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height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="Ensiklopedia Bebas" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-id.svg" width="120" height="14" style="width: 7.5em; height: 0.875em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Pencarian" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Cari di Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Pencarian</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Telusuri Wikipedia" aria-label="Telusuri Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Cari di Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Istimewa:Pencarian"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Cari</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Perkakas pribadi"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Tampilan"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tampilan" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tampilan</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_id.wikipedia.org&uselang=id" class=""><span>Menyumbang</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Buat_akun&returnto=Jerman" title="Anda dianjurkan untuk membuat akun dan masuk log; meskipun, hal itu tidak diwajibkan" class=""><span>Buat akun baru</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Masuk_log&returnto=Jerman" title="Anda disarankan untuk masuk log, meskipun hal itu tidak diwajibkan. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Masuk log</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Opsi lainnya" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Perkakas pribadi" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Perkakas pribadi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Menu pengguna" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_id.wikipedia.org&uselang=id"><span>Menyumbang</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Buat_akun&returnto=Jerman" title="Anda dianjurkan untuk membuat akun dan masuk log; meskipun, hal itu tidak diwajibkan"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Buat akun baru</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Masuk_log&returnto=Jerman" title="Anda disarankan untuk masuk log, meskipun hal itu tidak diwajibkan. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Masuk log</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Halaman penyunting yang telah keluar log <a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Pengantar" aria-label="Pelajari lebih lanjut tentang menyunting"><span>pelajari lebih lanjut</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Kontribusi_saya" title="Daftar suntingan yang dibuat dari alamat IP ini [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Kontribusi</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Pembicaraan_saya" title="Pembicaraan tentang suntingan dari alamat IP ini [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Pembicaraan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Situs"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Daftar isi" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Daftar isi</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Awal</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Etimologi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etimologi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Etimologi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etimologi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sejarah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sejarah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Sejarah</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sejarah-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Sejarah</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sejarah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Republik_Weimar_dan_Rezim_Nazi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Republik_Weimar_dan_Rezim_Nazi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Republik Weimar dan Rezim Nazi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Republik_Weimar_dan_Rezim_Nazi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jerman_Timur_dan_Jerman_Barat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jerman_Timur_dan_Jerman_Barat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Jerman Timur dan Jerman Barat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jerman_Timur_dan_Jerman_Barat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reunifikasi_Jerman_dan_Uni_Eropa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reunifikasi_Jerman_dan_Uni_Eropa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Reunifikasi Jerman dan Uni Eropa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reunifikasi_Jerman_dan_Uni_Eropa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geografi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geografi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Geografi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geografi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politik" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politik"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Politik</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Politik-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Politik</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Politik-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pembagian_administratif" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pembagian_administratif"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Pembagian administratif</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pembagian_administratif-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ekonomi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ekonomi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Ekonomi</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ekonomi-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Ekonomi</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ekonomi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Infrastruktur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infrastruktur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Infrastruktur</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Infrastruktur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mata_Uang" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mata_Uang"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Mata Uang</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mata_Uang-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sains_dan_teknologi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sains_dan_teknologi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Sains dan teknologi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sains_dan_teknologi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demografi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demografi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Demografi</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demografi-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Demografi</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Demografi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Etnis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etnis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Etnis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etnis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Agama" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agama"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Agama</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agama-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bahasa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bahasa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Bahasa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bahasa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pendidikan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pendidikan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Pendidikan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pendidikan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Budaya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Budaya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Budaya</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Budaya-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Budaya</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Budaya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Seni" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seni"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Seni</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seni-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Musik" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Musik"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Musik</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Musik-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arsitektur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arsitektur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Arsitektur</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arsitektur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literatur_dan_filosofi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literatur_dan_filosofi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Literatur dan filosofi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literatur_dan_filosofi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Makanan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Makanan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Makanan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Makanan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Olahraga" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Olahraga"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.6</span> <span>Olahraga</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Olahraga-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lihat_pula" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lihat_pula"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Lihat pula</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lihat_pula-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pranala_luar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pranala_luar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Pranala luar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pranala_luar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Daftar isi" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Gulingkan daftar isi" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Gulingkan daftar isi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Jerman</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pergi ke artikel dalam bahasa lain. Terdapat 306 bahasa" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-306" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">306 bahasa</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B0" title="Германиа – Abkhaz" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Германиа" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhaz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeureuman" title="Jeureuman – Aceh" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Jeureuman" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Aceh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Германие – Adygei" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Германие" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adygei" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгабзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duitsland" title="Duitsland – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Duitsland" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutschland" title="Deutschland – Jerman (Swiss)" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Deutschland" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Jerman (Swiss)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8C%80%E1%88%AD%E1%88%98%E1%8A%95" title="ጀርመን – Amharik" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ጀርመን" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany" title="Germany – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Germany" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangcah</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemanya" title="Alemanya – Aragon" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Alemanya" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Eeodscland" title="Þeodscland – Inggris Kuno" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Þeodscland" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Inggris Kuno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jameni" title="Jameni – Obolo" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Jameni" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="Obolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Obolo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80" title="जर्मनी – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="जर्मनी" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="ألمانيا – Arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ألمانيا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%93%DC%AA%DC%A1%DC%A2" title="ܓܪܡܢ – Aram" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܓܪܡܢ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aram" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="ألمانيا – Arab Maroko" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="ألمانيا" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Arab Maroko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="المانيا – Arab Mesir" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="المانيا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Arab Mesir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80" title="জাৰ্মানী – Assam" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="জাৰ্মানী" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alema%C3%B1a" title="Alemaña – Asturia" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Alemaña" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Германия – Avar" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Германия" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germana" title="Germana – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Germana" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80" title="जर्मनी – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="जर्मनी" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alima%C3%B1a" title="Alimaña – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Alimaña" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almaniya" title="Almaniya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Almaniya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="آلمان – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آلمان" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Германия – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Германия" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerman" title="Jerman – Bali" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Jerman" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Bali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deitschland" title="Deitschland – Bavaria" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Deitschland" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuok%C4%ABt%C4%97j%C4%97" title="Vuokītėjė – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Vuokītėjė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemanya" title="Alemanya – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Alemanya" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Германія – Belarusia" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Германія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%8F%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%87%D1%87%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Нямеччына – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Нямеччына" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A8tslan" title="Dètslan – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Dètslan" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Германия – Bulgaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Германия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80" title="जर्मनी – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="जर्मनी" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jemani" title="Jemani – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Jemani" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bislama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%82%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AC%E1%80%99%E1%80%94%E1%80%AE%E1%80%81%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%91%E1%80%AE" title="ဂျာမနီခမ်းထီ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ဂျာမနီခမ်းထီ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alima%C9%B2i" title="Alimaɲi – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Alimaɲi" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="Bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bamanankan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF" title="জার্মানি – Bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জার্মানি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%87%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8D" title="འཇར་མན། – Tibet" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="འཇར་མན།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibet" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF" title="জার্মানি – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="জার্মানি" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alamagn" title="Alamagn – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Alamagn" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Njema%C4%8Dka" title="Njemačka – Bosnia" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Njemačka" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerman" title="Jerman – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Jerman" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bug mw-list-item"><a href="https://bug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%A8%8D%E1%A8%99%E1%A8%91%E1%A8%86%E1%A8%8A" title="ᨍᨙᨑᨆᨊ – Bugis" lang="bug" hreflang="bug" data-title="ᨍᨙᨑᨆᨊ" data-language-autonym="Basa Ugi" data-language-local-name="Bugis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Ugi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Германи – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Германи" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemanya" title="Alemanya – Katalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Alemanya" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemania" title="Alemania – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Alemania" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chavacano de Zamboanga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A1ik-gu%C3%B3k" title="Dáik-guók – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Dáik-guók" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%87%D0%BE%D1%8C" title="Девтойчоь – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Девтойчоь" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemanya" title="Alemanya – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Alemanya" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ch mw-list-item"><a href="https://ch.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alema%C3%B1a" title="Alemaña – Chamorro" lang="ch" hreflang="ch" data-title="Alemaña" data-language-autonym="Chamoru" data-language-local-name="Chamorro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chamoru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A0%E1%8F%9B%E1%8F%A5" title="ᎠᏛᏥ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎠᏛᏥ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%27ev%C3%A9%27ho%27%C3%A9no" title="Ma'evé'ho'éno – Cheyenne" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Ma'evé'ho'éno" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="Cheyenne" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tsetsêhestâhese</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%95%DA%B5%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="ئەڵمانیا – Kurdi Sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئەڵمانیا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Kurdi Sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania" title="Germania – Korsika" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Germania" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Korsika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almaniya" title="Almaniya – Tatar Krimea" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Almaniya" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Tatar Krimea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C4%9Bmecko" title="Německo – Cheska" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Německo" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Cheska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niemieck%C3%B4" title="Niemieckô – Kashubia" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Niemieckô" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%A3%D0%BC%D1%8C%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Нѣмьци – Bahasa Gereja Slavonia" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Нѣмьци" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Bahasa Gereja Slavonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Германи – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Германи" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yr_Almaen" title="Yr Almaen – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Yr Almaen" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel bagus"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyskland" title="Tyskland – Dansk" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Tyskland" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Dansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutschland" title="Deutschland – Jerman" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Deutschland" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almanya" title="Almanya – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Almanya" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nimska" title="Nimska – Sorbia Hilir" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Nimska" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Sorbia Hilir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerman" title="Jerman – Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Jerman" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kadazandusun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80" title="जर्मनी – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="जर्मनी" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%96%DE%A6%DE%83%DE%AA%DE%89%DE%A6%DE%82%DE%AA%DE%88%DE%A8%DE%8D%DE%A7%DE%8C%DE%B0" title="ޖަރުމަނުވިލާތް – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ޖަރުމަނުވިލާތް" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dz mw-list-item"><a href="https://dz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%87%E0%BD%B1%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%98%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%93%E0%BD%B2" title="ཇཱར་མ་ནི – Dzongkha" lang="dz" hreflang="dz" data-title="ཇཱར་མ་ནི" data-language-autonym="ཇོང་ཁ" data-language-local-name="Dzongkha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ཇོང་ཁ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dzamanya" title="Dzamanya – Ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Dzamanya" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="Ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eʋegbe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Γερμανία – Yunani" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γερμανία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Yunani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germ%C3%A2gna" title="Germâgna – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Germâgna" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany" title="Germany – Inggris" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Germany" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Inggris" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanio" title="Germanio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Germanio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel bagus"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemania" title="Alemania – Spanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Alemania" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saksamaa" title="Saksamaa – Esti" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Saksamaa" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Esti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemania" title="Alemania – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Alemania" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alema%C3%B1a" title="Alemaña – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Alemaña" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="آلمان – Persia" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آلمان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almaanya" title="Almaanya – Fula" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Almaanya" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fula" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fulfulde</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saksa" title="Saksa – Suomi" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Saksa" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Suomi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%27aksamaa" title="S'aksamaa – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="S'aksamaa" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamani" title="Jamani – Fiji" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Jamani" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fiji" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BDskland" title="Týskland – Faroe" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Týskland" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allemagne" title="Allemagne – Prancis" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Allemagne" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Prancis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemagnes" title="Alemagnes – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Alemagnes" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tj%C3%BCschl%C3%B6nj" title="Tjüschlönj – Frisia Utara" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Tjüschlönj" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Frisia Utara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjermanie" title="Gjermanie – Friuli" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Gjermanie" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friuli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BAtsl%C3%A2n" title="Dútslân – Frisia Barat" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Dútslân" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Frisia Barat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Ghearm%C3%A1in" title="An Ghearmáin – Irlandia" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Ghearmáin" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irlandia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germaniya" title="Germaniya – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Germaniya" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagauz</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B" title="德國 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="德國" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanlmangn" title="Lanlmangn – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Lanlmangn" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%27_Ghearmailt" title="A' Ghearmailt – Gaelik Skotlandia" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="A' Ghearmailt" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Gaelik Skotlandia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alema%C3%B1a" title="Alemaña – Galisia" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Alemaña" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galisia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="آلمان – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="آلمان" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>گیلکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alem%C3%A1%C3%B1a" title="Alemáña – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Alemáña" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80" title="जर्मनी – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="जर्मनी" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%B8%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8C%BF%F0%90%8C%B3%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8D%83%F0%90%8C%BA%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BB%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BD%F0%90%8C%B3" title="𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 – Gotik" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gotik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%9C%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%80" title="જર્મની – Gujarat" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="જર્મની" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_Ghermaan" title="Yn Ghermaan – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Yn Ghermaan" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamus" title="Jamus – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Jamus" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tet-koet" title="Tet-koet – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Tet-koet" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelem%C4%81nia" title="Kelemānia – Hawaii" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Kelemānia" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaii" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%94" title="גרמניה – Ibrani" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גרמניה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Ibrani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80" title="जर्मनी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जर्मनी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany" title="Germany – Hindi Fiji" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Germany" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Hindi Fiji" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Njema%C4%8Dka" title="Njemačka – Kroasia" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Njemačka" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroasia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C4%9Bmska" title="Němska – Sorbia Hulu" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Němska" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Sorbia Hulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almay" title="Almay – Kreol Haiti" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Almay" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Kreol Haiti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A9metorsz%C3%A1g" title="Németország – Hungaria" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Németország" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Գերմանիա – Armenia" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գերմանիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Գերմանիա – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Գերմանիա" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania" title="Germania – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Germania" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jereman" title="Jereman – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Jereman" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania" title="Germania – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Germania" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A9man%E1%BB%8B" title="Jémanị – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Jémanị" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuitchilan" title="Tuitchilan – Inupiak" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Tuitchilan" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Iñupiatun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemania" title="Alemania – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Alemania" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BA" title="Немций мохк – Ingushetia" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Немций мохк" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingushetia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania" title="Germania – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Germania" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9E%C3%BDskaland" title="Þýskaland – Islandia" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Þýskaland" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Islandia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania" title="Germania – Italia" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Germania" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%94%AE%E1%92%AA%E1%93%82" title="ᔮᒪᓂ – Inuktitut" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᔮᒪᓂ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="Inuktitut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%89%E3%82%A4%E3%83%84" title="ドイツ – Jepang" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ドイツ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Jepang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joermani" title="Joermani – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Joermani" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/dotygu%27e" title="dotygu'e – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="dotygu'e" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerman" title="Jerman – Jawa" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Jerman" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Jawa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="გერმანია – Georgia" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="გერმანია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germaniya" title="Germaniya – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Germaniya" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lalman" title="Lalman – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Lalman" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Джэрмэн – Kabardi" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Джэрмэн" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caama" title="Caama – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Caama" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jami%CC%B1ni" title="Jami̱ni – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Jami̱ni" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemanyi" title="Alemanyi – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Alemanyi" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerman" title="Jerman – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Jerman" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nj%C4%A9r%C4%A9mani" title="Njĩrĩmani – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Njĩrĩmani" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gĩkũyũ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Германия – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Германия" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%A2%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9B%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9B%E1%9E%BA%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%89%E1%9E%84%E1%9F%8B" title="អាល្លឺម៉ង់ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="អាល្លឺម៉ង់" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF" title="ಜರ್ಮನಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಜರ್ಮನಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8F%85%EC%9D%BC" title="독일 – Korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="독일" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BC%D1%83" title="Немечму – Komi-Permyak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Немечму" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permyak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Перем коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Германия – Karachai Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Германия" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachai Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%8E%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%8E%D9%86%DB%8C" title="جَرمَنی – Kashmir" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="جَرمَنی" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BCtschland" title="Dütschland – Dialek Kolsch" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Dütschland" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Dialek Kolsch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almanya" title="Almanya – Kurdi" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Almanya" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Германия – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Германия" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almayn" title="Almayn – Kornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Almayn" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Kornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Германия – Kirgiz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Германия" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirgiz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania" title="Germania – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Germania" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almania" title="Almania – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Almania" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A4itschland" title="Däitschland – Luksemburg" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Däitschland" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luksemburg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Германия – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Германия" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Германия – Lezghia" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Германия" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutxland" title="Deutxland – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Deutxland" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girimane" title="Girimane – Ganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Girimane" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="Ganda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Luganda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duitsland" title="Duitsland – Limburgia" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Duitsland" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania" title="Germania – Liguria" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Germania" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Liguria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania" title="Germania – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Germania" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania" title="Germania – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Germania" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%C3%A9mani" title="Alémani – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Alémani" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%94%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%A2%E0%BA%8D%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%99" title="ປະເທດເຢຍລະມັນ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ປະເທດເຢຍລະມັນ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel bagus"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vokietija" title="Vokietija – Lituavi" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vokietija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lituavi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuoceja" title="Vuoceja – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Vuoceja" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latgaļu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C4%81cija" title="Vācija – Latvi" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Vācija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A8rman" title="Jèrman – Madura" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Jèrman" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madura" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Madhurâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80" title="जर्मनी – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="जर्मनी" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerman" title="Jerman – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Jerman" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%87%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Дойчмастор – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Дойчмастор" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemaina" title="Alemaina – Malagasi" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Alemaina" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%87_%D0%AD%D0%BB" title="Немыч Эл – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Немыч Эл" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiamana" title="Tiamana – Maori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Tiamana" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Maori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerman" title="Jerman – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Jerman" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Германија – Makedonia" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Германија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Makedonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF" title="ജർമ്മനി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജർമ്മനി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Герман – Mongolia" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Герман" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%96%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%83%EA%AF%85%EA%AF%A4" title="ꯖꯔꯃꯅꯤ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯖꯔꯃꯅꯤ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80" title="जर्मनी – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="जर्मनी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerman" title="Jerman – Melayu" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Jerman" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Melayu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%A0ermanja" title="Ġermanja – Malta" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Ġermanja" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Malta" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almanha" title="Almanha – Miranda" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Almanha" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Miranda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%82%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AC%E1%80%99%E1%80%94%E1%80%AE%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6" title="ဂျာမနီနိုင်ငံ – Burma" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဂျာမနီနိုင်ငံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burma" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Германия Мастор – Eryza" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Германия Мастор" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Eryza" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="آلمان – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="آلمان" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania" title="Germania – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Germania" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BC%C3%BCtschland" title="Düütschland – Jerman Rendah" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Düütschland" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman Rendah" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duutslaand" title="Duutslaand – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Duutslaand" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80" title="जर्मनी – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="जर्मनी" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80" title="जर्मनी – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="जर्मनी" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duitsland" title="Duitsland – Belanda" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Duitsland" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Belanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyskland" title="Tyskland – Nynorsk Norwegia" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Tyskland" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Nynorsk Norwegia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyskland" title="Tyskland – Bokmål Norwegia" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tyskland" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Bokmål Norwegia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania" title="Germania – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Germania" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nqo mw-list-item"><a href="https://nqo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DF%8A%DF%9F%DF%8F%DF%A1%DF%8A%DF%B2%DF%98%DF%8E%DF%AF" title="ߊߟߏߡߊ߲ߘߎ߯ – N’Ko" lang="nqo" hreflang="nqo" data-title="ߊߟߏߡߊ߲ߘߎ߯" data-language-autonym="ߒߞߏ" data-language-local-name="N’Ko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ߒߞߏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allemangne" title="Allemangne – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Allemangne" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremane" title="Jeremane – Sotho Utara" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Jeremane" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Sotho