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[o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div 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vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Overview" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overview"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Overview </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Overview-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Overview subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Overview-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Connector_type_quick_reference" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Connector_type_quick_reference"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 Connector type quick reference </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Connector_type_quick_reference-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Objectives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Objectives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Objectives </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Objectives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Limitations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Limitations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Limitations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Limitations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-USB_1.x" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#USB_1.x"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 USB 1.x </div> </a> <ul id="toc-USB_1.x-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-USB_2.0" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#USB_2.0"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 USB 2.0 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-USB_2.0-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-USB_3.x" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#USB_3.x"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 USB 3.x </div> </a> <ul id="toc-USB_3.x-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Naming_scheme" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Naming_scheme"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.1 Naming scheme </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Naming_scheme-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-USB4" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#USB4"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 USB4 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-USB4-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-September_2022_naming_scheme" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#September_2022_naming_scheme"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.1 September 2022 naming scheme </div> </a> <ul id="toc-September_2022_naming_scheme-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Version_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Version_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Version history </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Version_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Release_versions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Release_versions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.1 Release versions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Release_versions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Power-related_standards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Power-related_standards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.2 Power-related standards </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Power-related_standards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-System_design" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#System_design"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 System design </div> </a> <ul id="toc-System_design-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Device_classes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Device_classes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Device classes </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Device_classes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Device classes subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Device_classes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-USB_mass_storage_/_USB_drive" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#USB_mass_storage_/_USB_drive"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 USB mass storage / USB drive </div> </a> <ul id="toc-USB_mass_storage_/_USB_drive-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media_Transfer_Protocol" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media_Transfer_Protocol"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Media Transfer Protocol </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media_Transfer_Protocol-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_interface_devices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_interface_devices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Human interface devices </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_interface_devices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Device_Firmware_Upgrade_mechanism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Device_Firmware_Upgrade_mechanism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Device Firmware Upgrade mechanism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Device_Firmware_Upgrade_mechanism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Audio_streaming" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Audio_streaming"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Audio streaming </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Audio_streaming-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Connectors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Connectors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Connectors </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Connectors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cabling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cabling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Cabling </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cabling-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Cabling subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Cabling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-USB_bridge_cables" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#USB_bridge_cables"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 USB bridge cables </div> </a> <ul id="toc-USB_bridge_cables-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dual-role_USB_connections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dual-role_USB_connections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.1 Dual-role USB connections </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dual-role_USB_connections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Power" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Power"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Power </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Power-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Power subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Power-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Low-power_and_high-power_devices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Low-power_and_high-power_devices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Low-power and high-power devices </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Low-power_and_high-power_devices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Signaling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Signaling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Signaling </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Signaling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Protocol_layer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Protocol_layer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Protocol layer </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Protocol_layer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transactions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transactions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Transactions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transactions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Related_standards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Related_standards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Related standards </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Related_standards-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Related standards subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Related_standards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Media_Agnostic_USB" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media_Agnostic_USB"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Media Agnostic USB </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media_Agnostic_USB-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-InterChip_USB" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#InterChip_USB"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 InterChip USB </div> </a> <ul id="toc-InterChip_USB-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-USB-C" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#USB-C"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.3 USB-C </div> </a> <ul id="toc-USB-C-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-DisplayLink" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#DisplayLink"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.4 DisplayLink </div> </a> <ul id="toc-DisplayLink-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comparisons_with_other_connection_methods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparisons_with_other_connection_methods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Comparisons with other connection methods </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Comparisons_with_other_connection_methods-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Comparisons with other connection methods subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Comparisons_with_other_connection_methods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-FireWire_(IEEE_1394)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#FireWire_(IEEE_1394)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1 FireWire (IEEE 1394) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-FireWire_(IEEE_1394)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethernet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethernet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.2 Ethernet </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethernet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-MIDI" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#MIDI"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.3 MIDI </div> </a> <ul id="toc-MIDI-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-eSATA/eSATAp" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#eSATA/eSATAp"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.4 eSATA/eSATAp </div> </a> <ul id="toc-eSATA/eSATAp-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thunderbolt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thunderbolt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.5 Thunderbolt </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thunderbolt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interoperability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interoperability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Interoperability </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interoperability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Security_threats" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Security_threats"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Security threats </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Security_threats-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 See also </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-See_also-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle See also subsection </button> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-USB" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#USB"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15.1 USB </div> </a> <ul id="toc-USB-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Derived_and_related_standards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Derived_and_related_standards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15.2 Derived and related standards </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Derived_and_related_standards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 18 External links </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle External links subsection </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-General_overview" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_overview"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 18.1 General overview </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_overview-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Technical_documents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Technical_documents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 18.2 Technical documents </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Technical_documents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">USB</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 87 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-87" aria-hidden="true" > 87 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB" title="USB – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="USB" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%89_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85" title="المسرى التسلسلي العام – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="المسرى التسلسلي العام" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB" title="USB – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="USB" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Serial_Bus" title="Universal Serial Bus – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Universal Serial Bus" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB" title="USB – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="USB" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB" title="USB – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="USB" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF" title="ইউএসবি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইউএসবি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB" title="USB – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="USB" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB" title="USB – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="USB" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB" title="USB – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="USB" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porzh_USB" title="Porzh USB – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Porzh USB" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bus_en_s%C3%A8rie_universal" title="Bus en sèrie universal – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Bus en sèrie universal" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB" title="USB – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="USB" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB" title="USB – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="USB" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Serial_Bus" title="Universal Serial Bus – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Universal Serial Bus" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Serial_Bus" title="Universal Serial Bus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Universal Serial Bus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universaalne_jadasiin" title="Universaalne jadasiin – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Universaalne jadasiin" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB" title="USB – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="USB" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Serial_Bus" title="Universal Serial Bus – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Universal Serial Bus" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universala_Seria_Buso" title="Universala Seria Buso – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Universala Seria Buso" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB" title="USB – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="USB" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B3%E2%80%8C%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="یواس‌بی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="یواس‌بی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB" title="USB – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="USB" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB" title="USB – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="USB" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AF%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%A8%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B8%E0%AA%B2_%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%B2_%E0%AA%AC%E0%AA%B8" title="યુનિવર્સલ સીરિયલ બસ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="યુનિવર્સલ સીરિયલ બસ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB" title="USB – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="USB" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB" title="USB – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="USB" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB" title="USB – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="USB" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%80" title="यूएसबी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="यूएसबी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Serial_Bus" title="Universal Serial Bus – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Universal Serial Bus" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB" title="USB – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="USB" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Serial_Bus" title="Universal Serial Bus – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Universal Serial Bus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB" title="USB – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="USB" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB" title="USB – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="USB" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB" title="USB – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="USB" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Serial_Bus" title="Universal Serial Bus – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Universal Serial Bus" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%8E%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%BF" title="ಯುಎಸ್‌ಬಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಯುಎಸ್‌ಬಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB" title="USB – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="USB" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Serial_Bus" title="Universal Serial Bus – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Universal Serial Bus" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Serial_Bus" title="Universal Serial Bus – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Universal Serial Bus" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB" title="USB – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="USB" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB" title="USB – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="USB" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Serial_Bus" title="Universal Serial Bus – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Universal Serial Bus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB" title="USB – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="USB" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%BD_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%BD_%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="യൂണിവേഴ്സൽ സീരിയൽ ബസ്സ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="യൂണിവേഴ്സൽ സീരിയൽ ബസ്സ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B8" title="युनिव्हर्सल सिरियल बस – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="युनिव्हर्सल सिरियल बस" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bas_Bersiri_Sejagat" title="Bas Bersiri Sejagat – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bas Bersiri Sejagat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9A%E1%80%B0%E1%80%A1%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%98%E1%80%AE" title="ယူအက်စ်ဘီ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ယူအက်စ်ဘီ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_serial_bus" title="Universal serial bus – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Universal serial bus" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB" title="USB – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="USB" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A6%E3%83%8B%E3%83%90%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B5%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B7%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%83%90%E3%82%B9" title="ユニバーサル・シリアル・バス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ユニバーサル・シリアル・バス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB" title="USB – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="USB" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Serial_Bus" title="Universal Serial Bus – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Universal Serial Bus" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB" title="USB – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="USB" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Serial_Bus" title="Universal Serial Bus – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Universal Serial Bus" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB" title="USB – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="USB" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB" title="USB – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="USB" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB" title="USB – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="USB" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB" title="USB – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="USB" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB" title="USB – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="USB" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A3%E1%B1%A9_%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%A5_%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱤᱣᱩ ᱮᱥ ᱵᱤ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱤᱣᱩ ᱮᱥ ᱵᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Serial_Bus" title="Universal Serial Bus – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Universal Serial Bus" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB" title="USB – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="USB" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB" title="USB – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="USB" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%96.%E0%B6%91%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A.%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%93." title="යූ.එස්.බී. – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="යූ.එස්.බී." data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB" title="USB – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="USB" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%88.%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B3.%D8%A8%D9%8A" title="يو.ايس.بي – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="يو.ايس.بي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Univerz%C3%A1lna_s%C3%A9riov%C3%A1_zbernica" title="Univerzálna sériová zbernica – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Univerzálna sériová zbernica" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Univerzalno_serijsko_vodilo" title="Univerzalno serijsko vodilo – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Univerzalno serijsko vodilo" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%88_%D8%A6%DB%8E%D8%B3_%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="یوو ئێس بی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="یوو ئێس بی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB" title="USB – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="USB" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Serial_Bus" title="Universal Serial Bus – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Universal Serial Bus" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB" title="USB – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="USB" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB" title="USB – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="USB" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Serial_Bus" title="Universal Serial Bus – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Universal Serial Bus" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%88" title="அகிலத் தொடர் பாட்டை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அகிலத் தொடர் பாட்டை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%8E%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B0%AC%E0%B0%BF" title="యుఎస్‌బి – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="యుఎస్‌బి" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=USB_2.0&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="USB 2.0">USB 2.0</a>)</div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Standard for computer data connections</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the computer bus standard. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/USB_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="USB (disambiguation)">USB (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox infobox-table"><caption class="infobox-title">USB Universal Serial Bus</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="4" class="infobox-image"> <a href="/wiki/File:Certified_USB.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Certified_USB.svg/220px-Certified_USB.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="74" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Certified_USB.svg/330px-Certified_USB.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Certified_USB.svg/440px-Certified_USB.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="374" data-file-height="126" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" class="infobox-image"> <a href="/wiki/File:USB_Type-C_macbook.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/USB_Type-C_macbook.png/290px-USB_Type-C_macbook.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/USB_Type-C_macbook.png/435px-USB_Type-C_macbook.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/USB_Type-C_macbook.png/580px-USB_Type-C_macbook.png 2x" data-file-width="4724" data-file-height="2003" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">The current connector for USB, Thunderbolt, and other protocols, USB-C (plug and receptacle shown)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td colspan="3" class="infobox-data"> <a href="/wiki/Bus_(computing)" title="Bus (computing)">Bus</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="4" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ccccff">Production history</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Designer</th><td colspan="3" class="infobox-data"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compaq" title="Compaq">Compaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Equipment_Corporation" title="Digital Equipment Corporation">DEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel" title="Intel">Intel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NEC" title="NEC">NEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nortel" title="Nortel">Nortel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Designed</th><td colspan="3" class="infobox-data"> January 1996; 28 years ago (1996-01)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Produced</th><td colspan="3" class="infobox-data"> Since May 1996<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Superseded</th><td colspan="3" class="infobox-data"> <a href="/wiki/Serial_port" title="Serial port">Serial port</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parallel_port" title="Parallel port">parallel port</a>, <a href="/wiki/Game_port" title="Game port">game port</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apple_Desktop_Bus" title="Apple Desktop Bus">Apple Desktop Bus</a>, <a href="/wiki/PS/2_port" title="PS/2 port">PS/2 port</a>, and <a href="/wiki/FireWire" class="mw-redirect" title="FireWire">FireWire</a> (IEEE 1394)</td></tr></tbody></table> Universal Serial Bus (USB) is an <a href="/wiki/Technical_standard" title="Technical standard">industry standard</a>, developed by <a href="/wiki/USB_Implementers_Forum" title="USB Implementers Forum">USB Implementers Forum</a> (USB-IF), that allows data exchange and delivery of power between many types of electronics. It specifies its architecture, in particular its physical <a href="/wiki/Interface_(computing)" title="Interface (computing)">interface</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Communication_protocol" title="Communication protocol">communication protocols</a> for data transfer and power delivery to and from hosts, such as <a href="/wiki/Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">personal computers</a>, to and from <a href="/wiki/Peripheral" title="Peripheral">peripheral</a> devices, e.g. displays, keyboards, and mass storage devices, and to and from intermediate hubs, which multiply the number of a host's ports.<a href="#cite_note-USB4Spec-2">[2]</a> Introduced in 1996, USB was originally designed to standardize the connection of peripherals to computers, replacing various interfaces such as <a href="/wiki/Serial_port" title="Serial port">serial ports</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parallel_port" title="Parallel port">parallel ports</a>, <a href="/wiki/Game_port" title="Game port">game ports</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Apple_Desktop_Bus" title="Apple Desktop Bus">ADB</a> ports.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> Early versions of USB became commonplace on a wide range of devices, such as keyboards, mice, cameras, printers, scanners, flash drives, smartphones, game consoles, and power banks.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> USB has since evolved into a standard to replace virtually all common ports on computers, mobile devices, peripherals, power supplies, and manifold other small electronics. In the current standard, the <a href="/wiki/USB-C" title="USB-C">USB-C</a> connector replaces the many various connectors for power (up to 240 W), displays (e.g. DisplayPort, HDMI), and many other uses, as well as all previous USB connectors. As of 2024,<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USB&action=edit">[update]</a> USB consists of four generations of specifications: <a href="#USB_1.x">USB 1.x</a>, <a href="#USB_2.0">USB 2.0</a>, <a href="/wiki/USB_3.0" title="USB 3.0">USB 3.x</a>, and <a href="/wiki/USB4" title="USB4">USB4</a>. USB4 enhances the data transfer and power delivery functionality with <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">... a connection-oriented, tunneling architecture designed to combine multiple protocols onto a single physical interface so that the total speed and performance of the USB4 Fabric can be dynamically shared.