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Droplet Research Papers - Academia.edu

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overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; -webkit-line-clamp: 3; -webkit-box-orient: vertical; }</style><div class="col-xs-12 clearfix"><div class="u-floatLeft"><h1 class="PageHeader-title u-m0x u-fs30">Droplet</h1><div class="u-tcGrayDark">31&nbsp;Followers</div><div class="u-tcGrayDark u-mt2x">Recent papers in&nbsp;<b>Droplet</b></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="TabbedNavigation"><div class="container"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-12 clearfix"><ul class="nav u-m0x u-p0x list-inline u-displayFlex"><li class="active"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Droplet">Top Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Droplet/MostCited">Most Cited Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Droplet/MostDownloaded">Most Downloaded Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Droplet/MostRecent">Newest Papers</a></li><li><a class="" href="https://www.academia.edu/People/Droplet">People</a></li></ul></div><style type="text/css">ul.nav{flex-direction:row}@media(max-width: 567px){ul.nav{flex-direction:column}.TabbedNavigation li{max-width:100%}.TabbedNavigation li.active{background-color:var(--background-grey, #dddde2)}.TabbedNavigation li.active:before,.TabbedNavigation li.active:after{display:none}}</style></div></div></div><div class="container"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-12"><div class="u-displayFlex"><div class="u-flexGrow1"><div class="works"><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_75847495" data-work_id="75847495" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/75847495/A_statistical_model_of_drop_size_spectra_for_stratocumulus_clouds">A statistical model of drop-size spectra for stratocumulus clouds</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The purpose of this work is to present a simplified model of cloud-droplet spectra that can be used as a tool for interpreting cloud microphysical observations in boundary-layer clouds, and as a way to begin quantifying the couplings... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_75847495" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The purpose of this work is to present a simplified model of cloud-droplet spectra that can be used as a tool for interpreting cloud microphysical observations in boundary-layer clouds, and as a way to begin quantifying the couplings between cloud microphysics, dynamics and radiative properties for eventual use in cloud parametrizations. The model is steady-state, ignores nucleation effects, and is formulated to produce horizontally averaged statistics. The major difference between this model and previous work lies in the model assumption that droplet spectra at a given level within a cloud are horizontal averages over a large number of air parcels, each of which can have a different lifting condensation level (LCL). Vertical motions are driven by buoyancy, so that liquid water and vertical velocity are simple functions of height above the LCL. This relationship, treated statistically over a large number of parcels, relates turbulent kinetic energy to horizontally averaged statistics of the droplet spectra. The broadening of droplet spectra is thus directly related to the turbulent kinetic energy within a cloud. In validating the model, results are compared with observations. It is shown that the basic droplet spectra predicted by the model are quite realistic for stratus and stratocumulus. The modelled droplet spectra broaden from cloud base to cloud top as is frequently observed, and the relationship between drop spectrum width and mean radius agrees quite well with observations.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/75847495" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="177e1214860a0bb6d87fac121f224602" rel="nofollow" data-download="{&quot;attachment_id&quot;:83466872,&quot;asset_id&quot;:75847495,&quot;asset_type&quot;:&quot;Work&quot;,&quot;always_allow_download&quot;:false,&quot;track&quot;:null,&quot;button_location&quot;:&quot;work_strip&quot;,&quot;source&quot;:null,&quot;hide_modal&quot;:null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/83466872/download_file?st=MTc0MDA4MTUzMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by&nbsp;<span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="13126375" href="https://nevada-reno.academia.edu/judithcurry">judith curry</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="13126375" type="text/json">{"id":13126375,"first_name":"judith","last_name":"curry","domain_name":"nevada-reno","page_name":"judithcurry","display_name":"judith curry","profile_url":"https://nevada-reno.academia.edu/judithcurry?f_ri=176526","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_75847495 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="75847495"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 75847495, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_75847495", }); 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The model is steady-state, ignores nucleation effects, and is formulated to produce horizontally averaged statistics. The major difference between this model and previous work lies in the model assumption that droplet spectra at a given level within a cloud are horizontal averages over a large number of air parcels, each of which can have a different lifting condensation level (LCL). Vertical motions are driven by buoyancy, so that liquid water and vertical velocity are simple functions of height above the LCL. This relationship, treated statistically over a large number of parcels, relates turbulent kinetic energy to horizontally averaged statistics of the droplet spectra. The broadening of droplet spectra is thus directly related to the turbulent kinetic energy within a cloud. In validating the model, results are compared with observations. It is shown that the basic droplet spectra predicted by the model are quite realistic for stratus and stratocumulus. The modelled droplet spectra broaden from cloud base to cloud top as is frequently observed, and the relationship between drop spectrum width and mean radius agrees quite well with observations.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":83466872,"asset_id":75847495,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":13126375,"first_name":"judith","last_name":"curry","domain_name":"nevada-reno","page_name":"judithcurry","display_name":"judith curry","profile_url":"https://nevada-reno.academia.edu/judithcurry?f_ri=176526","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":415,"name":"Oceanography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Oceanography?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true},{"id":498,"name":"Physics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physics?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true},{"id":60285,"name":"Atmospheric sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Atmospheric_sciences?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true},{"id":176526,"name":"Droplet","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Droplet?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true},{"id":664700,"name":"Statistical Model","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Statistical_Model?f_ri=176526"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_27666093" data-work_id="27666093" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/27666093/Character_and_Behavior_of_Mist_Generated_by_Application_of_Cutting_Fluid_to_a_Rotating_Cylindrical_Workpiece_Part_1_Model_Development">Character and Behavior of Mist Generated by Application of Cutting Fluid to a Rotating Cylindrical Workpiece, Part 1: Model Development</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Increasing attention is being devoted to the airborne emissions resulting from a variety of manufacturing processes because of health, safety, and environmental concerns. In this two-part paper, a model is presented for the amount of... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_27666093" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Increasing attention is being devoted to the airborne emissions resulting from a variety of manufacturing processes because of health, safety, and environmental concerns. In this two-part paper, a model is presented for the amount of cutting fluid mist produced by the interaction of the fluid with the rotating cylindrical workpiece during a turning operation. This model is based on relationships that describe cutting fluid atomization, droplet settling, and droplet evaporation. Experiments are performed to validate the model. In Part 1 of the paper, the emphasis is on model development. In the model, thin film theory is used to determine the maximum fluid load that can be supported by a rotating cylindrical workpiece; rotating disk atomization theory is applied to the turning process to predict the mean size of the droplets generated by atomization; and expressions for both the evaporation and settling behavior are established. Droplet size distribution and mass concentration predictions are used to characterize the fluid mist. Model predictions indicate that the droplet mean diameter is affected by both fluid properties and operating conditions, with cutting speed having the most significant affect. Model predictions and experimental results show that the number distribution of droplets within the control volume is dominated by small droplets because of the settling and evaporation phenomena. In Part 2 of the paper, the cutting fluid mist behavior model is validated using the results obtained from a series of experiments.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/27666093" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="c13405340ff4dac62e572b563dede505" rel="nofollow" data-download="{&quot;attachment_id&quot;:47932670,&quot;asset_id&quot;:27666093,&quot;asset_type&quot;:&quot;Work&quot;,&quot;always_allow_download&quot;:false,&quot;track&quot;:null,&quot;button_location&quot;:&quot;work_strip&quot;,&quot;source&quot;:null,&quot;hide_modal&quot;:null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/47932670/download_file?st=MTc0MDA4MTUzMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by&nbsp;<span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="30380553" href="https://independent.academia.edu/KennethGunter">Kenneth Gunter</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="30380553" type="text/json">{"id":30380553,"first_name":"Kenneth","last_name":"Gunter","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"KennethGunter","display_name":"Kenneth Gunter","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/KennethGunter?f_ri=176526","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_27666093 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="27666093"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 27666093, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_27666093", }); 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In this two-part paper, a model is presented for the amount of cutting fluid mist produced by the interaction of the fluid with the rotating cylindrical workpiece during a turning operation. This model is based on relationships that describe cutting fluid atomization, droplet settling, and droplet evaporation. Experiments are performed to validate the model. In Part 1 of the paper, the emphasis is on model development. In the model, thin film theory is used to determine the maximum fluid load that can be supported by a rotating cylindrical workpiece; rotating disk atomization theory is applied to the turning process to predict the mean size of the droplets generated by atomization; and expressions for both the evaporation and settling behavior are established. Droplet size distribution and mass concentration predictions are used to characterize the fluid mist. Model predictions indicate that the droplet mean diameter is affected by both fluid properties and operating conditions, with cutting speed having the most significant affect. Model predictions and experimental results show that the number distribution of droplets within the control volume is dominated by small droplets because of the settling and evaporation phenomena. In Part 2 of the paper, the cutting fluid mist behavior model is validated using the results obtained from a series of experiments.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":47932670,"asset_id":27666093,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":30380553,"first_name":"Kenneth","last_name":"Gunter","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"KennethGunter","display_name":"Kenneth Gunter","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/KennethGunter?f_ri=176526","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":60,"name":"Mechanical Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mechanical_Engineering?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true},{"id":6177,"name":"Modeling","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Modeling?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true},{"id":13268,"name":"Evaporation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evaporation?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true},{"id":48543,"name":"Fluids","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fluids?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true},{"id":49161,"name":"Safety","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Safety?f_ri=176526"},{"id":68646,"name":"Environmental Concern","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Concern?f_ri=176526"},{"id":96825,"name":"Manufacturing Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Manufacturing_Engineering?f_ri=176526"},{"id":101573,"name":"Thin Film","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Thin_Film?f_ri=176526"},{"id":143540,"name":"Behavior 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Measurement","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Experimental_Measurement?f_ri=176526"},{"id":1127401,"name":"Droplet Size Distribution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Droplet_Size_Distribution?f_ri=176526"},{"id":1136005,"name":"Particle Size Distribution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Particle_Size_Distribution?f_ri=176526"},{"id":1154248,"name":"Theoretical Model","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Theoretical_Model?f_ri=176526"},{"id":1272959,"name":"Mass Distribution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mass_Distribution?f_ri=176526"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_13310904 coauthored" data-work_id="13310904" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/13310904/Observation_and_modelling_of_barrel_droplets_on_vertical_fibres_subjected_to_gravitational_and_drag_forces">Observation and modelling of barrel droplets on vertical fibres subjected to gravitational and drag forces</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Extensive experimental investigation of the wetting processes of fibre/liquid systems during air filtration (when drag and gravitational forces are acting) has shown many important features, including droplet extension, oscillatory... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_13310904" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Extensive experimental investigation of the wetting processes of fibre/liquid systems during air filtration (when drag and gravitational forces are acting) has shown many important features, including droplet extension, oscillatory motion, and detachment or flow of drops from fibres as airflow velocity increases.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/13310904" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="be565969f27edb01628e98b43a3ded80" rel="nofollow" data-download="{&quot;attachment_id&quot;:45486997,&quot;asset_id&quot;:13310904,&quot;asset_type&quot;:&quot;Work&quot;,&quot;always_allow_download&quot;:false,&quot;track&quot;:null,&quot;button_location&quot;:&quot;work_strip&quot;,&quot;source&quot;:null,&quot;hide_modal&quot;:null}" 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An open-loop test system with two full-cone spray nozzles used to generate water droplets to a heated surface... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_53897958" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Heat transfer in a non-boiling spray cooling system with de-ionized water as the working fluid is experimentally investigated. An open-loop test system with two full-cone spray nozzles used to generate water droplets to a heated surface is established for the cooling of high-power devices. The effects of the liquid volume flow rate, the nozzle-to-surface distance and the liquid inlet temperature on the heat transfer are scrutinized. It is found that the non-boiling spray cooling system can remove high heat flux from a small surface while maintaining the surface at desirable low temperature. Increasing the liquid volume flow rate or reducing the liquid inlet temperature increases significantly the heat transfer coefficient. There exists an optimal nozzle-to-surface distance under which the heat transfer coefficient is maximized. It is also found that adding a surfactant to the working fluid with an appropriate concentration will further improve the heat transfer.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/53897958" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="ebc7f714af2a265ea8a414c50cc2d3f3" rel="nofollow" data-download="{&quot;attachment_id&quot;:70522430,&quot;asset_id&quot;:53897958,&quot;asset_type&quot;:&quot;Work&quot;,&quot;always_allow_download&quot;:false,&quot;track&quot;:null,&quot;button_location&quot;:&quot;work_strip&quot;,&quot;source&quot;:null,&quot;hide_modal&quot;:null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/70522430/download_file?st=MTc0MDA4MTUzMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by&nbsp;<span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="13076416" href="https://kth.academia.edu/Bj%C3%B6rnPalm">Björn Palm</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="13076416" type="text/json">{"id":13076416,"first_name":"Björn","last_name":"Palm","domain_name":"kth","page_name":"BjörnPalm","display_name":"Björn Palm","profile_url":"https://kth.academia.edu/Bj%C3%B6rnPalm?f_ri=176526","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/13076416/4109873/4790599/s65_bj_rn.palm.jpg_oh_db9b521a3598b6abc723e8161df8fb93_oe_54650f08___gda___1415821180_e7a6cb71b3ca87757d489268448f9c80"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_53897958 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="53897958"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 53897958, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_53897958", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=53897958]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_53897958").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_53897958").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="53897958"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>&nbsp;&nbsp;<a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">13</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;</div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="60" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mechanical_Engineering">Mechanical Engineering</a>,&nbsp;<script data-card-contents-for-ri="60" type="text/json">{"id":60,"name":"Mechanical Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mechanical_Engineering?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="8067" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Heat_Transfer">Heat Transfer</a>,&nbsp;<script data-card-contents-for-ri="8067" type="text/json">{"id":8067,"name":"Heat Transfer","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Heat_Transfer?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="156079" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Surfactant">Surfactant</a>,&nbsp;<script data-card-contents-for-ri="156079" type="text/json">{"id":156079,"name":"Surfactant","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Surfactant?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="168777" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cooling_System">Cooling System</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="168777" type="text/json">{"id":168777,"name":"Cooling System","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cooling_System?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=53897958]'), work: {"id":53897958,"title":"Experimental characterization of heat transfer in non-boiling spray cooling with two nozzles","created_at":"2021-09-29T02:18:48.093-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/53897958/Experimental_characterization_of_heat_transfer_in_non_boiling_spray_cooling_with_two_nozzles?f_ri=176526","dom_id":"work_53897958","summary":"Heat transfer in a non-boiling spray cooling system with de-ionized water as the working fluid is experimentally investigated. An open-loop test system with two full-cone spray nozzles used to generate water droplets to a heated surface is established for the cooling of high-power devices. The effects of the liquid volume flow rate, the nozzle-to-surface distance and the liquid inlet temperature on the heat transfer are scrutinized. It is found that the non-boiling spray cooling system can remove high heat flux from a small surface while maintaining the surface at desirable low temperature. Increasing the liquid volume flow rate or reducing the liquid inlet temperature increases significantly the heat transfer coefficient. There exists an optimal nozzle-to-surface distance under which the heat transfer coefficient is maximized. It is also found that adding a surfactant to the working fluid with an appropriate concentration will further improve the heat transfer.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":70522430,"asset_id":53897958,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":13076416,"first_name":"Björn","last_name":"Palm","domain_name":"kth","page_name":"BjörnPalm","display_name":"Björn Palm","profile_url":"https://kth.academia.edu/Bj%C3%B6rnPalm?f_ri=176526","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/13076416/4109873/4790599/s65_bj_rn.palm.jpg_oh_db9b521a3598b6abc723e8161df8fb93_oe_54650f08___gda___1415821180_e7a6cb71b3ca87757d489268448f9c80"}],"research_interests":[{"id":60,"name":"Mechanical Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mechanical_Engineering?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true},{"id":8067,"name":"Heat Transfer","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Heat_Transfer?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true},{"id":156079,"name":"Surfactant","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Surfactant?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true},{"id":168777,"name":"Cooling System","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cooling_System?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true},{"id":176526,"name":"Droplet","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Droplet?f_ri=176526"},{"id":186189,"name":"Heat transfer coefficient","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Heat_transfer_coefficient?f_ri=176526"},{"id":201306,"name":"Heat Flux","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Heat_Flux?f_ri=176526"},{"id":386998,"name":"Heat Flow","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Heat_Flow?f_ri=176526"},{"id":554780,"name":"Interdisciplinary Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Interdisciplinary_Engineering?f_ri=176526"},{"id":641466,"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Applied_Thermal_Engineering?f_ri=176526"},{"id":898062,"name":"Flow Rate","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Flow_Rate?f_ri=176526"},{"id":972442,"name":"Boiling","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Boiling?f_ri=176526"},{"id":1505264,"name":"Nozzle","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nozzle?f_ri=176526"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_48303481" data-work_id="48303481" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/48303481/Nonlinear_analysis_of_the_surface_tension_driven_breakup_of_viscoelastic_filaments">Nonlinear analysis of the surface tension driven breakup of viscoelastic filaments</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The surface tension driven breakup of viscoelastic filaments into droplets is qualitatively different from that of Newtonian liquid filaments. Disturbances on filaments of dilute polymer solutions often grow to a configuration consisting... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_48303481" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The surface tension driven breakup of viscoelastic filaments into droplets is qualitatively different from that of Newtonian liquid filaments. Disturbances on filaments of dilute polymer solutions often grow to a configuration consisting of nascent droplets connected by a thin ligament; the breakup time for this configuration is much longer than that predicted by extensions of Rayleigh&#39;s linear stability theory. We present here a nonlinear analysis of surface tension driven breakup of viscoelastic filaments using two complementary approaches that give equivalent results: a transient finite element solution and a one-dimensional thin filament approximation. We show that significant nonlinear effects lead to the experimentally-observed nascent droplet-ligament configuration, and we predict the entire evolution of the filament profile. Agreement with available experimental data for profile evolution and breakup of jets of Newtonian fluids and dilute polymer solutions is excellent.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/48303481" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="d76d7cf1c41aea4fadb661a8d8beb5c5" rel="nofollow" data-download="{&quot;attachment_id&quot;:66987279,&quot;asset_id&quot;:48303481,&quot;asset_type&quot;:&quot;Work&quot;,&quot;always_allow_download&quot;:false,&quot;track&quot;:null,&quot;button_location&quot;:&quot;work_strip&quot;,&quot;source&quot;:null,&quot;hide_modal&quot;:null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/66987279/download_file?st=MTc0MDA4MTUzMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by&nbsp;<span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="26502882" href="https://umaine.academia.edu/DouglasBousfield">Douglas Bousfield</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="26502882" type="text/json">{"id":26502882,"first_name":"Douglas","last_name":"Bousfield","domain_name":"umaine","page_name":"DouglasBousfield","display_name":"Douglas Bousfield","profile_url":"https://umaine.academia.edu/DouglasBousfield?f_ri=176526","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_48303481 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="48303481"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 48303481, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_48303481", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=48303481]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_48303481").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_48303481").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="48303481"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>&nbsp;&nbsp;<a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">9</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;</div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="48" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering">Engineering</a>,&nbsp;<script data-card-contents-for-ri="48" type="text/json">{"id":48,"name":"Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="23047" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fracture_Mechanics">Fracture Mechanics</a>,&nbsp;<script data-card-contents-for-ri="23047" type="text/json">{"id":23047,"name":"Fracture Mechanics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fracture_Mechanics?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="68432" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nonlinear_Analysis">Nonlinear Analysis</a>,&nbsp;<script data-card-contents-for-ri="68432" type="text/json">{"id":68432,"name":"Nonlinear Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nonlinear_Analysis?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="80414" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mathematical_Sciences">Mathematical Sciences</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="80414" type="text/json">{"id":80414,"name":"Mathematical Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mathematical_Sciences?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=48303481]'), work: {"id":48303481,"title":"Nonlinear analysis of the surface tension driven breakup of viscoelastic filaments","created_at":"2021-05-04T12:43:07.527-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/48303481/Nonlinear_analysis_of_the_surface_tension_driven_breakup_of_viscoelastic_filaments?f_ri=176526","dom_id":"work_48303481","summary":"The surface tension driven breakup of viscoelastic filaments into droplets is qualitatively different from that of Newtonian liquid filaments. Disturbances on filaments of dilute polymer solutions often grow to a configuration consisting of nascent droplets connected by a thin ligament; the breakup time for this configuration is much longer than that predicted by extensions of Rayleigh's linear stability theory. We present here a nonlinear analysis of surface tension driven breakup of viscoelastic filaments using two complementary approaches that give equivalent results: a transient finite element solution and a one-dimensional thin filament approximation. We show that significant nonlinear effects lead to the experimentally-observed nascent droplet-ligament configuration, and we predict the entire evolution of the filament profile. Agreement with available experimental data for profile evolution and breakup of jets of Newtonian fluids and dilute polymer solutions is excellent.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":66987279,"asset_id":48303481,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":26502882,"first_name":"Douglas","last_name":"Bousfield","domain_name":"umaine","page_name":"DouglasBousfield","display_name":"Douglas Bousfield","profile_url":"https://umaine.academia.edu/DouglasBousfield?f_ri=176526","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":48,"name":"Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true},{"id":23047,"name":"Fracture Mechanics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fracture_Mechanics?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true},{"id":68432,"name":"Nonlinear Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nonlinear_Analysis?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true},{"id":80414,"name":"Mathematical Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mathematical_Sciences?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true},{"id":108044,"name":"Non Newtonian","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Non_Newtonian?f_ri=176526"},{"id":118582,"name":"Physical sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physical_sciences?f_ri=176526"},{"id":146586,"name":"Non-newtonian Fluid Mechanics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Non-newtonian_Fluid_Mechanics?f_ri=176526"},{"id":176526,"name":"Droplet","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Droplet?f_ri=176526"},{"id":394521,"name":"Surface Tension","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Surface_Tension?f_ri=176526"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_14300187" data-work_id="14300187" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/14300187/Methane_ethane_and_methane_propane_hydrate_formation_and_decomposition_on_water_droplets">Methane–ethane and methane–propane hydrate formation and decomposition on water droplets</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Gas hydrate formation and decomposition on water droplets using an 89.4% methane-10.6% ethane mixture, and a 90.1% methane-9.9% propane mixture were carried out in a new apparatus suitable for morphology studies. As expected the induction... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_14300187" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Gas hydrate formation and decomposition on water droplets using an 89.4% methane-10.6% ethane mixture, and a 90.1% methane-9.9% propane mixture were carried out in a new apparatus suitable for morphology studies. As expected the induction time was found to be much shorter when the water had hydrate memory. All droplets nucleated simultaneously and the droplet size and shape had no noticeable effect on induction time and macroscopic crystal growth morphology for hydrates from the methane-ethane mixture. However, the surface of the hydrate crystals from methane-propane had a &quot;hairy-like&quot; appearance which changed to a smooth surface over time. Moreover, the smaller droplets during hydrate reformation showed an extensive hydrate growth and looked like snow-flakes. Sequential pictures generated by time-lapse videos showed that the time required for hydrate to cover the water droplet surface ranged from 10 to 23 s and was shorter when there was gas-phase agitation (mixing). The growth is postulated to occur in two stages. The first stage lasts about 10-23 s and growth takes place laterally. Growth takes place at the hydrate/gas and the hydrate/water interfaces during the second stage. The implication of the findings for process design of hydrate formation vessels is also discussed.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/14300187" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="2ed8fc410b87ef99209e4d7e639385ef" rel="nofollow" data-download="{&quot;attachment_id&quot;:44343736,&quot;asset_id&quot;:14300187,&quot;asset_type&quot;:&quot;Work&quot;,&quot;always_allow_download&quot;:false,&quot;track&quot;:null,&quot;button_location&quot;:&quot;work_strip&quot;,&quot;source&quot;:null,&quot;hide_modal&quot;:null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/44343736/download_file?st=MTc0MDA4MTUzMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by&nbsp;<span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="33258325" href="https://ubc.academia.edu/PeterEnglezos">Peter Englezos</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="33258325" type="text/json">{"id":33258325,"first_name":"Peter","last_name":"Englezos","domain_name":"ubc","page_name":"PeterEnglezos","display_name":"Peter Englezos","profile_url":"https://ubc.academia.edu/PeterEnglezos?f_ri=176526","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_14300187 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="14300187"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 14300187, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_14300187", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=14300187]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_14300187").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_14300187").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="14300187"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>&nbsp;&nbsp;<a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">18</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;</div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="60" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mechanical_Engineering">Mechanical Engineering</a>,&nbsp;<script data-card-contents-for-ri="60" type="text/json">{"id":60,"name":"Mechanical Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mechanical_Engineering?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="72" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemical_Engineering">Chemical Engineering</a>,&nbsp;<script data-card-contents-for-ri="72" type="text/json">{"id":72,"name":"Chemical Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemical_Engineering?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="988" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Design">Design</a>,&nbsp;<script data-card-contents-for-ri="988" type="text/json">{"id":988,"name":"Design","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Design?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4120" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Crystal_Growth">Crystal Growth</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="4120" type="text/json">{"id":4120,"name":"Crystal Growth","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Crystal_Growth?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=14300187]'), work: {"id":14300187,"title":"Methane–ethane and methane–propane hydrate formation and decomposition on water droplets","created_at":"2015-07-22T09:50:26.128-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/14300187/Methane_ethane_and_methane_propane_hydrate_formation_and_decomposition_on_water_droplets?f_ri=176526","dom_id":"work_14300187","summary":"Gas hydrate formation and decomposition on water droplets using an 89.4% methane-10.6% ethane mixture, and a 90.1% methane-9.9% propane mixture were carried out in a new apparatus suitable for morphology studies. As expected the induction time was found to be much shorter when the water had hydrate memory. All droplets nucleated simultaneously and the droplet size and shape had no noticeable effect on induction time and macroscopic crystal growth morphology for hydrates from the methane-ethane mixture. However, the surface of the hydrate crystals from methane-propane had a \"hairy-like\" appearance which changed to a smooth surface over time. Moreover, the smaller droplets during hydrate reformation showed an extensive hydrate growth and looked like snow-flakes. Sequential pictures generated by time-lapse videos showed that the time required for hydrate to cover the water droplet surface ranged from 10 to 23 s and was shorter when there was gas-phase agitation (mixing). The growth is postulated to occur in two stages. The first stage lasts about 10-23 s and growth takes place laterally. Growth takes place at the hydrate/gas and the hydrate/water interfaces during the second stage. The implication of the findings for process design of hydrate formation vessels is also discussed.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":44343736,"asset_id":14300187,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":33258325,"first_name":"Peter","last_name":"Englezos","domain_name":"ubc","page_name":"PeterEnglezos","display_name":"Peter Englezos","profile_url":"https://ubc.academia.edu/PeterEnglezos?f_ri=176526","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":60,"name":"Mechanical Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mechanical_Engineering?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true},{"id":72,"name":"Chemical Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemical_Engineering?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true},{"id":988,"name":"Design","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Design?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true},{"id":4120,"name":"Crystal Growth","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Crystal_Growth?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true},{"id":6414,"name":"Decomposition","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Decomposition?f_ri=176526"},{"id":10866,"name":"Morphology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Morphology?f_ri=176526"},{"id":23612,"name":"Gas Hydrate","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gas_Hydrate?f_ri=176526"},{"id":42811,"name":"Mixing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mixing?f_ri=176526"},{"id":57518,"name":"Conception","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Conception?f_ri=176526"},{"id":60795,"name":"Gas Hydrates","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gas_Hydrates?f_ri=176526"},{"id":99040,"name":"Process Design","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Process_Design?f_ri=176526"},{"id":125058,"name":"Nucleation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nucleation?f_ri=176526"},{"id":156347,"name":"Methane","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Methane?f_ri=176526"},{"id":176526,"name":"Droplet","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Droplet?f_ri=176526"},{"id":197149,"name":"SNOW","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/SNOW?f_ri=176526"},{"id":390245,"name":"Particle Size","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Particle_Size?f_ri=176526"},{"id":595175,"name":"Chemical Engineering Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemical_Engineering_Science?f_ri=176526"},{"id":1911835,"name":"Droplet Size","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Droplet_Size?f_ri=176526"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_57449544" data-work_id="57449544" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/57449544/Thermodynamic_properties_of_malonic_succinic_and_glutaric_acids_evaporation_rates_and_saturation_vapor_pressures">Thermodynamic properties of malonic, succinic, and glutaric acids: evaporation rates and saturation vapor pressures</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This work provides thermodynamic data, in particular, liquid-state saturation vapor pressures of three common slightly water soluble secondary organic aerosol components, namely, malonic, succinic, and glutaric acids. A modified tandem... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_57449544" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This work provides thermodynamic data, in particular, liquid-state saturation vapor pressures of three common slightly water soluble secondary organic aerosol components, namely, malonic, succinic, and glutaric acids. A modified tandem differential mobility analyzer ...</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/57449544" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="6da4d49b86b5d4ff8bc178852741f0f4" rel="nofollow" data-download="{&quot;attachment_id&quot;:72348217,&quot;asset_id&quot;:57449544,&quot;asset_type&quot;:&quot;Work&quot;,&quot;always_allow_download&quot;:false,&quot;track&quot;:null,&quot;button_location&quot;:&quot;work_strip&quot;,&quot;source&quot;:null,&quot;hide_modal&quot;:null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/72348217/download_file?st=MTc0MDA4MTUzMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by&nbsp;<span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="3980471" href="https://fmi-fi.academia.edu/AncaGaman">Anca Gaman</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="3980471" type="text/json">{"id":3980471,"first_name":"Anca","last_name":"Gaman","domain_name":"fmi-fi","page_name":"AncaGaman","display_name":"Anca Gaman","profile_url":"https://fmi-fi.academia.edu/AncaGaman?f_ri=176526","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/3980471/1501006/1827857/s65_anca.gaman.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_57449544 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="57449544"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 57449544, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_57449544", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_57449544 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 57449544; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_57449544"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_57449544 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="57449544"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 57449544; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=57449544]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_57449544").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_57449544").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="57449544"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>&nbsp;&nbsp;<a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">14</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;</div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="522" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Thermodynamics">Thermodynamics</a>,&nbsp;<script data-card-contents-for-ri="522" type="text/json">{"id":522,"name":"Thermodynamics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Thermodynamics?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="13268" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evaporation">Evaporation</a>,&nbsp;<script data-card-contents-for-ri="13268" type="text/json">{"id":13268,"name":"Evaporation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evaporation?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="28235" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multidisciplinary">Multidisciplinary</a>,&nbsp;<script data-card-contents-for-ri="28235" type="text/json">{"id":28235,"name":"Multidisciplinary","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multidisciplinary?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="34633" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_science_and_technology">Environmental science and technology</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="34633" type="text/json">{"id":34633,"name":"Environmental science and technology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_science_and_technology?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=57449544]'), work: {"id":57449544,"title":"Thermodynamic properties of malonic, succinic, and glutaric acids: evaporation rates and saturation vapor pressures","created_at":"2021-10-13T01:30:39.674-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/57449544/Thermodynamic_properties_of_malonic_succinic_and_glutaric_acids_evaporation_rates_and_saturation_vapor_pressures?f_ri=176526","dom_id":"work_57449544","summary":"This work provides thermodynamic data, in particular, liquid-state saturation vapor pressures of three common slightly water soluble secondary organic aerosol components, namely, malonic, succinic, and glutaric acids. A modified tandem differential mobility analyzer ...","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":72348217,"asset_id":57449544,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":3980471,"first_name":"Anca","last_name":"Gaman","domain_name":"fmi-fi","page_name":"AncaGaman","display_name":"Anca Gaman","profile_url":"https://fmi-fi.academia.edu/AncaGaman?f_ri=176526","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/3980471/1501006/1827857/s65_anca.gaman.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":522,"name":"Thermodynamics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Thermodynamics?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true},{"id":13268,"name":"Evaporation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evaporation?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true},{"id":28235,"name":"Multidisciplinary","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multidisciplinary?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true},{"id":34633,"name":"Environmental science and technology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_science_and_technology?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true},{"id":114713,"name":"Vapor Pressure","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Vapor_Pressure?f_ri=176526"},{"id":133177,"name":"Temperature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Temperature?f_ri=176526"},{"id":173963,"name":"Phase transition","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phase_transition?f_ri=176526"},{"id":176526,"name":"Droplet","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Droplet?f_ri=176526"},{"id":291038,"name":"Pressure","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pressure?f_ri=176526"},{"id":416536,"name":"Science Technology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Science_Technology?f_ri=176526"},{"id":444369,"name":"Humidity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Humidity?f_ri=176526"},{"id":1089035,"name":"Succinic Acid","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Succinic_Acid?f_ri=176526"},{"id":1256879,"name":"Thermodynamic Properties","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Thermodynamic_Properties?f_ri=176526"},{"id":1434584,"name":"Malonates","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Malonates?f_ri=176526"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_33590023" data-work_id="33590023" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/33590023/Enrichment_in_unsaturated_fatty_acids_and_emulsion_droplet_size_affect_the_crystallization_behaviour_of_milk_triacylglycerols_upon_storage_at_4_C">Enrichment in unsaturated fatty acids and emulsion droplet size affect the crystallization behaviour of milk triacylglycerols upon storage at 4°C</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Increasing the unsaturated fatty acid (UFA) content in milk fat is of primary importance to improve the longterm health of consumers. However, such changes can affect the crystallization properties of milk triacylglycerols (TAG) and their... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_33590023" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Increasing the unsaturated fatty acid (UFA) content in milk fat is of primary importance to improve the longterm health of consumers. However, such changes can affect the crystallization properties of milk triacylglycerols (TAG) and their functional properties. The objectives of this study were to investigate the crystallization properties of milk fat as a function of its FA composition and emulsion droplet size upon storage at refrigerated temperature. UFA-enriched TAG were obtained using cow diet supplemented with linseed oil and compared to control TAG. Homogenization was used to vary the size of emulsion droplets, from 1.7 to 0.2 μm. The crystallization properties of TAG were studied using synchrotron X-ray diffraction coupled to differential scanning calorimetry. We characterized the coexistence of several solid fat phases with a liquid phase, the characteristics of which depended on the temperature, FA composition and droplet size. The enrichment in UFA from 29 to 51 wt.