Utara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho sa Leboa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9%C3%A9sh_Bich%CA%BCahii_Bik%C3%A9yah" title="Béésh Bichʼahii Bikéyah – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Béésh Bichʼahii Bikéyah" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny mw-list-item"><a href="https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany" title="Germany – Nyanja" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" data-title="Germany" data-language-autonym="Chi-Chewa" data-language-local-name="Nyanja" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chi-Chewa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemanha" title="Alemanha – Ositania" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Alemanha" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Ositania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germuanii" title="Germuanii – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Germuanii" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jarmanii" title="Jarmanii – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Jarmanii" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%9C%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%80" title="ଜର୍ମାନୀ – Oriya" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଜର୍ମାନୀ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Oriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Герман – Ossetia" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Герман" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80" title="ਜਰਮਨੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਜਰਮਨੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag mw-list-item"><a href="https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemanya" title="Alemanya – Pangasina" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" data-title="Alemanya" data-language-autonym="Pangasinan" data-language-local-name="Pangasina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangasinan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemanya" title="Alemanya – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Alemanya" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemania" title="Alemania – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Alemania" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemanne" title="Alemanne – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Alemanne" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deitschland" title="Deitschland – Jerman Pennsylvania" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Deitschland" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman Pennsylvania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deitsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutschland" title="Deutschland – Palatine German" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Deutschland" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="Palatine German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pälzisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80" title="जर्मनी – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="जर्मनी" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>पालि</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niemcy" title="Niemcy – Polski" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Niemcy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almagna" title="Almagna – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Almagna" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86%DB%8C" title="جرمنی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جرمنی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Γερμανία – Pontic" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt" data-title="Γερμανία" data-language-autonym="Ποντιακά" data-language-local-name="Pontic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ποντιακά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86%D9%8A" title="جرمني – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="جرمني" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemanha" title="Alemanha – Portugis" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Alemanha" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alimanya" title="Alimanya – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Alimanya" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania" title="Germania – Reto-Roman" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Germania" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Reto-Roman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jermaniya" title="Jermaniya – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Jermaniya" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Romani čhib</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rn mw-list-item"><a href="https://rn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubudagi" title="Ubudagi – Rundi" lang="rn" hreflang="rn" data-title="Ubudagi" data-language-autonym="Ikirundi" data-language-local-name="Rundi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikirundi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania" title="Germania – Rumania" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Germania" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Rumania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghermanii" title="Ghermanii – Aromania" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Ghermanii" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanie" title="Germanie – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Germanie" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tarandíne</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Германия – Rusia" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Германия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%97%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Нїмецько – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Нїмецько" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubudage" title="Ubudage – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Ubudage" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%83" title="शर्मण्यदेशः – Sanskerta" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="शर्मण्यदेशः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskerta" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Германия – Sakha" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Германия" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Sakha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A1%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱡᱟᱨᱢᱟᱱᱤ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱡᱟᱨᱢᱟᱱᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germ%C3%A0nia" title="Germània – Sardinia" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Germània" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girmania" title="Girmania – Sisilia" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Girmania" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sisilia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany" title="Germany – Skotlandia" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Germany" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Skotlandia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86%D9%8A" title="جرمني – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="جرمني" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duiska" title="Duiska – Sami Utara" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Duiska" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Sami Utara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Njema%C4%8Dka" title="Njemačka – Serbo-Kroasia" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Njemačka" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Kroasia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lalman" title="Lalman – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Lalman" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B0%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%81%B5%E1%80%BB%E1%82%83%E1%82%87%E1%80%99%E1%81%BC%E1%80%AE%E1%82%87" title="မိူင်းၵျႃႇမၼီႇ – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="မိူင်းၵျႃႇမၼီႇ" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%A2%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B8%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA" title="ජර්මනිය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ජර්මනිය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany" title="Germany – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Germany" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemecko" title="Nemecko – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Nemecko" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86%DB%8C" title="جرمنی – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="جرمنی" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nem%C4%8Dija" title="Nemčija – Sloven" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Nemčija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Sloven" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siamani" title="Siamani – Samoa" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Siamani" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saksa" title="Saksa – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Saksa" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerumani" title="Jerumani – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Jerumani" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jarmalka" title="Jarmalka – Somalia" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Jarmalka" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somalia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjermania" title="Gjermania – Albania" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjermania" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%8A%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Њемачка – Serbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Њемачка" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-srn mw-list-item"><a href="https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doysrikondre" title="Doysrikondre – Sranan Tongo" lang="srn" hreflang="srn" data-title="Doysrikondre" data-language-autonym="Sranantongo" data-language-local-name="Sranan Tongo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sranantongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/IJalimane" title="IJalimane – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="IJalimane" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>SiSwati</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremane" title="Jeremane – Sotho Selatan" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Jeremane" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="Sotho Selatan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BC%C3%BCtsklound" title="Düütsklound – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Düütsklound" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A9rman" title="Jérman – Sunda" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Jérman" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sunda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyskland" title="Tyskland – Swedia" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tyskland" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ujerumani" title="Ujerumani – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ujerumani" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mjymcy" title="Mjymcy – Silesia" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Mjymcy" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany" title="Germany – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Germany" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9C%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF" title="ஜெர்மனி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஜெர்மனி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany" title="Germany – Tayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="Germany" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Tayal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tayal</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF" title="ಜರ್ಮನಿ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಜರ್ಮನಿ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tdd mw-list-item"><a href="https://tdd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%A5%9B%E1%A5%AB%E1%A5%92%E1%A5%B0_%E1%A5%90%E1%A5%A6%E1%A5%B1_%E1%A5%9B%E1%A5%A3%E1%A5%B1_%E1%A5%98%E1%A5%A4%E1%A5%B1" title="ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥐᥦᥱ ᥛᥣᥱ ᥘᥤᥱ – Tai Nuea" lang="tdd" hreflang="tdd" data-title="ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥐᥦᥱ ᥛᥣᥱ ᥘᥤᥱ" data-language-autonym="ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ" data-language-local-name="Tai Nuea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%80" title="జర్మనీ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="జర్మనీ" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alema%C3%B1a" title="Alemaña – Tetun" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Alemaña" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tetun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Олмон – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Олмон" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5" title="ประเทศเยอรมนี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประเทศเยอรมนี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ti mw-list-item"><a href="https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8C%80%E1%88%AD%E1%88%98%E1%8A%95" title="ጀርመን – Tigrinya" lang="ti" hreflang="ti" data-title="ጀርመን" data-language-autonym="ትግርኛ" data-language-local-name="Tigrinya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ትግርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germani%C3%BDa" title="Germaniýa – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Germaniýa" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemanya" title="Alemanya – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Alemanya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almanij%C9%99" title="Almanijə – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Almanijə" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siamane" title="Siamane – Tonga" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="Siamane" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tonga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lea faka-Tonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siamani" title="Siamani – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Siamani" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almanya" title="Almanya – Turki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Almanya" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany" title="Germany – Taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Germany" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="Taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seediq</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jarimani" title="Jarimani – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Jarimani" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Xitsonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Германия – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Германия" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany" title="Germany – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Germany" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiTumbuka</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany" title="Germany – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Germany" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Twi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ty mw-list-item"><a href="https://ty.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heremani" title="Heremani – Tahiti" lang="ty" hreflang="ty" data-title="Heremani" data-language-autonym="Reo tahiti" data-language-local-name="Tahiti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Reo tahiti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Германия – Tuvinia" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Германия" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Германия – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Германия" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%89%D9%8A%DB%95" title="گېرمانىيە – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="گېرمانىيە" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%87%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Німеччина – Ukraina" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Німеччина" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukraina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86%DB%8C" title="جرمنی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جرمنی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germaniya" title="Germaniya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Germaniya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zerm%C3%A0nia" title="Zermània – Venesia" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Zermània" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venesia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saksanma" title="Saksanma – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Saksanma" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c" title="Đức – Vietnam" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đức" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duutsland" title="Duutsland – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Duutsland" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deut%C3%A4n" title="Deutän – Volapuk" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Deutän" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapuk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almagne" title="Almagne – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Almagne" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemanya" title="Alemanya – Warai" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Alemanya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Warai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almaa%C3%B1" title="Almaañ – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Almaañ" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD" title="德国 – Wu Tionghoa" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="德国" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu Tionghoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B8%D1%86%D3%99%D1%82%D3%99_%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%BD" title="Ниицәтә Немшин Орн – Kalmuk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Ниицәтә Немшин Орн" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmuk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Хальмг</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/IJamani" title="IJamani – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="IJamani" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="გერმანია – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="გერმანია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%99%D7%99%D7%98%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%93" title="דייטשלאנד – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="דייטשלאנד" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%E1%BA%B9%CC%81m%C3%A1n%C3%AC" title="Jẹ́mánì – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Jẹ́mánì" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwzgoz" title="Dwzgoz – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Dwzgoz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duutsland" title="Duutsland – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Duutsland" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8D%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%8E%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8F" title="ⴰⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏ – Tamazight Maroko Standar" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⴰⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Tamazight Maroko Standar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD" title="德国 – Tionghoa" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="德国" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Tionghoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B" title="德國 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="德國" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tek-kok" title="Tek-kok – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tek-kok" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B" title="德國 – Kanton" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="德國" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kanton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IJalimani" title="IJalimani – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="IJalimani" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q183#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Sunting pranala interwiki" class="wbc-editpage">Sunting pranala</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Ruang nama"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Jerman" title="Lihat halaman isi [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Halaman</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Pembicaraan:Jerman" rel="discussion" title="Pembicaraan halaman isi [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Pembicaraan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Ubah varian bahasa" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Bahasa Indonesia</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Tampilan"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Jerman"><span>Baca</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jerman&veaction=edit" title="Sunting halaman ini [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Sunting</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jerman&action=edit" title="Sunting kode sumber halaman ini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Sunting sumber</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jerman&action=history" title="Revisi sebelumnya dari halaman ini. [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Lihat riwayat</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Peralatan halaman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Perkakas" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Perkakas</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Perkakas</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Opsi lainnya" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Tindakan </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Jerman"><span>Baca</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jerman&veaction=edit" title="Sunting halaman ini [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Sunting</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jerman&action=edit" title="Sunting kode sumber halaman ini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Sunting sumber</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jerman&action=history"><span>Lihat riwayat</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Umum </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Pranala_balik/Jerman" title="Daftar semua halaman wiki yang memiliki pranala ke halaman ini [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Pranala balik</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Perubahan_terkait/Jerman" rel="nofollow" title="Perubahan terbaru halaman-halaman yang memiliki pranala ke halaman ini [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Perubahan terkait</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Halaman_istimewa" title="Daftar semua halaman istimewa [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Halaman istimewa</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jerman&oldid=26381207" title="Pranala permanen untuk revisi halaman ini"><span>Pranala permanen</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jerman&action=info" title="Informasi lanjut tentang halaman ini"><span>Informasi halaman</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Kutip&page=Jerman&id=26381207&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informasi tentang bagaimana mengutip halaman ini"><span>Kutip halaman ini</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FJerman"><span>Lihat URL pendek</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FJerman"><span>Unduh kode QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Cetak/ekspor </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Buku&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Jerman"><span>Buat buku</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:DownloadAsPdf&page=Jerman&action=show-download-screen"><span>Unduh versi PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jerman&printable=yes" title="Versi cetak halaman ini [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Versi cetak</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Dalam proyek lain </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deutschland" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q183" title="Pranala untuk menghubungkan butir pada ruang penyimpanan data [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Butir di Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Peralatan halaman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Tampilan"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tampilan</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Dari Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="id" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18844875">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Untuk kegunaan lain, lihat <a href="/wiki/Jerman_(disambiguasi)" class="mw-disambig" title="Jerman (disambiguasi)">Jerman (disambiguasi)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Republik Federal Jerman" beralih ke halaman ini. Untuk negara dari tahun 1949 hingga 1990, lihat <a href="/wiki/Jerman_Barat" title="Jerman Barat">Jerman Barat</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r22657712">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r24155656">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-b{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7a/Picto_infobox_map.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard" style="font-size:88%;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr" style="padding:0.25em 0.33em 0.33em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:1.25em;"><div style="display:inline" class="fn org country-name">Republik Federal Jerman</div><br /><div style="padding-top:0.25em; font-weight:normal;"><span title="Jerman-language text"><i lang="de">Bundesrepublik Deutschland</i></span><span class="lang-comment" style="font-style: normal; display: none; color: #33aa33; margin-left: 0.3em;">code: de is deprecated </span>  <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Jerman" title="Bahasa Jerman">Jerman</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="text-align:center;padding:0.5em 0;"><div style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; width:58%; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Flag_of_Germany.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bendera Jerman"><img alt="Bendera Jerman" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/125px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/188px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/250px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Bendera_Jerman" title="Bendera Jerman">Bendera</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lambang Jerman"><img alt="{{{coat_alt}}}" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg/80px-Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg/120px-Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg/160px-Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="396" data-file-height="510" /></a></span></div> <div style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Lambang_Jerman" title="Lambang Jerman"> Lambang</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem"><div style="line-height:1.2em;"><b><a href="/wiki/Lagu_kebangsaan" title="Lagu kebangsaan">Lagu kebangsaan</a>: </b><span lang="de">"<a href="/wiki/Das_Lied_der_Deutschen" class="mw-redirect" title="Das Lied der Deutschen">Das Lied der Deutschen</a>"</span><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />("Lagu Rakyat Jerman")<br /><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="75" data-mwtitle="German_national_anthem_performed_by_the_US_Navy_Band.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a6/German_national_anthem_performed_by_the_US_Navy_Band.ogg/German_national_anthem_performed_by_the_US_Navy_Band.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a6/German_national_anthem_performed_by_the_US_Navy_Band.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AGerman_national_anthem_performed_by_the_US_Navy_Band.ogg&lang=da&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="da" label="dansk ‪(da)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AGerman_national_anthem_performed_by_the_US_Navy_Band.ogg&lang=de&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="de" label="Deutsch ‪(de)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AGerman_national_anthem_performed_by_the_US_Navy_Band.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AGerman_national_anthem_performed_by_the_US_Navy_Band.ogg&lang=es&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="es" label="español ‪(es)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AGerman_national_anthem_performed_by_the_US_Navy_Band.ogg&lang=id&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="id" label="Bahasa Indonesia ‪(id)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AGerman_national_anthem_performed_by_the_US_Navy_Band.ogg&lang=ja&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ja" label="日本語 ‪(ja)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AGerman_national_anthem_performed_by_the_US_Navy_Band.ogg&lang=ko&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ko" label="한국어 ‪(ko)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AGerman_national_anthem_performed_by_the_US_Navy_Band.ogg&lang=ms&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ms" label="Bahasa Melayu ‪(ms)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AGerman_national_anthem_performed_by_the_US_Navy_Band.ogg&lang=pl&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="pl" label="polski ‪(pl)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AGerman_national_anthem_performed_by_the_US_Navy_Band.ogg&lang=th&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="th" label="ไทย ‪(th)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AGerman_national_anthem_performed_by_the_US_Navy_Band.ogg&lang=tr&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="tr" label="Türkçe ‪(tr)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AGerman_national_anthem_performed_by_the_US_Navy_Band.ogg&lang=vi&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="vi" label="Tiếng Việt ‪(vi)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span></span></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:EU-Germany_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/EU-Germany_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/220px-EU-Germany_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/EU-Germany_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/330px-EU-Germany_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/EU-Germany_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/440px-EU-Germany_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none" data-switcher-default="">Tampilkan globe</span></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:EU-Germany.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/EU-Germany.svg/250px-EU-Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/EU-Germany.svg/375px-EU-Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/EU-Germany.svg/500px-EU-Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2045" data-file-height="1720" /></a></span><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Tampilkan peta Eropa</span></div></div><div style="font-size:90%;position:relative;top:0.3em;"><div style="text-align:center;font-size:11px;line-height:1.15em;"><span style="font-size:11px;">Lokasi <span style="font-size:2px;"> </span>Jerman<span style="font-size:8px;"><span class="nowrap">  </span></span>(hijau gelap)</span><p style="font-size:11px;text-align:left;margin-left:1.2ex;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;line-height:1.15em;">– di <a href="/wiki/Eropa" title="Eropa">Eropa</a><span style="font-size:8px;"><span class="nowrap">  </span></span>(hijau terang & abu-abu gelap)<br />– di <a href="/wiki/Uni_Eropa" title="Uni Eropa">Uni Eropa</a><span style="font-size:8px;"><span class="nowrap">  </span></span>(hijau terang)</p></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ibu_kota" title="Ibu kota">Ibu kota</a><br /><div style="font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Daftar_kota_di_Jerman" title="Daftar kota di Jerman">(dan kota terbesar)</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r25917590">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Jerman&language=id&params=52_31_N_13_23_E_type:city"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">52°31′N</span> <span class="longitude">13°23′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">52.517°N 13.383°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">52.517; 13.383</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_resmi" title="Bahasa resmi">Bahasa resmi</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Jerman" title="Bahasa Jerman">Jerman</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Politik_Jerman" title="Politik Jerman">Pemerintahan</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Republik_parlementer_federal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Republik parlementer federal (halaman belum tersedia)">Republik parlementer federal</a><sup id="cite_ref-CIA_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIA-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r22657712"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Presiden_Jerman" title="Presiden Jerman">Presiden</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Frank-Walter_Steinmeier" title="Frank-Walter Steinmeier">Frank-Walter Steinmeier</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Kanselir_Jerman" title="Kanselir Jerman">Kanselir</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Olaf_Scholz" title="Olaf Scholz">Olaf Scholz</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Legislatif" title="Legislatif">Legislatif</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bundestag" title="Bundestag">Bundestag</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bundesrat_Jerman" class="mw-redirect" title="Bundesrat Jerman">Bundesrat</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Geografi_Jerman" title="Geografi Jerman">Luas </a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;"> - Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">357,600 km<sup>2</sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Daftar_negara_menurut_luas_wilayah" title="Daftar negara menurut luas wilayah">ke-63</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;"> - <a href="/wiki/Perairan" title="Perairan">Perairan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Persentase" title="Persentase">%</a>)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,27<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Demografi_Jerman" title="Demografi Jerman">Penduduk</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;"> - Perkiraan Q3 2023</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase neutral"><img alt="Increase neutral" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/11px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/17px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/22px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="347" data-file-height="346" /></span></span> 84.607.016<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Daftar_negara_menurut_jumlah_penduduk" title="Daftar negara menurut jumlah penduduk">ke-19</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;"> - <a href="/wiki/Kepadatan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kepadatan">Kepadatan</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">236/km<sup>2</sup> (<a href="/wiki/Daftar_negara_menurut_kepadatan_penduduk" title="Daftar negara menurut kepadatan penduduk">ke-58</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Produk_domestik_bruto" title="Produk domestik bruto">PDB</a> <span style="font-weight:normal;">(<a href="/wiki/Keseimbangan_kemampuan_berbelanja" title="Keseimbangan kemampuan berbelanja">KKB</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data">2024</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;"> - Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Kenaikan"><img alt="Kenaikan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> $5,687 triliun<sup id="cite_ref-IMFWEO.DE_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.DE-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Daftar_negara_menurut_PDB_(KKB)" title="Daftar negara menurut PDB (KKB)">ke-5</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;"> - <a href="/wiki/Per_kapita" title="Per kapita">Per kapita</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Kenaikan"><img alt="Kenaikan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> $67.245<sup id="cite_ref-IMFWEO.DE_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.DE-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Daftar_negara_menurut_PDB_(KKB)" title="Daftar negara menurut PDB (KKB)">ke-18</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Produk_domestik_bruto" title="Produk domestik bruto">PDB</a> <span style="font-weight:normal;">(nominal)</span></th><td class="infobox-data">2024</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;"> - Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Kenaikan"><img alt="Kenaikan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> $4,591 triliun<sup id="cite_ref-IMFWEO.DE_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.DE-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Daftar_negara_menurut_PDB_(nominal)" title="Daftar negara menurut PDB (nominal)">ke-3</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;"> - <a href="/wiki/Per_kapita" title="Per kapita">Per kapita</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Kenaikan"><img alt="Kenaikan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> $54.291<sup id="cite_ref-IMFWEO.DE_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.DE-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Daftar_negara_menurut_PDB_(nominal)_per_kapita" title="Daftar negara menurut PDB (nominal) per kapita">ke-19</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Koefisien_Gini" title="Koefisien Gini">Gini</a> <span style="font-weight:normal;">(2022)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="color: #0c0; font-size: larger;">▼</span> 28,8<sup id="cite_ref-eurogini_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eurogini-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="color:forestgreen">rendah</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Indeks_Pembangunan_Manusia" title="Indeks Pembangunan Manusia">IPM</a> <span style="font-weight:normal;">(2022)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Kenaikan"><img alt="Kenaikan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0,950<sup id="cite_ref-UNHDR_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNHDR-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="color:darkgreen">sangat tinggi</span></span> · <a href="/wiki/Daftar_negara_menurut_Indeks_Pembangunan_Manusia" title="Daftar negara menurut Indeks Pembangunan Manusia">ke-7</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Mata_uang" title="Mata uang">Mata uang</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">Euro</a> (<a href="/wiki/Simbol_euro" title="Simbol euro">€</a>) <br />(<code><a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">EUR</a></code>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Zona_waktu" title="Zona waktu">Zona waktu</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Waktu_Eropa_Tengah" title="Waktu Eropa Tengah">CET</a><br />(<span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Waktu_Universal_Terkoordinasi" title="Waktu Universal Terkoordinasi">UTC</a>+1</span>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;"> - Musim panas (<a href="/wiki/Waktu_Musim_Panas" title="Waktu Musim Panas">DST</a>)</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Waktu_Universal_Terkoordinasi" title="Waktu Universal Terkoordinasi">UTC</a>+2</span> (<a href="/wiki/Waktu_Musim_Panas_Eropa_Tengah" title="Waktu Musim Panas Eropa Tengah">CEST</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Kalender" title="Kalender">Format tanggal</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r23782733">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Hari, bulan, tahun</li><li>Tahun, bulan, hari</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Arah_lalu_lintas" title="Arah lalu lintas">Lajur kemudi</a></th><td class="infobox-data">kanan</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Daftar_kode_telepon_negara_di_dunia" title="Daftar kode telepon negara di dunia">Kode telepon</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nomor_telepon_di_Jerman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nomor telepon di Jerman (halaman belum tersedia)">+49</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">Kode ISO 3166</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:DE" title="ISO 3166-2:DE">DE</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ranah_Internet_tingkat_teratas" class="mw-redirect" title="Ranah Internet tingkat teratas">Ranah Internet</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/.de" title=".de">.de</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below mergedtoprow noprint"><div class="none" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:80%; line-height:normal;text-align:left;height:20px;padding-top:0.2em;;margin-left:0;margin-right:0;padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;padding-top:0.1em"> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Sunting kotak info" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:Infobox_country&action=edit&section=top&editintro=Templat:Infobox/editintro2"><span style="color:#3464c9"><b>Sunting kotak info</b></span></a></span> • <a href="/wiki/Templat:Infobox_country" title="Templat:Infobox country"><span style="display:inline-text;color:#3464c9">Lihat</span></a> • <a href="/wiki/Pembicaraan_Templat:Infobox_country" title="Pembicaraan Templat:Infobox country"><span style="color:#3464c9">Bicara</span></a><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Infobox_country/doc" title="Bantuan penggunaan templat ini"><img alt="Info templat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/10px-Info_Simple.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/15px-Info_Simple.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/20px-Info_Simple.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption>Bantuan penggunaan templat ini</figcaption></figure> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Jerman</b> (<a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Jerman" title="Bahasa Jerman">bahasa Jerman</a>: <span lang="de"><i>Deutschland</i></span>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r24300501">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .reference-text .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pelafalan dalam <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Jerman" title="Bahasa Jerman">bahasa Jerman</a>:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Bantuan:IPA/Bahasa_Jerman" title="Bantuan:IPA/Bahasa Jerman">[ˈdɔʏtʃlant]</a></span>), secara resmi disebut sebagai <b>Republik Federal Jerman</b> (<a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Jerman" title="Bahasa Jerman">bahasa Jerman</a>: <span lang="de"><i>Bundesrepublik Deutschland</i></span>) adalah <a href="/wiki/Negara" title="Negara">negara</a> berbentuk <a href="/wiki/Federasi" title="Federasi">federasi</a> di <a href="/wiki/Eropa" title="Eropa">Eropa</a>. <a href="/wiki/Negara" title="Negara">Negara</a> ini memiliki posisi ekonomi dan politik yang sangat penting di <a href="/wiki/Eropa" title="Eropa">Eropa</a> maupun di dunia. Dengan luas 357.021 kilometer persegi dan jumlah penduduk sekitar 84 juta jiwa, negara dengan 16 negara bagian (<i>Bundesland</i>, jamak: <i>Bundesländer</i>) ini menjadi anggota kunci organisasi <a href="/wiki/Uni_Eropa" title="Uni Eropa">Uni Eropa</a> (penduduk terbanyak), penghubung <a href="/wiki/Transportasi" title="Transportasi">transportasi</a> barang dan jasa antarnegara sekawasan, serta menjadi negara dengan penduduk <a href="/wiki/Migrasi" title="Migrasi">imigran</a> ketiga terbesar di dunia.