<a href="#cite_note-USB4Spec-2">[2]</a></blockquote> USB4 particularly supports the tunneling of the <a href="/wiki/Thunderbolt_(interface)" title="Thunderbolt (interface)">Thunderbolt 3</a> protocols, namely <a href="/wiki/PCI_Express" title="PCI Express">PCI Express</a> (PCIe, load/store interface) and <a href="/wiki/DisplayPort" title="DisplayPort">DisplayPort</a> (display interface). USB4 also adds host-to-host interfaces.<a href="#cite_note-USB4Spec-2">[2]</a> Each specification sub-version supports different <a href="/wiki/Signaling_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Signaling rate">signaling rates</a> from 1.5 and 12 Mbit/s <a href="/wiki/Duplex_(telecommunications)#Half_duplex" title="Duplex (telecommunications)">total</a> in USB 1.0 to 80 Gbit/s (in each direction) in USB4.<a href="#cite_note-USB1Spec-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-USB2Spec-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-USB3Spec-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-USB4Spec-2">[2]</a> USB also provides power to peripheral devices; the latest versions of the standard extend the power delivery limits for battery charging and devices requiring up to 240 watts (<a href="/wiki/USB_hardware#USB_Power_Delivery" title="USB hardware">USB Power Delivery (USB-PD)</a>).<a href="#cite_note-PDSpec-8">[8]</a> Over the years, USB(-PD) has been adopted as the standard power supply and charging format for many mobile devices, such as mobile phones, reducing the need for proprietary chargers.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=USB&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview">edit</a>]</div> USB was designed to standardize the connection of <a href="/wiki/Peripheral" title="Peripheral">peripherals</a> to personal computers, both to exchange data and to supply electric power. It has largely replaced interfaces such as <a href="/wiki/Serial_port" title="Serial port">serial ports</a> and <a href="/wiki/Parallel_port" title="Parallel port">parallel ports</a> and has become commonplace on various devices. Peripherals connected via USB include computer keyboards and mice, video cameras, printers, portable media players, mobile (portable) digital telephones, disk drives, and network adapters. USB connectors have been increasingly replacing other types of charging cables for portable devices. USB connector interfaces are classified into three types: the many various legacy Type-A (upstream) and Type-B (downstream) connectors found on hosts, hubs, and peripheral devices, and the modern Type-C (<a href="/wiki/USB-C" title="USB-C">USB-C</a>) connector, which replaces the many legacy connectors as the only applicable connector for USB4. The Type-A and Type-B connectors came in Standard, Mini, and Micro sizes. The standard format was the largest and was mainly used for desktop and larger peripheral equipment. The Mini-USB connectors (Mini-A, Mini-B, Mini-AB) were introduced for mobile devices. Still, they were quickly replaced by the thinner Micro-USB connectors (Micro-A, Micro-B, Micro-AB). The Type-C connector, also known as USB-C, is not exclusive to USB, is the only current standard for USB, is required for USB4, and is required by other standards, including modern DisplayPort and Thunderbolt. It is reversible and can support various functionalities and protocols, including USB; some are mandatory, and many are optional, depending on the type of hardware: host, peripheral device, or hub.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> USB specifications provide backward compatibility, usually resulting in decreased signaling rates, maximal power offered, and other capabilities. The USB 1.1 specification replaces USB 1.0. The USB 2.0 specification is backward-compatible with USB 1.0/1.1. The USB 3.2 specification replaces USB 3.1 (and USB 3.0) while including the USB 2.0 specification. USB4 "functionally replaces" USB 3.2 while retaining the USB 2.0 bus operating in parallel.<a href="#cite_note-USB1Spec-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-USB2Spec-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-USB3Spec-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-USB4Spec-2">[2]</a> The USB 3.0 specification defined a new architecture and protocol named SuperSpeed (aka SuperSpeed USB, marketed as SS), which included a new lane for a new signal coding scheme (8b/10b symbols, 5 Gbit/s; later also known as Gen 1) providing full-duplex data transfers that physically required five additional wires and pins, while preserving the USB 2.0 architecture and protocols and therefore keeping the original four pins/wires for the USB 2.0 backward-compatibility resulting in 9 wires (with 9 or 10 pins at connector interfaces; ID-pin is not wired) in total. The USB 3.1 specification introduced an Enhanced SuperSpeed System – while preserving the SuperSpeed architecture and protocol (SuperSpeed USB) – with an additional SuperSpeedPlus architecture and protocol (aka SuperSpeedPlus USB) adding a new coding schema (128b/132b symbols, 10 Gbit/s; also known as Gen 2); for some time marketed as SuperSpeed+ (SS+). The USB 3.2 specification<a href="#cite_note-USB3Spec-7">[7]</a> added a second lane to the Enhanced SuperSpeed System besides other enhancements so that the SuperSpeedPlus USB system part implements the Gen 1×2, Gen 2×1, and Gen 2×2 operation modes. However, the SuperSpeed USB part of the system still implements the one-lane Gen 1×1 operation mode. Therefore, two-lane operations, namely USB 3.2 Gen 1×2 (10 Gbit/s) and Gen 2×2 (20 Gbit/s), are only possible with Full-Featured USB-C. As of 2023, they are somewhat rarely implemented; Intel, however, started to include them in its 11th-generation SoC processor models, but Apple never provided them. On the other hand, USB 3.2 Gen 1(×1) (5 Gbit/s) and Gen 2(×1) (10 Gbit/s) have been quite common for some years. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Connector_type_quick_reference">Connector type quick reference</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=USB&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Connector type quick reference">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/USB_hardware#Connectors" title="USB hardware">USB hardware § Connectors</a></div> Each USB connection is made using two connectors: a receptacle and a plug. Pictures show only receptacles: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1232966811">.mw-parser-output .hover-highlight tr:hover,.mw-parser-output .mw-datatable tr:hover{background-color:var(--background-color-progressive-subtle,#eaf3ff);color:var(--color-base,#333)}.mw-parser-output .mw-datatable{background-color:var(--background-color-base,#fff);color:var(--color-base,#333)}</style> <table class="wikitable mw-datatable" style="text-align:center; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"> <caption>Available connectors by USB standard </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Standard </th> <th><a href="#1.x">USB 1.0</a> 1996 </th> <th><a href="#1.x">USB 1.1</a> 1998 </th> <th><a href="#2.0">USB 2.0</a> 2000 </th> <th>USB 2.0 Revised </th> <th><a href="/wiki/USB_3.0" title="USB 3.0">USB 3.0</a> 2008 </th> <th><a href="/wiki/USB_3.0#3.1" title="USB 3.0">USB 3.1</a> 2013 </th> <th><a href="/wiki/USB_3.2" class="mw-redirect" title="USB 3.2">USB 3.2</a> 2017 </th> <th><a href="/wiki/USB4" title="USB4">USB4</a> 2019 </th> <th><a href="/wiki/USB4" title="USB4">USB4 2.0</a> 2022 </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="4">Max Speed </th> <th>Current marketing name </th> <td colspan="2">Basic-Speed </td> <td rowspan="3" colspan="2">High-Speed </td> <td>USB 5Gbps </td> <td>USB 10Gbps </td> <td>USB 20Gbps </td> <td rowspan="2">USB 40Gbps </td> <td rowspan="2">USB 80Gbps </td></tr> <tr> <th>Original label </th> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2">Low-Speed & Full-Speed </td> <td>SuperSpeed, or SS </td> <td>SuperSpeed+, or SS+ </td> <td>SuperSpeed USB 20Gbps </td></tr> <tr> <th>Operation mode </th> <td>USB 3.2 Gen 1×1 </td> <td>USB 3.2 Gen 2×1 </td> <td>USB 3.2 Gen 2×2 </td> <td>USB4 Gen 3×2 </td> <td>USB4 Gen 4×2 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Signaling rate </th> <td colspan="2">1.5 Mbit/s & 12 Mbit/s </td> <td colspan="2">480 Mbit/s </td> <td>5 Gbit/s </td> <td>10 Gbit/s </td> <td>20 Gbit/s </td> <td>40 Gbit/s </td> <td>80 Gbit/s </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="9">Connector </th> <th>Standard-A </th> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/File:USB_Type-A_receptacle_White.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/USB_Type-A_receptacle_White.svg/75px-USB_Type-A_receptacle_White.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/USB_Type-A_receptacle_White.svg/113px-USB_Type-A_receptacle_White.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/USB_Type-A_receptacle_White.svg/150px-USB_Type-A_receptacle_White.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="400" /></a> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/File:USB_Type-A_receptacle_Black.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/USB_Type-A_receptacle_Black.svg/75px-USB_Type-A_receptacle_Black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/USB_Type-A_receptacle_Black.svg/113px-USB_Type-A_receptacle_Black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/USB_Type-A_receptacle_Black.svg/150px-USB_Type-A_receptacle_Black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="400" /></a> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/File:USB_3.0_Type-A_receptacle_blue.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/USB_3.0_Type-A_receptacle_blue.svg/75px-USB_3.0_Type-A_receptacle_blue.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/USB_3.0_Type-A_receptacle_blue.svg/113px-USB_3.0_Type-A_receptacle_blue.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/USB_3.0_Type-A_receptacle_blue.svg/150px-USB_3.0_Type-A_receptacle_blue.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="400" /></a> </td> <td style="background:#FEE4BA"><a href="/wiki/File:USB_3.0_Type-A_receptacle_blue.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/USB_3.0_Type-A_receptacle_blue.svg/50px-USB_3.0_Type-A_receptacle_blue.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/USB_3.0_Type-A_receptacle_blue.svg/75px-USB_3.0_Type-A_receptacle_blue.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/USB_3.0_Type-A_receptacle_blue.svg/100px-USB_3.0_Type-A_receptacle_blue.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="400" /></a><a href="#cite_note-OLOp-12">[rem 1]</a> </td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2" data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <th>Standard-B </th> <td colspan="4"><a href="/wiki/File:USB_Type-B_receptacle.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/USB_Type-B_receptacle.svg/50px-USB_Type-B_receptacle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/USB_Type-B_receptacle.svg/75px-USB_Type-B_receptacle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/USB_Type-B_receptacle.svg/100px-USB_Type-B_receptacle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="265" /></a> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/File:USB_3.0_Type-B_receptacle_blue.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/USB_3.0_Type-B_receptacle_blue.svg/59px-USB_3.0_Type-B_receptacle_blue.svg.png" decoding="async" width="59" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/USB_3.0_Type-B_receptacle_blue.svg/89px-USB_3.0_Type-B_receptacle_blue.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/USB_3.0_Type-B_receptacle_blue.svg/118px-USB_3.0_Type-B_receptacle_blue.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="380" /></a> </td> <td style="background:#FEE4BA"><a href="/wiki/File:USB_3.0_Type-B_receptacle_blue.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/USB_3.0_Type-B_receptacle_blue.svg/50px-USB_3.0_Type-B_receptacle_blue.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/USB_3.0_Type-B_receptacle_blue.svg/75px-USB_3.0_Type-B_receptacle_blue.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/USB_3.0_Type-B_receptacle_blue.svg/100px-USB_3.0_Type-B_receptacle_blue.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="380" /></a><a href="#cite_note-OLOp-12">[rem 1]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Mini-A </th> <td rowspan="3"><a href="#cite_note-bc1.1-13">[rem 2]</a> </td> <td colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/File:USB_Mini-A_receptacle.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/USB_Mini-A_receptacle.svg/67px-USB_Mini-A_receptacle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="67" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/USB_Mini-A_receptacle.svg/101px-USB_Mini-A_receptacle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/USB_Mini-A_receptacle.svg/134px-USB_Mini-A_receptacle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></a> </td> <td colspan="5" rowspan="3" data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <th>Mini-AB<a href="#cite_note-RecOnly-14">[rem 3]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[rem 4]</a> </th> <td colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/File:USB_Mini-AB_receptacle.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/USB_Mini-AB_receptacle.svg/75px-USB_Mini-AB_receptacle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/USB_Mini-AB_receptacle.svg/113px-USB_Mini-AB_receptacle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/USB_Mini-AB_receptacle.svg/150px-USB_Mini-AB_receptacle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Mini-B </th> <td colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/File:USB_Mini-B_receptacle.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/USB_Mini-B_receptacle.svg/67px-USB_Mini-B_receptacle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="67" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/USB_Mini-B_receptacle.svg/101px-USB_Mini-B_receptacle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/USB_Mini-B_receptacle.svg/134px-USB_Mini-B_receptacle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="300" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Micro-A<a href="#cite_note-PlugOnly-16">[rem 5]</a> </th> <td colspan="3" rowspan="3"> <a href="#cite_note-bc1.1-13">[rem 2]</a><a href="#cite_note-bc2-17">[rem 6]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:USB_Micro-A.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/USB_Micro-A.svg/75px-USB_Micro-A.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/USB_Micro-A.svg/113px-USB_Micro-A.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/USB_Micro-A.svg/150px-USB_Micro-A.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></a> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/File:USB_3.0_Micro-A.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/USB_3.0_Micro-A.svg/117px-USB_3.0_Micro-A.svg.png" decoding="async" width="117" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/USB_3.0_Micro-A.svg/176px-USB_3.0_Micro-A.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/USB_3.0_Micro-A.svg/234px-USB_3.0_Micro-A.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="219" /></a> </td> <td style="background:#FEE4BA"><a href="/wiki/File:USB_3.0_Micro-A.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/USB_3.0_Micro-A.svg/60px-USB_3.0_Micro-A.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/USB_3.0_Micro-A.svg/90px-USB_3.0_Micro-A.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/USB_3.0_Micro-A.svg/120px-USB_3.0_Micro-A.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="219" /></a><a href="#cite_note-OLOp-12">[rem 1]</a> </td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="3" data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <th>Micro-AB<a href="#cite_note-RecOnly-14">[rem 3]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[rem 7]</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/File:USB_Micro-AB_receptacle.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/USB_Micro-AB_receptacle.svg/75px-USB_Micro-AB_receptacle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/USB_Micro-AB_receptacle.svg/113px-USB_Micro-AB_receptacle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/USB_Micro-AB_receptacle.svg/150px-USB_Micro-AB_receptacle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></a> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/File:USB_micro_AB_SuperSpeed.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/USB_micro_AB_SuperSpeed.png/117px-USB_micro_AB_SuperSpeed.png" decoding="async" width="117" height="69" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/USB_micro_AB_SuperSpeed.png/176px-USB_micro_AB_SuperSpeed.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/USB_micro_AB_SuperSpeed.png/234px-USB_micro_AB_SuperSpeed.png 2x" data-file-width="1871" data-file-height="1100" /></a> </td> <td style="background:#FEE4BA"><a href="/wiki/File:USB_micro_AB_SuperSpeed.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/USB_micro_AB_SuperSpeed.png/60px-USB_micro_AB_SuperSpeed.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/USB_micro_AB_SuperSpeed.png/90px-USB_micro_AB_SuperSpeed.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/USB_micro_AB_SuperSpeed.png/120px-USB_micro_AB_SuperSpeed.png 2x" data-file-width="1871" data-file-height="1100" /></a><a href="#cite_note-OLOp-12">[rem 1]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Micro-B </th> <td><a href="/wiki/File:USB_Micro-B_receptacle.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/USB_Micro-B_receptacle.svg/75px-USB_Micro-B_receptacle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="42" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/USB_Micro-B_receptacle.svg/113px-USB_Micro-B_receptacle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/USB_Micro-B_receptacle.svg/150px-USB_Micro-B_receptacle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="460" data-file-height="260" /></a> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/File:USB_3.0_Micro-B_receptacle.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/USB_3.0_Micro-B_receptacle.svg/117px-USB_3.0_Micro-B_receptacle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="117" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/USB_3.0_Micro-B_receptacle.svg/176px-USB_3.0_Micro-B_receptacle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/USB_3.0_Micro-B_receptacle.svg/234px-USB_3.0_Micro-B_receptacle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="300" /></a> </td> <td style="background:#FEE4BA"><a href="/wiki/File:USB_3.0_Micro-B_receptacle.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/USB_3.0_Micro-B_receptacle.svg/60px-USB_3.0_Micro-B_receptacle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/USB_3.0_Micro-B_receptacle.svg/90px-USB_3.0_Micro-B_receptacle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/USB_3.0_Micro-B_receptacle.svg/120px-USB_3.0_Micro-B_receptacle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="300" /></a><a href="#cite_note-OLOp-12">[rem 1]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Type-C (USB-C) </th> <td colspan="3"><a href="#cite_note-bc2-17">[rem 6]</a> </td> <td colspan="6" style="font-size:60%"><a href="/wiki/File:USB_Type-C_Receptacle_Pinout.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/USB_Type-C_Receptacle_Pinout.svg/117px-USB_Type-C_Receptacle_Pinout.svg.png" decoding="async" width="117" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/USB_Type-C_Receptacle_Pinout.svg/176px-USB_Type-C_Receptacle_Pinout.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/USB_Type-C_Receptacle_Pinout.svg/234px-USB_Type-C_Receptacle_Pinout.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="200" /></a> (Enlarged to show detail) </td></tr> <tr style="background:#FEE4BA"> <td>Remarks: </td> <td scope="col" colspan="10"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-OLOp-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OLOp_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OLOp_12-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OLOp_12-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OLOp_12-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OLOp_12-4">e</a> Limited to max speed at 10 Gbit/s, since only one-lane (×1) operation mode is possible. </li> <li id="cite_note-bc1.1-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bc1.1_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bc1.1_13-1">b</a> <a href="/wiki/Backward_compatibility" title="Backward compatibility">Backward compatibility</a> given. </li> <li id="cite_note-RecOnly-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RecOnly_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RecOnly_14-1">b</a> Only as receptacle. </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> Accepts both Mini-A and Mini-B plugs. </li> <li id="cite_note-PlugOnly-16"><a href="#cite_ref-PlugOnly_16-0">^</a> Only as plug. </li> <li id="cite_note-bc2-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bc2_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bc2_17-1">b</a> Backward compatibility given by USB 2.0 implementation. </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> Accepts both Micro-A and Micro-B plugs. </li> </ol></div></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Objectives">Objectives</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=USB&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Objectives">edit</a>]</div> The Universal Serial Bus was developed to simplify and improve the interface between personal computers and peripheral devices, such as cell phones, computer accessories, and monitors, when compared with previously existing standard or ad hoc proprietary interfaces.<a href="#cite_note-JA2015-19">[12]</a> From the computer user's perspective, the USB interface improves ease of use in several ways: <ul><li>The USB interface is self-configuring, eliminating the need for the user to adjust the device's settings for speed or data format, or configure <a href="/wiki/Interrupt" title="Interrupt">interrupts</a>, input/output addresses, or direct memory access channels.<a href="#cite_note-20">[13]</a></li> <li>USB connectors are standardized at the host, so any peripheral can use most available receptacles.</li> <li>USB takes full advantage of the additional processing power that can be economically put into peripheral devices so that they can manage themselves. As such, USB devices often do not have user-adjustable interface settings.</li> <li>The USB interface is <a href="/wiki/Hot-swappable" class="mw-redirect" title="Hot-swappable">hot-swappable</a> (devices can be exchanged without shutting the host computer down).</li> <li>Small devices can be powered directly from the USB interface, eliminating the need for additional power supply cables.</li> <li>Because use of the USB logo is only permitted after <a href="/wiki/Compliance_testing" class="mw-redirect" title="Compliance testing">compliance testing</a>, the user can have confidence that a USB device will work as expected without extensive interaction with settings and configuration.</li> <li>The USB interface defines protocols for recovery from common errors, improving reliability over previous interfaces.<a href="#cite_note-JA2015-19">[12]</a></li> <li>Installing a device that relies on the USB standard requires minimal operator action. When a user plugs a device into a port on a running computer, it either entirely automatically configures using existing <a href="/wiki/Device_driver" title="Device driver">device drivers</a>, or the system prompts the user to locate a driver, which it then installs and configures automatically.</li></ul> The USB standard also provides multiple benefits for hardware manufacturers and software developers, specifically in the relative ease of implementation: <ul><li>The USB standard eliminates the requirement to develop proprietary interfaces to new peripherals.</li> <li>The wide range of transfer speeds available from a USB interface suits devices ranging from keyboards and mice up to streaming video interfaces.</li> <li>A USB interface can be designed to provide the best available <a href="/wiki/Latency_(engineering)" title="Latency (engineering)">latency</a> for time-critical functions or can be set up to do background transfers of bulk data with little impact on system resources.</li> <li>The USB interface is generalized with no signal lines dedicated to only one function of one device.<a href="#cite_note-JA2015-19">[12]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Limitations">Limitations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=USB&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Limitations">edit</a>]</div> As with all standards, USB possesses multiple limitations to its design: <ul><li>USB cables are limited in length, as the standard was intended for peripherals on the same tabletop, not between rooms or buildings. However, a USB port can be connected to a <a href="/wiki/Gateway_(telecommunications)" title="Gateway (telecommunications)">gateway</a> that accesses distant devices.</li> <li>USB data transfer rates are slower than those of other interconnects such as <a href="/wiki/100_Gigabit_Ethernet" title="100 Gigabit Ethernet">100 Gigabit Ethernet</a>.</li> <li>USB has a strict <a href="/wiki/Tree_network" title="Tree network">tree network</a> topology and <a href="/wiki/Master%E2%80%93slave_(technology)" title="Master–slave (technology)">master/slave</a> protocol for addressing peripheral devices; slave devices cannot interact with one another except via the host, and two hosts cannot communicate over their USB ports directly. Some extension to this limitation is possible through <a href="/wiki/USB_On-The-Go" title="USB On-The-Go">USB On-The-Go</a>, Dual-Role-Devices<a href="#cite_note-21">[14]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Protocol_bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Protocol bridge">protocol bridge</a>.</li> <li>A host cannot broadcast signals to all peripherals at once; each must be addressed individually.</li> <li>While converters exist between certain <a href="/wiki/Legacy_system" title="Legacy system">legacy interfaces</a> and USB, they might not provide a full implementation of the legacy hardware. For example, a USB-to-parallel-port converter might work well with a printer, but not with a scanner that requires bidirectional use of the data pins.</li></ul> For a product developer, using USB requires the implementation of a complex protocol and implies an "intelligent" controller in the peripheral device. Developers of USB devices intended for public sale generally must obtain a USB ID, which requires that they pay a fee to the <a href="/wiki/USB_Implementers_Forum" title="USB Implementers Forum">USB Implementers Forum</a> (USB-IF). Developers of products that use the USB specification must sign an agreement with the USB-IF. Use of the USB logos on the product requires annual fees and membership in the organization.<a href="#cite_note-JA2015-19">[12]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=USB&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USB_icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Large circle is left end of horizontal line. The line forks into three branches ending in circle, triangle and square symbols." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/USB_icon.svg/110px-USB_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/USB_icon.svg/165px-USB_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/USB_icon.svg/220px-USB_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="475" data-file-height="228" /></a><figcaption>The basic USB trident logo<a href="#cite_note-22">[15]</a></figcaption></figure> A group of seven companies began the development of USB in 1995:<a href="#cite_note-23">[16]</a> <a href="/wiki/Compaq" title="Compaq">Compaq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_Equipment_Corporation" title="Digital Equipment Corporation">DEC</a>, <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intel" title="Intel">Intel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>, <a href="/wiki/NEC" title="NEC">NEC</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nortel" title="Nortel">Nortel</a>. The goal was to make it fundamentally easier to connect external devices to PCs by replacing the multitude of connectors at the back of PCs, addressing the usability issues of existing interfaces, and simplifying software configuration of all devices connected to USB, as well as permitting greater data transfer rates for external devices and <a href="/wiki/Plug_and_play" title="Plug and play">plug and play</a> features.<a href="#cite_note-24">[17]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ajay_Bhatt" title="Ajay Bhatt">Ajay Bhatt</a> and his team worked on the standard at Intel;<a href="#cite_note-25">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[19]</a> the first <a href="/wiki/Integrated_circuit" title="Integrated circuit">integrated circuits</a> supporting USB were produced by Intel in 1995.<a href="#cite_note-1394_2_4-27">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="USB_1.x">USB 1.x </h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=USB&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: USB 1.x">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Certified_USB.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Certified_USB.svg/110px-Certified_USB.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Certified_USB.svg/165px-Certified_USB.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Certified_USB.svg/220px-Certified_USB.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="374" data-file-height="126" /></a><figcaption>The Basic-Speed USB logo</figcaption></figure> Released in January 1996, USB 1.0 specified signaling rates of 1.5 Mbit/s (Low Bandwidth or Low Speed) and 12 Mbit/s (Full Speed).<a href="#cite_note-28">[21]</a> It did not allow for extension cables, due to timing and power limitations. Few USB devices made it to the market until USB 1.1 was released in August 1998. USB 1.1 was the earliest revision that was widely adopted and led to what Microsoft designated the "<a href="/wiki/Legacy-free_PC" title="Legacy-free PC">Legacy-free PC</a>".<a href="#cite_note-Macworld_iMac-29">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-BusinessWeek_iMac-30">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-Popular_Mechanics_iMac-31">[24]</a> Neither USB 1.0 nor 1.1 specified a design for any connector smaller than the standard type A or type B. Though many designs for a miniaturized type B connector appeared on many peripherals, conformity to the USB 1.x standard was hampered by treating peripherals that had miniature connectors as though they had a tethered connection (that is: no plug or receptacle at the peripheral end). There was no known miniature type A connector until USB 2.0 (revision 1.01) introduced one. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="USB_2.0">USB 2.0 </h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=USB&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: USB 2.0">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Certified_Hi-Speed_USB.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Certified_Hi-Speed_USB.svg/110px-Certified_Hi-Speed_USB.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="51" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Certified_Hi-Speed_USB.svg/165px-Certified_Hi-Speed_USB.