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</div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Process-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Process subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Process-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Practical_means" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Practical_means"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Practical means</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Practical_means-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conceptual_means" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conceptual_means"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Conceptual means</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conceptual_means-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Play" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Play"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Play</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Play-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Re-envisioning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Re-envisioning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Re-envisioning</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Re-envisioning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Insight" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Insight"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3</span> <span>Insight</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Insight-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exploration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exploration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.4</span> <span>Exploration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exploration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Improvement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Improvement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.5</span> <span>Improvement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Improvement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Implementation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Implementation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Implementation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Implementation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comparison_with_innovation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparison_with_innovation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Comparison with innovation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparison_with_innovation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-As_defined_by_patent_law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_defined_by_patent_law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>As defined by patent law</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_defined_by_patent_law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_the_arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_the_arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>In the arts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_the_arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gender_gap_in_inventions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gender_gap_in_inventions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Gender gap in inventions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gender_gap_in_inventions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" 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aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 88 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-88" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">88 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uitvinding" title="Uitvinding – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Uitvinding" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="आविष्कार – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="आविष्कार" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B9" title="اختراع – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اختراع" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invento" title="Invento – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Invento" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inventu" title="Inventu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Inventu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="आविष्कार – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="आविष्कार" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0xtira" title="İxtira – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İxtira" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AE%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B9" title="ایختیراع – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ایختیراع" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="আবিষ্কার – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আবিষ্কার" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pahabaan" title="Pahabaan – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Pahabaan" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Вынаходства – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Вынаходства" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Изобретение – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Изобретение" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invent" title="Invent – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Invent" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%82%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Ăслай – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Ăслай" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vyn%C3%A1lez" title="Vynález – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Vynález" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opfindelse" title="Opfindelse – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Opfindelse" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erfindung" title="Erfindung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Erfindung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leiutis" title="Leiutis – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Leiutis" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CF%86%CE%B5%CF%8D%CF%81%CE%B5%CF%83%CE%B7" title="Εφεύρεση – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Εφεύρεση" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invento" title="Invento – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Invento" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invento" title="Invento – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Invento" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asmakuntza" title="Asmakuntza – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Asmakuntza" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B9" title="اختراع – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اختراع" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invention_(technique)" title="Invention (technique) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Invention (technique)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invento" title="Invento – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Invento" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%9C%EB%AA%85" title="발명 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="발명" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BF" title="Գյուտ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գյուտ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="आविष्कार – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="आविष्कार" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izum" title="Izum – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Izum" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invento" title="Invento – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Invento" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reka_cipta" title="Reka cipta – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Reka cipta" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invention" title="Invention – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Invention" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uppfinning" title="Uppfinning – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Uppfinning" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invenzione" title="Invenzione – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Invenzione" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A6%D7%90%D7%94" title="המצאה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="המצאה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%86%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%A3" title="ಆವಿಷ್ಕರಣ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಆವಿಷ್ಕರಣ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dah%C3%AAner%C3%AE" title="Dahênerî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Dahênerî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF_%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%83" title="Ойлоп табуу – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Ойлоп табуу" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inventum" title="Inventum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Inventum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izgudrojums" title="Izgudrojums – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Izgudrojums" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C5%A1radimas" title="Išradimas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Išradimas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oetvinjing" title="Oetvinjing – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Oetvinjing" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inventa" title="Inventa – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Inventa" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tal%C3%A1lm%C3%A1ny" title="Találmány – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Találmány" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A7" title="शोध – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="शोध" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reka_cipta" title="Reka cipta – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Reka cipta" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%B1%D2%AF%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%8D%D0%B3%D1%87" title="Зохион бүтээгч – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Зохион бүтээгч" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%90%E1%80%AE%E1%80%91%E1%80%BD%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%81%E1%80%BC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="တီထွင်ခြင်း – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="တီထွင်ခြင်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uitvinding" title="Uitvinding – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Uitvinding" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="आविष्कार – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="आविष्कार" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF" title="उत्पत्ति – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="उत्पत्ति" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%99%BA%E6%98%8E" title="発明 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="発明" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oppfinnelse" title="Oppfinnelse – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Oppfinnelse" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oppfinning" title="Oppfinning – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Oppfinning" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ixtiro" title="Ixtiro – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Ixtiro" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A2" title="ਕਾਢ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕਾਢ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="ایجاد – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ایجاد" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B9" title="اختراع – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="اختراع" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wynalazek" title="Wynalazek – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wynalazek" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inven%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Invenção – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Invenção" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inven%C8%9Bie" title="Invenție – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Invenție" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallpari" title="Wallpari – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Wallpari" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Изобретение – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Изобретение" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invention" title="Invention – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Invention" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shpikja" title="Shpikja – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Shpikja" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invention" title="Invention – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Invention" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="ايجاد – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ايجاد" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vyn%C3%A1lez" title="Vynález – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Vynález" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izum" title="Izum – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Izum" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%DA%BE%DB%8E%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86" title="داھێنان – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="داھێنان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izum" title="Izum – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Izum" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izum" title="Izum – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Izum" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keksint%C3%B6" title="Keksintö – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Keksintö" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uppfinning" title="Uppfinning – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Uppfinning" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imbensiyon" title="Imbensiyon – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Imbensiyon" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81" title="கண்டுபிடிப்பு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கண்டுபிடிப்பு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%99%D1%88%D0%B5%D1%84" title="Кәшеф – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Кәшеф" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%86%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B7%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%A3" title="ఆవిష్కరణ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఆవిష్కరణ" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%90%E0%B9%8C" title="สิ่งประดิษฐ์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สิ่งประดิษฐ์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulu%C5%9F" title="Buluş – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Buluş" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%96%D0%B4" title="Винахід – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Винахід" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="ایجاد – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ایجاد" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatmingz" title="Fatmingz – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Fatmingz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A1ng_ch%E1%BA%BF" title="Sáng chế – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Sáng chế" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inbensyon" title="Inbensyon – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Inbensyon" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%91%E6%98%8E" title="发明 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="发明" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%99%BC%E6%98%8E" title="發明 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="發明" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%91%E6%98%8E" title="发明 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="发明" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q14208553#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Invention" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" 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.hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Invented" and "Inventor" redirect here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Invention_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Invention (disambiguation)">Invention (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Inventor_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Inventor (disambiguation)">Inventor (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Science_and_Invention_Nov_1928_Cover_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Cover of Science and Invention Magazine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Science_and_Invention_Nov_1928_Cover_2.jpg/220px-Science_and_Invention_Nov_1928_Cover_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="301" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Science_and_Invention_Nov_1928_Cover_2.jpg/330px-Science_and_Invention_Nov_1928_Cover_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Science_and_Invention_Nov_1928_Cover_2.jpg/440px-Science_and_Invention_Nov_1928_Cover_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="1163" /></a><figcaption>'BUILD YOUR OWN TELEVISION RECEIVER.' <i><a href="/wiki/Electrical_Experimenter" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical Experimenter">Science and Invention</a></i> magazine cover, November 1928</figcaption></figure> <p>An <b>invention</b> is a unique or <a href="/wiki/Novelty_(patent)" title="Novelty (patent)">novel</a> <a href="/wiki/Machine" title="Machine">device</a>, <a href="/wiki/Method_(patent)" title="Method (patent)">method</a>, composition, idea or process. An invention may be an improvement upon a machine, product, or process for increasing efficiency or lowering cost. It may also be an entirely new concept. If an idea is unique enough either as a stand-alone invention or as a significant improvement over the work of others, it can be patented. A <a href="/wiki/Patent" title="Patent">patent</a>, if granted, gives the inventor a proprietary interest in the patent over a specific period of time, which can be licensed for financial gain. </p><p>An <b>inventor</b> creates or discovers an invention. The word <i>inventor</i> comes from the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> verb <i>invenire</i>, <i>invent-</i>, to find.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although inventing is closely associated with science and engineering, inventors are not necessarily engineers or scientists.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to advances in <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_robotics" title="Evolutionary robotics">artificial intelligence</a>, the term "inventor" no longer exclusively applies to an occupation (see <a href="/wiki/Computer_(occupation)" title="Computer (occupation)">human computers</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Hornby_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hornby-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some inventions can be patented. The system of <a href="/wiki/Patent" title="Patent">patents</a> was established to encourage inventors by granting limited-term, limited <a href="/wiki/Monopoly" title="Monopoly">monopoly</a> on inventions determined to be sufficiently <a href="/wiki/Novelty_(patent)" title="Novelty (patent)">novel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inventive_step_and_non-obviousness" title="Inventive step and non-obviousness">non-obvious</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Utility_(patentability_requirement)" title="Utility (patentability requirement)">useful</a> or has <a href="/wiki/Industrial_applicability" title="Industrial applicability">industrial applicability</a>. A patent is <a href="/wiki/Jurisdiction" title="Jurisdiction">jurisdictional</a>, meaning that a patent only provides rights to the patent owner within the jurisdiction (Country or Countries) in which the patent was obtained. A patent provides the patent owner (who may or may not be an inventor) the right to right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling an invention or importing it into the jurisdiction. The rules and requirements for patenting an invention vary by country and the process of obtaining a patent is often expensive. </p><p>Another meaning of invention is <b><a href="/wiki/Cultural_invention" title="Cultural invention">cultural invention</a></b>, which is an <a href="/wiki/Innovative" class="mw-redirect" title="Innovative">innovative</a> set of useful <a href="/wiki/Social_behaviour" class="mw-redirect" title="Social behaviour">social behaviours</a> adopted by people and passed on to others.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Social_Inventions" title="Institute for Social Inventions">Institute for Social Inventions</a> collected many such ideas in magazines and books.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Invention is also an important component of artistic and design <a href="/wiki/Creativity" title="Creativity">creativity</a>. Inventions often extend the boundaries of human knowledge, experience or capability. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Invention&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Inventions are of three kinds: scientific-technological (including medicine), sociopolitical (including economics and law), and humanistic, or cultural. </p><p>Scientific-technological inventions include railroads, <a href="/wiki/Aviation" title="Aviation">aviation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vaccination" title="Vaccination">vaccination</a>, hybridization, <a href="/wiki/Antibiotics" class="mw-redirect" title="Antibiotics">antibiotics</a>, astronautics, <a href="/wiki/Holography" title="Holography">holography</a>, the atomic bomb, computing, the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a>, and the smartphone. </p><p>Sociopolitical inventions comprise new laws, institutions, and procedures that change modes of social behavior and establish new forms of human interaction and organization. Examples include the British <a href="/wiki/Parliament" title="Parliament">Parliament</a>, the US <a href="/wiki/Constitution" title="Constitution">Constitution</a>, the Manchester (UK) General Union of Trades, the Boy Scouts, the <a href="/wiki/Red_Cross" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Cross">Red Cross</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Games" title="Olympic Games">Olympic Games</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>, the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" title="Universal Declaration of Human Rights">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a>, as well as movements such as <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suffragism" class="mw-redirect" title="Suffragism">suffragism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">feminism</a>, and animal-rights veganism. </p><p>Humanistic inventions encompass culture in its entirety and are as transformative and important as any in the sciences, although people tend to take them for granted. In the domain of linguistics, for example, Hunminjeongeum<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or many alphabets have been inventions, as are all <a href="/wiki/Neologism" title="Neologism">neologisms</a> (<a href="/wiki/Shakespeare" class="mw-redirect" title="Shakespeare">Shakespeare</a> invented about 1,700 words). Literary inventions include the epic, <a href="/wiki/Tragedy" title="Tragedy">tragedy</a>, comedy, the <a href="/wiki/Novel" title="Novel">novel</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sonnet" title="Sonnet">sonnet</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>, neoclassicism, <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Symbolism_(arts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbolism (arts)">Symbolism</a>, Aestheticism, <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Realism" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist Realism">Socialist Realism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Surrealism" title="Surrealism">Surrealism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Postmodernism" title="Postmodernism">postmodernism</a>, and (according to Freud) <a href="/wiki/Psychoanalysis" title="Psychoanalysis">psychoanalysis</a>. Among the inventions of artists and musicians are oil painting, printmaking, <a href="/wiki/Photography" title="Photography">photography</a>, <a href="/wiki/Film" title="Film">cinema</a>, musical tonality, atonality, <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a>, rock, <a href="/wiki/Opera" title="Opera">opera</a>, and the symphony orchestra. Philosophers have invented logic (several times), <a href="/wiki/Dialectics" class="mw-redirect" title="Dialectics">dialectics</a>, idealism, materialism, <a href="/wiki/Utopia" title="Utopia">utopia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">anarchism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Semiotics" title="Semiotics">semiotics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phenomenology_(philosophy)" title="Phenomenology (philosophy)">phenomenology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Behaviorism" title="Behaviorism">behaviorism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Positivism" title="Positivism">positivism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pragmatism" title="Pragmatism">pragmatism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Deconstruction" title="Deconstruction">deconstruction</a>. Religious thinkers are responsible for such inventions as <a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">monotheism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">pantheism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mormonism" title="Mormonism">Mormonism</a>, iconoclasm, <a href="/wiki/Puritanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Puritanism">puritanism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deism" title="Deism">deism</a>, secularism, ecumenism, and the <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a>. Some of these disciplines, genres, and trends may seem to have existed eternally or to have emerged spontaneously of their own accord, but most of them have had inventors.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Process">Process</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Invention&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Process"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Practical_means">Practical means</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Invention&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Practical means"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alessandro_Volta.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Alessandro_Volta.jpeg/200px-Alessandro_Volta.jpeg" decoding="async" width="200" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Alessandro_Volta.jpeg/300px-Alessandro_Volta.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/Alessandro_Volta.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="390" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Volta" title="Alessandro Volta">Alessandro Volta</a> with the first <a href="/wiki/Electrical_battery" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical battery">electrical battery</a>. Volta is recognized as an influential inventor.</figcaption></figure> <p>Ideas for an invention may be developed on paper or on a computer, by writing or drawing, by <a href="/wiki/Trial_and_error" title="Trial and error">trial and error</a>, by making models, by <a href="/wiki/Experiment" title="Experiment">experimenting</a>, by testing and/or by making the invention in its whole form. <a href="/wiki/Brainstorming" title="Brainstorming">Brainstorming</a> also can spark new ideas for an invention. Collaborative creative processes are frequently used by engineers, designers, architects and scientists. Co-inventors are frequently named on patents. </p><p>In addition, many inventors keep <a href="/wiki/Inventor%27s_notebook" title="Inventor's notebook">records</a> of their working process – <a href="/wiki/Inventor%27s_notebook" title="Inventor's notebook">notebooks</a>, photos, etc., including <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci">Leonardo da Vinci</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galileo_Galilei" title="Galileo Galilei">Galileo Galilei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Evangelista_Torricelli" title="Evangelista Torricelli">Evangelista Torricelli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the process of developing an invention, the initial idea may change. The invention may become simpler, more practical, it may expand, or it may even <i>morph</i> into something totally different. Working on one invention can lead to others too.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>History shows that turning the concept of an invention into a working device is not always swift or direct. Inventions may also become more useful after time passes and other changes occur. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Parachute" title="Parachute">parachute</a> became more useful once powered <a href="/wiki/Flight" title="Flight">flight</a> was a reality.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conceptual_means">Conceptual means</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Invention&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Conceptual means"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edison_and_phonograph_edit2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Edison_and_phonograph_edit2.jpg/190px-Edison_and_phonograph_edit2.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Edison_and_phonograph_edit2.jpg/285px-Edison_and_phonograph_edit2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Edison_and_phonograph_edit2.jpg/380px-Edison_and_phonograph_edit2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2640" data-file-height="3327" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Edison</a> with <a href="/wiki/Phonograph" title="Phonograph">phonograph</a>. Edison was one of the most prolific inventors in history, holding <a href="/wiki/List_of_Edison_patents" title="List of Edison patents">1,093 U.S. patents in his name</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Invention is often a <a href="/wiki/Creative_process" class="mw-redirect" title="Creative process">creative process</a>. An open and curious mind allows an inventor to see beyond what is known. Seeing a new possibility, connection or relationship can spark an invention. Inventive thinking frequently involves combining concepts or elements from different realms that would not normally be put together. Sometimes inventors disregard the boundaries between distinctly separate territories or fields.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Several concepts may be considered when thinking about invention. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Play">Play</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Invention&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Play"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gutenberg-Presse_im_Gutenberg-Museum,_Mainz,_Deutschland_(48988294536).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Gutenberg-Presse_im_Gutenberg-Museum%2C_Mainz%2C_Deutschland_%2848988294536%29.jpg/200px-Gutenberg-Presse_im_Gutenberg-Museum%2C_Mainz%2C_Deutschland_%2848988294536%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Gutenberg-Presse_im_Gutenberg-Museum%2C_Mainz%2C_Deutschland_%2848988294536%29.jpg/300px-Gutenberg-Presse_im_Gutenberg-Museum%2C_Mainz%2C_Deutschland_%2848988294536%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Gutenberg-Presse_im_Gutenberg-Museum%2C_Mainz%2C_Deutschland_%2848988294536%29.jpg/400px-Gutenberg-Presse_im_Gutenberg-Museum%2C_Mainz%2C_Deutschland_%2848988294536%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Gutenberg" title="Johannes Gutenberg">Johannes Gutenberg</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Gutenberg_press" class="mw-redirect" title="Gutenberg press">printing press</a> was voted the most important invention of the second millennium.<sup id="cite_ref-Man_of_the_Millennium_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Man_of_the_Millennium-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Play may lead to invention. Childhood curiosity, experimentation, and imagination can develop one's play instinct. Inventors feel the need to play with things that interest them, and to explore, and this internal drive brings about novel creations.<sup id="cite_ref-inventionatplay1_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-inventionatplay1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sometimes inventions and ideas may seem to arise spontaneously while <a href="/wiki/Daydreaming" title="Daydreaming">daydreaming</a>, especially when the mind is free from its usual concerns.