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meskipun <a href="/wiki/Negara-bangsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Negara-bangsa">negara-bangsa</a> Jerman modern baru terbentuk pada tahun 1871 seusai <a href="/wiki/Perang_Prancis-Prusia" class="mw-redirect" title="Perang Prancis-Prusia">Perang Prancis-Prusia</a>, satuan-satuan politik di wilayah ini telah lama memainkan posisi penting dalam era monarki di <a href="/wiki/Eropa" title="Eropa">Eropa</a> sejak penguasaan oleh <a href="/wiki/Kekaisaran_Romawi" title="Kekaisaran Romawi">Kekaisaran Romawi</a> menjelang era modern (<a href="/wiki/Masehi" title="Masehi">Masehi</a>) hingga berakhirnya <a href="/wiki/Perang_Napoleon" title="Perang Napoleon">Perang Napoleon</a>. Penyatuan wilayah <a href="/wiki/Eropa_Tengah" title="Eropa Tengah">Eropa Tengah</a> pada masa <a href="/wiki/Karl_Yang_Agung" class="mw-redirect" title="Karl Yang Agung">Karl Yang Agung</a> (<i>Charlemagne</i>), pemimpin <a href="/wiki/Kerajaan_Franka" title="Kerajaan Franka">Kerajaan Franka</a>, pada abad ke-8 menjadi rintisan terbentuknya suatu <a href="/wiki/Imperium" title="Imperium">imperium</a> <a href="/wiki/Konfederasi" title="Konfederasi">konfederatif</a> berusia hampir 1000 tahun yang dikenal sebagai <a href="/wiki/Imperium_Romawi_Suci" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperium Romawi Suci">Imperium Romawi Suci</a>. <a href="/wiki/Imperium" title="Imperium">Imperium</a> ini sangat mewarnai budaya <a href="/wiki/Feodalisme" title="Feodalisme">feodal</a> di seluruh Eropa serta menjadi pusat <a href="/wiki/Reformasi_Protestan" title="Reformasi Protestan">Reformasi</a> <a href="/wiki/Gereja_Kristen" class="mw-redirect" title="Gereja Kristen">gereja Kristen</a> pada abad ke-16 yang melahirkan <a href="/wiki/Protestantisme" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestantisme">Protestantisme</a>. Ketika <a href="/wiki/Imperium_Romawi_Suci" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperium Romawi Suci">Imperium Romawi Suci</a> dibubarkan pada tahun 1806 akibat perpecahan yang ditimbulkan oleh <a href="/wiki/Peperangan_era_Napoleon" class="mw-redirect" title="Peperangan era Napoleon">perang Napoleon</a>, telah tumbuh rasa satu kebangsaan sebagai masyarakat berbahasa yang sama (<a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Jerman" title="Bahasa Jerman">bahasa Jerman</a>). Namun, negara modern yang terbentuk kemudian tidak sanggup menyatukan cita-cita kebangsaan itu karena <a href="/wiki/Kekaisaran_Austria-Hungaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Kekaisaran Austria-Hungaria">Austria membentuk sekutu bersama Hungaria</a> menjadi negara terpisah dari negara Jerman modern. Pada tahun 1949, Jerman, dengan wilayah yang jauh berkurang akibat dua perang besar di <a href="/wiki/Eropa" title="Eropa">Eropa</a>, terbagi menjadi dua negara terpisah: <a href="/wiki/Jerman_Barat" title="Jerman Barat">Jerman Barat</a><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan <a href="/wiki/Jerman_Timur" title="Jerman Timur">Jerman Timur</a>. Pemisahan ini berakhir <a href="/wiki/3_Oktober" title="3 Oktober">3 Oktober</a> <a href="/wiki/1990" title="1990">1990</a> (menjadi <a href="/wiki/Hari_Penyatuan_Jerman" title="Hari Penyatuan Jerman">hari nasional Jerman</a> sekarang) ketika <a href="/wiki/Jerman_Timur" title="Jerman Timur">Jerman Timur</a> <a href="/wiki/Penyatuan_kembali_Jerman" title="Penyatuan kembali Jerman">secara resmi menyatukan diri dengan</a> <a href="/wiki/Jerman_Barat" title="Jerman Barat">Jerman Barat</a>. </p><p>Jerman (Barat) adalah negara pendiri <a href="/wiki/Masyarakat_Ekonomi_Eropa" title="Masyarakat Ekonomi Eropa">Masyarakat Ekonomi Eropa</a> (kelak menjadi <a href="/wiki/Uni_Eropa" title="Uni Eropa">Uni Eropa</a> pada tahun 1993). Negara ini juga menjadi anggota <a href="/wiki/Perjanjian_Schengen" title="Perjanjian Schengen">zona Schengen</a> dan pengguna mata uang <a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">Euro</a> sejak 2002. Sebagai negara penting, Jerman adalah anggota <a href="/wiki/G8" title="G8">G8</a>, <a href="/wiki/G-20_ekonomi_utama" class="mw-redirect" title="G-20 ekonomi utama">G20</a>, menduduki urutan keempat dalam <a href="/wiki/Produk_Domestik_Bruto" class="mw-redirect" title="Produk Domestik Bruto">Produk Domestik Bruto</a> dan urutan kelima dalam <a href="/wiki/Keseimbangan_Kemampuan_Berbelanja" class="mw-redirect" title="Keseimbangan Kemampuan Berbelanja">Keseimbangan Kemampuan Berbelanja</a> (2009), urutan kedua negara pengekspor<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan urutan kedua negara pengimpor barang (2009), dan menduduki urutan kedua di dunia dalam nilai bantuan pembangunan dalam anggaran tahunannya (2008).<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jerman juga dikenal sebagai negara dengan sistem jaringan pengaman sosial yang baik dan memiliki <a href="/wiki/Indeks_Pembangunan_Manusia" title="Indeks Pembangunan Manusia">standar hidup</a> yang sangat tinggi. Jerman dikenal sebagai negara dengan penguasaan <a href="/wiki/Ilmu" title="Ilmu">ilmu</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Teknologi" title="Teknologi">teknologi</a> maju di berbagai bidang, baik <a href="/wiki/Ilmu_pengetahuan_alam" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilmu pengetahuan alam">ilmu-ilmu alamiah</a> maupun <a href="/wiki/Ilmu_pengetahuan_sosial" class="mw-disambig" title="Ilmu pengetahuan sosial">sosial</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Humaniora" title="Humaniora">kemanusiaan</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> selain sebagai negara yang banyak mencetak prestasi di bidang ke<a href="/wiki/Olahraga" title="Olahraga">olahragaan</a>, seperti <a href="/wiki/Formula_Satu" title="Formula Satu">Formula Satu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sepak_bola" title="Sepak bola">sepak bola</a>, dan lain-lain. Jerman dianggap sebagai negara yang sangat menghidupkan dunia. Dengan kata lain, Jerman juga merupakan negara yang memengaruhi keadaan perekonomian/<a href="/wiki/Bursa_saham" class="mw-redirect" title="Bursa saham">bursa saham</a> dunia. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etimologi">Etimologi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jerman&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Sunting bagian: Etimologi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jerman&action=edit&section=1" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Etimologi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Lihat pula: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nama-nama_untuk_negara_Germany&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nama-nama untuk negara Germany (halaman belum tersedia)">Nama-nama untuk negara Germany</a></div> <p>Karena letaknya yang berada di tengah-tengah Eropa dan sejarah panjangnya sebagai <a href="/wiki/Puak" title="Puak">puak</a>-puak yang berbeda sebelum akhirnya bersatu, Jerman memiliki banyak nama sebutan. </p><p>Nama "Jerman" yang dipakai dalam <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Melayu" title="Bahasa Melayu">bahasa Melayu</a> diambil dari nama <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Inggris" title="Bahasa Inggris">bahasa Inggris</a> <i>German</i> yang berarti "orang Jerman" atau bahasa Jerman. Nama negara ini dalam <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Inggris" title="Bahasa Inggris">bahasa Inggris</a>, <i>Germany</i>, berasal dari nama <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Latin" title="Bahasa Latin">Latin</a> yang digunakan oleh orang-orang Romawi untuk wilayah di sekitar <a href="/wiki/Rhein" title="Rhein">Sungai Rhein</a>, yaitu <i>Germania</i> sejak abad ke-3 SM. Tidak jelas <a href="/wiki/Etimologi" title="Etimologi">etimologinya</a>, tetapi ada kemungkinan orang Romawi mengadopsi dari sebutan orang <a href="/wiki/Kelt" title="Kelt">Kelt</a> di <a href="/wiki/Galia" title="Galia">Galia</a> untuk masyarakat di sana yang berarti "tetangga".<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Allemania</b> (dengan variasinya, dipakai misalnya dalam <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Prancis" title="Bahasa Prancis">bahasa Prancis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Spanyol" title="Bahasa Spanyol">Spanyol</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Arab" title="Bahasa Arab">Arab</a>), <b>Saksa</b> (dipakai dalam <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Finlandia" title="Bahasa Finlandia">bahasa Finlandia</a>), <b>Tedesco</b> (dipakai dalam <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Italia" title="Bahasa Italia">bahasa Italia</a>) juga <b>Deutsch</b> (dengan variasinya, dipakai misalnya dalam <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Jerman" title="Bahasa Jerman">bahasa Jerman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Swedia" title="Bahasa Swedia">Swedia</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Belanda" title="Bahasa Belanda">Belanda</a>), dan <b>Niemcy</b> (<a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Polandia" title="Bahasa Polandia">bahasa Polandia</a> dan variasinya di beberapa tetangganya) mengacu pada <a href="/wiki/Puak" title="Puak">puak</a>-puak <a href="/wiki/Bangsa_Germanik" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangsa Germanik">bangsa Germanik</a> yang berbeda-beda, sekaligus menunjukkan beragamnya asal usul orang Jerman. <i>Deutsch</i> (baca /doitʃ/) berasal dari kata <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Jerman_Hulu_Kuno" title="Bahasa Jerman Hulu Kuno">Jerman Hulu Kuno</a> <i>diutisc</i>; terdapat pula satu <a href="/wiki/Suku_bangsa_Jermanik" class="mw-redirect" title="Suku bangsa Jermanik">puak Germanik</a> di yang tinggal di bagian utara (<a href="/wiki/Semenanjung_Jutland" class="mw-redirect" title="Semenanjung Jutland">Semenanjung Jutland</a>) yang bernama <a href="/wiki/Teuton" title="Teuton">Teuton</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Allemani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allemani (halaman belum tersedia)">Allemani</a> adalah puak yang tinggal di bagian selatan. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sakson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sakson (halaman belum tersedia)">Sakson</a> (<i>Sachsen</i>) adalah puak yang pernah tinggal di bagian hilir Jerman sekarang; keturunannya menyebar pula ke <a href="/wiki/Belanda" title="Belanda">Belanda</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Inggris" title="Inggris">Inggris</a>. Puak <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nemeti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nemeti (halaman belum tersedia)">Nemeti</a> pernah menghuni wilayah yang sekarang dikenal sebagai <a href="/wiki/Alsace" class="mw-redirect" title="Alsace">Alsace</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sejarah">Sejarah</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jerman&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Sunting bagian: Sejarah" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jerman&action=edit&section=2" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Sejarah"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Sejarah_Jerman" title="Sejarah Jerman">Sejarah Jerman</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Neandertal_1856.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Neandertal_1856.jpg/150px-Neandertal_1856.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Neandertal_1856.jpg/225px-Neandertal_1856.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Neandertal_1856.jpg/300px-Neandertal_1856.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1013" data-file-height="1573" /></a><figcaption>Gambaran tengkorak <i>Homo neanderthalensis</i>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Sejarah Jerman sebagai suatu <a href="/wiki/Negara-bangsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Negara-bangsa">negara-bangsa</a> dimulai semenjak terbentuknya <a href="/wiki/Konfederasi_Jerman" title="Konfederasi Jerman">Konfederasi Jerman</a> pada tahun 1815 yang dimotori oleh <a href="/wiki/Kerajaan_Prusia" title="Kerajaan Prusia">Kerajaan Prusia</a>. Namun, penghunian wilayah tepian timur <a href="/wiki/Sungai_Rhein" class="mw-redirect" title="Sungai Rhein">Sungai Rhein</a>, yang sekarang menjadi lokasi sebagian besar negara Jerman, telah berlangsung sejak masa <a href="/wiki/Prasejarah" title="Prasejarah">prasejarah</a>, jauh hingga ke <a href="/wiki/Zaman_Batu_Tua" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaman Batu Tua">Zaman Batu Tua</a> (Paleolitikum). Di tempat-tempat dekat aliran beberapa sungai besar yang berbukit-bukit (misalnya Rhein dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sungai_Neckar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sungai Neckar (halaman belum tersedia)">Sungai Neckar</a>) sejak ratusan ribu tahun sudah menjadi tempat bermukim beraneka ragam masyarakat. Fosil <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_heidelbergensis" title="Homo heidelbergensis">Homo heidelbergensis</a></i> dan <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_neanderthalensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Homo neanderthalensis">Homo neanderthalensis</a></i> ditemukan di tempat semacam ini. Pada periode yang lebih modern ditemukan peninggalan dari <a href="/wiki/Manusia_Cro-Magnon" title="Manusia Cro-Magnon">manusia Cro-Magnon</a> dari <a href="/wiki/Zaman_Es" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaman Es">Zaman Es</a> terakhir. Peninggalan-peninggalan peradaban Zaman Batu Baru (Neolitikum) dan Zaman Perundagian (baik Zaman Perunggu dan Zaman Besi) juga ditemukan di banyak tempat. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Pre_Migration_Age_Germanic.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Pre_Migration_Age_Germanic.png/220px-Pre_Migration_Age_Germanic.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Pre_Migration_Age_Germanic.png/330px-Pre_Migration_Age_Germanic.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Pre_Migration_Age_Germanic.png/440px-Pre_Migration_Age_Germanic.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="436" /></a><figcaption>Penyebaran beberapa puak Germanik penting dalam kurun 400 tahun pada era <a href="/wiki/Kekaisaran_Romawi" title="Kekaisaran Romawi">Kekaisaran Romawi</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Disebabkan oleh wilayahnya yang subur, berbagai suku pendatang menghuni wilayah ini. Peninggalan peradaban pertama berasal dari masyarakat <a href="/wiki/Kelt" title="Kelt">Kelt</a> dari masa milenium terakhir sebelum era modern (Masehi) yang datang dari timur. Orang-orang Slavia juga menghuni bagian timur (sekitar <a href="/wiki/Sungai_Elba" class="mw-redirect" title="Sungai Elba">Sungai Elba</a>). Kemudian datang kaum Germanik dari utara yang menghuni wilayah yang sama dan perlahan-lahan mendesak kaum Kelt ke arah barat menuju Prancis dan Inggris meskipun perkawinan campur di antara kedua kelompok berbeda bahasa ini diperkirakan luas terjadi. Ketika orang Romawi mulai berekspansi ke utara pada abad terakhir sebelum Masehi muncullah catatan-catatan tertulis mengenai wilayah ini. </p><p>Catatan tertulis mengenai wilayah yang sekarang disebut Jerman (era protosejarah) dimulai sejak adanya laporan-laporan tertulis <a href="/wiki/Romawi" class="mw-disambig" title="Romawi">Romawi</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Yunani" title="Yunani">Yunani</a> mengenai kaum "Barbar" (berarti "biadab") yang mendiami bagian utara Pegunungan <a href="/wiki/Alpen" title="Alpen">Alpen</a>. Periode ini biasa disebut oleh sejarawan sebagai Periode Antik. Pada masa menjelang ekspansi <a href="/wiki/Kekaisaran_Romawi" title="Kekaisaran Romawi">Romawi</a>, wilayah Jerman dihuni oleh berbagai <a href="/w/index.php?title=Puak-puak_Germanik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Puak-puak Germanik (halaman belum tersedia)">puak Germanik</a> yang saling bersaing satu sama lain. Kelemahan ini dimanfaatkan oleh orang Romawi untuk menaklukkan wilayah timur Sungai Rhein dan mendirikan provinsi <a href="/wiki/Germania_Magna" class="mw-redirect" title="Germania Magna">Germania Magna</a>. Pada abad pertama Masehi, pasukan Romawi kembali dapat didesak mundur hingga ke tepi barat Rhein dan selatan <a href="/wiki/Sungai_Main" title="Sungai Main">Sungai Main</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Sungai_Donau" title="Sungai Donau">Sungai Donau</a>. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Imperium_Romanum_Germania.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Imperium_Romanum_Germania.png/200px-Imperium_Romanum_Germania.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Imperium_Romanum_Germania.png/300px-Imperium_Romanum_Germania.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Imperium_Romanum_Germania.png/400px-Imperium_Romanum_Germania.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="491" /></a><figcaption>Wilayah "Magna Germania" di awal abad ke-2 Masehi. Walaupun dalam peta ini digambarkan sebagai satu kesatuan, dalam kenyataannya puak-puak Germanik tidak terorganisasi dalam satu pemerintahan.</figcaption></figure> <p>Perlahan-lahan, suku-suku Germanik ini mulai memperluas wilayahnya ke arah barat setelah kekuatan Romawi memudar. Walaupun Romawi secara politis sudah tidak kuat, namun secara budaya suku-suku Germanik sangat terpengaruh oleh budaya Romawi. Secara bergantian bermunculan puak-puak yang mendominasi dan mulai membentuk dinasti/wangsa berkuasa, seperti <a href="/wiki/Wangsa_Meroving" class="mw-redirect" title="Wangsa Meroving">wangsa Meroving</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Wangsa_Salia" class="mw-redirect" title="Wangsa Salia">wangsa Salia</a>. Proses <a href="/wiki/Kristenisasi" title="Kristenisasi">kristenisasi</a> dan kultur <a href="/wiki/Feodalisme" title="Feodalisme">feodalisme</a> juga mulai terbentuk pada periode ini. </p><p>Era sejarah dimulai sejak abad ke-5, umum dinamakan <a href="/wiki/Abad_Pertengahan" title="Abad Pertengahan">Abad Pertengahan</a> oleh sejarawan Eropa, dengan ditemukannya dokumen-dokumen ber<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Jerman_Kuno&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Jerman Kuno (halaman belum tersedia)">bahasa Jerman Kuno</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Latin" title="Bahasa Latin">bahasa Latin</a> yang ditulis oleh penduduk setempat sendiri, atau bahasa-bahasa lainnya. </p><p>Pada abad ke-8 muncul satu suku Jerman yang mencuat dan mendirikan imperium, mengikuti contoh yang pernah ditunjukkan oleh orang <a href="/wiki/Kekaisaran_Romawi_Timur" title="Kekaisaran Romawi Timur">Romawi</a> sebelumnya, yaitu <a href="/wiki/Franka" class="mw-disambig" title="Franka">Franka</a>, dengan penguasa pertama <a href="/wiki/Karl_Martel" class="mw-redirect" title="Karl Martel">Karl Martel</a> (Charles Martel) dari <a href="/wiki/Wangsa_Meroving" class="mw-redirect" title="Wangsa Meroving">Wangsa Meroving</a>. Ia mendirikan <a href="/wiki/Kerajaan_Franka" title="Kerajaan Franka">Kerajaan Franka</a>, yang mendominasi Eropa barat dan tengah hingga beberapa abad sesudahnya. Puncak kejayaan kerajaan ini terjadi pada masa pemerintahan <a href="/wiki/Karl_Yang_Agung" class="mw-redirect" title="Karl Yang Agung">Karl Yang Agung</a> (Charlemagne; memerintah 800-843) sekaligus mendirikan <i>Wangsa Karoling</i>. Di akhir pemerintahannya, ia membagi wilayah luasnya menjadi tiga, sesuai dengan tiga cucu lelakinya, yang dikenal sebagai <a href="/wiki/Perjanjian_Verdun" title="Perjanjian Verdun">Perjanjian Verdun</a>. Wilayah barat diperuntukan bagi Karl (Charles) yang kelak menjadi Kerajaan Prancis, wilayah tengah diperintah oleh Lothar, dan wilayah timur diperuntukkan bagi Ludwig (Louis). </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Weltliche_Schatzkammer_Wien_(169)pano.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Weltliche_Schatzkammer_Wien_%28169%29pano.jpg/150px-Weltliche_Schatzkammer_Wien_%28169%29pano.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Weltliche_Schatzkammer_Wien_%28169%29pano.jpg/225px-Weltliche_Schatzkammer_Wien_%28169%29pano.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Weltliche_Schatzkammer_Wien_%28169%29pano.jpg/300px-Weltliche_Schatzkammer_Wien_%28169%29pano.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1016" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption>Mahkota Kaisar <a href="/w/index.php?title=Konrad_II_dari_Jerman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Konrad II dari Jerman (halaman belum tersedia)">Konrad II</a> (1024-1039) dari <a href="/wiki/Kekaisaran_Romawi_Suci" title="Kekaisaran Romawi Suci">Kekaisaran Romawi Suci</a>, disimpan di Ruang penyimpanan harta benda kerajaan, <a href="/wiki/Wina" title="Wina">Wina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Selanjutnya, panggung sejarah didominasi oleh suatu federasi longgar berbagai <a href="/wiki/Dinasti" class="mw-redirect" title="Dinasti">dinasti</a> feodal yang dikenal sebagai <a href="/wiki/Kekaisaran_Romawi_Suci" title="Kekaisaran Romawi Suci">Kekaisaran Romawi Suci</a> sebagai hasil penyatuan kembali wilayah <a href="/wiki/Kerajaan_Franka" title="Kerajaan Franka">Kerajaan Franka</a> bagian timur dan tengah, serta takluknya Italia bagian utara di tangan puak Jerman, yang membentang selama 8,5 atau hampir 10 abad tergantung dari mana orang menghitungnya, dari abad ke-9 atau ke-10 sampai tahun 1806, dan dipimpin oleh seorang <a href="/wiki/Kaisar" title="Kaisar">kaisar</a>. Pada masa kejayaannya, teritori kekaisaran ini mencakup wilayah modern Jerman, <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ceko" title="Ceko">Ceko</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polandia" title="Polandia">Polandia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prancis" title="Prancis">Prancis</a> timur, <a href="/wiki/Swiss" title="Swiss">Swiss</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Italia" title="Italia">Italia</a> utara. Periode yang panjang ini mengalami berbagai gejolak seperti <a href="/w/index.php?title=Persaingan_Investiturat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Persaingan Investiturat (halaman belum tersedia)">Persaingan Investiturat</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kelaparan_Besar_1315-1317&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kelaparan Besar 1315-1317 (halaman belum tersedia)">Kelaparan Besar 1315-1317</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wabah_Hitam" class="mw-redirect" title="Wabah Hitam">Wabah Hitam</a> (The Black Death) 1347-1351, dan disepakatinya <a href="/wiki/Piagam_Emas_1356" title="Piagam Emas 1356">Piagam Emas 1356</a> (<i>Die Goldene Bulle</i>) sebagai <a href="/wiki/Konstitusi" title="Konstitusi">konstitusi</a> pertama kekaisaran ini. </p><p>Pada <a href="/wiki/Abad_ke-16" class="mw-redirect" title="Abad ke-16">abad ke-16</a>, ketika telah kehilangan banyak teritori bangsa non-Jerman, kekaisaran ini sempat disebut sebagai "Kekaisaran Romawi Suci Bangsa Jerman". Abad ini menyaksikan pula dimulainya <a href="/wiki/Reformasi_Protestan" title="Reformasi Protestan">Reformasi Protestan</a>, yang dimulai oleh <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a> pada tahun <a href="/wiki/1517" title="1517">1517</a> di <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lutherstadt_Wittenberg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lutherstadt Wittenberg (halaman belum tersedia)">Wittenberg</a>, sekarang terletak di Sachsen-Anhalt. Akibat dianutnya aliran baru kekristenan ini oleh berbagai raja anggota Kekaisaran terjadilah ketegangan internal dalam Kekaisaran, yang memuncak dengan terjadinya <a href="/wiki/Perang_Tiga_Puluh_Tahun" title="Perang Tiga Puluh Tahun">Perang Tiga Puluh Tahun</a> (1618–1648). Rangkaian peperangan ini berakhir dengan disepakatinya <a href="/wiki/Perdamaian_Westfalen" class="mw-redirect" title="Perdamaian Westfalen">Perdamaian Westfalia</a>. Perang tersebut selanjutnya merombak tatanan politik Kekaisaran karena beberapa waktu kemudian menandai era persaingan di antara dua kekuatan politik, yaitu <a href="/wiki/Wangsa_Habsburg" title="Wangsa Habsburg">Wangsa Habsburg</a> dari <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kerajaan_Austria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kerajaan Austria (halaman belum tersedia)">Kerajaan Austria</a> yang menganut Katolik sebagai kekuatan tradisional dan <a href="/wiki/Wangsa_Hohenzollern" title="Wangsa Hohenzollern">Wangsa Hohenzollern</a> cabang Utara penguasa <a href="/wiki/Kerajaan_Prusia" title="Kerajaan Prusia">Kerajaan Prusia</a> yang menganut Kristen Protestan yang berangsur-angsur semakin menguat. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Charles_Meynier_-_Napoleon_in_Berlin.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Charles_Meynier_-_Napoleon_in_Berlin.png/200px-Charles_Meynier_-_Napoleon_in_Berlin.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Charles_Meynier_-_Napoleon_in_Berlin.png/300px-Charles_Meynier_-_Napoleon_in_Berlin.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Charles_Meynier_-_Napoleon_in_Berlin.png/400px-Charles_Meynier_-_Napoleon_in_Berlin.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="935" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Napoleon" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a> memasuki Berlin (Brandenburger Tor). Lukisan Charles Meynier.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Perang_Napoleon" title="Perang Napoleon">Perang Napoleon</a> mengubah alur sejarah, dari orientasi feodalisme menjadi negara militeristik, dengan terbentuknya <a href="/wiki/Konfederasi_Jerman" title="Konfederasi Jerman">Konfederasi Jerman</a> tahun 1815–1866. Karena peran negara yang represif, munculnya gerakan <a href="/wiki/Liberalisme" title="Liberalisme">liberalisme</a> di Eropa, serta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Revolusi_Februari_1848&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Revolusi Februari 1848 (halaman belum tersedia)">Revolusi Februari 1848</a> di <a href="/wiki/Prancis" title="Prancis">Prancis</a>, sempat terjadi <a href="/wiki/Revolusi_Jerman_1848" title="Revolusi Jerman 1848">revolusi pada tahun 1848</a> yang dimotori oleh mahasiswa dan kaum buruh. Walaupun dapat diredam, revolusi ini menghasilkan parlemen pertama di Jerman, yaitu <a href="/wiki/Parlemen_Frankfurt" title="Parlemen Frankfurt">Parlemen Frankfurt</a>, matangnya simbol-simbol kebangsaan (<a href="/wiki/Bendera_Jerman" title="Bendera Jerman">bendera</a> dan bakal <a href="/wiki/Lagu_kebangsaan_Jerman" class="mw-redirect" title="Lagu kebangsaan Jerman">lagu kebangsaan</a>), dan menjadi pendorong terbentuknya <a href="/wiki/Kekaisaran_Jerman" title="Kekaisaran Jerman">Kekaisaran Jerman</a> tahun 1871–1918 seusai <a href="/wiki/Perang_Prancis-Prusia" class="mw-redirect" title="Perang Prancis-Prusia">perang Prancis-Prusia</a> (1870-1871). Sejak saat ini Jerman mengadopsi sistem parlementer dengan <a href="/wiki/Kanselir" title="Kanselir">kanselir</a> sebagai <a href="/wiki/Kepala_pemerintahan" title="Kepala pemerintahan">kepala pemerintahan</a>. Kanselir pertama adalah <a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck">Otto von Bismarck</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:A_v_Werner_-_Kaiserproklamation_am_18_Januar_1871_(3._Fassung_1885).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/A_v_Werner_-_Kaiserproklamation_am_18_Januar_1871_%283._Fassung_1885%29.jpg/200px-A_v_Werner_-_Kaiserproklamation_am_18_Januar_1871_%283._Fassung_1885%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/A_v_Werner_-_Kaiserproklamation_am_18_Januar_1871_%283._Fassung_1885%29.jpg/300px-A_v_Werner_-_Kaiserproklamation_am_18_Januar_1871_%283._Fassung_1885%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/A_v_Werner_-_Kaiserproklamation_am_18_Januar_1871_%283._Fassung_1885%29.jpg/400px-A_v_Werner_-_Kaiserproklamation_am_18_Januar_1871_%283._Fassung_1885%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1482" data-file-height="1097" /></a><figcaption>Pelantikan <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_I_dari_Jerman" title="Wilhelm I dari Jerman">Wilhelm I dari Jerman</a> sebagai kaisar pertama <a href="/wiki/Kekaisaran_Jerman" title="Kekaisaran Jerman">Kekaisaran Jerman</a>, di <a href="/wiki/Versailles" title="Versailles">Versailles</a>, Prancis.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Perang_Dunia_I" title="Perang Dunia I">Perang Dunia I</a> berakhir dengan runtuhnya Kekaisaran Jerman (dan juga <a href="/wiki/Kekaisaran_Austria-Hungaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Kekaisaran Austria-Hungaria">Kekaisaran Austria-Hungaria</a>, saingannya) sekaligus menandai era republik dengan berdirinya <a href="/wiki/Republik_Weimar" title="Republik Weimar">Republik Weimar</a> tahun 1919. Jerman kehilangan wilayah <a href="/wiki/Alsace-Lorraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Alsace-Lorraine">Alsace-Lorraine</a> (yang dicaploknya pada tahun 1871) dan sebagian wilayahnya di <a href="/wiki/Polandia" title="Polandia">Polandia</a>, terutama kota pelabuhan <a href="/wiki/Danzig" class="mw-disambig" title="Danzig">Danzig</a>. Periode demokrasi ini berlangsung relatif singkat dan berakhir 1933. </p><p>Setelah pemerintahan otoriter <a href="/wiki/Jerman_Nazi" title="Jerman Nazi">Jerman Nazi</a> pimpinan <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> tahun 1933–1945 yang membawa kehancuran bangsa ini dalam <a href="/wiki/Perang_Dunia_II" title="Perang Dunia II">Perang Dunia II</a>, muncullah <a href="/wiki/Republik_Federal_Jerman" class="mw-redirect" title="Republik Federal Jerman">Republik Federal Jerman</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jerman_Barat" title="Jerman Barat">Jerman Barat</a>) dan <a href="/wiki/Republik_Demokratis_Jerman" class="mw-redirect" title="Republik Demokratis Jerman">Republik Demokratis Jerman</a> (Jerman Timur) sebagai simbol <a href="/wiki/Perang_Dingin" title="Perang Dingin">Perang Dingin</a> sejak 1949. Kekalahan dalam Perang Dunia II telah membuat Jerman kehilangan <a href="/wiki/Wilayah_timur_Kekaisaran_Jerman" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilayah timur Kekaisaran Jerman">wilayah timur</a> yang jatuh ke tangan <a href="/wiki/Polandia" title="Polandia">Polandia</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia">Rusia</a>. Terjadi pula aksi balas dendam di Polandia dan <a href="/wiki/Cekoslowakia" title="Cekoslowakia">Cekoslowakia</a> berupa <a href="/wiki/Pengusiran_terhadap_orang_Jerman" class="mw-redirect" title="Pengusiran terhadap orang Jerman">pengusiran paksa orang-orang Jerman</a> dari wilayah mereka (<i>Zwangsvertreibung</i>). Di <a href="/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia">Rusia</a>, orang-orang keturunan Jerman banyak yang dibuang ke wilayah timur (<a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Republik_Weimar_dan_Rezim_Nazi">Republik Weimar dan Rezim Nazi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jerman&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Sunting bagian: Republik Weimar dan Rezim Nazi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jerman&action=edit&section=3" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Republik Weimar dan Rezim Nazi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Republik_Weimar" title="Republik Weimar">Republik Weimar</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Jerman" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi Jerman">Nazi Jerman</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-S33882,_Adolf_Hitler_retouched.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-S33882%2C_Adolf_Hitler_retouched.jpg/170px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-S33882%2C_Adolf_Hitler_retouched.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-S33882%2C_Adolf_Hitler_retouched.jpg/255px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-S33882%2C_Adolf_Hitler_retouched.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-S33882%2C_Adolf_Hitler_retouched.jpg/340px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-S33882%2C_Adolf_Hitler_retouched.jpg 2x" data-file-width="505" data-file-height="799" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/F%C3%BChrer" title="Führer">Führer</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Jerman" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi Jerman">Nazi Jerman</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Di awal Revolusi Jerman bulan November 1918, Jerman mendeklarasikan dirinya sebagai <a href="/wiki/Republik" title="Republik">republik</a>. Meski begitu, kekuatan <a href="/wiki/Komunis" class="mw-redirect" title="Komunis">komunis</a> <a href="/wiki/Republik_Soviet_Bavaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Republik Soviet Bavaria">radikal kiri</a> tetap berlanjut. Revolusi ini berakhir tanggal 11 Agustus 1919, ketika <a href="/wiki/Konstitusi_Weimar" title="Konstitusi Weimar">Konstitusi Weimar</a> ditandatangani oleh <a href="/wiki/Presiden_Jerman" title="Presiden Jerman">Presiden</a> <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Ebert" title="Friedrich Ebert">Friedrich Ebert</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jerman pada era ini menikmati kehidupan budaya yang sangat liberal dengan kemakmuran ekonomi - disebut dengan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Golden_Twenties&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Golden Twenties (halaman belum tersedia)">Golden Twenties</a>. Akibat <a href="/wiki/Depresi_Besar" title="Depresi Besar">Depresi Besar</a> tahun 1929 ditambah kondisi sulit akibat didikte oleh <a href="/wiki/Perjanjian_Versailles" title="Perjanjian Versailles">Perjanjian Versailles</a> mengakibatkan pemerintahan menjadi tidak stabil dii awal 1930-an. Hal ini ditambah lagi dengan adanya tuduhan pada pemerintah Weimar bahwa mereka dianggap mengkhianati negara karena menandatangani Perjanjian Versailles. </p><p>Tahun 1932, <a href="/wiki/Partai_Komunis_Jerman" title="Partai Komunis Jerman">Partai Komunis Jerman</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Partai_Nazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Partai Nazi">Partai Nazi</a> mengontrol mayoritas <a href="/wiki/Reichstag_(Republik_Weimar)" title="Reichstag (Republik Weimar)">Parlemen</a>, yang terus menerus menentang kebijakan pemerintah Weimar. Setelah kabinet yang terus-menerus gagal, Presiden <a href="/wiki/Paul_von_Hindenburg" title="Paul von Hindenburg">Paul von Hindenburg</a> mengangkat <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> sebagai <a href="/wiki/Kanselir_Jerman" title="Kanselir Jerman">Kanselir</a> tanggal 30 Januari 1933.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sesaat kemudian situasi negara berubah menjadi otoriter. Terjadinya kebakaran di gedung parlemen Jerman memaksa Presiden Hidenburg mengeluarkan The Reichstag Fire Decree yang membuat situasi bertambah kacau dan Hitler mendapatkan kekuatan tak terbatas.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Menggunakan kekuatannya untuk menghindari ancaman terhadap negara, Hitler kemudian mendirikan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Negara_totaliter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Negara totaliter (halaman belum tersedia)">negara totaliter</a> terpusat dalam beberapa bulan. Industri kemudian direvitalisasi untuk kebutuhan militer.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tahun 1935, Jerman kembali mengontrol <a href="/w/index.php?title=Saar_(Liga_Bangsa_Bangsa)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saar (Liga Bangsa Bangsa) (halaman belum tersedia)">Saar</a> dan 1936 juga mendapatkan <a href="/wiki/Rhineland" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhineland">Rhineland</a>, kedua wilayah yang hilang akibat Perjanjian Versailles.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tahun 1938, <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a> <a href="/wiki/Anschluss" title="Anschluss">dianeksasi</a>, dan tahun 1939, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Okupasi_Jerman_atas_Cekoslowakia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Okupasi Jerman atas Cekoslowakia (halaman belum tersedia)">Cekoslowakia</a> juga dibawah kontrol Jerman. <a href="/wiki/Invasi_Polandia" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasi Polandia">Invasi Polandia</a> dipersiapkan melalui <a href="/wiki/Pakta_Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop" title="Pakta Molotov–Ribbentrop">Pakta Molotov–Ribbentrop</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Operasi_Himmler" title="Operasi Himmler">Operasi Himmler</a>. Tanggal 1 September 1939 <a href="/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht</a> Jerman meluncurkan <a href="/wiki/Blitzkrieg" title="Blitzkrieg">serangan kilat</a> ke <a href="/wiki/Republik_Polandia_Kedua" title="Republik Polandia Kedua">Polandia</a>, lalu kemudian dianeksasi oleh Jerman dan <a href="/wiki/Tentara_Merah" title="Tentara Merah">Tentara Merah</a> Soviet. Inggris dan Prancis menyatakan perang terhadap Jerman, dan <a href="/wiki/Perang_Dunia_II" title="Perang Dunia II">Perang Dunia II</a> pun pecah.<sup id="cite_ref-Fulbrook_190_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fulbrook_190-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Perang pun berlanjut, Jerman dan <a href="/wiki/Blok_Poros" title="Blok Poros">sekutunya</a> dengan cepat menguasai hampir seluruh <a href="/w/index.php?title=Penguasaan_Jerman_di_Eropa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penguasaan Jerman di Eropa (halaman belum tersedia)">benua Eropa</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Afrika_Utara" title="Afrika Utara">Afrika Utara</a>. Meski begitu, rencana Jerman untuk <a href="/wiki/Pertempuran_Britania" class="mw-redirect" title="Pertempuran Britania">menguasai Inggris</a> mengalami kegagalan. Tanggal 22 Juni 1941, Jerman melanggar Pakta Molotov–Ribbentrop dan <a href="/wiki/Operasi_Barbarossa" title="Operasi Barbarossa">menginvasi Uni Soviet</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pengeboman_Pearl_Harbour" class="mw-redirect" title="Pengeboman Pearl Harbour">Serangan</a> <a href="/wiki/Kekaisaran_Jepang" class="mw-redirect" title="Kekaisaran Jepang">Jepang</a> ke Amerika Serikat menimbulkan deklarasi perang Jerman terhadap Amerika Serikat. <a href="/wiki/Pertempuran_Stalingrad" title="Pertempuran Stalingrad">Pertempuran Stalingrad</a> memaksa tentara Jerman untuk bergerak ke <a href="/wiki/Front_Timur_(Perang_Dunia_II)" title="Front Timur (Perang Dunia II)">front timur</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Fulbrook_190_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fulbrook_190-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Fotothek_df_pk_0000180_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Fotothek_df_pk_0000180_001.jpg/220px-Fotothek_df_pk_0000180_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Fotothek_df_pk_0000180_001.jpg/330px-Fotothek_df_pk_0000180_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Fotothek_df_pk_0000180_001.jpg/440px-Fotothek_df_pk_0000180_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="525" /></a><figcaption>Kehancuran Berlin setelah <a href="/wiki/Perang_Dunia_II" title="Perang Dunia II">Perang Dunia II</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Bulan September 1943, Italia, sekutu Jerman, mengalami kekalahan, dan tentara Jerman dipaksa untuk bertahan membantu Italia. <a href="/wiki/Pendaratan_Normandia" title="Pendaratan Normandia">Pendaratan Normandia</a> membuka <a href="/wiki/Front_Barat_(Perang_Dunia_II)" title="Front Barat (Perang Dunia II)">front barat</a> dan tentara sekutu berhasil mendesak masuk ke dalam wilayah Jerman. Tanggal 8 Mei 1945, <a href="/wiki/Hari_Kemenangan_di_Eropa" title="Hari Kemenangan di Eropa">tentara Jerman mengalami kekalahan</a> setelah Tentara Merah berhasil menduduki Berlin.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jerman_Timur_dan_Jerman_Barat">Jerman Timur dan Jerman Barat</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jerman&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Sunting bagian: Jerman Timur dan Jerman Barat" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jerman&action=edit&section=4" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Jerman Timur dan Jerman Barat"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sejarah_Jerman_(1945%E2%80%931990)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sejarah Jerman (1945–1990) (halaman belum tersedia)">Sejarah Jerman (1945–1990)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Map-Germany-1945.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Map-Germany-1945.svg/220px-Map-Germany-1945.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Map-Germany-1945.svg/330px-Map-Germany-1945.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Map-Germany-1945.svg/440px-Map-Germany-1945.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3492" data-file-height="2966" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zona_Kekuasaan_Sekutu_di_Jerman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zona Kekuasaan Sekutu di Jerman (halaman belum tersedia)">Zona Kekuasaan</a> di Jerman, 1947.</figcaption></figure> <p>Setelah kalahnya Jerman pada Perang Dunia II, kawasan Jerman yang tersisa dan Berlin dibagi-bagi oleh <a href="/wiki/Blok_Sekutu_(Perang_Dunia_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="Blok Sekutu (Perang Dunia II)">Sekutu</a> menjadi 4 zona militer. Keempat zona ini menerima lebih dari 6,5 juta etnis Jerman yang terusir dari wilayah timur.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sektor barat, yang dikuasai oleh Prancis, Inggris, dan Amerika Serikat, bergabung tanggal 23 Mei 1949 untuk membentuk <i><a href="/wiki/Jerman_Barat" title="Jerman Barat">Republik Federal Jerman</a></i> (<i>Bundesrepublik Deutschland</i>); dan tanggal 7 Oktober 1949, sektor timur yang dikuasai Soviet menjadi <i><a href="/wiki/Jerman_Timur" title="Jerman Timur">Republik Demokratis Jerman</a></i> (<i>Deutsche Demokratische Republik</i>, DDR). Secara umum, mereka dikenal dengan "Jerman Barat" dan "Jerman Timur". Jerman Timur memilih Berlin Timur sebagai ibu kota, sedangkan Jerman Barat memilih <a href="/wiki/Bonn" title="Bonn">Bonn</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jerman Barat muncul sebagai negara parlementer federal dengan sistem "<a href="/wiki/Ekonomi_pasar_sosial" title="Ekonomi pasar sosial">ekonomi pasar sosial</a>", bersekutu dengan Amerika Serikat, Inggris, dan Prancis. Jerman Barat menikmati pertumbuhan ekonomi luar biasa mulai tahun 1950-an (<span lang="de"><i><a href="/wiki/Wirtschaftswunder" title="Wirtschaftswunder">Wirtschaftswunder</a></i></span>). Jerman Barat juga bergabung dengan <a href="/wiki/NATO" class="mw-redirect" title="NATO">NATO</a> tahun 1955 dan menjadi negara pendiri <a href="/wiki/Komunitas_Ekonomi_Eropa" class="mw-redirect" title="Komunitas Ekonomi Eropa">Komunitas Ekonomi Eropa</a> tahun 1957. Jerman Timur adalah negara <a href="/wiki/Blok_Timur" title="Blok Timur">Blok Timur</a> dengan kontrol militer dan politik <a href="/wiki/Uni_Soviet" title="Uni Soviet">Uni Soviet</a> dan kemudian bergabung dengan <a href="/wiki/Pakta_Warsawa" title="Pakta Warsawa">Pakta Warsawa</a>. Meski Jerman Timur mengklaim negara demokrasi, namun kekuatan politik dikendalikan sepenuhnya oleh (<i><a href="/wiki/Politburo" class="mw-redirect" title="Politburo">Politbüro</a></i>) dibawah kontrol <a href="/wiki/Partai_Kesatuan_Sosialis_Jerman" class="mw-redirect" title="Partai Kesatuan Sosialis Jerman">Partai Kesatuan Sosialis Jerman</a> (SED), yang didukung oleh <a href="/wiki/Stasi" title="Stasi">Stasi</a>, agen rahasia,<sup id="cite_ref-spiegel_20080311_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spiegel_20080311-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan berbagai sub-organisasi lain yang mengontrol setiap aspek kehidupan. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:West_and_East_Germans_at_the_Brandenburg_Gate_in_1989.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/West_and_East_Germans_at_the_Brandenburg_Gate_in_1989.jpg/200px-West_and_East_Germans_at_the_Brandenburg_Gate_in_1989.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/West_and_East_Germans_at_the_Brandenburg_Gate_in_1989.jpg/300px-West_and_East_Germans_at_the_Brandenburg_Gate_in_1989.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/West_and_East_Germans_at_the_Brandenburg_Gate_in_1989.jpg/400px-West_and_East_Germans_at_the_Brandenburg_Gate_in_1989.jpg 2x" data-file-width="661" data-file-height="498" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tembok_Berlin" title="Tembok Berlin">Tembok Berlin</a> di depan <a href="/wiki/Gerbang_Brandenburg" title="Gerbang Brandenburg">Gerbang Brandenburg</a> ssesaat sebelum kejatuhannya tahun 1989. Sekarang ini Gerbang Brandenburg dijadikan markah tanah nasional utama Jerman.</figcaption></figure> <p>Meski <a href="/wiki/Propaganda_komunis" title="Propaganda komunis">propaganda Jerman Timur</a> banyak diambil dari keuntungan program sosial mereka dan kecaman invasi Jerman Barat, banyak warga Timur tetap ingin pergi ke Barat untuk mencari kebebasan dan kemakmuran.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_19890822_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT_19890822-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Tembok_Berlin" title="Tembok Berlin">Tembok Berlin</a>, yang dibangun tahun 1961 untuk menghentikan penduduk Jerman Timur melarikan diri ke Jerman Barat, menjadi simbol <a href="/wiki/Perang_Dingin" title="Perang Dingin">Perang Dingin</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-state_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-state-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sehingga kejatuhannya pada tahun 1989 menjadi simbol <a href="/wiki/Kejatuhan_Komunisme" class="mw-redirect" title="Kejatuhan Komunisme">Kejatuhan Komunisme</a>, bersatunya kembali Jerman, dan <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Die_Wende&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Die Wende (halaman belum tersedia)">Die Wende</a></i>. </p><p>Tensi antara Jerman Timur dan Jerman Barat mulai mereda di awal tahun 1970-an dengan kebijakan <span lang="de"><i><a href="/wiki/Ostpolitik" title="Ostpolitik">Ostpolitik</a></i></span> <a href="/wiki/Kanselir_Jerman" title="Kanselir Jerman">Kanselir</a> <a href="/wiki/Willy_Brandt" title="Willy Brandt">Willy Brandt</a>. Pada tahun 1989 <a href="/wiki/Hungaria" title="Hungaria">Hungaria</a> (anggota Blok Timur) membuka <a href="/wiki/Tirai_Besi" title="Tirai Besi">perbatasannya</a> dengan Austria (anggota Blok Barat) yang berakibat mengalirnya ribuan pengungsi Jerman Timur ke Jerman Barat via Hungaria. Hal ini menyebabkan kekacauan di <a href="/wiki/Jerman_Timur" title="Jerman Timur">Jerman Timur</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Demonstrasi_Senin_di_Jerman_Timur" title="Demonstrasi Senin di Jerman Timur">gelombang demonstrasi</a> pun mendapat dukungan. Krisis ini memaksa pemerintah Jerman Timur meletakkan kekuasaannya dan menyetujui <a href="/wiki/Reunifikasi_Jerman" class="mw-redirect" title="Reunifikasi Jerman">penyatuan</a> dengan Republik Federal Jerman, yang secara resmi ditandatangani tanggal <a href="/wiki/3_Oktober" title="3 Oktober">3 Oktober</a> <a href="/wiki/1990" title="1990">1990</a> (sekarang menjadi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hari_Persatuan_Jerman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hari Persatuan Jerman (halaman belum tersedia)">Hari Persatuan Jerman</a>, <i>Tag der Deutschen Einheit</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-state_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-state-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reunifikasi_Jerman_dan_Uni_Eropa">Reunifikasi Jerman dan Uni Eropa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jerman&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Sunting bagian: Reunifikasi Jerman dan Uni Eropa" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jerman&action=edit&section=5" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Reunifikasi Jerman dan Uni Eropa"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Reunifikasi_Jerman" class="mw-redirect" title="Reunifikasi Jerman">Reunifikasi Jerman</a></div> <p>Ibu kota kemudian disepakati pindah ke Berlin lagi pada tahun 1994 (berdasarkan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Akta_Berlin/Bonn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Akta Berlin/Bonn (halaman belum tersedia)">Akta Berlin/Bonn</a>). Relokasi pemerintahan baru selesai pada tahun 1999.