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Certified_Hi-Speed_USB.svg/220px-Certified_Hi-Speed_USB.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="374" data-file-height="172" /></a><figcaption>The Hi-Speed USB logo</figcaption></figure> USB 2.0 was released in April 2000, adding a higher maximum signaling rate of 480 Mbit/s (maximum theoretical data throughput 53 MByte/s<a href="#cite_note-throughput2.0-32">[25]</a>) named High Speed or High Bandwidth, in addition to the USB 1.x Full Speed signaling rate of 12 Mbit/s (maximum theoretical data throughput 1.2 MByte/s).<a href="#cite_note-throughput1.1-33">[26]</a> Modifications to the USB specification have been made via <a href="/wiki/Engineering_change_order" title="Engineering change order">engineering change notices</a> (ECNs). The most important of these ECNs are included into the USB 2.0 specification package available from USB.org:<a href="#cite_note-34">[27]</a> <ul><li>Mini-A and Mini-B Connector</li> <li>Micro-USB Cables and Connectors Specification 1.01</li> <li><a href="/wiki/InterChip_USB" title="InterChip USB">InterChip USB</a> Supplement</li> <li>On-The-Go Supplement 1.3 <a href="/wiki/USB_On-The-Go" title="USB On-The-Go">USB On-The-Go</a> makes it possible for two USB devices to communicate with each other without requiring a separate USB host</li> <li><a href="/wiki/USB_hardware#USB_battery_charging" title="USB hardware">Battery Charging</a> Specification 1.1 Added support for dedicated chargers, host chargers behavior for devices with dead batteries</li> <li>Battery Charging Specification 1.2:<a href="#cite_note-battchargespec1.2-35">[28]</a> with increased current of 1.5 A on charging ports for unconfigured devices, allowing high-speed communication while having a current up to 1.5 A</li> <li>Link Power Management Addendum ECN, which adds a sleep power state</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="USB_3.x">USB 3.x </h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=USB&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: USB 3.x">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/USB_3.0" title="USB 3.0">USB 3.0</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Certified_SuperSpeed_USB_Logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Certified_SuperSpeed_USB_Logo.svg/110px-Certified_SuperSpeed_USB_Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Certified_SuperSpeed_USB_Logo.svg/165px-Certified_SuperSpeed_USB_Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Certified_SuperSpeed_USB_Logo.svg/220px-Certified_SuperSpeed_USB_Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="831" data-file-height="435" /></a><figcaption>Deprecated SuperSpeed USB logo</figcaption></figure> The USB 3.0 specification was released on 12 November 2008, with its management transferring from USB 3.0 Promoter Group to the USB Implementers Forum (USB-IF) and announced on 17 November 2008 at the SuperSpeed USB Developers Conference.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-36">[29]</a> USB 3.0 adds a new architecture and protocol named SuperSpeed, with associated <a href="/wiki/Backward-compatible" class="mw-redirect" title="Backward-compatible">backward-compatible</a> plugs, receptacles, and cables. SuperSpeed plugs and receptacles are identified with a distinct logo and blue inserts in standard format receptacles. The SuperSpeed architecture provides for an operation mode at a rate of 5.0 Gbit/s, in addition to the three existing operation modes. Its efficiency is dependent on a number of factors including physical symbol encoding and link-level overhead. At a 5 Gbit/s signaling rate with <a href="/wiki/8b/10b_encoding" title="8b/10b encoding">8b/10b encoding</a>, each byte needs 10 bits to transmit, so the raw throughput is 500 MB/s. When flow control, packet framing and protocol overhead are considered, it is realistic for about two thirds of the raw throughput, or 330 MB/s to transmit to an application.<a href="#cite_note-spec_3.0-37">[30]</a>: 4–19  SuperSpeed's architecture is <a href="/wiki/Full-duplex" class="mw-redirect" title="Full-duplex">full-duplex</a>; all earlier implementations, USB 1.0-2.0, are all half-duplex, arbitrated by the host.<a href="#cite_note-38">[31]</a> Low-power and high-power devices remain operational with this standard, but devices implementing SuperSpeed can provide increased current of between 150 mA and 900 mA, by discrete steps of 150 mA.<a href="#cite_note-spec_3.0-37">[30]</a>: 9–9  USB 3.0 also introduced the <a href="/wiki/USB_Attached_SCSI" title="USB Attached SCSI">USB Attached SCSI protocol (UASP)</a>, which provides generally faster transfer speeds than the BOT (Bulk-Only-Transfer) protocol. <a href="/wiki/USB_3.0#USB_3.1" title="USB 3.0">USB 3.1</a>, released in July 2013 has two variants. The first one preserves USB 3.0's SuperSpeed architecture and protocol and its operation mode is newly named USB 3.1 Gen 1,<a href="#cite_note-usb.org_3.1-39">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[33]</a> and the second version introduces a distinctively new SuperSpeedPlus architecture and protocol with a second operation mode named as USB 3.1 Gen 2 (marketed as SuperSpeed+ USB). SuperSpeed+ doubles the maximum signaling rate to 10 Gbit/s (later marketed as SuperSpeed USB 10 Gbps by the USB 3.2 specification), while reducing line encoding overhead to just 3% by changing the <a href="/wiki/Encoding_scheme" class="mw-redirect" title="Encoding scheme">encoding scheme</a> to <a href="/wiki/128b/132b" class="mw-redirect" title="128b/132b">128b/132b</a>.<a href="#cite_note-usb.org_3.1-39">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[34]</a> <a href="/wiki/USB_3.0#USB_3.2" title="USB 3.0">USB 3.2</a>, released in September 2017,<a href="#cite_note-42">[35]</a> preserves existing USB 3.1 SuperSpeed and SuperSpeedPlus architectures and protocols and their respective operation modes, but introduces two additional SuperSpeedPlus operation modes (USB 3.2 Gen 1×2 and USB 3.2 Gen 2×2) with the new <a href="/wiki/USB-C" title="USB-C">USB-C</a> Fabric with signaling rates of 10 and 20 Gbit/s (raw data rates of 1212 and 2424 MB/s). The increase in bandwidth is a result of two-lane operation over existing wires that were originally intended for flip-flop capabilities of the USB-C connector.<a href="#cite_note-43">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Naming_scheme">Naming scheme</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=USB&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Naming scheme">edit</a>]</div> Starting with the USB 3.2 specification, USB-IF introduced a new naming scheme.<a href="#cite_note-44">[37]</a> To help companies with the branding of the different operation modes, USB-IF recommended branding the 5, 10, and 20 Gbit/s capabilities as SuperSpeed USB 5Gbps, SuperSpeed USB 10 Gbps, and SuperSpeed USB 20 Gbps, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-45">[38]</a> In 2023, they were replaced again,<a href="#cite_note-46">[39]</a> removing "SuperSpeed", with USB 5Gbps, USB 10Gbps, and USB 20Gbps. With new Packaging and Port logos.<a href="#cite_note-47">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="USB4">USB4</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=USB&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: USB4">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Ambox_current_red.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Ambox_current_red.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Ambox_current_red.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be updated. The reason given is: Incomplete, erroneous and not up-to-date; e.g. lacks differences between USB4 first version and 2.0. Applies also to main article.. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (August 2024)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/USB4" title="USB4">USB4</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Certified_USB4_40Gbps_Logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Certified_USB4_40Gbps_Logo.svg/110px-Certified_USB4_40Gbps_Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="52" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Certified_USB4_40Gbps_Logo.svg/165px-Certified_USB4_40Gbps_Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Certified_USB4_40Gbps_Logo.svg/220px-Certified_USB4_40Gbps_Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1412" data-file-height="662" /></a><figcaption>Deprecated Certified USB4 logo</figcaption></figure> The USB4 specification was released on 29 August 2019 by the USB Implementers Forum.<a href="#cite_note-usb.org-48">[41]</a> The USB4 2.0 specification was released on 1 September 2022 by the USB Implementers Forum.<a href="#cite_note-49">[42]</a> USB4 is based on the <a href="/wiki/Thunderbolt_3" class="mw-redirect" title="Thunderbolt 3">Thunderbolt 3</a> protocol.<a href="#cite_note-50">[43]</a> It supports 40 Gbit/s throughput, is compatible with Thunderbolt 3, and backward compatible with USB 3.2 and USB 2.0.<a href="#cite_note-51">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[45]</a> The architecture defines a method to share a single high-speed link with multiple end device types dynamically that best serves the transfer of data by type and application. During <a href="/wiki/CES_2020" class="mw-redirect" title="CES 2020">CES 2020</a>, USB-IF and Intel stated their intention to allow USB4 products that support all the optional functionality as <a href="/wiki/Thunderbolt_4" class="mw-redirect" title="Thunderbolt 4">Thunderbolt 4</a> products. USB4 2.0 with 80 Gbit/s speeds was to be revealed in November 2022.<a href="#cite_note-53">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[47]</a> Further technical details were to be released at two USB developer days scheduled for November 2022.<a href="#cite_note-55">[48]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">needs update</a>] The USB4 specification states that the following technologies shall be supported by USB4:<a href="#cite_note-usb.org-48">[41]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2" style="width:240px">Connection </th> <th colspan="3">Mandatory for </th> <th rowspan="2">Remarks </th></tr> <tr> <th style="width:50px; text-align:center">host</th> <th style="width:50px; text-align:center">hub</th> <th style="width:50px; text-align:center">device </th></tr> <tr> <td>USB 2.0 (480 Mbit/s)</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td>Contrary to other functions – which use the multiplexing of high-speed links – USB 2.0 over USB-C utilizes its own differential pair of wires. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tunneled USB 3.2 Gen 2×1 (10 Gbit/s)</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tunneled USB 3.2 Gen 2×2 (20 Gbit/s)</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tunneled USB 3 Gen T (5–80 Gbit/s)</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td>A type of USB 3 Tunneling architecture where the Enhanced SuperSpeed System is extended to allow operation at the maximum bandwidth available on the USB4 Link. </td></tr> <tr> <td>USB4 Gen 2 (10 or 20 Gbit/s)</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td rowspan="2">Either one or two lanes </td></tr> <tr> <td>USB4 Gen 3 (20 or 40 Gbit/s)</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tunneled DisplayPort 1.4a</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td>The specification requires that hosts and hubs support the DisplayPort Alternate Mode. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tunneled PCI Express 3.0</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td>The PCI Express function of USB4 replicates the functionality of previous versions of the <a href="/wiki/Thunderbolt_(interface)" title="Thunderbolt (interface)">Thunderbolt</a> specification. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Host-to-Host communications</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td>A LAN-like connection between two peers. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Thunderbolt 3 Alternate Mode</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td>Thunderbolt 3 uses USB-C cables; the USB4 specification allows hosts and devices and requires hubs to support interoperability with the standard using the Thunderbolt 3 Alternate Mode (namely DisplayPort and PCIe). </td></tr> <tr> <td>Other Alternate Modes</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td>USB4 products may optionally offer interoperability with the <a href="/wiki/HDMI" title="HDMI">HDMI</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mobile_High-Definition_Link" title="Mobile High-Definition Link">MHL</a>, and <a href="/wiki/VirtualLink" title="VirtualLink">VirtualLink</a> Alternate Modes. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="September_2022_naming_scheme">September 2022 naming scheme</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=USB&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: September 2022 naming scheme">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USB_2022_September_naming_scheme.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/USB_2022_September_naming_scheme.svg/620px-USB_2022_September_naming_scheme.svg.png" decoding="async" width="620" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/USB_2022_September_naming_scheme.svg/930px-USB_2022_September_naming_scheme.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/USB_2022_September_naming_scheme.svg/1240px-USB_2022_September_naming_scheme.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1071" data-file-height="175" /></a><figcaption>An overview of USB naming scheme that was put in place in September 2022 (A mix of USB specifications and their marketing names are being displayed because specifications are sometimes wrongly used as marketing names.)[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Disputed_statement" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Disputed statement">disputed</a> (for: USB4 20 Gbit/s does not exist; USB4 2×2 is not interchangeable with USB 3.2 2×2 as indicated by the logo; logos for USB 3.x and USB4 are different.)  – <a href="/wiki/Talk:USB#File:USB_2022_September_naming_scheme.svg" title="Talk:USB">discuss</a>]</figcaption></figure> Because of the previous confusing naming schemes, USB-IF decided to change it once again. As of 2 September 2022, marketing names follow the syntax "USB xGbps", where x is the speed of transfer in Gbit/s.<a href="#cite_note-56">[49]</a> Overview of the updated names and logos can be seen in the adjacent table. The operation modes USB 3.2 Gen 2×2 and USB4 Gen 2×2 – or: USB 3.2 Gen 2×1 and USB4 Gen 2×1 – are not interchangeable or compatible; all participating controllers must operate with the same mode. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Version_history">Version history </h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=USB&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Version history">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Release_versions">Release versions</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=USB&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Release versions">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="row">Name </th> <th scope="row">Release date </th> <th scope="row">Maximum signaling rate </th> <th scope="row">Note </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">USB 0.7 </th> <td>November 1994 </td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">? </td> <td rowspan="4">Pre-release. </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">USB 0.8 </th> <td>December 1994 </td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">? </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">USB 0.9 </th> <td>April 1995 </td> <td>12 Mbit/s: Full Speed (FS) </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">USB 0.99 </th> <td>August 1995 </td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">? </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">USB 1.0-RC </th> <td>November 1995 </td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">? </td> <td>Release Candidate. </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">USB 1.0 </th> <td>January 1996 </td> <td rowspan="2">1.5 Mbit/s: Low Speed (LS) 12 Mbit/s: Full Speed (FS) </td> <td rowspan="2">Renamed to Basic-Speed. </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">USB 1.1 </th> <td>September 1998 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">USB 2.0 </th> <td>April 2000 </td> <td>480 Mbit/s: High Speed (HS) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">USB 3.0 </th> <td>November 2008 </td> <td>5 Gbit/s: SuperSpeed (SS) </td> <td>Renamed to USB 3.1 Gen 1,<a href="#cite_note-usb.org_3.1-39">[32]</a> and later to USB 3.2 Gen 1×1. </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">USB 3.1 </th> <td>July 2013 </td> <td>10 Gbit/s: SuperSpeed+ (SS+) </td> <td>Renamed to USB 3.1 Gen 2,<a href="#cite_note-usb.org_3.1-39">[32]</a> and later to USB 3.2 Gen 2×1. </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">USB 3.2 </th> <td>August 2017 </td> <td>20 Gbit/s: SuperSpeed+ two-lane </td> <td>Includes new USB 3.2 Gen 1×2 and Gen 2×2 two-lane modes.<a href="#cite_note-57">[50]</a> Requires Full-Featured <a href="/wiki/USB-C" title="USB-C">USB-C</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">USB4 </th> <td>August 2019 </td> <td>40 Gbit/s: two-lane </td> <td>Includes new USB4 Gen 2×2 (64b/66b encoding) and Gen 3×2 (128b/132b encoding) modes and introduces USB4 routing for tunneling of USB 3.2, DisplayPort 1.4a and PCI Express traffic and host-to-host transfers, based on the Thunderbolt 3 protocol; requires USB4 Fabric. </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">USB4 2.0 </th> <td>September 2022 </td> <td>120 ⇄ 40 Gbit/s: asymmetric </td> <td>Includes new USB4 Gen 4×2 (PAM-3 encoding) mode to get 80 and 120 Gbit/s over Type-C connector.<a href="#cite_note-58">[51]</a> Requires USB4 Fabric. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Power-related_standards">Power-related standards </h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=USB&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Power-related standards">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:16em;">Release name </th> <th>Release date </th> <th style="width:8em;">Max. power </th> <th>Note </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/USB_Battery_Charging" class="mw-redirect" title="USB Battery Charging">USB Battery Charging</a> Rev. 1.0 </td> <td>2007-03-08 </td> <td>7.5 W (5 V, 1.5 A) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>USB Battery Charging Rev. 1.1 </td> <td>2009-04-15 </td> <td>7.5 W (5 V, 1.5 A) </td> <td>Page 28, Table 5–2, but with limitation on paragraph 3.5. In ordinary USB 2.0's standard-A port, 1.5 A only.<a href="#cite_note-59">[52]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>USB Battery Charging Rev. 1.2 </td> <td>2010-12-07 </td> <td>7.5 W (5 V, 1.5 A) </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-60">[53]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/USB_hardware#USB_power_delivery" title="USB hardware">USB Power Delivery</a> Rev. 1.0 (V. 1.0) </td> <td>2012-07-05 </td> <td>100 W (20 V, 5 A) </td> <td>Using FSK protocol over bus power (VBUS) </td></tr> <tr> <td>USB Power Delivery Rev. 1.0 (V. 1.3) </td> <td>2014-03-11 </td> <td>100 W (20 V, 5 A) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>USB Type-C Rev. 1.0 </td> <td>2014-08-11 </td> <td>15 W (5 V, 3 A) </td> <td>New connector and cable specification </td></tr> <tr> <td>USB Power Delivery Rev. 2.0 (V. 1.0) </td> <td>2014-08-11 </td> <td>100 W (20 V, 5 A) </td> <td>Using BMC protocol over communication channel (CC) on USB-C cables. </td></tr> <tr> <td>USB Type-C Rev. 1.1 </td> <td>2015-04-03 </td> <td>15 W (5 V, 3 A) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>USB Power Delivery Rev. 2.0 (V. 1.1) </td> <td>2015-05-07 </td> <td>100 W (20 V, 5 A) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>USB Type-C Rev. 1.2 </td> <td>2016-03-25 </td> <td>15 W (5 V, 3 A) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>USB Power Delivery Rev. 2.0 (V. 1.2) </td> <td>2016-03-25 </td> <td>100 W (20 V, 5 A) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>USB Power Delivery Rev. 2.0 (V. 1.3) </td> <td>2017-01-12 </td> <td>100 W (20 V, 5 A) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>USB Power Delivery Rev. 3.0 (V. 1.1) </td> <td>2017-01-12 </td> <td>100 W (20 V, 5 A) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>USB Type-C Rev. 1.3 </td> <td>2017-07-14 </td> <td>15 W (5 V, 3 A) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>USB Power Delivery Rev. 3.0 (V. 1.2) </td> <td>2018-06-21 </td> <td>100 W (20 V, 5 A) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>USB Type-C Rev. 1.4 </td> <td>2019-03-29 </td> <td>15 W (5 V, 3 A) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>USB Type-C Rev. 2.0 </td> <td>2019-08-29 </td> <td>15 W (5 V, 3 A) </td> <td>Enabling USB4 over USB Type-C connectors and cables. </td></tr> <tr> <td>USB Power Delivery Rev. 3.0 (V. 2.0) </td> <td>2019-08-29 </td> <td>100 W (20 V, 5 A) </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-61">[54]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>USB Power Delivery Rev. 3.1 (V. 1.0) </td> <td>2021-05-24 </td> <td>240 W (48 V, 5 A) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>USB Type-C Rev. 2.1 </td> <td>2021-05-25 </td> <td>15 W (5 V, 3 A) </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-62">[55]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>USB Power Delivery Rev. 3.1 (V. 1.1) </td> <td>2021-07-06 </td> <td>240 W (48 V, 5 A) </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-USB_Power_Delivery-63">[56]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>USB Power Delivery Rev. 3.1 (V. 1.2) </td> <td>2021-10-26 </td> <td>240 W (48 V, 5 A) </td> <td>Including errata through October 2021<a href="#cite_note-USB_Power_Delivery-63">[56]</a> This version incorporates the following ECNs: <ul><li>Clarify use of Retries</li> <li>Battery Capabilities</li> <li>FRS timing problem</li> <li>PPS power rule clarifications</li> <li>Peak current support for EPR AVS APDO</li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="System_design">System design </h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=USB&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: System design">edit</a>]</div> A USB system consists of a host with one or more downstream facing ports (DFP),<a href="#cite_note-64">[57]</a> and multiple peripherals, forming a tiered-<a href="/wiki/Star_topology" class="mw-redirect" title="Star topology">star topology</a>. Additional <a href="/wiki/USB_hub" title="USB hub">USB hubs</a> may be included, allowing up to five tiers. A USB host may have multiple controllers, each with one or more ports. Up to 127 devices may be connected to a single host controller.<a href="#cite_note-65">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-spec_3.0-37">[30]</a>: 8–29  USB devices are linked in series through hubs. The hub built into the host controller is called the root hub. A USB device may consist of several logical sub-devices that are referred to as device functions. A composite device may provide several functions, for example, a <a href="/wiki/Webcam" title="Webcam">webcam</a> (video device function) with a built-in microphone (audio device function). An alternative to this is a <a href="/wiki/Compound_device" title="Compound device">compound device</a>, in which the host assigns each logical device a distinct address and all logical devices connect to a built-in hub that connects to the physical USB cable. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USB_pipes_and_endpoints_(en).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Diagram: inside a device are several endpoints, each of which connects by a logical pipe to a host controller. Data in each pipe flows in one direction, though there are a mixture going to and from the host controller." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/USB_pipes_and_endpoints_%28en%29.svg/220px-USB_pipes_and_endpoints_%28en%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/USB_pipes_and_endpoints_%28en%29.svg/330px-USB_pipes_and_endpoints_%28en%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/USB_pipes_and_endpoints_%28en%29.svg/440px-USB_pipes_and_endpoints_%28en%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="270" data-file-height="225" /></a><figcaption>USB endpoints reside on the connected device: the channels to the host are referred to as pipes.</figcaption></figure> USB device communication is based on pipes (logical channels). A pipe connects the host controller to a logical entity within a device, called an <a href="/wiki/Communication_endpoint" title="Communication endpoint">endpoint</a>. Because pipes correspond to endpoints, the terms are sometimes used interchangeably. Each USB device can have up to 32 endpoints (16 in and 16 out), though it is rare to have so many. Endpoints are defined and numbered by the device during initialization (the period after physical connection called "enumeration") and so are relatively permanent, whereas pipes may be opened and closed. There are two types of pipe: stream and message. <ul><li>A message pipe is bi-directional and is used for control transfers. Message pipes are typically used for short, simple commands to the device, and for status responses from the device, used, for example, by the bus control pipe number 0.</li> <li>A stream pipe is a uni-directional pipe connected to a uni-directional endpoint that transfers data using an <a href="/wiki/Isochronous" class="mw-redirect" title="Isochronous">isochronous</a>,<a href="#cite_note-66">[59]</a> interrupt, or bulk transfer: <dl><dt>Isochronous transfers</dt> <dd>At some guaranteed data rate (for fixed-bandwidth streaming data) but with possible data loss (e.g., realtime audio or video)</dd> <dt>Interrupt transfers</dt> <dd>Devices that need guaranteed quick responses (bounded latency) such as pointing devices, <a href="/wiki/Computer_mouse" title="Computer mouse">mice</a>, and keyboards</dd> <dt>Bulk transfers</dt> <dd>Large sporadic transfers using all remaining available bandwidth, but with no guarantees on bandwidth or latency (e.g., file transfers)</dd></dl></li></ul> When a host starts a data transfer, it sends a TOKEN packet containing an endpoint specified with a <a href="/wiki/Tuple" title="Tuple">tuple</a> of (device_address, endpoint_number). If the transfer is from the host to the endpoint, the host sends an OUT packet (a specialization of a TOKEN packet) with the desired device address and endpoint number. If the data transfer is from the device to the host, the host sends an IN packet instead. If the destination endpoint is a uni-directional endpoint whose manufacturer's designated direction does not match the TOKEN packet (e.g. the manufacturer's designated direction is IN while the TOKEN packet is an OUT packet), the TOKEN packet is ignored. Otherwise, it is accepted and the data transaction can start. A bi-directional endpoint, on the other hand, accepts both IN and OUT packets. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USB_2_and_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Rectangular opening where the width is twice the height. The opening has a metal rim, and within the opening a flat rectangular bar runs parallel to the top side." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/USB_2_and_3.jpg/220px-USB_2_and_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/USB_2_and_3.jpg/330px-USB_2_and_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/USB_2_and_3.jpg/440px-USB_2_and_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2722" data-file-height="1263" /></a><figcaption>Two USB 3.0 Standard-A receptacles (left) and two USB 2.0 Standard-A receptacles (right) on a computer's front panel</figcaption></figure> Endpoints are grouped into interfaces and each interface is associated with a single device function. An exception to this is endpoint zero, which is used for device configuration and is not associated with any interface. A single device function composed of independently controlled interfaces is called a composite device. A composite device only has a single device address because the host only assigns a device address to a function. When a USB device is first connected to a USB host, the USB device enumeration process is started. The enumeration starts by sending a reset signal to the USB device. The signaling rate of the USB device is determined during the reset signaling. After reset, the USB device's information is read by the host and the device is assigned a unique 7-bit address. If the device is supported by the host, the <a href="/wiki/Device_driver" title="Device driver">device drivers</a> needed for communicating with the device are loaded and the device is set to a configured state. If the USB host is restarted, the enumeration process is repeated for all connected devices. The host controller directs traffic flow to devices, so no USB device can transfer any data on the bus without an explicit request from the host controller. In USB 2.0, the host controller <a href="/wiki/Polling_(computer_science)" title="Polling (computer science)">polls</a> the bus for traffic, usually in a <a href="/wiki/Round-robin_scheduling" title="Round-robin scheduling">round-robin</a> fashion. The throughput of each USB port is determined by the slower speed of either the USB port or the USB device connected to the port. High-speed USB 2.0 hubs contain devices called transaction translators that convert between high-speed USB 2.0 buses and full and low speed buses. There may be one translator per hub or per port. Because there are two separate controllers in each USB 3.0 host, USB 3.0 devices transmit and receive at USB 3.0 signaling rates regardless of USB 2.0 or earlier devices connected to that host. Operating signaling rates for earlier devices are set in the legacy manner. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Device_classes">Device classes </h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=USB&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Device classes">edit</a>]</div> The functionality of a USB device is defined by a class code sent to a USB host. This allows the host to load software modules for the device and to support new devices from different manufacturers. Device classes include:<a href="#cite_note-67">[60]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Class (<a href="/wiki/Hexadecimal" title="Hexadecimal">hexadecimal</a>) </th> <th>Usage </th> <th>Description </th> <th>Examples, or exception </th></tr> <tr> <td>00 </td> <td>Device </td> <td>Unspecified<a href="#cite_note-68">[61]</a> </td> <td>Device class is unspecified, interface descriptors are used to determine needed drivers </td></tr> <tr> <td>01 </td> <td>Interface </td> <td>Audio </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Loudspeaker" title="Loudspeaker">Speaker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Microphone" title="Microphone">microphone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sound_card" title="Sound card">sound card</a>, <a href="/wiki/MIDI#USB_and_FireWire" title="MIDI">MIDI</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>02 </td> <td>Both </td> <td><a href="/wiki/USB_communications_device_class" title="USB communications device class">Communications and CDC control</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/UART" class="mw-redirect" title="UART">UART</a> and <a href="/wiki/RS-232" title="RS-232">RS-232</a> <a href="/wiki/USB_adapter" class="mw-redirect" title="USB adapter">serial adapter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Modem" title="Modem">modem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi">Wi-Fi</a> adapter, <a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a> adapter. Used together with class 0Ah (CDC-Data) below </td></tr> <tr> <td>03 </td> <td>Interface </td> <td><a href="/wiki/USB_human_interface_device_class" title="USB human interface device class">Human interface device (HID)</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Keyboard_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Keyboard (computing)">Keyboard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mouse_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mouse (computing)">mouse</a>, joystick </td></tr> <tr> <td>05 </td> <td>Interface </td> <td>Physical interface device (PID) </td> <td>Force feedback joystick </td></tr> <tr> <td>06 </td> <td>Interface </td> <td>Media (<a href="/wiki/Picture_Transfer_Protocol" title="Picture Transfer Protocol">PTP</a>/<a href="/wiki/Media_Transfer_Protocol" title="Media Transfer Protocol">MTP</a>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Image_scanner" title="Image scanner">Scanner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_camera" title="Digital camera">Camera</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>07 </td> <td>Interface </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Computer_printer" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer printer">Printer</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Laser_printer" class="mw-redirect" title="Laser printer">Laser printer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inkjet_printer" class="mw-redirect" title="Inkjet printer">inkjet printer</a>, <a href="/wiki/CNC_machine" class="mw-redirect" title="CNC machine">CNC machine</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>08 </td> <td>Interface </td> <td><a href="/wiki/USB_mass_storage" class="mw-redirect" title="USB mass storage">USB mass storage</a>, <a href="/wiki/USB_Attached_SCSI" title="USB Attached SCSI">USB Attached SCSI</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/USB_flash_drive" title="USB flash drive">USB flash drive</a>, <a href="/wiki/Memory_card_reader" title="Memory card reader">memory card reader</a>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_audio_player" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital audio player">digital audio player</a>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_camera" title="Digital camera">digital camera</a>, external drive </td></tr> <tr> <td>09 </td> <td>Device </td> <td><a href="/wiki/USB_hub" title="USB hub">USB hub</a> </td> <td>High speed USB hub </td></tr> <tr> <td>0A </td> <td>Interface </td> <td>CDC-Data </td> <td>Used together with class 02h (Communications and CDC Control) above </td></tr> <tr> <td>0B </td> <td>Interface </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Smart_card" title="Smart card">Smart card</a> </td> <td>USB smart card reader </td></tr> <tr> <td>0D </td> <td>Interface </td> <td>Content security </td> <td>Fingerprint reader </td></tr> <tr> <td>0E </td> <td>Interface </td> <td><a href="/wiki/USB_video_device_class" title="USB video device class">Video</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Webcam" title="Webcam">Webcam</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>0F </td> <td>Interface </td> <td>Personal healthcare device class (PHDC) </td> <td>Pulse monitor (watch) </td></tr> <tr> <td>10 </td> <td>Interface </td> <td>Audio/Video (AV) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Webcam" title="Webcam">Webcam</a>, TV </td></tr> <tr> <td>11 </td> <td>Device </td> <td>Billboard </td> <td>Describes USB-C alternate modes supported by device </td></tr> <tr> <td>DC </td> <td>Both </td> <td>Diagnostic device </td> <td>USB compliance testing device </td></tr> <tr> <td>E0 </td> <td>Interface </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wireless" title="Wireless">Wireless</a> Controller </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bluetooth" title="Bluetooth">Bluetooth</a> adapter </td></tr> <tr> <td>EF </td> <td>Both </td> <td>Miscellaneous </td> <td><a href="/wiki/ActiveSync" title="ActiveSync">ActiveSync</a> device </td></tr> <tr> <td>FE </td> <td>Interface </td> <td>Application-specific </td> <td><a href="/wiki/IrDA" class="mw-redirect" title="IrDA">IrDA</a> Bridge, <a href="/wiki/RNDIS" title="RNDIS">RNDIS</a>, Test & Measurement Class (USBTMC),<a href="#cite_note-69">[62]</a> USB DFU (Device Firmware Upgrade)<a href="#cite_note-dfu-1.1-70">[63]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>FFh </td> <td>Both </td> <td>Vendor-specific </td> <td>Indicates that a device needs vendor-specific drivers </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="USB_mass_storage_/_USB_drive">USB mass storage / USB drive </h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=USB&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: USB mass storage / USB drive">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/USB_mass_storage_device_class" title="USB mass storage device class">USB mass storage device class</a>, <a href="/wiki/Disk_enclosure" title="Disk enclosure">Disk enclosure</a>, and <a href="/wiki/External_hard_disk_drive" class="mw-redirect" title="External hard disk drive">External hard disk drive</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SanDisk-Cruzer-USB-4GB-ThumbDrive.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/SanDisk-Cruzer-USB-4GB-ThumbDrive.jpg/220px-SanDisk-Cruzer-USB-4GB-ThumbDrive.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/SanDisk-Cruzer-USB-4GB-ThumbDrive.jpg/330px-SanDisk-Cruzer-USB-4GB-ThumbDrive.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/SanDisk-Cruzer-USB-4GB-ThumbDrive.jpg/440px-SanDisk-Cruzer-USB-4GB-ThumbDrive.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1220" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/USB_flash_drive" title="USB flash drive">flash drive</a>, a typical USB mass-storage device</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:M.2_2242_SSD_connected_into_USB_3.0_adapter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/M.2_2242_SSD_connected_into_USB_3.0_adapter.jpg/220px-M.2_2242_SSD_connected_into_USB_3.0_adapter.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/M.2_2242_SSD_connected_into_USB_3.0_adapter.jpg/330px-M.2_2242_SSD_connected_into_USB_3.0_adapter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/M.2_2242_SSD_connected_into_USB_3.0_adapter.jpg/440px-M.2_2242_SSD_connected_into_USB_3.0_adapter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1599" data-file-height="714" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/M.2" title="M.2">M.2</a> (2242) solid-state-drive (<a href="/wiki/SSD" class="mw-redirect" title="SSD">SSD</a>) connected into USB 3.0 adapter and connected to computer</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/USB_mass_storage_device_class" title="USB mass storage device class">USB mass storage device class</a> (MSC or UMS) standardizes connections to storage devices. At first intended for magnetic and optical drives, it has been extended to support <a href="/wiki/USB_flash_drive" title="USB flash drive">flash drives</a> and <a href="/wiki/SD_card" title="SD card">SD card</a> readers. The ability to boot a write-locked <a href="/wiki/SD_card" title="SD card">SD card</a> with a USB adapter is particularly advantageous for maintaining the integrity and non-corruptible, pristine state of the booting medium. Though most personal computers since early 2005 can boot from USB mass storage devices, USB is not intended as a primary bus for a computer's internal storage. However, USB has the advantage of allowing <a href="/wiki/Hot-swapping" class="mw-redirect" title="Hot-swapping">hot-swapping</a>, making it useful for mobile peripherals, including drives of various kinds. Several manufacturers offer external portable USB <a href="/wiki/Hard_disk_drive" title="Hard disk drive">hard disk drives</a>, or empty enclosures for disk drives. These offer performance comparable to internal drives, limited by the number and types of attached USB devices, and by the upper limit of the USB interface. Other competing standards for external drive connectivity include <a href="/wiki/ESATA" class="mw-redirect" title="ESATA">eSATA</a>, <a href="/wiki/ExpressCard" title="ExpressCard">ExpressCard</a>, <a href="/wiki/FireWire" class="mw-redirect" title="FireWire">FireWire</a> (IEEE 1394), and most recently <a href="/wiki/Thunderbolt_(interface)" title="Thunderbolt (interface)">Thunderbolt</a>. Another use for USB mass storage devices is the portable execution of software applications (such as web browsers and VoIP clients) with no need to install them on the host computer.<a href="#cite_note-71">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media_Transfer_Protocol">Media Transfer Protocol</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=USB&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Media Transfer Protocol">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Picture_Transfer_Protocol" title="Picture Transfer Protocol">Picture Transfer Protocol</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Media_Transfer_Protocol" title="Media Transfer Protocol">Media Transfer Protocol</a> (MTP) was designed by <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> to give higher-level access to a device's filesystem than USB mass storage, at the level of files rather than disk blocks. It also has optional <a href="/wiki/Digital_rights_management" title="Digital rights management">DRM</a> features. MTP was designed for use with <a href="/wiki/Portable_media_player" title="Portable media player">portable media players</a>, but it has since been adopted as the primary storage access protocol of the <a href="/wiki/Android_operating_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Android operating system">Android operating system</a> from the version 4.1 Jelly Bean as well as Windows Phone 8 (Windows Phone 7 devices had used the Zune protocol—an evolution of MTP). The primary reason for this is that MTP does not require exclusive access to the storage device the way UMS does, alleviating potential problems should an Android program request the storage while it is attached to a computer. The main drawback is that MTP is not as well supported outside of Windows operating systems. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Human_interface_devices">Human interface devices</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=USB&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Human interface devices">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/USB_human_interface_device_class" title="USB human interface device class">USB human interface device class</a></div> A USB mouse or keyboard can usually be used with older computers that have <a href="/wiki/PS/2_port" title="PS/2 port">PS/2 ports</a> with the aid of a small USB-to-PS/2 adapter. For mice and keyboards with dual-protocol support, a passive adapter that contains no <a href="/wiki/Electronic_circuit" title="Electronic circuit">logic circuitry</a> may be used: the <a href="/wiki/USB_hardware" title="USB hardware">USB hardware</a> in the keyboard or mouse is designed to detect whether it is connected to a USB or PS/2 port, and communicate using the appropriate protocol.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Active converters that connect USB keyboards and mice (usually one of each) to PS/2 ports also exist.<a href="#cite_note-73">[66]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Device_Firmware_Upgrade_mechanism">Device Firmware Upgrade mechanism </h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=USB&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Device Firmware Upgrade mechanism">edit</a>]</div> Device Firmware Upgrade (DFU) is a generic mechanism for upgrading the <a href="/wiki/Firmware" title="Firmware">firmware</a> of USB devices with improved versions provided by their manufacturers, offering (for example) a way to deploy firmware bug fixes. During the firmware upgrade operation, USB devices change their operating mode effectively becoming a <a href="/wiki/Programmable_read-only_memory" class="mw-redirect" title="Programmable read-only memory">PROM</a> programmer. Any class of USB device can implement this capability by following the official DFU specifications. Doing so allows use of DFU-compatible host tools to update the device.<a href="#cite_note-dfu-1.1-70">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-dfu-1.0-74">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[68]</a> DFU is sometimes used as a flash memory programming protocol in microcontrollers with built-in USB bootloader functionality. <a href="#cite_note-76">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Audio_streaming">Audio streaming</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=USB&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Audio streaming">edit</a>]</div> The USB Device Working Group has laid out specifications for audio streaming, and specific standards have been developed and implemented for audio class uses, such as microphones, speakers, headsets, telephones, musical instruments, etc. The working group has published three versions of audio device specifications:<a href="#cite_note-77">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[71]</a> USB Audio 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0, referred to as "UAC"<a href="#cite_note-xmos2015-79">[72]</a> or "ADC".<a href="#cite_note-80">[73]</a> UAC 3.0 primarily introduces improvements for portable devices, such as reduced power usage by bursting the data and staying in low power mode more often, and power domains for different components of the device, allowing them to be shut down when not in use.<a href="#cite_note-81">[74]</a> UAC 2.0 introduced support for High Speed USB (in addition to Full Speed), allowing greater bandwidth for multi-channel interfaces, higher sample rates,<a href="#cite_note-:2-82">[75]</a> lower inherent latency,<a href="#cite_note-83">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-xmos2015-79">[72]</a> and 8× improvement in timing resolution in synchronous and adaptive modes.<a href="#cite_note-xmos2015-79">[72]</a> UAC2 also introduced the concept of clock domains, which provides information to the host about which input and output terminals derive their clocks from the same source, as well as improved support for audio encodings like <a href="/wiki/Direct_Stream_Digital" title="Direct Stream Digital">DSD</a>, audio effects, channel clustering, user controls, and device descriptions.<a href="#cite_note-xmos2015-79">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-84">[77]</a> UAC 1.0 devices are still common, however, due to their cross-platform driverless compatibility,<a href="#cite_note-:2-82">[75]</a> and also partly due to <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft</a>'s failure to implement UAC 2.0 for over a decade after its publication, having finally added support to <a href="/wiki/Windows_10" title="Windows 10">Windows 10</a> through the Creators Update on 20 March 2017.<a href="#cite_note-85">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-84">[77]</a> UAC 2.0 is also supported by <a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a>, <a href="/wiki/IOS" title="IOS">iOS</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a>,<a href="#cite_note-xmos2015-79">[72]</a> however <a href="/wiki/Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a> only implements a subset of the UAC 1.0 specification.<a href="#cite_note-:5-87">[80]</a> USB provides three isochronous (fixed-bandwidth) synchronization types,<a href="#cite_note-88">[81]</a> all of which are used by audio devices:<a href="#cite_note-89">[82]</a> <ul><li>Asynchronous — The ADC or DAC are not synced to the host computer's clock at all, operating off a free-running clock local to the device.</li> <li>Synchronous — The device's clock is synced to the USB start-of-frame (SOF) or Bus Interval signals. For instance, this can require syncing an 11.2896 MHz clock to a 1 kHz SOF signal, a large frequency multiplication.<a href="#cite_note-90">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-91">[84]</a></li> <li>Adaptive — The device's clock is synced to the amount of data sent per frame by the host<a href="#cite_note-92">[85]</a></li></ul> While the USB spec originally described asynchronous mode being used in "low cost speakers" and adaptive mode in "high-end digital speakers",<a href="#cite_note-93">[86]</a> the opposite perception exists in the <a href="/wiki/Hi-fi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hi-fi">hi-fi</a> world, where asynchronous mode is advertised as a feature, and adaptive/synchronous modes have a bad reputation.<a href="#cite_note-94">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-:5-87">[80]</a> In reality, all types can be high-quality or low-quality, depending on the quality of their engineering and the application.<a href="#cite_note-:1-91">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-xmos2015-79">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[89]</a> Asynchronous has the benefit of being untied from the computer's clock, but the disadvantage of requiring <a href="/wiki/Sample_rate_conversion" class="mw-redirect" title="Sample rate conversion">sample rate conversion</a> when combining multiple sources. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Connectors">Connectors </h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=USB&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Connectors">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/USB_hardware#Connectors" title="USB hardware">USB hardware § Connectors</a></div> The connectors the USB committee specifies support a number of USB's underlying goals, and reflect lessons learned from the many connectors the computer industry has used. The female connector mounted on the host or device is called the receptacle, and the male connector attached to the cable is called the plug.<a href="#cite_note-spec_3.0-37">[30]</a>: 2-5–2-6  The official USB specification documents also periodically define the term male to represent the plug, and female to represent the receptacle.<a href="#cite_note-97">[90]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USB_Type-A_plug_B%26W.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="USB Type-A plug" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/USB_Type-A_plug_B%26W.svg/220px-USB_Type-A_plug_B%26W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/USB_Type-A_plug_B%26W.svg/330px-USB_Type-A_plug_B%26W.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/USB_Type-A_plug_B%26W.svg/440px-USB_Type-A_plug_B%26W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>The legacy USB Type-A plug. This is one of many legacy types of <a href="/wiki/USB_connector" class="mw-redirect" title="USB connector">USB connector</a>.</figcaption></figure> The design is intended to make it difficult to insert a USB plug into its receptacle incorrectly. The USB specification requires that the cable plug and receptacle be marked so the user can recognize the proper orientation.<a href="#cite_note-spec_3.0-37">[30]</a> The USB-C plug however is reversible. USB cables and small USB devices are held in place by the gripping force from the receptacle, with no screws, clips, or thumb-turns as some connectors use. The different A and B plugs prevent accidentally connecting two power sources. However, some of this directed topology is lost with the advent of multi-purpose USB connections (such as <a href="/wiki/USB_On-The-Go" title="USB On-The-Go">USB On-The-Go</a> in smartphones, and USB-powered Wi-Fi routers), which require A-to-A, B-to-B, and sometimes Y/splitter cables. USB connector types multiplied as the specification progressed. The original USB specification detailed standard-A and standard-B plugs and receptacles. The connectors were different so that users could not connect one computer receptacle to another. The data pins in the standard plugs are recessed compared to the power pins, so that the device can power up before establishing a data connection. Some devices operate in different modes depending on whether the data connection is made. Charging docks supply power, and do not include a host device or data pins, allowing any capable USB device to charge or operate from a standard USB cable. Charging cables provide power connections but not data. In a charge-only cable, the data wires are shorted at the device end; otherwise, the device may reject the charger as unsuitable. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cabling">Cabling </h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=USB&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Cabling">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/USB_hardware#Cabling" title="USB hardware">USB hardware § Cabling</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cables_in_Hong_Kong.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Cables_in_Hong_Kong.JPG/220px-Cables_in_Hong_Kong.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Cables_in_Hong_Kong.JPG/330px-Cables_in_Hong_Kong.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Cables_in_Hong_Kong.JPG/440px-Cables_in_Hong_Kong.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5760" data-file-height="3840" /></a><figcaption>A variety of USB cables for sale in <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></figcaption></figure> The USB 1.1 standard specifies that a standard cable can have a maximum length of 5 meters (16 ft 5 in) with devices operating at full speed (12 Mbit/s), and a maximum length of 3 meters (9 ft 10 in) with devices operating at low speed (1.5 Mbit/s).<a href="#cite_note-98">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-faq-100">[93]</a> USB 2.0 provides for a maximum cable length of 5 meters (16 ft 5 in) for devices running at high speed (480 Mbit/s).<a href="#cite_note-faq-100">[93]</a> The USB 3.0 standard does not directly specify a maximum cable length, requiring only that all cables meet an electrical specification: for copper cabling with <a href="/wiki/AWG" class="mw-redirect" title="AWG">AWG</a> 26 wires the maximum practical length is 3 meters (9 ft 10 in).<a href="#cite_note-101">[94]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="USB_bridge_cables">USB bridge cables</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=USB&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: USB bridge cables">edit</a>]</div> USB bridge cables, or data transfer cables can be found within the market, offering direct PC to PC connections. A bridge cable is a special cable with a chip and active electronics in the middle of the cable. The chip in the middle of the cable acts as a peripheral to both computers and allows for peer-to-peer communication between the computers. The USB bridge cables are used to transfer files between two computers via their USB ports. Popularized by Microsoft as <a href="/wiki/Windows_Easy_Transfer" title="Windows Easy Transfer">Windows Easy Transfer</a>, the Microsoft utility used a special USB bridge cable to transfer personal files and settings from a computer running an earlier version of Windows to a computer running a newer version. In the context of the use of Windows Easy Transfer software, the bridge cable can sometimes be referenced as Easy Transfer cable. Many USB bridge / data transfer cables are still USB 2.0, but there are also a number of USB 3.0 transfer cables. Despite USB 3.0 being 10 times faster than USB 2.0, USB 3.0 transfer cables are only 2 to 3 times faster given their design.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] The USB 3.0 specification introduced an A-to-A cross-over cable without power for connecting two PCs. These are not meant for data transfer but are aimed at diagnostic uses. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dual-role_USB_connections">Dual-role USB connections</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=USB&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Dual-role USB connections">edit</a>]</div> USB bridge cables have become less important with USB dual-role-device capabilities introduced with the USB 3.1 specification. Under the most recent specifications, USB supports most scenarios connecting systems directly with a Type-C cable. For the capability to work, however, connected systems must support role-switching. Dual-role capabilities requires there be two controllers within the system, as well as a role controller. While this can be expected in a mobile platform such as a tablet or a phone, desktop PCs and laptops often will not support dual roles.<a href="#cite_note-102">[95]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Power">Power </h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=USB&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Power">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/USB_hardware#Power" title="USB hardware">USB hardware § Power</a></div> Upstream USB connectors supply power at a nominal 5 V DC via the V_BUS pin to downstream USB devices. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Low-power_and_high-power_devices">Low-power and high-power devices </h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=USB&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Low-power and high-power devices">edit</a>]</div> This section describes the power distribution model of USB that existed before <a href="/wiki/USB_hardware#USB_Power_Delivery" title="USB hardware">Power-Delivery</a> (USB-PD). On devices that do not use PD, USB provides up to 7.5 W through Type-A and Type-B connectors, and up to 15 W through USB-C. All pre-PD USB power is provided at 5 V. For a host providing power to devices, USB has a concept of the unit load. Any device may draw power of one unit, and devices may request more power in these discrete steps. It is not required that the host provide requested power, and a device may not draw more power than negotiated. Devices that draw no more than one unit are said to be low-power devices. All devices must act as low-power devices when starting out as unconfigured. For USB devices up to USB 2.0 a unit load is 100 mA (or 500 mW), while USB 3.0 defines a unit load as 150 mA (750 mW). Full-featured USB-C can support low-power devices with a unit load of 250 mA (or 1250 mW). Devices that draw more than one unit are high-power devices (such as typical 2.5-inch hard disk drives). USB up to 2.0 allows a host or hub to provide up to 2.5 W to each device, in five discrete steps of 100 mA, and SuperSpeed devices (USB 3.0 and up) allows a host or a hub to provide up to 4.5 W in six steps of 150 mA. USB-C supports high-power devices with up to 7.5 W, in six steps of 250 mA. Full-featured USB-C can support up to 15 W. <table class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:0 0 1em 1em;"> <caption>USB power standards </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Specification </th> <th>Current </th> <th>Voltage </th> <th>Power (max.) </th></tr> <tr> <td>Low-power device </td> <td><div style="float:right;">100 mA</div></td> <td><div style="float:right;">5 V</div><a href="#cite_note-Vdrop-103">[a]</a></td> <td><div style="float:right;">0.50 W</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Low-power SuperSpeed (USB 3.0) device </td> <td><div style="float:right;">150 mA</div></td> <td><div style="float:right;">5 V</div><a href="#cite_note-Vdrop-103">[a]</a></td> <td><div style="float:right;">0.75 W</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>High-power device </td> <td><div style="float:right;">500 mA</div><a href="#cite_note-104">[b]</a></td> <td><div style="float:right;">5 V</div></td> <td><div style="float:right;">2.5 W</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>High-power SuperSpeed (USB 3.0) device </td> <td><div style="float:right;">900 mA</div><a href="#cite_note-105">[c]</a></td> <td><div style="float:right;">5 V</div></td> <td><div style="float:right;">4.5 W</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>USB 3.2 Gen 2×1 device </td> <td><div style="float:right;">1.5 A</div><a href="#cite_note-Vml-106">[d]</a></td> <td><div style="float:right;">5 V</div></td> <td><div style="float:right;">7.5 W</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Battery Charging (BC) 1.1 </td> <td><div style="float:right;">1.5 A</div></td> <td><div style="float:right;">5 V</div></td> <td><div style="float:right;">7.5 W</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Battery Charging (BC) 1.2 </td> <td><div style="float:right;">1.5 A</div></td> <td><div style="float:right;">5 V</div></td> <td><div style="float:right;">7.5 W</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>USB-C (single-lane) </td> <td><div style="float:right;">1.5 A</div><a href="#cite_note-Vml-106">[d]</a></td> <td><div style="float:right;">5 V</div></td> <td><div style="float:right;">7.5 W</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>USB-C (multi-lane) </td> <td><div style="float:right;">3 A</div></td> <td><div style="float:right;">5 V</div></td> <td><div style="float:right;">15 W</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/USB_Power_Delivery" class="mw-redirect" title="USB Power Delivery">Power Delivery</a> 1.0/2.0/3.0 Type-C </td> <td><div style="float:right;">5 A</div><a href="#cite_note-req_5A_cable-107">[e]</a></td> <td><div style="float:right;">20 V</div></td> <td><div style="float:right;">100 W</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Power Delivery 3.1 Type-C </td> <td><div style="float:right;">5 A</div><a href="#cite_note-req_5A_cable-107">[e]</a></td> <td><div style="float:right;">48 V</div><a href="#cite_note-req_EPR_cable-108">[f]</a></td> <td><div style="float:right;">240 W</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Vdrop-103">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Vdrop_103-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vdrop_103-1">b</a> The VBUS supply from a low-powered hub port may drop to 4.40 V. </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> Up to five unit loads; with non-SuperSpeed devices, one unit load is 100 mA. </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> Up to six unit loads; with SuperSpeed devices, one unit load is 150 mA. </li> <li id="cite_note-Vml-106">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Vml_106-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vml_106-1">b</a> Up to six unit loads; with multi-lane devices, one unit load is 250 mA. </li> <li id="cite_note-req_5A_cable-107">^ <a href="#cite_ref-req_5A_cable_107-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-req_5A_cable_107-1">b</a> >3 A (>60 W) operation requires an electronically marked cable rated at 5 A. </li> <li id="cite_note-req_EPR_cable-108"><a href="#cite_ref-req_EPR_cable_108-0">^</a> >20 V (>100 W) operation requires an electronically marked Extended Power Range (EPR) cable. </li> </ol></div></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> To recognize Battery Charging mode, a dedicated charging port places a resistance not exceeding 200 Ω across the D+ and D− terminals. Shorted or near-shorted data lanes with less than 200 Ω of resistance across the D+ and D− terminals signify a dedicated charging port (DCP) with indefinite charging rates.<a href="#cite_note-USBBC1.2-109">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[97]</a> In addition to standard USB, there is a proprietary high-powered system known as <a href="/wiki/PoweredUSB" title="PoweredUSB">PoweredUSB</a>, developed in the 1990s, and mainly used in point-of-sale terminals such as cash registers. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Signaling">Signaling</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=USB&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Signaling">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/USB_(Communications)#Signaling_(USB_PHY)" class="mw-redirect" title="USB (Communications)">USB (Communications) § Signaling (USB PHY)</a></div> USB signals are transmitted using <a href="/wiki/Differential_signaling" class="mw-redirect" title="Differential signaling">differential signaling</a> on <a href="/wiki/Twisted-pair" class="mw-redirect" title="Twisted-pair">twisted-pair</a> data wires with 90 <a href="/wiki/Ohm" title="Ohm">Ω</a> ± 15% <a href="/wiki/Characteristic_impedance" title="Characteristic impedance">characteristic impedance</a>.