse-en-1962-la-seule-motion-de-censure-qui-a-fait-mouche-27-07-2018-7835811.php">"Pompidou renversé en 1962 : la seule motion de censure qui a fait mouche"</a>. <i>leparisien.fr</i> (in French). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210624203319/https://www.leparisien.fr/politique/pompidou-renverse-en-1962-la-seule-motion-de-censure-qui-a-fait-mouche-27-07-2018-7835811.php">Archived</a> from the original on 24 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=leparisien.fr&rft.atitle=Pompidou+renvers%C3%A9+en+1962+%3A+la+seule+motion+de+censure+qui+a+fait+mouche&rft.date=2018-07-27&rft.au=Le+Parisien&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.leparisien.fr%2Fpolitique%2Fpompidou-renverse-en-1962-la-seule-motion-de-censure-qui-a-fait-mouche-27-07-2018-7835811.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This immunity is called for in article 26 of the Constitution, as defined by the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/WAspad/UnTexteDeJorf?numjo=JUSX9500101L">Constitutional law of 5 August 1995</a>. See: National assembly, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/connaissance/immunite.asp">L'immunité parlementaire</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Background Notes on Countries of the World 2003". <i>Superintendent of Documents</i>. October 1994 – via EBSCOhost.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Superintendent+of+Documents&rft.atitle=Background+Notes+on+Countries+of+the+World+2003&rft.date=1994-10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.senat.fr/lng/en/senators/the_senatorial_elections.html">"The senatorial elections – Sénat"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+senatorial+elections+%E2%80%93+S%C3%A9nat&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.senat.fr%2Flng%2Fen%2Fsenators%2Fthe_senatorial_elections.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSenat" class="citation web cs1">Senat. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.senat.fr/role/senate.html#c602555">"Mode d'élection des Sénateurs"</a>. <i>senat.fr</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=senat.fr&rft.atitle=Mode+d%27%C3%A9lection+des+S%C3%A9nateurs&rft.au=Senat&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.senat.fr%2Frole%2Fsenate.html%23c602555&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.humanite.presse.fr/journal/1998-04-21/1998-04-21-414447">L'Humanité</a></i>, 21 April 1998; <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.humanite.presse.fr/journal/1998-04-23/1998-04-23-414616">L'Humanité</a></i>, 23 April 1998; <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.humanite.presse.fr/journal/2002-08-13/2002-08-13-38435">L'Humanité</a></i>, 13 August 2002</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Constitution,_article_39-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Constitution,_article_39_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Constitution,_article_39_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Constitution, article 39</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Loi organique n° 2009-403 du 15 avril 2009 relative à l'application des articles 34-1, 39 et 44 de la Constitution, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legifrance.gouv.fr/affichTexteArticle.do?idArticle=LEGIARTI000020522653&cidTexte=LEGITEXT000020522634">article 8</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Constitution, article 40</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Constitution, article 46</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Constitution,_article_10-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Constitution,_article_10_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Constitution,_article_10_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Constitution, article 10</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Constitution, article 61</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Constitution, article 19</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Civil Code, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/WAspad/UnArticleDeCode?commun=&code=CCIVILL0.rcv&art=1">article 1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MDLJ-OrgJustice-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MDLJ-OrgJustice_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrench_Ministry_of_Justice2021" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/French_Ministry_of_Justice" class="mw-redirect" title="French Ministry of Justice">French Ministry of Justice</a> (15 September 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.justice.gouv.fr/organisation-de-la-justice-10031/">"L'organisation de la justice en France"</a> [Organization of justice in France]. <i><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minist%C3%A8re_de_la_Justice" class="extiw" title="fr:Ministère de la Justice">Ministère de la Justice</a></i> (in French)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 March</span> 2023</span>. <q>Les juridictions françaises se répartissent en deux ordres : un ordre judiciaire et un ordre administratif. Les juridictions de l'ordre judiciaire sont compétentes pour régler les litiges opposant les personnes privées et pour sanctionner les auteurs d'infractions aux lois pénales. ... Les juridictions de l'ordre administratif sont compétentes dès qu'une personne publique est en cause (une municipalité ou un service de l'État par exemple).</q> [The French courts are divided into two orders: a judicial order and an administrative order. The courts of the judicial order are responsible for settling disputes between private individuals and for punishing the perpetrators of criminal offenses. ... The administrative courts have jurisdiction as soon as a public entity is involved (a municipality or a government department for example).]</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Minist%C3%A8re+de+la+Justice&rft.atitle=L%27organisation+de+la+justice+en+France&rft.date=2021-09-15&rft.au=French+Ministry+of+Justice&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.justice.gouv.fr%2Forganisation-de-la-justice-10031%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRADULESCU2015" class="citation journal cs1">RADULESCU, Crina (January 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libezp.lib.lsu.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=110150839&site=ehost-live&scope=site">"The European Ombudsman: Facilitator or Supervisor?"</a>. <i>Juridical Current</i>. <b>18</b> (1): 117–127 – via EBSCOhost.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Juridical+Current&rft.atitle=The+European+Ombudsman%3A+Facilitator+or+Supervisor%3F.