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, both J. K. Rowling (the creator of <a href="/wiki/Harry_Potter" title="Harry Potter">Harry Potter</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Frank Hornby (the inventor of <a href="/wiki/Meccano" title="Meccano">Meccano</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> first had their ideas while on <a href="/wiki/Train" title="Train">train</a> journeys. </p><p>In contrast, the successful aerospace engineer <a href="/wiki/Max_Munk" title="Max Munk">Max Munk</a> advocated "aimful thinking".<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Re-envisioning">Re-envisioning</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Invention&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Re-envisioning"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>To invent is to see anew. Inventors often envision a new idea, seeing it in their <a href="/wiki/Mind%27s_eye" class="mw-redirect" title="Mind's eye">mind's eye</a>. New ideas can arise when the conscious mind turns away from the subject or problem when the inventor's focus is on something else, or while relaxing or sleeping. A novel idea may come in a flash—a <a href="/wiki/Eureka_effect" title="Eureka effect">Eureka</a>! moment. For example, after years of working to figure out the general theory of relativity, the solution came to Einstein suddenly in a dream "like a giant die making an indelible impress, a huge map of the universe outlined itself in one clear vision".<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Inventions can also be accidental, such as in the case of <a href="/wiki/Polytetrafluoroethylene" title="Polytetrafluoroethylene">polytetrafluoroethylene</a> (Teflon). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Insight">Insight</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Invention&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Insight"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Insight can also be a vital element of invention. Such inventive insights may begin with questions, doubt or a <a href="/wiki/Intuition_(knowledge)" class="mw-redirect" title="Intuition (knowledge)">hunch</a>. It may begin by recognizing that something unusual or accidental may be useful or that it could open a new avenue for exploration. For example, the odd metallic color of plastic made by accidentally adding a thousand times too much catalyst led scientists to explore its metal-like properties, inventing electrically conductive plastic and light emitting plastic—an invention that won the Nobel Prize in 2000 and has led to innovative lighting, display screens, wallpaper and much more (see <a href="/wiki/Conductive_polymer" title="Conductive polymer">conductive polymer</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Organic_light-emitting_diode" class="mw-redirect" title="Organic light-emitting diode">organic light-emitting diode</a> or <a href="/wiki/OLED" title="OLED">OLED</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Exploration">Exploration</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Invention&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Exploration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Photographing_Sound_in_1884._A_rare_photograph_taken_at_Volta_Laboratory_by_J._Harris_Rogers,_a_friend_of_Bell_and_Tainter_(Smithsonian_photo_44312-E)_i009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Photographing_Sound_in_1884._A_rare_photograph_taken_at_Volta_Laboratory_by_J._Harris_Rogers%2C_a_friend_of_Bell_and_Tainter_%28Smithsonian_photo_44312-E%29_i009.jpg/300px-Photographing_Sound_in_1884._A_rare_photograph_taken_at_Volta_Laboratory_by_J._Harris_Rogers%2C_a_friend_of_Bell_and_Tainter_%28Smithsonian_photo_44312-E%29_i009.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Photographing_Sound_in_1884._A_rare_photograph_taken_at_Volta_Laboratory_by_J._Harris_Rogers%2C_a_friend_of_Bell_and_Tainter_%28Smithsonian_photo_44312-E%29_i009.jpg/450px-Photographing_Sound_in_1884._A_rare_photograph_taken_at_Volta_Laboratory_by_J._Harris_Rogers%2C_a_friend_of_Bell_and_Tainter_%28Smithsonian_photo_44312-E%29_i009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Photographing_Sound_in_1884._A_rare_photograph_taken_at_Volta_Laboratory_by_J._Harris_Rogers%2C_a_friend_of_Bell_and_Tainter_%28Smithsonian_photo_44312-E%29_i009.jpg/600px-Photographing_Sound_in_1884._A_rare_photograph_taken_at_Volta_Laboratory_by_J._Harris_Rogers%2C_a_friend_of_Bell_and_Tainter_%28Smithsonian_photo_44312-E%29_i009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="801" data-file-height="507" /></a><figcaption>A rare 1884 photo showing the experimental recording of voice patterns by a photographic process at the <a href="/wiki/Volta_Laboratory_and_Bureau" title="Volta Laboratory and Bureau">Alexander Graham Bell Laboratory</a> in Washington, D.C. Many of their experimental designs panned out in failure.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eric_Magnus_Tigerstedt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Eric_Magnus_Tigerstedt.jpg/170px-Eric_Magnus_Tigerstedt.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Eric_Magnus_Tigerstedt.jpg/255px-Eric_Magnus_Tigerstedt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Eric_Magnus_Tigerstedt.jpg/340px-Eric_Magnus_Tigerstedt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="493" data-file-height="411" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Eric_M._C._Tigerstedt" class="mw-redirect" title="Eric M. C. Tigerstedt">Eric M. C. Tigerstedt</a> (1887–1925) was known as a pioneer of <a href="/wiki/Sound_film" title="Sound film">sound-on-film</a> technology. Tigerstedt in 1915.</figcaption></figure> <p>Invention is often an exploratory process with an uncertain or unknown outcome. There are failures as well as successes. Inspiration can start the process, but no matter how complete the initial idea, inventions typically must be developed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Improvement">Improvement</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Invention&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Improvement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Inventors may, for example, try to improve something by making it more effective, healthier, faster, more efficient, easier to use, serve more purposes, longer lasting, cheaper, more <a href="/wiki/Ecological" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecological">ecologically</a> friendly, or <a href="/wiki/Aesthetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Aesthetic">aesthetically</a> different, lighter weight, more <a href="/wiki/Ergonomic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ergonomic">ergonomic</a>, structurally different, with new light or color properties, etc. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Implementation">Implementation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Invention&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Implementation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arabic_Numerals.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Arabic_Numerals.svg/400px-Arabic_Numerals.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Arabic_Numerals.svg/600px-Arabic_Numerals.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Arabic_Numerals.svg/800px-Arabic_Numerals.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="107" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Western_Arabic_numerals" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Arabic numerals">Western Arabic numerals</a> — an example of non-material inventions</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ZST_Bratislava_Petrzalka_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/ZST_Bratislava_Petrzalka_3.jpg/220px-ZST_Bratislava_Petrzalka_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/ZST_Bratislava_Petrzalka_3.jpg/330px-ZST_Bratislava_Petrzalka_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/ZST_Bratislava_Petrzalka_3.jpg/440px-ZST_Bratislava_Petrzalka_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>Railways — probably the most important invention in <a href="/wiki/Land_transport" title="Land transport">land transport</a> (railway station in <a href="/wiki/Bratislava" title="Bratislava">Bratislava</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Economic_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic theory">economic theory</a>, inventions are one of the chief examples of "<a href="/wiki/Externality" title="Externality">positive externalities</a>", a beneficial side effect that falls on those outside a transaction or activity. One of the central concepts of economics is that externalities should be internalized—unless some of the benefits of this positive externality can be captured by the parties, the parties are under-rewarded for their inventions, and systematic under-rewarding leads to under-investment in activities that lead to inventions. The <a href="/wiki/Patent" title="Patent">patent</a> system captures those <a href="/wiki/Externality" title="Externality">positive externalities</a> for the inventor or other patent owner so that the economy as a whole invests an optimum amount of resources in the invention process. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comparison_with_innovation">Comparison with innovation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Invention&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Comparison with innovation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Innovation" title="Innovation">Innovation</a></div> <p>In contrast to invention, innovation is the implementation of a <a href="/wiki/Creativity" title="Creativity">creative</a> idea that specifically leads to greater value or usefulness. That is, while an invention may be useless or have no value yet still be an invention, an innovation must have some sort of value, typically economic. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="As_defined_by_patent_law">As defined by patent law</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Invention&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: As defined by patent law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Patentability" title="Patentability">Patentability</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Invention" title="Special:EditPage/Invention">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Invention%22">"Invention"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Invention%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Invention%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Invention%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Invention%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Invention%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Patent_cover_(US_Patent_5,860,492).