<a href="#cite_note-111">[98]</a> USB 2.0 and earlier specifications define a single pair in <a href="/wiki/Half-duplex" class="mw-redirect" title="Half-duplex">half-duplex</a> (HDx). USB 3.0 and later specifications define one dedicated pair for USB 2.0 compatibility and two or four pairs for data transfer: two pairs in full-duplex (FDx) for single lane variants require at least SuperSpeed (SS) connectors; four pairs in full-duplex for two lane (×2) variants require USB-C connectors. USB4 Gen 4 requires the use of all four pairs but allow for asymmetrical pairs configuration.<a href="#cite_note-112">[99]</a> In this case one lane is used for the upstream data and the other three for the downstream data or vice-versa. USB4 Gen 4 use <a href="/wiki/Pulse_amplitude_modulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulse amplitude modulation">pulse amplitude modulation</a> on 3 levels, providing a <a href="/wiki/Ternary_numeral_system" title="Ternary numeral system">trit</a> of information every <a href="/wiki/Baud" title="Baud">baud</a> transmitted, the transmission frequency of 12.8 GHz translate to a transmission rate of 25.6 GBd<a href="#cite_note-113">[100]</a> and the 11-bit–to–7-trit translation provides a theoretical maximum transmission speed just over 40.2 Gbit/s.<a href="#cite_note-114">[101]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1232966811"> <table class="wikitable sortable mw-datatable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Operation mode name </th> <th rowspan="2">Introduced in </th> <th rowspan="2">Lanes </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Line_code" title="Line code">Encoding</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"># data wires </th> <th rowspan="2" data-sort-type="number">Nominal signaling rate </th> <th rowspan="2">Original label </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/USB-IF" class="mw-redirect" title="USB-IF">USB-IF</a> current<a href="#cite_note-115">[102]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th>current </th> <th class="unsortable">old </th> <th>marketing name </th> <th class="unsortable">logo </th></tr> <tr> <td>Low-Speed </td> <td rowspan="3" style="background: #EEE; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-cast">Does not appear </td> <td rowspan="2">USB 1.0 </td> <td rowspan="3">1 <a href="/wiki/Half-duplex" class="mw-redirect" title="Half-duplex">HDx</a> </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/NRZI" class="mw-redirect" title="NRZI">NRZI</a> </td> <td rowspan="3">2 </td> <td data-sort-value="0.001">1.5 Mbit/s half-duplex </td> <td>Low-Speed USB (LS) </td> <td rowspan="2">Basic-Speed USB </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/File:Certified_USB.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Certified_USB.svg/50px-Certified_USB.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Certified_USB.svg/75px-Certified_USB.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Certified_USB.svg/100px-Certified_USB.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="374" data-file-height="126" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Full-Speed </td> <td data-sort-value="0.012">12 Mbit/s half-duplex </td> <td>Full-Speed USB (FS) </td></tr> <tr> <td>High-Speed </td> <td>USB 2.0 </td> <td data-sort-value="0.480">480 Mbit/s half-duplex </td> <td colspan="2">Hi-Speed USB (HS) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Certified_Hi-Speed_USB.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Certified_Hi-Speed_USB.svg/50px-Certified_Hi-Speed_USB.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Certified_Hi-Speed_USB.svg/75px-Certified_Hi-Speed_USB.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Certified_Hi-Speed_USB.svg/100px-Certified_Hi-Speed_USB.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="374" data-file-height="172" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>USB 3.2 Gen 1<abbr title="single-lane">×1</abbr> </td> <td>USB 3.0, USB 3.1 Gen 1 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/USB_3.0" title="USB 3.0">USB 3.0</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">1 <a href="/wiki/Full_duplex" class="mw-redirect" title="Full duplex">FDx</a> (+ 1 HDx)<a href="#cite_note-HDx-116">[a]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/8b/10b" class="mw-redirect" title="8b/10b">8b/10b</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">6 </td> <td>5 <abbr>Gbit/s</abbr> symmetric </td> <td>SuperSpeed USB (SS) </td> <td>USB 5Gbps </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:USB_5Gbps_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/USB_5Gbps_logo.svg/50px-USB_5Gbps_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/USB_5Gbps_logo.svg/75px-USB_5Gbps_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/USB_5Gbps_logo.svg/100px-USB_5Gbps_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="70" data-file-height="35" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>USB 3.2 Gen 2<abbr title="single-lane">×1</abbr> </td> <td>USB 3.1 Gen 2 </td> <td>USB 3.1 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/128b/132b" class="mw-redirect" title="128b/132b">128b/132b</a> </td> <td>10 <abbr>Gbit/s</abbr> symmetric </td> <td>SuperSpeed+ (SS+) </td> <td rowspan="2">USB 10Gbps </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/File:USB_10Gbps_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/USB_10Gbps_logo.svg/50px-USB_10Gbps_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/USB_10Gbps_logo.svg/75px-USB_10Gbps_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/USB_10Gbps_logo.svg/100px-USB_10Gbps_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="87" data-file-height="35" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>USB 3.2 Gen 1<abbr title="two-lane">×2</abbr> </td> <td rowspan="9" style="background: #EEE; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-cast">Does not appear </td> <td rowspan="2">USB 3.2 </td> <td rowspan="2">2 FDx (+ 1 HDx)<a href="#cite_note-HDx-116">[a]</a> </td> <td>8b/10b </td> <td rowspan="2">10 </td> <td>10 <abbr>Gbit/s</abbr> symmetric </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td>USB 3.2 Gen 2<abbr title="two-lane">×2</abbr> </td> <td>128b/132b </td> <td>20 <abbr>Gbit/s</abbr> symmetric </td> <td>SuperSpeed USB 20Gbps </td> <td>USB 20Gbps </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:USB_20Gbps_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/USB_20Gbps_logo.svg/50px-USB_20Gbps_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/USB_20Gbps_logo.svg/75px-USB_20Gbps_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/USB_20Gbps_logo.svg/100px-USB_20Gbps_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="88" data-file-height="35" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>USB4 Gen 2<abbr title="single-lane">×1</abbr> </td> <td rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/USB4" title="USB4">USB4</a> </td> <td>1 FDx (+ 1 HDx)<a href="#cite_note-HDx-116">[a]</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">64b/66b<a href="#cite_note-rs-fec-117">[b]</a> </td> <td>6 (used of 10) </td> <td>10 <abbr>Gbit/s</abbr> symmetric </td> <td colspan="2">USB 10Gbps </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:USB_10Gbps_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/USB_10Gbps_logo.svg/50px-USB_10Gbps_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/USB_10Gbps_logo.svg/75px-USB_10Gbps_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/USB_10Gbps_logo.svg/100px-USB_10Gbps_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="87" data-file-height="35" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>USB4 Gen 2<abbr title="two-lane">×2</abbr> </td> <td>2 FDx (+ 1 HDx)<a href="#cite_note-HDx-116">[a]</a> </td> <td>10 </td> <td>20 <abbr>Gbit/s</abbr> symmetric </td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2">USB 20Gbps </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/File:USB_20Gbps_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/USB_20Gbps_logo.svg/50px-USB_20Gbps_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/USB_20Gbps_logo.svg/75px-USB_20Gbps_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/USB_20Gbps_logo.svg/100px-USB_20Gbps_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="88" data-file-height="35" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>USB4 Gen 3<abbr title="single-lane">×1</abbr> </td> <td>1 FDx (+ 1 HDx)<a href="#cite_note-HDx-116">[a]</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">128b/132b<a href="#cite_note-rs-fec-117">[b]</a> </td> <td>6 (used of 10) </td> <td>20 <abbr>Gbit/s</abbr> symmetric </td></tr> <tr> <td>USB4 Gen 3<abbr title="two-lane">×2</abbr> </td> <td>2 FDx (+ 1 HDx)<a href="#cite_note-HDx-116">[a]</a> </td> <td>10 </td> <td>40 <abbr>Gbit/s</abbr> symmetric </td> <td colspan="2">USB 40Gbps </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:USB_40Gbps_logo_01.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/USB_40Gbps_logo_01.svg/50px-USB_40Gbps_logo_01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/USB_40Gbps_logo_01.svg/75px-USB_40Gbps_logo_01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/USB_40Gbps_logo_01.svg/100px-USB_40Gbps_logo_01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="88" data-file-height="35" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">USB4 Gen 4<abbr title="two-lane">×2</abbr> </td> <td rowspan="3">USB4 2.0 </td> <td>2 FDx (+ 1 HDx)<a href="#cite_note-HDx-116">[a]</a> </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Pulse-amplitude_modulation" title="Pulse-amplitude modulation">PAM-3</a> 11b/7<a href="/wiki/Ternary_numeral_system" title="Ternary numeral system">t</a> </td> <td rowspan="3">10 </td> <td>80 Gbit/s symmetric </td> <td colspan="2">USB 80Gbps </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:USB_80Gbps_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/USB_80Gbps_logo.svg/50px-USB_80Gbps_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/USB_80Gbps_logo.svg/75px-USB_80Gbps_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/USB_80Gbps_logo.svg/100px-USB_80Gbps_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="88" data-file-height="35" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">asymmetric </td> <td>40 Gbit/s up 120 Gbit/s down </td> <td colspan="3" rowspan="2" data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td>120 Gbit/s up 40 Gbit/s down </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-HDx-116">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HDx_116-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HDx_116-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HDx_116-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HDx_116-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HDx_116-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HDx_116-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HDx_116-6">g</a> USB 2.0 implementation </li> <li id="cite_note-rs-fec-117">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rs-fec_117-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rs-fec_117-1">b</a> USB4 can use optional <a href="/wiki/Reed%E2%80%93Solomon" class="mw-redirect" title="Reed–Solomon">Reed–Solomon</a> <a href="/wiki/Error_correction_code#Forward_error_correction" title="Error correction code">forward error correction</a> (RS FEC). In this mode, 12 × 16 B (128 bit) symbols are assembled together with 2 B (12 bit + 4 bit reserved) synchronization bits indicating the respective symbol types and 4 B of RS FEC to allow to correct up to 1 B of errors anywhere in the total 198 B block. </li> </ol></div></div> <ul><li>Low-speed (LS) and Full-speed (FS) modes use a single data wire pair, labeled D+ and D−, in <a href="/wiki/Half-duplex" class="mw-redirect" title="Half-duplex">half-duplex</a>. Transmitted signal levels are 0.0–0.3 V for logical low, and 2.8–3.6 V for logical high level. The signal lines are not <a href="/wiki/Electrical_termination" title="Electrical termination">terminated</a>.</li> <li>High-speed (HS) uses the same wire pair, but with different electrical conventions. Lower signal voltages of −10 to 10 mV for low and 360 to 440 mV for logical high level, and termination of 45 Ω to ground or 90 Ω differential to match the data cable impedance.</li> <li>SuperSpeed (SS) adds two additional pairs of shielded twisted data wires (and new, mostly compatible expanded connectors) besides another grounding wire. These are dedicated to full-duplex SuperSpeed operation. The SuperSpeed link operates independently from the USB 2.0 channel and takes precedence on connection. Link configuration is performed using LFPS (Low Frequency Periodic Signaling, approximately at 20 MHz frequency), and electrical features include voltage de-emphasis at the transmitter side, and adaptive linear equalization on the receiver side to combat electrical losses in transmission lines, and thus the link introduces the concept of link training.</li> <li>SuperSpeed+ (SS+) uses a new coding scheme with an increased signaling rate (Gen 2×1 mode) and/or the additional lane of USB-C (Gen 1×2 and Gen 2×2 modes).</li></ul> A USB connection is always between an A end, either a host or a downstream port of a hub, and a B end, either a peripheral device or the upstream port of a hub. Historically this was made clear by the fact that hosts had only Type-A ports and peripheral devices had only Type-B, and every (valid) cable had one Type-A plug and one Type-B plug. USB-C (Type-C) is a single connector that replaces all Type-A and Type-B connectors (legacy connectors), so when both sides are modern equipment with USB-C ports they negotiate which is the host (A) and which is the device (B). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Protocol_layer">Protocol layer</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=USB&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Protocol layer">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/USB_(Communications)#Protocol_layer" class="mw-redirect" title="USB (Communications)">USB (Communications) § Protocol layer</a></div> During USB communication, data is transmitted as <a href="/wiki/Network_packet" title="Network packet">packets</a>. Initially, all packets are sent from the host via the root hub, and possibly more hubs, to devices. Some of those packets direct a device to send some packets in reply. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transactions">Transactions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=USB&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Transactions">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/USB_(Communications)#Transaction" class="mw-redirect" title="USB (Communications)">USB (Communications) § Transaction</a></div> The basic transactions of USB are: <ul><li>OUT transaction</li> <li>IN transaction</li> <li>SETUP transaction</li> <li>Control transfer exchange</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Related_standards">Related standards </h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=USB&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Related standards">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USB_Wireless_certified_Logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/USB_Wireless_certified_Logo.svg/110px-USB_Wireless_certified_Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/USB_Wireless_certified_Logo.svg/165px-USB_Wireless_certified_Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/USB_Wireless_certified_Logo.svg/220px-USB_Wireless_certified_Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="578" data-file-height="305" /></a><figcaption>The Wireless USB logo</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media_Agnostic_USB">Media Agnostic USB</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=USB&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Media Agnostic USB">edit</a>]</div> The USB Implementers Forum introduced the Media Agnostic USB (MA-USB) v.1.0 wireless communication standard based on the USB protocol on 29 July 2015. <a href="/wiki/Wireless_USB" title="Wireless USB">Wireless USB</a> is a cable-replacement technology, and uses <a href="/wiki/Ultra-wideband" title="Ultra-wideband">ultra-wideband</a> <a href="/wiki/Wireless_technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Wireless technology">wireless technology</a> for data rates of up to 480 Mbit/s.<a href="#cite_note-118">[103]</a> The USB-IF used WiGig Serial Extension v1.2 specification as its initial foundation for the MA-USB specification and is compliant with SuperSpeed USB (3.0 and 3.1) and Hi-Speed USB (USB 2.0). Devices that use MA-USB will be branded as "Powered by MA-USB", provided the product qualifies its certification program.<a href="#cite_note-119">[104]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="InterChip_USB">InterChip USB</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=USB&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: InterChip USB">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/InterChip_USB" title="InterChip USB">InterChip USB</a></div> InterChip USB is a chip-to-chip variant that eliminates the conventional transceivers found in normal USB. The HSIC <a href="/wiki/Physical_layer" title="Physical layer">physical layer</a> uses about 50% less power and 75% less <a href="/wiki/Printed_circuit_board" title="Printed circuit board">board</a> area compared to USB 2.0.<a href="#cite_note-120">[105]</a> It is an alternative standard to <a href="/wiki/Serial_Peripheral_Interface" title="Serial Peripheral Interface">SPI</a> and <a href="/wiki/I2C" class="mw-redirect" title="I2C">I2C</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="USB-C">USB-C</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=USB&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: USB-C">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/USB-C" title="USB-C">USB-C</a></div> USB-C (officially USB Type-C) is a standard that defines a new connector, and several new connection features. Among them it supports Alternate Mode, which allows transporting other protocols via the USB-C connector and cable. This is commonly used to support the <a href="/wiki/DisplayPort" title="DisplayPort">DisplayPort</a> or <a href="/wiki/HDMI" title="HDMI">HDMI</a> protocols, which allows connecting a display, such as a <a href="/wiki/Computer_monitor" title="Computer monitor">computer monitor</a> or <a href="/wiki/Television_set" title="Television set">television set</a>, via USB-C. All other connectors are not capable of two-lane operations (Gen 1×2 and Gen 2×2) in USB 3.2, but can be used for one-lane operations (Gen 1×1 and Gen 2×1).<a href="#cite_note-Black_Box-121">[106]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="DisplayLink">DisplayLink</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=USB&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: DisplayLink">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/DisplayLink" title="DisplayLink">DisplayLink</a></div> DisplayLink is a technology which allows multiple displays to be connected to a computer via USB. It was introduced around 2006, and before the advent of Alternate Mode over USB-C it was the only way to connect displays via USB. It is a proprietary technology, not standardized by the USB Implementers Forum and typically requires a separate <a href="/wiki/Device_driver" title="Device driver">device driver</a> on the computer. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comparisons_with_other_connection_methods">Comparisons with other connection methods</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=USB&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Comparisons with other connection methods">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="FireWire_(IEEE_1394)">FireWire (IEEE 1394)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=USB&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: FireWire (IEEE 1394)">edit</a>]</div> At first, USB was considered a complement to FireWire (<a href="/wiki/IEEE_1394" title="IEEE 1394">IEEE 1394</a>) technology, which was designed as a high-bandwidth serial bus that efficiently interconnects peripherals such as disk drives, audio interfaces, and video equipment. In the initial design, USB operated at a far lower data rate and used less sophisticated hardware. It was suitable for small peripherals such as keyboards and pointing devices. The most significant technical differences between FireWire and USB include: <ul><li>USB networks use a <a href="/wiki/Star_network" title="Star network">tiered-star</a> topology, while IEEE 1394 networks use a <a href="/wiki/Tree_network" title="Tree network">tree</a> topology.</li> <li>USB 1.0, 1.1, and 2.0 use a "speak-when-spoken-to" protocol, meaning that each peripheral communicates with the host when the host specifically requests communication. USB 3.0 allows for device-initiated communications towards the host. A FireWire device can communicate with any other node at any time, subject to network conditions.</li> <li>A USB network relies on a single host at the top of the tree to control the network. All communications are between the host and one peripheral. In a FireWire network, any capable node can control the network.</li> <li>USB runs with a 5 <a href="/wiki/Volts" class="mw-redirect" title="Volts">V</a> power line, while FireWire supplies 12 V and theoretically can supply up to 30 V.</li> <li>Standard USB hub ports can provide from the typical 500 mA/2.5 W of current, only 100 mA from non-hub ports. USB 3.0 and USB On-The-Go supply 1.8 A/9.0 W (for dedicated battery charging, 1.5 A/7.5 W full bandwidth or 900 mA/4.5 W high bandwidth), while FireWire can in theory supply up to 60 watts of power, although 10 to 20 watts is more typical.</li></ul> These and other differences reflect the differing design goals of the two buses: USB was designed for simplicity and low cost, while FireWire was designed for high performance, particularly in time-sensitive applications such as audio and video. Although similar in theoretical maximum signaling rate, FireWire 400 is faster than USB 2.0 high-bandwidth in real-use,<a href="#cite_note-122">[107]</a> especially in high-bandwidth use such as external hard drives.<a href="#cite_note-123">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[111]</a> The newer FireWire 800 standard is twice as fast as FireWire 400 and faster than USB 2.0 high-bandwidth both theoretically and practically.<a href="#cite_note-127">[112]</a> However, FireWire's speed advantages rely on low-level techniques such as <a href="/wiki/Direct_memory_access" title="Direct memory access">direct memory access</a> (DMA), which in turn have created opportunities for security exploits such as the <a href="/wiki/DMA_attack" title="DMA attack">DMA attack</a>. The chipset and drivers used to implement USB and FireWire have a crucial impact on how much of the bandwidth prescribed by the specification is achieved in the real world, along with compatibility with peripherals.<a href="#cite_note-128">[113]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethernet">Ethernet</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=USB&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Ethernet">edit</a>]</div> The IEEE 802.3af, 802.3at, and 802.3bt <a href="/wiki/Power_over_Ethernet" title="Power over Ethernet">Power over Ethernet</a> (PoE) standards specify more elaborate power negotiation schemes than powered USB. They operate at 48 V <a href="/wiki/Direct_current" title="Direct current">DC</a> and can supply more power (up to 12.95 W for 802.3af, 25.5 W for 802.3at, a.k.a. PoE+, 71 W for 802.3bt, a.k.a. 4PPoE) over a cable up to 100 meters compared to USB 2.0, which provides 2.5 W with a maximum cable length of 5 meters. This has made PoE popular for <a href="/wiki/Voice_over_IP" title="Voice over IP">Voice over IP</a> telephones, <a href="/wiki/Security_camera" class="mw-redirect" title="Security camera">security cameras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wireless_access_point" title="Wireless access point">wireless access points</a>, and other networked devices within buildings. However, USB is cheaper than PoE provided that the distance is short and power demand is low. <a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a> standards require electrical isolation between the networked device (computer, phone, etc.) and the network cable up to 1500 V AC or 2250 V DC for 60 seconds.<a href="#cite_note-129">[114]</a> USB has no such requirement as it was designed for peripherals closely associated with a host computer, and in fact it connects the peripheral and host grounds. This gives Ethernet a significant safety advantage over USB with peripherals such as cable and DSL modems connected to external wiring that can assume hazardous voltages under certain fault conditions.<a href="#cite_note-130">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[116]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="MIDI">MIDI</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=USB&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: MIDI">edit</a>]</div> The USB Device Class Definition for MIDI Devices transmits Music Instrument Digital Interface (<a href="/wiki/MIDI" title="MIDI">MIDI</a>) music data over USB.<a href="#cite_note-132">[117]</a> The MIDI capability is extended to allow up to sixteen simultaneous virtual MIDI cables, each of which can carry the usual MIDI sixteen channels and clocks. USB is competitive for low-cost and physically adjacent devices. However, Power over Ethernet and the <a href="/wiki/MIDI" title="MIDI">MIDI</a> plug standard have an advantage in high-end devices that may have long cables. USB can cause <a href="/wiki/Ground_loop_(electricity)" title="Ground loop (electricity)">ground loop</a> problems between equipment, because it connects ground references on both transceivers. By contrast, the MIDI plug standard and <a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a> have built-in isolation to 500V or more. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="eSATA/eSATAp">eSATA/eSATAp</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=USB&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: eSATA/eSATAp">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/ESATA" class="mw-redirect" title="ESATA">eSATA</a> connector is a more robust <a href="/wiki/SATA" title="SATA">SATA</a> connector, intended for connection to external hard drives and SSDs. eSATA's transfer rate (up to 6 Gbit/s) is similar to that of USB 3.0 (up to 5 Gbit/s) and USB 3.1 (up to 10 Gbit/s). A device connected by eSATA appears as an ordinary SATA device, giving both full performance and full compatibility associated with internal drives. eSATA does not supply power to external devices. This is an increasing disadvantage compared to USB. Even though USB 3.0's 4.5 W is sometimes insufficient to power external hard drives, technology is advancing, and external drives gradually need less power, diminishing the eSATA advantage. <a href="/wiki/ESATAp" title="ESATAp">eSATAp</a> (power over eSATA, a.k.a. ESATA/USB) is a connector introduced in 2009 that supplies power to attached devices using a new, backward compatible, connector. On a notebook eSATAp usually supplies only 5 V to power a 2.5-inch HDD/SSD; on a desktop workstation it can additionally supply 12 V to power larger devices including 3.5-inch HDD/SSD and 5.25-inch optical drives. eSATAp support can be added to a desktop machine in the form of a bracket connecting the motherboard SATA, power, and USB resources. eSATA, like USB, supports <a href="/wiki/Hot_plugging" class="mw-redirect" title="Hot plugging">hot plugging</a>, although this might be limited by OS drivers and device firmware. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Thunderbolt">Thunderbolt</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=USB&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Thunderbolt">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Thunderbolt_(interface)" title="Thunderbolt (interface)">Thunderbolt (interface)</a></div> Thunderbolt combines <a href="/wiki/PCI_Express" title="PCI Express">PCI Express</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mini_DisplayPort" title="Mini DisplayPort">Mini DisplayPort</a> into a new serial data interface. Original Thunderbolt implementations have two channels, each with a transfer speed of 10 Gbit/s, resulting in an aggregate unidirectional bandwidth of 20 Gbit/s.<a href="#cite_note-133">[118]</a> <a href="/wiki/Thunderbolt_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Thunderbolt 2">Thunderbolt 2</a> uses link aggregation to combine the two 10 Gbit/s channels into one bidirectional 20 Gbit/s channel.<a href="#cite_note-134">[119]</a> <a href="/wiki/Thunderbolt_3" class="mw-redirect" title="Thunderbolt 3">Thunderbolt 3</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thunderbolt_4" class="mw-redirect" title="Thunderbolt 4">Thunderbolt 4</a> use <a href="/wiki/USB-C" title="USB-C">USB-C</a>.<a href="#cite_note-135">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-136">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[122]</a> Thunderbolt 3 has two physical 20 Gbit/s bi-directional channels, aggregated to appear as a single logical 40 Gbit/s bi-directional channel. Thunderbolt 3 controllers can incorporate a USB 3.1 Gen 2 controller to provide compatibility with USB devices. They are also capable of providing DisplayPort Alternate Mode as well as DisplayPort over USB4 Fabric, making the function of a Thunderbolt 3 port a superset of that of a USB 3.1 Gen 2 port. DisplayPort Alternate Mode 2.0: USB4 (requiring USB-C) requires that hubs support DisplayPort 2.0 over a USB-C Alternate Mode. DisplayPort 2.0 can support 8K resolution at 60 Hz with HDR10 color.<a href="#cite_note-displayport-138">[123]</a> DisplayPort 2.0 can use up to 80 Gbit/s, which is double the amount available to USB data, because it sends all the data in one direction (to the monitor) and can thus use all eight data wires at once.<a href="#cite_note-displayport-138">[123]</a> After the specification was made royalty-free and custodianship of the Thunderbolt protocol was transferred from Intel to the USB Implementers Forum, Thunderbolt 3 has been effectively implemented in the USB4 specification – with compatibility with Thunderbolt 3 optional but encouraged for USB4 products.<a href="#cite_note-139">[124]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Interoperability">Interoperability</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=USB&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Interoperability">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/USB-to-serial_adapter" title="USB-to-serial adapter">USB-to-serial adapter</a></div> Various <a href="/wiki/Protocol_converter" title="Protocol converter">protocol converters</a> are available that convert USB data signals to and from other communications standards. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Security_threats">Security threats</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=USB&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Security threats">edit</a>]</div> Due to the prevalency of the USB standard, there are many exploits using the USB standard. One of the biggest instances of this today is known as the <a href="/wiki/USB_killer" title="USB killer">USB killer</a>, a device that damages USB devices by sending high voltage pulses across the data lines. In versions of <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a> before <a href="/wiki/Windows_XP" title="Windows XP">Windows XP</a>, Windows would automatically run a script (if present) on certain devices via <a href="/wiki/AutoRun" title="AutoRun">AutoRun</a>, one of which are USB mass storage devices, which may contain malicious software.