&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=117-127&rft.date=2015-01&rft.aulast=RADULESCU&rft.aufirst=Crina&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibezp.lib.lsu.edu%2Flogin%3Furl%3Dhttp%3A%2F%2Fsearch.ebscohost.com%2Flogin.aspx%3Fdirect%3Dtrue%26db%3Da9h%26AN%3D110150839%26site%3Dehost-live%26scope%3Dsite&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Guy Canivet was saying how the rules governing prisons disregarded the basic rule of law that liberty is the general case and prohibition the exception. See Jacques Floch, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/11/rap-enq/r2521-2.asp">Report of the enquiry commission of the French national assembly on the situation in French prisons</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_France&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">It includes the <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_the_Republican_Left" title="Federation of the Republican Left">FGR</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dissident" title="Dissident">dissident</a> candidates from the <a href="/wiki/New_Ecological_and_Social_People%27s_Union" title="New Ecological and Social People's Union">NUPES</a> member parties. Some <a href="/wiki/Independent_candidates" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent candidates">independent candidates</a> affiliated with the NUPES were also labeled as Miscellaneous left by the Ministry of Interior. In the second round, the result of the <a href="/wiki/Radical_Party_of_the_Left" title="Radical Party of the Left">PRG</a> was included in the results for the Miscellaneous left by the Ministry.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Some independents affiliated with the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_the_Right_and_Centre" title="Union of the Right and Centre">UDC</a> were <span class="nowrap">labeled as Miscellaneous right by the Ministry of Interior.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">It includes the <a href="/wiki/Lutte_Ouvri%C3%A8re" title="Lutte Ouvrière">Lutte Ouvrière</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Anticapitalist_Party" title="New Anticapitalist Party">NPA</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">It includes the <a href="/wiki/Union_for_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Union for France">Union for France</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Debout_la_France" title="Debout la France">DLF</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Patriots_(France)" title="The Patriots (France)">LP</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In the second round, the result of the <a href="/wiki/Radical_Party_of_the_Left" title="Radical Party of the Left">Radical Party of the Left</a> was included in the results for the <a href="/wiki/Miscellaneous_Left" class="mw-redirect" title="Miscellaneous Left">Miscellaneous Left</a> by the French Ministry of the Interior.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_France&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Legal reference texts <ul><li>General reference <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr">General government web site with all texts, including some that are translated to English</a></li></ul></li> <li>Constitution <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_France" title="Constitution of France">Constitution ed la République Française</a></i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.conseil-constitutionnel.fr/textes/c1958web.htm">original text</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/english/8ab.asp">official English translation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man_and_of_the_Citizen" title="Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen">Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen</a> (<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/fr:D%C3%A9claration_des_Droits_de_l%27Homme_et_du_Citoyen" class="extiw" title="s:fr:Déclaration des Droits de l'Homme et du Citoyen">French text</a>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/en:Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man_and_of_the_Citizen" class="extiw" title="s:en:Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen">English translation</a>)</li></ul></li> <li>Rules of procedure <ul><li>Rules of procedure of the National Assembly (original text, English version)</li></ul></li> <li>Justice <ul><li><i>Code civil</i> (official English translation)</li> <li><i>Code des juridictions financières</i></li> <li><i>Code de procédure pénale</i> (official English translation)</li> <li><i>Code de justice administrative</i></li></ul></li> <li>Budget <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/WAspad/UnTexteDeJorf?numjo=ECOX0104681L">The LOLF</a> (official English translation)</li></ul></li> <li>Ombudsman <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/texteconsolide/PPEAP.htm">Law 73-6 of 3 January 1973</a>, creating the position of the Ombudsman (updated version)</li></ul></li> <li>Justice <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/WAspad/UnCode?commun=&code=CCIVILL0.rcv">Civil Code, statutory part</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/WAspad/UnCode?commun=&code=CPROCIV0.rcv">Code of Civil Procedure, statutory part</a> (official English translation)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/WAspad/UnCode?commun=&code=CPENALLL.rcv">Criminal Code, statutory part</a> official English translation)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/WAspad/UnCode?commun=&code=CPROCPEL.rcv">Code of Criminal Procedure, statutory part</a> (official English translation)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/WAspad/UnCode?commun=&code=CJUSADML.rcv">Code of Administrative Justice, statutory part</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Official documentation <ul><li>General <ul><li><i>Vie publique : découverte des institutions</i></li> <li><i>Les pouvoirs publics. Textes essentiels 2005.</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/La_Documentation_fran%C3%A7aise" class="mw-redirect" title="La Documentation française">La Documentation française</a></i>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-11-005961-3" title="Special:BookSources/2-11-005961-3">2-11-005961-3</a></li></ul></li> <li>Financial jurisdictions <ul><li><i>La Cour des Comptes</i>, The Court of Accounts <span class="languageicon">(in English)</span></li></ul></li> <li>Budget <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Lambert" title="Alain Lambert">Alain Lambert</a>, <a href="/wiki/Didier_Migaud" title="Didier Migaud">Didier Migaud</a>, <i>Réussir la LOLF, clé d'une gestion publique responsible et efficace. Rapport au Gouvernement</i>, September 2005, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-11-095515-5" title="Special:BookSources/2-11-095515-5">2-11-095515-5</a> (page, PDF)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051016134228/http://www.vie-publique.fr/decouverte_instit/approfondissements/approf_212.htm">Presentation