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/US_Patent_cover_%28US_Patent_5%2C860%2C492%29.jpg/170px-US_Patent_cover_%28US_Patent_5%2C860%2C492%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/US_Patent_cover_%28US_Patent_5%2C860%2C492%29.jpg/255px-US_Patent_cover_%28US_Patent_5%2C860%2C492%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/US_Patent_cover_%28US_Patent_5%2C860%2C492%29.jpg/340px-US_Patent_cover_%28US_Patent_5%2C860%2C492%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3114" data-file-height="4620" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/United_States_patent_law" title="United States patent law">U.S. patent</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The term <i>invention</i> is also an important legal concept and central to patent law systems worldwide. As is often the case for legal concepts, its legal meaning is slightly different from common usage of the word. Additionally, the <i>legal</i> concept of invention is quite different in American and European patent law. </p><p>In Europe, the first test a patent application must pass is, "Is this an invention?" If it is, subsequent questions are whether it is new and sufficiently inventive. The implication—counter-intuitively—is that a legal invention is not inherently novel. Whether a patent application relates to an invention is governed by Article 52 of the European Patent Convention, that excludes, e.g., discoveries <i>as such</i> and software <i>as such</i>. The EPO Boards of Appeal decided that the technical character of an application is decisive for it to represent an invention, following an age-old Italian and German tradition. British courts do not agree with this interpretation. Following a 1959 Australian decision ("NRDC"), they believe that it is not possible to grasp the invention concept in a single rule. A British court once stated that the technical character test implies a "restatement of the problem in more imprecise terminology." </p><p>In the United States, all patent applications are considered inventions. The statute explicitly says that the American invention concept includes discoveries (35 USC § 100(a)), contrary to the European invention concept. The European invention concept corresponds to the American "patentable subject matter" concept: the first test a patent application is submitted to. While the statute (35 USC § 101)<sup id="cite_ref-USPTO_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USPTO-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> virtually poses no limits to patenting whatsoever, courts have decided in binding precedents that abstract ideas, natural phenomena and laws of nature are not patentable. Various attempts have been made to substantiate the "abstract idea" test, which suffers from abstractness itself, but none have succeeded. The last attempt so far was the "machine or transformation" test, but the U.S. Supreme Court decided in 2010 that it is merely an indication at best. </p><p>In India, invention means a new product or process that involves an inventive step, and capable of being made or used in an industry. Whereas, "new invention" means any invention that has not been anticipated in any prior art or used in the country or anywhere in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_the_arts">In the arts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Invention&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: In the arts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Invention has a long and important history in <a href="/wiki/The_arts" title="The arts">the arts</a>. Inventive thinking has always played a vital role in the <a href="/wiki/Creative_process" class="mw-redirect" title="Creative process">creative process</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While some inventions in the arts are <a href="/wiki/Patentable" class="mw-redirect" title="Patentable">patentable</a>, others are not because they cannot fulfill the strict requirements governments have established for granting them. (see <a href="/wiki/Patent" title="Patent">patent</a>). </p><p>Some inventions in art include the: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collage" title="Collage">Collage</a> and construction invented by Picasso</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Readymade" class="mw-redirect" title="Readymade">Readymade</a> art invented by <a href="/wiki/Marcel_Duchamp" title="Marcel Duchamp">Marcel Duchamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_(sculpture)" title="Mobile (sculpture)">mobile</a> invented by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Calder" title="Alexander Calder">Alexander Calder</a></li> <li>Combine invented by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Rauschenberg" title="Robert Rauschenberg">Robert Rauschenberg</a></li> <li>Shaped painting invented by <a href="/wiki/Frank_Stella" title="Frank Stella">Frank Stella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motion_picture" class="mw-redirect" title="Motion picture">Motion picture</a>, the invention of which is attributed to <a href="/wiki/Eadweard_Muybridge" title="Eadweard Muybridge">Eadweard Muybridge</a><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Video art invented by <a href="/wiki/Nam_June_Paik" title="Nam June Paik">Nam June Paik</a><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Likewise, <a href="/wiki/Jackson_Pollock" title="Jackson Pollock">Jackson Pollock</a> invented an entirely new form of painting and a new kind of abstraction by dripping, pouring, splashing and splattering paint onto un-stretched canvas lying on the floor. </p><p>Inventive tools of the artist's trade also produced advances in creativity. <a href="/wiki/Impressionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Impressionist">Impressionist</a> painting became possible because of newly invented collapsible, resealable metal paint tubes that facilitated spontaneous painting outdoors.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Inventions originally created in the form of artwork can also develop other uses, e.g. Alexander Calder's mobile, which is now commonly used over babies' cribs. Funds generated from patents on inventions in art, design and architecture can support the realization of the invention or other creative work. <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Auguste_Bartholdi" title="Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi">Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi</a>'s 1879 <a href="/wiki/Design_patent" title="Design patent">design patent</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty" title="Statue of Liberty">Statue of Liberty</a> helped fund the famous statue because it covered small replicas, including those sold as souvenirs.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Timeline_for_invention_in_the_arts" title="Timeline for invention in the arts">timeline for invention in the arts</a> lists the most notable artistic inventors. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gender_gap_in_inventions">Gender gap in inventions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Invention&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Gender gap in inventions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Historically, women in many regions have been unrecognised for their inventive contributions (except <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> and <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), despite being the sole inventor or co-inventor in inventions, including highly notable inventions. Notable examples include <a href="/wiki/Margaret_E._Knight" title="Margaret E. Knight">Margaret Knight</a> who faced significant challenges in receiving credit for her inventions;<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Lizzie_Magie" title="Lizzie Magie">Elizabeth Magie</a> who was not credited for her invention of the game of <a href="/wiki/Monopoly_(game)" title="Monopoly (game)">Monopoly</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and among other such examples, <a href="/wiki/Chien-Shiung_Wu" title="Chien-Shiung Wu">Chien-Shiung Wu</a> whose male colleagues alone were awarded the Nobel Prize for their joint contributions to physics.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Societal prejudice, institutional, educational and often legal patent barriers have both played a role in the gender invention gap. For example, although there could be found female patenters in US patent Office who also are likely to be helpful in their experience, still a patent applications made to the US Patent Office for inventions are less likely to succeed where the applicant have a "feminine" name,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and additionally women could lose their independent legal patent rights to their husbands once married.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> See also the <a href="/wiki/Patent#Gender_gap_in_patents" title="Patent">gender gap in patents</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Invention&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bayh%E2%80%93Dole_Act" title="Bayh–Dole Act">Bayh–Dole Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bold_hypothesis" title="Bold hypothesis">Bold hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chind%C5%8Dgu" title="Chindōgu">Chindōgu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creativity_techniques" title="Creativity techniques">Creativity techniques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directive_on_the_legal_protection_of_biotechnological_inventions" title="Directive on the legal protection of biotechnological inventions">Directive on the legal protection of biotechnological inventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_(observation)" title="Discovery (observation)">Discovery (observation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edisonian_approach" title="Edisonian approach">Edisonian approach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heroic_theory_of_invention_and_scientific_development" title="Heroic theory of invention and scientific development">Heroic theory of invention and scientific development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_inventor" title="Independent inventor">Independent inventor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INPEX_(invention_show)" class="mw-redirect" title="INPEX (invention show)">INPEX (invention show)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Innovation_Index" title="International Innovation Index">International Innovation Index</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Inventing_the_Future:_Postcapitalism_and_a_World_Without_Work" title="Inventing the Future: Postcapitalism and a World Without Work">Inventing the Future: Postcapitalism and a World Without Work</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invention_promotion_firm" title="Invention promotion firm">Invention promotion firm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inventors%27_Day" title="Inventors' Day">Inventors' Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kranzberg%27s_laws_of_technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Kranzberg's laws of technology">Kranzberg's laws of technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemelson-MIT_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="Lemelson-MIT Prize">Lemelson-MIT Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lists_of_inventions_or_discoveries" title="Category:Lists of inventions or