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bonn sendiri mendapatkan status sebagai <i>Bundesstadt</i> (kota federal) karena menjadi tempat beberapa kementerian.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sejak bersatu, Jerman menjadi lebih aktif dalam keanggotaannya di <a href="/wiki/Uni_Eropa" title="Uni Eropa">Uni Eropa</a> dan <a href="/wiki/NATO" class="mw-redirect" title="NATO">NATO</a>. Jerman mengirim pasukan perdamaian untuk menjaga stabilitas di <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengeboman_NATO_di_Yugoslavia_tahun_1999&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pengeboman NATO di Yugoslavia tahun 1999 (halaman belum tersedia)">Balkan</a> dan mengirim pasukan <a href="/wiki/Bundeswehr" title="Bundeswehr">tentara</a> ke <a href="/wiki/Afganistan" title="Afganistan">Afganistan</a> sebagai usaha meredam pasukan <a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Penurunan pasukan ini menjadi kontroversial karena menurut aturan domestik mereka, Jerman mengirim pasukan hanya untuk peran pertahanan.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pada tahun 2005, <a href="/wiki/Angela_Merkel" title="Angela Merkel">Angela Merkel</a> menjadi Kanselir Jerman wanita pertama dengan koalisi besar di pemerintahan.<sup id="cite_ref-state_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-state-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geografi">Geografi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jerman&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Sunting bagian: Geografi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jerman&action=edit&section=6" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Geografi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Lihat pula: <a href="/wiki/Geografi_Jerman" title="Geografi Jerman">Geografi Jerman</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Deutschland_topo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Deutschland_topo.jpg/200px-Deutschland_topo.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Deutschland_topo.jpg/300px-Deutschland_topo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Deutschland_topo.jpg/400px-Deutschland_topo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2011" data-file-height="2654" /></a><figcaption>Peta topografi Jerman dengan pembagian wilayah negara bagian dan negara-negara berbatasan.</figcaption></figure> <p>Jerman terletak di Eropa bagian tengah dan berbatasan langsung dengan sembilan negara. Di sebelah barat berbatasan dengan <a href="/wiki/Belanda" title="Belanda">Belanda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belgia" title="Belgia">Belgia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luksemburg" title="Luksemburg">Luksemburg</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Prancis" title="Prancis">Prancis</a>. Di sebelah selatan berbatasan dengan <a href="/wiki/Swiss" title="Swiss">Swiss</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>. Di sebelah timur berbatasan dengan <a href="/wiki/Ceko" title="Ceko">Ceko</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Polandia" title="Polandia">Polandia</a>, dan di sebelah utara berbatasan dengan <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>. Apabila tetangga di seberang laut (<a href="/wiki/Laut_Baltik" title="Laut Baltik">Laut Baltik</a>) juga dihitung, maka Jerman juga bertetangga dengan <a href="/wiki/Swedia" title="Swedia">Swedia</a>. Negara ini mempunyai luas total 357.021 km<sup>2</sup> (137.847 sq mi), terdiri dari luas daratan 349.223 km<sup>2</sup> (134.836 sq mi) dan luas lautan 7.798 km<sup>2</sup> (3.011 sq mi). Jerman merupakan negara terluas ketujuh di Eropa dan <a href="/wiki/Daftar_negara_berdasarkan_luas_wilayah" class="mw-redirect" title="Daftar negara berdasarkan luas wilayah">ke-62 di dunia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CIA_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIA-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wilayah negara ini sekarang adalah hasil dari <a href="/wiki/Perang_Dunia_II" title="Perang Dunia II">Perang Dunia II</a> dan sebelumnya memiliki cakupan yang jauh lebih luas, mencakup bagian dari Polandia, Ceko, serta <a href="/wiki/Kaliningrad" title="Kaliningrad">Kaliningrad</a> (atau Königsberg, sekarang dikuasai <a href="/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia">Rusia</a>). Wilayahnya pernah pula terpecah secara politik sejak tanggal <a href="/wiki/7_Oktober" title="7 Oktober">7 Oktober</a> <a href="/wiki/1949" title="1949">1949</a> hingga tanggal <a href="/wiki/3_Oktober" title="3 Oktober">3 Oktober</a> <a href="/wiki/1990" title="1990">1990</a>, di saat bagian timur negara ini dikuasai oleh rezim <a href="/wiki/Komunisme" title="Komunisme">komunis</a> dan bernama <a href="/wiki/Republik_Demokratis_Jerman" class="mw-redirect" title="Republik Demokratis Jerman">Republik Demokratis Jerman</a> (Jerman Timur, atau <i>Deutsche Demokratische Republik</i> disingkat <i>DDR</i>). </p><p>Secara umum, topografi Jerman adalah dataran rendah di utara dan wilayah berbukit-bukit di bagian selatan. Puncak tertingginya adalah <a href="/wiki/Zugspitze" title="Zugspitze">Zugspitze</a> setinggi 2.962 meter <a href="/wiki/Altitudo" title="Altitudo">dpl</a> yang merupakan bagian dari sistem <a href="/wiki/Pegunungan_Alpen" class="mw-redirect" title="Pegunungan Alpen">Pegunungan Alpen</a> di perbatasan dengan <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>. Titik terendah Jerman adalah <a href="/wiki/Wilstermarsch" title="Wilstermarsch">Wilstermarsch</a> (Rawa Wilster), dekat <a href="/wiki/Steinburg" title="Steinburg">Steinburg</a> di bagian utara, yaitu -3,54 meter dpl. Pegunungan di Jerman rata-rata berketinggian menengah sampai agak tinggi, yaitu antara 500-1000 meter. Beberapa yang penting adalah <a href="/wiki/Pegunungan_Alpen" class="mw-redirect" title="Pegunungan Alpen">Pegunungan Alpen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Schwarzwald" class="mw-redirect" title="Schwarzwald">Schwarzwald</a> ("Rimba Hitam"), <a href="/wiki/Erzgebirge" title="Erzgebirge">Pegunungan Erz</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhoen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rhoen (halaman belum tersedia)">Rhoen</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rothaargebirge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rothaargebirge (halaman belum tersedia)">Rothaargebirge</a> (Pegunungan Rothaar), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pegunungan_Rhein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pegunungan Rhein (halaman belum tersedia)">Pegunungan Rhein</a> (mencakup wilayah Perbukitan <a href="/wiki/Eifel" title="Eifel">Eifel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bergisches_Land" title="Bergisches Land">Bergisches Land</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sauerland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sauerland (halaman belum tersedia)">Sauerland</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Siegerland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siegerland (halaman belum tersedia)">Siegerland</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Westerwald&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Westerwald (halaman belum tersedia)">Westerwald</a>, dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Taunus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Taunus (halaman belum tersedia)">Taunus</a>), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Th%C3%BCringischer_Wald&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thüringischer Wald (halaman belum tersedia)">Thüringischer Wald</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Pegunungan_Harz" title="Pegunungan Harz">Pegunungan Harz</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Daftar_sungai_di_Jerman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daftar sungai di Jerman (halaman belum tersedia)">Sungai-sungai</a> yang mengalir cukup besar sehingga beberapa dapat dilayari oleh kapal berukuran sedang hingga jauh ke hulu, seperti <a href="/wiki/Sungai_Rhein" class="mw-redirect" title="Sungai Rhein">Sungai Rhein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sungai_Elbe" class="mw-redirect" title="Sungai Elbe">Sungai Elbe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sungai_Donau" title="Sungai Donau">Sungai Donau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sungai_Weser" title="Sungai Weser">Sungai Weser</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Sungai_Main" title="Sungai Main">Sungai Main</a>. Danau terluas berada di selatan, yaitu <a href="/wiki/Danau_Konstanz" title="Danau Konstanz">Danau Konstanz</a> (<i>Bodensee</i>) dengan tiga pulau kecil: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mainau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mainau (halaman belum tersedia)">Mainau</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Reichenau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reichenau (halaman belum tersedia)">Reichenau</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Lindau" title="Lindau">Lindau</a>. Selain itu terdapat banyak danau lainnya, seperti <a href="/wiki/Chiemsee" title="Chiemsee">Chiemsee</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Danau_Mueritz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Danau Mueritz (halaman belum tersedia)">Danau Mueritz</a>. </p><p>Jerman memiliki <a href="/wiki/Pantai" title="Pantai">pantai</a> yang berhadapan dengan <a href="/wiki/Laut_Baltik" title="Laut Baltik">Laut Baltik</a> di timur dan <a href="/wiki/Laut_Utara" title="Laut Utara">Laut Utara</a> di bagian barat. Di pantai bagian barat terdapat padang <a href="/wiki/Gumuk" title="Gumuk">gumuk</a> (<i>sand dune</i>) yang luas yang terlindungi oleh <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kepulauan_Frisia_Utara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kepulauan Frisia Utara (halaman belum tersedia)">Kepulauan Frisia Utara</a> dan Kep. Frisia Timur; selain itu terdapat pulau wisata <a href="/wiki/Helgoland" title="Helgoland">Helgoland</a>. Beberapa pulau kecil di lepas pantai timur menjadi tempat wisata, seperti <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pulau_Ruegen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pulau Ruegen (halaman belum tersedia)">Pulau Ruegen</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pulau_Fehmarn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pulau Fehmarn (halaman belum tersedia)">Pulau Fehmarn</a>, dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pulau_Usedom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pulau Usedom (halaman belum tersedia)">Pulau Usedom</a>. Sumber daya alam yang banyak ditemukan adalah bijih besi, batu bara, kayu, <a href="/wiki/Lignit" title="Lignit">lignit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">uranium</a>, tembaga, gas alam, nikel, dan air.<sup id="cite_ref-CIA_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIA-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politik">Politik</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jerman&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Sunting bagian: Politik" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jerman&action=edit&section=7" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Politik"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berkas:Administrative_divisions_of_Germany.svg&lang=de" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Administrative_divisions_of_Germany.svg/langde-220px-Administrative_divisions_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Administrative_divisions_of_Germany.svg/langde-330px-Administrative_divisions_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Administrative_divisions_of_Germany.svg/langde-440px-Administrative_divisions_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1037" data-file-height="519" /></a><figcaption>Pembagian administratif Republik Federal Germany.</figcaption></figure> <p>Jerman adalah negara <a href="/wiki/Demokrasi_parlementer" class="mw-redirect" title="Demokrasi parlementer">demokrasi parlementer</a>. Pemerintahan sehari-hari dipegang oleh seorang <a href="/wiki/Kanselir" title="Kanselir">kanselir</a>, yang berperan seperti <a href="/wiki/Perdana_menteri" title="Perdana menteri">perdana menteri</a> di negara lain dengan bentuk pemerintahan serupa. Selain Jerman, <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a> juga memiliki kanselir. Posisi kanselir diraih secara otomatis oleh kandidat utama partai pemenang <a href="/wiki/Pemilihan_umum" title="Pemilihan umum">pemilihan umum</a> federal. Terdapat enam partai politik utama di Jerman, dengan tiga yang terbesar (dua di antaranya membentuk koalisi permanen), yaitu <a href="/wiki/SPD" class="mw-redirect" title="SPD">SPD</a> (demokrat sosial, berhaluan kiri progresif) dan <a href="/wiki/CDU" class="mw-redirect" title="CDU">CDU</a>/<a href="/wiki/CSU" class="mw-redirect" title="CSU">CSU</a> (kristen demokrat/sosialis yang berhaluan kanan konservatif). Partai-partai lainnya adalah <a href="/wiki/FDP" class="mw-redirect" title="FDP">FDP</a> (demokrat liberal), <a href="/w/index.php?title=B%C3%BCndnis_90/Die_Gr%C3%BCne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bündnis 90/Die Grüne (halaman belum tersedia)">Bündnis 90/Die Grüne</a> (kiri hijau), dan <a href="/wiki/Die_Linke" title="Die Linke">Die Linke</a> (berhaluan kiri, merupakan gabungan dari partai komunis dan pecahan SPD). Jabatan presiden lebih banyak bersifat seremonial, meskipun ia dapat menyetujui atau tidak menyetujui beberapa hal penting. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Schwerin_Palace_Park_Garden_Mecklenburg_Germany_Schweriner_Schloss_Garten_BUGA_2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Schwerin_Palace_Park_Garden_Mecklenburg_Germany_Schweriner_Schloss_Garten_BUGA_2009.jpg/220px-Schwerin_Palace_Park_Garden_Mecklenburg_Germany_Schweriner_Schloss_Garten_BUGA_2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Schwerin_Palace_Park_Garden_Mecklenburg_Germany_Schweriner_Schloss_Garten_BUGA_2009.jpg/330px-Schwerin_Palace_Park_Garden_Mecklenburg_Germany_Schweriner_Schloss_Garten_BUGA_2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Schwerin_Palace_Park_Garden_Mecklenburg_Germany_Schweriner_Schloss_Garten_BUGA_2009.jpg/440px-Schwerin_Palace_Park_Garden_Mecklenburg_Germany_Schweriner_Schloss_Garten_BUGA_2009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3160" data-file-height="3160" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Istana_Schwerin" title="Istana Schwerin">Istana Schwerin</a>, parlemen dari <a href="/wiki/Mecklenburg-Vorpommern" title="Mecklenburg-Vorpommern">Mecklenburg-Vorpommern</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Parlemen dikenal sebagai <a href="/wiki/Bundestag" title="Bundestag">Bundestag</a>, yang anggota-anggotanya dipilih. Partai yang memerintah adalah partai dengan koalisi dominan di dalam parlemen ini. Selain Bundestag terdapat pula <a href="/wiki/Bundesrat" title="Bundesrat">Bundesrat</a>, yang anggota-anggotanya adalah perwakilan pemerintahan negara-negara bagian. Bundesrat sering disamakan dengan senat, meskipun pada kenyataannya memiliki wewenang yang berbeda. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pembagian_administratif">Pembagian administratif</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jerman&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Sunting bagian: Pembagian administratif" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jerman&action=edit&section=8" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Pembagian administratif"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Pembagian_administratif_Jerman" title="Pembagian administratif Jerman">Pembagian administratif Jerman</a></div> <p>Secara administrasi, Jerman adalah <a href="/wiki/Negara_federasi" class="mw-redirect" title="Negara federasi">negara federasi</a> (<i>Bundesland</i>) dengan 13 negara bagian (<i>Flächenland</i>; yaitu <a href="/wiki/Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Baden-Württemberg">Baden-Württemberg</a>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freistaat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Freistaat (halaman belum tersedia)">Freistaat</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Bayern" class="mw-redirect" title="Bayern">Bayern</a> atau Bayern, <a href="/wiki/Brandenburg" title="Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hessen" class="mw-redirect" title="Hessen">Hessen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mecklenburg-Vorpommern" title="Mecklenburg-Vorpommern">Mecklenburg-Vorpommern</a>, <a href="/wiki/Niedersachsen" class="mw-redirect" title="Niedersachsen">Niedersachsen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nordrhein-Westfalen" title="Nordrhein-Westfalen">Nordrhein-Westfalen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rheinland-Pfalz" title="Rheinland-Pfalz">Rheinland-Pfalz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saarland" title="Saarland">Saarland</a>, <i>Freistaat</i> <a href="/wiki/Sachsen" title="Sachsen">Sachsen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sachsen-Anhalt" title="Sachsen-Anhalt">Sachsen-Anhalt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein" title="Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</a>, dan <i>Freistaat</i> <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%BCringen" class="mw-redirect" title="Thüringen">Thüringen</a>) dan tiga kota setingkat negara bagian (<i>Stadtstaaten</i> atau <i>Stadtländer</i>, yaitu <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bremen" title="Bremen">Bremen</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a>). Negara-negara bagian ini dibentuk secara bertahap semenjak berakhirnya <a href="/wiki/Perang_Dunia_II" title="Perang Dunia II">Perang Dunia II</a> sebagai penyederhanaan atas garis batas negara bagian peninggalan masa <a href="/wiki/Reich_Jerman" title="Reich Jerman">Reich Jerman</a> yang lebih bersifat <a href="/wiki/Feodalisme" title="Feodalisme">feodalistik</a>. Negara bagian diperintah oleh seorang perdana menteri (<i>Ministerpräsident</i>) lengkap dengan kabinetnya. Terdapat pula parlemen tingkat negara bagian. Setiap negara bagian mengirim wakil-wakil (anggota kabinet, tidak dipilih langsung) ke <a href="/wiki/Bundesrat_Jerman" class="mw-redirect" title="Bundesrat Jerman">Bundesrat</a>. </p> <div style="position: relative; float:left; font-size:90%; border:3px; max-width:480px; width:50%;;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Karte_Bundesrepublik_Deutschland.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Karte_Bundesrepublik_Deutschland.svg/300px-Karte_Bundesrepublik_Deutschland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="406" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Karte_Bundesrepublik_Deutschland.svg/450px-Karte_Bundesrepublik_Deutschland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Karte_Bundesrepublik_Deutschland.svg/600px-Karte_Bundesrepublik_Deutschland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="592" data-file-height="801" /></a></span><div style="font-size:85%"> <div style="position:absolute; left:48px; top:110px"><b><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Lower_Saxony" title="Lower Saxony"><img alt="Lower Saxony" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Coat_of_arms_of_Lower_Saxony.svg/15px-Coat_of_arms_of_Lower_Saxony.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Coat_of_arms_of_Lower_Saxony.svg/23px-Coat_of_arms_of_Lower_Saxony.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Coat_of_arms_of_Lower_Saxony.svg/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_Lower_Saxony.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="593" data-file-height="680" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Niedersachsen" class="mw-redirect" title="Niedersachsen">Niedersachsen</a></b></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:73px; top:84px"><b><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Free_Hanseatic_City_of_Bremen" title="Free Hanseatic City of Bremen"><img alt="Free Hanseatic City of Bremen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Bremen_Wappen.svg/15px-Bremen_Wappen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Bremen_Wappen.svg/23px-Bremen_Wappen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Bremen_Wappen.svg/30px-Bremen_Wappen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="446" data-file-height="548" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Bremen" title="Bremen">Bremen</a></b></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:108px; top:62px"><b><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/DEU_Hamburg_COA.svg/15px-DEU_Hamburg_COA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/DEU_Hamburg_COA.svg/23px-DEU_Hamburg_COA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/DEU_Hamburg_COA.svg/30px-DEU_Hamburg_COA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="225" data-file-height="315" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a></b></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:171px; top:24px"><b><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Mecklenburg-Vorpommern" title="Mecklenburg-Vorpommern"><img alt="Mecklenburg-Vorpommern" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Coat_of_arms_of_Mecklenburg-Western_Pomerania_%28great%29.svg/15px-Coat_of_arms_of_Mecklenburg-Western_Pomerania_%28great%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Coat_of_arms_of_Mecklenburg-Western_Pomerania_%28great%29.svg/23px-Coat_of_arms_of_Mecklenburg-Western_Pomerania_%28great%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Coat_of_arms_of_Mecklenburg-Western_Pomerania_%28great%29.svg/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_Mecklenburg-Western_Pomerania_%28great%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="507" data-file-height="548" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Mecklenburg-Vorpommern" title="Mecklenburg-Vorpommern">Mecklenburg-<br />Vorpommern</a></b></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:156px; top:152px"><b><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Saxony-Anhalt" title="Saxony-Anhalt"><img alt="Saxony-Anhalt" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Wappen_Sachsen-Anhalt.svg/15px-Wappen_Sachsen-Anhalt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Wappen_Sachsen-Anhalt.svg/23px-Wappen_Sachsen-Anhalt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Wappen_Sachsen-Anhalt.svg/30px-Wappen_Sachsen-Anhalt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="147" data-file-height="178" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Sachsen-Anhalt" title="Sachsen-Anhalt">Sachsen-Anhalt</a></b></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:227px; top:189px"><b><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Saxony" title="Saxony"><img alt="Saxony" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Coat_of_arms_of_Saxony.svg/15px-Coat_of_arms_of_Saxony.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Coat_of_arms_of_Saxony.svg/23px-Coat_of_arms_of_Saxony.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Coat_of_arms_of_Saxony.svg/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_Saxony.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="576" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Sachsen" title="Sachsen">Sachsen</a></b></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:195px; top:94px"><b><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/DEU_Brandenburg_COA.svg/15px-DEU_Brandenburg_COA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/DEU_Brandenburg_COA.svg/23px-DEU_Brandenburg_COA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/DEU_Brandenburg_COA.svg/30px-DEU_Brandenburg_COA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="611" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Brandenburg" title="Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a></b></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:217px; top:120px"><b><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Country_symbol_of_Berlin_color.svg/15px-Country_symbol_of_Berlin_color.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Country_symbol_of_Berlin_color.svg/23px-Country_symbol_of_Berlin_color.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Country_symbol_of_Berlin_color.svg/30px-Country_symbol_of_Berlin_color.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="376" data-file-height="501" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a></b></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:138px; top:204px"><b><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Thuringia" title="Thuringia"><img alt="Thuringia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Coat_of_arms_of_Thuringia.svg/15px-Coat_of_arms_of_Thuringia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Coat_of_arms_of_Thuringia.svg/23px-Coat_of_arms_of_Thuringia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Coat_of_arms_of_Thuringia.svg/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_Thuringia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="596" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%BCringen" class="mw-redirect" title="Thüringen">Thüringen</a></b></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:77px; top:222px"><b><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Hesse" title="Hesse"><img alt="Hesse" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Coat_of_arms_of_Hesse.svg/15px-Coat_of_arms_of_Hesse.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Coat_of_arms_of_Hesse.svg/23px-Coat_of_arms_of_Hesse.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Coat_of_arms_of_Hesse.svg/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_Hesse.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="617" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Hessen" class="mw-redirect" title="Hessen">Hessen</a></b></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:14px; top:162px"><b><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="North Rhine-Westphalia"><img alt="North Rhine-Westphalia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Coat_of_arms_of_North_Rhine-Westphalia.svg/15px-Coat_of_arms_of_North_Rhine-Westphalia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Coat_of_arms_of_North_Rhine-Westphalia.svg/23px-Coat_of_arms_of_North_Rhine-Westphalia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Coat_of_arms_of_North_Rhine-Westphalia.svg/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_North_Rhine-Westphalia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="461" data-file-height="532" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Nordrhein-Westfalen" title="Nordrhein-Westfalen">Nordrhein-Westfalen</a></b></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:8px; top:241px"><b><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Rhineland-Palatinate" title="Rhineland-Palatinate"><img alt="Rhineland-Palatinate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Coat_of_arms_of_Rhineland-Palatinate.svg/15px-Coat_of_arms_of_Rhineland-Palatinate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Coat_of_arms_of_Rhineland-Palatinate.svg/23px-Coat_of_arms_of_Rhineland-Palatinate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Coat_of_arms_of_Rhineland-Palatinate.svg/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_Rhineland-Palatinate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="472" data-file-height="580" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Rheinland-Pfalz" title="Rheinland-Pfalz">Rheinland-Pfalz</a></b></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:166px; top:306px"><b><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria"><img alt="Bavaria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Arms_of_the_Free_State_of_Bavaria.svg/15px-Arms_of_the_Free_State_of_Bavaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Arms_of_the_Free_State_of_Bavaria.svg/23px-Arms_of_the_Free_State_of_Bavaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Arms_of_the_Free_State_of_Bavaria.svg/30px-Arms_of_the_Free_State_of_Bavaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="326" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Bayern" class="mw-redirect" title="Bayern">Bayern</a></b></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:59px; top:327px"><b><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Baden-Württemberg"><img alt="Baden-Württemberg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Lesser_coat_of_arms_of_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg/15px-Lesser_coat_of_arms_of_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Lesser_coat_of_arms_of_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg/23px-Lesser_coat_of_arms_of_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Lesser_coat_of_arms_of_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg/30px-Lesser_coat_of_arms_of_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="422" data-file-height="590" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Baden-Württemberg">Baden-Württemberg</a></b></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:19px; top:287px"><b><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Wappen_des_Saarlands.svg/15px-Wappen_des_Saarlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Wappen_des_Saarlands.svg/23px-Wappen_des_Saarlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Wappen_des_Saarlands.svg/30px-Wappen_des_Saarlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="630" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Saarland" title="Saarland">Saarland</a></b></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:98px; top:9px"><b><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein" title="Schleswig-Holstein"><img alt="Schleswig-Holstein" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/DEU_Schleswig-Holstein_COA.svg/15px-DEU_Schleswig-Holstein_COA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/DEU_Schleswig-Holstein_COA.svg/23px-DEU_Schleswig-Holstein_COA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/DEU_Schleswig-Holstein_COA.svg/30px-DEU_Schleswig-Holstein_COA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="402" data-file-height="462" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein" title="Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</a></b></div> </div></div> <table style="background:none;" cellspacing="2px"> <tbody><tr> <td> <table class="sortable wikitable" style="text-align:left; font-size:90%;"> <tbody><tr style="font-size:100%; text-align:right;"> <th style="width:140px;"><a href="/wiki/Negara_bagian_di_Jerman" title="Negara bagian di Jerman">Negara bagian</a></th> <th style="width:85px;">Ibu kota</th> <th style="width:85px;">Luas (km²)</th> <th style="width:85px;">Populasi </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Baden-Württemberg">Baden-Württemberg</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Stuttgart" title="Stuttgart">Stuttgart</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">35,752</td> <td style="text-align:right">10.753.880 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bayern" class="mw-redirect" title="Bayern">Bayern</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCnchen" title="München">München</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">70.549</td> <td style="text-align:right">12.538.696 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">892</td> <td style="text-align:right">3.460.725 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Brandenburg" title="Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Potsdam" title="Potsdam">Potsdam</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">29.477</td> <td style="text-align:right">2.503.273 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bremen" title="Bremen">Bremen</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bremen_(kota)" title="Bremen (kota)">Bremen</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">404</td> <td style="text-align:right">660.999 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">755</td> <td style="text-align:right">1.786.448 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hessen" class="mw-redirect" title="Hessen">Hessen</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wiesbaden" title="Wiesbaden">Wiesbaden</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">21.115</td> <td style="text-align:right">6.067.021 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mecklenburg-Vorpommern" title="Mecklenburg-Vorpommern">Mecklenburg-Vorpommern</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Schwerin" title="Schwerin">Schwerin</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">23.174</td> <td style="text-align:right">1.642.327 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Niedersachsen" class="mw-redirect" title="Niedersachsen">Niedersachsen</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hannover" title="Hannover">Hannover</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">47.618</td> <td style="text-align:right">7.918.293 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nordrhein-Westfalen" title="Nordrhein-Westfalen">Nordrhein-Westfalen</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf" title="Düsseldorf">Düsseldorf</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">34.043</td> <td style="text-align:right">17.845.154 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rheinland-Pfalz" title="Rheinland-Pfalz">Rheinland-Pfalz</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mainz" title="Mainz">Mainz</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">19.847</td> <td style="text-align:right">4.003.745 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Saarland" title="Saarland">Saarland</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Saarbr%C3%BCcken" title="Saarbrücken">Saarbrücken</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">2.569</td> <td style="text-align:right">1.017.567 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sachsen" title="Sachsen">Sachsen</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden">Dresden</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">18.416</td> <td style="text-align:right">4.149.477 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Saxony-Anhalt" class="mw-redirect" title="Saxony-Anhalt">Sachsen-Anhalt</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Magdeburg" title="Magdeburg">Magdeburg</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">20.445</td> <td style="text-align:right">2.335.006 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein" title="Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kiel" title="Kiel">Kiel</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">15.763</td> <td style="text-align:right">2.834.259 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%BCringen" class="mw-redirect" title="Thüringen">Thüringen</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Erfurt" title="Erfurt">Erfurt</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">16.172</td> <td style="text-align:right">2.235.025 </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Unit kesatuan komunitas terendah (aras pertama) adalah <i><a href="/wiki/Gemeinde" title="Gemeinde">Gemeinde</a></i>, yang dapat merupakan gabungan dari beberapa desa atau kota kecil. Beberapa Gemeinde akan membentuk satuan komunitas lebih besar yang disebut <i>Kreis</i> (diterjemahkan sebagai <a href="/wiki/Distrik" title="Distrik">distrik</a>) sebagai aras kedua. Sejumlah Kreis membentuk negara bagian, tetapi di Bayern terdapat satuan komunitas aras ketiga yang dikenal sebagai <i><a href="/wiki/Bezirk" title="Bezirk">Bezirk</a></i>. Untuk melancarkan administrasinya, pemerintahan di banyak negara bagian membentuk <i><a href="/wiki/Regierungsbezirk" title="Regierungsbezirk">Regierungsbezirk</a></i> untuk membantu tata laksana administrasi. Di negara bagian kota (<i>Stadtländer</i>), pembagian wilayah hanya bersifat administratif, bukan perwakilan masyarakat. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ekonomi">Ekonomi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jerman&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Sunting bagian: Ekonomi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jerman&action=edit&section=9" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Ekonomi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Ekonomi_Jerman" title="Ekonomi Jerman">Ekonomi Jerman</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Mercedes_Benz_AMG_SLS_Black.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Mercedes_Benz_AMG_SLS_Black.jpg/220px-Mercedes_Benz_AMG_SLS_Black.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Mercedes_Benz_AMG_SLS_Black.jpg/330px-Mercedes_Benz_AMG_SLS_Black.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Mercedes_Benz_AMG_SLS_Black.jpg/440px-Mercedes_Benz_AMG_SLS_Black.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3288" data-file-height="2132" /></a><figcaption>Sebuah mobil <a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz" title="Mercedes-Benz">Mercedes-Benz</a>. Jerman merupakan negara eksportir barang terbesar di dunia pada tahun 2003-2008.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Eurozone.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Eurozone.svg/220px-Eurozone.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Eurozone.svg/330px-Eurozone.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Eurozone.svg/440px-Eurozone.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="456" /></a><figcaption>Jerman bagian dari kesatuan moneter, <a href="/wiki/Eurozone" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurozone">Eurozone</a> (biru gelap), dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pasar_Internal_(Uni_Eropa)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pasar Internal (Uni Eropa) (halaman belum tersedia)">pasar tunggal Eropa</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Jerman mempunyai <a href="/wiki/Ekonomi_pasar_sosial" title="Ekonomi pasar sosial">ekonomi pasar sosial</a> dengan <a href="/wiki/Tenaga_kerja" title="Tenaga kerja">tenaga kerja</a> berkemampuan tinggi, <a href="/wiki/Kapitalisasi_pasar" title="Kapitalisasi pasar">kapitalisasi pasar</a> besar, tingkat <a href="/wiki/Korupsi" title="Korupsi">korupsi</a> yang rendah,<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> serta tingkat inovasi tinggi.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jerman adalah negara dengan ekonomi terbesar dan terkuat di Eropa, <a href="/wiki/Daftar_negara_berdasarkan_PDB_(nominal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Daftar negara berdasarkan PDB (nominal)">PDB terbesar keempat dunia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-wbpdf_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wbpdf-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Daftar_negara_menurut_PDB_(PPP)" class="mw-redirect" title="Daftar negara menurut PDB (PPP)">pendapatan nasional bruto terbesar kelima dunia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan kontributor terbesar ke Uni Eropa tahun 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sektor_industri_tersier" class="mw-redirect" title="Sektor industri tersier">Sektor jasa</a> berkontribusi terhadap 71% total PDB, industri 28%, dan pertanian 1%.<sup id="cite_ref-CIA_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIA-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tingkat pengangguran rata-rata negara ini (Mei 2012) adalah 6,7%.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tingkat pengangguran resmi di negara ini juga memasukkan orang-orang bekerja paruh-waktu yang mencari pekerjaan penuh (<i>full-time job</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tingkat pengangguran rata-rata tidak resmi negara ini sekitar 5.7% tahun 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-CIA_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIA-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jerman merupakan pencetus ekonomi dan integrasi politik Eropa. Banyak kebijakan-kebijakan yang diusulkan Jerman banyak dipakai sebagai kebijakan Uni Eropa. Jerman memperkenalkan mata uang bersama Eropa saat ini, euro, tanggal 1 Januari 2002.<sup id="cite_ref-euroc_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-euroc-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kebijakan moneternya diatur oleh <a href="/wiki/Bank_Sentral_Eropa" title="Bank Sentral Eropa">Bank Sentral Eropa</a>, yang berkantor pusat di <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a>. Sampai dua dekade setelah <a href="/wiki/Reunifikasi_Jerman" class="mw-redirect" title="Reunifikasi Jerman">Reunifikasi Jerman</a>, saat ini <a href="/w/index.php?title=Standar_kehidupan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Standar kehidupan (halaman belum tersedia)">standar kehidupan</a> dan pendapatan per kapita negara-negara bagian bekas Jerman Barat tetap jauh lebih tinggi daripada negara-negara bagian bekas Jerman Timur.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modernisasi dan integrasi ekonomi bagian timur Jerman merupakan proses jangka panjang dan dijadwalkan berakhir tahun 2019, dengan transfer dari barat ke timur per tahunnya mencapai 80 miliar dolar AS.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pada bulan Januari 2009 Pemerintah Jerman setuju untuk memberikan stimulus ekonomi sebesar 50 miliar Euro untuk melindungi beberapa sektor dan mengurangi pengangguran.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dari 500 perusahaan terbesar di dunia (berdasarkan pendapatan) yang ditulis oleh <a href="/wiki/Fortune_Global_500" title="Fortune Global 500">Fortune Global 500</a>, 37 di antaranya berkantor pusat di Jerman. Perusahaan-perusahaan Jerman yang terkenal di antaranya <a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz" title="Mercedes-Benz">Mercedes-Benz</a>, <a href="/wiki/BMW" title="BMW">BMW</a>, <a href="/wiki/SAP_AG" class="mw-redirect" title="SAP AG">SAP</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siemens" title="Siemens">Siemens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen" title="Volkswagen">Volkswagen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adidas" title="Adidas">Adidas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Audi" title="Audi">Audi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Allianz" title="Allianz">Allianz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Porsche" title="Porsche">Porsche</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bayer" title="Bayer">Bayer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Bosch_GmbH" title="Robert Bosch GmbH">Bosch</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Nivea" title="Nivea">Nivea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jerman terkenal karena <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perusahaan_kecil_dan_menengah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perusahaan kecil dan menengah (halaman belum tersedia)">perusahaan kecil dan menengahnya</a> yang spesialis. </p><p>Berikut ini adalah daftar perusahaan terbesar Jerman berdasarkan pendapatannya tahun 2011: </p> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right;"> <tbody><tr style="background:#efefef;"> <th style="text-align:center;">Peringkat<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> <th style="text-align:center;">Nama</th> <th style="text-align:center;">Pusat</th> <th style="text-align:center;">Pendapatan<br />(Juta €)</th> <th style="text-align:center;">Keuntungan<br />(Juta €)</th> <th style="text-align:center;">Karyawan<br />(Seluruh dunia) </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>1.</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_AG" title="Volkswagen AG">Volkswagen AG</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Wolfsburg" title="Wolfsburg">Wolfsburg</a></td> <td>159.000</td> <td>15.800</td> <td>502.000 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>2.</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/E.ON" title="E.ON">E.ON SE</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf" title="Düsseldorf">Düsseldorf</a></td> <td>113.000</td> <td>−1.900</td> <td>79.000 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>3.</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Daimler_AG" class="mw-redirect" title="Daimler AG">Daimler AG</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Stuttgart" title="Stuttgart">Stuttgart</a></td> <td>107.000</td> <td>6.000</td> <td>271.000 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>4.</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Siemens" title="Siemens">Siemens AG</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, <a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCnchen" title="München">München</a></td> <td>74.000</td> <td>6.300</td> <td>360.000 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>5.</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/BASF" title="BASF">BASF SE</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ludwigshafen_am_Rhein" title="Ludwigshafen am Rhein">Ludwigshafen am Rhein</a></td> <td>73.000</td> <td>6.600</td> <td>111.000 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>6.</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/BMW" title="BMW">BMW AG</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCnchen" title="München">München</a></td> <td>69.000</td> <td>4.900</td> <td>100.000 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>7.</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Metro_AG" title="Metro AG">Metro AG</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf" title="Düsseldorf">Düsseldorf</a></td> <td>67.000</td> <td>740</td> <td>288.000 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>8.