of the LOLF</a></li> <li>Edward Arkwright, Stanislas Godefroy, Manuel Mazquez, Jean-Luc Bœuf, Cécile Courrèges, <i>La mise en oeuvre de la loi organique relative aux lois de finances</i>, <a href="/wiki/La_Documentation_Fran%C3%A7aise" class="mw-redirect" title="La Documentation Française">La Documentation Française</a>, 2005, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-11-005944-3" title="Special:BookSources/2-11-005944-3">2-11-005944-3</a></li></ul></li> <li>Independent administrative authorities <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_State_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of State (France)">Conseil d'État</a>, rapport public 2001, <i>Les autorités administratives indépendantes</i> (PDF) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-11-004788-7" title="Special:BookSources/2-11-004788-7">2-11-004788-7</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_France&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Frédéric Monera, <i>L'idée de République et la jurisprudence du Conseil constitutionnel</i> – Paris: L.G.D.J., 2004 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.fnac.com/Shelf/article.asp?PRID=1601897&Mn=2&Ra=-1&To=0&Nu=2&Fr=3">[1]</a>-<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060923201826/http://www.lgdj.fr/rech_rapide.php?_Sess=c22f5de9dee93f9554d169596caad970&_Mots=monera&_TypeCode=">[2]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_France&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.service-public.fr"><i>Service Public</i>, Official portal to public services</a> <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_for_Europe_and_Foreign_Affairs_(France)" title="Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs (France)">Europe and Foreign Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_National_Education_(France)" title="Ministry of National Education (France)">National Education, Youth and Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Economics_and_Finance_(France)" title="Ministry of Economics and Finance (France)">Economy and Finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Armed_Forces_(France)" title="Ministry of Armed Forces (France)">Armed Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_the_Interior_(France)" title="Minister of the Interior (France)">Interior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Labour,_Employment_and_Economic_Inclusion_(France)" title="Minister of Labour, Employment and Economic Inclusion (France)">Labour, Employment and Economic Inclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Ecological_Transition_(France)" title="Ministry of Ecological Transition (France)">Ecological Transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Territorial_Development_(France)" title="Minister of Territorial Development (France)">Territorial Cohesion and Relations with Local Authorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Justice_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Justice (France)">Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Culture_(France)" title="Ministry of Culture (France)">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Overseas_(France)" title="Ministry of the Overseas (France)">Overseas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Health_(France)" title="Minister of Health (France)">Solidarity and Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_the_Sea_(France)" title="Minister of the Sea (France)">Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Higher_Education,_Research_and_Innovation_(France)" title="Minister of Higher Education, Research and Innovation (France)">Higher Education, Research and Innovation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Agriculture_(France)" title="Ministry of Agriculture (France)">Agriculture and Food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Civil_Service_Ministers_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Civil Service Ministers of France">Public Transformation and Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minister_for_Gender_Equality,_Diversity_and_Equal_Opportunities" title="Minister for Gender Equality, Diversity and Equal Opportunities">Gender Equality, Diversity and Equal Opportunities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former portfolios</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Air_(France)" title="Minister of Air (France)">Air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Information_(France)" title="Ministry of Information (France)">Information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Navy_(France)" title="Ministry of the Navy (France)">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Police_(France)" title="Ministry of Police (France)">Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_War_(France)" title="Ministry of War (France)">War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Politics_of_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_Europe" title="Template:Politics of Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Politics_of_Europe" title="Template talk:Politics of Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Politics_of_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Politics of Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Politics_of_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Europe" title="Politics of Europe">Politics of Europe </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Albania" title="Politics of Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Andorra" title="Politics of Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Armenia" title="Politics of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Austria" title="Politics of Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Azerbaijan" title="Politics of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Belarus" title="Politics of Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Belgium" title="Politics of Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Politics of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Bulgaria" title="Politics of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Croatia" title="Politics of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Cyprus" title="Politics of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Politics of the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Denmark" title="Politics of Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Estonia" title="Politics of Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Finland" title="Politics of Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Politics of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Germany" title="Politics of Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Greece" title="Politics of Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Hungary" title="Politics of Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Iceland" title="Politics of Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Politics of the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Italy" title="Politics of Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Kazakhstan" title="Politics of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Latvia" title="Politics of Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Liechtenstein" title="Politics of Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Lithuania" title="Politics of Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Luxembourg" title="Politics of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Malta" title="Politics of Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Moldova" title="Politics of Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Monaco" title="Politics of Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Montenegro" title="Politics of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Netherlands" title="Politics of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_North_Macedonia" title="Politics of North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Norway" title="Politics of Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Poland" title="Politics of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Portugal" title="Politics of Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Romania" title="Politics of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Russia" title="Politics of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_San_Marino" title="Politics of San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Serbia" title="Politics of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Slovakia" title="Politics of Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Slovenia" title="Politics of Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Spain" title="Politics of Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Sweden" title="Politics of Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Switzerland" title="Politics of Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Turkey" title="Politics of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Ukraine" title="Politics of Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Politics of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_England" title="Politics of England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Politics of Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Scotland" title="Politics of Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Wales" title="Politics of Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Vatican_City" title="Politics of Vatican City">Vatican City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with limited<br />recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Abkhazia" title="Politics of Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Kosovo" title="Politics of Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Northern_Cyprus" title="Politics of Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_South_Ossetia" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Transnistria" title="Politics of Transnistria">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies and<br />other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_%C3%85land" title="Politics of Åland">Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Faroe_Islands" title="Politics of the Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Gibraltar" title="Politics of Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Guernsey" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Isle_of_Man" title="Politics of the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Jersey" title="Politics of Jersey">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Svalbard" title="Politics of Svalbard">Svalbard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_European_Union" title="Politics of the European Union">European Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="France_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:France_topics" title="Template:France topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:France_topics" title="Template talk:France topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:France_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:France topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="France_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_France" title="Outline of France">topics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History" title="History">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_France" title="History of France">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_French_history" title="Timeline of French history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_history_of_France" title="Political history of France">Political history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_France" title="Military history of France">Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_French" title="History of French">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_France" title="Economic history of France">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_French_foreign_relations" title="History of French foreign relations">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_French_journalism" title="History of French journalism">Journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_France" title="Liberalism and radicalism in France">Liberalism and radicalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Brittany" title="History of Brittany">History of Brittany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Normandy" title="History of Normandy">History of Normandy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">Ancient</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_France" title="Prehistory of France">Prehistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_pre-Roman_Gaul" title="Greeks in pre-Roman Gaul">Greek colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Celtic Gaul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Gaul" title="Roman Gaul">Roman Gaul</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visigothic_Kingdom" title="Visigothic Kingdom">Visigothic Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francia" title="Francia">Francia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Francia" title="West Francia">West Francia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="France in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">Kingdom of France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fundamental_laws_of_the_Kingdom_of_France" title="Fundamental laws of the Kingdom of France">Fundamental laws</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Early_Modern" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Modern">Early Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Early