% led to a decrease in the enthalpy ratio (ΔH partial /ΔH total ) from 64 ± 4 to 54 ± 4% at 4°C and to the formation of 2 L (41.8 Å) structure with β 1 , β′ 1 , and β′ 2 polymorphic forms while 2 L (39.5 Å) and 3 L (56.6 Å) structures with β 1 , β 2 , β′ 1 and β′ 2 polymorphic forms were formed with control TAG. The size of the emulsion droplets also affected the structural and thermal properties of milk TAG. Such experiments increased the knowledge about the crystallization properties of TAG dispersed in emulsion and will be useful for industrial applications and the development of UFA-enriched dairy products with improved nutritional properties.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/33590023" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="38114db9da659243d61d05c75cf54e17" rel="nofollow" data-download="{&quot;attachment_id&quot;:53611232,&quot;asset_id&quot;:33590023,&quot;asset_type&quot;:&quot;Work&quot;,&quot;always_allow_download&quot;:false,&quot;track&quot;:null,&quot;button_location&quot;:&quot;work_strip&quot;,&quot;source&quot;:null,&quot;hide_modal&quot;:null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/53611232/download_file?st=MTc0MDA4MTUzMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by&nbsp;<span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="65756881" href="https://3dscanner.academia.edu/JavierP%C3%A9rezSanz">Javier Pérez Sanz</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="65756881" type="text/json">{"id":65756881,"first_name":"Javier","last_name":"Pérez Sanz","domain_name":"3dscanner","page_name":"JavierPérezSanz","display_name":"Javier Pérez Sanz","profile_url":"https://3dscanner.academia.edu/JavierP%C3%A9rezSanz?f_ri=176526","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_33590023 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="33590023"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 33590023, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_33590023", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=33590023]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_33590023").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_33590023").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="33590023"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>&nbsp;&nbsp;<a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">18</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;</div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="72" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemical_Engineering">Chemical Engineering</a>,&nbsp;<script data-card-contents-for-ri="72" type="text/json">{"id":72,"name":"Chemical Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemical_Engineering?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3855" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Polymorphism">Polymorphism</a>,&nbsp;<script data-card-contents-for-ri="3855" type="text/json">{"id":3855,"name":"Polymorphism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Polymorphism?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7603" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Food">Food</a>,&nbsp;<script data-card-contents-for-ri="7603" type="text/json">{"id":7603,"name":"Food","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Food?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="39718" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Food_Preservation">Food Preservation</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="39718" type="text/json">{"id":39718,"name":"Food Preservation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Food_Preservation?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=33590023]'), work: {"id":33590023,"title":"Enrichment in unsaturated fatty acids and emulsion droplet size affect the crystallization behaviour of milk triacylglycerols upon storage at 4°C","created_at":"2017-06-21T07:20:44.231-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/33590023/Enrichment_in_unsaturated_fatty_acids_and_emulsion_droplet_size_affect_the_crystallization_behaviour_of_milk_triacylglycerols_upon_storage_at_4_C?f_ri=176526","dom_id":"work_33590023","summary":"Increasing the unsaturated fatty acid (UFA) content in milk fat is of primary importance to improve the longterm health of consumers. However, such changes can affect the crystallization properties of milk triacylglycerols (TAG) and their functional properties. The objectives of this study were to investigate the crystallization properties of milk fat as a function of its FA composition and emulsion droplet size upon storage at refrigerated temperature. UFA-enriched TAG were obtained using cow diet supplemented with linseed oil and compared to control TAG. Homogenization was used to vary the size of emulsion droplets, from 1.7 to 0.2 μm. The crystallization properties of TAG were studied using synchrotron X-ray diffraction coupled to differential scanning calorimetry. We characterized the coexistence of several solid fat phases with a liquid phase, the characteristics of which depended on the temperature, FA composition and droplet size. The enrichment in UFA from 29 to 51 wt.% led to a decrease in the enthalpy ratio (ΔH partial /ΔH total ) from 64 ± 4 to 54 ± 4% at 4°C and to the formation of 2 L (41.8 Å) structure with β 1 , β′ 1 , and β′ 2 polymorphic forms while 2 L (39.5 Å) and 3 L (56.6 Å) structures with β 1 , β 2 , β′ 1 and β′ 2 polymorphic forms were formed with control TAG. The size of the emulsion droplets also affected the structural and thermal properties of milk TAG. Such experiments increased the knowledge about the crystallization properties of TAG dispersed in emulsion and will be useful for industrial applications and the development of UFA-enriched dairy products with improved nutritional properties.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":53611232,"asset_id":33590023,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":65756881,"first_name":"Javier","last_name":"Pérez Sanz","domain_name":"3dscanner","page_name":"JavierPérezSanz","display_name":"Javier Pérez Sanz","profile_url":"https://3dscanner.academia.edu/JavierP%C3%A9rezSanz?f_ri=176526","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":72,"name":"Chemical Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemical_Engineering?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true},{"id":3855,"name":"Polymorphism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Polymorphism?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true},{"id":7603,"name":"Food","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Food?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true},{"id":39718,"name":"Food Preservation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Food_Preservation?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true},{"id":78753,"name":"Differential scanning calorimetry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Differential_scanning_calorimetry?f_ri=176526"},{"id":170469,"name":"Milk Fat","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Milk_Fat?f_ri=176526"},{"id":176526,"name":"Droplet","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Droplet?f_ri=176526"},{"id":245964,"name":"Industrial Application","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Industrial_Application?f_ri=176526"},{"id":386527,"name":"X ray diffraction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/X_ray_diffraction?f_ri=176526"},{"id":403452,"name":"Warehousing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Warehousing?f_ri=176526"},{"id":492043,"name":"Size","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Size?f_ri=176526"},{"id":559553,"name":"Dairy Products","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dairy_Products?f_ri=176526"},{"id":573653,"name":"Food Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Food_Sciences?f_ri=176526"},{"id":854553,"name":"Thermal Properties","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Thermal_Properties?f_ri=176526"},{"id":1358124,"name":"Fatty Acid Composition","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fatty_Acid_Composition?f_ri=176526"},{"id":1823067,"name":"Linseed Oil","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Linseed_Oil?f_ri=176526"},{"id":1911835,"name":"Droplet Size","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Droplet_Size?f_ri=176526"},{"id":2045377,"name":"Functional Properties","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Functional_Properties?f_ri=176526"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_9021558" data-work_id="9021558" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/9021558/Gas_Phase_Silicon_Alkoxide_Reactivity_vs_Na_Alginate_Droplets_for_Conjugation_of_Alginate_and_Sol_Gel_Technologies">Gas-Phase Silicon Alkoxide Reactivity vs. Na-Alginate Droplets for Conjugation of Alginate and Sol-Gel Technologies</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Solutions with Na-alginate concentrations ranging from 0.5 to 2.5% w/v are processed to prepare Ca-alginate beads using a nozzle ejector under constant He-flow. Beads were spherical in shape and their size distributions were determined;... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_9021558" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Solutions with Na-alginate concentrations ranging from 0.5 to 2.5% w/v are processed to prepare Ca-alginate beads using a nozzle ejector under constant He-flow. Beads were spherical in shape and their size distributions were determined; in all samples the average diameter fell in the 120–140 μm interval. Volumetric yields were found to be linearly dependent of the original Na-alginate load whereas the bead diameters were almost constant, according to a constant hindrance of Ca-alginate macromolecular units in the final Ca-alginate gel. The rheology of Na-alginate solutions was studied, with determination of intrinsic viscosity; experimental evidence of microsphere formation, even at the lowest Na-alginate concentrations, indicated that ejection processing changes the rheological parameters controlling bead formation in ordinary dropping processing. Gaseous silicon alkoxides – Si(OEt)4 and MeSi(OEt)3 – carried by a He flow were deposited on Na-alginate droplets during ejection. The process was studied by continuous mass spectrometry analysis before and after Na-alginate ejection during the 5-min treatment; in all cases results indicated a deposition yield of 58%. Traces of alcohol in the mass spectrometry analysis of the out-flow gas excluded instantaneous formation of sol-gel silica on the Na-alginate droplets during their residence in the gas phase. For various Na-alginate concentrations, ethanol released by silica gel formation is constant as well as the amount of deposited SiO2; a siliceous layer ranging from 0.08 to 0.17 μm thick on the surface of the Ca-alginate beads was calculated.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/9021558" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="6d81531ee5815211753a75de0fa7df48" rel="nofollow" data-download="{&quot;attachment_id&quot;:47912214,&quot;asset_id&quot;:9021558,&quot;asset_type&quot;:&quot;Work&quot;,&quot;always_allow_download&quot;:false,&quot;track&quot;:null,&quot;button_location&quot;:&quot;work_strip&quot;,&quot;source&quot;:null,&quot;hide_modal&quot;:null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/47912214/download_file?st=MTc0MDA4MTUzMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by&nbsp;<span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="20311315" href="https://independent.academia.edu/LorenzoTognana">Lorenzo Tognana</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="20311315" type="text/json">{"id":20311315,"first_name":"Lorenzo","last_name":"Tognana","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"LorenzoTognana","display_name":"Lorenzo Tognana","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/LorenzoTognana?f_ri=176526","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_9021558 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="9021558"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 9021558, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_9021558", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_9021558 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 9021558; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_9021558"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_9021558 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="9021558"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 9021558; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=9021558]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_9021558").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_9021558").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="9021558"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>&nbsp;&nbsp;<a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">8</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;</div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="56" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Materials_Engineering">Materials Engineering</a>,&nbsp;<script data-card-contents-for-ri="56" type="text/json">{"id":56,"name":"Materials Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Materials_Engineering?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="923" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Technology">Technology</a>,&nbsp;<script data-card-contents-for-ri="923" type="text/json">{"id":923,"name":"Technology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Technology?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5769" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mass_Spectrometry">Mass Spectrometry</a>,&nbsp;<script data-card-contents-for-ri="5769" type="text/json">{"id":5769,"name":"Mass Spectrometry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mass_Spectrometry?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="85460" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sol_Gel_Process">Sol Gel Process</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="85460" type="text/json">{"id":85460,"name":"Sol Gel Process","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sol_Gel_Process?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=9021558]'), work: {"id":9021558,"title":"Gas-Phase Silicon Alkoxide Reactivity vs. Na-Alginate Droplets for Conjugation of Alginate and Sol-Gel Technologies","created_at":"2014-10-29T18:16:42.617-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/9021558/Gas_Phase_Silicon_Alkoxide_Reactivity_vs_Na_Alginate_Droplets_for_Conjugation_of_Alginate_and_Sol_Gel_Technologies?f_ri=176526","dom_id":"work_9021558","summary":"Solutions with Na-alginate concentrations ranging from 0.5 to 2.5% w/v are processed to prepare Ca-alginate beads using a nozzle ejector under constant He-flow. Beads were spherical in shape and their size distributions were determined; in all samples the average diameter fell in the 120–140 μm interval. Volumetric yields were found to be linearly dependent of the original Na-alginate load whereas the bead diameters were almost constant, according to a constant hindrance of Ca-alginate macromolecular units in the final Ca-alginate gel. The rheology of Na-alginate solutions was studied, with determination of intrinsic viscosity; experimental evidence of microsphere formation, even at the lowest Na-alginate concentrations, indicated that ejection processing changes the rheological parameters controlling bead formation in ordinary dropping processing. Gaseous silicon alkoxides – Si(OEt)4 and MeSi(OEt)3 – carried by a He flow were deposited on Na-alginate droplets during ejection. The process was studied by continuous mass spectrometry analysis before and after Na-alginate ejection during the 5-min treatment; in all cases results indicated a deposition yield of 58%. Traces of alcohol in the mass spectrometry analysis of the out-flow gas excluded instantaneous formation of sol-gel silica on the Na-alginate droplets during their residence in the gas phase. For various Na-alginate concentrations, ethanol released by silica gel formation is constant as well as the amount of deposited SiO2; a siliceous layer ranging from 0.08 to 0.17 μm thick on the surface of the Ca-alginate beads was calculated.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":47912214,"asset_id":9021558,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":20311315,"first_name":"Lorenzo","last_name":"Tognana","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"LorenzoTognana","display_name":"Lorenzo Tognana","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/LorenzoTognana?f_ri=176526","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":56,"name":"Materials Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Materials_Engineering?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true},{"id":923,"name":"Technology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Technology?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true},{"id":5769,"name":"Mass Spectrometry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mass_Spectrometry?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true},{"id":85460,"name":"Sol Gel Process","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sol_Gel_Process?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true},{"id":98440,"name":"Silica","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Silica?f_ri=176526"},{"id":176526,"name":"Droplet","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Droplet?f_ri=176526"},{"id":309495,"name":"Silica Gel","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Silica_Gel?f_ri=176526"},{"id":391216,"name":"Size Distribution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Size_Distribution?f_ri=176526"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_3826881" data-work_id="3826881" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/3826881/Influence_of_Dispersed_Phase_Content_and_Viscosity_on_the_Mixing_of_Concentrated_Oil_in_Water_Emulsions_in_the_Transition_Flow_Regime">Influence of Dispersed Phase Content and Viscosity on the Mixing of Concentrated Oil-in-Water Emulsions in the Transition Flow Regime</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The authors have evaluated the emulsification of oil of varying viscosities for concentrated o/w emulsions (&gt;60%). Rushton type impellers and baffled mixing vessels were used. The emulsions were prepared in the transition regime (80 &lt; Re... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_3826881" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The authors have evaluated the emulsification of oil of varying viscosities for concentrated o/w emulsions (&gt;60%). Rushton type impellers and baffled mixing vessels were used. The emulsions were prepared in the transition regime (80 &lt; Re &lt; 200). It was found that, when the oil content increases, it is the emulsion viscosity that controls droplet size, regardless of the dispersed phase viscosity and hydrodynamics. The authors have followed an experimental procedure that allows for the scale-up of the results.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/3826881" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="92e36ad5973fc2fbd1dc799c1d2994cf" rel="nofollow" data-download="{&quot;attachment_id&quot;:50123252,&quot;asset_id&quot;:3826881,&quot;asset_type&quot;:&quot;Work&quot;,&quot;always_allow_download&quot;:false,&quot;track&quot;:null,&quot;button_location&quot;:&quot;work_strip&quot;,&quot;source&quot;:null,&quot;hide_modal&quot;:null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/50123252/download_file?st=MTc0MDA4MTUzMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by&nbsp;<span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="4709256" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MBrice%C3%B1o">Maria Briceño</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="4709256" type="text/json">{"id":4709256,"first_name":"Maria","last_name":"Briceño","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"MBriceño","display_name":"Maria Briceño","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/MBrice%C3%B1o?f_ri=176526","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/4709256/1987742/2346941/s65_maria.brice_o.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_3826881 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="3826881"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 3826881, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_3826881", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_3826881 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 3826881; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_3826881"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_3826881 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="3826881"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 3826881; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=3826881]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_3826881").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_3826881").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="3826881"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>&nbsp;&nbsp;<a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">7</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;</div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="72" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemical_Engineering">Chemical Engineering</a>,&nbsp;<script data-card-contents-for-ri="72" type="text/json">{"id":72,"name":"Chemical Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemical_Engineering?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="42811" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mixing">Mixing</a>,&nbsp;<script data-card-contents-for-ri="42811" type="text/json">{"id":42811,"name":"Mixing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mixing?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="109384" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Viscosity">Viscosity</a>,&nbsp;<script data-card-contents-for-ri="109384" type="text/json">{"id":109384,"name":"Viscosity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Viscosity?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="176526" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Droplet">Droplet</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="176526" type="text/json">{"id":176526,"name":"Droplet","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Droplet?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=3826881]'), work: {"id":3826881,"title":"Influence of Dispersed Phase Content and Viscosity on the Mixing of Concentrated Oil-in-Water Emulsions in the Transition Flow Regime","created_at":"2013-07-01T00:03:28.812-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/3826881/Influence_of_Dispersed_Phase_Content_and_Viscosity_on_the_Mixing_of_Concentrated_Oil_in_Water_Emulsions_in_the_Transition_Flow_Regime?f_ri=176526","dom_id":"work_3826881","summary":"The authors have evaluated the emulsification of oil of varying viscosities for concentrated o/w emulsions (\u003e60%). Rushton type impellers and baffled mixing vessels were used. The emulsions were prepared in the transition regime (80 \u003c Re \u003c 200). It was found that, when the oil content increases, it is the emulsion viscosity that controls droplet size, regardless of the dispersed phase viscosity and hydrodynamics. The authors have followed an experimental procedure that allows for the scale-up of the results.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":50123252,"asset_id":3826881,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":4709256,"first_name":"Maria","last_name":"Briceño","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"MBriceño","display_name":"Maria Briceño","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/MBrice%C3%B1o?f_ri=176526","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/4709256/1987742/2346941/s65_maria.brice_o.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":72,"name":"Chemical Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemical_Engineering?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true},{"id":42811,"name":"Mixing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mixing?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true},{"id":109384,"name":"Viscosity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Viscosity?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true},{"id":176526,"name":"Droplet","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Droplet?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true},{"id":259030,"name":"Chemical Engineering Design","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemical_Engineering_Design?f_ri=176526"},{"id":390245,"name":"Particle Size","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Particle_Size?f_ri=176526"},{"id":394912,"name":"Flow Regime","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Flow_Regime?f_ri=176526"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_23013527" data-work_id="23013527" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/23013527/Profiles_of_Liquid_Drops_at_the_Tips_of_Cylindrical_Fibers">Profiles of Liquid Drops at the Tips of Cylindrical Fibers</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">In 1976, B. J. Carroll derived the equation to show that a symmetric liquid droplet sitting on a thin cylindrical fiber would acquire a bell shape at equilibrium. We have extended his derivation to describe a drop located at the top end... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_23013527" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">In 1976, B. J. Carroll derived the equation to show that a symmetric liquid droplet sitting on a thin cylindrical fiber would acquire a bell shape at equilibrium. We have extended his derivation to describe a drop located at the top end of a vertical, cylindrical fiber. By minimizing the Gibbs free energy of the drop at the fiber tip, it was found that the drop consists of two portions, a spherical cap on the fiber tip and a full, symmetrical bell located on the fiber body adjacent to the fiber tip. The experimental verification of the predicted shapes was performed using water, ethylene glycol, and Kaydol drops on nylon cylindrical fibers. Only four parameters are required to obtain agreement between the theoretical shape and the observed shape: the drop volume, the fiber radius, the surface tension of the liquid, and the Young contact angle of the liquid on a flat surface of the same composition as the fiber.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/23013527" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="9ced56edda76343ee47c67d00dd9a868" rel="nofollow" data-download="{&quot;attachment_id&quot;:43525174,&quot;asset_id&quot;:23013527,&quot;asset_type&quot;:&quot;Work&quot;,&quot;always_allow_download&quot;:false,&quot;track&quot;:null,&quot;button_location&quot;:&quot;work_strip&quot;,&quot;source&quot;:null,&quot;hide_modal&quot;:null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/43525174/download_file?st=MTc0MDA4MTUzMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by&nbsp;<span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="33424456" href="https://ncsu.academia.edu/StephenMichielsen">Stephen Michielsen</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="33424456" type="text/json">{"id":33424456,"first_name":"Stephen","last_name":"Michielsen","domain_name":"ncsu","page_name":"StephenMichielsen","display_name":"Stephen Michielsen","profile_url":"https://ncsu.academia.edu/StephenMichielsen?f_ri=176526","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_23013527 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="23013527"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 23013527, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_23013527", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_23013527 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 23013527; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_23013527"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_23013527 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="23013527"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 23013527; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=23013527]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_23013527").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_23013527").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="23013527"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>&nbsp;&nbsp;<a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">13</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;</div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2215" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Water">Water</a>,&nbsp;<script data-card-contents-for-ri="2215" type="text/json">{"id":2215,"name":"Water","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Water?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="28235" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multidisciplinary">Multidisciplinary</a>,&nbsp;<script data-card-contents-for-ri="28235" type="text/json">{"id":28235,"name":"Multidisciplinary","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multidisciplinary?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="43254" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Composition">Composition</a>,&nbsp;<script data-card-contents-for-ri="43254" type="text/json">{"id":43254,"name":"Composition","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Composition?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="51372" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fiber">Fiber</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="51372" type="text/json">{"id":51372,"name":"Fiber","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fiber?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=23013527]'), work: {"id":23013527,"title":"Profiles of Liquid Drops at the Tips of Cylindrical Fibers","created_at":"2016-03-08T17:36:05.294-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/23013527/Profiles_of_Liquid_Drops_at_the_Tips_of_Cylindrical_Fibers?f_ri=176526","dom_id":"work_23013527","summary":"In 1976, B. J. Carroll derived the equation to show that a symmetric liquid droplet sitting on a thin cylindrical fiber would acquire a bell shape at equilibrium. We have extended his derivation to describe a drop located at the top end of a vertical, cylindrical fiber. By minimizing the Gibbs free energy of the drop at the fiber tip, it was found that the drop consists of two portions, a spherical cap on the fiber tip and a full, symmetrical bell located on the fiber body adjacent to the fiber tip. The experimental verification of the predicted shapes was performed using water, ethylene glycol, and Kaydol drops on nylon cylindrical fibers. Only four parameters are required to obtain agreement between the theoretical shape and the observed shape: the drop volume, the fiber radius, the surface tension of the liquid, and the Young contact angle of the liquid on a flat surface of the same composition as the fiber.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":43525174,"asset_id":23013527,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":33424456,"first_name":"Stephen","last_name":"Michielsen","domain_name":"ncsu","page_name":"StephenMichielsen","display_name":"Stephen Michielsen","profile_url":"https://ncsu.academia.edu/StephenMichielsen?f_ri=176526","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":2215,"name":"Water","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Water?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true},{"id":28235,"name":"Multidisciplinary","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multidisciplinary?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true},{"id":43254,"name":"Composition","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Composition?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true},{"id":51372,"name":"Fiber","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fiber?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true},{"id":114719,"name":"Gibbs Free Energy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gibbs_Free_Energy?f_ri=176526"},{"id":155133,"name":"Equation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Equation?f_ri=176526"},{"id":161126,"name":"Contact angle","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Contact_angle?f_ri=176526"},{"id":176526,"name":"Droplet","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Droplet?f_ri=176526"},{"id":184711,"name":"Shape","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Shape?f_ri=176526"},{"id":394521,"name":"Surface Tension","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Surface_Tension?f_ri=176526"},{"id":429798,"name":"Equilibrium","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Equilibrium?f_ri=176526"},{"id":743666,"name":"Langmuir","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Langmuir?f_ri=176526"},{"id":799602,"name":"DROP","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/DROP?f_ri=176526"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_5574752" data-work_id="5574752" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/5574752/Solubilization_microstructure_and_thermodynamics_of_fully_dilutable_U_type_Brij_microemulsion">Solubilization, microstructure, and thermodynamics of fully dilutable U-type Brij microemulsion</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">A U-type microemulsion of Brij 96 has been characterized with respect to the change in cosurfactant, oil chain length on dilution, water solubility, and water solubilization capacity. The phase behavior of the systems has been mapped with... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_5574752" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">A U-type microemulsion of Brij 96 has been characterized with respect to the change in cosurfactant, oil chain length on dilution, water solubility, and water solubilization capacity. The phase behavior of the systems has been mapped with different oils. Several techniques, viz., conductivity, optical microscopy, dilution method, absorption, and FT-IR spectroscopy, have been used for microemulsion analysis. The equilibrium within the microemulsion droplets and liquid crystals has been visualized using optical microscopy. The microemulsions have evidenced volume-induced conductance percolation in all the cosurfactants (n 2 -n 6 alcohols). The energetics of transfer of alcohol from the bulk oil to the interface has been determined through dilution method. To gain insight into the microenvironment of microemulsion, two optical probes, hydrophilic (Methyl orange) and hydrophobic (Nile red), have been utilized in absorption spectroscopy. Lastly, FT-IR has been explored to observe the state and dissolution behavior of water with increasing weight fraction.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/5574752" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="2be151bef02c6101d725395211d4b8d6" rel="nofollow" data-download="{&quot;attachment_id&quot;:49234228,&quot;asset_id&quot;:5574752,&quot;asset_type&quot;:&quot;Work&quot;,&quot;always_allow_download&quot;:false,&quot;track&quot;:null,&quot;button_location&quot;:&quot;work_strip&quot;,&quot;source&quot;:null,&quot;hide_modal&quot;:null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/49234228/download_file?st=MTc0MDA4MTUzMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by&nbsp;<span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="7937909" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ruchimutneja">ruchi mutneja</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="7937909" type="text/json">{"id":7937909,"first_name":"ruchi","last_name":"mutneja","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ruchimutneja","display_name":"ruchi mutneja","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/ruchimutneja?f_ri=176526","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/7937909/5872911/6669750/s65_ruchi.mutneja.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_5574752 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="5574752"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 5574752, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_5574752", }); 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The phase behavior of the systems has been mapped with different oils. Several techniques, viz., conductivity, optical microscopy, dilution method, absorption, and FT-IR spectroscopy, have been used for microemulsion analysis. The equilibrium within the microemulsion droplets and liquid crystals has been visualized using optical microscopy. The microemulsions have evidenced volume-induced conductance percolation in all the cosurfactants (n 2 -n 6 alcohols). The energetics of transfer of alcohol from the bulk oil to the interface has been determined through dilution method. To gain insight into the microenvironment of microemulsion, two optical probes, hydrophilic (Methyl orange) and hydrophobic (Nile red), have been utilized in absorption spectroscopy. Lastly, FT-IR has been explored to observe the state and dissolution behavior of water with increasing weight fraction.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":49234228,"asset_id":5574752,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":7937909,"first_name":"ruchi","last_name":"mutneja","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ruchimutneja","display_name":"ruchi mutneja","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/ruchimutneja?f_ri=176526","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/7937909/5872911/6669750/s65_ruchi.mutneja.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":48,"name":"Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true},{"id":522,"name":"Thermodynamics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Thermodynamics?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true},{"id":2161,"name":"Microstructure","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microstructure?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true},{"id":2215,"name":"Water","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Water?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true},{"id":5020,"name":"Liquid Crystals","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Liquid_Crystals?f_ri=176526"},{"id":39579,"name":"Colloid and Interface Chemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Colloid_and_Interface_Chemistry?f_ri=176526"},{"id":50071,"name":"Percolation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Percolation?f_ri=176526"},{"id":70046,"name":"Microemulsion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microemulsion?f_ri=176526"},{"id":76228,"name":"Oil","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Oil?f_ri=176526"},{"id":86176,"name":"Alcohol","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Alcohol?f_ri=176526"},{"id":107625,"name":"Optical microscopy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Optical_microscopy?f_ri=176526"},{"id":114377,"name":"Absorption spectroscopy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Absorption_spectroscopy?f_ri=176526"},{"id":118582,"name":"Physical sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physical_sciences?f_ri=176526"},{"id":176526,"name":"Droplet","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Droplet?f_ri=176526"},{"id":178355,"name":"Dissolution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dissolution?f_ri=176526"},{"id":209515,"name":"Interface","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Interface?f_ri=176526"},{"id":223513,"name":"Conductivity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Conductivity?f_ri=176526"},{"id":260118,"name":"CHEMICAL SCIENCES","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CHEMICAL_SCIENCES?f_ri=176526"},{"id":261516,"name":"Phosphate solubilization","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phosphate_solubilization?f_ri=176526"},{"id":364191,"name":"Hydrophobicity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hydrophobicity?f_ri=176526"},{"id":429798,"name":"Equilibrium","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Equilibrium?f_ri=176526"},{"id":473797,"name":"Microstructures","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microstructures?f_ri=176526"},{"id":489441,"name":"Liquid Crystal","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Liquid_Crystal?f_ri=176526"},{"id":598869,"name":"Water soluble polymers","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Water_soluble_polymers?f_ri=176526"},{"id":632894,"name":"Water Solubility","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Water_Solubility?f_ri=176526"},{"id":907359,"name":"Infrared Spectrometry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Infrared_Spectrometry?f_ri=176526"},{"id":924470,"name":"Methyl Orange","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Methyl_Orange?f_ri=176526"},{"id":1007124,"name":"FT IR Spectroscopy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/FT_IR_Spectroscopy?f_ri=176526"},{"id":1118241,"name":"Phase Behavior","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phase_Behavior?f_ri=176526"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_48113872" data-work_id="48113872" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/48113872/Terminal_velocities_of_pure_and_hydrate_coated_CO2_droplets_and_CH4_bubbles_rising_in_a_simulated_oceanic_environment">Terminal velocities of pure and hydrate coated CO2 droplets and CH4 bubbles rising in a simulated oceanic environment</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Understanding the upward motion of CO 2 droplets or CH 4 bubbles in oceanic waters is prerequisite to predict the vertical distribution of the two most important greenhouse gases in the water column after these have been released from the... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_48113872" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Understanding the upward motion of CO 2 droplets or CH 4 bubbles in oceanic waters is prerequisite to predict the vertical distribution of the two most important greenhouse gases in the water column after these have been released from the seabed. One of the key parameters governing the fate of droplets or bubbles dissolving into the surrounding seawater as they rise, is the terminal velocity, u T. The latter is strongly influenced by the ability of both compounds to form skins of gas hydrate, if pressure and temperature satisfy thermodynamic framework conditions. Experimental efforts aiming to elucidate the rise properties of CO 2 droplets and CH 4 bubbles and specifically the influence of hydrate skins open the possibility to obtain a parameterization of u T applicable to both hydrate-coated and pure fluid particles of CH 4 and CO 2. With the present study, we report on experimentally determined terminal velocities of single CH 4 bubbles released to pressurized and temperature-regulated seawater. Hydrate skins were identified by high bubble sphericities and changed motion characteristics. Based on these experiments as well as published data on the rise of hydrate-coated and pure liquid CO 2 droplets and physical principles previously successfully used for clean bubbles near atmospheric pressures, a new parameterization of u T is proposed. Model predictions show a good agreement with the data base established from the laboratory-based measurements.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/48113872" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="566ff2d337665305eb61cf314eac566d" rel="nofollow" data-download="{&quot;attachment_id&quot;:66894777,&quot;asset_id&quot;:48113872,&quot;asset_type&quot;:&quot;Work&quot;,&quot;always_allow_download&quot;:false,&quot;track&quot;:null,&quot;button_location&quot;:&quot;work_strip&quot;,&quot;source&quot;:null,&quot;hide_modal&quot;:null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/66894777/download_file?st=MTc0MDA4MTUzMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by&nbsp;<span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="44221588" href="https://independent.academia.edu/NikolausBigalke">Nikolaus K Bigalke</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="44221588" type="text/json">{"id":44221588,"first_name":"Nikolaus","last_name":"Bigalke","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"NikolausBigalke","display_name":"Nikolaus K Bigalke","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/NikolausBigalke?f_ri=176526","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/44221588/151664481/141254594/s65_nikolaus.bigalke.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_48113872 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="48113872"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 48113872, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_48113872", }); 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One of the key parameters governing the fate of droplets or bubbles dissolving into the surrounding seawater as they rise, is the terminal velocity, u T. The latter is strongly influenced by the ability of both compounds to form skins of gas hydrate, if pressure and temperature satisfy thermodynamic framework conditions. Experimental efforts aiming to elucidate the rise properties of CO 2 droplets and CH 4 bubbles and specifically the influence of hydrate skins open the possibility to obtain a parameterization of u T applicable to both hydrate-coated and pure fluid particles of CH 4 and CO 2. With the present study, we report on experimentally determined terminal velocities of single CH 4 bubbles released to pressurized and temperature-regulated seawater. Hydrate skins were identified by high bubble sphericities and changed motion characteristics. Based on these experiments as well as published data on the rise of hydrate-coated and pure liquid CO 2 droplets and physical principles previously successfully used for clean bubbles near atmospheric pressures, a new parameterization of u T is proposed. Model predictions show a good agreement with the data base established from the laboratory-based measurements.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":66894777,"asset_id":48113872,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":44221588,"first_name":"Nikolaus","last_name":"Bigalke","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"NikolausBigalke","display_name":"Nikolaus K Bigalke","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/NikolausBigalke?f_ri=176526","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/44221588/151664481/141254594/s65_nikolaus.bigalke.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":407,"name":"Geochemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Geochemistry?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true},{"id":415,"name":"Oceanography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Oceanography?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true},{"id":522,"name":"Thermodynamics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Thermodynamics?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true},{"id":23612,"name":"Gas Hydrate","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gas_Hydrate?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true},{"id":60795,"name":"Gas Hydrates","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gas_Hydrates?f_ri=176526"},{"id":148176,"name":"Atmospheric Pressure","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Atmospheric_Pressure?f_ri=176526"},{"id":152114,"name":"Bubble","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bubble?f_ri=176526"},{"id":171623,"name":"Droplets","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Droplets?f_ri=176526"},{"id":176526,"name":"Droplet","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Droplet?f_ri=176526"},{"id":251654,"name":"Greenhouse Gas","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Greenhouse_Gas?f_ri=176526"},{"id":354794,"name":"Greenhouse gases","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Greenhouse_gases?f_ri=176526"},{"id":611183,"name":"Parameterization","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Parameterization?f_ri=176526"},{"id":635488,"name":"Vertical Distribution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Vertical_Distribution?f_ri=176526"},{"id":679783,"name":"Boolean Satisfiability","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Boolean_Satisfiability?f_ri=176526"},{"id":1207231,"name":"Terminal velocity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Terminal_velocity?f_ri=176526"},{"id":2819832,"name":"Parametrization","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Parametrization?f_ri=176526"},{"id":3685119,"name":"Temperature Regulation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Temperature_Regulation?f_ri=176526"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_10721067" data-work_id="10721067" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/10721067/Influence_of_nozzle_to_skin_distance_in_cryogen_spray_cooling_for_dermatologic_laser_surgery">Influence of nozzle-to-skin distance in cryogen spray cooling for dermatologic laser surgery</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Background and ObjectiveCryogen sprays are used for cooling human skin during various laser treatments. Since characteristics of such sprays have not been completely understood, the optimal atomizing nozzle design and operating conditions... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_10721067" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Background and ObjectiveCryogen sprays are used for cooling human skin during various laser treatments. Since characteristics of such sprays have not been completely understood, the optimal atomizing nozzle design and operating conditions for cooling human skin remain to be determined.Cryogen sprays are used for cooling human skin during various laser treatments. Since characteristics of such sprays have not been completely understood, the optimal atomizing nozzle design and operating conditions for cooling human skin remain to be determined.Materials and MethodsTwo commercial cryogenic spray nozzles are characterized by imaging the sprays and the resulting areas on a substrate, as well as by measurements of the average spray droplet diameters, velocities, temperatures, and heat transfer coefficients at the cryogen-substrate interface; all as a function of distance from the nozzle tip.Two commercial cryogenic spray nozzles are characterized by imaging the sprays and the resulting areas on a substrate, as well as by measurements of the average spray droplet diameters, velocities, temperatures, and heat transfer coefficients at the cryogen-substrate interface; all as a function of distance from the nozzle tip.ResultsSize of spray cones and sprayed areas vary with distance and nozzle. Average droplet diameter and velocity increase with distance in the vicinity of the nozzle, slowly decreasing after a certain maximum is reached. Spray temperature decreases with distance due to the extraction of latent heat of vaporization. At larger distances, temperature increases due to complete evaporation of spray droplets. These three variables combined determine the heat transfer coefficient, which may also initially increase with distance, but eventually decreases as nozzles are moved far from the target.Size of spray cones and sprayed areas vary with distance and nozzle. Average droplet diameter and velocity increase with distance in the vicinity of the nozzle, slowly decreasing after a certain maximum is reached. Spray temperature decreases with distance due to the extraction of latent heat of vaporization. At larger distances, temperature increases due to complete evaporation of spray droplets. These three variables combined determine the heat transfer coefficient, which may also initially increase with distance, but eventually decreases as nozzles are moved far from the target.ConclusionsSprayed areas and heat extraction efficiencies produced by current commercial nozzles may be significantly modified by varying the distance between the nozzle and the sprayed surface. Lasers Surg. Med. 28:113–120, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.Sprayed areas and heat extraction efficiencies produced by current commercial nozzles may be significantly modified by varying the distance between the nozzle and the sprayed surface. Lasers Surg. Med. 28:113–120, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/10721067" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="d4ecdac4f1bb5d35933eed38fb047d2a" rel="nofollow" data-download="{&quot;attachment_id&quot;:47176229,&quot;asset_id&quot;:10721067,&quot;asset_type&quot;:&quot;Work&quot;,&quot;always_allow_download&quot;:false,&quot;track&quot;:null,&quot;button_location&quot;:&quot;work_strip&quot;,&quot;source&quot;:null,&quot;hide_modal&quot;:null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/47176229/download_file?st=MTc0MDA4MTUzMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by&nbsp;<span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="26145343" href="https://independent.academia.edu/GuillermoAguilar4">Guillermo Aguilar</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="26145343" type="text/json">{"id":26145343,"first_name":"Guillermo","last_name":"Aguilar","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"GuillermoAguilar4","display_name":"Guillermo Aguilar","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/GuillermoAguilar4?f_ri=176526","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/26145343/9428627/10506686/s65_guillermo.aguilar.jpg_oh_b9f4031d3fa4288d925a3bb629e02793_oe_55eb252e___gda___1442309185_6c525639db31d3050aeeb52c195fcbcb"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_10721067 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="10721067"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 10721067, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_10721067", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=10721067]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_10721067").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_10721067").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="10721067"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>&nbsp;&nbsp;<a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">21</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;</div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="647" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Surgery">Surgery</a>,&nbsp;<script data-card-contents-for-ri="647" type="text/json">{"id":647,"name":"Surgery","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Surgery?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="8067" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Heat_Transfer">Heat Transfer</a>,&nbsp;<script data-card-contents-for-ri="8067" type="text/json">{"id":8067,"name":"Heat Transfer","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Heat_Transfer?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12729" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dermatology">Dermatology</a>,&nbsp;<script data-card-contents-for-ri="12729" type="text/json">{"id":12729,"name":"Dermatology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dermatology?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="43981" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Optimization">Optimization</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="43981" type="text/json">{"id":43981,"name":"Optimization","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Optimization?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=10721067]'), work: {"id":10721067,"title":"Influence of nozzle-to-skin distance in cryogen spray cooling for dermatologic laser surgery","created_at":"2015-02-11T19:00:06.570-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/10721067/Influence_of_nozzle_to_skin_distance_in_cryogen_spray_cooling_for_dermatologic_laser_surgery?f_ri=176526","dom_id":"work_10721067","summary":"Background and ObjectiveCryogen sprays are used for cooling human skin during various laser treatments. Since characteristics of such sprays have not been completely understood, the optimal atomizing nozzle design and operating conditions for cooling human skin remain to be determined.Cryogen sprays are used for cooling human skin during various laser treatments. Since characteristics of such sprays have not been completely understood, the optimal atomizing nozzle design and operating conditions for cooling human skin remain to be determined.Materials and MethodsTwo commercial cryogenic spray nozzles are characterized by imaging the sprays and the resulting areas on a substrate, as well as by measurements of the average spray droplet diameters, velocities, temperatures, and heat transfer coefficients at the cryogen-substrate interface; all as a function of distance from the nozzle tip.Two commercial cryogenic spray nozzles are characterized by imaging the sprays and the resulting areas on a substrate, as well as by measurements of the average spray droplet diameters, velocities, temperatures, and heat transfer coefficients at the cryogen-substrate interface; all as a function of distance from the nozzle tip.ResultsSize of spray cones and sprayed areas vary with distance and nozzle. Average droplet diameter and velocity increase with distance in the vicinity of the nozzle, slowly decreasing after a certain maximum is reached. Spray temperature decreases with distance due to the extraction of latent heat of vaporization. At larger distances, temperature increases due to complete evaporation of spray droplets. These three variables combined determine the heat transfer coefficient, which may also initially increase with distance, but eventually decreases as nozzles are moved far from the target.Size of spray cones and sprayed areas vary with distance and nozzle. Average droplet diameter and velocity increase with distance in the vicinity of the nozzle, slowly decreasing after a certain maximum is reached. Spray temperature decreases with distance due to the extraction of latent heat of vaporization. At larger distances, temperature increases due to complete evaporation of spray droplets. These three variables combined determine the heat transfer coefficient, which may also initially increase with distance, but eventually decreases as nozzles are moved far from the target.ConclusionsSprayed areas and heat extraction efficiencies produced by current commercial nozzles may be significantly modified by varying the distance between the nozzle and the sprayed surface. Lasers Surg. Med. 28:113–120, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.Sprayed areas and heat extraction efficiencies produced by current commercial nozzles may be significantly modified by varying the distance between the nozzle and the sprayed surface. Lasers Surg. Med. 28:113–120, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":47176229,"asset_id":10721067,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":26145343,"first_name":"Guillermo","last_name":"Aguilar","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"GuillermoAguilar4","display_name":"Guillermo Aguilar","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/GuillermoAguilar4?f_ri=176526","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/26145343/9428627/10506686/s65_guillermo.aguilar.jpg_oh_b9f4031d3fa4288d925a3bb629e02793_oe_55eb252e___gda___1442309185_6c525639db31d3050aeeb52c195fcbcb"}],"research_interests":[{"id":647,"name":"Surgery","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Surgery?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true},{"id":8067,"name":"Heat Transfer","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Heat_Transfer?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true},{"id":12729,"name":"Dermatology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dermatology?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true},{"id":43981,"name":"Optimization","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Optimization?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true},{"id":60269,"name":"Cryotherapy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cryotherapy?f_ri=176526"},{"id":133177,"name":"Temperature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Temperature?f_ri=176526"},{"id":142495,"name":"Veterinary Laser Surgery","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Veterinary_Laser_Surgery?f_ri=176526"},{"id":159187,"name":"Drug Delivery Systems","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Drug_Delivery_Systems?f_ri=176526"},{"id":176526,"name":"Droplet","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Droplet?f_ri=176526"},{"id":186189,"name":"Heat transfer coefficient","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Heat_transfer_coefficient?f_ri=176526"},{"id":244814,"name":"Clinical Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Clinical_Sciences?f_ri=176526"},{"id":319555,"name":"Momentum","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Momentum?f_ri=176526"},{"id":337500,"name":"Velocity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Velocity?f_ri=176526"},{"id":477865,"name":"Operant Conditioning","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Operant_Conditioning?f_ri=176526"},{"id":591484,"name":"Laser Therapy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Laser_Therapy?f_ri=176526"},{"id":753101,"name":"Laser Treatment","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Laser_Treatment?f_ri=176526"},{"id":901876,"name":"Sensitivity and Specificity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sensitivity_and_Specificity?f_ri=176526"},{"id":976256,"name":"Skin Temperature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Skin_Temperature?f_ri=176526"},{"id":990815,"name":"Coalescence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Coalescence?f_ri=176526"},{"id":1145520,"name":"Equipment Design","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Equipment_Design?f_ri=176526"},{"id":1491514,"name":"*Hot Temperature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/_Hot_Temperature?f_ri=176526"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_63172953" data-work_id="63172953" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/63172953/Non_Contact_Nanoliter_and_Picoliter_Liquid_Dispensing">Non-Contact Nanoliter &amp; Picoliter Liquid Dispensing</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This paper presents an introduction to non-contact dispensing technologies gaining increasingly importance in numerous application fields, ranging from the life sciences and medical applications to industrial fabrication. Besides a brief... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_63172953" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This paper presents an introduction to non-contact dispensing technologies gaining increasingly importance in numerous application fields, ranging from the life sciences and medical applications to industrial fabrication. Besides a brief overview on typical applications the basic dimensionless numbers to describe droplet breakup are introduced. Based on this formalism criteria for droplet breakup are given and a classification of droplet dispensers according to their working principle is proposed. Examples of dispensing devices are presented for selected applications and it is shown how these fit into the proposed classifications scheme.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/63172953" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="adc600f03f29bb9d839cfccf1e41c6f4" rel="nofollow" data-download="{&quot;attachment_id&quot;:75684431,&quot;asset_id&quot;:63172953,&quot;asset_type&quot;:&quot;Work&quot;,&quot;always_allow_download&quot;:false,&quot;track&quot;:null,&quot;button_location&quot;:&quot;work_strip&quot;,&quot;source&quot;:null,&quot;hide_modal&quot;:null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/75684431/download_file?st=MTc0MDA4MTUzMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by&nbsp;<span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="35276054" href="https://independent.academia.edu/RolandZengerle">Roland Zengerle</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="35276054" type="text/json">{"id":35276054,"first_name":"Roland","last_name":"Zengerle","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"RolandZengerle","display_name":"Roland Zengerle","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/RolandZengerle?f_ri=176526","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_63172953 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="63172953"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 63172953, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_63172953", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=63172953]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_63172953").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_63172953").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="63172953"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>&nbsp;&nbsp;<a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">9</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;</div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="48" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering">Engineering</a>,&nbsp;<script data-card-contents-for-ri="48" type="text/json">{"id":48,"name":"Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1131" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biomedical_Engineering">Biomedical Engineering</a>,&nbsp;<script data-card-contents-for-ri="1131" type="text/json">{"id":1131,"name":"Biomedical Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biomedical_Engineering?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5021" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Packaging">Packaging</a>,&nbsp;<script data-card-contents-for-ri="5021" type="text/json">{"id":5021,"name":"Packaging","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Packaging?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="8014" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Life_Sciences">Life Sciences</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="8014" type="text/json">{"id":8014,"name":"Life Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Life_Sciences?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=63172953]'), work: {"id":63172953,"title":"Non-Contact Nanoliter \u0026 Picoliter Liquid Dispensing","created_at":"2021-12-04T00:57:09.963-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/63172953/Non_Contact_Nanoliter_and_Picoliter_Liquid_Dispensing?f_ri=176526","dom_id":"work_63172953","summary":"This paper presents an introduction to non-contact dispensing technologies gaining increasingly importance in numerous application fields, ranging from the life sciences and medical applications to industrial fabrication. Besides a brief overview on typical applications the basic dimensionless numbers to describe droplet breakup are introduced. Based on this formalism criteria for droplet breakup are given and a classification of droplet dispensers according to their working principle is proposed. Examples of dispensing devices are presented for selected applications and it is shown how these fit into the proposed classifications scheme.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":75684431,"asset_id":63172953,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":35276054,"first_name":"Roland","last_name":"Zengerle","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"RolandZengerle","display_name":"Roland Zengerle","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/RolandZengerle?f_ri=176526","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":48,"name":"Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true},{"id":1131,"name":"Biomedical Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biomedical_Engineering?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true},{"id":5021,"name":"Packaging","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Packaging?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true},{"id":8014,"name":"Life Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Life_Sciences?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true},{"id":136801,"name":"Fabrication","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fabrication?f_ri=176526"},{"id":176526,"name":"Droplet","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Droplet?f_ri=176526"},{"id":394521,"name":"Surface Tension","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Surface_Tension?f_ri=176526"},{"id":891635,"name":"Medical Application","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medical_Application?f_ri=176526"},{"id":1263775,"name":"Orifices","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Orifices?f_ri=176526"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_6248627" data-work_id="6248627" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/6248627/Effect_of_dispersed_phase_viscosity_on_solid_stabilized_emulsions">Effect of dispersed phase viscosity on solid-stabilized emulsions</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The time required to efficiently stabilize viscous oil droplets with finely powdered material during agitation has been investigated. The experimental work relied on silicone oils of varying viscosities (50 to 5000 cSt) dispersed in... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_6248627" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The time required to efficiently stabilize viscous oil droplets with finely powdered material during agitation has been investigated. The experimental work relied on silicone oils of varying viscosities (50 to 5000 cSt) dispersed in distilled water with a Rushton turbine (D=6,5 cm ) under controlled conditions (Volume = 0,6 L, 0-17 kW/m3, and constant agitation time). The solid phase was iron powder in the size range 20-50 microns. Each experiment consisted in wetting the powder with water, dispersing the oil/water phases for a given time and conditions, and to record the amount of oil stabilized after stopping agitation. Emulsification in controlled conditions shows that the viscosity of the dispersed phase acted as a damping factor for particle anchoring at the o/w interface and plays an important role during the emulsification process, a role that has never been demonstrated. Furthermore, the emulsification results indicate the existence of a dispersed phase viscosity limit for a given agitation time beyond which emulsification becomes impossible. A relation between the emulsified oil volume, the phase viscosity ratio, mixing power density, and agitation time was also proposed for the studied systems so to predict emulsification feasibility and stability using highly viscous dispersed phase. The results from this investigation will support the design of processes for the generation of solid-stabilized emulsions involving extra-heavy oils.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/6248627" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="cc64da8a29ee58741036f2c37d6e27d5" rel="nofollow" data-download="{&quot;attachment_id&quot;:48947220,&quot;asset_id&quot;:6248627,&quot;asset_type&quot;:&quot;Work&quot;,&quot;always_allow_download&quot;:false,&quot;track&quot;:null,&quot;button_location&quot;:&quot;work_strip&quot;,&quot;source&quot;:null,&quot;hide_modal&quot;:null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/48947220/download_file?st=MTc0MDA4MTUzMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by&nbsp;<span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="9617542" href="https://polymtl.academia.edu/LouisFradette">Louis Fradette</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="9617542" type="text/json">{"id":9617542,"first_name":"Louis","last_name":"Fradette","domain_name":"polymtl","page_name":"LouisFradette","display_name":"Louis Fradette","profile_url":"https://polymtl.academia.edu/LouisFradette?f_ri=176526","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_6248627 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="6248627"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 6248627, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_6248627", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_6248627 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 6248627; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_6248627"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_6248627 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="6248627"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 6248627; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=6248627]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_6248627").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_6248627").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="6248627"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>&nbsp;&nbsp;<a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">16</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;</div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="72" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemical_Engineering">Chemical Engineering</a>,&nbsp;<script data-card-contents-for-ri="72" type="text/json">{"id":72,"name":"Chemical Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemical_Engineering?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="988" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Design">Design</a>,&nbsp;<script data-card-contents-for-ri="988" type="text/json">{"id":988,"name":"Design","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Design?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="17726" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Density">Density</a>,&nbsp;<script data-card-contents-for-ri="17726" type="text/json">{"id":17726,"name":"Density","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Density?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="42811" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mixing">Mixing</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="42811" type="text/json">{"id":42811,"name":"Mixing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mixing?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=6248627]'), work: {"id":6248627,"title":"Effect of dispersed phase viscosity on solid-stabilized emulsions","created_at":"2014-03-01T03:22:49.484-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/6248627/Effect_of_dispersed_phase_viscosity_on_solid_stabilized_emulsions?f_ri=176526","dom_id":"work_6248627","summary":"The time required to efficiently stabilize viscous oil droplets with finely powdered material during agitation has been investigated. The experimental work relied on silicone oils of varying viscosities (50 to 5000 cSt) dispersed in distilled water with a Rushton turbine (D=6,5 cm ) under controlled conditions (Volume = 0,6 L, 0-17 kW/m3, and constant agitation time). The solid phase was iron powder in the size range 20-50 microns. Each experiment consisted in wetting the powder with water, dispersing the oil/water phases for a given time and conditions, and to record the amount of oil stabilized after stopping agitation. Emulsification in controlled conditions shows that the viscosity of the dispersed phase acted as a damping factor for particle anchoring at the o/w interface and plays an important role during the emulsification process, a role that has never been demonstrated. Furthermore, the emulsification results indicate the existence of a dispersed phase viscosity limit for a given agitation time beyond which emulsification becomes impossible. A relation between the emulsified oil volume, the phase viscosity ratio, mixing power density, and agitation time was also proposed for the studied systems so to predict emulsification feasibility and stability using highly viscous dispersed phase. The results from this investigation will support the design of processes for the generation of solid-stabilized emulsions involving extra-heavy oils.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":48947220,"asset_id":6248627,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":9617542,"first_name":"Louis","last_name":"Fradette","domain_name":"polymtl","page_name":"LouisFradette","display_name":"Louis Fradette","profile_url":"https://polymtl.academia.edu/LouisFradette?f_ri=176526","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":72,"name":"Chemical Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemical_Engineering?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true},{"id":988,"name":"Design","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Design?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true},{"id":17726,"name":"Density","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Density?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true},{"id":42811,"name":"Mixing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mixing?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true},{"id":57518,"name":"Conception","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Conception?f_ri=176526"},{"id":102724,"name":"Wettability","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Wettability?f_ri=176526"},{"id":109384,"name":"Viscosity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Viscosity?f_ri=176526"},{"id":161126,"name":"Contact angle","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Contact_angle?f_ri=176526"},{"id":176526,"name":"Droplet","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Droplet?f_ri=176526"},{"id":211877,"name":"Wetting","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Wetting?f_ri=176526"},{"id":259030,"name":"Chemical Engineering Design","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemical_Engineering_Design?f_ri=176526"},{"id":329844,"name":"Experimental","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Experimental?f_ri=176526"},{"id":390240,"name":"Powder","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Powder?f_ri=176526"},{"id":1247851,"name":"Experimental Method","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Experimental_Method?f_ri=176526"},{"id":1800127,"name":"Pickering emulsions","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pickering_emulsions?f_ri=176526"},{"id":2254453,"name":"Power Density","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Power_Density?f_ri=176526"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_25093301" data-work_id="25093301" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/25093301/Collection_efficiency_of_fiber_filters_operating_on_the_removal_of_nano_sized_aerosol_particles_I_Homogeneous_fibers">Collection efficiency of fiber filters operating on the removal of nano-sized aerosol particles: I—Homogeneous fibers</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The collection efficiency of a fiber filter of polyester operating in the removal of nano-sized aerosols was studied here. The polyester filter utilized had 0.882 in porosity, 4.5 mm in thickness, and fiber mean diameter of 16.0 m. A TSI... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_25093301" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The collection efficiency of a fiber filter of polyester operating in the removal of nano-sized aerosols was studied here. The polyester filter utilized had 0.882 in porosity, 4.5 mm in thickness, and fiber mean diameter of 16.0 m. A TSI Electrospray Aerosol Generator, model 3480, was used to generate monodispersed nanometric particles, with sizes varying from 8.5 to 94.8 nm. The nanoparticles were generated from solutions of NaCl which were atomized as droplets, followed by drying. The filtration device was built in acrylic with a filtration area of 0.4 m 2 . The filter efficiencies were obtained by counting the particles before and after the filter, using a TSI Condensation Particle Counter, model 3007. The tests were accomplished at gas superficial velocities varying from 0.03 to 0.25 m/s. The results show the efficiency decreasing with increasing particle size, indicating the predominance of the diffusional mechanism in the range studied. Also, the filter efficiency decreased with filtration velocity. The results were compared to well known theoretical predictions based on the classical collection mechanisms: diffusional and direct interception. The comparison of the calculated collector efficiency with the experimental results showed that the predictions underestimate the results. A correction was proposed to the existing correlation for direct interception, where an &#39;effective&#39; diameter accounting for the Brownian motion of the particle while in the vicinity of the collector surface was accounted for. The proposed modification included no fitting parameter. The results showed a considerable improvement in the prediction correlation.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/25093301" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="1e2264969ffe67846fdfe7e8de8deb8e" rel="nofollow" data-download="{&quot;attachment_id&quot;:45415697,&quot;asset_id&quot;:25093301,&quot;asset_type&quot;:&quot;Work&quot;,&quot;always_allow_download&quot;:false,&quot;track&quot;:null,&quot;button_location&quot;:&quot;work_strip&quot;,&quot;source&quot;:null,&quot;hide_modal&quot;:null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/45415697/download_file?st=MTc0MDA4MTUzMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by&nbsp;<span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="48350469" href="https://independent.academia.edu/JoseCoury">Jose Coury</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="48350469" type="text/json">{"id":48350469,"first_name":"Jose","last_name":"Coury","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"JoseCoury","display_name":"Jose Coury","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/JoseCoury?f_ri=176526","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_25093301 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="25093301"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 25093301, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_25093301", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_25093301 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 25093301; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_25093301"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_25093301 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="25093301"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 25093301; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=25093301]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_25093301").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_25093301").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="25093301"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>&nbsp;&nbsp;<a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">14</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;</div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="72" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemical_Engineering">Chemical Engineering</a>,&nbsp;<script data-card-contents-for-ri="72" type="text/json">{"id":72,"name":"Chemical Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemical_Engineering?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="524" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Analytical_Chemistry">Analytical Chemistry</a>,&nbsp;<script data-card-contents-for-ri="524" type="text/json">{"id":524,"name":"Analytical Chemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Analytical_Chemistry?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6177" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Modeling">Modeling</a>,&nbsp;<script data-card-contents-for-ri="6177" type="text/json">{"id":6177,"name":"Modeling","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Modeling?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7968" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prediction">Prediction</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="7968" type="text/json">{"id":7968,"name":"Prediction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prediction?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=25093301]'), work: {"id":25093301,"title":"Collection efficiency of fiber filters operating on the removal of nano-sized aerosol particles: I—Homogeneous fibers","created_at":"2016-05-06T13:55:07.083-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/25093301/Collection_efficiency_of_fiber_filters_operating_on_the_removal_of_nano_sized_aerosol_particles_I_Homogeneous_fibers?f_ri=176526","dom_id":"work_25093301","summary":"The collection efficiency of a fiber filter of polyester operating in the removal of nano-sized aerosols was studied here. The polyester filter utilized had 0.882 in porosity, 4.5 mm in thickness, and fiber mean diameter of 16.0 m. A TSI Electrospray Aerosol Generator, model 3480, was used to generate monodispersed nanometric particles, with sizes varying from 8.5 to 94.8 nm. The nanoparticles were generated from solutions of NaCl which were atomized as droplets, followed by drying. The filtration device was built in acrylic with a filtration area of 0.4 m 2 . The filter efficiencies were obtained by counting the particles before and after the filter, using a TSI Condensation Particle Counter, model 3007. The tests were accomplished at gas superficial velocities varying from 0.03 to 0.25 m/s. The results show the efficiency decreasing with increasing particle size, indicating the predominance of the diffusional mechanism in the range studied. Also, the filter efficiency decreased with filtration velocity. The results were compared to well known theoretical predictions based on the classical collection mechanisms: diffusional and direct interception. The comparison of the calculated collector efficiency with the experimental results showed that the predictions underestimate the results. A correction was proposed to the existing correlation for direct interception, where an 'effective' diameter accounting for the Brownian motion of the particle while in the vicinity of the collector surface was accounted for. The proposed modification included no fitting parameter. The results showed a considerable improvement in the prediction correlation.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":45415697,"asset_id":25093301,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":48350469,"first_name":"Jose","last_name":"Coury","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"JoseCoury","display_name":"Jose Coury","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/JoseCoury?f_ri=176526","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":72,"name":"Chemical Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemical_Engineering?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true},{"id":524,"name":"Analytical Chemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Analytical_Chemistry?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true},{"id":6177,"name":"Modeling","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Modeling?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true},{"id":7968,"name":"Prediction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prediction?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true},{"id":8950,"name":"Nanoparticle","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nanoparticle?f_ri=176526"},{"id":12124,"name":"Filtration","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Filtration?f_ri=176526"},{"id":13621,"name":"Nanoparticles","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nanoparticles?f_ri=176526"},{"id":68315,"name":"Porosity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Porosity?f_ri=176526"},{"id":81504,"name":"Correlation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Correlation?f_ri=176526"},{"id":129447,"name":"Drying","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Drying?f_ri=176526"},{"id":176526,"name":"Droplet","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Droplet?f_ri=176526"},{"id":390245,"name":"Particle Size","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Particle_Size?f_ri=176526"},{"id":634545,"name":"Condensation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Condensation?f_ri=176526"},{"id":1136005,"name":"Particle Size Distribution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Particle_Size_Distribution?f_ri=176526"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_19099117" data-work_id="19099117" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/19099117/Simulation_of_Sliding_of_Liquid_Droplets">Simulation of Sliding of Liquid Droplets</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Numerical simulations of sliding behavior of liquid droplets on flat and periodic microgrooved surfaces with a range of groove geometry are conducted. A numerical model is developed which is capable of predicting the critical sliding... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_19099117" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Numerical simulations of sliding behavior of liquid droplets on flat and periodic microgrooved surfaces with a range of groove geometry are conducted. A numerical model is developed which is capable of predicting the critical sliding angle of the drop by comparing the advancing and the receding angles obtained from numerical and experimental findings. The effect of microgroove topography, droplet size and inclination angle on the droplet sliding characteristics is analysed. Using an open-source platform (Surface Evolver), a 3D drop-shape model is developed to numerically determine the drop stability and contact angle hysteresis on tilted surfaces. In this numerical model, the three phase contact line of the drop is obtained by numerically calculating the vertex force and local contact angle at each vertex of the base contour. Several numerical models are developed based on various assumptions of base contour shape (circular or elliptical) and implementation of gravitational force to the droplet. Droplet shapes and critical sliding angles, obtained from these numerical models, are compared with those of experimental results and are found to be in very good agreement.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/19099117" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="99a9f815d875acd50731c5c95df22d99" rel="nofollow" data-download="{&quot;attachment_id&quot;:40430463,&quot;asset_id&quot;:19099117,&quot;asset_type&quot;:&quot;Work&quot;,&quot;always_allow_download&quot;:false,&quot;track&quot;:null,&quot;button_location&quot;:&quot;work_strip&quot;,&quot;source&quot;:null,&quot;hide_modal&quot;:null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/40430463/download_file?st=MTc0MDA4MTUzMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by&nbsp;<span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="7606854" href="https://illinois.academia.edu/SaifKhanAlen">Saif Khan Alen</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="7606854" type="text/json">{"id":7606854,"first_name":"Saif Khan","last_name":"Alen","domain_name":"illinois","page_name":"SaifKhanAlen","display_name":"Saif Khan Alen","profile_url":"https://illinois.academia.edu/SaifKhanAlen?f_ri=176526","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/7606854/5443560/17834316/s65_saif_khan.alen.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_19099117 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="19099117"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 19099117, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_19099117", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_19099117 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 19099117; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_19099117"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_19099117 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="19099117"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 19099117; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=19099117]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_19099117").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_19099117").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="19099117"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>&nbsp;&nbsp;<a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">3</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;</div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="102724" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Wettability">Wettability</a>,&nbsp;<script data-card-contents-for-ri="102724" type="text/json">{"id":102724,"name":"Wettability","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Wettability?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="176526" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Droplet">Droplet</a>,&nbsp;<script data-card-contents-for-ri="176526" type="text/json">{"id":176526,"name":"Droplet","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Droplet?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="498671" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sliding_Angle">Sliding Angle</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="498671" type="text/json">{"id":498671,"name":"Sliding Angle","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sliding_Angle?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=19099117]'), work: {"id":19099117,"title":"Simulation of Sliding of Liquid Droplets","created_at":"2015-11-27T07:24:37.592-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/19099117/Simulation_of_Sliding_of_Liquid_Droplets?f_ri=176526","dom_id":"work_19099117","summary":"Numerical simulations of sliding behavior of liquid droplets on flat and periodic microgrooved surfaces with a range of groove geometry are conducted. A numerical model is developed which is capable of predicting the critical sliding angle of the drop by comparing the advancing and the receding angles obtained from numerical and experimental findings. The effect of microgroove topography, droplet size and inclination angle on the droplet sliding characteristics is analysed. Using an open-source platform (Surface Evolver), a 3D drop-shape model is developed to numerically determine the drop stability and contact angle hysteresis on tilted surfaces. In this numerical model, the three phase contact line of the drop is obtained by numerically calculating the vertex force and local contact angle at each vertex of the base contour. Several numerical models are developed based on various assumptions of base contour shape (circular or elliptical) and implementation of gravitational force to the droplet. Droplet shapes and critical sliding angles, obtained from these numerical models, are compared with those of experimental results and are found to be in very good agreement.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":40430463,"asset_id":19099117,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":7606854,"first_name":"Saif Khan","last_name":"Alen","domain_name":"illinois","page_name":"SaifKhanAlen","display_name":"Saif Khan Alen","profile_url":"https://illinois.academia.edu/SaifKhanAlen?f_ri=176526","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/7606854/5443560/17834316/s65_saif_khan.alen.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":102724,"name":"Wettability","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Wettability?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true},{"id":176526,"name":"Droplet","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Droplet?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true},{"id":498671,"name":"Sliding Angle","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sliding_Angle?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_25921220" data-work_id="25921220" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/25921220/High_pressure_emulsification_with_nano_particles_as_stabilizing_agents">High pressure emulsification with nano-particles as stabilizing agents</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This work presents a technical possibility to produce PSE (particle stabilized emulsions, so called Pickering emulsions) using inorganic nano-particles, which can be highly abrasive. The influence of process parameters (such as inlet flow... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_25921220" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This work presents a technical possibility to produce PSE (particle stabilized emulsions, so called Pickering emulsions) using inorganic nano-particles, which can be highly abrasive. The influence of process parameters (such as inlet flow combination, volume throughput, pressure) and special challenges arising from using nano-particles instead of emulsifier molecules are depicted. Furthermore, the stability and droplet size distributions of oil-in-water (o/w) emulsions stabilized with x 200 and 12 nm Stober silica particles are discussed. Results are compared to those obtained by batch processing using a rotor-stator-system. Process economics as well as efficiency will also be discussed.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/25921220" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="f487b96733d3bd735a28273a464cdcd2" rel="nofollow" data-download="{&quot;attachment_id&quot;:46281048,&quot;asset_id&quot;:25921220,&quot;asset_type&quot;:&quot;Work&quot;,&quot;always_allow_download&quot;:false,&quot;track&quot;:null,&quot;button_location&quot;:&quot;work_strip&quot;,&quot;source&quot;:null,&quot;hide_modal&quot;:null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/46281048/download_file?st=MTc0MDA4MTUzMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by&nbsp;<span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="49701367" href="https://independent.academia.edu/HeikeSchuchmann">Heike Schuchmann</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="49701367" type="text/json">{"id":49701367,"first_name":"Heike","last_name":"Schuchmann","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"HeikeSchuchmann","display_name":"Heike Schuchmann","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/HeikeSchuchmann?f_ri=176526","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_25921220 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="25921220"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 25921220, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_25921220", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_25921220 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 25921220; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_25921220"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_25921220 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="25921220"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 25921220; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=25921220]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_25921220").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_25921220").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="25921220"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>&nbsp;&nbsp;<a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">14</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;</div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="60" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mechanical_Engineering">Mechanical Engineering</a>,&nbsp;<script data-card-contents-for-ri="60" type="text/json">{"id":60,"name":"Mechanical Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mechanical_Engineering?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="72" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemical_Engineering">Chemical Engineering</a>,&nbsp;<script data-card-contents-for-ri="72" type="text/json">{"id":72,"name":"Chemical Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemical_Engineering?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4107" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/High_Pressure">High Pressure</a>,&nbsp;<script data-card-contents-for-ri="4107" type="text/json">{"id":4107,"name":"High Pressure","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/High_Pressure?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="8950" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nanoparticle">Nanoparticle</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="8950" type="text/json">{"id":8950,"name":"Nanoparticle","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nanoparticle?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=25921220]'), work: {"id":25921220,"title":"High pressure emulsification with nano-particles as stabilizing agents","created_at":"2016-06-06T08:03:22.714-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/25921220/High_pressure_emulsification_with_nano_particles_as_stabilizing_agents?f_ri=176526","dom_id":"work_25921220","summary":"This work presents a technical possibility to produce PSE (particle stabilized emulsions, so called Pickering emulsions) using inorganic nano-particles, which can be highly abrasive. The influence of process parameters (such as inlet flow combination, volume throughput, pressure) and special challenges arising from using nano-particles instead of emulsifier molecules are depicted. Furthermore, the stability and droplet size distributions of oil-in-water (o/w) emulsions stabilized with x 200 and 12 nm Stober silica particles are discussed. Results are compared to those obtained by batch processing using a rotor-stator-system. Process economics as well as efficiency will also be discussed.