<a href="#cite_note-140">[125]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=USB&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_ksim.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Nuvola_apps_ksim.png/28px-Nuvola_apps_ksim.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Nuvola_apps_ksim.png/42px-Nuvola_apps_ksim.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Nuvola_apps_ksim.png/56px-Nuvola_apps_ksim.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Electronics" title="Portal:Electronics">Electronics portal</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="USB">USB</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=USB&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: USB">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 24em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USB_communications" title="USB communications">USB communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USB_hardware" title="USB hardware">USB hardware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USB-C" title="USB-C">USB-C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USB_hub" title="USB hub">USB hub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extensible_Host_Controller_Interface" title="Extensible Host Controller Interface">Extensible Host Controller Interface</a> (XHCI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_interface_bit_rates#Peripheral" title="List of interface bit rates">List of interface bit rates § Peripheral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebUSB" title="WebUSB">WebUSB</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Derived_and_related_standards">Derived and related standards</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=USB&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Derived and related standards">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 24em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DockPort" title="DockPort">DockPort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LIO_Target" class="mw-redirect" title="LIO Target">LIO Target</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_Transfer_Protocol" title="Media Transfer Protocol">Media Transfer Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_High-Definition_Link" title="Mobile High-Definition Link">Mobile High-Definition Link</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thunderbolt_(interface)" title="Thunderbolt (interface)">Thunderbolt (interface)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Easy_Transfer" title="Windows Easy Transfer">Windows Easy Transfer</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=USB&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160313120109/http://download.intel.com/design/intarch/datashts/29055002.pdf">"82371FB (PIIX) and 82371SB (PIIX3) PCI ISA IDE Xcelerator"</a> (PDF). 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Retrieved 27 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Universal+Serial+Bus+2.0+Specification&rft.edition=Revision+2.0&rft.pub=USB+Implementers+Forum&rft.date=2000-04-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usb.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fdocuments%2Fusb_2_0.zip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUSB" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-USB3Spec-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-USB3Spec_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-USB3Spec_7-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-USB3Spec_7-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usb.org/document-library/usb-32-revision-11-june-2022">"USB 3.2 Revision 1.1 - June 2022"</a> (HTML) (Revision 1.01 ed.). October 2023. 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Retrieved 5 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.msi.org&rft.atitle=USB+3.1+Gen+1+%26+Gen+2+explained&rft.date=2015-08-05&rft.au=Silvia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.msi.com%2Fblog%2Fusb-3-1-gen1-gen2-explained&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUSB" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141121225502/http://www.usb.org/developers/docs/usb_31_102214.zip">Universal Serial Bus 3.1 Specification</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hewlett-Packard_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Hewlett-Packard Company">Hewlett-Packard Company</a> <a href="/wiki/Intel_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Intel Corporation">Intel Corporation</a> <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsoft Corporation">Microsoft Corporation</a> <a href="/wiki/Renesas_Electronics" title="Renesas Electronics">Renesas Corporation</a> <a href="/wiki/ST-Ericsson" title="ST-Ericsson">ST-Ericsson</a> <a href="/wiki/Texas_Instruments" title="Texas Instruments">Texas Instruments</a>. 26 July 2013. 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This means you don't need to install drivers, it is plug&play.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Well-Tempered+Computer&rft.atitle=USB&rft.date=2011-05&rft.aulast=Kars&rft.aufirst=Vincent&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthewelltemperedcomputer.com%2FKB%2FUSB.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUSB" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.xmos.ai/file/fundamentals-of-usb-audio?version=latest">"Fundamentals of USB Audio"</a> (PDF). www.xmos.com. XMOS Ltd. 2015. Retrieved 10 December 2020. <q>Note that Full Speed USB has a much higher intrinsic latency of 2ms</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.xmos.com&rft.atitle=Fundamentals+of+USB+Audio&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.xmos.ai%2Ffile%2Ffundamentals-of-usb-audio%3Fversion%3Dlatest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUSB" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-84">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_84-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_84-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.computeraudiophile.com/ca/bits-and-bytes/this-just-in-microsoft-launches-native-class-2-usb-audio-support-wait-what-r647/">"This Just In: Microsoft Launches Native Class 2 USB Audio Support. Wait, What?"</a>. Computer Audiophile. 2 May 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180902023557/https://www.computeraudiophile.com/ca/bits-and-bytes/this-just-in-microsoft-launches-native-class-2-usb-audio-support-wait-what-r647/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 September 2018. Retrieved 7 May 2018. <q>Class 2 support enables much higher sample rates such as PCM 24 bit / 384 kHz and DSD (DoP) up through DSD256.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Computer+Audiophile&rft.atitle=This+Just+In%3A+Microsoft+Launches+Native+Class+2+USB+Audio+Support.+Wait%2C+What%3F&rft.date=2017-05-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.computeraudiophile.com%2Fca%2Fbits-and-bytes%2Fthis-just-in-microsoft-launches-native-class-2-usb-audio-support-wait-what-r647%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUSB" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.windows.com/windowsexperience/2016/09/21/announcing-windows-10-insider-preview-build-14931-for-pc/">"Announcing Windows 10 Insider Preview Build 14931 for PC"</a>. Windows Experience Blog. 21 September 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160923032703/https://blogs.windows.com/windowsexperience/2016/09/21/announcing-windows-10-insider-preview-build-14931-for-pc/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 September 2016. Retrieved 7 May 2018. <q>We now have native support for USB Audio 2.0 devices with an inbox class driver! This is an early version of the driver that does not have all features enabled</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Windows+Experience+Blog&rft.atitle=Announcing+Windows+10+Insider+Preview+Build+14931+for+PC&rft.date=2016-09-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.windows.com%2Fwindowsexperience%2F2016%2F09%2F21%2Fannouncing-windows-10-insider-preview-build-14931-for-pc%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUSB" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlummer2017" class="citation web cs1">Plummer, Gregg (20 September 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amplioaudio.blogspot.com/2017/09/usb-audio-class-20-support-in-windows.html">"Ampliozone: USB Audio Class 2.0 Support in Windows 10, FINALLY!!!!"</a>. Ampliozone. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180507154036/http://amplioaudio.blogspot.com/2017/09/usb-audio-class-20-support-in-windows.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 May 2018. Retrieved 7 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ampliozone&rft.atitle=Ampliozone%3A+USB+Audio+Class+2.0+Support+in+Windows+10%2C+FINALLY%21%21%21%21&rft.date=2017-09-20&rft.aulast=Plummer&rft.aufirst=Gregg&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Famplioaudio.blogspot.com%2F2017%2F09%2Fusb-audio-class-20-support-in-windows.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUSB" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-87">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_87-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_87-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://source.android.com/docs/core/audio/usb#hostAudio">"USB Digital Audio"</a>. Android Open Source Project. Retrieved 16 February 2023. <q>Synchronous sub-mode is not commonly used with audio because both host and peripheral are at the mercy of the USB clock.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Android+Open+Source+Project&rft.atitle=USB+Digital+Audio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsource.android.com%2Fdocs%2Fcore%2Faudio%2Fusb%23hostAudio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUSB" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atmel.com/Images/doc32139.pdf">"32-bit Atmel Microcontroller Application Note"</a> (PDF). Atmel Corporation. 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160506204128/http://www.atmel.com/Images/doc32139.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 6 May 2016. Retrieved 13 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=32-bit+Atmel+Microcontroller+Application+Note&rft.pub=Atmel+Corporation&rft.date=2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.atmel.com%2FImages%2Fdoc32139.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUSB" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ti.com/lit/ds/symlink/pcm2906c.pdf">"PCM2906C datasheet"</a> (PDF). Texas Instruments. November 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180504225235/http://www.ti.com/lit/ds/symlink/pcm2906c.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 4 May 2018. Retrieved 4 May 2018. <q>The PCM2906C employs SpAct architecture, TI's unique system that recovers the audio clock from USB packet data.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Texas+Instruments&rft.atitle=PCM2906C+datasheet&rft.date=2011-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ti.com%2Flit%2Fds%2Fsymlink%2Fpcm2906c.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUSB" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCastor-Perry2010" class="citation web cs1">Castor-Perry, Kendall (October 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cypress.com/file/102921/download">"Designing Modern USB Audio Systems"</a>. Cypress Semiconductor. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180505172950/http://www.cypress.com/file/102921/download">Archived</a> from the original on 5 May 2018. Retrieved 4 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cypress+Semiconductor&rft.atitle=Designing+Modern+USB+Audio+Systems&rft.date=2010-10&rft.aulast=Castor-Perry&rft.aufirst=Kendall&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cypress.com%2Ffile%2F102921%2Fdownload&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUSB" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-91">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_91-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_91-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCastor-Perry2011" class="citation web cs1">Castor-Perry, Kendall (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cypress.com/file/122521/download">"Programmable Clock Generation and Synchronization for USB Audio Systems"</a>. Cypress Semiconductor. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180504181023/http://www.cypress.com/file/122521/download">Archived</a> from the original on 4 May 2018. Retrieved 4 May 2018. <q>Early USB replay interfaces used synchronous mode but acquired a reputation for poor quality of the recovered clock (and resultant poor replay quality). This was primarily due to deficiencies of clocking implementation rather than inherent shortcomings of the approach.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cypress+Semiconductor&rft.atitle=Programmable+Clock+Generation+and+Synchronization+for+USB+Audio+Systems&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Castor-Perry&rft.aufirst=Kendall&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cypress.com%2Ffile%2F122521%2Fdownload&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUSB" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKondoh2002" class="citation web cs1">Kondoh, Hitoshi (20 February 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thewelltemperedcomputer.com/Lib/Hitoshi%20Kondoh%20story.pdf">"The D/A diaries: A personal memoir of engineering heartache and triumph"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191212230749/http://www.thewelltemperedcomputer.com/Lib/Hitoshi%20Kondoh%20story.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 12 December 2019. Retrieved 4 May 2018. <q>The fact that there is no clock line within the USB cable leads to a thinner cable, which is an advantage. But, no matter how good the crystal oscillators are at the send and receive ends, there will always be some difference between the two...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+D%2FA+diaries%3A+A+personal+memoir+of+engineering+heartache+and+triumph&rft.date=2002-02-20&rft.aulast=Kondoh&rft.aufirst=Hitoshi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thewelltemperedcomputer.com%2FLib%2FHitoshi%2520Kondoh%2520story.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUSB" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usb.org/developers/docs/usb20_docs/">"USB 2.0 Documents"</a>. www.usb.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171203144114/http://www.usb.org/developers/docs/usb20_docs/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 December 2017. Retrieved 7 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.usb.org&rft.atitle=USB+2.0+Documents&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usb.org%2Fdevelopers%2Fdocs%2Fusb20_docs%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUSB" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridgeaudio.com/usa/en/blog/our-guide-usb-audio-why-should-i-use-it">"Our Guide to USB Audio - Why Should I Use it?"</a>. Cambridge Audio. 9 May 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180507153701/https://www.cambridgeaudio.com/usa/en/blog/our-guide-usb-audio-why-should-i-use-it">Archived</a> from the original on 7 May 2018. Retrieved 7 May 2018. <q>Synchronous USB DAC is the lowest quality of the three ... Adaptive ... means that there is no continuous, accurate master clock in the DAC, which causes jitter in the audio stream. ... Asynchronous – this is the most complex to implement but it is a huge improvement on the other types.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cambridge+Audio&rft.atitle=Our+Guide+to+USB+Audio+-+Why+Should+I+Use+it%3F&rft.date=2016-05-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridgeaudio.com%2Fusa%2Fen%2Fblog%2Four-guide-usb-audio-why-should-i-use-it&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUSB" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKars2012" class="citation web cs1">Kars, Vincent (July 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thewelltemperedcomputer.com/Intro/SQ/USB_USB.htm">"USB versus USB"</a>. The Well-Tempered Computer. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180422204100/http://thewelltemperedcomputer.com/Intro/SQ/USB_USB.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 22 April 2018. Retrieved 7 May 2018. <q>Synchronous is not used in a quality DAC as it is very jittery. ... asynchronous is the better of these modes.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Well-Tempered+Computer&rft.atitle=USB+versus+USB&rft.date=2012-07&rft.aulast=Kars&rft.aufirst=Vincent&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthewelltemperedcomputer.com%2FIntro%2FSQ%2FUSB_USB.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUSB" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.head-fi.org/threads/low-jitter-usb-dan-lavry-michael-goodman-adaptive-asynchronous.493152/#post-6661517">"Low-Jitter USB: Dan Lavry, Michael Goodman, Adaptive, Asynchronous"</a>. Headphone Reviews and Discussion - Head-Fi.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180507153738/https://www.head-fi.org/threads/low-jitter-usb-dan-lavry-michael-goodman-adaptive-asynchronous.493152/#post-6661517">Archived</a> from the original on 7 May 2018. Retrieved 7 May 2018. <q>Some manufacturers may lead you to believe that Asynchronous USB transfers are superior to Adaptive USB transfers and that therefore you must believe in the asynchronous solution. This no more true than saying that you "must" hold the fork in your left hand. In fact, if you know what you are doing, you will feed yourself with either hand. The issue is really about good engineering practices.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Headphone+Reviews+and+Discussion+-+Head-Fi.org&rft.atitle=Low-Jitter+USB%3A+Dan+Lavry%2C+Michael+Goodman%2C+Adaptive%2C+Asynchronous&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.head-fi.org%2Fthreads%2Flow-jitter-usb-dan-lavry-michael-goodman-adaptive-asynchronous.493152%2F%23post-6661517&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUSB" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usb.org/developers/docs/ecn1.pdf">"USB 2.0 Specification Engineering Change Notice (ECN) #1: Mini-B connector"</a> (PDF). 20 October 2000. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150412121600/http://www.usb.org/developers/docs/ecn1.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 12 April 2015. Retrieved 29 December 2014 – via www.usb.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=USB+2.0+Specification+Engineering+Change+Notice+%28ECN%29+%231%3A+Mini-B+connector&rft.date=2000-10-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usb.org%2Fdevelopers%2Fdocs%2Fecn1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUSB" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141011015850/http://www.cablesplususa.com/pdf/USB_Cable_Length_Limitations.pdf">"USB Cable Length Limitations"</a> (PDF). CablesPlusUSA.com. 3 November 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cablesplususa.com/pdf/USB_Cable_Length_Limitations.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 11 October 2014. Retrieved 2 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CablesPlusUSA.com&rft.atitle=USB+Cable+Length+Limitations&rft.date=2010-11-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cablesplususa.com%2Fpdf%2FUSB_Cable_Length_Limitations.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUSB" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.techwalla.com/articles/what-is-the-maximum-length-of-a-usb-cable">"What Is the Maximum Length of a USB Cable?"</a>. Techwalla.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171201043247/https://www.techwalla.com/articles/what-is-the-maximum-length-of-a-usb-cable">Archived</a> from the original on 1 December 2017. 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Retrieved 28 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=USB+2.0+Frequently+Asked+Questions&rft.atitle=Cables+and+Long-Haul+Solutions&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usb.org%2Fdevelopers%2Fusbfaq%2F%23cab1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUSB" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAxelson" class="citation web cs1">Axelson, Jan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://janaxelson.com/usb3faq.htm#ca_maximum">"USB 3.0 Developers FAQ"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161220073858/http://www.janaxelson.com/usb3faq.htm#ca_maximum">Archived</a> from the original on 20 December 2016. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://standards.ieee.org/getieee802/download/802.3-2008_section1.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 6 December 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=802.3%2C+Section+14.3.1.1&rft.pub=IEEE&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstandards.ieee.org%2Fgetieee802%2Fdownload%2F802.3-2008_section1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUSB" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100625052120/http://consumerist.com/2006/12/powerbook-explodes-after-comcast-plugs-in-wrong-cable.html">"Powerbook Explodes After Comcast Plugs in Wrong Cable"</a>. Consumerist. 8 March 2010. 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Galvanic Isolation"</a> (PDF). iSYSTEM. 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211221080208/https://www.isystem.com/files/content/downloads/documents/technical-notes/iSYSTEM_TN_Galvanic_Isolation.pdf#page=4">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 13 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=iSYSTEM&rft.atitle=Technical+Note.+Galvanic+Isolation&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.isystem.com%2Ffiles%2Fcontent%2Fdownloads%2Fdocuments%2Ftechnical-notes%2FiSYSTEM_TN_Galvanic_Isolation.pdf%23page%3D4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUSB" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usb.org/sites/default/files/midi10.pdf">"Universal Serial Bus Device Class Definition for MIDI Devices"</a> (PDF). usb.org. 1 November 1999. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211102080622/https://www.usb.org/sites/default/files/midi10.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2 November 2021. Retrieved 21 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=usb.org&rft.atitle=Universal+Serial+Bus+Device+Class+Definition+for+MIDI+Devices&rft.date=1999-11-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usb.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fmidi10.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUSB" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thunderbolttechnology.net/tech/how-it-works">"How Thunderbolt Technology Works: Thunderbolt Technology Community"</a>. ThunderboltTechnology.net. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140210063142/https://thunderbolttechnology.net/tech/how-it-works">Archived</a> from the original on 10 February 2014. Retrieved 22 January 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ThunderboltTechnology.net&rft.atitle=How+Thunderbolt+Technology+Works%3A+Thunderbolt+Technology+Community&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthunderbolttechnology.net%2Ftech%2Fhow-it-works&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUSB" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGalbraith2014" class="citation web cs1">Galbraith, Jim (2 January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.macworld.com/article/222636/what-you-need-to-know-about-thunderbolt-2.html#:~:text=What%20is%20Thunderbolt%202%3F,20%20Gbps%20bi%2Ddirectional%20channel.">"What you need to know about Thunderbolt 2"</a>. Macworld. IDG Communications, Inc. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210624202741/https://www.macworld.com/article/222636/what-you-need-to-know-about-thunderbolt-2.html#:~:text=What%20is%20Thunderbolt%202%3F,20%20Gbps%20bi%2Ddirectional%20channel.">Archived</a> from the original on 24 June 2021. Retrieved 18 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Macworld&rft.atitle=What+you+need+to+know+about+Thunderbolt+2&rft.date=2014-01-02&rft.aulast=Galbraith&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.macworld.com%2Farticle%2F222636%2Fwhat-you-need-to-know-about-thunderbolt-2.html%23%3A~%3Atext%3DWhat%2520is%2520Thunderbolt%25202%253F%2C20%2520Gbps%2520bi%252Ddirectional%2520channel.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUSB" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnet.com/news/thunderbolt-3-and-usb-type-c-join-forces-for-one-port-to-rule-them-all/">"One port to rule them all: Thunderbolt 3 and USB Type-C join forces"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150602195337/http://www.cnet.com/news/thunderbolt-3-and-usb-type-c-join-forces-for-one-port-to-rule-them-all/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 June 2015. Retrieved 2 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=One+port+to+rule+them+all%3A+Thunderbolt+3+and+USB+Type-C+join+forces&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnet.com%2Fnews%2Fthunderbolt-3-and-usb-type-c-join-forces-for-one-port-to-rule-them-all%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUSB" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.engadget.com/2015/06/02/thunderbolt-3-usb-c/">"Thunderbolt 3 is twice as fast and uses reversible USB-C"</a>. 2 June 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150603000428/http://www.engadget.com/2015/06/02/thunderbolt-3-usb-c/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 June 2015. Retrieved 2 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Thunderbolt+3+is+twice+as+fast+and+uses+reversible+USB-C&rft.date=2015-06-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.engadget.com%2F2015%2F06%2F02%2Fthunderbolt-3-usb-c%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUSB" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSebastian_Anthony2015" class="citation web cs1">Sebastian Anthony (2 June 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2015/06/thunderbolt-3-embraces-usb-type-c-connector-doubles-bandwidth-to-40gbps/">"Thunderbolt 3 embraces USB Type-C connector, doubles bandwidth to 40 Gbps"</a>. Ars Technica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150609183247/https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2015/06/thunderbolt-3-embraces-usb-type-c-connector-doubles-bandwidth-to-40gbps/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 June 2015. Retrieved 2 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ars+Technica&rft.atitle=Thunderbolt+3+embraces+USB+Type-C+connector%2C+doubles+bandwidth+to+40+Gbps&rft.date=2015-06-02&rft.au=Sebastian+Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farstechnica.com%2Fgadgets%2F2015%2F06%2Fthunderbolt-3-embraces-usb-type-c-connector-doubles-bandwidth-to-40gbps%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUSB" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-displayport-138">^ <a href="#cite_ref-displayport_138-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-displayport_138-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPorter2020" class="citation web cs1">Porter, Jon (30 April 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theverge.com/2020/4/30/21242445/vesa-displayport-alt-mode-2-0-usb-4-4k-144hz-hdr-8k-16k-displays">"New DisplayPort spec enables 16K video over USB-C"</a>. The Verge. Vox Media, LLC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210415051447/https://www.theverge.com/2020/4/30/21242445/vesa-displayport-alt-mode-2-0-usb-4-4k-144hz-hdr-8k-16k-displays">Archived</a> from the original on 15 April 2021. Retrieved 18 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Verge&rft.atitle=New+DisplayPort+spec+enables+16K+video+over+USB-C&rft.date=2020-04-30&rft.aulast=Porter&rft.aufirst=Jon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theverge.com%2F2020%2F4%2F30%2F21242445%2Fvesa-displayport-alt-mode-2-0-usb-4-4k-144hz-hdr-8k-16k-displays&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUSB" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usb.org/sites/default/files/USB4%E2%84%A2%20Thunderbolt3%E2%84%A2%20Compatibility%20Requirements%20Specification%20Rev%201.0%20-%2020210129_0.pdf">"USB4 Thunderbolt3 Compatibility Requirements Specification"</a> (PDF). USB. USB.org. January 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211019074211/https://usb.org/sites/default/files/USB4%E2%84%A2%20Thunderbolt3%E2%84%A2%20Compatibility%20Requirements%20Specification%20Rev%201.0%20-%2020210129_0.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 19 October 2021. Retrieved 1 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=USB&rft.atitle=USB4+Thunderbolt3+Compatibility+Requirements+Specification&rft.date=2021-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usb.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2FUSB4%25E2%2584%25A2%2520Thunderbolt3%25E2%2584%25A2%2520Compatibility%2520Requirements%2520Specification%2520Rev%25201.0%2520-%252020210129_0.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUSB" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.samlogic.net/articles/autorun-usb-flash-drive.htm">"Using AutoRun with a USB Flash Drive (USB stick)"</a>. Positive Technologies. 25 June 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220426181327/https://www.samlogic.net/articles/autorun-usb-flash-drive.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 26 April 2022. Retrieved 26 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Positive+Technologies&rft.atitle=Using+AutoRun+with+a+USB+Flash+Drive+%28USB+stick%29&rft.date=2022-06-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.samlogic.net%2Farticles%2Fautorun-usb-flash-drive.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUSB" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=USB&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAxelson2006" class="citation book cs1">Axelson, Jan (1 September 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781931448048">USB Mass Storage: Designing and Programming Devices and Embedded Hosts</a> (1st ed.). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lakeview_Research&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lakeview Research (page does not exist)">Lakeview Research</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-931-44804-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-931-44804-8"><bdi>978-1-931-44804-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=USB+Mass+Storage%3A+Designing+and+Programming+Devices+and+Embedded+Hosts&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Lakeview+Research&rft.date=2006-09-01&rft.isbn=978-1-931-44804-8&rft.aulast=Axelson&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9781931448048&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUSB" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAxelson2007" class="citation book cs1">——— (1 December 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://janaxelson.com/spc.htm">Serial Port Complete: COM Ports, USB Virtual COM Ports, and Ports for Embedded Systems</a> (2nd ed.). Lakeview Research. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-931-44806-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-931-44806-2"><bdi>978-1-931-44806-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Serial+Port+Complete%3A+COM+Ports%2C+USB+Virtual+COM+Ports%2C+and+Ports+for+Embedded+Systems&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Lakeview+Research&rft.date=2007-12-01&rft.isbn=978-1-931-44806-2&rft.aulast=Axelson&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjanaxelson.com%2Fspc.