discoveries">Category:Lists of inventions or discoveries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_inventions_named_after_people" title="List of inventions named after people">List of inventions named after people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_inventors" title="List of inventors">List of inventors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prolific_inventors" title="List of prolific inventors">List of prolific inventors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_discovery" title="Multiple discovery">Multiple discovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Inventors_Hall_of_Fame" title="National Inventors Hall of Fame">National Inventors Hall of Fame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necessity_is_the_mother_of_invention" title="Necessity is the mother of invention">Necessity (Invention's mother)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patent_model" title="Patent model">Patent model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proof_of_concept" title="Proof of concept">Proof of concept</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proposed_directive_on_the_patentability_of_computer-implemented_inventions" title="Proposed directive on the patentability of computer-implemented inventions">Proposed directive on the patentability of computer-implemented inventions</a> – it was rejected</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_priority" title="Scientific priority">Scientific priority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_revolution" title="Technological revolution">Technological revolution</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Illustrated_Science_and_Invention_Encyclopedia" title="The Illustrated Science and Invention Encyclopedia">The Illustrated Science and Invention Encyclopedia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_historic_inventions" title="Timeline of historic inventions">Timeline of historic inventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_invention_in_Birmingham" title="Science and invention in Birmingham">Science and invention in Birmingham</a> – The first cotton spinning mill to plastics and steam power.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Invention&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.reference.com/search?q=inventor&db=*">inventor</a>. Dictionary.com. Retrieved 1 October 2017.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.m-w.com/cgi-bin/dictionary?book=Dictionary&va=invent">invent</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080115143418/http://www.m-w.com/cgi-bin/dictionary?book=Dictionary&va=invent">Archived</a> 2008-01-15 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster</a></i>. Retrieved 1 October 2017.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">*<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/inventor">Inventor</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 1 October 2017.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hornby-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hornby_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHornbyAl_GlobusDerek_S._LindenJason_D._Lohn2006" class="citation journal cs1">Hornby, Gregory S.; Al Globus; Derek S. Linden; Jason D. Lohn (September 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://alglobus.net/NASAwork/papers/Space2006Antenna.pdf">"Automated antenna design with evolutionary algorithms"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Space</i>. American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-02-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Space&rft.atitle=Automated+antenna+design+with+evolutionary+algorithms&rft.date=2006-09&rft.aulast=Hornby&rft.aufirst=Gregory+S.&rft.au=Al+Globus&rft.au=Derek+S.+Linden&rft.au=Jason+D.+Lohn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Falglobus.net%2FNASAwork%2Fpapers%2FSpace2006Antenna.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInvention" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaper,_Craig_J.1997" class="citation book cs1">Saper, Craig J. (1997). <i>Artificial Mythologies : a Guide to Cultural Invention</i>. 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(1995). <i>Best ideas : a compendium of social innovations : the latest ideas and award-winning schemes from the Institute for Social Inventions</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-04-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Britannica&rft.atitle=Nam+June+Paik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FNam-June-Paik%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInvention" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/never-underestimate-the-power-of-a-paint-tube-36637764/">"Never Underestimate the Power of a Paint Tube"</a>. <i>Smithsonian Magazine</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-04-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian+Magazine&rft.atitle=Never+Underestimate+the+Power+of+a+Paint+Tube&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Farts-culture%2Fnever-underestimate-the-power-of-a-paint-tube-36637764%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInvention" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">1879, F. Auguste Bartholdi U.S. Patent D11,023</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Note: In modern and partially socialist Russia women are acknowledged to be capable of making inventions, even inventions in everyday basis although here the gender problem consist in the idea that these inventions are rather with small impact or of mainly personal use, however women are totally allowed to make innovations and inventions to any extend they may find possible, and usually not any barrier or stoppage is made upon, however these only may occur on institutional level where universities and academies may find difficult to incorporate their inventive work unlike <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> where on contrary, while in major women are rather not allowed to make inventions if such are made, they are institutionally and scientifically incorporated, for example <a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">Marie Curie</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLemelson" class="citation web cs1">Lemelson, MIT. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lemelson.mit.edu/resources/margaret-knight">"Margaret Knight"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Margaret+Knight&rft.aulast=Lemelson&rft.aufirst=MIT&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flemelson.mit.edu%2Fresources%2Fmargaret-knight&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInvention" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2015" class="citation web cs1">Smith, Monica M. (26 March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://invention.si.edu/woman-inventor-behind-monopoly">"The Woman Inventor Behind "Monopoly"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Lemelson Center for the Study of Invention and Innvoation</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lemelson+Center+for+the+Study+of+Invention+and+Innvoation&rft.atitle=The+Woman+Inventor+Behind+%22Monopoly%22&rft.date=2015-03-26&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Monica+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finvention.si.edu%2Fwoman-inventor-behind-monopoly&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInvention" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRomeo2021" class="citation web cs1">Romeo, Jess (20 March 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://daily.jstor.org/erasing-women-from-science-theres-a-name-for-that/">"Erasing Women from Science? There's A Name For That"</a>. <i>JSTOR Daily</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=JSTOR+Daily&rft.atitle=Erasing+Women+from+Science%3F+There%27s+A+Name+For+That&rft.date=2021-03-20&rft.aulast=Romeo&rft.aufirst=Jess&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdaily.jstor.org%2Ferasing-women-from-science-theres-a-name-for-that%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInvention" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarcowitz-Bitton2020" class="citation journal cs1">Marcowitz-Bitton, Miriam (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3502178">"Unregistered Patents & Gender Equality"</a>. <i>Harvard Journal of Law and Gender</i>. <b>47</b>: 57. <a href="/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3502178">3502178</a> – via SSRN.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harvard+Journal+of+Law+and+Gender&rft.atitle=Unregistered+Patents+%26+Gender+Equality&rft.volume=47&rft.pages=57&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D3502178%23id-name%3DSSRN&rft.aulast=Marcowitz-Bitton&rft.aufirst=Miriam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D3502178&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInvention" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhan1996" class="citation journal cs1">Khan, Zorina B. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.laits.utexas.edu/~mbs31415/Khan_MarriedWomenPropertyRights.pdf">"Married Women's Property Laws and Female Commercial Activity: Evidence from the United States Patent Records, 1790–1895"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Economic History</i>. <b>2</b>: 56.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Economic+History&rft.atitle=Married+Women%27s+Property+Laws+and+Female+Commercial+Activity%3A+Evidence+from+the+United+States+Patent+Records%2C+1790%E2%80%931895&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=56&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Khan&rft.aufirst=Zorina+B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.laits.utexas.edu%2F~mbs31415%2FKhan_MarriedWomenPropertyRights.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInvention" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Invention&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Asimov" title="Isaac Asimov">Asimov, Isaac</a>. Asimov's Chronology of Science and Discovery, Harper & Row, 1989. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-015612-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-015612-0">0-06-015612-0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Fuller" title="Edmund Fuller">Fuller, Edmund</a>, <i>Tinkers and Genius: The Story of the Yankee Inventors</i>. New York: Hastings House, 1955.