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":46281048,"asset_id":25921220,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":49701367,"first_name":"Heike","last_name":"Schuchmann","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"HeikeSchuchmann","display_name":"Heike Schuchmann","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/HeikeSchuchmann?f_ri=176526","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":60,"name":"Mechanical Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mechanical_Engineering?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true},{"id":72,"name":"Chemical Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemical_Engineering?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true},{"id":4107,"name":"High Pressure","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/High_Pressure?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true},{"id":8950,"name":"Nanoparticle","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nanoparticle?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true},{"id":25600,"name":"Stability","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Stability?f_ri=176526"},{"id":45184,"name":"Homogenization","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Homogenization?f_ri=176526"},{"id":98440,"name":"Silica","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Silica?f_ri=176526"},{"id":176526,"name":"Droplet","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Droplet?f_ri=176526"},{"id":595175,"name":"Chemical Engineering Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemical_Engineering_Science?f_ri=176526"},{"id":903929,"name":"Batch Process","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Batch_Process?f_ri=176526"},{"id":973996,"name":"Process Parameters","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Process_Parameters?f_ri=176526"},{"id":1127401,"name":"Droplet Size Distribution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Droplet_Size_Distribution?f_ri=176526"},{"id":1136005,"name":"Particle Size Distribution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Particle_Size_Distribution?f_ri=176526"},{"id":1911835,"name":"Droplet Size","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Droplet_Size?f_ri=176526"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_54816128" data-work_id="54816128" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/54816128/Miniemulsion_vs_conventional_emulsion_polymerization_for_pressure_sensitive_adhesives_production">Miniemulsion vs. conventional emulsion polymerization for pressure-sensitive adhesives production</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">A systematic study of the production of poly(2-ethyl hexyl acrylate/methyl methacrylate/acrylic acid) pressure-sensitive adhesives (PSAs) via conventional emulsion and miniemulsion polymerization was carried out in order to discern and... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_54816128" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">A systematic study of the production of poly(2-ethyl hexyl acrylate/methyl methacrylate/acrylic acid) pressure-sensitive adhesives (PSAs) via conventional emulsion and miniemulsion polymerization was carried out in order to discern and compare the influence of copolymer composition, chain transfer agent (CTA) and surfactant concentrations on the kinetics and microstructure of the resulting adhesive films. The results showed that miniemulsion polymerization proceeded solely under droplet nucleation for a certain set of initial reaction conditions. The miniemulsion-based latexes presented a polymer microstructure that was different to that found in latexes produced by conventional emulsion polymerization, as observed in the frequency master curves and PSA performance analysis. Batch miniemulsion polymerization was able to produce films with entanglement densities (M w /M e) from 2 up to 11, which were strongly correlated with loop tack, peel strength and shear strength. Conversely, under the same reaction conditions, batch conventional emulsion polymerization was only able to produce M w /M e ratios below 2.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/54816128" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="912a53bb565da5b9c81c68cbefff625a" rel="nofollow" data-download="{&quot;attachment_id&quot;:70996294,&quot;asset_id&quot;:54816128,&quot;asset_type&quot;:&quot;Work&quot;,&quot;always_allow_download&quot;:false,&quot;track&quot;:null,&quot;button_location&quot;:&quot;work_strip&quot;,&quot;source&quot;:null,&quot;hide_modal&quot;:null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/70996294/download_file?st=MTc0MDA4MTUzMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by&nbsp;<span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="4546" href="https://uottawa.academia.edu/GabrielaFonseca">Gabriela Fonseca</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="4546" type="text/json">{"id":4546,"first_name":"Gabriela","last_name":"Fonseca","domain_name":"uottawa","page_name":"GabrielaFonseca","display_name":"Gabriela Fonseca","profile_url":"https://uottawa.academia.edu/GabrielaFonseca?f_ri=176526","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_54816128 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="54816128"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 54816128, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_54816128", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=54816128]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_54816128").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_54816128").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="54816128"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>&nbsp;&nbsp;<a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">19</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;</div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="60" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mechanical_Engineering">Mechanical Engineering</a>,&nbsp;<script data-card-contents-for-ri="60" type="text/json">{"id":60,"name":"Mechanical Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mechanical_Engineering?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="72" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemical_Engineering">Chemical Engineering</a>,&nbsp;<script data-card-contents-for-ri="72" type="text/json">{"id":72,"name":"Chemical Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemical_Engineering?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2161" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microstructure">Microstructure</a>,&nbsp;<script data-card-contents-for-ri="2161" type="text/json">{"id":2161,"name":"Microstructure","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microstructure?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2383" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Viscoelasticity">Viscoelasticity</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="2383" type="text/json">{"id":2383,"name":"Viscoelasticity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Viscoelasticity?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=54816128]'), work: {"id":54816128,"title":"Miniemulsion vs. conventional emulsion polymerization for pressure-sensitive adhesives production","created_at":"2021-10-02T05:20:11.318-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/54816128/Miniemulsion_vs_conventional_emulsion_polymerization_for_pressure_sensitive_adhesives_production?f_ri=176526","dom_id":"work_54816128","summary":"A systematic study of the production of poly(2-ethyl hexyl acrylate/methyl methacrylate/acrylic acid) pressure-sensitive adhesives (PSAs) via conventional emulsion and miniemulsion polymerization was carried out in order to discern and compare the influence of copolymer composition, chain transfer agent (CTA) and surfactant concentrations on the kinetics and microstructure of the resulting adhesive films. The results showed that miniemulsion polymerization proceeded solely under droplet nucleation for a certain set of initial reaction conditions. The miniemulsion-based latexes presented a polymer microstructure that was different to that found in latexes produced by conventional emulsion polymerization, as observed in the frequency master curves and PSA performance analysis. Batch miniemulsion polymerization was able to produce films with entanglement densities (M w /M e) from 2 up to 11, which were strongly correlated with loop tack, peel strength and shear strength. Conversely, under the same reaction conditions, batch conventional emulsion polymerization was only able to produce M w /M e ratios below 2.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":70996294,"asset_id":54816128,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":4546,"first_name":"Gabriela","last_name":"Fonseca","domain_name":"uottawa","page_name":"GabrielaFonseca","display_name":"Gabriela Fonseca","profile_url":"https://uottawa.academia.edu/GabrielaFonseca?f_ri=176526","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":60,"name":"Mechanical Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mechanical_Engineering?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true},{"id":72,"name":"Chemical Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemical_Engineering?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true},{"id":2161,"name":"Microstructure","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microstructure?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true},{"id":2383,"name":"Viscoelasticity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Viscoelasticity?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true},{"id":3442,"name":"Production","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Production?f_ri=176526"},{"id":4987,"name":"Kinetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Kinetics?f_ri=176526"},{"id":17726,"name":"Density","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Density?f_ri=176526"},{"id":32909,"name":"Polymerization","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Polymerization?f_ri=176526"},{"id":42597,"name":"Adhesive","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Adhesive?f_ri=176526"},{"id":50189,"name":"Emulsion polymerization","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Emulsion_polymerization?f_ri=176526"},{"id":51212,"name":"Performance Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Performance_Analysis?f_ri=176526"},{"id":156079,"name":"Surfactant","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Surfactant?f_ri=176526"},{"id":176526,"name":"Droplet","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Droplet?f_ri=176526"},{"id":473797,"name":"Microstructures","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microstructures?f_ri=176526"},{"id":482561,"name":"Shear Strength","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Shear_Strength?f_ri=176526"},{"id":595175,"name":"Chemical Engineering Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemical_Engineering_Science?f_ri=176526"},{"id":910218,"name":"Acrylic Acid","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Acrylic_Acid?f_ri=176526"},{"id":923597,"name":"Pressure-Sensitive-Adhesive-Tape-Market","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pressure-Sensitive-Adhesive-Tape-Market?f_ri=176526"},{"id":3652965,"name":"Particle formation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Particle_formation?f_ri=176526"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_29748128" data-work_id="29748128" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/29748128/Controlled_electrospray_pulsation_for_deposition_of_femtoliter_fluid_droplets_onto_surfaces">Controlled electrospray pulsation for deposition of femtoliter fluid droplets onto surfaces</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The ability to atomize a liquid sample into femtoliter droplets and deposit them precisely on a surface is a key problem in microfluidics and chemical analysis. Here we show that control of stable oscillations in an unforced electrospray... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_29748128" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The ability to atomize a liquid sample into femtoliter droplets and deposit them precisely on a surface is a key problem in microfluidics and chemical analysis. Here we show that control of stable oscillations in an unforced electrospray is a high accuracy drop-on-demand method of depositing femtoliter droplets. Examples are presented of a liquid jet, formed for 35 s, in a discontinuous spray mode controlled using electrostatic fields of short duration; no liquid pump was employed. Each transient jet ejects femtoliter volumes of material, which was deposited on a nearby surface. The volumes ejected by pulsating sprays on a range of nozzle sizes are predicted from electrospray scaling laws. Using the modified nanoelectrospray method, we have printed 1.4 m wide features onto a surface in a drop-on-demand fashion with a placement accuracy of a few micrometers. We anticipate that our technique could produce biological microarrays and precisely deliver ultra-small samples for lab-on-a-chip analysis. ᭧</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/29748128" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="9b18c339a081237990b9813ed991f5bb" rel="nofollow" data-download="{&quot;attachment_id&quot;:50206249,&quot;asset_id&quot;:29748128,&quot;asset_type&quot;:&quot;Work&quot;,&quot;always_allow_download&quot;:false,&quot;track&quot;:null,&quot;button_location&quot;:&quot;work_strip&quot;,&quot;source&quot;:null,&quot;hide_modal&quot;:null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/50206249/download_file?st=MTc0MDA4MTUzMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by&nbsp;<span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="32999771" href="https://svhm.academia.edu/MarkPaine">Mark Paine</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="32999771" type="text/json">{"id":32999771,"first_name":"Mark","last_name":"Paine","domain_name":"svhm","page_name":"MarkPaine","display_name":"Mark Paine","profile_url":"https://svhm.academia.edu/MarkPaine?f_ri=176526","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_29748128 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="29748128"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 29748128, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_29748128", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_29748128 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 29748128; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_29748128"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_29748128 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="29748128"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 29748128; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=29748128]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_29748128").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_29748128").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="29748128"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>&nbsp;&nbsp;<a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">10</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;</div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="72" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemical_Engineering">Chemical Engineering</a>,&nbsp;<script data-card-contents-for-ri="72" type="text/json">{"id":72,"name":"Chemical Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemical_Engineering?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="43465" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electrospray">Electrospray</a>,&nbsp;<script data-card-contents-for-ri="43465" type="text/json">{"id":43465,"name":"Electrospray","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electrospray?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="53344" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fluid">Fluid</a>,&nbsp;<script data-card-contents-for-ri="53344" type="text/json">{"id":53344,"name":"Fluid","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fluid?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="60285" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Atmospheric_sciences">Atmospheric sciences</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="60285" type="text/json">{"id":60285,"name":"Atmospheric sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Atmospheric_sciences?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=29748128]'), work: {"id":29748128,"title":"Controlled electrospray pulsation for deposition of femtoliter fluid droplets onto surfaces","created_at":"2016-11-09T04:28:39.324-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/29748128/Controlled_electrospray_pulsation_for_deposition_of_femtoliter_fluid_droplets_onto_surfaces?f_ri=176526","dom_id":"work_29748128","summary":"The ability to atomize a liquid sample into femtoliter droplets and deposit them precisely on a surface is a key problem in microfluidics and chemical analysis. Here we show that control of stable oscillations in an unforced electrospray is a high accuracy drop-on-demand method of depositing femtoliter droplets. Examples are presented of a liquid jet, formed for 35 s, in a discontinuous spray mode controlled using electrostatic fields of short duration; no liquid pump was employed. Each transient jet ejects femtoliter volumes of material, which was deposited on a nearby surface. The volumes ejected by pulsating sprays on a range of nozzle sizes are predicted from electrospray scaling laws. Using the modified nanoelectrospray method, we have printed 1.4 m wide features onto a surface in a drop-on-demand fashion with a placement accuracy of a few micrometers. We anticipate that our technique could produce biological microarrays and precisely deliver ultra-small samples for lab-on-a-chip analysis. ᭧","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":50206249,"asset_id":29748128,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":32999771,"first_name":"Mark","last_name":"Paine","domain_name":"svhm","page_name":"MarkPaine","display_name":"Mark Paine","profile_url":"https://svhm.academia.edu/MarkPaine?f_ri=176526","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":72,"name":"Chemical Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemical_Engineering?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true},{"id":43465,"name":"Electrospray","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electrospray?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true},{"id":53344,"name":"Fluid","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fluid?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true},{"id":60285,"name":"Atmospheric sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Atmospheric_sciences?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true},{"id":87501,"name":"Aerosol","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aerosol?f_ri=176526"},{"id":134201,"name":"Deposition","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Deposition?f_ri=176526"},{"id":168891,"name":"Chemical Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemical_Analysis?f_ri=176526"},{"id":174781,"name":"Oscillations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Oscillations?f_ri=176526"},{"id":176526,"name":"Droplet","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Droplet?f_ri=176526"},{"id":1759667,"name":"Aerosol Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aerosol_Science?f_ri=176526"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_32161312" data-work_id="32161312" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/32161312/High_pressure_homogenised_cream_liqueurs_Emulsification_and_stabilization_efficiency">High-pressure-homogenised cream liqueurs: Emulsification and stabilization efficiency</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Recent progress in high-pressure technology has led to new opportunities for homogenisation processes. In this study, a high-pressure homogeniser and a standard radial diffuser homogeniser (Gaulin-type) were evaluated and compared in... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_32161312" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Recent progress in high-pressure technology has led to new opportunities for homogenisation processes. In this study, a high-pressure homogeniser and a standard radial diffuser homogeniser (Gaulin-type) were evaluated and compared in terms of their efficiency in model cream liqueur homogenisation and stabilization. Cream liqueurs with finely-dispersed droplets were produced on single-pass homogenisation using the high-pressure homogeniser. However, an increase in the homogenisation intensity above optimal conditions increased the mean fat droplet diameter. The standard radial diffuser homogeniser required multiple homogenisation passes to produce a stable cream liqueur. High-pressure homogenisation markedly increased cream liqueur temperature, due to pressure build-up and shear effects associated with conversion of kinetic energy into heat. Cream liqueurs with small mean fat droplet diameters, homogenised using the high-pressure homogeniser, displayed a slower rate of increase in droplet diameter and in viscosity during storage at 45°C than those produced using a low pressure homogenisation process.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/32161312" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="8136d68af1b75433aadb5d76dd5e6757" rel="nofollow" data-download="{&quot;attachment_id&quot;:52398948,&quot;asset_id&quot;:32161312,&quot;asset_type&quot;:&quot;Work&quot;,&quot;always_allow_download&quot;:false,&quot;track&quot;:null,&quot;button_location&quot;:&quot;work_strip&quot;,&quot;source&quot;:null,&quot;hide_modal&quot;:null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/52398948/download_file?st=MTc0MDA4MTUzMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by&nbsp;<span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="32238975" href="https://ucc-ie.academia.edu/DanielMulvihill">Daniel Mulvihill</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="32238975" type="text/json">{"id":32238975,"first_name":"Daniel","last_name":"Mulvihill","domain_name":"ucc-ie","page_name":"DanielMulvihill","display_name":"Daniel Mulvihill","profile_url":"https://ucc-ie.academia.edu/DanielMulvihill?f_ri=176526","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_32161312 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="32161312"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 32161312, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_32161312", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_32161312 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 32161312; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_32161312"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_32161312 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="32161312"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 32161312; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=32161312]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_32161312").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_32161312").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="32161312"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>&nbsp;&nbsp;<a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">14</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;</div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4107" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/High_Pressure">High Pressure</a>,&nbsp;<script data-card-contents-for-ri="4107" type="text/json">{"id":4107,"name":"High Pressure","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/High_Pressure?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4468" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Food_Engineering">Food Engineering</a>,&nbsp;<script data-card-contents-for-ri="4468" type="text/json">{"id":4468,"name":"Food Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Food_Engineering?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="25600" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Stability">Stability</a>,&nbsp;<script data-card-contents-for-ri="25600" type="text/json">{"id":25600,"name":"Stability","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Stability?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="35287" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/DISTRIBUTION">DISTRIBUTION</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="35287" type="text/json">{"id":35287,"name":"DISTRIBUTION","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/DISTRIBUTION?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=32161312]'), work: {"id":32161312,"title":"High-pressure-homogenised cream liqueurs: Emulsification and stabilization efficiency","created_at":"2017-03-31T02:36:58.723-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/32161312/High_pressure_homogenised_cream_liqueurs_Emulsification_and_stabilization_efficiency?f_ri=176526","dom_id":"work_32161312","summary":"Recent progress in high-pressure technology has led to new opportunities for homogenisation processes. In this study, a high-pressure homogeniser and a standard radial diffuser homogeniser (Gaulin-type) were evaluated and compared in terms of their efficiency in model cream liqueur homogenisation and stabilization. Cream liqueurs with finely-dispersed droplets were produced on single-pass homogenisation using the high-pressure homogeniser. However, an increase in the homogenisation intensity above optimal conditions increased the mean fat droplet diameter. The standard radial diffuser homogeniser required multiple homogenisation passes to produce a stable cream liqueur. High-pressure homogenisation markedly increased cream liqueur temperature, due to pressure build-up and shear effects associated with conversion of kinetic energy into heat. Cream liqueurs with small mean fat droplet diameters, homogenised using the high-pressure homogeniser, displayed a slower rate of increase in droplet diameter and in viscosity during storage at 45°C than those produced using a low pressure homogenisation process.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":52398948,"asset_id":32161312,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":32238975,"first_name":"Daniel","last_name":"Mulvihill","domain_name":"ucc-ie","page_name":"DanielMulvihill","display_name":"Daniel Mulvihill","profile_url":"https://ucc-ie.academia.edu/DanielMulvihill?f_ri=176526","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":4107,"name":"High Pressure","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/High_Pressure?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true},{"id":4468,"name":"Food Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Food_Engineering?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true},{"id":25600,"name":"Stability","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Stability?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true},{"id":35287,"name":"DISTRIBUTION","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/DISTRIBUTION?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true},{"id":65140,"name":"Models","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Models?f_ri=176526"},{"id":176526,"name":"Droplet","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Droplet?f_ri=176526"},{"id":219927,"name":"Efficiency","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Efficiency?f_ri=176526"},{"id":413295,"name":"Kinetic Energy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Kinetic_Energy?f_ri=176526"},{"id":492043,"name":"Size","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Size?f_ri=176526"},{"id":573653,"name":"Food Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Food_Sciences?f_ri=176526"},{"id":637974,"name":"Distribution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Distribution-3?f_ri=176526"},{"id":1127401,"name":"Droplet Size Distribution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Droplet_Size_Distribution?f_ri=176526"},{"id":1174006,"name":"Low Pressure Boiler","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Low_Pressure_Boiler?f_ri=176526"},{"id":1180667,"name":"Optimality Condition","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Optimality_Condition?f_ri=176526"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_30015589" data-work_id="30015589" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/30015589/FENSAP_ICE_Analytical_Model_for_Spatial_and_Temporal_Evolution_of_In_Flight_Icing_Roughness">FENSAP-ICE: Analytical Model for Spatial and Temporal Evolution of In-Flight Icing Roughness</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Ice roughness, which has a major influence on in-flight icing heat transfer and, hence, ice shapes, is generally input from empirical correlations to numerical simulations. It is given as uniform in space, while sometimes being varied in... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_30015589" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Ice roughness, which has a major influence on in-flight icing heat transfer and, hence, ice shapes, is generally input from empirical correlations to numerical simulations. It is given as uniform in space, while sometimes being varied in time. In this paper, a predictive model for roughness evolution in both space and time during in-flight icing is presented. The distribution is determined mathematically via a Lagrangian model that accounts for the stochastic process of bead nucleation, growth, and coalescence into moving droplets and/or rivulets and/or water film. This general model matches well the spatial and temporal roughness distributions observed in icing tunnel experiments and is embedded in FENSAP-ICE, extending its applicability outside the range of airfoil types for which correlations exist. Thus, an additional important step has been taken toward removing another empirical aspect of in-flight icing simulation.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/30015589" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="8c59784d9a4e64d044197c0417ac95f2" rel="nofollow" data-download="{&quot;attachment_id&quot;:50472585,&quot;asset_id&quot;:30015589,&quot;asset_type&quot;:&quot;Work&quot;,&quot;always_allow_download&quot;:false,&quot;track&quot;:null,&quot;button_location&quot;:&quot;work_strip&quot;,&quot;source&quot;:null,&quot;hide_modal&quot;:null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/50472585/download_file?st=MTc0MDA4MTUzMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by&nbsp;<span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="57042528" href="https://independent.academia.edu/CroceGiulio">Giulio Croce</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="57042528" type="text/json">{"id":57042528,"first_name":"Giulio","last_name":"Croce","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"CroceGiulio","display_name":"Giulio Croce","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/CroceGiulio?f_ri=176526","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_30015589 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="30015589"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 30015589, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_30015589", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=30015589]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_30015589").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_30015589").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="30015589"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>&nbsp;&nbsp;<a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">9</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;</div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="48" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering">Engineering</a>,&nbsp;<script data-card-contents-for-ri="48" type="text/json">{"id":48,"name":"Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6177" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Modeling">Modeling</a>,&nbsp;<script data-card-contents-for-ri="6177" type="text/json">{"id":6177,"name":"Modeling","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Modeling?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="8067" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Heat_Transfer">Heat Transfer</a>,&nbsp;<script data-card-contents-for-ri="8067" type="text/json">{"id":8067,"name":"Heat Transfer","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Heat_Transfer?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="9032" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Interaction">Interaction</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="9032" type="text/json">{"id":9032,"name":"Interaction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Interaction?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=30015589]'), work: {"id":30015589,"title":"FENSAP-ICE: Analytical Model for Spatial and Temporal Evolution of In-Flight Icing Roughness","created_at":"2016-11-22T00:42:28.944-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/30015589/FENSAP_ICE_Analytical_Model_for_Spatial_and_Temporal_Evolution_of_In_Flight_Icing_Roughness?f_ri=176526","dom_id":"work_30015589","summary":"Ice roughness, which has a major influence on in-flight icing heat transfer and, hence, ice shapes, is generally input from empirical correlations to numerical simulations. It is given as uniform in space, while sometimes being varied in time. In this paper, a predictive model for roughness evolution in both space and time during in-flight icing is presented. The distribution is determined mathematically via a Lagrangian model that accounts for the stochastic process of bead nucleation, growth, and coalescence into moving droplets and/or rivulets and/or water film. This general model matches well the spatial and temporal roughness distributions observed in icing tunnel experiments and is embedded in FENSAP-ICE, extending its applicability outside the range of airfoil types for which correlations exist. Thus, an additional important step has been taken toward removing another empirical aspect of in-flight icing simulation.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":50472585,"asset_id":30015589,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":57042528,"first_name":"Giulio","last_name":"Croce","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"CroceGiulio","display_name":"Giulio Croce","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/CroceGiulio?f_ri=176526","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":48,"name":"Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true},{"id":6177,"name":"Modeling","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Modeling?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true},{"id":8067,"name":"Heat Transfer","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Heat_Transfer?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true},{"id":9032,"name":"Interaction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Interaction?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true},{"id":60658,"name":"Numerical Simulation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Numerical_Simulation?f_ri=176526"},{"id":176526,"name":"Droplet","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Droplet?f_ri=176526"},{"id":413023,"name":"Roughness","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Roughness?f_ri=176526"},{"id":413300,"name":"Analytical Model","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Analytical_Model?f_ri=176526"},{"id":461750,"name":"Aircraft","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aircraft?f_ri=176526"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_69155718" data-work_id="69155718" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/69155718/Electrostatic_enhancement_of_coalescence_of_water_droplets_in_oil_a_review_of_the_technology">Electrostatic enhancement of coalescence of water droplets in oil: a review of the technology</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The technology for electrostatic enhancement of coalescence of water droplets in oil emulsions is critically reviewed. Historically, the electrostatic coalescer was invented for the petroleum-related industries in California [US Patent... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_69155718" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The technology for electrostatic enhancement of coalescence of water droplets in oil emulsions is critically reviewed. Historically, the electrostatic coalescer was invented for the petroleum-related industries in California [US Patent 987 115 (1911)]. Nowadays, this technology is generally considered for the separation of an aqueous phase dispersed in a dielectric oil phase with a significantly lower dielectric constant than that of the dispersed phase. Various designs have been introduced, with most using alternating current (AC) electric fields with mains frequency (50 or 60 Hz). The direct current (DC) electric field has been less common in the past as compared to the AC. In 1981, the concept of pulsed DC electric fields was introduced, together with insulated electrodes [Trans. IChemE 59 (1981) 229-237; UK Patent 217 1031A (1986)]. Since then, this has become more common in the electrocoalescence technology. Pulsed DC and AC fields are especially useful, when the aqueous phase content of the emulsion is high, to prevent short-circuiting between the pair of electrodes. Processing of oil from old wells is a good example, where the volumetric water content could vary significantly. Reported work by some workers indicates the existence of an optimum frequency, which depends on the electrode coating material, its thickness and the liquid emulsion composition. This is however, a contentious issue which has not been completely resolved. The characteristics and geometry of the electrode system (generally cylindrical or plate) influence the performance of the electrostatic coalescer, and are closely related to the type of the applied electric field and the emulsion used. There are basically two types of electrode: uninsulated electrode and insulated electrode. Combination of electrocoalescence and mechanical separation (e.g., centrifugal force) has also been introduced. Heating and the addition of chemicals have been shown to further enhance the electrocoalescence of water droplets. Other methods that can be combined with the electrical treatment are filtration, methods employing high pressure and temperature, and mixing. This review paper also looks at some of the current specific industrial applications using the electrocoalescence technology. Besides the oil and petroleum industries, this technology has potential applications in the edible oil industries such as palm oil, sunflower oil and vegetable oil processing. Most of the currently available equipment is very big and bulky, having a large inventory of emulsion. Therefore, we see the future trend for new developments to be in the direction of inventing small portable devices, incorporating features such as optimum electric fields and combined electrical and centrifugal forces to further enhance the separation of water-in-oil emulsions. Furthermore, a better understanding of the fundamentals of electrocoalescence will enable a better design of the geometry of the electrodes, of the flow field with respect to the electric fields, the type of dispersion used and the type of the applied electric field.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/69155718" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="70d07ff0f492b8a065f1eaf85364ecf4" rel="nofollow" data-download="{&quot;attachment_id&quot;:79360301,&quot;asset_id&quot;:69155718,&quot;asset_type&quot;:&quot;Work&quot;,&quot;always_allow_download&quot;:false,&quot;track&quot;:null,&quot;button_location&quot;:&quot;work_strip&quot;,&quot;source&quot;:null,&quot;hide_modal&quot;:null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/79360301/download_file?st=MTc0MDA4MTUzMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by&nbsp;<span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="85517" href="https://surrey.academia.edu/AdelSharif">Adel Sharif</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="85517" type="text/json">{"id":85517,"first_name":"Adel","last_name":"Sharif","domain_name":"surrey","page_name":"AdelSharif","display_name":"Adel Sharif","profile_url":"https://surrey.academia.edu/AdelSharif?f_ri=176526","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_69155718 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="69155718"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 69155718, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_69155718", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=69155718]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_69155718").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_69155718").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="69155718"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>&nbsp;&nbsp;<a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">20</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;</div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="72" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemical_Engineering">Chemical Engineering</a>,&nbsp;<script data-card-contents-for-ri="72" type="text/json">{"id":72,"name":"Chemical Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemical_Engineering?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4107" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/High_Pressure">High Pressure</a>,&nbsp;<script data-card-contents-for-ri="4107" type="text/json">{"id":4107,"name":"High Pressure","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/High_Pressure?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4987" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Kinetics">Kinetics</a>,&nbsp;<script data-card-contents-for-ri="4987" type="text/json">{"id":4987,"name":"Kinetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Kinetics?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6177" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Modeling">Modeling</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="6177" type="text/json">{"id":6177,"name":"Modeling","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Modeling?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=69155718]'), work: {"id":69155718,"title":"Electrostatic enhancement of coalescence of water droplets in oil: a review of the technology","created_at":"2022-01-22T06:28:28.351-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/69155718/Electrostatic_enhancement_of_coalescence_of_water_droplets_in_oil_a_review_of_the_technology?f_ri=176526","dom_id":"work_69155718","summary":"The technology for electrostatic enhancement of coalescence of water droplets in oil emulsions is critically reviewed. Historically, the electrostatic coalescer was invented for the petroleum-related industries in California [US Patent 987 115 (1911)]. Nowadays, this technology is generally considered for the separation of an aqueous phase dispersed in a dielectric oil phase with a significantly lower dielectric constant than that of the dispersed phase. Various designs have been introduced, with most using alternating current (AC) electric fields with mains frequency (50 or 60 Hz). The direct current (DC) electric field has been less common in the past as compared to the AC. In 1981, the concept of pulsed DC electric fields was introduced, together with insulated electrodes [Trans. IChemE 59 (1981) 229-237; UK Patent 217 1031A (1986)]. Since then, this has become more common in the electrocoalescence technology. Pulsed DC and AC fields are especially useful, when the aqueous phase content of the emulsion is high, to prevent short-circuiting between the pair of electrodes. Processing of oil from old wells is a good example, where the volumetric water content could vary significantly. Reported work by some workers indicates the existence of an optimum frequency, which depends on the electrode coating material, its thickness and the liquid emulsion composition. This is however, a contentious issue which has not been completely resolved. The characteristics and geometry of the electrode system (generally cylindrical or plate) influence the performance of the electrostatic coalescer, and are closely related to the type of the applied electric field and the emulsion used. There are basically two types of electrode: uninsulated electrode and insulated electrode. Combination of electrocoalescence and mechanical separation (e.g., centrifugal force) has also been introduced. Heating and the addition of chemicals have been shown to further enhance the electrocoalescence of water droplets. Other methods that can be combined with the electrical treatment are filtration, methods employing high pressure and temperature, and mixing. This review paper also looks at some of the current specific industrial applications using the electrocoalescence technology. Besides the oil and petroleum industries, this technology has potential applications in the edible oil industries such as palm oil, sunflower oil and vegetable oil processing. Most of the currently available equipment is very big and bulky, having a large inventory of emulsion. Therefore, we see the future trend for new developments to be in the direction of inventing small portable devices, incorporating features such as optimum electric fields and combined electrical and centrifugal forces to further enhance the separation of water-in-oil emulsions. Furthermore, a better understanding of the fundamentals of electrocoalescence will enable a better design of the geometry of the electrodes, of the flow field with respect to the electric fields, the type of dispersion used and the type of the applied electric field.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":79360301,"asset_id":69155718,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":85517,"first_name":"Adel","last_name":"Sharif","domain_name":"surrey","page_name":"AdelSharif","display_name":"Adel Sharif","profile_url":"https://surrey.academia.edu/AdelSharif?f_ri=176526","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":72,"name":"Chemical Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemical_Engineering?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true},{"id":4107,"name":"High Pressure","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/High_Pressure?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true},{"id":4987,"name":"Kinetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Kinetics?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true},{"id":6177,"name":"Modeling","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Modeling?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true},{"id":16682,"name":"Mathematical Modelling","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mathematical_Modelling?f_ri=176526"},{"id":27372,"name":"Dielectrophoresis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dielectrophoresis?f_ri=176526"},{"id":43307,"name":"Oil Industry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Oil_Industry?f_ri=176526"},{"id":144046,"name":"Frequency","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Frequency?f_ri=176526"},{"id":171868,"name":"COLLISION","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/COLLISION?f_ri=176526"},{"id":176526,"name":"Droplet","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Droplet?f_ri=176526"},{"id":212475,"name":"Electric Fields","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electric_Fields?f_ri=176526"},{"id":245964,"name":"Industrial Application","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Industrial_Application?f_ri=176526"},{"id":259330,"name":"Palm Oil","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Palm_Oil?f_ri=176526"},{"id":291387,"name":"Mathematical Model","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mathematical_Model?f_ri=176526"},{"id":389578,"name":"Dielectric Constant","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dielectric_Constant?f_ri=176526"},{"id":982842,"name":"Centrifugal Force","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Centrifugal_Force?f_ri=176526"},{"id":990815,"name":"Coalescence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Coalescence?f_ri=176526"},{"id":1130559,"name":"Electric Field","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electric_Field?f_ri=176526"},{"id":1137346,"name":"Dispersions","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dispersions?f_ri=176526"},{"id":1358109,"name":"Direct Current","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Direct_Current?f_ri=176526"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_5377564" data-work_id="5377564" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/5377564/Bubble_stability_in_the_presence_of_oil_in_water_emulsion_droplets_Influence_of_surface_shear_versus_dilatational_rheology">Bubble stability in the presence of oil-in-water emulsion droplets: Influence of surface shear versus dilatational rheology</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">We discuss the stability of bubbles to coalescence when undergoing a pressure drop and their stability to disproportionation under quiescent conditions, studied using previously established &#39;single bubble layer experimental&#39; techniques,... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_5377564" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">We discuss the stability of bubbles to coalescence when undergoing a pressure drop and their stability to disproportionation under quiescent conditions, studied using previously established &#39;single bubble layer experimental&#39; techniques, focussing on the effects on stability of the inclusion of a low volume fraction (0.25%) of stable oil droplets. Detailed measurements of the surface dilatational elasticity (3 s ) and surface shear viscosity (h s ) of systems in the presence and absence of oil droplets have been performed. The surface rheology and stability have been measured as a function of adsorption time and pH, between pH 4.5 and 7, by including glucono-d-lactone (GDL) as an acidification agent. Commercial sodium caseinate (SC) and purified b-lactoglobulin (b-L) were used at 1 wt% bulk concentration as bubble stabilizing agents. The emulsion oil droplet phase was n-tetradecane (TD) or 1-bromohexadecane (BHD), with a mean droplet size of (d 43 ) ¼ 0.59 and 0.67 mm, respectively. The emulsion droplets were completely stable to coalescence and did not enter or spread at the air-water (A-W) interface. With SC at all pH values the values of h s were markedly higher in the presence of TD droplets than in their absence, but particularly when the pH was lowered to pH 5.5 such that the SC started to aggregate. The increase in h s correlated with the increase in coalescence stability under the same conditions. With neutrally buoyant BHD droplets the increase in h s was not as great, but h s was still significantly higher than in the absence of droplets, indicating that the rise to, and packing of, TD droplets at the A-W interface due to gravity was not solely responsible for their observed effects. The values of 3 s did not increase much at all for either b-L or SC as the pH was lowered and/or TD droplets were added, except at very low pH values, when the effects with SC were obscured by the tendency for the bulk SC to gel. In agreement with the relatively insignificant changes in 3 s as the pH was lowered or droplets were added, the resistance to disproportionation of bubbles did not change very much either.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/5377564" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="24dd9335b0b20c793f836cdc4542ad3d" rel="nofollow" data-download="{&quot;attachment_id&quot;:49318565,&quot;asset_id&quot;:5377564,&quot;asset_type&quot;:&quot;Work&quot;,&quot;always_allow_download&quot;:false,&quot;track&quot;:null,&quot;button_location&quot;:&quot;work_strip&quot;,&quot;source&quot;:null,&quot;hide_modal&quot;:null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/49318565/download_file?st=MTc0MDA4MTUzMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by&nbsp;<span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="7486628" href="https://independent.academia.edu/YiweiWang1">Yiwei Wang</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="7486628" type="text/json">{"id":7486628,"first_name":"Yiwei","last_name":"Wang","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"YiweiWang1","display_name":"Yiwei Wang","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/YiweiWang1?f_ri=176526","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/7486628/2728628/3178207/s65_yiwei.wang.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_5377564 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="5377564"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 5377564, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_5377564", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=5377564]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_5377564").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_5377564").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="5377564"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>&nbsp;&nbsp;<a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">16</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;</div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2215" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Water">Water</a>,&nbsp;<script data-card-contents-for-ri="2215" type="text/json">{"id":2215,"name":"Water","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Water?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7598" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rheology">Rheology</a>,&nbsp;<script data-card-contents-for-ri="7598" type="text/json">{"id":7598,"name":"Rheology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rheology?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="25600" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Stability">Stability</a>,&nbsp;<script data-card-contents-for-ri="25600" type="text/json">{"id":25600,"name":"Stability","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Stability?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="38443" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Protein_Stability">Protein Stability</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="38443" type="text/json">{"id":38443,"name":"Protein Stability","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Protein_Stability?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=5377564]'), work: {"id":5377564,"title":"Bubble stability in the presence of oil-in-water emulsion droplets: Influence of surface shear versus dilatational rheology","created_at":"2013-12-10T05:31:26.209-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/5377564/Bubble_stability_in_the_presence_of_oil_in_water_emulsion_droplets_Influence_of_surface_shear_versus_dilatational_rheology?f_ri=176526","dom_id":"work_5377564","summary":"We discuss the stability of bubbles to coalescence when undergoing a pressure drop and their stability to disproportionation under quiescent conditions, studied using previously established 'single bubble layer experimental' techniques, focussing on the effects on stability of the inclusion of a low volume fraction (0.25%) of stable oil droplets. Detailed measurements of the surface dilatational elasticity (3 s ) and surface shear viscosity (h s ) of systems in the presence and absence of oil droplets have been performed. The surface rheology and stability have been measured as a function of adsorption time and pH, between pH 4.5 and 7, by including glucono-d-lactone (GDL) as an acidification agent. Commercial sodium caseinate (SC) and purified b-lactoglobulin (b-L) were used at 1 wt% bulk concentration as bubble stabilizing agents. The emulsion oil droplet phase was n-tetradecane (TD) or 1-bromohexadecane (BHD), with a mean droplet size of (d 43 ) ¼ 0.59 and 0.67 mm, respectively. The emulsion droplets were completely stable to coalescence and did not enter or spread at the air-water (A-W) interface. With SC at all pH values the values of h s were markedly higher in the presence of TD droplets than in their absence, but particularly when the pH was lowered to pH 5.5 such that the SC started to aggregate. The increase in h s correlated with the increase in coalescence stability under the same conditions. With neutrally buoyant BHD droplets the increase in h s was not as great, but h s was still significantly higher than in the absence of droplets, indicating that the rise to, and packing of, TD droplets at the A-W interface due to gravity was not solely responsible for their observed effects. The values of 3 s did not increase much at all for either b-L or SC as the pH was lowered and/or TD droplets were added, except at very low pH values, when the effects with SC were obscured by the tendency for the bulk SC to gel. In agreement with the relatively insignificant changes in 3 s as the pH was lowered or droplets were added, the resistance to disproportionation of bubbles did not change very much either.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":49318565,"asset_id":5377564,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":7486628,"first_name":"Yiwei","last_name":"Wang","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"YiweiWang1","display_name":"Yiwei Wang","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/YiweiWang1?f_ri=176526","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/7486628/2728628/3178207/s65_yiwei.wang.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":2215,"name":"Water","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Water?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true},{"id":7598,"name":"Rheology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rheology?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true},{"id":25600,"name":"Stability","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Stability?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true},{"id":38443,"name":"Protein Stability","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Protein_Stability?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true},{"id":42812,"name":"Foam","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Foam?f_ri=176526"},{"id":84278,"name":"Ph","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ph?f_ri=176526"},{"id":109384,"name":"Viscosity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Viscosity?f_ri=176526"},{"id":171623,"name":"Droplets","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Droplets?f_ri=176526"},{"id":176526,"name":"Droplet","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Droplet?f_ri=176526"},{"id":331203,"name":"Pressure Drop","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pressure_Drop?f_ri=176526"},{"id":394521,"name":"Surface Tension","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Surface_Tension?f_ri=176526"},{"id":573653,"name":"Food Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Food_Sciences?f_ri=176526"},{"id":775583,"name":"Shear","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Shear?f_ri=176526"},{"id":910336,"name":"Food Hydrocolloids","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Food_Hydrocolloids?f_ri=176526"},{"id":1911835,"name":"Droplet Size","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Droplet_Size?f_ri=176526"},{"id":2295024,"name":"Volume Fraction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Volume_Fraction?f_ri=176526"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_14730807" data-work_id="14730807" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/14730807/Flame_Synthesis_of_Nanoparticles">Flame Synthesis of Nanoparticles</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">An overview of recent advances in the synthesis of nanoparticles by flame aerosol processes is given. In flame processes with gaseous precursors emphasis is placed on reactant mixing and composition, additives, and external electric... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_14730807" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">An overview of recent advances in the synthesis of nanoparticles by flame aerosol processes is given. In flame processes with gaseous precursors emphasis is placed on reactant mixing and composition, additives, and external electric fields for control of product characteristics. Thermophoretic sampling can monitor the formation and growth of nanoparticles, while the corresponding temperature history can be obtained by non-intrusive Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Furthermore, synthesis of composite nanoparticles for various applications is addressed such as in reinforcement or catalysis as well as for scale-up from 1 to 700 g/h of silica-carbon nanostructured particles. In flame processes with liquid precursors using the so-called flame spray pyrolysis (FSP), emphasis is placed on reactant and fuel composition. The FSP processes are quite attractive as they can employ a wide array of precursors, so a broad spectrum of new nanosized powders can be synthesized. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) in combination with gas-phase particle formation models offer unique possibilities for improvement and possible new designs for flame reactors. Figure 6. NO-conversion as a function of catalysis temperature for a flamemade (diamonds) and wet-chemistry-made (circles) vanadia coated titania catalyst (courtesy of W. J. Stark, ETHZ). Keynote Ó WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH, D-69469 Weinheim, 2001 0930-7516/01/0606-0590 $ 17.50+.50/0 Chem. Eng. Technol. 24 (2001) 6 Figure 8. Average primary particle diameter obtained by nitrogen adsorption (BET) as a function of airflow rate with (circles) and without (triangles) secondary air entrainment at production rates of 300 g/h in the reactor of Figure 7. Keynote Ó WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH, D-69469 Weinheim, 2001 0930-7516/01/0606-0592 $ 17.50+.50/0 Chem. Eng. Technol. 24 (2001) 6 Figure 11. Specific surface area of SiO 2 particles made by FSP for 0.1 molar HMDSO/organic fuel solution as a function of dispersion gas (oxygen) flow rate using ethanol (diamonds) and iso-octane (circles) as solvent.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/14730807" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="ba84838cc4c27a48a7a3f64b876f9c16" rel="nofollow" data-download="{&quot;attachment_id&quot;:43935716,&quot;asset_id&quot;:14730807,&quot;asset_type&quot;:&quot;Work&quot;,&quot;always_allow_download&quot;:false,&quot;track&quot;:null,&quot;button_location&quot;:&quot;work_strip&quot;,&quot;source&quot;:null,&quot;hide_modal&quot;:null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/43935716/download_file?st=MTc0MDA4MTUzMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by&nbsp;<span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="33692223" href="https://bremen.academia.edu/LutzM%C3%A4dler">Lutz Mädler</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="33692223" type="text/json">{"id":33692223,"first_name":"Lutz","last_name":"Mädler","domain_name":"bremen","page_name":"LutzMädler","display_name":"Lutz Mädler","profile_url":"https://bremen.academia.edu/LutzM%C3%A4dler?f_ri=176526","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_14730807 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="14730807"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 14730807, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_14730807", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=14730807]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_14730807").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_14730807").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="14730807"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>&nbsp;&nbsp;<a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">13</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;</div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="60" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mechanical_Engineering">Mechanical Engineering</a>,&nbsp;<script data-card-contents-for-ri="60" type="text/json">{"id":60,"name":"Mechanical Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mechanical_Engineering?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="72" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemical_Engineering">Chemical Engineering</a>,&nbsp;<script data-card-contents-for-ri="72" type="text/json">{"id":72,"name":"Chemical Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemical_Engineering?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2298" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computational_Fluid_Dynamics">Computational Fluid Dynamics</a>,&nbsp;<script data-card-contents-for-ri="2298" type="text/json">{"id":2298,"name":"Computational Fluid Dynamics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computational_Fluid_Dynamics?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6177" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Modeling">Modeling</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="6177" type="text/json">{"id":6177,"name":"Modeling","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Modeling?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=14730807]'), work: {"id":14730807,"title":"Flame Synthesis of Nanoparticles","created_at":"2015-08-06T23:11:24.814-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/14730807/Flame_Synthesis_of_Nanoparticles?f_ri=176526","dom_id":"work_14730807","summary":"An overview of recent advances in the synthesis of nanoparticles by flame aerosol processes is given. In flame processes with gaseous precursors emphasis is placed on reactant mixing and composition, additives, and external electric fields for control of product characteristics. Thermophoretic sampling can monitor the formation and growth of nanoparticles, while the corresponding temperature history can be obtained by non-intrusive Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Furthermore, synthesis of composite nanoparticles for various applications is addressed such as in reinforcement or catalysis as well as for scale-up from 1 to 700 g/h of silica-carbon nanostructured particles. In flame processes with liquid precursors using the so-called flame spray pyrolysis (FSP), emphasis is placed on reactant and fuel composition. The FSP processes are quite attractive as they can employ a wide array of precursors, so a broad spectrum of new nanosized powders can be synthesized. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) in combination with gas-phase particle formation models offer unique possibilities for improvement and possible new designs for flame reactors. Figure 6. NO-conversion as a function of catalysis temperature for a flamemade (diamonds) and wet-chemistry-made (circles) vanadia coated titania catalyst (courtesy of W. J. Stark, ETHZ). Keynote Ó WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH, D-69469 Weinheim, 2001 0930-7516/01/0606-0590 $ 17.50+.50/0 Chem. Eng. Technol. 24 (2001) 6 Figure 8. Average primary particle diameter obtained by nitrogen adsorption (BET) as a function of airflow rate with (circles) and without (triangles) secondary air entrainment at production rates of 300 g/h in the reactor of Figure 7. Keynote Ó WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH, D-69469 Weinheim, 2001 0930-7516/01/0606-0592 $ 17.50+.50/0 Chem. Eng. Technol. 24 (2001) 6 Figure 11. Specific surface area of SiO 2 particles made by FSP for 0.1 molar HMDSO/organic fuel solution as a function of dispersion gas (oxygen) flow rate using ethanol (diamonds) and iso-octane (circles) as solvent.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":43935716,"asset_id":14730807,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":33692223,"first_name":"Lutz","last_name":"Mädler","domain_name":"bremen","page_name":"LutzMädler","display_name":"Lutz Mädler","profile_url":"https://bremen.academia.edu/LutzM%C3%A4dler?f_ri=176526","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":60,"name":"Mechanical Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mechanical_Engineering?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true},{"id":72,"name":"Chemical Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemical_Engineering?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true},{"id":2298,"name":"Computational Fluid Dynamics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computational_Fluid_Dynamics?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true},{"id":6177,"name":"Modeling","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Modeling?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true},{"id":13621,"name":"Nanoparticles","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nanoparticles?f_ri=176526"},{"id":14136,"name":"Pyrolysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pyrolysis?f_ri=176526"},{"id":148624,"name":"Nanostructure","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nanostructure?f_ri=176526"},{"id":176526,"name":"Droplet","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Droplet?f_ri=176526"},{"id":390245,"name":"Particle Size","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Particle_Size?f_ri=176526"},{"id":448599,"name":"Engineering Technology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering_Technology?f_ri=176526"},{"id":554780,"name":"Interdisciplinary Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Interdisciplinary_Engineering?f_ri=176526"},{"id":784827,"name":"Flame","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Flame?f_ri=176526"},{"id":1123382,"name":"Chemical Engineering Technology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemical_Engineering_Technology?f_ri=176526"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_22310240" data-work_id="22310240" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/22310240/Fundamentals_of_the_spray_freezing_of_foods_microstructure_of_frozen_droplets">Fundamentals of the spray freezing of foods—microstructure of frozen droplets</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The surface microstructure will determine a number of functional properties of a frozen powder such as stickiness and flowability. In this study, cryo-SEM images were used to observe the influence of various solutes and freezing... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_22310240" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The surface microstructure will determine a number of functional properties of a frozen powder such as stickiness and flowability. In this study, cryo-SEM images were used to observe the influence of various solutes and freezing conditions had on the internal and surface microstructure of frozen droplets. A single droplet freezing method was used to simulate the physical changes taking place during a spray-freezing process. Sucrose solutions with added anhydrous milk fat (AMF) and whey protein concentrate (WPC) were investigated. The level of supercooling (nucleation temperature) significantly influenced the final microstructure of a frozen droplet. The greater the supercooling level, the larger the proportion of the droplet that has a fine cellular ice crystal structure. It was observed that a sucrose layer formed at the outer surface of sucrose solution droplets upon freezing. This could be the product of water evaporation or redistribution of sucrose during freezing. The concentrated sucrose layer showed a tendency to increase in thickness when nucleation was forced at the droplet surface. The presence of AMF and WPC at a high freezing rate, with a high droplet supercooling inhibited the formation of the surface sucrose layer, whereas at a low freezing rate with low droplet supercooling, a sucrose layer was formed with AMF fat globules and or WPC protein aggregates distributed within it. The inhibition of the formation of the sucrose surface layer could reduce the stickiness and increase the flowability of the frozen powder. Whereas, the redistribution of fat to the surface may also be a means of reducing the fat content of a frozen food powder without effecting its sensory impact. The results illustrate that both the composition and the freezing conditions will influence the functional properties of spray-frozen food powders.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/22310240" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="0c93a5ac65fb0deeaf189685b8617f28" rel="nofollow" data-download="{&quot;attachment_id&quot;:42950088,&quot;asset_id&quot;:22310240,&quot;asset_type&quot;:&quot;Work&quot;,&quot;always_allow_download&quot;:false,&quot;track&quot;:null,&quot;button_location&quot;:&quot;work_strip&quot;,&quot;source&quot;:null,&quot;hide_modal&quot;:null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/42950088/download_file?st=MTc0MDA4MTUzMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by&nbsp;<span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="43721684" href="https://independent.academia.edu/JasonHindmarsh">Jason Hindmarsh</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="43721684" type="text/json">{"id":43721684,"first_name":"Jason","last_name":"Hindmarsh","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"JasonHindmarsh","display_name":"Jason Hindmarsh","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/JasonHindmarsh?f_ri=176526","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_22310240 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="22310240"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 22310240, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_22310240", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_22310240 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 22310240; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_22310240"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_22310240 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="22310240"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 22310240; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=22310240]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_22310240").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_22310240").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="22310240"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>&nbsp;&nbsp;<a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">12</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;</div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2161" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microstructure">Microstructure</a>,&nbsp;<script data-card-contents-for-ri="2161" type="text/json">{"id":2161,"name":"Microstructure","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microstructure?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4468" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Food_Engineering">Food Engineering</a>,&nbsp;<script data-card-contents-for-ri="4468" type="text/json">{"id":4468,"name":"Food Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Food_Engineering?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="10655" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Scanning_Electron_Microscopy">Scanning Electron Microscopy</a>,&nbsp;<script data-card-contents-for-ri="10655" type="text/json">{"id":10655,"name":"Scanning Electron Microscopy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Scanning_Electron_Microscopy?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="50630" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Crystal_structure">Crystal structure</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="50630" type="text/json">{"id":50630,"name":"Crystal structure","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Crystal_structure?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=22310240]'), work: {"id":22310240,"title":"Fundamentals of the spray freezing of foods—microstructure of frozen droplets","created_at":"2016-02-22T14:12:34.714-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/22310240/Fundamentals_of_the_spray_freezing_of_foods_microstructure_of_frozen_droplets?f_ri=176526","dom_id":"work_22310240","summary":"The surface microstructure will determine a number of functional properties of a frozen powder such as stickiness and flowability. In this study, cryo-SEM images were used to observe the influence of various solutes and freezing conditions had on the internal and surface microstructure of frozen droplets. A single droplet freezing method was used to simulate the physical changes taking place during a spray-freezing process. Sucrose solutions with added anhydrous milk fat (AMF) and whey protein concentrate (WPC) were investigated. The level of supercooling (nucleation temperature) significantly influenced the final microstructure of a frozen droplet. The greater the supercooling level, the larger the proportion of the droplet that has a fine cellular ice crystal structure. It was observed that a sucrose layer formed at the outer surface of sucrose solution droplets upon freezing. This could be the product of water evaporation or redistribution of sucrose during freezing. The concentrated sucrose layer showed a tendency to increase in thickness when nucleation was forced at the droplet surface. The presence of AMF and WPC at a high freezing rate, with a high droplet supercooling inhibited the formation of the surface sucrose layer, whereas at a low freezing rate with low droplet supercooling, a sucrose layer was formed with AMF fat globules and or WPC protein aggregates distributed within it. The inhibition of the formation of the sucrose surface layer could reduce the stickiness and increase the flowability of the frozen powder. Whereas, the redistribution of fat to the surface may also be a means of reducing the fat content of a frozen food powder without effecting its sensory impact. The results illustrate that both the composition and the freezing conditions will influence the functional properties of spray-frozen food powders.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":42950088,"asset_id":22310240,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":43721684,"first_name":"Jason","last_name":"Hindmarsh","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"JasonHindmarsh","display_name":"Jason Hindmarsh","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/JasonHindmarsh?f_ri=176526","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":2161,"name":"Microstructure","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microstructure?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true},{"id":4468,"name":"Food Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Food_Engineering?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true},{"id":10655,"name":"Scanning Electron Microscopy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Scanning_Electron_Microscopy?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true},{"id":50630,"name":"Crystal structure","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Crystal_structure?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true},{"id":143874,"name":"Protein Aggregation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Protein_Aggregation?f_ri=176526"},{"id":170469,"name":"Milk Fat","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Milk_Fat?f_ri=176526"},{"id":176526,"name":"Droplet","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Droplet?f_ri=176526"},{"id":473797,"name":"Microstructures","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microstructures?f_ri=176526"},{"id":573653,"name":"Food Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Food_Sciences?f_ri=176526"},{"id":1029221,"name":"Freezing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Freezing?f_ri=176526"},{"id":2045377,"name":"Functional Properties","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Functional_Properties?f_ri=176526"},{"id":2069008,"name":"Whey protein concentrate","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Whey_protein_concentrate?f_ri=176526"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_25458816" data-work_id="25458816" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/25458816/An_analysis_of_the_d2_law_departure_during_droplet_evaporation_in_microgravity">An analysis of the d2-law departure during droplet evaporation in microgravity</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The d 2 -law validity during n-decane droplet vaporization in microgravity environment is examined experimentally. Two sets of experiments are performed, under normal and microgravity, in stagnant hot atmospheric environment. The... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_25458816" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The d 2 -law validity during n-decane droplet vaporization in microgravity environment is examined experimentally. Two sets of experiments are performed, under normal and microgravity, in stagnant hot atmospheric environment. The environment temperature is varied in the range up to 967 K. The droplet is suspended onto the cross point of two micro-fibers of 14 lm in diameter. This technique enables to greatly minimize the effect of fiber on droplet heat and mass transfer. The results show that, for ambient temperatures below approximately 950 K, departure from the d 2 -law is observed during droplet vaporization in microgravity environment. In addition, the droplet lifetime is longer in microgravity than in normal gravity under the same ambient test conditions. However, for temperatures exceeding approximately 950 K, the experimental results demonstrate that the d 2 -law holds throughout the entire droplet lifetime, and the mass transfer rate is identical in both microgravity and normal gravity environments.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/25458816" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="765163b6b1b466b0cf5ac13724a86090" rel="nofollow" data-download="{&quot;attachment_id&quot;:45776054,&quot;asset_id&quot;:25458816,&quot;asset_type&quot;:&quot;Work&quot;,&quot;always_allow_download&quot;:false,&quot;track&quot;:null,&quot;button_location&quot;:&quot;work_strip&quot;,&quot;source&quot;:null,&quot;hide_modal&quot;:null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/45776054/download_file?st=MTc0MDA4MTUzMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by&nbsp;<span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="48962909" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MadjidBirouk">Madjid Birouk</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="48962909" type="text/json">{"id":48962909,"first_name":"Madjid","last_name":"Birouk","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"MadjidBirouk","display_name":"Madjid Birouk","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/MadjidBirouk?f_ri=176526","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/48962909/19886583/19699843/s65_madjid.birouk.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_25458816 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="25458816"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 25458816, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_25458816", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_25458816 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 25458816; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_25458816"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_25458816 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="25458816"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 25458816; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=25458816]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_25458816").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_25458816").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="25458816"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>&nbsp;&nbsp;<a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">7</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;</div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="48" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering">Engineering</a>,&nbsp;<script data-card-contents-for-ri="48" type="text/json">{"id":48,"name":"Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6263" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Combustion">Combustion</a>,&nbsp;<script data-card-contents-for-ri="6263" type="text/json">{"id":6263,"name":"Combustion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Combustion?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7114" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multiphase_Flow">Multiphase Flow</a>,&nbsp;<script data-card-contents-for-ri="7114" type="text/json">{"id":7114,"name":"Multiphase Flow","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multiphase_Flow?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="13268" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evaporation">Evaporation</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="13268" type="text/json">{"id":13268,"name":"Evaporation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evaporation?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=25458816]'), work: {"id":25458816,"title":"An analysis of the d2-law departure during droplet evaporation in microgravity","created_at":"2016-05-19T07:31:49.924-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/25458816/An_analysis_of_the_d2_law_departure_during_droplet_evaporation_in_microgravity?f_ri=176526","dom_id":"work_25458816","summary":"The d 2 -law validity during n-decane droplet vaporization in microgravity environment is examined experimentally. Two sets of experiments are performed, under normal and microgravity, in stagnant hot atmospheric environment. The environment temperature is varied in the range up to 967 K. The droplet is suspended onto the cross point of two micro-fibers of 14 lm in diameter. This technique enables to greatly minimize the effect of fiber on droplet heat and mass transfer. The results show that, for ambient temperatures below approximately 950 K, departure from the d 2 -law is observed during droplet vaporization in microgravity environment. In addition, the droplet lifetime is longer in microgravity than in normal gravity under the same ambient test conditions. However, for temperatures exceeding approximately 950 K, the experimental results demonstrate that the d 2 -law holds throughout the entire droplet lifetime, and the mass transfer rate is identical in both microgravity and normal gravity environments.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":45776054,"asset_id":25458816,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":48962909,"first_name":"Madjid","last_name":"Birouk","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"MadjidBirouk","display_name":"Madjid Birouk","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/MadjidBirouk?f_ri=176526","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/48962909/19886583/19699843/s65_madjid.birouk.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":48,"name":"Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true},{"id":6263,"name":"Combustion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Combustion?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true},{"id":7114,"name":"Multiphase Flow","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multiphase_Flow?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true},{"id":13268,"name":"Evaporation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evaporation?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true},{"id":100257,"name":"Natural Convection","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Natural_Convection?f_ri=176526"},{"id":101121,"name":"Microgravity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microgravity?f_ri=176526"},{"id":176526,"name":"Droplet","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Droplet?f_ri=176526"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_13567147 coauthored" data-work_id="13567147" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/13567147/Microfluidic_Chemical_Analysis_Systems">Microfluidic Chemical Analysis Systems</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The field of microfluidics has exploded in the past decade, particularly in the area of chemical and biochemical analysis systems. Borrowing technology from the solid-state electronics industry and the production of microprocessor chips,... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_13567147" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The field of microfluidics has exploded in the past decade, particularly in the area of chemical and biochemical analysis systems. Borrowing technology from the solid-state electronics industry and the production of microprocessor chips, researchers working with glass, silicon, and polymer substrates have fabricated macroscale laboratory components in miniaturized formats. These devices pump nanoliter volumes of liquid through micrometer-scale channels and perform complex chemical reactions and separations. The detection of reaction products is typically done fluorescently with off-chip optical components, and the analysis time from start to finish can be significantly shorter than that of conventional techniques. In this review we describe these microfluidic analysis systems, from the original continuous flow systems relying on electroosmotic pumping for liquid motion to the large diversity of microarray chips currently in use to the newer droplet-based devices and segmented flow systems. Although not currently widespread, microfluidic systems have the potential to become ubiquitous. 325 Annu. Rev. Chem. Biomol. Eng. 2011.2:325-353. Downloaded from <a href="http://www.annualreviews.org" rel="nofollow">www.annualreviews.org</a> by Mr. Eric Livak-Dahl on 06/21/11. For personal use only. Click here for quick links to Annual Reviews content online, including: • Other articles in this volume • Top cited articles • Top downloaded articles • Our comprehensive search Further ANNUAL REVIEWS 326 Livak-Dahl · Sinn · Burns Annu. Rev. Chem. Biomol. Eng. 2011.2:325-353. Downloaded from <a href="http://www.annualreviews.org" rel="nofollow">www.annualreviews.org</a> by Mr. Eric Livak-Dahl on 06/21/11. For personal use only. Annu. Rev. Chem. Biomol. Eng. 2011.2:325-353. Downloaded from <a href="http://www.annualreviews.org" rel="nofollow">www.annualreviews.org</a> by Mr. Eric Livak-Dahl on 06/21/11. For personal use only. 328 Livak-Dahl · Sinn · Burns Annu. Rev. Chem. Biomol. Eng. 2011.2:325-353. Downloaded from <a href="http://www.annualreviews.org" rel="nofollow">www.annualreviews.org</a> by Mr. Eric Livak-Dahl on 06/21/11. For personal use only. P = P capillary , 6. 330 Livak-Dahl · Sinn · Burns Annu. Rev. Chem. Biomol. Eng. 2011.2:325-353. Downloaded from <a href="http://www.annualreviews.org" rel="nofollow">www.annualreviews.org</a> by Mr. Eric Livak-Dahl on 06/21/11. For personal use only. Annu. Rev. Chem. Biomol. Eng. 2011.2:325-353. Downloaded from <a href="http://www.annualreviews.org" rel="nofollow">www.annualreviews.org</a> by Mr. Eric Livak-Dahl on 06/21/11. For personal use only. Annu. Rev. Chem. Biomol. Eng. 2011.2:325-353. Downloaded from <a href="http://www.annualreviews.org" rel="nofollow">www.annualreviews.org</a> by Mr. Eric Livak-Dahl on 06/21/11. For personal use only.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/13567147" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="156df5159d623ca6c3dfa7c70e4e3979" rel="nofollow" data-download="{&quot;attachment_id&quot;:45208279,&quot;asset_id&quot;:13567147,&quot;asset_type&quot;:&quot;Work&quot;,&quot;always_allow_download&quot;:false,&quot;track&quot;:null,&quot;button_location&quot;:&quot;work_strip&quot;,&quot;source&quot;:null,&quot;hide_modal&quot;:null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/45208279/download_file?st=MTc0MDA4MTUzMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by&nbsp;<span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="32749909" href="https://independent.academia.edu/IreneSinn">Irene Sinn</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="32749909" type="text/json">{"id":32749909,"first_name":"Irene","last_name":"Sinn","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"IreneSinn","display_name":"Irene Sinn","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/IreneSinn?f_ri=176526","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text">&nbsp;and&nbsp;<span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-13567147">+2</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-13567147"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://umich.academia.edu/EricLivakHaleLivakDahl">Eric M Livak Hale</a></span></div><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://umich.academia.edu/MarkBurns">Mark Burns</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-13567147'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-13567147').html(); } } new HoverPopover(popoverSettings); })();</script></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_13567147 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="13567147"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 13567147, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_13567147", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_13567147 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 13567147; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_13567147"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_13567147 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="13567147"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 13567147; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=13567147]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_13567147").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_13567147").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="13567147"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>&nbsp;&nbsp;<a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">9</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;</div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2721" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microfluidics">Microfluidics</a>,&nbsp;<script data-card-contents-for-ri="2721" type="text/json">{"id":2721,"name":"Microfluidics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microfluidics?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="76608" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microfabrication">Microfabrication</a>,&nbsp;<script data-card-contents-for-ri="76608" type="text/json">{"id":76608,"name":"Microfabrication","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microfabrication?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="102490" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microarrays">Microarrays</a>,&nbsp;<script data-card-contents-for-ri="102490" type="text/json">{"id":102490,"name":"Microarrays","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microarrays?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="176524" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Assays">Assays</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="176524" type="text/json">{"id":176524,"name":"Assays","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Assays?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=13567147]'), work: {"id":13567147,"title":"Microfluidic Chemical Analysis Systems","created_at":"2015-07-02T18:27:03.950-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/13567147/Microfluidic_Chemical_Analysis_Systems?f_ri=176526","dom_id":"work_13567147","summary":"The field of microfluidics has exploded in the past decade, particularly in the area of chemical and biochemical analysis systems. Borrowing technology from the solid-state electronics industry and the production of microprocessor chips, researchers working with glass, silicon, and polymer substrates have fabricated macroscale laboratory components in miniaturized formats. These devices pump nanoliter volumes of liquid through micrometer-scale channels and perform complex chemical reactions and separations. The detection of reaction products is typically done fluorescently with off-chip optical components, and the analysis time from start to finish can be significantly shorter than that of conventional techniques. In this review we describe these microfluidic analysis systems, from the original continuous flow systems relying on electroosmotic pumping for liquid motion to the large diversity of microarray chips currently in use to the newer droplet-based devices and segmented flow systems. Although not currently widespread, microfluidic systems have the potential to become ubiquitous. 325 Annu. Rev. Chem. Biomol. Eng. 2011.2:325-353. Downloaded from www.annualreviews.org by Mr. Eric Livak-Dahl on 06/21/11. For personal use only. Click here for quick links to Annual Reviews content online, including: • Other articles in this volume • Top cited articles • Top downloaded articles • Our comprehensive search Further ANNUAL REVIEWS 326 Livak-Dahl · Sinn · Burns Annu. Rev. Chem. Biomol. Eng. 2011.2:325-353. Downloaded from www.annualreviews.org by Mr. Eric Livak-Dahl on 06/21/11. For personal use only. Annu. Rev. Chem. Biomol. Eng. 2011.2:325-353. Downloaded from www.annualreviews.org by Mr. Eric Livak-Dahl on 06/21/11. For personal use only. 328 Livak-Dahl · Sinn · Burns Annu. Rev. Chem. Biomol. Eng. 2011.2:325-353. Downloaded from www.annualreviews.org by Mr. Eric Livak-Dahl on 06/21/11. For personal use only. P = P capillary , 6. 330 Livak-Dahl · Sinn · Burns Annu. Rev. Chem. Biomol. Eng. 2011.2:325-353. Downloaded from www.annualreviews.org by Mr. Eric Livak-Dahl on 06/21/11. For personal use only. Annu. Rev. Chem. Biomol. Eng. 2011.2:325-353. Downloaded from www.annualreviews.org by Mr. Eric Livak-Dahl on 06/21/11. For personal use only. Annu. Rev. Chem. Biomol. Eng. 2011.2:325-353. Downloaded from www.annualreviews.org by Mr. Eric Livak-Dahl on 06/21/11. For personal use only.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":45208279,"asset_id":13567147,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":32749909,"first_name":"Irene","last_name":"Sinn","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"IreneSinn","display_name":"Irene Sinn","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/IreneSinn?f_ri=176526","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"},{"id":407025,"first_name":"Eric","last_name":"Livak Hale","domain_name":"umich","page_name":"EricLivakHaleLivakDahl","display_name":"Eric M Livak Hale","profile_url":"https://umich.academia.edu/EricLivakHaleLivakDahl?f_ri=176526","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/407025/127872/19316429/s65_eric.livak_hale_livak-dahl_.jpg"},{"id":33475875,"first_name":"Mark","last_name":"Burns","domain_name":"umich","page_name":"MarkBurns","display_name":"Mark Burns","profile_url":"https://umich.academia.edu/MarkBurns?f_ri=176526","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":2721,"name":"Microfluidics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microfluidics?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true},{"id":76608,"name":"Microfabrication","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microfabrication?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true},{"id":102490,"name":"Microarrays","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microarrays?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true},{"id":176524,"name":"Assays","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Assays?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true},{"id":176525,"name":"Biochemical","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biochemical?f_ri=176526"},{"id":176526,"name":"Droplet","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Droplet?f_ri=176526"},{"id":176527,"name":"Laminar Flow","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Laminar_Flow?f_ri=176526"},{"id":375301,"name":"Microarray Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microarray_Analysis?f_ri=176526"},{"id":1263471,"name":"Chemical and Biomolecular/Biological Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemical_and_Biomolecular_Biological_Engineering?f_ri=176526"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_9848700" data-work_id="9848700" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/9848700/Nanoparticle_synthesis_in_microreactors">Nanoparticle synthesis in microreactors</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Nanoparticles have been a research focus for more than two decades. The advent of microfluidic technology provides alternative strategies for the synthesis of nanoparticles in reactors having a micrometer length scale. The integration of... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_9848700" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Nanoparticles have been a research focus for more than two decades. The advent of microfluidic technology provides alternative strategies for the synthesis of nanoparticles in reactors having a micrometer length scale. The integration of nanoparticle and microreactor technologies delivers enormous opportunity and impetus for the further development of novel materials and reactors. In this article, recent achievements in the synthesis of nanoparticles in microfluidic reactors are reviewed. A variety of strategies for synthesizing nanoparticles are presented and compared, including continuous flow, gas-liquid segmented flow and droplet-based microreactors. Different categories of nanoparticles manufactured in microreactors are summarized to highlight the wide application of microfluidic systems in the development of novel nanomaterials. The control of nanoparticle synthesis is also briefly discussed.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/9848700" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="1a0ac20b2e70769b6e3cd2f1ea67c50f" rel="nofollow" data-download="{&quot;attachment_id&quot;:47629448,&quot;asset_id&quot;:9848700,&quot;asset_type&quot;:&quot;Work&quot;,&quot;always_allow_download&quot;:false,&quot;track&quot;:null,&quot;button_location&quot;:&quot;work_strip&quot;,&quot;source&quot;:null,&quot;hide_modal&quot;:null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/47629448/download_file?st=MTc0MDA4MTUzMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by&nbsp;<span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="23865362" href="https://independent.academia.edu/LizhongHe">Lizhong He</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="23865362" type="text/json">{"id":23865362,"first_name":"Lizhong","last_name":"He","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"LizhongHe","display_name":"Lizhong He","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/LizhongHe?f_ri=176526","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_9848700 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="9848700"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 9848700, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_9848700", }); 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The advent of microfluidic technology provides alternative strategies for the synthesis of nanoparticles in reactors having a micrometer length scale. The integration of nanoparticle and microreactor technologies delivers enormous opportunity and impetus for the further development of novel materials and reactors. In this article, recent achievements in the synthesis of nanoparticles in microfluidic reactors are reviewed. A variety of strategies for synthesizing nanoparticles are presented and compared, including continuous flow, gas-liquid segmented flow and droplet-based microreactors. Different categories of nanoparticles manufactured in microreactors are summarized to highlight the wide application of microfluidic systems in the development of novel nanomaterials. The control of nanoparticle synthesis is also briefly discussed.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":47629448,"asset_id":9848700,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":23865362,"first_name":"Lizhong","last_name":"He","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"LizhongHe","display_name":"Lizhong He","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/LizhongHe?f_ri=176526","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":60,"name":"Mechanical Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mechanical_Engineering?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true},{"id":72,"name":"Chemical Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemical_Engineering?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true},{"id":2435,"name":"Fluid Mechanics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fluid_Mechanics?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true},{"id":2721,"name":"Microfluidics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microfluidics?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true},{"id":8950,"name":"Nanoparticle","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nanoparticle?f_ri=176526"},{"id":13621,"name":"Nanoparticles","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nanoparticles?f_ri=176526"},{"id":171623,"name":"Droplets","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Droplets?f_ri=176526"},{"id":176526,"name":"Droplet","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Droplet?f_ri=176526"},{"id":417933,"name":"Continuous Flow","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Continuous_Flow?f_ri=176526"},{"id":537857,"name":"Microreactor","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microreactor?f_ri=176526"},{"id":552191,"name":"Reactor","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Reactor?f_ri=176526"},{"id":595175,"name":"Chemical Engineering Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemical_Engineering_Science?f_ri=176526"},{"id":2436628,"name":"Microfluidic","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microfluidic?f_ri=176526"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_27324910" data-work_id="27324910" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/27324910/Determination_of_water_droplet_size_distribution_in_butter_Pulsed_field_gradient_NMR_in_comparison_with_confocal_scanning_laser_microscopy">Determination of water droplet size distribution in butter: Pulsed field gradient NMR in comparison with confocal scanning laser microscopy</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The size of the water droplets in butter determines its microbial stability and sensorial properties. In this work, two techniques to determine the water droplet size distribution in butter were compared, namely confocal scanning laser... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_27324910" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The size of the water droplets in butter determines its microbial stability and sensorial properties. In this work, two techniques to determine the water droplet size distribution in butter were compared, namely confocal scanning laser microscopy (CSLM) and pulsed field gradient nuclear magnetic resonance (pfg-NMR). Six commercial butters from different manufacturers were studied. CSLM proved to be a good method to obtain visual information on the microstructure of the butter, but its limited resolution makes it less suitable for the accurate determination of droplet size distributions containing an important fraction of submicron particles. pfg-NMR gives no visual information, but sample preparation, measurement and data analysis are less time consuming. This method yields reproducible quantitative information. However, the accuracy depends on the correctness of the assumptions made. For all samples, except the one containing the biggest droplets, significantly different results were obtained by both techniques. r</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/27324910" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="caa57c2bedc55e76c9f6f4e26b2f47ee" rel="nofollow" data-download="{&quot;attachment_id&quot;:47581898,&quot;asset_id&quot;:27324910,&quot;asset_type&quot;:&quot;Work&quot;,&quot;always_allow_download&quot;:false,&quot;track&quot;:null,&quot;button_location&quot;:&quot;work_strip&quot;,&quot;source&quot;:null,&quot;hide_modal&quot;:null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/47581898/download_file?st=MTc0MDA4MTUzMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by&nbsp;<span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="101442" href="https://ugent.academia.edu/patrickVanOostveldt">patrick Van Oostveldt</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="101442" type="text/json">{"id":101442,"first_name":"patrick","last_name":"Van Oostveldt","domain_name":"ugent","page_name":"patrickVanOostveldt","display_name":"patrick Van Oostveldt","profile_url":"https://ugent.academia.edu/patrickVanOostveldt?f_ri=176526","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/101442/4158893/4844585/s65_patrick.van_oostveldt.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_27324910 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="27324910"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 27324910, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_27324910", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=27324910]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_27324910").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_27324910").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="27324910"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>&nbsp;&nbsp;<a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">17</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;</div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2215" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Water">Water</a>,&nbsp;<script data-card-contents-for-ri="2215" type="text/json">{"id":2215,"name":"Water","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Water?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4205" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Data_Analysis">Data Analysis</a>,&nbsp;<script data-card-contents-for-ri="4205" type="text/json">{"id":4205,"name":"Data Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Data_Analysis?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7333" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nuclear_Magnetic_Resonance">Nuclear Magnetic Resonance</a>,&nbsp;<script data-card-contents-for-ri="7333" type="text/json">{"id":7333,"name":"Nuclear Magnetic Resonance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nuclear_Magnetic_Resonance?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="18533" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Confocal_Microscopy">Confocal Microscopy</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="18533" type="text/json">{"id":18533,"name":"Confocal Microscopy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Confocal_Microscopy?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=27324910]'), work: {"id":27324910,"title":"Determination of water droplet size distribution in butter: Pulsed field gradient NMR in comparison with confocal scanning laser microscopy","created_at":"2016-07-27T22:36:18.911-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/27324910/Determination_of_water_droplet_size_distribution_in_butter_Pulsed_field_gradient_NMR_in_comparison_with_confocal_scanning_laser_microscopy?f_ri=176526","dom_id":"work_27324910","summary":"The size of the water droplets in butter determines its microbial stability and sensorial properties. In this work, two techniques to determine the water droplet size distribution in butter were compared, namely confocal scanning laser microscopy (CSLM) and pulsed field gradient nuclear magnetic resonance (pfg-NMR). Six commercial butters from different manufacturers were studied. CSLM proved to be a good method to obtain visual information on the microstructure of the butter, but its limited resolution makes it less suitable for the accurate determination of droplet size distributions containing an important fraction of submicron particles. pfg-NMR gives no visual information, but sample preparation, measurement and data analysis are less time consuming. This method yields reproducible quantitative information. However, the accuracy depends on the correctness of the assumptions made. For all samples, except the one containing the biggest droplets, significantly different results were obtained by both techniques. r","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":47581898,"asset_id":27324910,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":101442,"first_name":"patrick","last_name":"Van Oostveldt","domain_name":"ugent","page_name":"patrickVanOostveldt","display_name":"patrick Van Oostveldt","profile_url":"https://ugent.academia.edu/patrickVanOostveldt?f_ri=176526","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/101442/4158893/4844585/s65_patrick.van_oostveldt.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":2215,"name":"Water","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Water?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true},{"id":4205,"name":"Data Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Data_Analysis?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true},{"id":7333,"name":"Nuclear Magnetic Resonance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nuclear_Magnetic_Resonance?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true},{"id":18533,"name":"Confocal Microscopy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Confocal_Microscopy?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true},{"id":32910,"name":"Sample Preparation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sample_Preparation?f_ri=176526"},{"id":35287,"name":"DISTRIBUTION","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/DISTRIBUTION?f_ri=176526"},{"id":176526,"name":"Droplet","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Droplet?f_ri=176526"},{"id":181926,"name":"Dairy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dairy?f_ri=176526"},{"id":244814,"name":"Clinical Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Clinical_Sciences?f_ri=176526"},{"id":473797,"name":"Microstructures","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microstructures?f_ri=176526"},{"id":492043,"name":"Size","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Size?f_ri=176526"},{"id":512940,"name":"Sensory properties","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sensory_properties?f_ri=176526"},{"id":549122,"name":"Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Confocal_Laser_Scanning_Microscopy?f_ri=176526"},{"id":573653,"name":"Food Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Food_Sciences?f_ri=176526"},{"id":637974,"name":"Distribution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Distribution-3?f_ri=176526"},{"id":1127401,"name":"Droplet Size Distribution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Droplet_Size_Distribution?f_ri=176526"},{"id":1681026,"name":"Biochemistry and cell biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biochemistry_and_cell_biology?f_ri=176526"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_32245801" data-work_id="32245801" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/32245801/Simulation_of_spray_turbulence_flame_interactions_in_a_lean_direct_injection_combustor">Simulation of spray�turbulence�flame interactions in a lean direct injection combustor</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Large-eddy simulation (LES) of a liquid-fueled lean-direct injection (LDI) combustor is carried out by resolving the entire inlet flow path through the swirl vanes and the combustor. A localized dynamic subgrid closure is combined with a... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_32245801" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Large-eddy simulation (LES) of a liquid-fueled lean-direct injection (LDI) combustor is carried out by resolving the entire inlet flow path through the swirl vanes and the combustor. A localized dynamic subgrid closure is combined with a subgrid mixing and combustion model so that no adjustable parameters are required. The inflow spray is specified by a Kelvin-Helmholtz (or aerodynamic) breakup model and compared with LES without breakup, where the incoming spray is approximated using measured data just downstream of the injector. Overall, both time-averaged gas and droplet velocity predictions compare well with the measured data. The major impact of breakup is on fuel evaporation in the vicinity of the injector. Further downstream, a broad spectrum of drop sizes are recovered by the breakup simulation and produces spray quality, as in the no-breakup case. It is shown that the vortex breakdown bubble (VBB) is smaller with more intense reverse flow when there is heat release. The swirling shear layer plays a major role in spray dispersion and the VBB provides an efficient flame-holding mechanism to stabilize the flame. Unsteady features such as the efficient dispersion of the spray by the precessing vortex core (PVC) are well captured. Flame structure analysis using the Takeno flame index shows the presence of a diffusion flame in the central portion, whereas premixed burning mode is observed farther away. Instantaneous thermochemical states of fuel-air mixing and oxidation indicate significant departure from the gaseous diffusion limits, consistent with earlier observations. Additionally, particle-particle and particle-gas correlations are analyzed and discussed. (S. Menon).</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/32245801" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="bf077e440654f68ade85a6d74e2856c1" rel="nofollow" data-download="{&quot;attachment_id&quot;:52467789,&quot;asset_id&quot;:32245801,&quot;asset_type&quot;:&quot;Work&quot;,&quot;always_allow_download&quot;:false,&quot;track&quot;:null,&quot;button_location&quot;:&quot;work_strip&quot;,&quot;source&quot;:null,&quot;hide_modal&quot;:null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/52467789/download_file?st=MTc0MDA4MTUzMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by&nbsp;<span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="9095444" href="https://andhrauniversity.academia.edu/smenon">suresh menon</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="9095444" type="text/json">{"id":9095444,"first_name":"suresh","last_name":"menon","domain_name":"andhrauniversity","page_name":"smenon","display_name":"suresh menon","profile_url":"https://andhrauniversity.academia.edu/smenon?f_ri=176526","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/9095444/15264951/15931133/s65_suresh.menon.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_32245801 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="32245801"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 32245801, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_32245801", }); 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A localized dynamic subgrid closure is combined with a subgrid mixing and combustion model so that no adjustable parameters are required. The inflow spray is specified by a Kelvin-Helmholtz (or aerodynamic) breakup model and compared with LES without breakup, where the incoming spray is approximated using measured data just downstream of the injector. Overall, both time-averaged gas and droplet velocity predictions compare well with the measured data. The major impact of breakup is on fuel evaporation in the vicinity of the injector. Further downstream, a broad spectrum of drop sizes are recovered by the breakup simulation and produces spray quality, as in the no-breakup case. It is shown that the vortex breakdown bubble (VBB) is smaller with more intense reverse flow when there is heat release. The swirling shear layer plays a major role in spray dispersion and the VBB provides an efficient flame-holding mechanism to stabilize the flame. Unsteady features such as the efficient dispersion of the spray by the precessing vortex core (PVC) are well captured. Flame structure analysis using the Takeno flame index shows the presence of a diffusion flame in the central portion, whereas premixed burning mode is observed farther away. Instantaneous thermochemical states of fuel-air mixing and oxidation indicate significant departure from the gaseous diffusion limits, consistent with earlier observations. Additionally, particle-particle and particle-gas correlations are analyzed and discussed. (S. Menon).","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":52467789,"asset_id":32245801,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":9095444,"first_name":"suresh","last_name":"menon","domain_name":"andhrauniversity","page_name":"smenon","display_name":"suresh menon","profile_url":"https://andhrauniversity.academia.edu/smenon?f_ri=176526","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/9095444/15264951/15931133/s65_suresh.menon.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":60,"name":"Mechanical Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mechanical_Engineering?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true},{"id":72,"name":"Chemical Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemical_Engineering?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true},{"id":2802,"name":"Turbulence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Turbulence?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true},{"id":6263,"name":"Combustion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Combustion?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true},{"id":10717,"name":"Large Eddy Simulation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Large_Eddy_Simulation?f_ri=176526"},{"id":10875,"name":"Aerodynamics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aerodynamics?f_ri=176526"},{"id":13268,"name":"Evaporation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evaporation?f_ri=176526"},{"id":42811,"name":"Mixing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mixing?f_ri=176526"},{"id":47297,"name":"Automotive Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Automotive_Engineering?f_ri=176526"},{"id":176526,"name":"Droplet","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Droplet?f_ri=176526"},{"id":184909,"name":"Structure Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Structure_Analysis?f_ri=176526"},{"id":291387,"name":"Mathematical Model","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mathematical_Model?f_ri=176526"},{"id":321836,"name":"Spectrum","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Spectrum?f_ri=176526"},{"id":365796,"name":"Fuel injection","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fuel_injection?f_ri=176526"},{"id":563382,"name":"Oxidation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Oxidation?f_ri=176526"},{"id":749302,"name":"Indexation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Indexation?f_ri=176526"},{"id":832176,"name":"Diffusion Flame","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Diffusion_Flame?f_ri=176526"},{"id":891609,"name":"Combustion Chamber","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Combustion_Chamber?f_ri=176526"},{"id":981786,"name":"Large Eddy Simulation(LES)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Large_Eddy_Simulation_LES_-1?f_ri=176526"},{"id":1333997,"name":"Direct Injection","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Direct_Injection?f_ri=176526"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_29311158" data-work_id="29311158" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/29311158/Surface_composition_of_industrial_spray_dried_milk_powders_2_Effects_of_spray_drying_conditions_on_the_surface_composition">Surface composition of industrial spray-dried milk powders. 2. Effects of spray drying conditions on the surface composition</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The effects of various spray drying conditions (feed solids content, drying temperature, degree of homogenization and initial droplet size) on the surface composition of industrial spray-dried milk powders (skim milk powder and whole milk... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_29311158" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The effects of various spray drying conditions (feed solids content, drying temperature, degree of homogenization and initial droplet size) on the surface composition of industrial spray-dried milk powders (skim milk powder and whole milk powder) were investigated. Experiments were performed in a laboratory-scale spray drier and the surface compositions of the powders were measured using electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA). For whole milk powder, the amount of surface free-fat was also measured as a complement to the surface composition estimated using ESCA. For both skim milk powder and whole milk powder, the surface composition of the powders was found to be determined to a large extent by the spray drying conditions employed. At higher feed solids content or drying temperature, less fat and protein appeared on the surface of the powders. Less redistribution of components seemed to occur within the drying droplet because of high viscosity and rapid crust formation. Increasing the number of homogenization passes reduced the fat globule size and consequently the amount of fat present on the powder surface. The initial droplet size did not have a significant effect on the range of particle sizes studied in this work. Strong interaction effects between the spray drying conditions were also found. The results suggest that a combination of spray drying conditions is necessary to control the surface composition of milk powders. Possible mechanisms behind the formation of the surface composition of industrial spray-dried milk powders were proposed based on the findings in this work and theoretical considerations.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/29311158" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="3714e113f84cfc692a7cb8f73d6722fd" rel="nofollow" data-download="{&quot;attachment_id&quot;:49751805,&quot;asset_id&quot;:29311158,&quot;asset_type&quot;:&quot;Work&quot;,&quot;always_allow_download&quot;:false,&quot;track&quot;:null,&quot;button_location&quot;:&quot;work_strip&quot;,&quot;source&quot;:null,&quot;hide_modal&quot;:null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/49751805/download_file?st=MTc0MDA4MTUzMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by&nbsp;<span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="55357656" href="https://independent.academia.edu/EstherKim58">Esther Kim</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="55357656" type="text/json">{"id":55357656,"first_name":"Esther","last_name":"Kim","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"EstherKim58","display_name":"Esther Kim","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/EstherKim58?f_ri=176526","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_29311158 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="29311158"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 29311158, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_29311158", }); 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Effects of spray drying conditions on the surface composition","created_at":"2016-10-20T16:46:52.225-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/29311158/Surface_composition_of_industrial_spray_dried_milk_powders_2_Effects_of_spray_drying_conditions_on_the_surface_composition?f_ri=176526","dom_id":"work_29311158","summary":"The effects of various spray drying conditions (feed solids content, drying temperature, degree of homogenization and initial droplet size) on the surface composition of industrial spray-dried milk powders (skim milk powder and whole milk powder) were investigated. Experiments were performed in a laboratory-scale spray drier and the surface compositions of the powders were measured using electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA). For whole milk powder, the amount of surface free-fat was also measured as a complement to the surface composition estimated using ESCA. For both skim milk powder and whole milk powder, the surface composition of the powders was found to be determined to a large extent by the spray drying conditions employed. At higher feed solids content or drying temperature, less fat and protein appeared on the surface of the powders. Less redistribution of components seemed to occur within the drying droplet because of high viscosity and rapid crust formation. Increasing the number of homogenization passes reduced the fat globule size and consequently the amount of fat present on the powder surface. The initial droplet size did not have a significant effect on the range of particle sizes studied in this work. Strong interaction effects between the spray drying conditions were also found. The results suggest that a combination of spray drying conditions is necessary to control the surface composition of milk powders. Possible mechanisms behind the formation of the surface composition of industrial spray-dried milk powders were proposed based on the findings in this work and theoretical considerations.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":49751805,"asset_id":29311158,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":55357656,"first_name":"Esther","last_name":"Kim","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"EstherKim58","display_name":"Esther Kim","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/EstherKim58?f_ri=176526","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":4468,"name":"Food Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Food_Engineering?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true},{"id":10655,"name":"Scanning Electron Microscopy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Scanning_Electron_Microscopy?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true},{"id":39718,"name":"Food Preservation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Food_Preservation?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true},{"id":45184,"name":"Homogenization","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Homogenization?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true},{"id":99837,"name":"Surface","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Surface?f_ri=176526"},{"id":133177,"name":"Temperature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Temperature?f_ri=176526"},{"id":176526,"name":"Droplet","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Droplet?f_ri=176526"},{"id":199967,"name":"Fluidized Bed","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fluidized_Bed?f_ri=176526"},{"id":341079,"name":"Storage","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Storage?f_ri=176526"},{"id":366316,"name":"Surfaces","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Surfaces?f_ri=176526"},{"id":386297,"name":"ESCA","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/ESCA?f_ri=176526"},{"id":390245,"name":"Particle Size","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Particle_Size?f_ri=176526"},{"id":403452,"name":"Warehousing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Warehousing?f_ri=176526"},{"id":485667,"name":"Moisture Content","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Moisture_Content?f_ri=176526"},{"id":490954,"name":"Fat","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fat?f_ri=176526"},{"id":492043,"name":"Size","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Size?f_ri=176526"},{"id":573653,"name":"Food Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Food_Sciences?f_ri=176526"},{"id":592549,"name":"Interaction effect","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Interaction_effect?f_ri=176526"},{"id":602903,"name":"Solid","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Solid?f_ri=176526"},{"id":903704,"name":"Melting Point","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Melting_Point?f_ri=176526"},{"id":908385,"name":"Long Term","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Long_Term?f_ri=176526"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_8008569" data-work_id="8008569" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/8008569/Spray_characterization_Numerical_prediction_of_Sauter_mean_diameter_and_droplet_size_distribution">Spray characterization: Numerical prediction of Sauter mean diameter and droplet size distribution</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">A simplified equation of the Nukiyama-Tanasawa type for droplet size distribution in sprays is obtained from the synergetic concept of entropy information, assuming spherical droplets and zero and infinity as their limit sizes. The... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_8008569" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">A simplified equation of the Nukiyama-Tanasawa type for droplet size distribution in sprays is obtained from the synergetic concept of entropy information, assuming spherical droplets and zero and infinity as their limit sizes. The introduction of Sauter mean diameter (SMD) definition in that equation yields a new distribution function dependent solely on SMD, which is calculated from available correlations for pressurejet and pre-filming airblast atomizers. For plain-jet airblast atomizers a new and dimensionally consistent correlation is determined. Several droplet size distributions are then predicted. Experimental data are compared with predictions of SMD; the agreement is satisfactory.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/8008569" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="97bd8b8d88f593781b54d05d4bce72d1" rel="nofollow" data-download="{&quot;attachment_id&quot;:48255269,&quot;asset_id&quot;:8008569,&quot;asset_type&quot;:&quot;Work&quot;,&quot;always_allow_download&quot;:false,&quot;track&quot;:null,&quot;button_location&quot;:&quot;work_strip&quot;,&quot;source&quot;:null,&quot;hide_modal&quot;:null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/48255269/download_file?st=MTc0MDA4MTUzMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by&nbsp;<span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="15333792" href="https://independent.academia.edu/PedroAndrade23">Pedro Andrade</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="15333792" type="text/json">{"id":15333792,"first_name":"Pedro","last_name":"Andrade","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"PedroAndrade23","display_name":"Pedro Andrade","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/PedroAndrade23?f_ri=176526","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/15333792/4135843/4819548/s65_pedro.andrade.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_8008569 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="8008569"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 8008569, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_8008569", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=8008569]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_8008569").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_8008569").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="8008569"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>&nbsp;&nbsp;<a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">13</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;</div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="60" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mechanical_Engineering">Mechanical Engineering</a>,&nbsp;<script data-card-contents-for-ri="60" type="text/json">{"id":60,"name":"Mechanical Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mechanical_Engineering?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="72" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemical_Engineering">Chemical Engineering</a>,&nbsp;<script data-card-contents-for-ri="72" type="text/json">{"id":72,"name":"Chemical Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemical_Engineering?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6263" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Combustion">Combustion</a>,&nbsp;<script data-card-contents-for-ri="6263" type="text/json">{"id":6263,"name":"Combustion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Combustion?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="16682" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mathematical_Modelling">Mathematical Modelling</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="16682" type="text/json">{"id":16682,"name":"Mathematical Modelling","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mathematical_Modelling?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=8008569]'), work: {"id":8008569,"title":"Spray characterization: Numerical prediction of Sauter mean diameter and droplet size distribution","created_at":"2014-08-18T01:22:21.697-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/8008569/Spray_characterization_Numerical_prediction_of_Sauter_mean_diameter_and_droplet_size_distribution?f_ri=176526","dom_id":"work_8008569","summary":"A simplified equation of the Nukiyama-Tanasawa type for droplet size distribution in sprays is obtained from the synergetic concept of entropy information, assuming spherical droplets and zero and infinity as their limit sizes. The introduction of Sauter mean diameter (SMD) definition in that equation yields a new distribution function dependent solely on SMD, which is calculated from available correlations for pressurejet and pre-filming airblast atomizers. For plain-jet airblast atomizers a new and dimensionally consistent correlation is determined. Several droplet size distributions are then predicted. Experimental data are compared with predictions of SMD; the agreement is satisfactory.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":48255269,"asset_id":8008569,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":15333792,"first_name":"Pedro","last_name":"Andrade","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"PedroAndrade23","display_name":"Pedro Andrade","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/PedroAndrade23?f_ri=176526","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/15333792/4135843/4819548/s65_pedro.andrade.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":60,"name":"Mechanical Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mechanical_Engineering?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true},{"id":72,"name":"Chemical Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemical_Engineering?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true},{"id":6263,"name":"Combustion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Combustion?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true},{"id":16682,"name":"Mathematical Modelling","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mathematical_Modelling?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true},{"id":17331,"name":"Oil and gas","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Oil_and_gas?f_ri=176526"},{"id":94845,"name":"Fuel","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fuel?f_ri=176526"},{"id":176526,"name":"Droplet","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Droplet?f_ri=176526"},{"id":390245,"name":"Particle Size","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Particle_Size?f_ri=176526"},{"id":666272,"name":"Calculations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Calculations?f_ri=176526"},{"id":1120502,"name":"Experimental Data","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Experimental_Data?f_ri=176526"},{"id":1127401,"name":"Droplet Size Distribution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Droplet_Size_Distribution?f_ri=176526"},{"id":1323263,"name":"Fuel Oils","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fuel_Oils?f_ri=176526"},{"id":1911835,"name":"Droplet Size","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Droplet_Size?f_ri=176526"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_12202572" data-work_id="12202572" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/12202572/Electrostatic_enhancement_of_coalescence_of_water_droplets_in_oil_a_review_of_the_current_understanding">Electrostatic enhancement of coalescence of water droplets in oil: a review of the current understanding</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This paper reviews the current understanding of electrocoalescence of water droplets in oil, highlighting particularly the mechanisms proposed for droplet–droplet and droplet–interface coalescence under the influence of an applied... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_12202572" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This paper reviews the current understanding of electrocoalescence of water droplets in oil, highlighting particularly the mechanisms proposed for droplet–droplet and droplet–interface coalescence under the influence of an applied electric field, as well as various factors influencing the ...</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/12202572" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" 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Current-hazard quantification software often employs... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_21871615" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The large-scale release of a liquid contained at upstream conditions above its local atmospheric boiling point is a scenario often given consideration in process industry risk analysis. Current-hazard quantification software often employs simplistic equilibrium two-phase approaches.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/21871615" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="c494c225c013ed06cdd35e6641171a2a" rel="nofollow" data-download="{&quot;attachment_id&quot;:42611945,&quot;asset_id&quot;:21871615,&quot;asset_type&quot;:&quot;Work&quot;,&quot;always_allow_download&quot;:false,&quot;track&quot;:null,&quot;button_location&quot;:&quot;work_strip&quot;,&quot;source&quot;:null,&quot;hide_modal&quot;:null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/42611945/download_file?st=MTc0MDA4MTUzMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by&nbsp;<span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="43107231" href="https://independent.academia.edu/BowenPhil">Phil Bowen</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="43107231" type="text/json">{"id":43107231,"first_name":"Phil","last_name":"Bowen","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"BowenPhil","display_name":"Phil Bowen","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/BowenPhil?f_ri=176526","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_21871615 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="21871615"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 21871615, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_21871615", }); 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u-tcGrayDarkest">A numerical procedure for the simulation of fogging and defogging phenomena is presented and is applied to the prediction of the demisting process on the glass door of a refrigerated closed display cabinet.</div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/30015579" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="ae0ca0a6c747133f885a99255b5632c8" rel="nofollow" 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href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Refrigeration">Refrigeration</a>,&nbsp;<script data-card-contents-for-ri="8065" type="text/json">{"id":8065,"name":"Refrigeration","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Refrigeration?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="13268" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evaporation">Evaporation</a>,&nbsp;<script data-card-contents-for-ri="13268" type="text/json">{"id":13268,"name":"Evaporation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evaporation?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="33661" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Heat_and_Mass_Transfer">Heat and Mass Transfer</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="33661" type="text/json">{"id":33661,"name":"Heat and Mass Transfer","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Heat_and_Mass_Transfer?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=30015579]'), work: {"id":30015579,"title":"Numerical simulation of glass doors fogging and defogging in refrigerated display cabinets","created_at":"2016-11-22T00:42:27.443-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/30015579/Numerical_simulation_of_glass_doors_fogging_and_defogging_in_refrigerated_display_cabinets?f_ri=176526","dom_id":"work_30015579","summary":"A numerical procedure for the simulation of fogging and defogging phenomena is presented and is applied to the prediction of the demisting process on the glass door of a refrigerated closed display cabinet.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":50472587,"asset_id":30015579,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":57042528,"first_name":"Giulio","last_name":"Croce","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"CroceGiulio","display_name":"Giulio Croce","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/CroceGiulio?f_ri=176526","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":60,"name":"Mechanical Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mechanical_Engineering?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true},{"id":8065,"name":"Refrigeration","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Refrigeration?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true},{"id":13268,"name":"Evaporation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evaporation?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true},{"id":33661,"name":"Heat and Mass Transfer","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Heat_and_Mass_Transfer?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true},{"id":60658,"name":"Numerical Simulation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Numerical_Simulation?f_ri=176526"},{"id":154921,"name":"Fog","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fog?f_ri=176526"},{"id":176526,"name":"Droplet","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Droplet?f_ri=176526"},{"id":186189,"name":"Heat transfer coefficient","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Heat_transfer_coefficient?f_ri=176526"},{"id":349983,"name":"Procedure","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Procedure?f_ri=176526"},{"id":554780,"name":"Interdisciplinary Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Interdisciplinary_Engineering?f_ri=176526"},{"id":634545,"name":"Condensation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Condensation?f_ri=176526"},{"id":641466,"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Applied_Thermal_Engineering?f_ri=176526"},{"id":661889,"name":"Convective Heat Transfer","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Convective_Heat_Transfer?f_ri=176526"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_28679247" data-work_id="28679247" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/28679247/Origin_and_secretion_of_milk_lipids">Origin and secretion of milk lipids</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The cream fraction of milk comprises droplets of triacylglycerol coated with cellular membranes. In this review, we discuss how these droplets are formed and secreted from mammary epithelial cells during lactation. This secretory system... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_28679247" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The cream fraction of milk comprises droplets of triacylglycerol coated with cellular membranes. In this review, we discuss how these droplets are formed and secreted from mammary epithelial cells during lactation. This secretory system is especially interesting because the assembled lipid droplets are secreted from the cytoplasm enveloped by cellular membranes. In other cells, such as hepatocytes and enterocytes, lipid is secreted by exocytosis from membrane-bounded compartments of the secretory pathway. Milk lipids originate as small droplets of triacylglycerol, synthesized in or on the surfaces of rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER) 4 membranes. These droplets are released into the cytoplasm as microlipid droplets (MLDs) with a surface coat of protein and polar lipid. MLDs may fuse with each other to form larger cytoplasmic lipid droplets (CLDs). Droplets of varying size, are transported to the apical cytoplasm by unknown mechanisms and are secreted from the cell coated with an outer bilayer membrane. CLDs may increase in size in all regions of the cell, especially at the plasma membrane during secretion. Two possible mechanisms for lipid secretion have been proposed: an apical mechanism, in which lipid droplets are enveloped with apical plasma membrane, and a secretory-vesicle mechanism, in which fat droplets are surrounded by secretory vesicles in the cytoplasm and are released from the surface by exocytosis from intracytoplasmic vacuoles. A combination of both mechanisms may be possible. Following secretion, a fraction of the membrane surrounding the globules may be shed from the droplets and give rise to membrane fragments in the skim milk phase. standing at unit gravity, or by low-speed centrifugation. versity, ered by high-speed centrifugation as a fluffy membrane 4 Abbreviations: adipocyte differentiation related protein (ADRP); layer which collects on top of the sedimented casein. cytoplasmic lipid droplet (CLD); endoplasmic reticulum (ER); Over 99% of the lipid in cow&#39; s milk is contained microlipid droplet (MLD); milk-lipid-globule membrane (MLGM); skim-milk membrane (SMM).</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/28679247" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="5c510de613dd4278e3fd4fdd5c568652" rel="nofollow" data-download="{&quot;attachment_id&quot;:49062757,&quot;asset_id&quot;:28679247,&quot;asset_type&quot;:&quot;Work&quot;,&quot;always_allow_download&quot;:false,&quot;track&quot;:null,&quot;button_location&quot;:&quot;work_strip&quot;,&quot;source&quot;:null,&quot;hide_modal&quot;:null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/49062757/download_file?st=MTc0MDA4MTUzMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by&nbsp;<span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="53603322" href="https://independent.academia.edu/IanMather">Ian Mather</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="53603322" type="text/json">{"id":53603322,"first_name":"Ian","last_name":"Mather","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"IanMather","display_name":"Ian Mather","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/IanMather?f_ri=176526","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_28679247 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="28679247"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 28679247, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_28679247", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_28679247 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 28679247; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_28679247"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_28679247 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="28679247"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 28679247; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=28679247]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_28679247").