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUSB" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAxelson2015" class="citation book cs1">——— (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://janaxelson.com/usbc.htm">USB Complete: The Developer's Guide</a> (5th ed.). Lakeview Research. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-931448-28-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-931448-28-4"><bdi>978-1-931448-28-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=USB+Complete%3A+The+Developer%27s+Guide&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Lakeview+Research&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-931448-28-4&rft.aulast=Axelson&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjanaxelson.com%2Fusbc.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUSB" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHyde2001" class="citation book cs1">Hyde, John (February 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.intel.com/intelpress/usb/">USB Design by Example: A Practical Guide to Building I/O Devices</a> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Intel_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Intel Press">Intel Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-970-28465-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-970-28465-5"><bdi>978-0-970-28465-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=USB+Design+by+Example%3A+A+Practical+Guide+to+Building+I%2FO+Devices&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Intel+Press&rft.date=2001-02&rft.isbn=978-0-970-28465-5&rft.aulast=Hyde&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.intel.com%2Fintelpress%2Fusb%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUSB" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://literature.cdn.keysight.com/litweb/pdf/5988-4794EN.pdf">"Debugging USB 2.0 for Compliance: It's Not Just a Digital World"</a> (PDF). Keysight Technologies. Technologies Application Note (1382–3). Keysight.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Keysight+Technologies&rft.atitle=Debugging+USB+2.0+for+Compliance%3A+It%27s+Not+Just+a+Digital+World&rft.issue=1382%E2%80%933&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fliterature.cdn.keysight.com%2Flitweb%2Fpdf%2F5988-4794EN.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUSB" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=USB&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Universal_Serial_Bus" class="extiw" title="commons:Universal Serial Bus">Universal Serial Bus</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/80px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">The Wikibook <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Serial_Programming:USB_Technical_Manual" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Serial Programming:USB Technical Manual">Serial Programming:USB Technical Manual</a> has a page on the topic of: <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Serial_Programming:USB_Technical_Manual/USB_connectors" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Serial Programming:USB Technical Manual/USB connectors">USB connectors</a></div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_overview">General overview</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=USB&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: General overview">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoel_Johnson2019" class="citation web cs1">Joel Johnson (29 May 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fastcompany.com/3060705/an-oral-history-of-the-usb">"The unlikely origins of USB, the port that changed everything"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Fast_Company" title="Fast Company">Fast Company</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+unlikely+origins+of+USB%2C+the+port+that+changed+everything&rft.pub=Fast+Company&rft.date=2019-05-29&rft.au=Joel+Johnson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fastcompany.com%2F3060705%2Fan-oral-history-of-the-usb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUSB" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeigh2020" class="citation audio-visual cs1">Leigh, Peter (24 May 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=36CKsP9YQ1E">Why Does USB Keep Changing?</a> (video).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Why+Does+USB+Keep+Changing%3F&rft.date=2020-05-24&rft.aulast=Leigh&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3D36CKsP9YQ1E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUSB" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParikh" class="citation news cs1">Parikh, Bijal. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/usb-universal-serial-bus-an-overview/">"USB (Universal Serial Bus): An Overview"</a>. Engineers Garage. WTWH Media. Retrieved 7 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Engineers+Garage&rft.atitle=USB+%28Universal+Serial+Bus%29%3A+An+Overview&rft.aulast=Parikh&rft.aufirst=Bijal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.engineersgarage.com%2Fusb-universal-serial-bus-an-overview%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUSB" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnatt2022" class="citation audio-visual cs1">Barnatt, Christopher (25 September 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PctX3kcTj5U">Explaining USB: From 1.0 to USB4 V2.0 (ExplainingComputers)</a> (video).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Explaining+USB%3A+From+1.0+to+USB4+V2.0+%28ExplainingComputers%29&rft.date=2022-09-25&rft.aulast=Barnatt&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DPctX3kcTj5U&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUSB" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Technical_documents">Technical documents</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=USB&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Technical documents">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usb.org/">"USB Implementers Forum (USB-IF)"</a>. USB.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=USB.org&rft.atitle=USB+Implementers+Forum+%28USB-IF%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usb.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUSB" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usb.org/documents">"USB Document Library (USB 3.2, USB 2.0, Wireless USB, USB-C, USB Power Delivery)"</a>. USB.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=USB.org&rft.atitle=USB+Document+Library+%28USB+3.2%2C+USB+2.0%2C+Wireless+USB%2C+USB-C%2C+USB+Power+Delivery%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usb.org%2Fdocuments&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUSB" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stuff.mit.edu/afs/sipb/contrib/doc/specs/protocol/usb/UHCI11D.PDF">"Universal Host Controller Interface (UHCI)"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Intel" title="Intel">Intel</a> – via mit.edu.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Universal+Host+Controller+Interface+%28UHCI%29&rft.pub=Intel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstuff.mit.edu%2Fafs%2Fsipb%2Fcontrib%2Fdoc%2Fspecs%2Fprotocol%2Fusb%2FUHCI11D.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUSB" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160514121804/http://pinoutsguide.com/Slots/usb_3_0_connector_pinout.shtml">"USB 3.0 Standard-A, Standard-B, Powered-B connectors"</a>. Pinouts guide. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pinoutsguide.com/Slots/usb_3_0_connector_pinout.shtml">the original</a> on 14 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pinouts+guide&rft.atitle=USB+3.0+Standard-A%2C+Standard-B%2C+Powered-B+connectors&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpinoutsguide.com%2FSlots%2Fusb_3_0_connector_pinout.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUSB" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuller2012" class="citation web cs1">Muller, Henk (July 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.electronicdesign.com/boards/how-create-and-program-usb-devices">"How To Create And Program USB Devices"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Electronic_Design" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic Design">Electronic Design</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+To+Create+And+Program+USB+Devices&rft.pub=Electronic+Design&rft.date=2012-07&rft.aulast=Muller&rft.aufirst=Henk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.electronicdesign.com%2Fboards%2Fhow-create-and-program-usb-devices&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUSB" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarney1996" class="citation web cs1">Garney, John (June 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://usb.org/sites/default/files/bwpaper2.pdf">"An Analysis of Throughput Characteristics of Universal Serial Bus"</a> (PDF).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=An+Analysis+of+Throughput+Characteristics+of+Universal+Serial+Bus&rft.date=1996-06&rft.aulast=Garney&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fusb.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fbwpaper2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUSB" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHershenhorenReznik2010" class="citation web cs1">Hershenhoren, Razi; Reznik, Omer (October 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200804030543/https://engineering.biu.ac.il/files/engineering/shared/PE_project_book_0.pdf">"USB 2.0 Protocol Engine"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://engineering.biu.ac.il/files/engineering/shared/PE_project_book_0.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 4 August 2020. Retrieved 30 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=USB+2.0+Protocol+Engine&rft.date=2010-10&rft.aulast=Hershenhoren&rft.aufirst=Razi&rft.au=Reznik%2C+Omer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fengineering.biu.ac.il%2Ffiles%2Fengineering%2Fshared%2FPE_project_book_0.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUSB" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC" class="mw-redirect" title="IEC">IEC</a> 62680 (Universal Serial Bus interfaces for data and power): <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://webstore.iec.ch/publication/23281">IEC 62680-1.1:2015 - Part 1-1: Common components - USB Battery Charging Specification, Revision 1.2</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://webstore.iec.ch/publication/60944">IEC 62680-1-2:2018 - Part 1-2: Common components - USB Power Delivery specification</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://webstore.iec.ch/publication/61599">IEC 62680-1-3:2018 - Part 1-3: Common components - USB Type-C Cable and Connector Specification</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://webstore.iec.ch/publication/60748">IEC 62680-1-4:2018 - Part 1-4: Common components - USB Type-C Authentication Specification</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://webstore.iec.ch/publication/23313">IEC 62680-2-1:2015 - Part 2-1: Universal Serial Bus Specification, Revision 2.0</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://webstore.iec.ch/publication/23282">IEC 62680-2-2:2015 - Part 2-2: Micro-USB Cables and Connectors Specification, Revision 1.01</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://webstore.iec.ch/publication/23283">IEC 62680-2-3:2015 - Part 2-3: Universal Serial Bus Cables and Connectors Class Document Revision 2.0</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://webstore.iec.ch/publication/29943">IEC 62680-3-1:2017 - Part 3-1: Universal Serial Bus 3.1 Specification</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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standards</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">IEC</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IEC_60027" title="IEC 60027">60027</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_60034" title="IEC 60034">60034</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_60038" title="IEC 60038">60038</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RKM_code" title="RKM code">60062</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E_series_of_preferred_numbers" title="E series of preferred numbers">60063</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_60068" title="IEC 60068">60068</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_Tracking_Index" title="Comparative Tracking Index">60112</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_60228" title="IEC 60228">60228</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_60269" title="IEC 60269">60269</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/19-inch_rack" title="19-inch rack">60297</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_60309" title="IEC 60309">60309</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_60320" title="IEC 60320">60320</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_60364" title="IEC 60364">60364</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_60446" title="IEC 60446">60446</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_754" title="IEEE 754">60559</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_60601" title="IEC 60601">60601</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_60870" title="IEC 60870">60870</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IEC_60870-5" title="IEC 60870-5">60870-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_60870-6" title="IEC 60870-6">60870-6</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_60906-1" title="IEC 60906-1">60906-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compact_Disc_Digital_Audio" title="Compact Disc Digital Audio">60908</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_60929" title="IEC 60929">60929</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AES3" title="AES3">60958</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=IEC_60980-344&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IEC 60980-344 (page does not exist)">60980-344</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_61030" title="IEC 61030">61030</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_61131" title="IEC 61131">61131</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IEC_61131-3" title="IEC 61131-3">61131-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IO-Link" title="IO-Link">61131-9</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fieldbus" title="Fieldbus">61158</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_61162" title="IEC 61162">61162</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_61334" title="IEC 61334">61334</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_61355" title="IEC 61355">61355</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_61360" title="IEC 61360">61360</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_61400" title="IEC 61400">61400</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_61499" title="IEC 61499">61499</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_61508" title="IEC 61508">61508</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_61511" title="IEC 61511">61511</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fieldbus" title="Fieldbus">61784</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_61850" title="IEC 61850">61850</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_61851" title="IEC 61851">61851</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_61883" title="IEC 61883">61883</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battery_nomenclature" title="Battery nomenclature">61960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_61968" title="IEC 61968">61968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_61970" title="IEC 61970">61970</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IP-XACT" title="IP-XACT">62014-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fieldbus" title="Fieldbus">62026</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_62056" title="IEC 62056">62056</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_62061" title="IEC 62061">62061</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_62196" title="IEC 62196">62196</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EN_62262" title="EN 62262">62262</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_62264" title="IEC 62264">62264</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_62304" title="IEC 62304">62304</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_62325" title="IEC 62325">62325</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_62351" title="IEC 62351">62351</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AES47" title="AES47">62365</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_62366" title="IEC 62366">62366</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_62379" title="IEC 62379">62379</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Addressable_Lighting_Interface" title="Digital Addressable Lighting Interface">62386</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_62455" title="IEC 62455">62455</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">62680</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_62682" title="IEC 62682">62682</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_62700" title="IEC 62700">62700</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_63110" title="IEC 63110">63110</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_63119" title="IEC 63119">63119</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_63382" title="IEC 63382">63382</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">ISO/IEC</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_646" title="ISO/IEC 646">646</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COBOL" title="COBOL">1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_2022" title="ISO/IEC 2022">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_4909" title="ISO/IEC 4909">4909</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_5218" title="ISO/IEC 5218">5218</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ANSI_escape_code" title="ANSI escape code">6429</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_6523" title="ISO/IEC 6523">6523</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_7810" title="ISO/IEC 7810">7810</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_7811" title="ISO/IEC 7811">7811</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_7812" title="ISO/IEC 7812">7812</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_7813" title="ISO/IEC 7813">7813</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_7816" title="ISO/IEC 7816">7816</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphical_Kernel_System" title="Graphical Kernel System">7942</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Document_Architecture" title="Open Document Architecture">8613</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_Graphics_Metafile" title="Computer Graphics Metafile">8632</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8652" title="ISO/IEC 8652">8652</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859" title="ISO/IEC 8859">8859</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_9126" title="ISO/IEC 9126">9126</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_Allocation_Table" title="File Allocation Table">9293</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CHILL" title="CHILL">9496</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_9529" title="ISO/IEC 9529">9529</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PHIGS" title="PHIGS">9592</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PHIGS" title="PHIGS">9593</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ANSI_C" title="ANSI C">9899</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/POSIX" title="POSIX">9945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_9995" title="ISO/IEC 9995">9995</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_10021" title="ISO/IEC 10021">10021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_10116" title="ISO/IEC 10116">10116</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guidelines_for_the_Definition_of_Managed_Objects" title="Guidelines for the Definition of Managed Objects">10165</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Document_Style_Semantics_and_Specification_Language" title="Document Style Semantics and Specification Language">10179</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full_BASIC" title="Full BASIC">10279</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Coded_Character_Set" title="Universal Coded Character Set">10646</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_10967" title="ISO/IEC 10967">10967</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-1" title="MPEG-1">11172</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_11179" title="ISO/IEC 11179">11179</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_11404" title="ISO/IEC 11404">11404</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JBIG" title="JBIG">11544</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_11801" title="ISO/IEC 11801">11801</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_12207" title="ISO/IEC 12207">12207</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topic_map" title="Topic map">13250</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Disk_Format" title="Universal Disk Format">13346</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MHEG-5" title="MHEG-5">13522-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z_notation" title="Z notation">13568</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISLISP" title="ISLISP">13816</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-2" title="MPEG-2">13818</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_14443" title="ISO/IEC 14443">14443</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-4" title="MPEG-4">14496</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_14651" title="ISO/IEC 14651">14651</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">14882</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_15288" title="ISO/IEC 15288">15288</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ada_Semantic_Interface_Specification" title="Ada Semantic Interface Specification">15291</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Criteria" title="Common Criteria">15408</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JPEG_2000" title="JPEG 2000">15444</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">15445</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_15504" title="ISO/IEC 15504">15504</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Identifier_for_Libraries_and_Related_Organizations" title="International Standard Identifier for Libraries and Related Organizations">15511</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_15693" title="ISO/IEC 15693">15693</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_15897" title="ISO/IEC 15897">15897</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-7" title="MPEG-7">15938</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ECMAScript" title="ECMAScript">16262</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_raster_content" title="Mixed raster content">16485</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_17024" title="ISO/IEC 17024">17024</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_17025" title="ISO/IEC 17025">17025</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QR_code" title="QR code">18004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_18014" title="ISO/IEC 18014">18014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JPEG_XL" title="JPEG XL">18181</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_19752" title="ISO/IEC 19752">19752</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RELAX_NG" title="RELAX NG">19757</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_19770" title="ISO/IEC 19770">19770</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_19788" title="ISO/IEC 19788">19788</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_20000" title="ISO/IEC 20000">20000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Data_Protocol" title="Open Data Protocol">20802</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-21" title="MPEG-21">21000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_21827" title="ISO/IEC 21827">21827</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ECMAScript" title="ECMAScript">22275</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ECMAScript_for_XML" title="ECMAScript for XML">22537</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-A" title="MPEG-A">23000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-D" title="MPEG-D">23003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-H" title="MPEG-H">23008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="C Sharp (programming language)">23270</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linux_Standard_Base" title="Linux Standard Base">23360</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Logic" title="Common Logic">24707</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_24727" title="ISO/IEC 24727">24727</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_24744" title="ISO/IEC 24744">24744</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Remote_Console" title="Universal Remote Console">24752</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenDocument" title="OpenDocument">26300</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_27000" title="ISO/IEC 27000">27000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_27000-series" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO/IEC 27000-series">27000-series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_27002" title="ISO/IEC 27002">27002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_27040" title="ISO/IEC 27040">27040</a></li> <li>29110</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_29119" title="ISO/IEC 29119">29119</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_33001" title="ISO/IEC 33001">33001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_38500" title="ISO/IEC 38500">38500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graph_Query_Language" title="Graph Query Language">39075</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_42010" title="ISO/IEC 42010">42010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_80000" title="ISO/IEC 80000">80000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_81346" title="IEC 81346">81346</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Electrotechnical_Commission" title="International Electrotechnical Commission">International Electrotechnical Commission</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Basic_computer_components" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Basic_computer_components" title="Template:Basic computer components"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Basic_computer_components" title="Template talk:Basic computer components"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Basic_computer_components" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Basic computer components"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Basic_computer_components" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Basic <a href="/wiki/Computer" title="Computer">computer</a> <a href="/wiki/Computer_hardware" title="Computer hardware">components</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Input_device" title="Input device">Input devices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pointing_device" title="Pointing device">Pointing devices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Graphics_tablet" title="Graphics tablet">Graphics tablet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_controller" title="Game controller">Game controller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_pen" title="Light pen">Light pen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_mouse" title="Computer mouse">Mouse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Optical_mouse" title="Optical mouse">Optical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_trackpad" title="Optical trackpad">Optical trackpad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pointing_stick" title="Pointing stick">Pointing stick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Touchpad" title="Touchpad">Touchpad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Touchscreen" title="Touchscreen">Touchscreen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trackball" title="Trackball">Trackball</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_keyboard" title="Computer keyboard">Keyboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_scanner" title="Image scanner">Image scanner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphics_card" title="Graphics card">Graphics card</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Graphics_processing_unit" title="Graphics processing unit">GPU</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microphone" title="Microphone">Microphone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refreshable_braille_display" title="Refreshable braille display">Refreshable braille display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_card" title="Sound card">Sound card</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sound_chip" title="Sound chip">Sound chip</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Webcam" title="Webcam">Webcam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Softcam" title="Softcam">Softcam</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Output_device" title="Output device">Output devices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_monitor" title="Computer monitor">Monitor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_visual_display" title="Electronic visual display">Screen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refreshable_braille_display" title="Refreshable braille display">Refreshable braille display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Printer_(computing)" title="Printer (computing)">Printer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plotter" title="Plotter">Plotter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_speakers" title="Computer speakers">Speakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_card" title="Sound card">Sound card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphics_card" title="Graphics card">Graphics card</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Removable_media" title="Removable media">Removable data storage</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disk_pack" title="Disk pack">Disk pack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floppy_disk" title="Floppy disk">Floppy disk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_disc" title="Optical disc">Optical disc</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compact_disc" title="Compact disc">CD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVD" title="DVD">DVD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blu-ray" title="Blu-ray">Blu-ray</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_memory" title="Flash memory">Flash memory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Memory_card" title="Memory card">Memory card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USB_flash_drive" title="USB flash drive">USB flash drive</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Computer_case" title="Computer case">Computer case</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_processing_unit" title="Central