modern France">Early modern era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">House of Bourbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy_in_France" title="Absolute monarchy in France">Absolute monarchy</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Ancien_R%C3%A9gime" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancien Régime">Ancien Régime</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Wars_of_Religion" title="French Wars of Religion">Wars of Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Westphalia" title="Peace of Westphalia">Peace of Westphalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Hundred_Years%27_War" title="Second Hundred Years' War">Second Hundred Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV">Louis XIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession" title="War of the Spanish Succession">War of the Spanish Succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_Revolution_of_1756" class="mw-redirect" title="Diplomatic Revolution of 1756">Diplomatic Revolution of 1756</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Revolution</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_era" title="Napoleonic era">Napoleonic era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">First Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">First Empire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Late_Modern" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Modern">Late Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/France_in_the_long_nineteenth_century" title="France in the long nineteenth century">Long nineteenth century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France" title="Bourbon Restoration in France">Restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_Monarchy" title="July Monarchy">July Monarchy</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution_of_1848" title="French Revolution of 1848">Revolution of 1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Second_Republic" title="French Second Republic">Second Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1851_French_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1851 French coup d'état">Coup of 2 December 1851</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">Second Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_National_Defense" title="Government of National Defense">Government of National Defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">Third Republic</a> <ul><li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Belle_%C3%89poque" title="Belle Époque">Belle Époque</a></i></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Army_in_World_War_I" title="French Army in World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interwar_France" title="Interwar France">Interwar</a> <ul><li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Ann%C3%A9es_folles" title="Années folles">Années folles</a></i></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France_during_World_War_II" title="France during World War II">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_France" title="Free France">Free France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_France" title="Liberation of France">Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_French_Republic" title="Provisional Government of the French Republic">Provisional Government</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Contemporary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_France_(1900_to_present)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of France (1900 to present)">1900 to present</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Fourth_Republic" title="French Fourth Republic">Fourth Republic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_War" title="Algerian War">Algerian War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Fifth_Republic" title="French Fifth Republic">Fifth Republic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/May_68" title="May 68">May 68</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_French_riots" title="2005 French riots">2005 riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Recession_in_Europe#France,_Benelux_countries" title="Great Recession in Europe">Great Recession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_2015_Paris_attacks" title="November 2015 Paris attacks">2015 Paris attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_French_presidential_election" title="2017 French presidential election">2017 presidential election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_France" title="COVID-19 pandemic in France">Coronavirus pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_French_labor_protests" title="2021 French labor protests">2021 labor protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_French_presidential_election" title="2022 French presidential election">2022 presidential election</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_France" title="Geography of France">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_France" title="Administrative divisions of France">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_communes_in_France_with_over_20,000_inhabitants" title="List of communes in France with over 20,000 inhabitants">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_France" title="Climate change in France">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borders_of_France" title="Borders of France">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_France" title="List of islands of France">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_France" title="List of lakes of France">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_mountains_by_prominence" title="List of French mountains by prominence">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_France" title="List of national parks of France">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_France" title="List of rivers of France">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_France" title="List of World Heritage Sites in France">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutions_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutions of France">Constitutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_France" title="Elections in France">Elections</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_elections_in_France" title="Presidential elections in France">presidential</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_France" title="Foreign relations of France">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_France" title="Human rights in France">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_rights_in_France" title="Intersex rights in