</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Schwarz-Gruppe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Schwarz-Gruppe (halaman belum tersedia)">Schwarz-Gruppe</a> <sub>(<a href="/wiki/Lidl" title="Lidl">Lidl</a>/<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaufland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kaufland (halaman belum tersedia)">Kaufland</a>)</sub></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Neckarsulm" title="Neckarsulm">Neckarsulm</a></td> <td>63.000</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>315.000 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>9.</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Telekom" title="Deutsche Telekom">Deutsche Telekom AG</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bonn" title="Bonn">Bonn</a></td> <td>59.000</td> <td>670</td> <td>235.000 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>10.</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Post_AG" class="mw-redirect" title="Deutsche Post AG">Deutsche Post AG</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bonn" title="Bonn">Bonn</a></td> <td>53.000</td> <td>1.300</td> <td>471.000 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">—</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Allianz_SE" class="mw-redirect" title="Allianz SE">Allianz SE</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCnchen" title="München">München</a></td> <td>104.000</td> <td>2.800</td> <td>141.000 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">—</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Bank" title="Deutsche Bank">Deutsche Bank AG</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_am_Main" title="Frankfurt am Main">Frankfurt am Main</a></td> <td>2.160.000</td> <td>4.300</td> <td>101.000 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Infrastruktur">Infrastruktur</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jerman&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Sunting bagian: Infrastruktur" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jerman&action=edit&section=10" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Infrastruktur"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Transportasi_di_Jerman" title="Transportasi di Jerman">Transportasi di Jerman</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Energi_di_Jerman" title="Energi di Jerman">Energi di Jerman</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:ICE_3_Oberhaider-Wald-Tunnel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/ICE_3_Oberhaider-Wald-Tunnel.jpg/220px-ICE_3_Oberhaider-Wald-Tunnel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/ICE_3_Oberhaider-Wald-Tunnel.jpg/330px-ICE_3_Oberhaider-Wald-Tunnel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/ICE_3_Oberhaider-Wald-Tunnel.jpg/440px-ICE_3_Oberhaider-Wald-Tunnel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/ICE_3" title="ICE 3">ICE 3</a> pada <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jalur_kereta_cepat_Cologne%E2%80%93Frankfurt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jalur kereta cepat Cologne–Frankfurt (halaman belum tersedia)">jalur kereta cepat Köln–Frankfurt</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Dengan posisinya yang berada di tengah Eropa, Jerman merupakan penghubung transportasi. Hal ini dapat dilihat dari jaringan transportasinya yang begitu rumit dan modern. Jaringan jalan tol (<a href="/wiki/Autobahn" class="mw-redirect" title="Autobahn">Autobahn</a>) adalah jaringan tol terpanjang ketiga di dunia dan terkenal karena tidak memiliki batas kecepatan.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jerman juga mempunyai jalur <a href="/wiki/Kereta_api_cepat" class="mw-redirect" title="Kereta api cepat">kereta api cepat</a>. Jaringan <a href="/wiki/InterCityExpress" class="mw-redirect" title="InterCityExpress">InterCityExpress</a> atau <i>ICE</i> yang dimiliki oleh <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Bahn" title="Deutsche Bahn">Deutsche Bahn</a> melayani kota-kota besar di Jerman beserta destinasi di negara-negara tetangga dengan kecepatan sampai 300 km/jam (186 mil/jam).<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bandara terbesar di Jerman adalah <a href="/wiki/Bandara_Frankfurt" class="mw-redirect" title="Bandara Frankfurt">Bandara Frankfurt</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Bandara_Munich" class="mw-redirect" title="Bandara Munich">Bandara Munich</a>, keduanya menjadi penghubung untuk <a href="/wiki/Lufthansa" title="Lufthansa">Lufthansa</a>. Beberapa bandara besar lainnya antara lain <a href="/wiki/Bandara_Sch%C3%B6nefeld_Berlin" class="mw-redirect" title="Bandara Schönefeld Berlin">Berlin Schönefeld</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bandara_Hamburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Bandara Hamburg">Hamburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bandara_Cologne_Bonn" class="mw-redirect" title="Bandara Cologne Bonn">Köln/Bonn</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Bandara_Leipzig/Halle" class="mw-redirect" title="Bandara Leipzig/Halle">Leipzig/Halle</a>. Kedua bandara di Berlin akan disatukan untuk ke Berlin Schönefeld dan akan menjadi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bandara_Berlin_Brandenburg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bandara Berlin Brandenburg (halaman belum tersedia)">Bandara Berlin Brandenburg</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pada tahun 2008, Jerman adalah konsumen energi terbesar keenam dunia,<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan 60% energi negeri ini berasal dari impor.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kebijakan pemerintah mendukung <a href="/wiki/Konservasi_energi" class="mw-disambig" title="Konservasi energi">konservasi energi</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Komersialisasi_energi_terbaharui&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Komersialisasi energi terbaharui (halaman belum tersedia)">komersialisasi energi terbaharui</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Penggunaan_energi_efisien&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penggunaan energi efisien (halaman belum tersedia)">Penggunaan energi efisien</a> telah mengalami peningkatan sejak awal tahun 1970-an, pemerintah menargetkan untuk memenuhi kebutuhan energi negara dari 40% sumber terbaharui tahun 2020 dan 100% tahun 2050.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pada tahun 2010, sumber energi adalah: minyak (33,7%), batu bara dan lignit (22,9%), gas alam (21,8%), nuklir (10,8%), angin dan air (1,5%), dan beberapa sumber energi lainnya (7,9%).<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pada tahun 2000, pemerintah dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Daya_nuklir_di_Jerman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daya nuklir di Jerman (halaman belum tersedia)">industri nuklir</a> setuju untuk menutup semua <a href="/wiki/Pembangkit_listrik_nuklir" class="mw-redirect" title="Pembangkit listrik nuklir">pembangkit listrik nuklir</a> tahun 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jerman berkomitmen terhadap isi <a href="/wiki/Protokol_Kyoto" title="Protokol Kyoto">Protokol Kyoto</a> dan gerakan yang mendukung biodiversitas, standar emisi rendah, daur ulang, dan penggunaan energi berkelanjutan pada skala global.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pemerintah Jerman telah menginisiasi aktivitas pengurangan emisi dan emisi keseluruhan negara ini telah berkurang.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meski begitu, negara ini tetap <a href="/w/index.php?title=Daftar_negara_berdasarkan_emisi_gas_rumah_kaca&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daftar negara berdasarkan emisi gas rumah kaca (halaman belum tersedia)">penghasil emisi gas rumah kaca</a> terbesar di Eropa (data 2010).<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mata_Uang">Mata Uang</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jerman&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Sunting bagian: Mata Uang" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jerman&action=edit&section=11" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Mata Uang"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Euro adalah mata uang yang digunakan di negara Jerman. Mata uang ini juga berlaku di kawasan Uni Eropa (Jerman, Irlandia, Belanda, Prancis, Luxembourg, Austria, Finlandia, Belgia, Italia, Portugal, Spanyol, Yunani, Slovenia, Siprus, Malta, Slowakia, Estonia, Latvia, Litunia, Kroasia, Andorra, Monako, San Marino, dan Vatikan). </p><p>Sejak tanggal 15 Januari 2015, Jerman sedang seru membicarakan tentang perubahan nilai tukar Franken dari Swiss dengan Euro Jerman yang hampir setara. Perbincangan berikutnya adalah kemungkinan melakukan transaksi pembayaran tanpa uang atau tak perlu pakai kartu ATM, solusi yang ditawarkan mungkinkah pakai chip atau scan mata uang atau sejenisnya, hal ini sebagai konsep atau ide untuk perkembangan teknologi kedepanya. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sains_dan_teknologi">Sains dan teknologi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jerman&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Sunting bagian: Sains dan teknologi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jerman&action=edit&section=12" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Sains dan teknologi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sains_dan_teknologi_di_Jerman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sains dan teknologi di Jerman (halaman belum tersedia)">Sains dan teknologi di Jerman</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Daftar_penemuan_orang_Jerman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daftar penemuan orang Jerman (halaman belum tersedia)">Daftar penemuan orang Jerman</a></div> <p>Pencapaian Jerman di bidang sains mempunyai pengaruh signifikan dan <a href="/wiki/Penelitian_dan_pengembangan" title="Penelitian dan pengembangan">penelitian dan pengembangan</a> telah menjadi bagian dari <a href="/wiki/Ekonomi_Jerman" title="Ekonomi Jerman">ekonomi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Penghargaan_Nobel" title="Penghargaan Nobel">Penghargaan Nobel</a> telah diberikan pada <a href="/w/index.php?title=Daftar_penerima_Nobel_berdasarkan_negara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daftar penerima Nobel berdasarkan negara (halaman belum tersedia)">103 orang Jerman</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Para peneliti Jerman banyak mendapatkan Nobel di bidang sains, antara lain <a href="/wiki/Daftar_penerima_Nobel_Fisika" title="Daftar penerima Nobel Fisika">Fisika</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daftar_penerima_Nobel_Kimia" title="Daftar penerima Nobel Kimia">Kimia</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Daftar_penerima_Nobel_Fisiologi_atau_Kedokteran" title="Daftar penerima Nobel Fisiologi atau Kedokteran">fisiologi atau kedokteran</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Karya <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck">Max Planck</a> sangat berpengaruh dan menjadi dasar <a href="/wiki/Fisika" title="Fisika">fisika</a> modern, yang kemudian dikembangkan oleh <a href="/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg">Werner Heisenberg</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Max_Born" title="Max Born">Max Born</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fisikawan lain yang terkenal antara lain <a href="/wiki/Hermann_von_Helmholtz" title="Hermann von Helmholtz">Hermann von Helmholtz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_von_Fraunhofer" title="Joseph von Fraunhofer">Joseph von Fraunhofer</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Daniel_Fahrenheit" class="mw-redirect" title="Gabriel Daniel Fahrenheit">Gabriel Daniel Fahrenheit</a>. <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6ntgen" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilhelm Röntgen">Wilhelm Röntgen</a> menemukan <a href="/wiki/Sinar_X" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinar X">Sinar X</a> dan menjadi pemenang Nobel Fisika pertama tahun 1901.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Otto_Hahn" title="Otto Hahn">Otto Hahn</a> menjadi pionir dalam <a href="/wiki/Radioaktivitas" class="mw-redirect" title="Radioaktivitas">radioaktivitas</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Radiokimia" title="Radiokimia">radiokimia</a> serta menemukan <a href="/wiki/Fisi_nuklir" title="Fisi nuklir">fisi nuklir</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Cohn" title="Ferdinand Cohn">Ferdinand Cohn</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Robert_Koch" title="Robert Koch">Robert Koch</a> berjasa pada bidang <a href="/wiki/Mikrobiologi" title="Mikrobiologi">mikrobiologi</a>. Sejumlah <a href="/wiki/Matematikawan" title="Matematikawan">matematikawan</a> juga orang Jerman, seperti <a href="/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Gauss" title="Carl Friedrich Gauss">Carl Friedrich Gauss</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Hilbert" title="David Hilbert">David Hilbert</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bernhard_Riemann" class="mw-redirect" title="Bernhard Riemann">Bernhard Riemann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Leibniz">Gottfried Leibniz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karl_Weierstrass" title="Karl Weierstrass">Karl Weierstrass</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Weyl" title="Hermann Weyl">Hermann Weyl</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Felix_Klein" title="Felix Klein">Felix Klein</a>. Institusi-institusi penelitian yang ada di Jerman antara lain <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Max Planck Society">Max Planck Society</a>, <a href="/wiki/Helmholtz_Association_of_German_Research_Centres" title="Helmholtz Association of German Research Centres">Helmholtz Association</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fraunhofer_Society&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fraunhofer Society (halaman belum tersedia)">Fraunhofer Society</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Penghargaan_Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penghargaan Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (halaman belum tersedia)">Penghargaan Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz</a> diberikan pada 10 peneliti dan akademisi tiap tahunnya. Dengan nilai maksimum 2,5 juta euro menjadikan nilai penghargaan ini salah satu yang terprestisius di dunia.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jerman juga menjadi negara dari banyak penemu dan <a href="/wiki/Insinyur" class="mw-redirect" title="Insinyur">insinyur</a>, seperti <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Gutenberg" title="Johannes Gutenberg">Johannes Gutenberg</a> (penemu mesin cetak); <a href="/wiki/Hans_Geiger" title="Hans Geiger">Hans Geiger</a> (penemu <a href="/wiki/Pencacah_Geiger" title="Pencacah Geiger">pencacah Geiger</a>; dan <a href="/wiki/Konrad_Zuse" title="Konrad Zuse">Konrad Zuse</a> (pembuat komputer digital otomatis pertama).<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Industrialis dan insinyur asal Jerman seperti <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_von_Zeppelin" title="Ferdinand von Zeppelin">Ferdinand von Zeppelin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Otto_Lilienthal" title="Otto Lilienthal">Otto Lilienthal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gottlieb_Daimler" title="Gottlieb Daimler">Gottlieb Daimler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Diesel" title="Rudolf Diesel">Rudolf Diesel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Junkers" title="Hugo Junkers">Hugo Junkers</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Karl_Benz" title="Karl Benz">Karl Benz</a> sangat berkontribusi terhadap teknologi dunia otomotif dan transportasi udara.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Teknik_penerbangan" class="mw-redirect" title="Teknik penerbangan">Insinyur penerbang</a> <a href="/wiki/Wernher_von_Braun" title="Wernher von Braun">Wernher von Braun</a> mengembangkan <a href="/wiki/Roket_V-2" class="mw-redirect" title="Roket V-2">roket luar angkasa pertama</a> dan roket <a href="/wiki/Saturn_V" title="Saturn V">Saturn V</a>, yang menjadi jalan bagi kesuksesan Amerika dalam <a href="/wiki/Program_Apollo" title="Program Apollo">program Apollo</a>. <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Rudolf_Hertz" title="Heinrich Rudolf Hertz">Heinrich Rudolf Hertz</a> yang meneliti <a href="/wiki/Radiasi_elektromagnetik" title="Radiasi elektromagnetik">radiasi elektromagnetik</a> sangat berjasa bagi pengembangan telekomunikasi modern.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jerman juga negara yang maju dalam penggunaan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Teknologi_ramah_lingkungan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Teknologi ramah lingkungan (halaman belum tersedia)">teknologi ramah lingkungan</a>. Perusahaan-perusahaan yang mempunyai usaha pada bidang ini menghasilkan kira-kira 200 miliar euro. Industri penting dalam teknologi ini antara lain pembangkit listrik, transportasi, penanganan limbah dan daur ulang, serta <a href="/wiki/Manajemen_air" class="mw-redirect" title="Manajemen air">manajemen air</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demografi">Demografi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jerman&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Sunting bagian: Demografi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jerman&action=edit&section=13" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Demografi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Demografi_Jerman" title="Demografi Jerman">Demografi Jerman</a></div> <p>Dengan total penduduk sekitar 81,7 juta orang (2009), Jerman adalah negara ke-15 terbanyak penduduknya di dunia. Sejak 2003 total penduduk Jerman berkurang secara lambat meskipun negara ini masih menerima imigran.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Keengganan keluarga Jerman untuk memiliki anak dan naiknya angka kematian menjadi sebab yang sering ditunjuk untuk keadaan ini. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Hamburg_Jungfernstieg_(1890-1900).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Hamburg_Jungfernstieg_%281890-1900%29.jpg/292px-Hamburg_Jungfernstieg_%281890-1900%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="292" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Hamburg_Jungfernstieg_%281890-1900%29.jpg/438px-Hamburg_Jungfernstieg_%281890-1900%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Hamburg_Jungfernstieg_%281890-1900%29.jpg/584px-Hamburg_Jungfernstieg_%281890-1900%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3519" data-file-height="2517" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a> adalah kota kedua terbesar di Jerman. Foto ini memperlihatkan pusat kota Hamburg sebelum Perang Dunia I.</figcaption></figure> <p>Jerman memiliki banyak kota besar, beberapa di antaranya telah berusia lebih dari dua ribu tahun. Namun hanya tiga kota yang memiliki penduduk lebih dari satu juta orang: <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> dengan 3,4 juta orang, <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a> (1,8 juta), dan <a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCnchen" title="München">München</a> (1,4 juta). Konsentrasi penduduk tertinggi terletak di wilayah cekungan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kawasan_Ruhr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kawasan Ruhr (halaman belum tersedia)">Ruhr</a> (<i>Ruhrgebiet</i> atau <i>Ruhrbecken</i>, diambil dari nama <a href="/wiki/Sungai_Ruhr" class="mw-redirect" title="Sungai Ruhr">sungai</a> yang mengalir di sana) di negara bagian Nordrhein Westfalen, yang dihuni sekitar 20 juta orang dan menjadi salah satu kawasan <a href="/wiki/Megapolitan" class="mw-redirect" title="Megapolitan">megapolitan</a> terbanyak penduduknya di dunia. Kawasan ini menghimpun kota-kota seperti <a href="/wiki/Bochum" title="Bochum">Bochum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dortmund" title="Dortmund">Dortmund</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duisburg" title="Duisburg">Duisburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Essen,_Nordrhein-Westfalen" title="Essen, Nordrhein-Westfalen">Essen</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Gelsenkirchen" title="Gelsenkirchen">Gelsenkirchen</a>, sehingga praktis orang tidak melihat batas di antara kota-kota tersebut. Kota besar dan penting lainnya adalah <a href="/wiki/Bremen" title="Bremen">Bremen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duesseldorf" class="mw-redirect" title="Duesseldorf">Duesseldorf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_am_Main" title="Frankfurt am Main">Frankfurt am Main</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hannover" title="Hannover">Hannover</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karlsruhe" title="Karlsruhe">Karlsruhe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Koeln" class="mw-redirect" title="Koeln">Koeln</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nuernberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuernberg">Nuernberg</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Stuttgart" title="Stuttgart">Stuttgart</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etnis">Etnis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jerman&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Sunting bagian: Etnis" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jerman&action=edit&section=14" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Etnis"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Jerman adalah <a href="/wiki/Negara-bangsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Negara-bangsa">negara-bangsa</a> untuk <a href="/wiki/Orang_Jerman" title="Orang Jerman">orang Jerman</a>. Rasa satu bangsa tumbuh pada abad ke-19 setelah banyak pihak merasa bahwa orang Jerman terpecah-belah akibat Perang Napoleon. Sebelum munculnya rasa kebangsaan tersebut, orang Jerman dibedakan dari satuan-satuan politik utama yang menyusun negara ini atau perbedaan dialek, seperti etnik Bayern, Swabia, Baden, Sachsen, Köln, dan sebagainya. Isu etnisitas ini kadang-kadang masih muncul dalam isu-isu tertentu di Jerman modern, misalnya pertandingan antarklub dalam <a href="/wiki/Fussball-Bundesliga" class="mw-redirect" title="Fussball-Bundesliga">Bundesliga</a> atau, yang agak lebih serius, dalam penempatan suatu pusat industri penting. </p><p>Secara legal, orang Jerman adalah mereka yang berkewarganegaraan Jerman. Dengan batasan ini, terdapat etnik-etnis asli minoritas dan etnis-etnis minoritas pendatang (imigran). Etnis minoritas asli mencakup <a href="/w/index.php?title=Etnik_Denmark&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Etnik Denmark (halaman belum tersedia)">etnik Denmark</a> di utara, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Etnik_Frisia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Etnik Frisia (halaman belum tersedia)">etnik Frisia</a> di barat laut, serta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Etnik_Sorbia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Etnik Sorbia (halaman belum tersedia)">etnik Sorbia</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Etnik_Kashubia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Etnik Kashubia (halaman belum tersedia)">Kashubia</a> di beberapa tempat di Jerman timur laut. </p> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright" style=""><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black"> <div style="border:solid transparent;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:0; top:0; border-width:0 200px 200px 0; border-color:#000080"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 410.83968437177px; border-left-color:#008000"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#008000"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#008000"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 321.4582078634px; border-left-color:#00FFFF"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#00FFFF"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#00FFFF"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 219.63310880999px; border-left-color:#800080"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#800080"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#800080"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 181.89932472811px; border-left-color:#FFFF00"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#FFFF00"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#FFFF00"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 106.48918403248px; border-left-color:#008080"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#008080"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#008080"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 37.428259311242px; border-left-color:#FF0000"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#FF0000"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#FF0000"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <p><b>Kelompok etnis di Jerman</b> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r19202607">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FF0000; color:black;"> </span> Jerman (80.7%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19202607"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#008080; color:white;"> </span> Eropa lainnya (7.3%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19202607"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFFF00; color:black;"> </span> Turki (4%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19202607"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#800080; color:white;"> </span> Timur Tengah lainnya (1.2%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19202607"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#00FFFF; color:black;"> </span> Asia (2%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19202607"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#008000; color:white;"> </span> Afrika (1%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19202607"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#000080; color:white;"> </span> Lain-lain (3.8%)</div> </div> </div></div> <p>Orang Yahudi telah sejak lama menghuni kota-kota di Jerman dan, sebagaimana di tempat-tempat lain, dikenal sebagai kaum pedagang. Jerman sekarang memiliki populasi <a href="/wiki/Yahudi" class="mw-disambig" title="Yahudi">Yahudi</a> terbesar ke-3 di Eropa. Pada <a href="/wiki/2004" title="2004">2004</a>, jumlah orang Yahudi dari bekas <a href="/wiki/Uni_Soviet" title="Uni Soviet">Uni Soviet</a> yang tinggal di Jerman dua kali lipat dibanding dengan yang tinggal di <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, membuat total pertumbuhan lebih dari 200.000 sejak <a href="/wiki/1991" title="1991">1991</a>. Sekarang kaum Yahudi memiliki suara dalam kehidupan publik Jerman melalui lembaga payung Dewan Yahudi di Jerman (<i>Zentralrat der Juden in Deutschland</i>). Di bawah Nazi Jerman yang berpaham Fasis terjadi genosida terhadap golongan minoritas yang dinamakan <i><a href="/wiki/Holocaust" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust">Holocaust</a></i>, di mana 10 juta warga sipil meninggal, termasuk 6 juta orang Yahudi. </p><p>Semenjak <a href="/wiki/Revolusi_Industri" title="Revolusi Industri">Revolusi Industri</a>, banyak imigran dari negara-negara Eropa lain bekerja dan menetap di Jerman. Pada abad ke-19, imigran dari <a href="/wiki/Italia" title="Italia">Italia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polandia" title="Polandia">Polandia</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Ceko" title="Ceko">Ceko</a> bekerja di industri tambang batu bara dan pabrik-pabrik di daerah <a href="/wiki/Ruhr" title="Ruhr">Ruhr</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Rhein" title="Rhein">Rhein</a>. Berakhirnya Perang Dunia II menyebabkan berdatangannya keturunan Jerman yang sebelumnya menetap di berbagai negara Eropa Timur (<i>Vertreibung</i>, <a href="/wiki/Pengusiran_terhadap_orang_Jerman" class="mw-redirect" title="Pengusiran terhadap orang Jerman">Pengusiran terhadap orang Jerman</a>). <i>Booming</i> industri pada tahun 1960-an dan 1970-an juga mengundang imigran, terutama dari daerah <a href="/wiki/Balkan" title="Balkan">Balkan</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Turki" title="Turki">Turki</a>. Gelombang besar imigrasi terakhir terjadi semenjak Penyatuan Kembali Jerman: setelah peristiwa ini, Jerman membuka diri bagi keturunan Jerman yang masih menetap di Eropa Timur. </p><p>Pada <a href="/wiki/2004" title="2004">2004</a>, sekitar 6,7 juta non-warganegara tinggal di Jerman. Dengan yang terbesar datang dari <a href="/wiki/Turki" title="Turki">Turki</a>, diikuti oleh <a href="/wiki/Italia" title="Italia">Italia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yunani" title="Yunani">Yunani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kroasia" title="Kroasia">Kroasia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belanda" title="Belanda">Belanda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanyol" title="Spanyol">Spanyol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_dan_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia dan Herzegovina">Bosnia dan Herzegovina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maroko" title="Maroko">Maroko</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polandia" title="Polandia">Polandia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macedonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedonia">Macedonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Prancis" title="Prancis">Prancis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sekitar 2/3-nya telah berada di negara ini selama delapan tahun atau lebih, dan oleh karena itu bisa <a href="/wiki/Naturalisasi" title="Naturalisasi">dinaturalisasikan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Derasnya imigran yang masuk ke Jerman semenjak berakhirnya Perang Dunia II menyebabkan sekitar 19% penduduk Jerman pada tahun 2008 memiliki latar belakang kebangsaan lain.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jerman merupakan tujuan utama bagi <a href="/wiki/Pengungsi" title="Pengungsi">pengungsi</a> politik (pemohon suaka) dan ekonomi dari banyak <a href="/wiki/Negara_berkembang" title="Negara berkembang">negara berkembang</a>, namun jumlahnya menurun dalam beberapa tahun terakhir ini, mencapai sekitar 50.000 pada 2003. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agama">Agama</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jerman&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Sunting bagian: Agama" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jerman&action=edit&section=15" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Agama"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Martin_Luther,_1529.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Martin_Luther%2C_1529.jpg/200px-Martin_Luther%2C_1529.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Martin_Luther%2C_1529.jpg/300px-Martin_Luther%2C_1529.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Martin_Luther%2C_1529.jpg/400px-Martin_Luther%2C_1529.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="643" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a>, Bapak Reformasi Jerman dan pembaharu bahasa Jerman, 1529.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r15025838/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{text-align:left;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{text-align:center}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:184px;max-width:184px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:182px;max-width:182px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:K%C3%B6lner_Dom_nachts.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/K%C3%B6lner_Dom_nachts.jpg/180px-K%C3%B6lner_Dom_nachts.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/K%C3%B6lner_Dom_nachts.jpg/270px-K%C3%B6lner_Dom_nachts.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/K%C3%B6lner_Dom_nachts.jpg/360px-K%C3%B6lner_Dom_nachts.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3888" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Katedral_K%C3%B6ln" title="Katedral Köln">Katedral Köln</a> Katolik di Sungai <a href="/wiki/Rhein" title="Rhein">Rhein</a> merupakan <a href="/wiki/Situs_Warisan_Dunia_UNESCO" class="mw-redirect" title="Situs Warisan Dunia UNESCO">Situs Warisan Dunia UNESCO</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:182px;max-width:182px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Dom_Berlin_abends.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Dom_Berlin_abends.JPG/180px-Dom_Berlin_abends.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Dom_Berlin_abends.JPG/270px-Dom_Berlin_abends.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Dom_Berlin_abends.JPG/360px-Dom_Berlin_abends.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Katedral_Berlin" title="Katedral Berlin">Berliner Dom</a>, salah satu katedral Protestan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gereja_Evangelis_di_Jerman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gereja Evangelis di Jerman (halaman belum tersedia)">evangelis</a> di Jerman</div></div></div></div></div> <p>Jerman adalah tempat kelahiran <a href="/wiki/Reformasi_Protestan" title="Reformasi Protestan">Reformasi</a> Gereja yang dimulai oleh <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a> pada awal <a href="/wiki/Abad_ke-16" class="mw-redirect" title="Abad ke-16">abad ke-16</a>. Sekarang ini, <a href="/wiki/Protestanisme" title="Protestanisme">Protestan</a> (terutama di utara dan timur) terdiri dari 33% populasi dan <a href="/wiki/Katolik" title="Katolik">Katolik</a> (terutama di selatan dan barat) juga 33%. Keseluruhan terdapat sekitar 55 juta orang beragama Kristen. Kebanyakan Protestan Jerman merupakan anggota dari <a href="/wiki/Gereja_Evangelikal_Jerman" title="Gereja Evangelikal Jerman">Gereja Evangelikal Jerman</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gereja_Bebas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gereja Bebas (halaman belum tersedia)">Gereja Bebas</a> ada dalam kota besar maupun kecil. <a href="/wiki/Paus_(Katolik_Roma)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paus (Katolik Roma)">Paus emeritus</a> Katolik Roma, <a href="/wiki/Paus_Benediktus_XVI" title="Paus Benediktus XVI">Paus Benediktus XVI</a>, juga merupakan orang Jerman. </p><p>Selain itu ada beberapa ratus ribu pemeluk <a href="/wiki/Gereja_Ortodoks" class="mw-redirect" title="Gereja Ortodoks">Ortodoks</a> (terutama <a href="/wiki/Yunani" title="Yunani">Yunani</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a>), 400.000 anggota <a href="/wiki/Gereja_Kerasulan_Baru" title="Gereja Kerasulan Baru">Gereja Kerasulan Baru</a>, lebih dari 150.000 anggota <a href="/wiki/Saksi_Yehuwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Saksi Yehuwa">Saksi Yehuwa</a>, dan beberapa grup kecil lainnya. </p><p>Di wilayah bekas Jerman Timur, kehidupan keagamaan kurang berkembang dibandingkan dengan di eks-Jerman Barat akibat rezim komunis yang memerintah sebelumnya kurang memberi perhatian pada kehidupan keagamaan. Sekitar 30% dari populasi Jerman mengakui tidak memiliki agama. Di Timur angka ini dapat lebih tinggi. </p><p>Gereja dan negara terpisah, tetapi ada kerja sama di banyak bidang, terutama dalam bidang sosial, Gereja dan komunitas keagamaan, bila mereka besar, stabil dan setia kepada konstitusi, dapat mendapat status khusus dari negara sebagai "perusahaan di bawah hukum publik" yang mengizinkan Gereja untuk memungut pajak dari anggota yang disebut <i>Kirchensteuer</i> (pajak gereja). Pendapatan ini dikumpulkan oleh negara sebagai pengganti biaya koleksi. Agama terbesar kedua adalah Islam dengan 3,8-4.300.000 pengikut diperkirakan (4,6% hingga 5,2%), [132] diikuti oleh Buddhisme dengan 250.000 dan Yudaisme dengan sekitar 200.000 pengikut (0,3%); Hindu memiliki beberapa pengikut 90.000 (0,1%) . Semua komunitas agama lain di Jerman memiliki kurang dari 50.000 pengikut [133] Dari sekitar 4 juta Muslim, kebanyakan Sunni dan Alevites dari Turki, tetapi ada sejumlah kecil Syiah dan denominasi lainnya.. [132] Jerman Eropa ketiga Yahudi terbesar populasi (setelah Prancis dan Britania Raya) [134] Sekitar. 50% dari umat Buddha di Jerman adalah imigran Asia. [135] Jerman tanpa kepatuhan agama menyatakan membentuk 34,1% dari populasi, terutama di Timur bekas Jerman dan wilayah metropolitan utama. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bahasa">Bahasa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jerman&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Sunting bagian: Bahasa" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jerman&action=edit&section=16" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Bahasa"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Knowledge_German_EU_map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Knowledge_German_EU_map.png/170px-Knowledge_German_EU_map.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Knowledge_German_EU_map.png/255px-Knowledge_German_EU_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Knowledge_German_EU_map.png/340px-Knowledge_German_EU_map.png 2x" data-file-width="1218" data-file-height="1245" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Jerman" title="Bahasa Jerman">Bahasa Jerman</a> adalah bahasa yang paling banyak digunakan di <a href="/wiki/Uni_Eropa" title="Uni Eropa">Uni Eropa</a>, dengan penutur asli mencapai lebih dari 100 juta orang.<sup id="cite_ref-Marten_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marten-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Lihat pula: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Daftar_bahasa_dan_dialek_di_Jerman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daftar bahasa dan dialek di Jerman (halaman belum tersedia)">Daftar bahasa dan dialek di Jerman</a></div> <p>Bahasa resmi adalah <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Jerman" title="Bahasa Jerman">bahasa Jerman</a>. Bahasa asing adalah <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Inggris" title="Bahasa Inggris">bahasa Inggris</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Mandarin" title="Bahasa Mandarin">bahasa Mandarin</a>. Bentuk bakunya dikenal sebagai <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Jerman_Baku" title="Bahasa Jerman Baku">bahasa Jerman Baku</a> (<i>Hochdeutsch</i> atau <i>Standarddeutsch</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pembaku bahasa ini adalah <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a> pada abad ke-16, sehingga ia dikenal pula sebagai "Bapak Bahasa Jerman". Bahasa Jerman Baku dipelajari di sekolah sehingga semua orang Jerman praktis menguasainya. Bahasa ini juga dipakai di <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swiss" title="Swiss">Swiss</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luksemburg" title="Luksemburg">Luksemburg</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Lichtenstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Lichtenstein">Lichtenstein</a> sebagai bahasa pengantar resmi sehingga penduduk negara-negara ini dapat saling berkomunikasi dengan baik satu sama lainnya. Bahasa Jerman merupakan bahasa yang paling indah didengar di seluruh Eropa. </p><p>Selain itu, dituturkan pula berbagai <a href="/wiki/Dialek" title="Dialek">dialek</a> lokal; yang terpenting di antaranya adalah dialek <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Jerman_Bavaria-Austria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Jerman Bavaria-Austria (halaman belum tersedia)">Bayern</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Jerman_Alemania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Jerman Alemania (halaman belum tersedia)">Alemania</a> (dituturkan di <a href="/wiki/Baden" title="Baden">Baden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Swabia">Swabia</a>, dan berbagai tempat di Swiss), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Jerman_Koeln&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Jerman Koeln (halaman belum tersedia)">Koeln</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Jerman_Berlin-Brandenburg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Jerman Berlin-Brandenburg (halaman belum tersedia)">Berlin-Brandenburg</a>, serta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Saksen_Hulu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Saksen Hulu (halaman belum tersedia)">dialek Saksen</a>. Keberadaan dialek lokal ini semakin terdesak oleh penggunaan bahasa baku atau varian tidak baku (kolokial atau <i>Umgangsprache</i>). <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Sachsen_Hilir" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahasa Sachsen Hilir">Bahasa Sachsen Hilir</a> atau Plattdeutsch, yang dituturkan di bagian barat laut, sekarang dianggap sebagai bahasa tersendiri dan merupakan varian dari <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Jerman_Hilir" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahasa Jerman Hilir">bahasa Jerman Hilir</a>. Di bagian sudut timur negara bagian Sachsen terdapat komunitas ber<a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Sorbia" title="Bahasa Sorbia">bahasa Sorbia</a> yang bukan bahasa Germanik melainkan <a href="/wiki/Bahasa-bahasa_Slavik" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahasa-bahasa Slavik">Slavik</a>. Bahasa minoritas lain adalah <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Denmark" title="Bahasa Denmark">bahasa Denmark</a> yang dituturkan di bagian perbatasan dengan Denmark, <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Frisia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahasa Frisia">bahasa Frisia</a> di perbatasan utara dengan Belanda, <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Turki" title="Bahasa Turki">bahasa Turki</a> sebagai bahasa imigran dari Turki, <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Rusia" title="Bahasa Rusia">bahasa Rusia</a> yang dibawa oleh imigran dari kaum <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jerman_Etnik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jerman Etnik (halaman belum tersedia)">Jerman Etnik</a> dari <a href="/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia">Rusia</a>, dan beberapa bahasa kaum imigran minoritas lainnya (<a href="/wiki/Italia" title="Italia">Italia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arab" class="mw-disambig" title="Arab">Arab</a>, dan negara-negara <a href="/wiki/Balkan" title="Balkan">Balkan</a>). 67% penduduk Jerman mengatakan bahwa mereka dapat berkomunikasi minimal satu bahasa asing dan 27% penduduk mengatakan mereka dapat berkomunikasi dengan 2 bahasa asing lain selain bahasa Jerman.<sup id="cite_ref-Eurobarometer_Languages_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eurobarometer_Languages-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pendidikan">Pendidikan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jerman&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Sunting bagian: Pendidikan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jerman&action=edit&section=17" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Pendidikan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Pendidikan_di_Jerman" title="Pendidikan di Jerman">Pendidikan di Jerman</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Daftar_universitas_di_Jerman" class="mw-redirect" title="Daftar universitas di Jerman">Daftar universitas di Jerman</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Heidelberg_Universit%C3%A4tsbibliothek_2003.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Heidelberg_Universit%C3%A4tsbibliothek_2003.jpg/170px-Heidelberg_Universit%C3%A4tsbibliothek_2003.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Heidelberg_Universit%C3%A4tsbibliothek_2003.jpg/255px-Heidelberg_Universit%C3%A4tsbibliothek_2003.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Heidelberg_Universit%C3%A4tsbibliothek_2003.jpg/340px-Heidelberg_Universit%C3%A4tsbibliothek_2003.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2068" data-file-height="1680" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Universitas_Heidelberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Universitas Heidelberg">Universitas Heidelberg</a> adalah universitas tertua di Jerman dan saat ini menempati peringkat tertinggi di negara ini.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Universitas ini didirikan tahun 1386.</figcaption></figure> <p>Lebih dari 99% penduduk Jerman usia 15 tahun ke atas diperkirakan bisa membaca dan menulis.<sup id="cite_ref-CIA_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIA-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pendidikan di negara ini diurus oleh <a href="/wiki/Negara_bagian_di_Jerman" title="Negara bagian di Jerman">negara bagian</a> masing-masing. Sejak tahun 1960-an, sebuah gerakan reformasi mencoba untuk menyatukan pendidikan menengah Jerman menjadi sebuah <i>Gesamtschule</i> (<a href="/wiki/Sekolah_komprehensif" title="Sekolah komprehensif">sekolah komprehensif</a>); beberapa negara bagian Jerman kemudian menyederhanakan sistem sekolah mereka. Sistem ini dikenal dengan nama <i>Duale Ausbildung</i> ("<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistem_pendidikan_dualisme&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sistem pendidikan dualisme (halaman belum tersedia)">pendidikan dualisme</a>") yang menjadikan siswa di <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sekolah_kejuruan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sekolah kejuruan (halaman belum tersedia)">sekolah kejuruan</a> untuk dapat belajar di sebuah perusahaan.<sup id="cite_ref-ED_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ED-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Model pendidikan yang sukses ini kemudian diadopsi di seluruh dunia.