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Invention&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template:Inventions" title="Template:Inventions"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Inventions" title="Template talk:Inventions"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Inventions" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Inventions"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Inventions_and_discoveries267" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Inventions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Discovery_(observation)" title="Discovery (observation)">discoveries</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Lists_of_inventions_or_discoveries" title="Category:Lists of inventions or discoveries">Lists of inventions or discoveries</a><br />by country/region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Australian_inventions" title="Timeline of Australian inventions">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Austrian_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of Austrian inventions and discoveries">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Azerbaijani_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of Azerbaijani inventions and discoveries">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Bangladeshi_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of Bangladeshi inventions and discoveries">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Brazilian_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of Brazilian inventions and discoveries">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_innovations_and_discoveries" title="List of British innovations and discoveries">Britain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of English inventions and discoveries">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Scottish_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of Scottish inventions and discoveries">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of Welsh inventions and discoveries">Wales</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_inventions_and_discoveries" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Canadian inventions and discoveries">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_and_technology_in_China" title="History of science and technology in China">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_inventions" title="List of Chinese inventions">inventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_discoveries" title="List of Chinese discoveries">discoveries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Croatian_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of Croatian inventions and discoveries">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Czech_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of Czech inventions and discoveries">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Egyptian_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of Egyptian inventions and discoveries">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of French inventions and discoveries">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_German_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of German inventions and discoveries">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of Greek inventions and discoveries">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of Indian inventions and discoveries">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indonesian_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of Indonesian inventions and discoveries">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Irish_inventions_and_discoveries" title="Timeline of Irish inventions and discoveries">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Israeli_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of Israeli inventions and discoveries">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of Italian inventions and discoveries">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jamaican_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of Jamaican inventions and discoveries">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of Japanese inventions and discoveries">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Korean_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of Korean inventions and discoveries">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Malaysian_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of Malaysian inventions and discoveries">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mexican_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of Mexican inventions and discoveries">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Dutch_inventions_and_discoveries" title="Lists of Dutch inventions and discoveries">Netherlands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Dutch_inventions_and_innovations" title="List of Dutch inventions and innovations">Inventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Dutch_discoveries" title="List of Dutch discoveries">discoveries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Dutch_explorations" title="List of Dutch explorations">explorations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Pakistani_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of Pakistani inventions and discoveries">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Filipino_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of Filipino inventions and discoveries">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Polish_science_and_technology" title="Timeline of Polish science and technology">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Portuguese_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of Portuguese inventions and discoveries">Portugal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_inventions" title="Portuguese inventions">inventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_maritime_exploration" title="Portuguese maritime exploration">discoveries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Russian_innovation" title="Timeline of Russian innovation">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Serbian_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of Serbian inventions and discoveries">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_South_African_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of South African inventions and discoveries">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of Spanish inventions and discoveries">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Swiss_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of Swiss inventions and discoveries">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Taiwanese_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of Taiwanese inventions and discoveries">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Thai_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of Thai inventions and discoveries">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Vietnamese_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of Vietnamese inventions and discoveries">Vietnam</a></li> <li>United States <ul><li>inventions <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_inventions_(before_1890)" title="Timeline of United States inventions (before 1890)">before 1890</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_inventions_(1890%E2%80%931945)" title="Timeline of United States inventions (1890–1945)">1890–1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_inventions_(after_1991)" title="Timeline of United States inventions (after 1991)">after 1991</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_discoveries" title="Timeline of United States discoveries">discoveries</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">by topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_chemistry" title="Timeline of chemistry">chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_cosmological_theories" title="Timeline of cosmological theories">cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_multiple_discoveries" title="List of multiple discoveries">multiple discoveries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_scientific_discoveries" title="Timeline of scientific discoveries">science</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_historic_inventions" title="Timeline of historic inventions">Historic inventions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_inventions" title="List of Byzantine inventions">Byzantine Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_inventions_and_discoveries_of_the_Indus_Valley_Civilisation" title="List of inventions and discoveries of the Indus Valley Civilisation">Indus Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_inventions_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="List of inventions in the medieval Islamic world">Medieval Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_inventions" title="List of military inventions">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pre-Columbian_inventions_and_innovations_of_Indigenous_Americans" title="List of pre-Columbian inventions and innovations of Indigenous Americans">Native American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lost_inventions" title="List of lost inventions">Lost inventions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_spurious_inventions" title="List of spurious inventions">Spurious inventions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Inventors_by_nationality" title="Category:Inventors by nationality">Lists of inventors or discoverers</a><br />by country/region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_inventors" title="List of inventors">Worldwide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African_educators,_scientists_and_scholars" title="List of African educators, scientists and scholars">African</a></li> <li>American <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_inventors_and_scientists" title="List of African-American inventors and scientists">African-American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Puerto_Rican_scientists_and_inventors" title="List of Puerto Rican scientists and inventors">Puerto Rican</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Armenian_inventors_and_discoverers" title="List of Armenian inventors and discoverers">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Austrian_inventors_and_discoverers" title="List of Austrian inventors and discoverers">Austrian</a></li> <li>British <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_inventors_and_designers" title="List of English inventors and designers">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh_inventors" title="List of Welsh inventors">Welsh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Bulgarian_inventors_and_discoverers" title="List of Bulgarian inventors and discoverers">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_German_inventors_and_discoverers" title="List of German inventors and discoverers">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_inventors" title="List of Italian inventors">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_New_Zealand_inventors" title="List of New Zealand inventors">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Polish_inventors_and_discoverers" title="List of Polish inventors and discoverers">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Romanian_inventors_and_discoverers" title="List of Romanian inventors and discoverers">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Russian_inventors" title="List of Russian inventors">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Serbian_inventors_and_discoverers" title="List of Serbian inventors and discoverers">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_inventors_and_discoverers" title="List of Spanish inventors and discoverers">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Swedish_inventors" title="List of Swedish