France">Intersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_France" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in France">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_France" title="Judiciary of France">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_France" title="Law of France">Law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legal_history_of_France" title="Legal history of France">history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_France" title="Law enforcement in France">enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_criminal_law" title="French criminal law">criminal law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Armed_Forces" title="French Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Parliament" title="French Parliament">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_France" title="List of political parties in France">Political parties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_France" title="Economy of France">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_France#Agriculture" title="Economy of France">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_France" title="Automotive industry in France">Automotive industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_France" title="Banking in France">Banking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_France" title="Bank of France">Central bank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_France" title="Economic history of France">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_France" title="Energy in France">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">Euro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exports_of_France" title="List of exports of France">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_franc" title="French franc">Franc (former currency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_regions_and_overseas_collectivities_by_GDP" title="List of French regions and overseas collectivities by GDP">French subdivisions by GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_France" title="Mining in France">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euronext_Paris" title="Euronext Paris">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_France" title="Science and technology in France">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_France" title="Taxation in France">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_France" title="Telecommunications in France">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_France" title="Tourism in France">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_trade_unions_in_France" title="List of trade unions in France">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_France" title="Transport in France">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_France" title="Category:Society of France">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_France" title="Abortion in France">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birth_control_in_France" title="Birth control in France">Birth control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_France" title="Crime in France">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_France" title="Demographics of France">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_France" title="Education in France">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_in_France" title="Health care in France">Health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_France" title="Homelessness in France">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_France" title="Immigration to France">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_departments_by_life_expectancy" title="List of French departments by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_people" title="French people">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_France" title="Poverty in France">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_France" title="Religion in France">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secularism_in_France" title="Secularism in France">secularism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_France" title="Racism in France">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_France" title="Social class in France">Social class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_protection_in_France" title="Social protection in France">Welfare</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_France" title="Culture of France">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/La_Marseillaise" title="La Marseillaise">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_architecture" title="French architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_art" title="French art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_France" title="Coat of arms of France">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_France" title="Cinema of France">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_cuisine" title="French cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li>Cultural icons</li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_fashion" title="French fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_France" title="Flag of France">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Remarkable_Gardens_of_France" title="List of Remarkable Gardens of France">Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_France" title="Languages of France">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_literature" title="French literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of France">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_France" title="Music of France">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_philosophy" title="French philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_France" title="Public holidays in France">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_France" title="Sport in France">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbols of France">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_France" title="Theatre of France">Theatre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="padding:0.25em;"><div><div style="margin-top:0;line-height:1.4em;margin-bottom:-0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_France" title="Outline of France">Outline</a></li></ul> </div><div style="margin-top:-0.2em;line-height:1.4em;font-weight:bold;margin-bottom:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:France" title="Category:France">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:France" title="Portal:France">Portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_France" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject France">WikiProject</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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