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pendidikan tingkat <a href="/wiki/Taman_kanak-kanak" title="Taman kanak-kanak">taman kanak-kanak</a> tersedia untuk semua anak umur 3-6 tahun, tetapi tidak wajib. Setelah itu, anak mendapatkan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pendidikan_wajib&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pendidikan wajib (halaman belum tersedia)">pendidikan wajib</a> untuk paling minimal 9 tahun. Lama pendidikan dasar di negara ini adalah berkisar 4-6 tahun.<sup id="cite_ref-ED_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ED-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Berikutnya, pendidikan menengah tersedia dalam 3 macam: <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gymnasium_(sekolah)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gymnasium (sekolah) (halaman belum tersedia)">Gymnasium</a></i> untuk mempersiapkan siswa menuju universitas, <i><a href="/wiki/Realschule" title="Realschule">Realschule</a></i>, dan <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hauptschule&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hauptschule (halaman belum tersedia)">Hauptschule</a></i> untuk siswa sekolah kejuruan.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Stellarator_Wendelstein_7-X_Reaktorgestell.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Stellarator_Wendelstein_7-X_Reaktorgestell.jpg/170px-Stellarator_Wendelstein_7-X_Reaktorgestell.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Stellarator_Wendelstein_7-X_Reaktorgestell.jpg/255px-Stellarator_Wendelstein_7-X_Reaktorgestell.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Stellarator_Wendelstein_7-X_Reaktorgestell.jpg/340px-Stellarator_Wendelstein_7-X_Reaktorgestell.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1632" data-file-height="1224" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Wendelstein_7-X" title="Wendelstein 7-X">Wendelstein 7-X</a>, fasilitas penelitian yang ada di <a href="/w/index.php?title=Institut_Fisika_Plasma_Max_Planck&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Institut Fisika Plasma Max Planck (halaman belum tersedia)">Institut Fisika Plasma Max Planck</a> yang ada di dekat <a href="/wiki/Universitas_Greifswald" title="Universitas Greifswald">Universitas Greifswald</a>. Penelitian-penelitian di Jerman sebagian besar dilakukan oleh institut-institut independen.</figcaption></figure> <p>Persyaratan umum untuk memasuki universitas di Jerman adalah <a href="/wiki/Abitur" title="Abitur">Abitur</a>, kualifikasi yang didasarkan pada tes kontinu selama tahun-tahun terakhir termasuk ujian akhir sekolah. Meski begitu, ada beberapa pengecualian, dan persyaratan yang ditetapkan pun berbeda-beda tergantung dari subjek, universitas, dan negara bagiannya. Universitas-universitas Jerman dikenal internasional, dengan 6 universitas ada pada 100 besar (menurut <a href="/wiki/Academic_Ranking_of_World_Universities" class="mw-redirect" title="Academic Ranking of World Universities">Academic Ranking of World Universities</a> (ARWU) tahun 2008), dan 18 ada pada 200 besar.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kebanyakan universitas di Jerman adalah universitas negeri, dengan uang kuliah hanya sekitar €60 per semester (mencapaii €500 di negara bagian <a href="/wiki/Niedersachsen" class="mw-redirect" title="Niedersachsen">Niedersachsen</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Maka, pendidikan menjadi terjangkau bagi hampir semua penduduk Jerman.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Daftar_universitas_di_Jerman" class="mw-redirect" title="Daftar universitas di Jerman">Universitas di Jerman</a> juga termasuk dalam jajaran universitas tertua di dunia. <a href="/wiki/Universitas_Heidelberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Universitas Heidelberg">Universitas Heidelberg</a> adalah yang tertua (berdiri 1386), kemudian diikuti <a href="/wiki/Universitas_Leipzig" title="Universitas Leipzig">Universitas Leipzig</a> (1409), <a href="/wiki/Universitas_Rostock" title="Universitas Rostock">Universitas Rostock</a> (1419), <a href="/wiki/Universitas_Greifswald" title="Universitas Greifswald">Universitas Greifswald</a> (1456), <a href="/wiki/Universitas_Freiburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Universitas Freiburg">Universitas Freiburg</a> (1457), <a href="/wiki/Universitas_Munich" class="mw-redirect" title="Universitas Munich">LMU Munich</a> (1472) dan <a href="/wiki/Universitas_T%C3%BCbingen" title="Universitas Tübingen">Universitas Tübingen</a> (1477). </p><p>Kebanyakan universitas di Jerman fokus pada pengajaran daripada penelitian. Penelitian dilakukan oleh institut independen yang bekerja pada bidang akademik, seperti <a href="/wiki/Institut_Max_Planck" title="Institut Max Planck">Max Planck</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fraunhofer_Society&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fraunhofer Society (halaman belum tersedia)">Fraunhofer</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz_Scientific_Community&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Scientific Community (halaman belum tersedia)">Leibniz</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Helmholtz_Association_of_German_Research_Centres" title="Helmholtz Association of German Research Centres">Helmholtz</a>. Institut spesialisasi ini tidak disertakan dalam peringkat akademik, sehingga menjadikan universitas-universitas di Jerman tampak berperingkat rendah (seperti peringkat <a href="/wiki/Academic_Ranking_of_World_Universities" class="mw-redirect" title="Academic Ranking of World Universities">ARWU</a>). Beberapa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Institut_teknologi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Institut teknologi (halaman belum tersedia)">institut teknologi</a> di Jerman pun mulai mengalihkan fokus mereka ke penelitian. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Budaya">Budaya</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jerman&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Sunting bagian: Budaya" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jerman&action=edit&section=18" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Budaya"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Budaya_Jerman" title="Budaya Jerman">Budaya Jerman</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Beethoven.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Beethoven.jpg/197px-Beethoven.jpg" decoding="async" width="197" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Beethoven.jpg/296px-Beethoven.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Beethoven.jpg/394px-Beethoven.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1443" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven" title="Ludwig van Beethoven">Ludwig van Beethoven</a> (1770–1827), komposer</figcaption></figure> <p>Dari sejarahnya, budaya Jerman dibentuk oleh para kaum intelektual Eropa, baik kaum religius maupun kaum <a href="/wiki/Sekularisme" title="Sekularisme">sekuler</a>. Dulu, Jerman disebut sebagai <i>Das Land der Dichter und Denker</i> ("negara para penyair dan pemikir"),<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> karena banyaknya <a href="/w/index.php?title=Literatur_Jerman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literatur Jerman (halaman belum tersedia)">penulis</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Filosofi_Jerman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Filosofi Jerman (halaman belum tersedia)">filsuf</a> terkenal yang mempengaruhi perkembangan budaya dan pemikiran Barat. </p><p>Banyak sekali institusi budaya di negara ini. Ada 240 teater yang disubsidi pemerintah, ratusan simfoni orkestra, ribuan museum dan lebih dari 25.000 perpustakaan tersebar di negara ini. Pengunjung dan penikmatnya pun juga banyak: lebih dari 91 juta pengunjung museum tiap tahunnya, 20 juta pengunjung teater dan opera, dan 3,6 juta pengunjung orkestra simfoni.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sampai tahun 2012, <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> mencatat 37 <a href="/wiki/Situs_Warisan_Dunia" title="Situs Warisan Dunia">Situs Warisan Dunia</a> dari Jerman.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jerman juga telah memiliki <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kesetaraan_jender&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kesetaraan jender (halaman belum tersedia)">kesetaraan gender</a> tinggi,<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> mempromosikan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerakan_hak_penyandang_cacat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gerakan hak penyandang cacat (halaman belum tersedia)">gerakan hak penyandang cacat</a>, dan toleran secara sosial terhadap kaum homoseksual. Gay dan lesbian dapat mengadopsi bayi, dan <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Civil union (halaman belum tersedia)">civil union</a></i> telah diizinkan sejak tahun 2001.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jerman juga telah banyak mengubah sikapnya terhadap para imigran, pemerintah dan penduduknya mulai berpendapat bahwa imigrasi adalah sesuatu hal yang legal namun harus dikontrol dan mempunyai standar kualifikasi tertentu.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jerman merupakan negara paling berharga kedua di dunia di antara 50 negara tahun 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sebuah jajak pendapat global yang dilakukan <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> pada tahun 2011 mengatakan bahwa Jerman dikenal memiliki pengaruh paling positif pada dunia tahun 2011,<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan menjadi negara yang dilihat paling positif tahun 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jerman secara keseluruhan terkenal juga sebagai negara yang bersih. Anda akan kesulitan menemukan sampah yang berserakan di Jerman. Sistem pembuangan sampah di negara Jerman sudah teratur. Di setiap rumah setidaknya ada empat tong sampah untuk plastik, kertas, bio, dan sisa sampah yang tidak masuk ketiganya. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Seni">Seni</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jerman&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Sunting bagian: Seni" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jerman&action=edit&section=19" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Seni"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Seni_Jerman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seni Jerman (halaman belum tersedia)">Seni Jerman</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Lucas_Cranach_d._%C3%84._-_The_Lamentation_of_Christ_-_The_Schlei%C3%9Fheim_Crucifixion_-_Alte_Pinakothek.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Lucas_Cranach_d._%C3%84._-_The_Lamentation_of_Christ_-_The_Schlei%C3%9Fheim_Crucifixion_-_Alte_Pinakothek.jpg/200px-Lucas_Cranach_d._%C3%84._-_The_Lamentation_of_Christ_-_The_Schlei%C3%9Fheim_Crucifixion_-_Alte_Pinakothek.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Lucas_Cranach_d._%C3%84._-_The_Lamentation_of_Christ_-_The_Schlei%C3%9Fheim_Crucifixion_-_Alte_Pinakothek.jpg/300px-Lucas_Cranach_d._%C3%84._-_The_Lamentation_of_Christ_-_The_Schlei%C3%9Fheim_Crucifixion_-_Alte_Pinakothek.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Lucas_Cranach_d._%C3%84._-_The_Lamentation_of_Christ_-_The_Schlei%C3%9Fheim_Crucifixion_-_Alte_Pinakothek.jpg/400px-Lucas_Cranach_d._%C3%84._-_The_Lamentation_of_Christ_-_The_Schlei%C3%9Fheim_Crucifixion_-_Alte_Pinakothek.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2024" data-file-height="2805" /></a><figcaption>"Kreuzigung Christi" (Indonesia: "Penyaliban Kristus" oleh <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lucas_Cranach_the_Elder&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lucas Cranach the Elder (halaman belum tersedia)">Lucas Cranach the Elder</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Banyak pelukis-pelukis Jerman yang mendapatkan prestise internasional melalui karya-karya mereka. <a href="/wiki/Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer" title="Albrecht Dürer">Albrecht Dürer</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans_Holbein_the_Younger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hans Holbein the Younger (halaman belum tersedia)">Hans Holbein the Younger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Matthias_Gr%C3%BCnewald" class="mw-redirect" title="Matthias Grünewald">Matthias Grünewald</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lucas_Cranach_the_Elder&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lucas Cranach the Elder (halaman belum tersedia)">Lucas Cranach the Elder</a> adalah seniman penting pada zaman <a href="/wiki/Renaisans" title="Renaisans">Renaisans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubens" title="Peter Paul Rubens">Peter Paul Rubens</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Johann_Baptist_Zimmermann" title="Johann Baptist Zimmermann">Johann Baptist Zimmermann</a> pada zaman <a href="/wiki/Barok" title="Barok">Barok</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caspar_David_Friedrich" title="Caspar David Friedrich">Caspar David Friedrich</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Carl_Spitzweg" title="Carl Spitzweg">Carl Spitzweg</a> pada <a href="/wiki/Romantisisme" title="Romantisisme">Romantisisme</a>, <a href="/wiki/Max_Liebermann" title="Max Liebermann">Max Liebermann</a> pada <a href="/wiki/Impresionisme" title="Impresionisme">Impresionisme</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Max_Ernst" title="Max Ernst">Max Ernst</a> pada <a href="/wiki/Surealisme" title="Surealisme">Surealisme</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Musik">Musik</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jerman&veaction=edit&section=20" title="Sunting bagian: Musik" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jerman&action=edit&section=20" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Musik"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Musik_Jerman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Musik Jerman (halaman belum tersedia)">Musik Jerman</a></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:left; float:left; margin-left:1em"> <tbody><tr> <th align="right"><a href="/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach">J.S. Bach</a><br /><small><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toccata_and_Fugue_in_D_minor,_BWV_565&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Toccata and Fugue in D minor, BWV 565 (halaman belum tersedia)">Toccata und Fuge</a></small> </th> <th align="right"><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven" title="Ludwig van Beethoven">L.v. Beethoven</a><br /><small><a href="/w/index.php?title=Symphony_No._5_(Beethoven)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Symphony No. 5 (Beethoven) (halaman belum tersedia)">Symphonie 5 c-moll</a></small> </th> <th align="right"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">R. Wagner</a><br /><small><a href="/w/index.php?title=Die_Walk%C3%BCre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Die Walküre (halaman belum tersedia)">Die Walküre</a></small> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left; background:#dcdcdc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="100" style="width:100px;" data-durationhint="514" data-mwtitle="Toccata_et_Fugue_BWV565.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/be/Toccata_et_Fugue_BWV565.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/be/Toccata_et_Fugue_BWV565.ogg/Toccata_et_Fugue_BWV565.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></td> <td style="text-align:left; background:#d3d3d3;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_2" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="100" style="width:100px;" data-durationhint="437" data-mwtitle="Ludwig_van_Beethoven_-_Symphonie_5_c-moll_-_1._Allegro_con_brio.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5b/Ludwig_van_Beethoven_-_Symphonie_5_c-moll_-_1._Allegro_con_brio.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5b/Ludwig_van_Beethoven_-_Symphonie_5_c-moll_-_1._Allegro_con_brio.ogg/Ludwig_van_Beethoven_-_Symphonie_5_c-moll_-_1._Allegro_con_brio.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></td> <td style="text-align:left; background:silver;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_3" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="100" style="width:100px;" data-durationhint="1677" data-mwtitle="Wagner_-_die_walkure_fantasie.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6e/Wagner_-_die_walkure_fantasie.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6e/Wagner_-_die_walkure_fantasie.ogg/Wagner_-_die_walkure_fantasie.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Era_klasik_musik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Era klasik musik (halaman belum tersedia)">Musik klasik</a> Jerman terdiri dari karya-karya komposer paling terkenal di dunia, di antaranya <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven" title="Ludwig van Beethoven">Ludwig van Beethoven</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach">Johann Sebastian Bach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart" title="Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart">Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Brahms" title="Johannes Brahms">Johannes Brahms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Richard Wagner</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Richard_Strauss" title="Richard Strauss">Richard Strauss</a>. </p><p>Jerman adalah pasar musik terbesar di Eropa dan ketiga terbesar di dunia.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Musik populer Jerman pada abad ke-20 dan 21 di antaranya <a href="/w/index.php?title=Neue_Deutsche_Welle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neue Deutsche Welle (halaman belum tersedia)">Neue Deutsche Welle</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nena" title="Nena">Nena</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alphaville_(band)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alphaville (band) (halaman belum tersedia)">Alphaville</a>), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ostrock&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ostrock (halaman belum tersedia)">Ostrock</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=City_(band)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="City (band) (halaman belum tersedia)">City</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Keimzeit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Keimzeit (halaman belum tersedia)">Keimzeit</a>), <a href="/wiki/Musik_heavy_metal" class="mw-redirect" title="Musik heavy metal">Metal</a>/<a href="/w/index.php?title=German_rock&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="German rock (halaman belum tersedia)">Rock</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rammstein" title="Rammstein">Rammstein</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Scorpions_(band)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Scorpions (band) (halaman belum tersedia)">Scorpions</a>), <a href="/w/index.php?title=German_punk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="German punk (halaman belum tersedia)">Punk</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Die_%C3%84rzte&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Die Ärzte (halaman belum tersedia)">Die Ärzte</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Die_Toten_Hosen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Die Toten Hosen (halaman belum tersedia)">Die Toten Hosen</a>), <a href="/wiki/Pop_rock" class="mw-redirect" title="Pop rock">Pop rock</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Beatsteaks&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Beatsteaks (halaman belum tersedia)">Beatsteaks</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marc_Engelhard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marc Engelhard (halaman belum tersedia)">Marc Engelhard</a><sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tokio_Hotel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tokio Hotel (halaman belum tersedia)">Tokio Hotel</a>), <a href="/wiki/Indie_rock" class="mw-redirect" title="Indie rock">Indie</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tocotronic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tocotronic (halaman belum tersedia)">Tocotronic</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Blumfeld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Blumfeld (halaman belum tersedia)">Blumfeld</a>) dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=German_hip_hop&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="German hip hop (halaman belum tersedia)">Hip Hop</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Die_Fantastischen_Vier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Die Fantastischen Vier (halaman belum tersedia)">Die Fantastischen Vier</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Deichkind&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deichkind (halaman belum tersedia)">Deichkind</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arsitektur">Arsitektur</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jerman&veaction=edit&section=21" title="Sunting bagian: Arsitektur" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jerman&action=edit&section=21" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Arsitektur"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arsitektur_Jerman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arsitektur Jerman (halaman belum tersedia)">Arsitektur Jerman</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Heringsdorf_Seeschloss.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Heringsdorf_Seeschloss.JPG/170px-Heringsdorf_Seeschloss.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Heringsdorf_Seeschloss.JPG/255px-Heringsdorf_Seeschloss.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Heringsdorf_Seeschloss.JPG/340px-Heringsdorf_Seeschloss.JPG 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>"Sea Castle" di <a href="/wiki/Usedom" title="Usedom">Pulau Usedom</a>, contoh <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arsitektur_resort&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arsitektur resort (halaman belum tersedia)">arsitektur resort</a>. Model semacam ini populer di kawasan <a href="/wiki/Laut_Baltik" title="Laut Baltik">Laut Baltik</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Arsitektur bergaya Jerman antara lain <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arsitektur_carolingian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arsitektur carolingian (halaman belum tersedia)">Carolingian</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arsitektur_ottonian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arsitektur ottonian (halaman belum tersedia)">Ottonian</a>, yang merupakan pendahulu dari <a href="/wiki/Arsitektur_romanesque" class="mw-redirect" title="Arsitektur romanesque">Romanesque</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brick_Gothic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brick Gothic (halaman belum tersedia)">Brick Gothic</a> pada zaman pertengahan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brick_Expressionism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brick Expressionism (halaman belum tersedia)">Brick Expressionism</a> pada zaman modern adalah 2 gaya berbeda yang berkembang di Jerman. Juga dalam <a href="/wiki/Arsitektur_Renaisans" title="Arsitektur Renaisans">Renaisans</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Arsitektur_Barok" title="Arsitektur Barok">Barok</a>, ada elemen bergaya Jerman di dalamnya (seperti <a href="/w/index.php?title=Weser_Renaisans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Weser Renaisans (halaman belum tersedia)">Weser Renaisans</a> dan <i>Barok <a href="/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden">Dresden</a></i>). </p><p>Ketika industrialisasi berkembang di Eropa, gaya <a href="/w/index.php?title=Klasisisme&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Klasisisme (halaman belum tersedia)">klasisisme</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Historisme_(seni)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historisme (seni) (halaman belum tersedia)">historisme</a> berkembang di Jerman, terkadang disebut sebagai <i>gaya <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gr%C3%BCnderzeit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gründerzeit (halaman belum tersedia)">Gründerzeit</a></i> karena lonjakan ekonomi di akhir abad ke-19. </p><p>Arsitek kontemporer Jerman di antaranya <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans_Kollhoff&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hans Kollhoff (halaman belum tersedia)">Hans Kollhoff</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Helmut_Jahn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Helmut Jahn (halaman belum tersedia)">Helmut Jahn</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Behnisch_Architekten&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Behnisch Architekten (halaman belum tersedia)">Behnisch</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Albert_Speer,_Jr.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Albert Speer, Jr. (halaman belum tersedia)">Albert Speer Junior</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frei_Otto" title="Frei Otto">Frei Otto</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oswald_Mathias_Ungers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oswald Mathias Ungers (halaman belum tersedia)">Oswald Mathias Ungers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gottfried_B%C3%B6hm" title="Gottfried Böhm">Gottfried Böhm</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stephan_Braunfels&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stephan Braunfels (halaman belum tersedia)">Stephan Braunfels</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anna_Heringer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anna Heringer (halaman belum tersedia)">Anna Heringer</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literatur_dan_filosofi">Literatur dan filosofi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jerman&veaction=edit&section=22" title="Sunting bagian: Literatur dan filosofi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jerman&action=edit&section=22" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Literatur dan filosofi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Literatur_Jerman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literatur Jerman (halaman belum tersedia)">Literatur Jerman</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Filosofi_Jerman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Filosofi Jerman (halaman belum tersedia)">Filosofi Jerman</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Grimm.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Grimm.jpg/170px-Grimm.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Grimm.jpg/255px-Grimm.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Grimm.jpg/340px-Grimm.jpg 2x" data-file-width="694" data-file-height="799" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Grimm_Bersaudara" title="Grimm Bersaudara">Grimm Bersaudara</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Literatur Jerman dapat ditelusuri dari zaman Pertengahan, dengan karya-karya dari <a href="/w/index.php?title=Walther_von_der_Vogelweide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Walther von der Vogelweide (halaman belum tersedia)">Walther von der Vogelweide</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Wolfram_von_Eschenbach" title="Wolfram von Eschenbach">Wolfram von Eschenbach</a>. Penulis-penulis Jerman yang terkenal antara lain <a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Johann Wolfgang von Goethe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller">Friedrich Schiller</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gotthold_Ephraim_Lessing" title="Gotthold Ephraim Lessing">Gotthold Ephraim Lessing</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Fontane" title="Theodor Fontane">Theodor Fontane</a>. Koleksi legenda-legenda folklore yang diterbitkan oleh <a href="/wiki/Grimm_Bersaudara" title="Grimm Bersaudara">Grimm Bersaudara</a> mempopulerkan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Folklore_Jerman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Folklore Jerman (halaman belum tersedia)">folklore Jerman</a>. Penulis-penulis Jerman yang terkenal pada abad ke-20 antara lain <a href="/wiki/Gerhart_Hauptmann" title="Gerhart Hauptmann">Gerhart Hauptmann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mann" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Mann">Thomas Mann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Hesse" title="Hermann Hesse">Hermann Hessen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_B%C3%B6ll" class="mw-redirect" title="Heinrich Böll">Heinrich Böll</a> dan <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnter_Grass" title="Günter Grass">Günter Grass</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Penerbit-penerbit Jerman memproduksi lebih dari 700 juta buku tiap tahunnya dengan 80.000 judul, sekitar 60.000 judul di antaranya judul baru. Jerman adalah negara ketiga terbesar dalam jumlah buku yang dipublikasikan, setelah negara-negara berbahasa Inggris dan Republik Rakyat Tiongkok.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_Book_Fair" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankfurt Book Fair">Frankfurt Book Fair</a> adalah ajang perdagangan buku internasional yang sudah berjalan selama 500 tahun lebih.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Filosofi Jerman juga berpengaruh. Kontribusi <a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Leibniz">Gottfried Leibniz</a> terhadap <a href="/wiki/Rasionalisme" title="Rasionalisme">rasionalisme</a>; filosofi <a href="/wiki/Abad_Pencerahan" title="Abad Pencerahan">pencerahan</a> oleh <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a>; munculnya <a href="/wiki/Idealisme_Jerman" title="Idealisme Jerman">idealisme Jerman</a> klasik oleh <a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte" title="Johann Gottlieb Fichte">Johann Gottlieb Fichte</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_Joseph_Schelling" title="Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling">Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling</a>; formulasi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Teori_komunis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Teori komunis (halaman belum tersedia)">teori komunis</a> oleh <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Friedrich Engels</a>; pengembangan <a href="/wiki/Perspektivisme" title="Perspektivisme">perspektivisme</a> oleh <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Friedrich Nietzsche</a>, dan kontribusi <a href="/wiki/Gottlob_Frege" title="Gottlob Frege">Gottlob Frege</a> pada <a href="/w/index.php?title=Filosofi_analitis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Filosofi analitis (halaman belum tersedia)">filosofi analitis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Makanan">Makanan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jerman&veaction=edit&section=23" title="Sunting bagian: Makanan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jerman&action=edit&section=23" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Makanan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Makanan_Jerman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Makanan Jerman (halaman belum tersedia)">Makanan Jerman</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Black_Forest_gateau.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Black_Forest_gateau.jpg/220px-Black_Forest_gateau.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Black_Forest_gateau.jpg/330px-Black_Forest_gateau.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Black_Forest_gateau.jpg/440px-Black_Forest_gateau.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Schwarzw%C3%A4lder_Kirschtorte&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Schwarzwälder Kirschtorte (halaman belum tersedia)">Schwarzwälder Kirschtorte</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>Makanan Jerman bervariasi tergantung dari kawasannya. Kawasan selatan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Makanan_Bavaria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Makanan Bavaria (halaman belum tersedia)">Bayern</a> dan Swabia, misalnya, berbagi tradisi kuliner dengan Swiss dan Austria. Di semua kawasan, daging dikonsumsi dalam bentuk sosis.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Makanan_organik" class="mw-redirect" title="Makanan organik">Makanan organik</a> mempunyai pangsa pasar sekitar 2% dan diperkirakan akan terus meningkat.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meski wine banyak diminum di banyak kawasan Jerman, minuman alkohol nasional negara ini adalah bir. Jumlah konsumsi bir negara ini menurun, tetapi dengan tingkat 121,4 liter per orang (2009), jumlah ini masihlah salah satu tertinggi di dunia.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Restoran Jerman juga restoran paling berdekorasi kedua di dunia, setelah Prancis.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Babi" title="Babi">Babi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sapi" title="Sapi">sapi</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Unggas" title="Unggas">unggas</a> adalah macam daging paling umum yang dijumpai di Jerman. Rata-rata orang Jerman mengonsumsi 61 kg (134 pon) daging tiap tahunnya. Di antara semua unggas, <a href="/wiki/Ayam" title="Ayam">ayam</a> paling banyak dikonsumsi, berikutnya adalah <a href="/wiki/Bebek" class="mw-redirect" title="Bebek">bebek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Angsa" title="Angsa">angsa</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Kalkun" title="Kalkun">kalkun</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Olahraga">Olahraga</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jerman&veaction=edit&section=24" title="Sunting bagian: Olahraga" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jerman&action=edit&section=24" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Olahraga"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Olahraga_di_Jerman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Olahraga di Jerman (halaman belum tersedia)">Olahraga di Jerman</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Signal_Iduna_Park_new_sign.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Signal_Iduna_Park_new_sign.jpg/220px-Signal_Iduna_Park_new_sign.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Signal_Iduna_Park_new_sign.jpg/330px-Signal_Iduna_Park_new_sign.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Signal_Iduna_Park_new_sign.jpg/440px-Signal_Iduna_Park_new_sign.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3776" data-file-height="1840" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Westfalenstadion" class="mw-redirect" title="Westfalenstadion">Westfalenstadion</a>, stadion klub <a href="/wiki/Fu%C3%9Fball-Bundesliga" title="Fußball-Bundesliga">Bundesliga</a> <a href="/wiki/Borussia_Dortmund" title="Borussia Dortmund">Borussia Dortmund</a>, stadion terbesar di Jerman</figcaption></figure> <p>27 juta penduduk Jerman menjadi anggota klub olahraga ditambah 12 juta orang lainnya yang bermata pencaharian dari olahraga.<sup id="cite_ref-sports_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sports-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sepak_bola" title="Sepak bola">Sepak bola</a> adalah olahraga terpopuler di Jerman. Dengan 6,3 juta anggota resmi, <a href="/wiki/Asosiasi_Sepak_Bola_Jerman" title="Asosiasi Sepak Bola Jerman">Asosiasi Sepak Bola Jerman</a> (<i>Deutscher Fußball-Bund</i>) adalah organisasi sepak bola terbesar di dunia.<sup id="cite_ref-sports_114-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sports-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Fu%C3%9Fball-Bundesliga" title="Fußball-Bundesliga">Bundesliga</a>, liga tertinggi sepak bola Jerman, adalah liga olahraga paling populer di Jerman dengan rata-rata pengunjung turnamen terbanyak di dunia. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Tim_nasional_sepak_bola_Jerman" title="Tim nasional sepak bola Jerman">Tim nasional sepak bola Jerman</a> memenangkan <a href="/wiki/Piala_Dunia_FIFA" title="Piala Dunia FIFA">Piala Dunia FIFA</a> tahun 1954, 1974, 1990, dan 2014. Jerman menjuarai <a href="/wiki/Kejuaraan_Eropa_UEFA" title="Kejuaraan Eropa UEFA">Kejuaraan Eropa UEFA</a> tahun 1972, 1980, dan 1996. Negara ini menjadi tuan rumah <a href="/wiki/Piala_Dunia_FIFA_1974" title="Piala Dunia FIFA 1974">Piala Dunia FIFA 1974</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Piala_Dunia_FIFA_2006" title="Piala Dunia FIFA 2006">Piala Dunia FIFA 2006</a> dan Kejuaraan UEFA tahun 1988. Pemain sepak bola yang terkenal antara lain <a href="/w/index.php?title=Uwee_Seeler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uwee Seeler (halaman belum tersedia)">Uwee Seeler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franz_Beckenbauer" title="Franz Beckenbauer">Franz Beckenbauer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gerd_M%C3%BCller" title="Gerd Müller">Gerd Müller</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karl-Heinz_Rummenigge" title="Karl-Heinz Rummenigge">Karl-Heinz Rummenigge</a>, <a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Klinsmann" title="Jürgen Klinsmann">Jürgen Klinsmann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lothar_Matth%C3%A4us" title="Lothar Matthäus">Lothar Matthäus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Kahn" title="Oliver Kahn">Oliver Kahn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Miroslav_Klose" title="Miroslav Klose">Miroslav Klose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_M%C3%BCller" title="Thomas Müller">Thomas Müller</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mesut_%C3%96zil" title="Mesut Özil">Mesut Özil</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Toni_Kroos" title="Toni Kroos">Toni Kroos</a>. Olahraga lain yang populer di antaranya <a href="/wiki/Bola_tangan" title="Bola tangan">bola tangan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bola_voli" title="Bola voli">bola voli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hoki_es" title="Hoki es">hoki es</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Tenis" title="Tenis">tenis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-sports_114-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sports-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jerman adalah salah satu negara juara otomotif dunia. Konstruktor seperti <a href="/wiki/BMW" title="BMW">BMW</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz" title="Mercedes-Benz">Mercedes</a> adalah konstruktor utama kejuaraan otomotif. <a href="/wiki/Porsche" title="Porsche">Porsche</a> telah menjuarai <a href="/wiki/24_Hours_of_Le_Mans" class="mw-redirect" title="24 Hours of Le Mans">24 Hours of Le Mans</a> 16 kali dan <a href="/wiki/Audi" title="Audi">Audi</a> telah menjuarainya 11 kali. Pembalap Jerman <a href="/wiki/Michael_Schumacher" title="Michael Schumacher">Michael Schumacher</a> juga menjadi juara Formula Satu terbanyak di dunia.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Secara umum, <a href="/wiki/Jerman_pada_Olimpiade" title="Jerman pada Olimpiade">olahragawan Jerman</a> juga menjadi peserta sukses di <a href="/wiki/Olimpiade" title="Olimpiade">Olimpiade</a>, menduduki peringkat ketiga pada jumlah perolehan medali total (menggabungkan Jerman Barat dan Timur). Di <a href="/wiki/Olimpiade_Beijing_2008" class="mw-redirect" title="Olimpiade Beijing 2008">Olimpiade Beijing 2008</a>, Jerman menempati peringkat kelima,<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sedangkan pada <a href="/wiki/Olimpiade_Musim_Dingin_2006" title="Olimpiade Musim Dingin 2006">Olimpiade Musim Dingin 2006</a> mereka berhasil menjadi juara.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Negara ini menjadi tuan rumah Olimpiade Musim Panas 2 kali, tahun <a href="/wiki/Olimpiade_Berlin_1936" class="mw-redirect" title="Olimpiade Berlin 1936">1936</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Olimpiade_Munich_1972" class="mw-redirect" title="Olimpiade Munich 1972">1972</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lihat_pula">Lihat pula</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jerman&veaction=edit&section=25" title="Sunting bagian: Lihat pula" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jerman&action=edit&section=25" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Lihat pula"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="column-count:2; column-gap:10px; -moz-column-count:2; -moz-column-gap:10px; -webkit-column-count:2; -webkit-column-gap:10px;" align="left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daftar_Negara_Bagian_Jerman" class="mw-redirect" title="Daftar Negara Bagian Jerman">Daftar Negara Bagian Jerman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daftar_Kota_di_Jerman" class="mw-redirect" title="Daftar Kota di Jerman">Daftar Kota di Jerman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daftar_Presiden_Jerman" class="mw-redirect" title="Daftar Presiden Jerman">Daftar Presiden Jerman</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daftar_Wakil_Presiden_Jerman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daftar Wakil Presiden Jerman (halaman belum tersedia)">Daftar Wakil Presiden Jerman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daftar_tokoh_Jerman" title="Daftar tokoh Jerman">Daftar tokoh Jerman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daftar_Kanselir_Jerman" title="Daftar Kanselir Jerman">Daftar Kanselir Jerman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daftar_Wakil_Kanselir_Jerman" title="Daftar Wakil Kanselir Jerman">Daftar Wakil Kanselir Jerman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daftar_pulau_di_Jerman" title="Daftar pulau di Jerman">Daftar pulau di Jerman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangsa_Jerman" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangsa Jerman">Bangsa Jerman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazisme" title="Nazisme">Nazisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asosiasi_Sepak_Bola_Jerman" title="Asosiasi Sepak Bola Jerman">Asosiasi Sepak Bola Jerman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_bahasa_Jerman" title="Wikipedia bahasa Jerman">Wikipedia bahasa Jerman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penyatuan_Jerman" title="Penyatuan Jerman">Penyatuan Jerman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penyatuan_Kembali_Jerman" class="mw-redirect" title="Penyatuan Kembali Jerman">Penyatuan Kembali Jerman</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uni_Demokratis_Jerman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uni Demokratis Jerman (halaman belum tersedia)">Uni Demokratis Jerman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoa_Jerman" title="Samoa Jerman">Samoa Jerman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donau" class="mw-redirect" title="Donau">Donau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sejarah_Jerman" title="Sejarah Jerman">Sejarah Jerman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nugini_Jerman" title="Nugini Jerman">Nugini Jerman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaisar_Jerman" title="Kaisar Jerman">Kaisar Jerman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masakan_Jerman" class="mw-redirect" title="Masakan Jerman">Masakan Jerman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi">Nazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust">Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_nasional_sepak_bola_Jerman" title="Tim nasional sepak bola Jerman">Tim nasional sepak bola Jerman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perbatasan_Oder-Neisse" title="Perbatasan Oder-Neisse">Perbatasan Oder-Neisse</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pranala_luar">Pranala luar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jerman&veaction=edit&section=26" title="Sunting bagian: Pranala luar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jerman&action=edit&section=26" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Pranala luar"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="metadata plainlinks mbox-small" style="border:1px solid #aaa; background-color:#f9f9f9;padding:3px;"> <tbody><tr style="height:25px;"> <td colspan="2" style="margin: auto; text-align: center;padding-bottom:5px;"><b>Cari tahu mengenai Jerman pada proyek-proyek Wikimedia lainnya:</b> </td></tr> <tr style="height:25px;"> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="//id.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Jerman" title="Cari di Wiktionary"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Wiktionary-logo-id.svg/21px-Wiktionary-logo-id.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Wiktionary-logo-id.svg/31px-Wiktionary-logo-id.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Wiktionary-logo-id.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-id.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="474" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="https://id.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Jerman" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Jerman">Definisi dan terjemahan</a> dari Wiktionary<br /> </td></tr> <tr style="height:25px;"> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Jerman" title="Cari di Commons"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/37px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Jerman" class="extiw" title="commons:Special:Search/Jerman">Gambar dan media</a> dari Commons<br /> </td></tr> <tr style="height:25px;"> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="//id.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Jerman" title="Cari di Wikinews"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/25px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/38px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/50px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="https://id.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Jerman" class="extiw" title="n:Special:Search/Jerman">Berita</a> dari Wikinews<br /> </td></tr> <tr style="height:25px;"> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="//id.