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_28679247").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="28679247"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>&nbsp;&nbsp;<a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">14</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;</div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2458" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mammary_Gland_Biology">Mammary Gland Biology</a>,&nbsp;<script data-card-contents-for-ri="2458" type="text/json">{"id":2458,"name":"Mammary Gland Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mammary_Gland_Biology?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="87023" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Secretory_Pathway">Secretory Pathway</a>,&nbsp;<script data-card-contents-for-ri="87023" type="text/json">{"id":87023,"name":"Secretory Pathway","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Secretory_Pathway?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="122187" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Endoplasmic_Reticulum">Endoplasmic Reticulum</a>,&nbsp;<script data-card-contents-for-ri="122187" type="text/json">{"id":122187,"name":"Endoplasmic Reticulum","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Endoplasmic_Reticulum?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="176526" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Droplet">Droplet</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="176526" type="text/json">{"id":176526,"name":"Droplet","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Droplet?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=28679247]'), work: {"id":28679247,"title":"Origin and secretion of milk lipids","created_at":"2016-09-23T06:40:41.862-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/28679247/Origin_and_secretion_of_milk_lipids?f_ri=176526","dom_id":"work_28679247","summary":"The cream fraction of milk comprises droplets of triacylglycerol coated with cellular membranes. In this review, we discuss how these droplets are formed and secreted from mammary epithelial cells during lactation. This secretory system is especially interesting because the assembled lipid droplets are secreted from the cytoplasm enveloped by cellular membranes. In other cells, such as hepatocytes and enterocytes, lipid is secreted by exocytosis from membrane-bounded compartments of the secretory pathway. Milk lipids originate as small droplets of triacylglycerol, synthesized in or on the surfaces of rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER) 4 membranes. These droplets are released into the cytoplasm as microlipid droplets (MLDs) with a surface coat of protein and polar lipid. MLDs may fuse with each other to form larger cytoplasmic lipid droplets (CLDs). Droplets of varying size, are transported to the apical cytoplasm by unknown mechanisms and are secreted from the cell coated with an outer bilayer membrane. CLDs may increase in size in all regions of the cell, especially at the plasma membrane during secretion. Two possible mechanisms for lipid secretion have been proposed: an apical mechanism, in which lipid droplets are enveloped with apical plasma membrane, and a secretory-vesicle mechanism, in which fat droplets are surrounded by secretory vesicles in the cytoplasm and are released from the surface by exocytosis from intracytoplasmic vacuoles. A combination of both mechanisms may be possible. Following secretion, a fraction of the membrane surrounding the globules may be shed from the droplets and give rise to membrane fragments in the skim milk phase. standing at unit gravity, or by low-speed centrifugation. versity, ered by high-speed centrifugation as a fluffy membrane 4 Abbreviations: adipocyte differentiation related protein (ADRP); layer which collects on top of the sedimented casein. cytoplasmic lipid droplet (CLD); endoplasmic reticulum (ER); Over 99% of the lipid in cow' s milk is contained microlipid droplet (MLD); milk-lipid-globule membrane (MLGM); skim-milk membrane (SMM).","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":49062757,"asset_id":28679247,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":53603322,"first_name":"Ian","last_name":"Mather","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"IanMather","display_name":"Ian Mather","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/IanMather?f_ri=176526","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":2458,"name":"Mammary Gland Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mammary_Gland_Biology?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true},{"id":87023,"name":"Secretory Pathway","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Secretory_Pathway?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true},{"id":122187,"name":"Endoplasmic Reticulum","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Endoplasmic_Reticulum?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true},{"id":176526,"name":"Droplet","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Droplet?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true},{"id":227299,"name":"Triglycerides","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Triglycerides?f_ri=176526"},{"id":238368,"name":"Milk","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Milk?f_ri=176526"},{"id":244814,"name":"Clinical Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Clinical_Sciences?f_ri=176526"},{"id":379416,"name":"Epithelial cells","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Epithelial_cells?f_ri=176526"},{"id":758900,"name":"Lipid bilayers","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lipid_bilayers?f_ri=176526"},{"id":1242344,"name":"Plasma Membrane","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Plasma_Membrane?f_ri=176526"},{"id":1490737,"name":"Secretion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Secretion?f_ri=176526"},{"id":1546570,"name":"Xanthine Oxidase","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Xanthine_Oxidase?f_ri=176526"},{"id":2032101,"name":"Intracellular","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Intracellular?f_ri=176526"},{"id":2468093,"name":"Cell Membrane","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cell_Membrane?f_ri=176526"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_33706724 coauthored" data-work_id="33706724" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/33706724/Impact_of_a_heterogeneous_liquid_droplet_on_a_dry_surface_Application_to_the_pharmaceutical_industry">Impact of a heterogeneous liquid droplet on a dry surface: Application to the pharmaceutical industry</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Droplet impact has been studied for over a hundred years dating back to the pioneering work of Worthington . In fact, much of his ingenuity contributed to modern day high speed photography. Over the past 40 years significant contributions... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_33706724" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Droplet impact has been studied for over a hundred years dating back to the pioneering work of Worthington . In fact, much of his ingenuity contributed to modern day high speed photography. Over the past 40 years significant contributions in theoretical, numerical, and experimental work have been made. Droplet impact is a problem of fundamental importance due to the wealth of applications involved, namely, spray coating, spray painting, delivery of agricultural chemicals, spray cooling, inkjet printing, soil erosion due to rain drop impact, and turbine wear. Here we highlight one specific application, spray coating. Although most studies have focused their efforts on low viscosity Newtonian fluids, many industrial applications such as spray coating utilize more viscous and complex rheology liquids. Determining dominant effects and quantifying their behavior for colloidal suspensions and polymer solutions remains a challenge and thus has eluded much effort. In the last decade, it has been shown that introducing polymers to Newtonian solutions inhibits the rebounding of a drop upon impact, Bergeron et al. . Furthermore Bartolo et al. concluded that the normal stress component of the elongational viscosity was responsible for the rebounding inhibition of polymer based non-Newtonian solutions. We aim to uncover the drop impact dynamics of highly viscous Newtonian and complex rheology liquids used in pharmaceutical coating processes. The generation and impact of drops of mm and μm size drops of coating liquids and glycerol/water mixtures on tablet surfaces are systematically studied over a range of We ∼ O(1-300), Oh ∼ O(10 − 2 -1), and Re ∼ O(1-700). We extend the range of Oh to values above 1, which are not available to previous studies of droplet impacts. Outcomes reveal that splashing and rebounding are completely inhibited and the role of wettability is negligible in the early stages of impact. The maximum spreading diameter of the drop is compared with three models demonstrating reasonable agreement.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/33706724" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="d3aa47a0cf4b356e3ebe9ec4c0e80bbd" rel="nofollow" data-download="{&quot;attachment_id&quot;:53705633,&quot;asset_id&quot;:33706724,&quot;asset_type&quot;:&quot;Work&quot;,&quot;always_allow_download&quot;:false,&quot;track&quot;:null,&quot;button_location&quot;:&quot;work_strip&quot;,&quot;source&quot;:null,&quot;hide_modal&quot;:null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/53705633/download_file?st=MTc0MDA4MTUzMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by&nbsp;<span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="66212517" href="https://independent.academia.edu/DBolleddula">D. Bolleddula</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="66212517" type="text/json">{"id":66212517,"first_name":"D.","last_name":"Bolleddula","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"DBolleddula","display_name":"D. Bolleddula","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/DBolleddula?f_ri=176526","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text">&nbsp;and&nbsp;<span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-33706724">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-33706724"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://u-washington.academia.edu/AlbertoAliseda">Alberto Aliseda</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-33706724'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-33706724').html(); } } new HoverPopover(popoverSettings); })();</script></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_33706724 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="33706724"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 33706724, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_33706724", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_33706724 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 33706724; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_33706724"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_33706724 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="33706724"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 33706724; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=33706724]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_33706724").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_33706724").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="33706724"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>&nbsp;&nbsp;<a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">25</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;</div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="48" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering">Engineering</a>,&nbsp;<script data-card-contents-for-ri="48" type="text/json">{"id":48,"name":"Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2215" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Water">Water</a>,&nbsp;<script data-card-contents-for-ri="2215" type="text/json">{"id":2215,"name":"Water","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Water?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7598" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rheology">Rheology</a>,&nbsp;<script data-card-contents-for-ri="7598" type="text/json">{"id":7598,"name":"Rheology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rheology?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="46182" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pharmaceutical_industry">Pharmaceutical industry</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="46182" type="text/json">{"id":46182,"name":"Pharmaceutical industry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pharmaceutical_industry?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=33706724]'), work: {"id":33706724,"title":"Impact of a heterogeneous liquid droplet on a dry surface: Application to the pharmaceutical industry","created_at":"2017-06-29T12:43:55.080-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/33706724/Impact_of_a_heterogeneous_liquid_droplet_on_a_dry_surface_Application_to_the_pharmaceutical_industry?f_ri=176526","dom_id":"work_33706724","summary":"Droplet impact has been studied for over a hundred years dating back to the pioneering work of Worthington . In fact, much of his ingenuity contributed to modern day high speed photography. Over the past 40 years significant contributions in theoretical, numerical, and experimental work have been made. Droplet impact is a problem of fundamental importance due to the wealth of applications involved, namely, spray coating, spray painting, delivery of agricultural chemicals, spray cooling, inkjet printing, soil erosion due to rain drop impact, and turbine wear. Here we highlight one specific application, spray coating. Although most studies have focused their efforts on low viscosity Newtonian fluids, many industrial applications such as spray coating utilize more viscous and complex rheology liquids. Determining dominant effects and quantifying their behavior for colloidal suspensions and polymer solutions remains a challenge and thus has eluded much effort. In the last decade, it has been shown that introducing polymers to Newtonian solutions inhibits the rebounding of a drop upon impact, Bergeron et al. . Furthermore Bartolo et al. concluded that the normal stress component of the elongational viscosity was responsible for the rebounding inhibition of polymer based non-Newtonian solutions. We aim to uncover the drop impact dynamics of highly viscous Newtonian and complex rheology liquids used in pharmaceutical coating processes. The generation and impact of drops of mm and μm size drops of coating liquids and glycerol/water mixtures on tablet surfaces are systematically studied over a range of We ∼ O(1-300), Oh ∼ O(10 − 2 -1), and Re ∼ O(1-700). We extend the range of Oh to values above 1, which are not available to previous studies of droplet impacts. Outcomes reveal that splashing and rebounding are completely inhibited and the role of wettability is negligible in the early stages of impact. The maximum spreading diameter of the drop is compared with three models demonstrating reasonable agreement.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":53705633,"asset_id":33706724,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":66212517,"first_name":"D.","last_name":"Bolleddula","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"DBolleddula","display_name":"D. Bolleddula","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/DBolleddula?f_ri=176526","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"},{"id":37465783,"first_name":"Alberto","last_name":"Aliseda","domain_name":"u-washington","page_name":"AlbertoAliseda","display_name":"Alberto Aliseda","profile_url":"https://u-washington.academia.edu/AlbertoAliseda?f_ri=176526","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":48,"name":"Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true},{"id":2215,"name":"Water","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Water?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true},{"id":7598,"name":"Rheology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rheology?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true},{"id":46182,"name":"Pharmaceutical industry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pharmaceutical_industry?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true},{"id":62320,"name":"Dynamics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dynamics?f_ri=176526"},{"id":65140,"name":"Models","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Models?f_ri=176526"},{"id":72548,"name":"Soil Erosion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Soil_Erosion?f_ri=176526"},{"id":102724,"name":"Wettability","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Wettability?f_ri=176526"},{"id":109384,"name":"Viscosity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Viscosity?f_ri=176526"},{"id":149166,"name":"Impact","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Impact?f_ri=176526"},{"id":156319,"name":"Soils","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Soils?f_ri=176526"},{"id":169070,"name":"Sol","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sol?f_ri=176526"},{"id":176526,"name":"Droplet","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Droplet?f_ri=176526"},{"id":245964,"name":"Industrial Application","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Industrial_Application?f_ri=176526"},{"id":260118,"name":"CHEMICAL SCIENCES","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CHEMICAL_SCIENCES?f_ri=176526"},{"id":283379,"name":"Glycerol","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Glycerol?f_ri=176526"},{"id":317745,"name":"High Speed","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/High_Speed?f_ri=176526"},{"id":390245,"name":"Particle Size","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Particle_Size?f_ri=176526"},{"id":391258,"name":"Polymer Solution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Polymer_Solution?f_ri=176526"},{"id":440924,"name":"Surface Properties","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Surface_Properties?f_ri=176526"},{"id":799602,"name":"DROP","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/DROP?f_ri=176526"},{"id":871208,"name":"Newtonian Fluid","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Newtonian_Fluid?f_ri=176526"},{"id":957553,"name":"Drug Industry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Drug_Industry?f_ri=176526"},{"id":1029319,"name":"Diameter","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Diameter?f_ri=176526"},{"id":1370544,"name":"Colloidal Suspension","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Colloidal_Suspension?f_ri=176526"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_10315465" data-work_id="10315465" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/10315465/Anthropogenic_climate_change_for_1860_to_2100_simulated_with_the_HadCM3_model_under_updated_emissions_scenarios">Anthropogenic climate change for 1860 to 2100 simulated with the HadCM3 model under updated emissions scenarios</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul 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class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">21</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;</div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="415" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Oceanography">Oceanography</a>,&nbsp;<script data-card-contents-for-ri="415" type="text/json">{"id":415,"name":"Oceanography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Oceanography?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1512" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Climate_Change">Climate Change</a>,&nbsp;<script data-card-contents-for-ri="1512" type="text/json">{"id":1512,"name":"Climate Change","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Climate_Change?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2549" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hydrology">Hydrology</a>,&nbsp;<script data-card-contents-for-ri="2549" type="text/json">{"id":2549,"name":"Hydrology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hydrology?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3755" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Meteorology">Meteorology</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="3755" type="text/json">{"id":3755,"name":"Meteorology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Meteorology?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=10315465]'), work: {"id":10315465,"title":"Anthropogenic climate change for 1860 to 2100 simulated with the HadCM3 model under updated emissions scenarios","created_at":"2015-01-24T13:37:46.067-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/10315465/Anthropogenic_climate_change_for_1860_to_2100_simulated_with_the_HadCM3_model_under_updated_emissions_scenarios?f_ri=176526","dom_id":"work_10315465","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":47442155,"asset_id":10315465,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":25281756,"first_name":"andy","last_name":"jones","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"andyjones22","display_name":"andy jones","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/andyjones22?f_ri=176526","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":415,"name":"Oceanography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Oceanography?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true},{"id":1512,"name":"Climate Change","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Climate_Change?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true},{"id":2549,"name":"Hydrology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hydrology?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true},{"id":3755,"name":"Meteorology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Meteorology?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true},{"id":5471,"name":"South Asia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asia?f_ri=176526"},{"id":40032,"name":"Monsoon","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Monsoon?f_ri=176526"},{"id":44261,"name":"Stratosphere","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Stratosphere?f_ri=176526"},{"id":50268,"name":"Climate Dynamics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Climate_Dynamics?f_ri=176526"},{"id":60285,"name":"Atmospheric sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Atmospheric_sciences?f_ri=176526"},{"id":60658,"name":"Numerical Simulation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Numerical_Simulation?f_ri=176526"},{"id":61603,"name":"Uncertainty","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Uncertainty?f_ri=176526"},{"id":83845,"name":"Sulfur Cycle","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sulfur_Cycle?f_ri=176526"},{"id":176526,"name":"Droplet","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Droplet?f_ri=176526"},{"id":251654,"name":"Greenhouse Gas","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Greenhouse_Gas?f_ri=176526"},{"id":380824,"name":"Ozone","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ozone?f_ri=176526"},{"id":431115,"name":"Natural and anthropogenic climate change","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Natural_and_anthropogenic_climate_change?f_ri=176526"},{"id":492043,"name":"Size","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Size?f_ri=176526"},{"id":608567,"name":"Interaction model","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Interaction_model?f_ri=176526"},{"id":758278,"name":"Large Scale","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Large_Scale?f_ri=176526"},{"id":1142491,"name":"Forcing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Forcing?f_ri=176526"},{"id":1911835,"name":"Droplet Size","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Droplet_Size?f_ri=176526"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_6108930" data-work_id="6108930" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/6108930/Droplet_size_determination_in_food_emulsions_comparison_of_ultrasonic_and_light_scattering_methods">Droplet size determination in food emulsions: comparison of ultrasonic and light scattering methods</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Ultrasonic velocity and attenuation spectra (1±5 MHz) were measured for a series of corn-oil-in-water emulsions (20 wt% oil in 2 wt% polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurate) with a range of dierent mean droplet diameters (0.5±1.5 lm).... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_6108930" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Ultrasonic velocity and attenuation spectra (1±5 MHz) were measured for a series of corn-oil-in-water emulsions (20 wt% oil in 2 wt% polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurate) with a range of dierent mean droplet diameters (0.5±1.5 lm). Multiple scattering theory was used to calculate mean diameters for each emulsion from both spectra. Droplet size was also determined using two commercial light scattering instruments. All techniques showed the same general trend of decreased size with increased degree of homogenization but there was only limited quantitative agreement between the various measurement techniques. Ó</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/6108930" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="0c00f4012f7f32df5321d25bc194557c" rel="nofollow" data-download="{&quot;attachment_id&quot;:49016669,&quot;asset_id&quot;:6108930,&quot;asset_type&quot;:&quot;Work&quot;,&quot;always_allow_download&quot;:false,&quot;track&quot;:null,&quot;button_location&quot;:&quot;work_strip&quot;,&quot;source&quot;:null,&quot;hide_modal&quot;:null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/49016669/download_file?st=MTc0MDA4MTUzMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by&nbsp;<span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="9236326" href="https://personal-psu.academia.edu/JohnCoupland">John Coupland</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="9236326" type="text/json">{"id":9236326,"first_name":"John","last_name":"Coupland","domain_name":"personal-psu","page_name":"JohnCoupland","display_name":"John Coupland","profile_url":"https://personal-psu.academia.edu/JohnCoupland?f_ri=176526","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_6108930 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="6108930"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 6108930, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_6108930", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_6108930 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 6108930; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_6108930"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_6108930 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="6108930"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 6108930; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=6108930]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_6108930").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_6108930").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="6108930"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>&nbsp;&nbsp;<a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">10</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;</div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4468" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Food_Engineering">Food Engineering</a>,&nbsp;<script data-card-contents-for-ri="4468" type="text/json">{"id":4468,"name":"Food Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Food_Engineering?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4512" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Light_Scattering">Light Scattering</a>,&nbsp;<script data-card-contents-for-ri="4512" type="text/json">{"id":4512,"name":"Light Scattering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Light_Scattering?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="15639" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ultrasound">Ultrasound</a>,&nbsp;<script data-card-contents-for-ri="15639" type="text/json">{"id":15639,"name":"Ultrasound","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ultrasound?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="23890" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Study">Comparative Study</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="23890" type="text/json">{"id":23890,"name":"Comparative Study","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Study?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=6108930]'), work: {"id":6108930,"title":"Droplet size determination in food emulsions: comparison of ultrasonic and light scattering methods","created_at":"2014-02-17T08:55:24.498-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/6108930/Droplet_size_determination_in_food_emulsions_comparison_of_ultrasonic_and_light_scattering_methods?f_ri=176526","dom_id":"work_6108930","summary":"Ultrasonic velocity and attenuation spectra (1±5 MHz) were measured for a series of corn-oil-in-water emulsions (20 wt% oil in 2 wt% polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurate) with a range of dierent mean droplet diameters (0.5±1.5 lm). Multiple scattering theory was used to calculate mean diameters for each emulsion from both spectra. Droplet size was also determined using two commercial light scattering instruments. All techniques showed the same general trend of decreased size with increased degree of homogenization but there was only limited quantitative agreement between the various measurement techniques. Ó","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":49016669,"asset_id":6108930,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":9236326,"first_name":"John","last_name":"Coupland","domain_name":"personal-psu","page_name":"JohnCoupland","display_name":"John Coupland","profile_url":"https://personal-psu.academia.edu/JohnCoupland?f_ri=176526","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":4468,"name":"Food Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Food_Engineering?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true},{"id":4512,"name":"Light Scattering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Light_Scattering?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true},{"id":15639,"name":"Ultrasound","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ultrasound?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true},{"id":23890,"name":"Comparative Study","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Study?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true},{"id":176526,"name":"Droplet","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Droplet?f_ri=176526"},{"id":241527,"name":"Multiple Scattering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multiple_Scattering?f_ri=176526"},{"id":390245,"name":"Particle Size","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Particle_Size?f_ri=176526"},{"id":492043,"name":"Size","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Size?f_ri=176526"},{"id":573653,"name":"Food Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Food_Sciences?f_ri=176526"},{"id":1911835,"name":"Droplet Size","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Droplet_Size?f_ri=176526"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_1441790" data-work_id="1441790" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/1441790/Perception_of_creaminess_of_model_oil_in_water_dairy_emulsions_influence_of_the_shear_thinning_nature_of_a_viscosity_controlling_hydrocolloid">Perception of creaminess of model oil-in-water dairy emulsions: influence of the shear-thinning nature of a viscosity-controlling hydrocolloid</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Butter fat-in-water emulsions, stabilized by sodium caseinate, and with well-defined droplet-size distribution and rheological properties, have been assessed with respect to sensory perception of &#39;taste&#39;, &#39;thickness&#39; and &#39;creaminess&#39;. Two... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_1441790" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Butter fat-in-water emulsions, stabilized by sodium caseinate, and with well-defined droplet-size distribution and rheological properties, have been assessed with respect to sensory perception of &#39;taste&#39;, &#39;thickness&#39; and &#39;creaminess&#39;. Two different hydrocolloids were separately used to adjust the apparent viscosity of the systems: maltodextrin and xanthan. Particular sets of conditions were chosen so that samples had the same apparent viscosities at high shear-rate (50 s K1 ). The influence on texture perception of vanilla flavour (0-0.1%), oil volume fraction (5-20 vol%), and the type of added thickener (maltodextrin or xanthan) has been evaluated. Physical characterization of the emulsions was controlled with respect to average droplet size and non-Newtonian rheology. The sensory results show that while the addition of vanilla flavour greatly improved the perception of taste of the model dairy emulsions, it did not significantly influence perception of thickness and creaminess. Both these sensory textural properties were substantially influenced by the emulsion viscosity and to a lesser extent by the fat content. That is, the ratings of creaminess and thickness were strongly correlated, and the higher values of both were attributed to samples of higher viscosity and higher oil volume fraction. Emulsion samples prepared with the two biopolymers (maltodextrin and xanthan) having the same apparent viscosity were found to give significantly different levels of perceived creaminess. Our main conclusion is that the apparent viscosity at 50 s K1 is insufficient to describe fully the perceived thickness or creaminess of these model emulsions. q</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/1441790" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="4211ee91938f5fc4dc496a457ce139ed" rel="nofollow" data-download="{&quot;attachment_id&quot;:50965986,&quot;asset_id&quot;:1441790,&quot;asset_type&quot;:&quot;Work&quot;,&quot;always_allow_download&quot;:false,&quot;track&quot;:null,&quot;button_location&quot;:&quot;work_strip&quot;,&quot;source&quot;:null,&quot;hide_modal&quot;:null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/50965986/download_file?st=MTc0MDA4MTUzMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by&nbsp;<span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="731687" href="https://independent.academia.edu/mahmoodakhtar">mahmood akhtar</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="731687" type="text/json">{"id":731687,"first_name":"mahmood","last_name":"akhtar","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"mahmoodakhtar","display_name":"mahmood akhtar","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/mahmoodakhtar?f_ri=176526","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_1441790 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="1441790"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 1441790, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_1441790", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=1441790]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_1441790").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_1441790").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="1441790"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>&nbsp;&nbsp;<a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">11</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;</div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="867" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Perception">Perception</a>,&nbsp;<script data-card-contents-for-ri="867" type="text/json">{"id":867,"name":"Perception","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Perception?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="32910" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sample_Preparation">Sample Preparation</a>,&nbsp;<script data-card-contents-for-ri="32910" type="text/json">{"id":32910,"name":"Sample Preparation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sample_Preparation?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="109384" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Viscosity">Viscosity</a>,&nbsp;<script data-card-contents-for-ri="109384" type="text/json">{"id":109384,"name":"Viscosity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Viscosity?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="176526" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Droplet">Droplet</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="176526" type="text/json">{"id":176526,"name":"Droplet","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Droplet?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=1441790]'), work: {"id":1441790,"title":"Perception of creaminess of model oil-in-water dairy emulsions: influence of the shear-thinning nature of a viscosity-controlling hydrocolloid","created_at":"2012-02-28T16:36:19.644-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/1441790/Perception_of_creaminess_of_model_oil_in_water_dairy_emulsions_influence_of_the_shear_thinning_nature_of_a_viscosity_controlling_hydrocolloid?f_ri=176526","dom_id":"work_1441790","summary":"Butter fat-in-water emulsions, stabilized by sodium caseinate, and with well-defined droplet-size distribution and rheological properties, have been assessed with respect to sensory perception of 'taste', 'thickness' and 'creaminess'. Two different hydrocolloids were separately used to adjust the apparent viscosity of the systems: maltodextrin and xanthan. Particular sets of conditions were chosen so that samples had the same apparent viscosities at high shear-rate (50 s K1 ). The influence on texture perception of vanilla flavour (0-0.1%), oil volume fraction (5-20 vol%), and the type of added thickener (maltodextrin or xanthan) has been evaluated. Physical characterization of the emulsions was controlled with respect to average droplet size and non-Newtonian rheology. The sensory results show that while the addition of vanilla flavour greatly improved the perception of taste of the model dairy emulsions, it did not significantly influence perception of thickness and creaminess. Both these sensory textural properties were substantially influenced by the emulsion viscosity and to a lesser extent by the fat content. That is, the ratings of creaminess and thickness were strongly correlated, and the higher values of both were attributed to samples of higher viscosity and higher oil volume fraction. Emulsion samples prepared with the two biopolymers (maltodextrin and xanthan) having the same apparent viscosity were found to give significantly different levels of perceived creaminess. Our main conclusion is that the apparent viscosity at 50 s K1 is insufficient to describe fully the perceived thickness or creaminess of these model emulsions. q","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":50965986,"asset_id":1441790,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":731687,"first_name":"mahmood","last_name":"akhtar","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"mahmoodakhtar","display_name":"mahmood akhtar","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/mahmoodakhtar?f_ri=176526","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":867,"name":"Perception","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Perception?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true},{"id":32910,"name":"Sample Preparation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sample_Preparation?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true},{"id":109384,"name":"Viscosity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Viscosity?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true},{"id":176526,"name":"Droplet","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Droplet?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true},{"id":285668,"name":"Rheological properties","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rheological_properties?f_ri=176526"},{"id":573653,"name":"Food Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Food_Sciences?f_ri=176526"},{"id":775583,"name":"Shear","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Shear?f_ri=176526"},{"id":910336,"name":"Food Hydrocolloids","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Food_Hydrocolloids?f_ri=176526"},{"id":1127401,"name":"Droplet Size Distribution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Droplet_Size_Distribution?f_ri=176526"},{"id":1911835,"name":"Droplet Size","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Droplet_Size?f_ri=176526"},{"id":2295024,"name":"Volume Fraction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Volume_Fraction?f_ri=176526"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_30475907" data-work_id="30475907" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/30475907/Choice_of_urea_spray_models_in_CFD_simulations_of_urea_SCR_systems">Choice of urea-spray models in CFD simulations of urea-SCR systems</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The sensitivity of modeling choices to obtained results for Eulerian-Lagrangian CFD simulations of urea-SCR systems has been investigated for a system consisting of an AdBlue-spray located at the exhaust pipe wall, directed into the... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_30475907" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The sensitivity of modeling choices to obtained results for Eulerian-Lagrangian CFD simulations of urea-SCR systems has been investigated for a system consisting of an AdBlue-spray located at the exhaust pipe wall, directed into the exhaust gas flow. The decomposition of urea is modeled as being heat transfer limited and taking place at a constant temperature (425 K). It is shown that modeling choices may affect the predicted extent of wall hit, which types of droplets that are predicted to hit the wall, and also where they will do so.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/30475907" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="355d22152a1b2775fcb1524135f6a53b" rel="nofollow" data-download="{&quot;attachment_id&quot;:50915027,&quot;asset_id&quot;:30475907,&quot;asset_type&quot;:&quot;Work&quot;,&quot;always_allow_download&quot;:false,&quot;track&quot;:null,&quot;button_location&quot;:&quot;work_strip&quot;,&quot;source&quot;:null,&quot;hide_modal&quot;:null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/50915027/download_file?st=MTc0MDA4MTUzMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by&nbsp;<span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="58045357" href="https://independent.academia.edu/BengtAndersson4">Bengt Andersson</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="58045357" type="text/json">{"id":58045357,"first_name":"Bengt","last_name":"Andersson","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"BengtAndersson4","display_name":"Bengt Andersson","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/BengtAndersson4?f_ri=176526","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_30475907 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="30475907"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 30475907, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_30475907", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_30475907 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 30475907; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_30475907"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_30475907 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="30475907"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 30475907; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=30475907]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_30475907").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_30475907").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="30475907"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>&nbsp;&nbsp;<a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">17</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;</div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="72" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemical_Engineering">Chemical Engineering</a>,&nbsp;<script data-card-contents-for-ri="72" type="text/json">{"id":72,"name":"Chemical Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemical_Engineering?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2024" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mass_Transfer">Mass Transfer</a>,&nbsp;<script data-card-contents-for-ri="2024" type="text/json">{"id":2024,"name":"Mass Transfer","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mass_Transfer?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2298" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computational_Fluid_Dynamics">Computational Fluid Dynamics</a>,&nbsp;<script data-card-contents-for-ri="2298" type="text/json">{"id":2298,"name":"Computational Fluid Dynamics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computational_Fluid_Dynamics?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2802" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Turbulence">Turbulence</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="2802" type="text/json">{"id":2802,"name":"Turbulence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Turbulence?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=30475907]'), work: {"id":30475907,"title":"Choice of urea-spray models in CFD simulations of urea-SCR systems","created_at":"2016-12-16T00:48:17.179-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/30475907/Choice_of_urea_spray_models_in_CFD_simulations_of_urea_SCR_systems?f_ri=176526","dom_id":"work_30475907","summary":"The sensitivity of modeling choices to obtained results for Eulerian-Lagrangian CFD simulations of urea-SCR systems has been investigated for a system consisting of an AdBlue-spray located at the exhaust pipe wall, directed into the exhaust gas flow. The decomposition of urea is modeled as being heat transfer limited and taking place at a constant temperature (425 K). It is shown that modeling choices may affect the predicted extent of wall hit, which types of droplets that are predicted to hit the wall, and also where they will do so.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":50915027,"asset_id":30475907,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":58045357,"first_name":"Bengt","last_name":"Andersson","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"BengtAndersson4","display_name":"Bengt Andersson","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/BengtAndersson4?f_ri=176526","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":72,"name":"Chemical Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemical_Engineering?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true},{"id":2024,"name":"Mass Transfer","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mass_Transfer?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true},{"id":2298,"name":"Computational Fluid Dynamics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computational_Fluid_Dynamics?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true},{"id":2802,"name":"Turbulence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Turbulence?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true},{"id":6177,"name":"Modeling","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Modeling?f_ri=176526"},{"id":7968,"name":"Prediction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prediction?f_ri=176526"},{"id":8067,"name":"Heat Transfer","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Heat_Transfer?f_ri=176526"},{"id":20099,"name":"Sensitivity Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sensitivity_Analysis?f_ri=176526"},{"id":33661,"name":"Heat and Mass Transfer","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Heat_and_Mass_Transfer?f_ri=176526"},{"id":57608,"name":"Dispersion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dispersion?f_ri=176526"},{"id":126982,"name":"Drag","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Drag?f_ri=176526"},{"id":176526,"name":"Droplet","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Droplet?f_ri=176526"},{"id":536804,"name":"Euler Lagrange Equation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Euler_Lagrange_Equation?f_ri=176526"},{"id":685328,"name":"Drag Coefficient","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Drag_Coefficient?f_ri=176526"},{"id":1233265,"name":"Cfd","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cfd?f_ri=176526"},{"id":1428753,"name":"Lagrangian","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lagrangian?f_ri=176526"},{"id":1948432,"name":"Selective Catalytic Reduction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Selective_Catalytic_Reduction?f_ri=176526"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_27169525" data-work_id="27169525" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/27169525/Spray_Characterization_of_Ultra_low_volume_Sprayers_Typically_Used_in_Vector_Control_1">Spray Characterization of Ultra-low–volume Sprayers Typically Used in Vector Control 1</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Numerous spray machines are used to apply pesticides for the control of human disease vectors, such as mosquitoes and flies, and the selection and setup of these machines significantly affects the level of control achieved during an... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_27169525" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Numerous spray machines are used to apply pesticides for the control of human disease vectors, such as mosquitoes and flies, and the selection and setup of these machines significantly affects the level of control achieved during an application. The droplet spectra produced by 9 different ultra-lowvolume sprayers with oil-and water-based spray solutions were evaluated along with 2 thermal foggers with the use of diesel-based spray solutions. The droplet spectra from the sprayers were measured with the use of laser diffraction droplet sizing equipment. The volume median diameter from the sprayers ranged from 14.8 to 61.9 mm for the oil-based spray solutions and 15.5 to 87.5 mm for the water-based spray solutions. The 2 thermal foggers generated sprays with a volume median diameter of 3.5 mm. The data presented will allow spray applicators to select the spray solution and sprayer that generate the droplet-size spectra that meet the desired specific spray application scenarios.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/27169525" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="9981d4c477e431a71ebe28659e10e587" rel="nofollow" data-download="{&quot;attachment_id&quot;:47417680,&quot;asset_id&quot;:27169525,&quot;asset_type&quot;:&quot;Work&quot;,&quot;always_allow_download&quot;:false,&quot;track&quot;:null,&quot;button_location&quot;:&quot;work_strip&quot;,&quot;source&quot;:null,&quot;hide_modal&quot;:null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/47417680/download_file?st=MTc0MDA4MTUzMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by&nbsp;<span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="51238783" href="https://lwsd.academia.edu/MFarooq">M. Farooq</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="51238783" type="text/json">{"id":51238783,"first_name":"M.","last_name":"Farooq","domain_name":"lwsd","page_name":"MFarooq","display_name":"M. Farooq","profile_url":"https://lwsd.academia.edu/MFarooq?f_ri=176526","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/51238783/13570584/14736619/s65_m..farooq.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_27169525 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="27169525"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 27169525, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_27169525", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_27169525 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 27169525; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_27169525"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_27169525 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="27169525"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 27169525; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=27169525]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_27169525").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_27169525").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="27169525"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>&nbsp;&nbsp;<a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">21</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;</div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="173" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Zoology">Zoology</a>,&nbsp;<script data-card-contents-for-ri="173" type="text/json">{"id":173,"name":"Zoology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Zoology?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2215" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Water">Water</a>,&nbsp;<script data-card-contents-for-ri="2215" type="text/json">{"id":2215,"name":"Water","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Water?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7523" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Control">Control</a>,&nbsp;<script data-card-contents-for-ri="7523" type="text/json">{"id":7523,"name":"Control","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Control?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="36763" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aerosols">Aerosols</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="36763" type="text/json">{"id":36763,"name":"Aerosols","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aerosols?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=27169525]'), work: {"id":27169525,"title":"Spray Characterization of Ultra-low–volume Sprayers Typically Used in Vector Control 1","created_at":"2016-07-21T19:57:42.730-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/27169525/Spray_Characterization_of_Ultra_low_volume_Sprayers_Typically_Used_in_Vector_Control_1?f_ri=176526","dom_id":"work_27169525","summary":"Numerous spray machines are used to apply pesticides for the control of human disease vectors, such as mosquitoes and flies, and the selection and setup of these machines significantly affects the level of control achieved during an application. The droplet spectra produced by 9 different ultra-lowvolume sprayers with oil-and water-based spray solutions were evaluated along with 2 thermal foggers with the use of diesel-based spray solutions. The droplet spectra from the sprayers were measured with the use of laser diffraction droplet sizing equipment. The volume median diameter from the sprayers ranged from 14.8 to 61.9 mm for the oil-based spray solutions and 15.5 to 87.5 mm for the water-based spray solutions. The 2 thermal foggers generated sprays with a volume median diameter of 3.5 mm. The data presented will allow spray applicators to select the spray solution and sprayer that generate the droplet-size spectra that meet the desired specific spray application scenarios.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":47417680,"asset_id":27169525,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":51238783,"first_name":"M.","last_name":"Farooq","domain_name":"lwsd","page_name":"MFarooq","display_name":"M. Farooq","profile_url":"https://lwsd.academia.edu/MFarooq?f_ri=176526","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/51238783/13570584/14736619/s65_m..farooq.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":173,"name":"Zoology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Zoology?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true},{"id":2215,"name":"Water","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Water?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true},{"id":7523,"name":"Control","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Control?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true},{"id":36763,"name":"Aerosols","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aerosols?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true},{"id":40305,"name":"Oils","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Oils?f_ri=176526"},{"id":52972,"name":"Insecticides","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Insecticides?f_ri=176526"},{"id":85437,"name":"Pesticides","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pesticides?f_ri=176526"},{"id":94271,"name":"Parasite","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Parasite?f_ri=176526"},{"id":176526,"name":"Droplet","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Droplet?f_ri=176526"},{"id":226774,"name":"VECTOR","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/VECTOR?f_ri=176526"},{"id":245811,"name":"Vector control","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Vector_control?f_ri=176526"},{"id":246448,"name":"Mosquito Control","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mosquito_Control?f_ri=176526"},{"id":390245,"name":"Particle Size","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Particle_Size?f_ri=176526"},{"id":410370,"name":"Public health systems and services research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_health_systems_and_services_research-1?f_ri=176526"},{"id":564340,"name":"Surface Active Agents","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Surface_Active_Agents?f_ri=176526"},{"id":743616,"name":"Gasoline","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gasoline?f_ri=176526"},{"id":833228,"name":"Human Disease","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Disease?f_ri=176526"},{"id":1106273,"name":"Vector Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Vector_Analysis?f_ri=176526"},{"id":1451660,"name":"Static Electricity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Static_Electricity?f_ri=176526"},{"id":1863718,"name":"The American","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/The_American?f_ri=176526"},{"id":1911835,"name":"Droplet Size","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Droplet_Size?f_ri=176526"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_16448099 coauthored" data-work_id="16448099" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/16448099/A_numerical_model_for_gas_flow_and_droplet_motion_in_wave_plate_mist_eliminators_with_drainage_channels">A numerical model for gas flow and droplet motion in wave-plate mist eliminators with drainage channels</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is used to develop Eulerian/Lagrangian models of two wave-plate mist eliminators, both equipped with drainage channels. The models are assessed through comparison with comprehensive experimental data on... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_16448099" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is used to develop Eulerian/Lagrangian models of two wave-plate mist eliminators, both equipped with drainage channels. The models are assessed through comparison with comprehensive experimental data on removal efficiencies and pressure drops. For the range of droplets sizes of interest for demisting operation, the turbulent dispersion model is found to play a fundamental role in determining the droplet motion. However, classical dispersion models, as the eddy interaction model, often available in commercial CFD codes are unsuited, resulting in errors on the removal efficiency larger than 100% for the investigated cases. Therefore, a simple procedure for the modification of the code in order to replace the dispersion model with alternative models by using the existing Lagrangian algorithm is proposed. Predictions with a varied eddy interaction model are observed to match closely experimental data on removal efficiencies. An analysis of the turbulence models is also carried out, those for low Re resulting in a better description of the gas flow field and droplet motion.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/16448099" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="7925cd12c9f177202d67dcf0cb2b048d" rel="nofollow" data-download="{&quot;attachment_id&quot;:42475364,&quot;asset_id&quot;:16448099,&quot;asset_type&quot;:&quot;Work&quot;,&quot;always_allow_download&quot;:false,&quot;track&quot;:null,&quot;button_location&quot;:&quot;work_strip&quot;,&quot;source&quot;:null,&quot;hide_modal&quot;:null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/42475364/download_file?st=MTc0MDA4MTUzMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by&nbsp;<span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="35627183" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ElisabettaBrunazzi">Elisabetta Brunazzi</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="35627183" type="text/json">{"id":35627183,"first_name":"Elisabetta","last_name":"Brunazzi","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ElisabettaBrunazzi","display_name":"Elisabetta Brunazzi","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/ElisabettaBrunazzi?f_ri=176526","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text">&nbsp;and&nbsp;<span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-16448099">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-16448099"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://unipi.academia.edu/LeonardoTognotti">Leonardo Tognotti</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-16448099'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-16448099').html(); 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The models are assessed through comparison with comprehensive experimental data on removal efficiencies and pressure drops. For the range of droplets sizes of interest for demisting operation, the turbulent dispersion model is found to play a fundamental role in determining the droplet motion. However, classical dispersion models, as the eddy interaction model, often available in commercial CFD codes are unsuited, resulting in errors on the removal efficiency larger than 100% for the investigated cases. Therefore, a simple procedure for the modification of the code in order to replace the dispersion model with alternative models by using the existing Lagrangian algorithm is proposed. Predictions with a varied eddy interaction model are observed to match closely experimental data on removal efficiencies. An analysis of the turbulence models is also carried out, those for low Re resulting in a better description of the gas flow field and droplet motion.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":42475364,"asset_id":16448099,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":35627183,"first_name":"Elisabetta","last_name":"Brunazzi","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ElisabettaBrunazzi","display_name":"Elisabetta Brunazzi","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/ElisabettaBrunazzi?f_ri=176526","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"},{"id":35419916,"first_name":"Leonardo","last_name":"Tognotti","domain_name":"unipi","page_name":"LeonardoTognotti","display_name":"Leonardo Tognotti","profile_url":"https://unipi.academia.edu/LeonardoTognotti?f_ri=176526","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":60,"name":"Mechanical 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Dynamics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computation_Fluid_Dynamics?f_ri=176526"},{"id":176526,"name":"Droplet","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Droplet?f_ri=176526"},{"id":179332,"name":"Hydrodynamics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hydrodynamics?f_ri=176526"},{"id":331203,"name":"Pressure Drop","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pressure_Drop?f_ri=176526"},{"id":390245,"name":"Particle Size","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Particle_Size?f_ri=176526"},{"id":497452,"name":"Numerical Model","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Numerical_Model?f_ri=176526"},{"id":536804,"name":"Euler Lagrange Equation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Euler_Lagrange_Equation?f_ri=176526"},{"id":595175,"name":"Chemical Engineering Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemical_Engineering_Science?f_ri=176526"},{"id":608567,"name":"Interaction model","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Interaction_model?f_ri=176526"},{"id":799602,"name":"DROP","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/DROP?f_ri=176526"},{"id":837211,"name":"Turbulence Model","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Turbulence_Model?f_ri=176526"},{"id":872313,"name":"Collection Efficiency","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Collection_Efficiency?f_ri=176526"},{"id":897122,"name":"Gas Flow","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gas_Flow?f_ri=176526"},{"id":1120502,"name":"Experimental Data","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Experimental_Data?f_ri=176526"},{"id":1911835,"name":"Droplet Size","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Droplet_Size?f_ri=176526"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_312640" data-work_id="312640" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/312640/Optimization_of_Gas_Turbine_Combustor_Mixing_for_Improved_Exit_Temperature_Profile">Optimization of Gas Turbine Combustor Mixing for Improved Exit Temperature Profile</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/312640" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="3a0e1e2f3d7253cce585d82e61342428" rel="nofollow" data-download="{&quot;attachment_id&quot;:45592813,&quot;asset_id&quot;:312640,&quot;asset_type&quot;:&quot;Work&quot;,&quot;always_allow_download&quot;:false,&quot;track&quot;:null,&quot;button_location&quot;:&quot;work_strip&quot;,&quot;source&quot;:null,&quot;hide_modal&quot;:null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/45592813/download_file?st=MTc0MDA4MTUzMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by&nbsp;<span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="188695" href="https://up-za.academia.edu/JosuaMeyer">Josua P Meyer</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="188695" type="text/json">{"id":188695,"first_name":"Josua P","last_name":"Meyer","domain_name":"up-za","page_name":"JosuaMeyer","display_name":"Josua P Meyer","profile_url":"https://up-za.academia.edu/JosuaMeyer?f_ri=176526","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/188695/45919/4970628/s65_josua_p.meyer.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_312640 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="312640"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 312640, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_312640", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_312640 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" 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href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Applied_Mathematics">Applied Mathematics</a>,&nbsp;<script data-card-contents-for-ri="305" type="text/json">{"id":305,"name":"Applied Mathematics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Applied_Mathematics?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2298" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computational_Fluid_Dynamics">Computational Fluid Dynamics</a>,&nbsp;<script data-card-contents-for-ri="2298" type="text/json">{"id":2298,"name":"Computational Fluid Dynamics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computational_Fluid_Dynamics?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6177" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Modeling">Modeling</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="6177" 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Meyer","profile_url":"https://up-za.academia.edu/JosuaMeyer?f_ri=176526","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/188695/45919/4970628/s65_josua_p.meyer.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":60,"name":"Mechanical Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mechanical_Engineering?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true},{"id":305,"name":"Applied Mathematics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Applied_Mathematics?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true},{"id":2298,"name":"Computational Fluid Dynamics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computational_Fluid_Dynamics?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true},{"id":6177,"name":"Modeling","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Modeling?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true},{"id":8067,"name":"Heat Transfer","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Heat_Transfer?f_ri=176526"},{"id":26817,"name":"Algorithm","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Algorithm?f_ri=176526"},{"id":43981,"name":"Optimization","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Optimization?f_ri=176526"},{"id":60658,"name":"Numerical Simulation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Numerical_Simulation?f_ri=176526"},{"id":171114,"name":"Turbulent Flow","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Turbulent_Flow?f_ri=176526"},{"id":176526,"name":"Droplet","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Droplet?f_ri=176526"},{"id":345971,"name":"Design optimization","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Design_optimization?f_ri=176526"},{"id":556671,"name":"Turbulent Diffusion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Turbulent_Diffusion?f_ri=176526"},{"id":789521,"name":"Optimal Design","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Optimal_Design?f_ri=176526"},{"id":832176,"name":"Diffusion Flame","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Diffusion_Flame?f_ri=176526"},{"id":867022,"name":"Boundary Condition","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Boundary_Condition?f_ri=176526"},{"id":891609,"name":"Combustion Chamber","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Combustion_Chamber?f_ri=176526"},{"id":1136005,"name":"Particle Size Distribution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Particle_Size_Distribution?f_ri=176526"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_25676719" data-work_id="25676719" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/25676719/Coalescence_and_Size_Distribution_Characteristics_of_Oil_Droplets_Attached_on_Flocs_After_Coagulation">Coalescence and Size Distribution Characteristics of Oil Droplets Attached on Flocs After Coagulation</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The coalescence characteristics of oil droplets which are attached on flocs after coagulation is different from coalescence of droplets which are suspended in emulsions. The droplets attached on flocs are stationary and do not collide as... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_25676719" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The coalescence characteristics of oil droplets which are attached on flocs after coagulation is different from coalescence of droplets which are suspended in emulsions. The droplets attached on flocs are stationary and do not collide as those in emulsions. Objectives of this study were to investigate the change in size distribution of oil droplets that were attached on flocs after coagulation. The surface water-oil emulsion was prepared by mixing water, clay and ethyl benzene. Flocculation/coagulation experiments were conducted using standard jar test procedure and a polyelectrolyte. Microscopic images of flocs were taken at different times after the flocculation process and analyzed to characterize the changes in droplet size distribution as a result of coalescence and detachment of droplets from the flocs. Median droplet size increased during the first 40 h after the flocculation process and decreased after 45 h due to detachment of droplets from flocs. The number of droplets that were larger than 90 µm decreased over time. After 46 h, the flocs had very few oil droplets remaining attached and a significant fraction of the flocs settled to the bottom. Although the coalescence rate of oil droplets on flocs was slow, for oil-water separation applications, flocs should be removed from the solution as soon as possible to achieve higher separation efficiency of oil from the emulsion.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/25676719" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="b5262b22f5f02b45a48266be1a14e23e" rel="nofollow" data-download="{&quot;attachment_id&quot;:46016571,&quot;asset_id&quot;:25676719,&quot;asset_type&quot;:&quot;Work&quot;,&quot;always_allow_download&quot;:false,&quot;track&quot;:null,&quot;button_location&quot;:&quot;work_strip&quot;,&quot;source&quot;:null,&quot;hide_modal&quot;:null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/46016571/download_file?st=MTc0MDA4MTUzMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by&nbsp;<span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="182211" href="https://fiu.academia.edu/BerrinTansel">Berrin Tansel</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="182211" type="text/json">{"id":182211,"first_name":"Berrin","last_name":"Tansel","domain_name":"fiu","page_name":"BerrinTansel","display_name":"Berrin Tansel","profile_url":"https://fiu.academia.edu/BerrinTansel?f_ri=176526","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_25676719 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="25676719"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 25676719, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_25676719", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_25676719 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 25676719; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_25676719"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_25676719 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="25676719"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 25676719; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=25676719]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_25676719").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_25676719").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="25676719"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>&nbsp;&nbsp;<a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">12</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;</div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="9351" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Image_Analysis">Image Analysis</a>,&nbsp;<script data-card-contents-for-ri="9351" type="text/json">{"id":9351,"name":"Image Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Image_Analysis?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="9990" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Water_Treatment">Water Treatment</a>,&nbsp;<script data-card-contents-for-ri="9990" type="text/json">{"id":9990,"name":"Water Treatment","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Water_Treatment?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="28235" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multidisciplinary">Multidisciplinary</a>,&nbsp;<script data-card-contents-for-ri="28235" type="text/json">{"id":28235,"name":"Multidisciplinary","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multidisciplinary?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="96172" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Flocculation">Flocculation</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="96172" type="text/json">{"id":96172,"name":"Flocculation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Flocculation?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=25676719]'), work: {"id":25676719,"title":"Coalescence and Size Distribution Characteristics of Oil Droplets Attached on Flocs After Coagulation","created_at":"2016-05-28T04:58:46.620-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/25676719/Coalescence_and_Size_Distribution_Characteristics_of_Oil_Droplets_Attached_on_Flocs_After_Coagulation?f_ri=176526","dom_id":"work_25676719","summary":"The coalescence characteristics of oil droplets which are attached on flocs after coagulation is different from coalescence of droplets which are suspended in emulsions. The droplets attached on flocs are stationary and do not collide as those in emulsions. Objectives of this study were to investigate the change in size distribution of oil droplets that were attached on flocs after coagulation. The surface water-oil emulsion was prepared by mixing water, clay and ethyl benzene. Flocculation/coagulation experiments were conducted using standard jar test procedure and a polyelectrolyte. Microscopic images of flocs were taken at different times after the flocculation process and analyzed to characterize the changes in droplet size distribution as a result of coalescence and detachment of droplets from the flocs. Median droplet size increased during the first 40 h after the flocculation process and decreased after 45 h due to detachment of droplets from flocs. The number of droplets that were larger than 90 µm decreased over time. After 46 h, the flocs had very few oil droplets remaining attached and a significant fraction of the flocs settled to the bottom. Although the coalescence rate of oil droplets on flocs was slow, for oil-water separation applications, flocs should be removed from the solution as soon as possible to achieve higher separation efficiency of oil from the emulsion.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":46016571,"asset_id":25676719,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":182211,"first_name":"Berrin","last_name":"Tansel","domain_name":"fiu","page_name":"BerrinTansel","display_name":"Berrin Tansel","profile_url":"https://fiu.academia.edu/BerrinTansel?f_ri=176526","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":9351,"name":"Image Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Image_Analysis?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true},{"id":9990,"name":"Water Treatment","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Water_Treatment?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true},{"id":28235,"name":"Multidisciplinary","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multidisciplinary?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true},{"id":96172,"name":"Flocculation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Flocculation?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true},{"id":142810,"name":"Surface Water","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Surface_Water?f_ri=176526"},{"id":176526,"name":"Droplet","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Droplet?f_ri=176526"},{"id":391216,"name":"Size Distribution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Size_Distribution?f_ri=176526"},{"id":990815,"name":"Coalescence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Coalescence?f_ri=176526"},{"id":1127401,"name":"Droplet Size Distribution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Droplet_Size_Distribution?f_ri=176526"},{"id":1136005,"name":"Particle Size Distribution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Particle_Size_Distribution?f_ri=176526"},{"id":1647834,"name":"Floculation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Floculation?f_ri=176526"},{"id":1911835,"name":"Droplet Size","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Droplet_Size?f_ri=176526"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_21326453" data-work_id="21326453" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/21326453/Modelling_heat_and_mass_transfer_in_batch_top_spray_fluidised_bed_coating_processes">Modelling heat and mass transfer in batch, top-spray fluidised bed coating processes</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The objective of this study was the development of a new process model for the different heat and mass transfer phenomena during fluidised bed coating processes. The model is based on the discretisation of the bed into horizontal control... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_21326453" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The objective of this study was the development of a new process model for the different heat and mass transfer phenomena during fluidised bed coating processes. The model is based on the discretisation of the bed into horizontal control volumes, in which the heat and mass balances for air, water vapour, droplets, particles and coating material were established. The simulation results were validated using experimental two-dimensional spatial air temperature and air humidity distributions which were measured in a fluidised bed pilot reactor using a scanning probe. A sensitivity analysis was carried out to study the effect of controllable process variables, such as fluidisation air and atomisation air properties, as well as the properties of the spraying liquid upon the simulated dynamic temperature and humidity distributions. Also, the effects of relevant process variables on growth rate uniformity and process yield were studied. Based on this sensitivity study, it was concluded that nozzle parameters are as important as the fluidisation air properties for coating growth rate uniformity and process yield.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/21326453" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="9e4e96d29362c186cd56cfc5265ea6fd" rel="nofollow" data-download="{&quot;attachment_id&quot;:41817310,&quot;asset_id&quot;:21326453,&quot;asset_type&quot;:&quot;Work&quot;,&quot;always_allow_download&quot;:false,&quot;track&quot;:null,&quot;button_location&quot;:&quot;work_strip&quot;,&quot;source&quot;:null,&quot;hide_modal&quot;:null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/41817310/download_file?st=MTc0MDA4MTUzMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by&nbsp;<span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="33325670" href="https://ugent.academia.edu/FrederikRonsse">Frederik Ronsse</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="33325670" type="text/json">{"id":33325670,"first_name":"Frederik","last_name":"Ronsse","domain_name":"ugent","page_name":"FrederikRonsse","display_name":"Frederik Ronsse","profile_url":"https://ugent.academia.edu/FrederikRonsse?f_ri=176526","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_21326453 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="21326453"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 21326453, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_21326453", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_21326453 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 21326453; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_21326453"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_21326453 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="21326453"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 21326453; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=21326453]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_21326453").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_21326453").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="21326453"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>&nbsp;&nbsp;<a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">19</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;</div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="60" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mechanical_Engineering">Mechanical Engineering</a>,&nbsp;<script data-card-contents-for-ri="60" type="text/json">{"id":60,"name":"Mechanical Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mechanical_Engineering?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="72" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemical_Engineering">Chemical Engineering</a>,&nbsp;<script data-card-contents-for-ri="72" type="text/json">{"id":72,"name":"Chemical Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemical_Engineering?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2024" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mass_Transfer">Mass Transfer</a>,&nbsp;<script data-card-contents-for-ri="2024" type="text/json">{"id":2024,"name":"Mass Transfer","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mass_Transfer?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6177" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Modeling">Modeling</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="6177" type="text/json">{"id":6177,"name":"Modeling","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Modeling?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=21326453]'), work: {"id":21326453,"title":"Modelling heat and mass transfer in batch, top-spray fluidised bed coating processes","created_at":"2016-01-31T11:39:39.561-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/21326453/Modelling_heat_and_mass_transfer_in_batch_top_spray_fluidised_bed_coating_processes?f_ri=176526","dom_id":"work_21326453","summary":"The objective of this study was the development of a new process model for the different heat and mass transfer phenomena during fluidised bed coating processes. The model is based on the discretisation of the bed into horizontal control volumes, in which the heat and mass balances for air, water vapour, droplets, particles and coating material were established. The simulation results were validated using experimental two-dimensional spatial air temperature and air humidity distributions which were measured in a fluidised bed pilot reactor using a scanning probe. A sensitivity analysis was carried out to study the effect of controllable process variables, such as fluidisation air and atomisation air properties, as well as the properties of the spraying liquid upon the simulated dynamic temperature and humidity distributions. Also, the effects of relevant process variables on growth rate uniformity and process yield were studied. Based on this sensitivity study, it was concluded that nozzle parameters are as important as the fluidisation air properties for coating growth rate uniformity and process yield.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":41817310,"asset_id":21326453,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":33325670,"first_name":"Frederik","last_name":"Ronsse","domain_name":"ugent","page_name":"FrederikRonsse","display_name":"Frederik Ronsse","profile_url":"https://ugent.academia.edu/FrederikRonsse?f_ri=176526","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":60,"name":"Mechanical Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mechanical_Engineering?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true},{"id":72,"name":"Chemical Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemical_Engineering?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true},{"id":2024,"name":"Mass Transfer","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mass_Transfer?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true},{"id":6177,"name":"Modeling","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Modeling?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true},{"id":8067,"name":"Heat Transfer","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Heat_Transfer?f_ri=176526"},{"id":20099,"name":"Sensitivity Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sensitivity_Analysis?f_ri=176526"},{"id":23020,"name":"Powder technology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Powder_technology?f_ri=176526"},{"id":23021,"name":"Fluidization","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fluidization?f_ri=176526"},{"id":33661,"name":"Heat and Mass Transfer","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Heat_and_Mass_Transfer?f_ri=176526"},{"id":176526,"name":"Droplet","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Droplet?f_ri=176526"},{"id":199967,"name":"Fluidized Bed","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fluidized_Bed?f_ri=176526"},{"id":444096,"name":"Air Temperature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Air_Temperature?f_ri=176526"},{"id":444369,"name":"Humidity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Humidity?f_ri=176526"},{"id":500343,"name":"Water vapour","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Water_vapour?f_ri=176526"},{"id":533274,"name":"Growth rate","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Growth_rate?f_ri=176526"},{"id":552191,"name":"Reactor","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Reactor?f_ri=176526"},{"id":717746,"name":"Material Balance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Material_Balance?f_ri=176526"},{"id":959544,"name":"Process Model","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Process_Model?f_ri=176526"},{"id":1707373,"name":"Mass Balance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mass_Balance?f_ri=176526"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_31473797" data-work_id="31473797" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/31473797/Tailoring_the_Microstructure_of_Particle_Stabilized_Wet_Foams">Tailoring the Microstructure of Particle-Stabilized Wet Foams</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Inorganic colloidal particles which are in situ hydrophobized upon adsorption of short-chain amphiphilic molecules can be used as foam stabilizers. In this study, we tailor the microstructure of particle-stabilized wet foams, namely, the... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_31473797" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Inorganic colloidal particles which are in situ hydrophobized upon adsorption of short-chain amphiphilic molecules can be used as foam stabilizers. In this study, we tailor the microstructure of particle-stabilized wet foams, namely, the foam air content, average bubble size, and bubble size distribution, by changing the composition of the initial colloidal suspension. Wet foams featuring average bubble sizes between 10 and 200 µm and air contents between 45% and 90% were obtained by adjusting the amphiphile and particle concentration, pH, ionic strength, and particle size in the initial suspension. The influence of these parameters on the bubble size was satisfactorily described in terms of a balance between the shear stress applied during mixing and the counteracting Laplace pressure of the air bubbles. This model, originally developed for oil droplets in emulsions, can therefore be used to deliberately tailor the microstructure of particle-stabilized wet foams.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/31473797" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="13cd6ffa16d9d58626c50ac0532c4d15" rel="nofollow" data-download="{&quot;attachment_id&quot;:51827668,&quot;asset_id&quot;:31473797,&quot;asset_type&quot;:&quot;Work&quot;,&quot;always_allow_download&quot;:false,&quot;track&quot;:null,&quot;button_location&quot;:&quot;work_strip&quot;,&quot;source&quot;:null,&quot;hide_modal&quot;:null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/51827668/download_file?st=MTc0MDA4MTUzMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by&nbsp;<span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="58696437" href="https://independent.academia.edu/httpwwwnonmetmatethzchpeopleprofsgauckler">Ludwig J Gauckler</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="58696437" type="text/json">{"id":58696437,"first_name":"Ludwig","last_name":"Gauckler","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"httpwwwnonmetmatethzchpeopleprofsgauckler","display_name":"Ludwig J Gauckler","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/httpwwwnonmetmatethzchpeopleprofsgauckler?f_ri=176526","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/58696437/15673844/16233886/s65_ludwig.gauckler.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_31473797 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="31473797"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 31473797, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_31473797", }); 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In this study, we tailor the microstructure of particle-stabilized wet foams, namely, the foam air content, average bubble size, and bubble size distribution, by changing the composition of the initial colloidal suspension. Wet foams featuring average bubble sizes between 10 and 200 µm and air contents between 45% and 90% were obtained by adjusting the amphiphile and particle concentration, pH, ionic strength, and particle size in the initial suspension. The influence of these parameters on the bubble size was satisfactorily described in terms of a balance between the shear stress applied during mixing and the counteracting Laplace pressure of the air bubbles. This model, originally developed for oil droplets in emulsions, can therefore be used to deliberately tailor the microstructure of particle-stabilized wet foams.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":51827668,"asset_id":31473797,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":58696437,"first_name":"Ludwig","last_name":"Gauckler","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"httpwwwnonmetmatethzchpeopleprofsgauckler","display_name":"Ludwig J Gauckler","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/httpwwwnonmetmatethzchpeopleprofsgauckler?f_ri=176526","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/58696437/15673844/16233886/s65_ludwig.gauckler.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":2161,"name":"Microstructure","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microstructure?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true},{"id":4748,"name":"Electrochemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electrochemistry?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true},{"id":28235,"name":"Multidisciplinary","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multidisciplinary?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true},{"id":35287,"name":"DISTRIBUTION","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/DISTRIBUTION?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true},{"id":39752,"name":"Adsorption","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Adsorption?f_ri=176526"},{"id":42812,"name":"Foam","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Foam?f_ri=176526"},{"id":43254,"name":"Composition","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Composition?f_ri=176526"},{"id":65140,"name":"Models","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Models?f_ri=176526"},{"id":76228,"name":"Oil","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Oil?f_ri=176526"},{"id":76238,"name":"Air","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Air?f_ri=176526"},{"id":84278,"name":"Ph","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ph?f_ri=176526"},{"id":175859,"name":"Shear Stress","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Shear_Stress?f_ri=176526"},{"id":176526,"name":"Droplet","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Droplet?f_ri=176526"},{"id":390245,"name":"Particle Size","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Particle_Size?f_ri=176526"},{"id":473797,"name":"Microstructures","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microstructures?f_ri=176526"},{"id":637974,"name":"Distribution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Distribution-3?f_ri=176526"},{"id":743666,"name":"Langmuir","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Langmuir?f_ri=176526"},{"id":970774,"name":"Ionic Strength","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ionic_Strength?f_ri=176526"},{"id":1370544,"name":"Colloidal Suspension","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Colloidal_Suspension?f_ri=176526"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_6883797" data-work_id="6883797" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/6883797/Stability_of_emulsions_formulated_with_high_concentrations_of_sodium_caseinate_and_trehalose">Stability of emulsions formulated with high concentrations of sodium caseinate and trehalose</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Stability of emulsions formulated with 10 wt.% oil (concentrated fish oil, CFO, sunflower oil, SFO, or olive oil, OO), sodium caseinate concentrations varying from 0.5 to 5 wt.%, giving oil-to-protein ratios of 20-2, and 0, 20, 30 or 40... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_6883797" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Stability of emulsions formulated with 10 wt.% oil (concentrated fish oil, CFO, sunflower oil, SFO, or olive oil, OO), sodium caseinate concentrations varying from 0.5 to 5 wt.%, giving oil-to-protein ratios of 20-2, and 0, 20, 30 or 40 wt.% aqueous trehalose solution was studied by Turbiscan. Particle size distribution, microstructure, and small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) patterns were also obtained. The main mechanism of destabilization in a given formulation strongly depended on oil-to-protein ratio. As evidenced by the BS-profile changes with time, emulsions formulated with 0.5 and 1 wt.% NaCas destabilized mainly by creaming while for the 2 wt.% NaCas concentration, both creaming and flocculation mechanisms, were involved. The main destabilization mechanism for the 3, 4 or 5 wt.% NaCas emulsions was flocculation. Stability of emulsions was also affected by the content of trehalose in the aqueous phase. Trehalose diminished the volume-weighted mean diameter (D 4,3 ) and greatly improved stability.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/6883797" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="026bfd195f7da5283fdd506ba9c455eb" rel="nofollow" data-download="{&quot;attachment_id&quot;:48686072,&quot;asset_id&quot;:6883797,&quot;asset_type&quot;:&quot;Work&quot;,&quot;always_allow_download&quot;:false,&quot;track&quot;:null,&quot;button_location&quot;:&quot;work_strip&quot;,&quot;source&quot;:null,&quot;hide_modal&quot;:null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/48686072/download_file?st=MTc0MDA4MTUzMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by&nbsp;<span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="11541025" href="https://unibo.academia.edu/CristianNaca">Cristian Naca</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="11541025" type="text/json">{"id":11541025,"first_name":"Cristian","last_name":"Naca","domain_name":"unibo","page_name":"CristianNaca","display_name":"Cristian Naca","profile_url":"https://unibo.academia.edu/CristianNaca?f_ri=176526","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_6883797 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="6883797"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 6883797, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_6883797", }); 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Particle size distribution, microstructure, and small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) patterns were also obtained. The main mechanism of destabilization in a given formulation strongly depended on oil-to-protein ratio. As evidenced by the BS-profile changes with time, emulsions formulated with 0.5 and 1 wt.% NaCas destabilized mainly by creaming while for the 2 wt.% NaCas concentration, both creaming and flocculation mechanisms, were involved. The main destabilization mechanism for the 3, 4 or 5 wt.% NaCas emulsions was flocculation. Stability of emulsions was also affected by the content of trehalose in the aqueous phase. Trehalose diminished the volume-weighted mean diameter (D 4,3 ) and greatly improved stability.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":48686072,"asset_id":6883797,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":11541025,"first_name":"Cristian","last_name":"Naca","domain_name":"unibo","page_name":"CristianNaca","display_name":"Cristian Naca","profile_url":"https://unibo.academia.edu/CristianNaca?f_ri=176526","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":72,"name":"Chemical Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemical_Engineering?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true},{"id":2161,"name":"Microstructure","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microstructure?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true},{"id":7603,"name":"Food","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Food?f_ri=176526","nofollow":true},{"id":10636,"name":"Small Angle X Ray 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