inventors">Swedish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Swiss_inventors_and_discoverers" title="List of Swiss inventors and discoverers">Swiss</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Capitalism208" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Capitalism" title="Template:Capitalism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Capitalism" title="Template talk:Capitalism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Capitalism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Capitalism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Capitalism208" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Aspects and <a href="/wiki/Perspectives_on_capitalism_by_school_of_thought" title="Perspectives on capitalism by school of thought">perspectives</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchy_of_production" title="Anarchy of production">Anarchy of production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_cycle" title="Business cycle">Business cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centralisation" title="Centralisation">Centralization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Competition_(economics)" title="Competition (economics)">Competition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_depression" title="Economic depression">Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deregulation" title="Deregulation">Deregulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_bubble" title="Economic bubble">Economic bubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_development" title="Economic development">Economic development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">Economic liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_planning" title="Economic planning">Economic planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entrepreneurship" title="Entrepreneurship">Entrepreneurship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecopreneurship" title="Ecopreneurship">Ecopreneurship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Externality" title="Externality">Externality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_crisis" title="Financial crisis">Financial crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_Revolution" title="Financial Revolution">Financial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">Globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_capitalist_theory" title="History of capitalist theory">History of capitalist theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Invention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_economy#Capitalism" title="Market economy">Market economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_failure" title="Market failure">Market failure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merchantilism" class="mw-redirect" title="Merchantilism">Merchantilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multinational_corporation" title="Multinational corporation">Multinational corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalization" title="Nationalization">Nationalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oligopoly" title="Oligopoly">Oligopoly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perspectives_on_capitalism_by_school_of_thought" title="Perspectives on capitalism by school of thought">Perspectives on capitalism by school of thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privatization" title="Privatization">Privatization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Profit_(economics)" title="Profit (economics)">Profit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_rights_(economics)" title="Property rights (economics)">Property rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recession" title="Recession">Recession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulation" title="Regulation">Regulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_labour" title="Wage labour">Wage labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wealth" title="Wealth">Wealth</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_model" title="Anglo-Saxon model">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_capitalism" title="Authoritarian capitalism">Authoritarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservative">Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_capitalism" title="Corporate capitalism">Corporate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_capitalism" title="Democratic capitalism">Democratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirigisme" title="Dirigisme">Dirigist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_market#General_principles" title="Free market">Free-market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_capitalism" title="Humanistic capitalism">Humanistic</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Laissez-faire capitalism">Laissez-faire</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-libertarianism" title="Right-libertarianism">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Market capitalism">Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercantilism" title="Mercantilism">Mercantilist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixed capitalism">Mixed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_monopoly_capitalism" title="State monopoly capitalism">Monopoly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="National capitalism">National</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-capitalism" title="Neo-capitalism">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">Neoliberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Nordic capitalism">Nordic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-capitalism" title="Anarcho-capitalism">Private</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raw_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Raw capitalism">Raw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulated_market" title="Regulated market">Regulated market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulatory_capitalism" title="Regulatory capitalism">Regulatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhine_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhine capitalism">Rhine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Social capitalism">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_capitalism" title="State capitalism">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State-sponsored_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="State-sponsored capitalism">State-sponsored</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_capitalism" title="Welfare capitalism">Welfare</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_capitalism" title="Culture of capitalism">Cultural aspects</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Advertising" title="Advertising">Advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Dream" title="American Dream">American Dream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Friday_(shopping)" title="Black Friday (shopping)">Black Friday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumerism" title="Consumerism">Consumerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decentralization" title="Decentralization">Decentralization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_freedom" title="Economic freedom">Economic freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_mobility" title="Economic mobility">Economic mobility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty</a></li> <li>Mainstream</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philanthropy" title="Philanthropy">Philanthropy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_foundation" title="Private foundation">Private foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">Private property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law#In_relation_to_economics" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_alienation" title="Social alienation">Social alienation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_order" title="Spontaneous order">Spontaneous order</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">Corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_inequality" title="Economic inequality">Economic inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employment" title="Employment">Employment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_association" title="Freedom of association">Freedom of association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_market_flexibility" title="Labour market flexibility">Labour market flexibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_supply" title="Labour supply">Labour supply</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Productivity" title="Productivity">Productivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosperity" title="Prosperity">Prosperity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syndicate" title="Syndicate">Syndicate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_venture_capital" title="Social venture capital">Social venture capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unemployment" title="Unemployment">Unemployment</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_capitalism" title="Criticism of capitalism">Criticism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-capitalism" title="Anti-capitalism">Anti-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalist_propaganda" title="Capitalist propaganda">Capitalist propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_work" title="Critique of work">Critique of work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_fundamentalism" title="Market fundamentalism">Market fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_slavery" title="Wage slavery">Wage slavery</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Antithesis</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-communism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-communism">Anarcho-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-primitivism" title="Anarcho-primitivism">Anarcho-primitivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-syndicalism" title="Anarcho-syndicalism">Anarcho-syndicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collectivist_anarchism" title="Collectivist anarchism">Collectivist anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communalism_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communalism (Bookchin)">Communalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_democracy" title="Economic democracy">Economic democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-socialism" title="Eco-socialism">Eco-socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-market_socialism" class="mw-redirect" 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anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syndicalism" title="Syndicalism">Syndicalism</a></li></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14208553#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1509" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" 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