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Jerman" title="Cari di Wikiquote"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/21px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/32px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/42px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="https://id.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Jerman" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Jerman">Kutipan</a> dari Wikiquote<br /> </td></tr> <tr style="height:25px;"> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="//id.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Jerman" title="Cari di Wikisource"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/36px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/48px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="https://id.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Jerman" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Jerman">Teks sumber</a> dari Wikisource<br /> </td></tr> <tr style="height:25px;"> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="//id.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Jerman" title="Cari di Wikibuku"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/25px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/38px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/50px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="https://id.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Jerman" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Jerman">Buku</a> dari Wikibuku<br /> </td></tr> <tr style="height:25px;"> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://id.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Special:Search/Jerman" title="Cari di Wikivoyage"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/25px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/38px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/50px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="https://id.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Special:Search/Jerman" class="extiw" title="voy:Special:Search/Jerman">Panduan wisata di Jerman</a> dari Wikivoyage </td></tr> </tbody></table> <ul><li><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#777; cursor:help;" title="Bahasa Inggris" lang="Inggris">(Inggris)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.deutschland.de/en">www.deutschland.de</a> – Portal web Jerman aktual yang multibahasa</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-17299607">Germany profile</a> dari <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Gnome-globe.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/15px-Gnome-globe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/23px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/30px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_Germany" class="extiw" title="commons:Atlas of Germany">Peta Germany di Wikimedia Atlas</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dw-world.de/">Deutsche Welle</a> – Germany's international broadcaster</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/gm.html">Germany</a> di <i><a href="/wiki/CIA_World_Factbook" title="CIA World Factbook">CIA World Factbook</a></i>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/germany.htm">Germany</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090221174544/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/germany.htm">Diarsipkan</a> 2009-02-21 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. at <i>UCB Libraries GovPubs</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://curlie.org/Regional/Europe/Germany">Jerman</a> di Curlie (dari <a href="/wiki/DMOZ" title="DMOZ">DMOZ</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tatsachen-ueber-deutschland.de/en/">Facts about Germany</a> – by the German Federal Foreign Office</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.destatis.de/EN/Homepage.html">Destatis.de</a> – Federal Statistical Office Germany</li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/12px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/18px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/24px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="256" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/OpenStreetMap" title="OpenStreetMap">OpenStreetMap</a> memiliki data geografis tentang <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.openstreetmap.org/browse/relation/51477">Jerman</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=DE">Key Development Forecasts for Germany</a> from <a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Futures&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Futures (halaman belum tersedia)">International Futures</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Pemerintah</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bundesregierung.de/Webs/Breg/EN/Homepage/_node.html">Official site of the Government</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bundespraesident.de/EN/Home/home_node.html">Official site of the Federal Presidents</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bundeskanzlerin.de/Webs/BK/En/Homepage/home.html">Official site of German Chancellor</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121014034607/http://www.bundeskanzlerin.de/Webs/BK/En/Homepage/home.html">Diarsipkan</a> 2012-10-14 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li></ul> <dl><dt>Pariwisata</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.germany.travel/en/index.html">Official Germany Tourism Website</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r25847331">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="20px_Lokal_geografis" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="20px_Lokal_geografis" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Gnome-globe.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/20px-Gnome-globe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/30px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/40px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span> Lokal geografis</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23782733"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r25847331"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Topik_Jerman" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18590415">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-lihat"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Topik_Jerman" title="Templat:Topik Jerman"><abbr title="Lihat templat ini">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bicara"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembicaraan_Templat:Topik_Jerman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pembicaraan Templat:Topik Jerman (halaman belum tersedia)"><abbr title="Diskusikan templat ini">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-sunting"><a class="external text" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:Topik_Jerman&action=edit"><abbr title="Sunting templat ini">s</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Topik_Jerman" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Topik <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jerman</a> </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sejarah_Jerman" title="Sejarah Jerman">Sejarah</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garis_waktu_sejarah_Jerman" title="Garis waktu sejarah Jerman">Garis waktu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiografi_Jerman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historiografi Jerman (halaman belum tersedia)">Historiografi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sejarah_militer_Jerman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sejarah militer Jerman (halaman belum tersedia)">Sejarah militer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orang_Jerman" title="Orang Jerman">Rakyat Jerman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periode_Migrasi" class="mw-redirect" title="Periode Migrasi">Periode Migrasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerajaan_Franka" title="Kerajaan Franka">Kekaisaran Franka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kekaisaran_Romawi_Suci" title="Kekaisaran Romawi Suci">Kekaisaran Romawi Suci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostsiedlung" class="mw-redirect" title="Ostsiedlung">Ostsiedlung (Kolonialisasi Timur)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konfederasi_Rhine" title="Konfederasi Rhine">Konfederasi Rhine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konfederasi_Jerman" title="Konfederasi Jerman">Konfederasi Jerman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstitusi_Frankfurt" title="Konstitusi Frankfurt">Konstitusi Frankfurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konfederasi_Jerman_Utara" title="Konfederasi Jerman Utara">Konfederasi Jerman Utara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penyatuan_Jerman" title="Penyatuan Jerman">Penyatuan Jerman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kekaisaran_Jerman" title="Kekaisaran Jerman">Kekaisaran Jerman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sejarah_Jerman_dalam_Perang_Dunia_I" title="Sejarah Jerman dalam Perang Dunia I">Perang Dunia I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republik_Weimar" title="Republik Weimar">Republik Weimar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Jerman" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi Jerman">Nazi Jerman</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sejarah_Jerman_dalam_Perang_Dunia_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sejarah Jerman dalam Perang Dunia II (halaman belum tersedia)">Perang Dunia II</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sejarah_Jerman_(1945%E2%80%9390)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sejarah Jerman (1945–90) (halaman belum tersedia)">Divided Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pendudukan_Jerman_oleh_Sekutu" title="Pendudukan Jerman oleh Sekutu">Pendudukan Sekutu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pengusiran_penduduk_Jerman_setelah_Perang_Dunia_II" title="Pengusiran penduduk Jerman setelah Perang Dunia II">Pembuangan dan Pengusiran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerman_Barat" title="Jerman Barat">Jerman Barat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerman_Timur" title="Jerman Timur">Jerman Timur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penyatuan_kembali_Jerman" title="Penyatuan kembali Jerman">Penyatuan kembali</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sejarah_Jerman_sejak_1990&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sejarah Jerman sejak 1990 (halaman belum tersedia)">Jerman bersatu kembali</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg/90px-Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg/135px-Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg/180px-Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="396" data-file-height="510" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geografi_Jerman" title="Geografi Jerman">Geografi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pembagian_administratif_Jerman" title="Pembagian administratif Jerman">Pembagian Administratif</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daftar_negara_bagian_Jerman" class="mw-redirect" title="Daftar negara bagian Jerman">negara</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daftar_distrik_di_Jerman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daftar distrik di Jerman (halaman belum tersedia)">Distrik</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daftar_kota_di_Jerman" title="Daftar kota di Jerman">Kota</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daftar_gempa_di_Jerman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daftar gempa di Jerman (halaman belum tersedia)">Gempa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geologi_Jerman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geologi Jerman (halaman belum tersedia)">Geologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daftar_pulau_di_Jerman" title="Daftar pulau di Jerman">Pulau</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daftar_danau_di_Jerman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daftar danau di Jerman (halaman belum tersedia)">Danau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pegunungan_di_Jerman" title="Kategori:Pegunungan di Jerman">Pegunungan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Sungai_di_Jerman" title="Kategori:Sungai di Jerman">Sungai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politik_Jerman" title="Politik Jerman">Politik</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bundestag" title="Bundestag">Bundestag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bundesrat_Jerman" class="mw-redirect" title="Bundesrat Jerman">Bundesrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bundeswehr" title="Bundeswehr"><i>Bundeswehr</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(militer)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabinet_Jerman" title="Kabinet Jerman">Kabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanselir_Jerman" title="Kanselir Jerman">Kanselir</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dasar_Hukum_Republik_Federasi_Jerman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dasar Hukum Republik Federasi Jerman (halaman belum tersedia)">Konstitusi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kehakiman_di_Jerman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kehakiman di Jerman (halaman belum tersedia)">Kehakiman</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pemilihan_umum_di_Jerman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pemilihan umum di Jerman (halaman belum tersedia)">Pemilihan umum</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hubungan_luar_negeri_Jerman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hubungan luar negeri Jerman (halaman belum tersedia)">Hubungan luar negeri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hak_asasi_manusia_di_Jerman" title="Hak asasi manusia di Jerman">Hak asasi manusia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hukum_di_Jerman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hukum di Jerman (halaman belum tersedia)">Hukum</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pelaksana_hukum_di_Jerman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pelaksana hukum di Jerman (halaman belum tersedia)">Pelaksana hukum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daftar_partai_politik_di_Jerman" title="Daftar partai politik di Jerman">Partai politik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presiden_Jerman" title="Presiden Jerman">Presiden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ekonomi_Jerman" title="Ekonomi Jerman">Ekonomi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pertanian_di_Jerman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pertanian di Jerman (halaman belum tersedia)">Pertanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industri_otomotif_di_Jerman" title="Industri otomotif di Jerman">Industri Otomatif</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perbankan_di_Jerman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perbankan di Jerman (halaman belum tersedia)">Perbankan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Bundesbank" title="Deutsche Bundesbank">Bank sentral</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Segitiga_Kimia_Jerman_Tengah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Segitiga Kimia Jerman Tengah (halaman belum tersedia)">Segitiga kimia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sejarah_ekonomi_Jerman" title="Sejarah ekonomi Jerman">Sejarah ekonomi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energi_di_Jerman" title="Energi di Jerman">Energi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daftar_ekspor_Jerman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daftar ekspor Jerman (halaman belum tersedia)">Ekspor</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_model&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="German model (halaman belum tersedia)">German model</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daftar_negara_bagian_Jerman_berdasarkan_GDP&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daftar negara bagian Jerman berdasarkan GDP (halaman belum tersedia)">Negara bagian Jerman berdasarkan GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kategori:Pertambangan_Jerman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kategori:Pertambangan Jerman (halaman belum tersedia)">Pertambangan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mittelstand" title="Mittelstand">Perusahaan <i>Mittelstand</i></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ilmu_pengetahuan_dan_teknologi_di_Jerman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi di Jerman (halaman belum tersedia)">Iptek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_Stock_Exchange" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankfurt Stock Exchange">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perpajakan_di_Jerman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perpajakan di Jerman (halaman belum tersedia)">Perpajakan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telekomunikasi_di_Jerman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telekomunikasi di Jerman (halaman belum tersedia)">Telekomunikasi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pariwisata_di_Jerman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pariwisata di Jerman (halaman belum tersedia)">Pariwisata</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Persatuan_dagang_di_Jerman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Persatuan dagang di Jerman (halaman belum tersedia)">Persatuan dagang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportasi_di_Jerman" title="Transportasi di Jerman">Transportasi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kesejahteraan_di_Jerman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kesejahteraan di Jerman (halaman belum tersedia)">Kesejahteraan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Masyarakat</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kejahatan_di_Jerman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kejahatan di Jerman (halaman belum tersedia)">Kejahatan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demografi_Jerman" title="Demografi Jerman">Demografi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pendidikan_di_Jerman" title="Pendidikan di Jerman">Pendidikan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orang_Jerman" title="Orang Jerman">Orang Jerman</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kategori:Grup_etnik_di_Jerman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kategori:Grup etnik di Jerman (halaman belum tersedia)">Grup etnik</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kesehatan_di_Jerman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kesehatan di Jerman (halaman belum tersedia)">Kesehatan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imigrasi_ke_Jerman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Imigrasi ke Jerman (halaman belum tersedia)">Imigrasi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pensiun_di_Jerman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pensiun di Jerman (halaman belum tersedia)">Pensiun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agama_di_Jerman" title="Agama di Jerman">Agama</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Permasalahan_sosial_di_Jerman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Permasalahan sosial di Jerman (halaman belum tersedia)">Permasalahan sosial</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kebudayaan_Jerman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kebudayaan Jerman (halaman belum tersedia)">Kebudayaan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deutschlandlied" class="mw-redirect" title="Deutschlandlied">Lagu kebangsaan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arsitektur_Jerman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arsitektur Jerman (halaman belum tersedia)">Arsitektur</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seni_Jerman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seni Jerman (halaman belum tersedia)">Seni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Seni_di_Jerman" title="Kategori:Seni di Jerman">Kesenian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinema_di_Jerman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sinema di Jerman (halaman belum tersedia)">Sinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambang_Jerman" title="Lambang Jerman">Lambang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masakan_Jerman" class="mw-redirect" title="Masakan Jerman">Makanan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kategori:Tarian_di_Jerman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kategori:Tarian di Jerman (halaman belum tersedia)">Tarian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pakaian_di_Jerman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pakaian di Jerman (halaman belum tersedia)">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Festival_di_Jerman" title="Kategori:Festival di Jerman">Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bendera_Jerman" title="Bendera Jerman">Bendera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Jerman" title="Bahasa Jerman">Bahasa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literatur_Jerman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literatur Jerman (halaman belum tersedia)">Literatur</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_di_Jerman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Internet di Jerman (halaman belum tersedia)">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Media_di_Jerman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Media di Jerman (halaman belum tersedia)">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Musik_Jerman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Musik Jerman (halaman belum tersedia)">Musik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nama_Jerman" title="Nama Jerman">Nama</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Filsafat_Jerman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Filsafat Jerman (halaman belum tersedia)">Filsafat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Olahraga_di_Jerman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Olahraga di Jerman (halaman belum tersedia)">Olahraga</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Televisi_di_Jerman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Televisi di Jerman (halaman belum tersedia)">Televisi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daftar_Situs_Warisan_Dunia_di_Jerman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daftar Situs Warisan Dunia di Jerman (halaman belum tersedia)">Warisan dunia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;font-weight:bold;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Jerman" title="Kategori:Jerman">Kategori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Jerman" title="Portal:Jerman">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23782733"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r25847331"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Jerman&#124;link=Jerman_Negara_bagian_di_Republik_Federal_Jerman" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18590415"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-lihat"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Negara_bagian_Jerman" title="Templat:Negara bagian Jerman"><abbr title="Lihat templat ini">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bicara"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembicaraan_Templat:Negara_bagian_Jerman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pembicaraan Templat:Negara bagian Jerman (halaman belum tersedia)"><abbr title="Diskusikan templat ini">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-sunting"><a class="external text" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:Negara_bagian_Jerman&action=edit"><abbr title="Sunting templat ini">s</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Jerman&#124;link=Jerman_Negara_bagian_di_Republik_Federal_Jerman" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Jerman" title="Jerman"><img alt="Jerman" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Daftar_negara_bagian_di_Jerman" class="mw-redirect" title="Daftar negara bagian di Jerman">Negara bagian</a> di <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Republik Federal Jerman</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Negara bagian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;hlist"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg/23px-Flag_of_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg/35px-Flag_of_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg/46px-Flag_of_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Baden-Württemberg">Baden-Württemberg</a> <small>(sejak 1952)</small>*</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_Bavaria_%28lozengy%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bavaria_%28lozengy%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_Bavaria_%28lozengy%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bavaria_%28lozengy%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_Bavaria_%28lozengy%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bavaria_%28lozengy%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Bayern" class="mw-redirect" title="Bayern">Bayern</a> <small>(sejak 1949)</small>*</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Brandenburg.svg/23px-Flag_of_Brandenburg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Brandenburg.svg/35px-Flag_of_Brandenburg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Brandenburg.svg/46px-Flag_of_Brandenburg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Brandenburg" title="Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a> <small>(sejak 1990)</small>*</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Hesse.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hesse.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Hesse.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hesse.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Hesse.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hesse.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Hessen" class="mw-redirect" title="Hessen">Hessen</a> <small>(sejak 1949)</small>*</li> <li><span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="Sachsen Bawah"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Flag_of_Lower_Saxony.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lower_Saxony.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Flag_of_Lower_Saxony.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lower_Saxony.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Flag_of_Lower_Saxony.svg/45px-Flag_of_Lower_Saxony.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Niedersachsen" class="mw-redirect" title="Niedersachsen">Sachsen Bawah</a></span> <small>(sejak 1949)</small>*</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Mecklenburg-Western_Pomerania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mecklenburg-Western_Pomerania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Mecklenburg-Western_Pomerania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mecklenburg-Western_Pomerania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Mecklenburg-Western_Pomerania.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mecklenburg-Western_Pomerania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Mecklenburg-Vorpommern" title="Mecklenburg-Vorpommern">Mecklenburg-Vorpommern</a> <small>(sejak 1990)</small>*</li> <li><span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="Nordrhein-Westfalen"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_North_Rhine-Westphalia.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Rhine-Westphalia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_North_Rhine-Westphalia.svg/35px-Flag_of_North_Rhine-Westphalia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_North_Rhine-Westphalia.svg/46px-Flag_of_North_Rhine-Westphalia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Nordrhein-Westfalen" title="Nordrhein-Westfalen">Nordrhein-Westfalen</a></span> <small>(sejak 1949)</small>*</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Rhineland-Palatinate.svg/23px-Flag_of_Rhineland-Palatinate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Rhineland-Palatinate.svg/35px-Flag_of_Rhineland-Palatinate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Rhineland-Palatinate.svg/45px-Flag_of_Rhineland-Palatinate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Rheinland-Pfalz" title="Rheinland-Pfalz">Rheinland-Pfalz</a> <small>(sejak 1949)</small>*</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Saarland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saarland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Saarland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saarland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Saarland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Saarland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Saarland" title="Saarland">Saarland</a> <small>(sejak 1957)</small>*</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Saxony.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saxony.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Saxony.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saxony.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Saxony.svg/46px-Flag_of_Saxony.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Sachsen" title="Sachsen">Sachsen</a> <small>(sejak 1990)</small>*</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Saxony-Anhalt.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saxony-Anhalt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Saxony-Anhalt.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saxony-Anhalt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Saxony-Anhalt.svg/46px-Flag_of_Saxony-Anhalt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Sachsen-Anhalt" title="Sachsen-Anhalt">Sachsen-Anhalt</a> <small>(sejak 1990)</small>*</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Schleswig-Holstein.svg/23px-Flag_of_Schleswig-Holstein.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Schleswig-Holstein.svg/35px-Flag_of_Schleswig-Holstein.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Schleswig-Holstein.svg/46px-Flag_of_Schleswig-Holstein.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein" title="Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</a> <small>(sejak 1949)</small>*</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Thuringia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Thuringia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Thuringia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Thuringia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Thuringia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Thuringia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="250" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%BCringen" class="mw-redirect" title="Thüringen">Thüringen</a> <small>(sejak 1990)</small></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:States_of_Germany.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Negara bagian Jerman"><img alt="Negara bagian Jerman" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/States_of_Germany.svg/70px-States_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/States_of_Germany.svg/105px-States_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/States_of_Germany.svg/140px-States_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="592" data-file-height="801" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Negara_kota" title="Negara kota">Negara kota</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;hlist"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Berlin.svg/23px-Flag_of_Berlin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Berlin.svg/35px-Flag_of_Berlin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Berlin.svg/46px-Flag_of_Berlin.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> <small>(sejak 1990)</small></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Flag_of_Bremen.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bremen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Flag_of_Bremen.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bremen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Flag_of_Bremen.svg/45px-Flag_of_Bremen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Bremen" title="Bremen">Bremen</a> <small>(sejak 1949)</small></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Flag_of_Hamburg.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hamburg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Flag_of_Hamburg.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hamburg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Flag_of_Hamburg.svg/45px-Flag_of_Hamburg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a> <small>(sejak 1949)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Bekas negara bagian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;hlist"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Flag_of_None.svg/23px-Flag_of_None.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Flag_of_None.svg/35px-Flag_of_None.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Flag_of_None.svg/45px-Flag_of_None.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="225" data-file-height="150" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Baden_Selatan" title="Baden Selatan">Baden Selatan</a> <small>(1949–1952)</small></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrttemberg-Baden" title="Württemberg-Baden">Württemberg-Baden</a> <small>(1949–1952)</small></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg/23px-Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg/35px-Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg/46px-Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrttemberg-Hohenzollern" title="Württemberg-Hohenzollern">Württemberg-Hohenzollern</a> <small>(1949–1952)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23782733"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r25847331"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Negara_di_Eropa" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18590415"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-lihat"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Negara_di_Eropa" title="Templat:Negara di Eropa"><abbr title="Lihat templat ini">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bicara"><a href="/wiki/Pembicaraan_Templat:Negara_di_Eropa" title="Pembicaraan Templat:Negara di Eropa"><abbr title="Diskusikan templat ini">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-sunting"><a class="external text" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:Negara_di_Eropa&action=edit"><abbr title="Sunting templat ini">s</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Negara_di_Eropa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Daftar_negara_di_Eropa" title="Daftar negara di Eropa">Negara</a> di <a href="/wiki/Eropa" title="Eropa">Eropa</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Daftar_negara_berdaulat" title="Daftar negara berdaulat">Negara<br />berdaulat</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belanda" title="Belanda">Belanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgia" title="Belgia">Belgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_dan_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia dan Herzegovina">Bosnia dan Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Britania_Raya" title="Britania Raya">Britania Raya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inggris" title="Inggris">Inggris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irlandia_Utara" title="Irlandia Utara">Irlandia Utara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skotlandia" title="Skotlandia">Skotlandia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceko" title="Ceko">Ceko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finlandia" title="Finlandia">Finlandia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia" title="Georgia">Georgia</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungaria" title="Hungaria">Hungaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republik_Irlandia" title="Republik Irlandia">Republik Irlandia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islandia" title="Islandia">Islandia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italia" title="Italia">Italia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jerman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kroasia" title="Kroasia">Kroasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lituania" title="Lituania">Lituania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luksemburg" title="Luksemburg">Luksemburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makedonia_Utara" title="Makedonia Utara">Makedonia Utara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monako" title="Monako">Monako</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegia" title="Norwegia">Norwegia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polandia" title="Polandia">Polandia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prancis" title="Prancis">Prancis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumania" title="Rumania">Rumania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia">Rusia</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Marino" title="San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siprus" title="Siprus">Siprus</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slowakia" title="Slowakia">Slowakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanyol" title="Spanyol">Spanyol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedia" title="Swedia">Swedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss" title="Swiss">Swiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turki" title="Turki">Turki</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraina" title="Ukraina">Ukraina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatikan" title="Vatikan">Vatikan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yunani" title="Yunani">Yunani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Daftar_negara_dengan_pengakuan_terbatas" title="Daftar negara dengan pengakuan terbatas">Negara dengan<br />pengakuan terbatas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republik_Artsakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Republik Artsakh">Republik Artsakh</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossetia_Selatan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ossetia Selatan">Ossetia Selatan</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siprus_Utara" title="Siprus Utara">Siprus Utara</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnistria" title="Transnistria">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Wilayah_dependensi" title="Wilayah dependensi">Dependensi</a> dan<br />wilayah lain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%85land" title="Åland">Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepulauan_Faroe" title="Kepulauan Faroe">Kepulauan Faroe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guernsey" title="Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulau_Man" title="Pulau Man">Pulau Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svalbard" title="Svalbard">Svalbard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;"><sup>1</sup></span> Terkadang dimasukkan ke <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>, tergantung definisi perbatasan. <span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;"><sup>2</sup></span> <a href="/wiki/Negara_lintas_benua" title="Negara lintas benua">Negara lintas benua</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r25847331"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Organisasi_internasional" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Organisasi_internasional" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Organisasi internasional</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/35px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/45px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Uni_Eropa" title="Uni Eropa">Uni Eropa</a> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23782733"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r25847331"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Dewan_Eropa" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18590415"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-lihat"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Dewan_Eropa" title="Templat:Dewan Eropa"><abbr title="Lihat templat ini">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bicara"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembicaraan_Templat:Dewan_Eropa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pembicaraan Templat:Dewan Eropa (halaman belum tersedia)"><abbr title="Diskusikan templat ini">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-sunting"><a class="external text" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:Dewan_Eropa&action=edit"><abbr title="Sunting templat ini">s</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Dewan_Eropa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Dewan_Eropa" title="Dewan Eropa">Dewan Eropa</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lembaga</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sekretaris_Jenderal_Dewan_Eropa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sekretaris Jenderal Dewan Eropa (halaman belum tersedia)">Sekretaris Jenderal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Komite_Menteri_Dewan_Eropa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Komite Menteri Dewan Eropa (halaman belum tersedia)">Komite Menteri</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Majelis_Parlementer_Dewan_Eropa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Majelis Parlementer Dewan Eropa (halaman belum tersedia)">Majelis Parlementer</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kongres_Dewan_Eropa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kongres Dewan Eropa (halaman belum tersedia)">Kongres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pengadilan_Hak_Asasi_Manusia_Eropa" class="mw-redirect" title="Pengadilan Hak Asasi Manusia Eropa">Pengadilan Hak Asasi Manusia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Komisaris_Hak_Asasi_Manusia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Komisaris Hak Asasi Manusia (halaman belum tersedia)">Komisaris Hak Asasi Manusia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Komisi_Eropa_Bidang_Efisiensi_Keadilan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Komisi Eropa Bidang Efisiensi Keadilan (halaman belum tersedia)">Komisi Efisiensi Keadilan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Komisi_Eropa_Bidang_Perlawanan_Rasisme_dan_Intoleransi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Komisi Eropa Bidang Perlawanan Rasisme dan Intoleransi (halaman belum tersedia)">Komisi Perlawanan Rasisme dan Intoleransi</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Map_of_Council_of_Europe_member_states_by_founding_and_later_members.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Emas: Anggota pendiri. Biru: Anggota penuh non-pendiri (saat ini)."><img alt="Emas: Anggota pendiri. Biru: Anggota penuh non-pendiri (saat ini)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Map_of_Council_of_Europe_member_states_by_founding_and_later_members.svg/120px-Map_of_Council_of_Europe_member_states_by_founding_and_later_members.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Map_of_Council_of_Europe_member_states_by_founding_and_later_members.svg/180px-Map_of_Council_of_Europe_member_states_by_founding_and_later_members.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Map_of_Council_of_Europe_member_states_by_founding_and_later_members.svg/240px-Map_of_Council_of_Europe_member_states_by_founding_and_later_members.