processing unit">Central processing unit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microprocessor" title="Microprocessor">Microprocessor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motherboard" title="Motherboard">Motherboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_memory" title="Computer memory">Memory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Random-access_memory" title="Random-access memory">RAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonvolatile_BIOS_memory" title="Nonvolatile BIOS memory">BIOS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_data_storage" title="Computer data storage">Data storage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hard_disk_drive" title="Hard disk drive">HDD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solid-state_drive" title="Solid-state drive">SSD</a> (<a href="/wiki/SATA" title="SATA">SATA</a> / <a href="/wiki/NVM_Express" title="NVM Express">NVMe</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solid-state_hybrid_drive" class="mw-redirect" title="Solid-state hybrid drive">SSHD</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_supply_unit_(computer)" title="Power supply unit (computer)">Power supply</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Switched-mode_power_supply" title="Switched-mode power supply">SMPS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MOSFET" title="MOSFET">MOSFET</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Power_MOSFET" title="Power MOSFET">Power MOSFET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltage_regulator_module" title="Voltage regulator module">VRM</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_interface_controller" title="Network interface controller">Network interface controller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fax_modem" title="Fax modem">Fax modem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expansion_card" title="Expansion card">Expansion card</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Computer_port_(hardware)" title="Computer port (hardware)">Ports</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">USB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thunderbolt_(interface)" title="Thunderbolt (interface)">Thunderbolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phone_connector_(audio)" title="Phone connector (audio)">Analog audio jack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DisplayPort" title="DisplayPort">DisplayPort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HDMI" title="HDMI">HDMI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Obsolete</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1394" title="IEEE 1394">FireWire</a> (IEEE 1394)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_port" title="Parallel port">Parallel port</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serial_port" title="Serial port">Serial port</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_port" title="Game port">Game port</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PS/2_port" title="PS/2 port">PS/2 port</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serial_ATA#eSATA" class="mw-redirect" title="Serial ATA">eSATA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Visual_Interface" title="Digital Visual Interface">DVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VGA_connector" title="VGA connector">VGA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_computing_hardware" title="History of computing hardware">History of computing hardware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_computing_hardware_(1960s%E2%80%93present)" title="History of computing hardware (1960s–present)">History of computing hardware (1960s–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pioneers_in_computer_science" title="List of pioneers in computer science">List of pioneers in computer science</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Technical_and_de_facto_standards_for_wired_computer_buses" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Computer_bus" title="Template:Computer bus"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Computer_bus" title="Template talk:Computer bus"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Computer_bus" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Computer bus"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Technical_and_de_facto_standards_for_wired_computer_buses" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Technical_standard" title="Technical standard">Technical</a> and <a href="/wiki/De_facto_standard" title="De facto standard">de facto standards</a> for <a href="/wiki/Wired_communication" title="Wired communication">wired</a> <a href="/wiki/Bus_(computing)" title="Bus (computing)">computer buses</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/System_bus" title="System bus">System bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Front-side_bus" title="Front-side bus">Front-side bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Back-side_bus" title="Back-side bus">Back-side bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daisy_chain_(electrical_engineering)" title="Daisy chain (electrical engineering)">Daisy chain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Control_bus" title="Control bus">Control bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Address_bus" class="mw-redirect" title="Address bus">Address bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bus_contention" title="Bus contention">Bus contention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bus_mastering" title="Bus mastering">Bus mastering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_on_a_chip" title="Network on a chip">Network on a chip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plug_and_play" title="Plug and play">Plug and play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_interface_bit_rates#Computer_buses" title="List of interface bit rates">List of bus bandwidths</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Standards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SS-50_bus" title="SS-50 bus">SS-50 bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-100_bus" title="S-100 bus">S-100 bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multibus" title="Multibus">Multibus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unibus" title="Unibus">Unibus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VAXBI_bus" title="VAXBI bus">VAXBI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MBus_(SPARC)" title="MBus (SPARC)">MBus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STD_Bus" title="STD Bus">STD Bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_Management_Bus" title="System Management Bus">SMBus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q-Bus" title="Q-Bus">Q-Bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europe_Card_Bus" title="Europe Card Bus">Europe Card Bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industry_Standard_Architecture" title="Industry Standard Architecture">ISA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STEbus" title="STEbus">STEbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amiga_Zorro_II" title="Amiga Zorro II">Zorro II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amiga_Zorro_III" title="Amiga Zorro III">Zorro III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_Automated_Measurement_and_Control" title="Computer Automated Measurement and Control">CAMAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FASTBUS" title="FASTBUS">FASTBUS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_Pin_Count" title="Low Pin Count">LPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HP_Precision_Bus" title="HP Precision Bus">HP Precision Bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_Industry_Standard_Architecture" title="Extended Industry Standard Architecture">EISA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VMEbus" title="VMEbus">VME</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VME_eXtensions_for_Instrumentation" title="VME eXtensions for Instrumentation">VXI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VXS" title="VXS">VXS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VPX" title="VPX">VPX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NuBus" title="NuBus">NuBus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TURBOchannel" title="TURBOchannel">TURBOchannel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micro_Channel_architecture" title="Micro Channel architecture">MCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SBus" title="SBus">SBus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VESA_Local_Bus" title="VESA Local Bus">VLB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GSC_bus" title="GSC bus">HP GSC bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/InfiniBand" title="InfiniBand">InfiniBand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra_Port_Architecture" title="Ultra Port Architecture">UPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peripheral_Component_Interconnect" title="Peripheral Component Interconnect">PCI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PCI-X" title="PCI-X">PCI Extended (PCI-X)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PCI_eXtensions_for_Instrumentation" title="PCI eXtensions for Instrumentation">PXI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PCI_Express" title="PCI Express">PCI Express (PCIe)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accelerated_Graphics_Port" title="Accelerated Graphics Port">AGP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compute_Express_Link" title="Compute Express Link">Compute Express Link (CXL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_Media_Interface" title="Direct Media Interface">Direct Media Interface (DMI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RapidIO" title="RapidIO">RapidIO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_QuickPath_Interconnect" title="Intel QuickPath Interconnect">Intel QuickPath Interconnect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NVLink" title="NVLink">NVLink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HyperTransport" title="HyperTransport">HyperTransport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Infinity_Fabric" class="mw-redirect" title="Infinity Fabric">Infinity Fabric</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_Ultra_Path_Interconnect" title="Intel Ultra Path Interconnect">Intel Ultra Path Interconnect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coherent_Accelerator_Processor_Interface" title="Coherent Accelerator Processor Interface">Coherent Accelerator Processor Interface (CAPI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceWire" title="SpaceWire">SpaceWire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Storage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ST-506/ST-412" title="ST-506/ST-412">ST-506</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enhanced_Small_Disk_Interface" title="Enhanced Small Disk Interface">ESDI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligent_Peripheral_Interface" title="Intelligent Peripheral Interface">IPI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storage_Module_Device" title="Storage Module Device">SMD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_ATA" title="Parallel ATA">Parallel ATA (PATA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bus_and_Tag" title="Bus and Tag">Bus and Tag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Storage_Systems_Interconnect" title="Digital Storage Systems Interconnect">DSSI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIPPI" title="HIPPI">HIPPI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SATA" title="SATA">Serial ATA (SATA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCSI" title="SCSI">SCSI</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_SCSI" title="Parallel SCSI">Parallel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serial_Attached_SCSI" title="Serial Attached SCSI">SAS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ESCON" title="ESCON">ESCON</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fibre_Channel" title="Fibre Channel">Fibre Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serial_Storage_Architecture" title="Serial Storage Architecture">SSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SATA_Express" title="SATA Express">SATAe</a></li> <li>PCI Express (via <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Host_Controller_Interface" title="Advanced Host Controller Interface">AHCI</a> or <a href="/wiki/NVM_Express" title="NVM Express">NVMe</a> logical device interface)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Peripheral</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Desktop_Bus" title="Apple Desktop Bus">Apple Desktop Bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atari_SIO" title="Atari SIO">Atari SIO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Control_Bus" title="Digital Control Bus">DCB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commodore_bus" title="Commodore bus">Commodore bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HP-IL" title="HP-IL">HP-IL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIL_bus" title="HIL bus">HIL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIDI" title="MIDI">MIDI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RS-232" title="RS-232">RS-232</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RS-422" title="RS-422">RS-422</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RS-423" title="RS-423">RS-423</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RS-485" title="RS-485">RS-485</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lightning_(connector)" title="Lightning (connector)">Lightning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DMX512#DMX512-A" title="DMX512">DMX512-A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE-488" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE-488">IEEE-488 (GPIB)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1284" title="IEEE 1284">IEEE-1284 (parallel port)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1394" title="IEEE 1394">IEEE-1394 (FireWire)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNI/O" title="UNI/O">UNI/O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1-Wire" title="1-Wire">1-Wire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I%C2%B2C" title="I²C">I²C</a> (<a href="/wiki/ACCESS.bus" title="ACCESS.bus">ACCESS.bus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Power_Management_Bus" title="Power Management Bus">PMBus</a>, <a href="/wiki/System_Management_Bus" title="System Management Bus">SMBus</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/I3C_(bus)" title="I3C (bus)">I3C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serial_Peripheral_Interface" title="Serial Peripheral Interface">SPI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_61030" title="IEC 61030">D²B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_SCSI" title="Parallel SCSI">Parallel SCSI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Profibus" title="Profibus">Profibus</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">USB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camera_Link" title="Camera Link">Camera Link</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PCI_Express#PCI_Express_External_Cabling" title="PCI Express">External PCIe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thunderbolt_(interface)" title="Thunderbolt (interface)">Thunderbolt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Audio</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ADAT_Lightpipe" title="ADAT Lightpipe">ADAT Lightpipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AES3" title="AES3">AES3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_High_Definition_Audio" title="Intel High Definition Audio">Intel HD Audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I%C2%B2S" title="I²S">I²S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MADI" title="MADI">MADI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McASP" title="McASP">McASP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/PDIF" title="S/PDIF">S/PDIF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TOSLINK" title="TOSLINK">TOSLINK</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Portable</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PC_Card" title="PC Card">PC Card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ExpressCard" title="ExpressCard">ExpressCard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Embedded</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multidrop_bus" title="Multidrop bus">Multidrop bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CoreConnect" title="CoreConnect">CoreConnect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Microcontroller_Bus_Architecture" title="Advanced Microcontroller Bus Architecture">AMBA</a> (<a href="/wiki/Advanced_eXtensible_Interface" title="Advanced eXtensible Interface">AXI</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wishbone_(computer_bus)" title="Wishbone (computer bus)">Wishbone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLIMbus" title="SLIMbus">SLIMbus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Interfaces are listed by their speed in the (roughly) ascending order, so the interface at the end of each section should be the fastest. <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Computer_buses" title="Category:Computer buses">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="DC_power_delivery" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:DC_power_delivery_standards" title="Template:DC power delivery standards"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:DC_power_delivery_standards" title="Template talk:DC power delivery standards"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:DC_power_delivery_standards" title="Special:EditPage/Template:DC power delivery standards"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="DC_power_delivery" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Direct_current" title="Direct current">DC power</a> delivery</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">USB</a> based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_external_power_supply" title="Common external power supply">Common external power supply</a> (for mobile phones)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/USB_Power_Delivery" class="mw-redirect" title="USB Power Delivery">USB Power Delivery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PoweredUSB" title="PoweredUSB">PoweredUSB</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Not USB based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AC_adapter" title="AC adapter">AC adapter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_supply_unit_(computer)" title="Power supply unit (computer)">Computer power supply</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATX" title="ATX">ATX</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Power_Adapter_for_Mobile_Devices" title="Universal Power Adapter for Mobile Devices">Universal Power Adapter for Mobile Devices</a> (IEEE P1823)</li> <li>DC Power supply for notebook computer (<a href="/wiki/IEC_62700" title="IEC 62700">IEC 62700</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="USB" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:USB" title="Template:USB"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:USB" title="Template talk:USB"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:USB" title="Special:EditPage/Template:USB"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="USB" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">USB</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USB_Implementers_Forum" title="USB Implementers Forum">USB Implementers Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USB_hardware" title="USB hardware">Hardware</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USB_hardware#Connectors" title="USB hardware">connectors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USB_hardware#Cabling" title="USB hardware">cabling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USB_hardware#Power" title="USB hardware">power</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Versions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USB_1.0" class="mw-redirect" title="USB 1.0">1.0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USB_1.1" class="mw-redirect" title="USB 1.1">1.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USB_2.0" class="mw-redirect" title="USB 2.0">2.0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USB_3.0" title="USB 3.0">3.0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USB-C" title="USB-C">USB-C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USB4" title="USB4">USB4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USB_On-The-Go" title="USB On-The-Go">USB On-The-Go</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Device_classes">Device classes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USB_mass_storage_device_class" title="USB mass storage device class">Mass storage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USB_flash_drive" title="USB flash drive">Flash drive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USB_FlashCard" class="mw-redirect" title="USB FlashCard">FlashCard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USB_Attached_SCSI" title="USB Attached SCSI">UASP</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solid-state_drive" title="Solid-state drive">SSD</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USB_human_interface_device_class" title="USB human interface device class">Human interface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USB_video_device_class" title="USB video device class">Video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USB_communications_device_class" title="USB communications device class">Communications</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Security</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Juice_jacking" title="Juice jacking">Juice jacking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BadUSB" title="BadUSB">BadUSB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USB_flash_drive_security" title="USB flash drive security">USB flash drive security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USB_killer" title="USB killer">USB killer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enhanced_mini-USB" title="Enhanced mini-USB">Enhanced mini-USB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethernet_over_USB" title="Ethernet over USB">Ethernet over USB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USB_decoration" title="USB decoration">Decoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USB_hub" title="USB hub">Hub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USB-to-serial_adapter" title="USB-to-serial adapter">Serial adapter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PoweredUSB" title="PoweredUSB">PoweredUSB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebUSB" title="WebUSB">WebUSB</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Solid-state_drives" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Solid-state_drive" title="Template:Solid-state drive"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Solid-state_drive" title="Template talk:Solid-state drive"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Solid-state_drive" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Solid-state drive"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Solid-state_drives" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Solid-state_drive" title="Solid-state drive">Solid-state drives</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key terminology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Encryption" title="Encryption">Encryption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Error_detection_and_correction" title="Error detection and correction">ECC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_file_system" title="Flash file system">Flash file system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_memory" title="Flash memory">Flash memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-level_cell" title="Multi-level cell">SLC/MLC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_memory_controller" title="Flash memory controller">Flash memory controller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garbage_collection_(SSD)" class="mw-redirect" title="Garbage collection (SSD)">Garbage collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IOPS" title="IOPS">IOPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bit_rate" title="Bit rate">MB/s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_memory#Memory_wear" title="Flash memory">Memory wear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-channel_SSD" title="Open-channel SSD">Open-channel SSD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Write_amplification#Over-provisioning" title="Write amplification">Over-provisioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_memory#Read_disturb" title="Flash memory">Read disturb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Write_amplification#Secure_erase" title="Write amplification">Secure erase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solid-state_storage" title="Solid-state storage">Solid-state storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trim_(computing)" title="Trim (computing)">Trim command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wear_leveling" title="Wear leveling">Wear leveling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Write_amplification" title="Write amplification">Write amplification</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Flash manufacturers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Micron_Technology" title="Micron Technology">Micron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samsung_Electronics" title="Samsung Electronics">Samsung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SK_Hynix" title="SK Hynix">SK Hynix</a> <ul><li>Bought <a href="/wiki/Intel" title="Intel">Intel</a>'s NAND flash SSD business and renamed it Solidigm</li></ul></li> <li>Flash Forward (joint venture between <a href="/wiki/Western_Digital" title="Western Digital">Western Digital</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kioxia" title="Kioxia">Kioxia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yangtze_Memory_Technologies" title="Yangtze Memory Technologies">YMTC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/XMC_(company)" title="XMC (company)">XMC</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_flash_memory_controller_manufacturers" title="List of flash memory controller manufacturers">Controllers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Captive</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Digital" title="Western Digital">Western Digital</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SanDisk" title="SanDisk">SanDisk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusion-io" title="Fusion-io">Fusion-io</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HGST" title="HGST">HGST</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STec" title="STec">sTec</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kioxia" title="Kioxia">Kioxia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/OCZ" title="OCZ">OCZ</a> (bankrupt, assets sold to Toshiba, which later spun off its SSD and flash business to Kioxia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indilinx" title="Indilinx">Indilinx</a> (bought by OCZ)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micron_Technology" title="Micron Technology">Micron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samsung_Electronics" title="Samsung Electronics">Samsung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seagate_Technology" title="Seagate Technology">Seagate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SandForce" title="SandForce">SandForce</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SK_Hynix" title="SK Hynix">SK Hynix</a> <ul><li>Bought <a href="/wiki/Intel" title="Intel">Intel</a>'s NAND flash SSD business including controllers and renamed it Solidigm</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=FADU&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="FADU (page does not exist)">FADU</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independent</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greenliant_Systems" title="Greenliant Systems">Greenliant Systems</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Goke_Microelectronics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Goke Microelectronics (page does not exist)">Goke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JMicron" title="JMicron">Maxiotek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marvell_Technology_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Marvell Technology Group">Marvell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phison" title="Phison">Phison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PMC-Sierra" title="PMC-Sierra">PMC-Sierra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_Motion" title="Silicon Motion">SMI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">SSD manufacturers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_solid-state_drive_manufacturers" title="List of solid-state drive manufacturers">List of solid-state drive manufacturers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Interfaces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Host_Controller_Interface" title="Advanced Host Controller Interface">Advanced Host Controller Interface</a> (AHCI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fibre_Channel" title="Fibre Channel">Fibre Channel</a> (FC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/NVM_Express" title="NVM Express">NVM Express</a> (NVMe)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PCI_Express" title="PCI Express">PCI Express</a> (PCIe)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SATA_Express" title="SATA Express">SATA Express</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serial_ATA" class="mw-redirect" title="Serial ATA">Serial ATA</a> (SATA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serial_attached_SCSI" class="mw-redirect" title="Serial attached SCSI">Serial attached SCSI</a> (SAS)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Universal Serial Bus</a> (USB)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Configurations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hard_disk_drive#Form_factors" title="Hard disk drive">HDD form factors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MSATA" class="mw-redirect" title="MSATA">mSATA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M.2" title="M.2">M.2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PCI_Express" title="PCI Express">PCI Express</a> <a href="/wiki/Expansion_card" title="Expansion card">expansion card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thunderbolt_(interface)" title="Thunderbolt (interface)">Thunderbolt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USB-C" title="USB-C">USB Type-C</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.2" title="U.2">U.2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.3" class="mw-redirect" title="U.3">U.3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EDSFF" class="mw-redirect" title="EDSFF">EDSFF</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Committee_for_Information_Technology_Standards" title="International 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