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="520" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Negara_anggota_Dewan_Eropa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Negara anggota Dewan Eropa (halaman belum tersedia)">Anggota</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgia" title="Belgia">Belgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_dan_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia dan Herzegovina">Bosnia dan Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kroasia" title="Kroasia">Kroasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siprus" title="Siprus">Siprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republik_Ceko" class="mw-redirect" title="Republik Ceko">Republik Ceko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finlandia" title="Finlandia">Finlandia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prancis" title="Prancis">Prancis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(negara)" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgia (negara)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jerman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yunani" title="Yunani">Yunani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungaria" title="Hungaria">Hungaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islandia" title="Islandia">Islandia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republik_Irlandia" title="Republik Irlandia">Irlandia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italia" title="Italia">Italia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lituania" title="Lituania">Lituania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luksemburg" title="Luksemburg">Luksemburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republik_Makedonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Republik Makedonia">Makedonia</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monako" title="Monako">Monako</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerajaan_Belanda" title="Kerajaan Belanda">Belanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegia" title="Norwegia">Norwegia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polandia" title="Polandia">Polandia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumania" title="Rumania">Rumania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia">Rusia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Marino" title="San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slowakia" title="Slowakia">Slowakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanyol" title="Spanyol">Spanyol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedia" title="Swedia">Swedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss" title="Swiss">Swiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turki" title="Turki">Turki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraina" title="Ukraina">Ukraina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Britania_Raya" title="Britania Raya">Britania Raya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pengamat</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kanada" title="Kanada">Kanada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jepang" title="Jepang">Jepang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meksiko" title="Meksiko">Meksiko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amerika_Serikat" title="Amerika Serikat">Amerika Serikat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordo_Militer_Berdaulat_Malta" title="Ordo Militer Berdaulat Malta">Ordo Militer Berdaulat Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takhta_Suci" title="Takhta Suci">Takhta Suci</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bekas anggota</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cekoslowakia" title="Cekoslowakia">Cekoslowakia (1991–1992)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protektorat_Saar" title="Protektorat Saar">Saar (asos. 1950–1956)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-size: smaller;"><div><sup>1</sup> Sementara disebut "bekas Republik Yugoslav Makedonia"; lihat <a href="/wiki/Sengketa_penamaan_Makedonia" title="Sengketa penamaan Makedonia">sengketa penamaan Makedonia</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23782733"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r25847331"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Organisasi_Kerja_Sama_dan_Pembangunan_Ekonomi_(OECD)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18590415"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-lihat"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Organisasi_Kerja_Sama_dan_Pembangunan_Ekonomi" title="Templat:Organisasi Kerja Sama dan Pembangunan Ekonomi"><abbr title="Lihat templat ini">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bicara"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembicaraan_Templat:Organisasi_Kerja_Sama_dan_Pembangunan_Ekonomi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pembicaraan Templat:Organisasi Kerja Sama dan Pembangunan Ekonomi (halaman belum tersedia)"><abbr title="Diskusikan templat ini">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-sunting"><a class="external text" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:Organisasi_Kerja_Sama_dan_Pembangunan_Ekonomi&action=edit"><abbr title="Sunting templat ini">s</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Organisasi_Kerja_Sama_dan_Pembangunan_Ekonomi_(OECD)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Organisasi_Kerja_Sama_dan_Pembangunan_Ekonomi" title="Organisasi Kerja Sama dan Pembangunan Ekonomi">Organisasi Kerja Sama dan Pembangunan Ekonomi</a> (OECD)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sejarah</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konvensi_Organisasi_Kerja_Sama_dan_Pembangunan_Ekonomi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Konvensi Organisasi Kerja Sama dan Pembangunan Ekonomi (halaman belum tersedia)">Konvensi Organisasi Kerja Sama dan Pembangunan Ekonomi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konvensi_Anti-Suap_OECD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Konvensi Anti-Suap OECD (halaman belum tersedia)">Konvensi Anti-Suap OECD</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Panduan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Panduan_Perusahaan_Multinasional_OECD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Panduan Perusahaan Multinasional OECD (halaman belum tersedia)">Perusahaan Multinasional</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Panduan_Pengujian_Bahan_Kimia_OECD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Panduan Pengujian Bahan Kimia OECD (halaman belum tersedia)">Pengujian Bahan Kimia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Anggota</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Belgia" title="Belgia">Belgia</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Canada.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Canada.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Canada.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kanada" title="Kanada">Kanada</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/23px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/35px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/45px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Chili" title="Chili">Chili</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ceko" title="Ceko">Ceko</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/31px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/40px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="630" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Finlandia" title="Finlandia">Finlandia</a></li> <li><span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="Prancis"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Prancis" title="Prancis">Prancis</a></span></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jerman</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Yunani" title="Yunani">Yunani</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Hungaria" title="Hungaria">Hungaria</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/21px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/42px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="900" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Islandia" title="Islandia">Islandia</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Republik_Irlandia" title="Republik Irlandia">Irlandia</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/41px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Italia" title="Italia">Italia</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Jepang" title="Jepang">Jepang</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/46px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Lituania" title="Lituania">Lituania</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/23px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/35px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/46px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Luksemburg" title="Luksemburg">Luksemburg</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Meksiko" title="Meksiko">Meksiko</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Belanda" title="Belanda">Belanda</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Selandia_Baru" title="Selandia Baru">Selandia Baru</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/21px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/32px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/41px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Norwegia" title="Norwegia">Norwegia</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Polandia" title="Polandia">Polandia</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Slowakia" title="Slowakia">Slowakia</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Korea_Selatan" title="Korea Selatan">Korea Selatan</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Spanyol" title="Spanyol">Spanyol</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Swedia" title="Swedia">Swedia</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Switzerland.svg/15px-Flag_of_Switzerland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Switzerland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Switzerland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Switzerland.svg/30px-Flag_of_Switzerland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Swiss" title="Swiss">Swiss</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Turki" title="Turki">Turki</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Britania_Raya" title="Britania Raya">Britania Raya</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Amerika_Serikat" title="Amerika Serikat">Amerika Serikat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23782733"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r25847331"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Organisasi_untuk_Keamanan_dan_Kerja_sama_di_Eropa_(OSCE)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18590415"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-lihat"><a href="/wiki/Templat:OSCE" title="Templat:OSCE"><abbr title="Lihat templat ini">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bicara"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembicaraan_Templat:OSCE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pembicaraan Templat:OSCE (halaman belum tersedia)"><abbr title="Diskusikan templat ini">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-sunting"><a class="external text" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:OSCE&action=edit"><abbr title="Sunting templat ini">s</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Organisasi_untuk_Keamanan_dan_Kerja_sama_di_Eropa_(OSCE)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Organisasi_untuk_Keamanan_dan_Kerja_sama_di_Eropa" class="mw-redirect" title="Organisasi untuk Keamanan dan Kerja sama di Eropa">Organisasi untuk Keamanan dan Kerja sama di Eropa (OSCE)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Anggota</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:justify;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Amerika_Serikat" title="Amerika Serikat">Amerika Serikat</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Belanda" title="Belanda">Belanda</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Belgia" title="Belgia">Belgia</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_dan_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia dan Herzegovina">Bosnia dan Herzegovina</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Britania_Raya" title="Britania Raya">Britania Raya</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Republik_Ceko" class="mw-redirect" title="Republik Ceko">Republik Ceko</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Finlandia" title="Finlandia">Finlandia</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Georgia" title="Georgia">Georgia</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Hungaria" title="Hungaria">Hungaria</a><span 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style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Lituania" title="Lituania">Lituania</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Luksemburg" title="Luksemburg">Luksemburg</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Republik_Makedonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Republik Makedonia">Republik Makedonia</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Monako" title="Monako">Monako</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Norwegia" title="Norwegia">Norwegia</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Prancis" title="Prancis">Prancis</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Polandia" title="Polandia">Polandia</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Rumania" title="Rumania">Rumania</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia">Rusia</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/San_Marino" title="San Marino">San Marino</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Siprus" title="Siprus">Siprus</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Slowakia" title="Slowakia">Slowakia</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Spanyol" title="Spanyol">Spanyol</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Swedia" title="Swedia">Swedia</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Swiss" title="Swiss">Swiss</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Turki" title="Turki">Turki</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Ukraina" title="Ukraina">Ukraina</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Vatikan" title="Vatikan">Vatikan</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Yunani" title="Yunani">Yunani</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mitra kerja sama</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:justify;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Afganistan" title="Afganistan">Afganistan</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Aljazair" title="Aljazair">Aljazair</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Jepang" title="Jepang">Jepang</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Mesir" title="Mesir">Mesir</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Maroko" title="Maroko">Maroko</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Korea_Selatan" title="Korea Selatan">Korea Selatan</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Yordania" title="Yordania">Yordania</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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title="Diskusikan templat ini">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-sunting"><a class="external text" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:Organisasi_Perdagangan_Dunia&action=edit"><abbr title="Sunting templat ini">s</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Organisasi_Perdagangan_Dunia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Organisasi_Perdagangan_Dunia" title="Organisasi Perdagangan Dunia">Organisasi Perdagangan Dunia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sistem</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Keanggotaan_Organisasi_Perdagangan_Dunia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Keanggotaan Organisasi Perdagangan Dunia (halaman belum tersedia)">Keanggotaan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lembaga_Banding&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lembaga Banding (halaman belum tersedia)">Lembaga Banding</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lembaga_Penyelesaian_Sengketa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lembaga Penyelesaian Sengketa (halaman belum tersedia)">Lembaga Penyelesaian Sengketa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pusat_Perdagangan_Internasional&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pusat Perdagangan Internasional (halaman belum tersedia)">Pusat Perdagangan Internasional</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Garis_waktu_Organisasi_Perdagangan_Dunia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Garis waktu Organisasi Perdagangan Dunia (halaman belum tersedia)">Kronologi peristiwa penting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isu</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kritik_terhadap_Organisasi_Perdagangan_Dunia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kritik terhadap Organisasi Perdagangan Dunia (halaman belum tersedia)">Kritik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putaran_Pembangunan_Doha" title="Putaran Pembangunan Doha">Putaran Pembangunan Doha</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isu_Singapura&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isu Singapura (halaman belum tersedia)">Isu Singapura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paket_Bali" title="Paket Bali">Paket Bali</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penghapusan_Kuota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penghapusan Kuota (halaman belum tersedia)">Penghapusan Kuota</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Klausul_Perdamaian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Klausul Perdamaian (halaman belum tersedia)">Klausul Perdamaian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Perjanjian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Agreement_on_Tariffs_and_Trade" class="mw-redirect" title="General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade">General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agreement_on_Agriculture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agreement on Agriculture (halaman belum tersedia)">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agreement_on_the_Application_of_Sanitary_and_Phytosanitary_Measures&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (halaman belum tersedia)">Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agreement_on_Technical_Barriers_to_Trade&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade (halaman belum tersedia)">Technical Barriers to Trade</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agreement_on_Trade_Related_Investment_Measures&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agreement on Trade Related Investment Measures (halaman belum tersedia)">Trade Related Investment Measures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Agreement_on_Trade_in_Services" class="mw-redirect" title="General Agreement on Trade in Services">Trade in Services</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agreement_on_Trade-Related_Aspects_of_Intellectual_Property_Rights&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (halaman belum tersedia)">Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agreement_on_Government_Procurement" class="mw-redirect" title="Agreement on Government Procurement">Government Procurement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_Technology_Agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Information Technology Agreement">Information Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perjanjian_Marrakech&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perjanjian Marrakech (halaman belum tersedia)">Perjanjian Marrakech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deklarasi_Doha" title="Deklarasi Doha">Deklarasi Doha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daftar_Konferensi_Menteri_Organisasi_Perdagangan_Dunia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daftar Konferensi Menteri Organisasi Perdagangan Dunia (halaman belum tersedia)">Konferensi<br />Menteri</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konferensi_Menteri_Organisasi_Perdagangan_Dunia_1996&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Konferensi Menteri Organisasi Perdagangan Dunia 1996 (halaman belum tersedia)">Ke-1 (1996)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konferensi_Menteri_Organisasi_Perdagangan_Dunia_1998&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Konferensi Menteri Organisasi Perdagangan Dunia 1998 (halaman belum tersedia)">Ke-2 (1998)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konferensi_Menteri_Organisasi_Perdagangan_Dunia_1999&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Konferensi Menteri Organisasi Perdagangan Dunia 1999 (halaman belum tersedia)">Ke-3 (1999)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konferensi_Menteri_Organisasi_Perdagangan_Dunia_2001&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Konferensi Menteri Organisasi Perdagangan Dunia 2001 (halaman belum tersedia)">Ke-4 (2001)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konferensi_Menteri_Organisasi_Perdagangan_Dunia_2003&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Konferensi Menteri Organisasi Perdagangan Dunia 2003 (halaman belum tersedia)">Ke-5 (2003)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konferensi_Menteri_Organisasi_Perdagangan_Dunia_2005&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Konferensi Menteri Organisasi Perdagangan Dunia 2005 (halaman belum tersedia)">Ke-6 (2005)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konferensi_Menteri_Organisasi_Perdagangan_Dunia_2009&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Konferensi Menteri Organisasi Perdagangan Dunia 2009 (halaman belum tersedia)">Ke-7 (2009)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konferensi_Menteri_Organisasi_Perdagangan_Dunia_2011&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Konferensi Menteri Organisasi Perdagangan Dunia 2011 (halaman belum tersedia)">Ke-8 (2011)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konferensi_Menteri_Organisasi_Perdagangan_Dunia_2013" title="Konferensi Menteri Organisasi Perdagangan Dunia 2013">Ke-9 (2013)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tokoh</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pascal_Lamy" title="Pascal Lamy">Pascal Lamy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Direktur_Jenderal_Organisasi_Perdagangan_Dunia" title="Direktur Jenderal Organisasi Perdagangan Dunia">Direktur Jenderal</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Azev%C3%AAdo" title="Roberto Azevêdo">Roberto Azevêdo</a> (Direktur Jenderal Terpilih)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supachai_Panitchpakdi" title="Supachai Panitchpakdi">Supachai Panitchpakdi</a> (Mantan Direktur Jenderal)</li> <li>Wakil Direktur Jenderal: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alejandro_Jara" title="Alejandro Jara">Alejandro Jara</a></li> <li>Valentine Rugwabiza</li> <li>Harsha Singh</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rufus_Yerxa" title="Rufus Yerxa">Rufus Yerxa</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Anggota</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomi_Albania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekonomi Albania (halaman belum tersedia)">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekonomi_Aljazair" title="Ekonomi Aljazair">Aljazair</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomi_Angola&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekonomi Angola (halaman belum tersedia)">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomi_Antigua_dan_Barbuda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekonomi Antigua dan Barbuda (halaman belum tersedia)">Antigua dan Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomi_Argentina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekonomi Argentina (halaman belum tersedia)">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomi_Armenia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekonomi Armenia (halaman belum tersedia)">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomi_Australia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekonomi Australia (halaman belum tersedia)">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekonomi_Bahrain" title="Ekonomi Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekonomi_Bangladesh" title="Ekonomi Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekonomi_Barbados" title="Ekonomi Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomi_Belize&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekonomi Belize (halaman belum tersedia)">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekonomi_Benin" title="Ekonomi Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomi_Bolivia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekonomi Bolivia (halaman belum tersedia)">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekonomi_Botswana" title="Ekonomi Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekonomi_Brasil" title="Ekonomi Brasil">Brasil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekonomi_Brunei" class="mw-redirect" title="Ekonomi Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomi_Burkina_Faso&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekonomi Burkina Faso (halaman belum tersedia)">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekonomi_Myanmar" title="Ekonomi Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomi_Burundi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekonomi Burundi (halaman belum tersedia)">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekonomi_Kamboja" title="Ekonomi Kamboja">Kamboja</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomi_Kamerun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekonomi Kamerun (halaman belum tersedia)">Kamerun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekonomi_Kanada" title="Ekonomi Kanada">Kanada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekonomi_Tanjung_Verde" title="Ekonomi Tanjung Verde">Tanjung Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomi_Republik_Afrika_Tengah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekonomi Republik Afrika Tengah (halaman belum tersedia)">Republik Afrika Tengah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomi_Chad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekonomi Chad (halaman belum tersedia)">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekonomi_Chili" title="Ekonomi Chili">Chili</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomi_Kolombia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekonomi Kolombia (halaman belum tersedia)">Kolombia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomi_Republik_Demokratik_Kongo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekonomi Republik Demokratik Kongo (halaman belum tersedia)">Republik Demokratik Kongo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomi_Republik_Kongo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekonomi Republik Kongo (halaman belum tersedia)">Republik Kongo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomi_Costa_Rica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekonomi Costa Rica (halaman belum tersedia)">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomi_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekonomi Côte d'Ivoire (halaman belum tersedia)">Côte d'Ivoire</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomi_Kuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekonomi Kuba (halaman belum tersedia)">Kuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekonomi_Jibuti" title="Ekonomi Jibuti">Jibuti</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomi_Dominika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekonomi Dominika (halaman belum tersedia)">Dominika</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomi_Republik_Dominika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekonomi Republik Dominika (halaman belum tersedia)">Republik Dominika</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomi_Ekuador&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekonomi Ekuador (halaman belum tersedia)">Ekuador</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomi_Mesir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekonomi Mesir (halaman belum tersedia)">Mesir</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomi_El_Salvador&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekonomi El Salvador (halaman belum tersedia)">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomi_Eswatini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekonomi Eswatini (halaman belum tersedia)">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekonomi_Uni_Eropa" title="Ekonomi Uni Eropa">Uni Eropa</a>¹</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekonomi_Fiji" title="Ekonomi Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomi_Gabon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekonomi Gabon (halaman belum tersedia)">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomi_Gambia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekonomi Gambia (halaman belum tersedia)">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomi_Georgia_(negara)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekonomi Georgia (negara) (halaman belum tersedia)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomi_Ghana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekonomi Ghana (halaman belum tersedia)">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomi_Grenada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekonomi Grenada (halaman belum tersedia)">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekonomi_Guatemala" title="Ekonomi Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomi_Guinea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekonomi Guinea (halaman belum tersedia)">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomi_Guinea-Bissau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekonomi Guinea-Bissau (halaman belum tersedia)">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomi_Guyana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekonomi Guyana (halaman belum tersedia)">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomi_Haiti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekonomi Haiti (halaman belum tersedia)">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomi_Honduras&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekonomi Honduras (halaman belum tersedia)">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekonomi_Hong_Kong" title="Ekonomi Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>²</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekonomi_Islandia" title="Ekonomi Islandia">Islandia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekonomi_India" title="Ekonomi India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekonomi_Indonesia" title="Ekonomi Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekonomi_Israel" title="Ekonomi Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomi_Jamaika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekonomi Jamaika (halaman belum tersedia)">Jamaika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekonomi_Jepang" title="Ekonomi Jepang">Jepang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekonomi_Yordania" title="Ekonomi Yordania">Yordania</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomi_Kenya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekonomi Kenya (halaman belum tersedia)">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korea_Selatan#Ekonomi" title="Korea Selatan">Korea Selatan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekonomi_Kuwait" title="Ekonomi Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomi_Kirgizstan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekonomi Kirgizstan (halaman belum tersedia)">Kirgizstan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomi_Lesotho&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekonomi Lesotho (halaman belum tersedia)">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekonomi_Liechtenstein" title="Ekonomi Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekonomi_Makau" title="Ekonomi Makau">Makau</a>²</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomi_Makedonia_Utara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekonomi Makedonia Utara (halaman belum tersedia)">Makedonia Utara</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomi_Madagaskar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekonomi Madagaskar (halaman belum tersedia)">Madagaskar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomi_Malawi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekonomi Malawi (halaman belum tersedia)">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekonomi_Malaysia" title="Ekonomi Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekonomi_Maladewa" title="Ekonomi Maladewa">Maladewa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomi_Mali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekonomi Mali (halaman belum tersedia)">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomi_Mauritania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekonomi Mauritania (halaman belum tersedia)">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomi_Mauritius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekonomi Mauritius (halaman belum tersedia)">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomi_Meksiko&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekonomi Meksiko (halaman belum tersedia)">Meksiko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekonomi_Moldova" title="Ekonomi Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomi_Mongolia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekonomi Mongolia (halaman belum tersedia)">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomi_Montenegro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekonomi Montenegro (halaman belum tersedia)">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomi_Maroko&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekonomi Maroko (halaman belum tersedia)">Maroko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekonomi_Mozambik" title="Ekonomi Mozambik">Mozambik</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomi_Namibia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekonomi Namibia (halaman belum tersedia)">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekonomi_Nepal" title="Ekonomi Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomi_Selandia_Baru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekonomi Selandia Baru (halaman belum tersedia)">Selandia Baru</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomi_Nikaragua&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekonomi Nikaragua (halaman belum tersedia)">Nikaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomi_Niger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekonomi Niger (halaman belum tersedia)">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomi_Nigeria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekonomi Nigeria (halaman belum tersedia)">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomi_Norwegia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekonomi Norwegia (halaman belum tersedia)">Norwegia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekonomi_Oman" title="Ekonomi Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekonomi_Pakistan" title="Ekonomi Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomi_Panama&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekonomi Panama (halaman belum tersedia)">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekonomi_Papua_Nugini" title="Ekonomi Papua Nugini">Papua Nugini</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomi_Paraguay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekonomi Paraguay (halaman belum tersedia)">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekonomi_Peru" title="Ekonomi Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekonomi_Filipina" title="Ekonomi Filipina">Filipina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekonomi_Qatar" title="Ekonomi Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekonomi_Rusia" title="Ekonomi Rusia">Rusia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomi_Rwanda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekonomi Rwanda (halaman belum tersedia)">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomi_Saint_Kitts_dan_Nevis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekonomi Saint Kitts dan Nevis (halaman belum tersedia)">St. Kitts dan Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomi_Saint_Lucia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekonomi Saint Lucia (halaman belum tersedia)">St. Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomi_Saint_Vincent_dan_Grenadines&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekonomi Saint Vincent dan Grenadines (halaman belum tersedia)">St. Vincent dan Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomi_Samoa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekonomi Samoa (halaman belum tersedia)">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomi_Saudi_Arabia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekonomi Saudi Arabia (halaman belum tersedia)">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomi_Senegal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekonomi Senegal (halaman belum tersedia)">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomi_Sierra_Leone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekonomi Sierra Leone (halaman belum tersedia)">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekonomi_Singapura" title="Ekonomi Singapura">Singapura</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomi_Kepulauan_Solomon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekonomi Kepulauan Solomon (halaman belum tersedia)">Kepulauan Solomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekonomi_Afrika_Selatan" title="Ekonomi Afrika Selatan">Afrika Selatan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekonomi_Sri_Lanka" title="Ekonomi Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomi_Suriname&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekonomi Suriname (halaman belum tersedia)">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomi_Swiss&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekonomi Swiss (halaman belum tersedia)">Swiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekonomi_Taiwan" title="Ekonomi Taiwan">Taiwan</a>³</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomi_Tanzania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekonomi Tanzania (halaman belum tersedia)">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekonomi_Thailand" title="Ekonomi Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekonomi_Tiongkok" title="Ekonomi Tiongkok">Tiongkok</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomi_Togo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekonomi Togo (halaman belum tersedia)">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomi_Tonga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekonomi Tonga (halaman belum tersedia)">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomi_Trinidad_dan_Tobago&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekonomi Trinidad dan Tobago (halaman belum tersedia)">Trinidad dan Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekonomi_Tunisia" title="Ekonomi Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekonomi_Turki" title="Ekonomi Turki">Turki</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomi_Uganda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekonomi Uganda (halaman belum tersedia)">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekonomi_Ukraina" title="Ekonomi Ukraina">Ukraina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekonomi_Uni_Emirat_Arab" title="Ekonomi Uni Emirat Arab">Uni Emirat Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekonomi_Amerika_Serikat" title="Ekonomi Amerika Serikat">Amerika Serikat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomi_Uruguay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekonomi Uruguay (halaman belum tersedia)">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomi_Venezuela&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekonomi Venezuela (halaman belum tersedia)">Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekonomi_Vietnam" title="Ekonomi Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomi_Zambia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekonomi Zambia (halaman belum tersedia)">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekonomi_Zimbabwe" title="Ekonomi Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span style="text-align:left; font-size:85%"> <p>1. Ke-28 negara anggota <a href="/wiki/Uni_Eropa" title="Uni Eropa">Uni Eropa</a> juga merupakan anggota WTO dengan hak sendiri: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ekonomi_Austria" title="Ekonomi Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomi_Belgia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekonomi Belgia (halaman belum tersedia)">Belgia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomi_Bulgaria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekonomi Bulgaria (halaman belum tersedia)">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomi_Kroasia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekonomi Kroasia (halaman belum tersedia)">Kroasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekonomi_Siprus" title="Ekonomi Siprus">Siprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomi_Republik_Ceko&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekonomi Republik Ceko (halaman belum tersedia)">Republik Ceko</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomi_Denmark&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekonomi Denmark (halaman belum tersedia)">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomi_Estonia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekonomi Estonia (halaman belum tersedia)">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekonomi_Finlandia" title="Ekonomi Finlandia">Finlandia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekonomi_Prancis" title="Ekonomi Prancis">Prancis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekonomi_Jerman" title="Ekonomi Jerman">Jerman</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomi_Yunani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekonomi Yunani (halaman belum tersedia)">Yunani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekonomi_Hungaria" title="Ekonomi Hungaria">Hungaria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomi_Republik_Irlandia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekonomi Republik Irlandia (halaman belum tersedia)">Irlandia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomi_Italia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekonomi Italia (halaman belum tersedia)">Italia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekonomi_Latvia" title="Ekonomi Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekonomi_Lituania" title="Ekonomi Lituania">Lituania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekonomi_Luksemburg" title="Ekonomi Luksemburg">Luksemburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekonomi_Malta" title="Ekonomi Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekonomi_Belanda" title="Ekonomi Belanda">Belanda</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomi_Polandia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekonomi Polandia (halaman belum tersedia)">Polandia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomi_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekonomi Portugal (halaman belum tersedia)">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekonomi_Rumania" title="Ekonomi Rumania">Rumania</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomi_Slovakia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekonomi Slovakia (halaman belum tersedia)">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomi_Slovenia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekonomi Slovenia (halaman belum tersedia)">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekonomi_Spanyol" title="Ekonomi Spanyol">Spanyol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomi_Swedia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekonomi Swedia (halaman belum tersedia)">Swedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekonomi_Britania_Raya" title="Ekonomi Britania Raya">Britania Raya</a></li></ul> <p>2. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilayah_administratif_khusus_Republik_Rakyat_Tiongkok&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wilayah administratif khusus Republik Rakyat Tiongkok (halaman belum tersedia)">Wilayah administratif khusus Republik Rakyat Tiongkok</a>, terdaftar dengan nama "Hong Kong, Tiongkok" dan "Makau,Tiongkok". </p> 3. Secara resmi Republik Tiongkok, terdaftar dengan nama "<a href="/wiki/Tiongkok_Taipei" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiongkok Taipei">Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu</a>"</span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23782733"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r25847331"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Negara_anggota_Kelompok_8_(G8)_dan_Kelompok_8+5_(G8+5)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18590415"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-lihat"><a href="/wiki/Templat:G8" title="Templat:G8"><abbr title="Lihat templat ini">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bicara"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembicaraan_Templat:G8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pembicaraan Templat:G8 (halaman belum tersedia)"><abbr title="Diskusikan templat ini">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-sunting"><a class="external text" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:G8&action=edit"><abbr title="Sunting templat ini">s</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Negara_anggota_Kelompok_8_(G8)_dan_Kelompok_8+5_(G8+5)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Negara anggota <a href="/wiki/G8" title="G8">Kelompok 8</a> (G8) dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=G8%2B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="G8+5 (halaman belum tersedia)">Kelompok 8+5</a> (G8+5)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Anggota G8</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Amerika_Serikat" title="Amerika Serikat">Amerika Serikat</a> • <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Britania_Raya" title="Britania Raya">Britania Raya</a> • <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Italia" title="Italia">Italia</a> • <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Jepang" title="Jepang">Jepang</a> • <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jerman</a> • <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Canada.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Canada.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Canada.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kanada" title="Kanada">Kanada</a> • <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Prancis" title="Prancis">Prancis</a> • <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia">Rusia</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Perwakilan tambahan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/35px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/45px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Uni_Eropa" title="Uni Eropa">Uni Eropa</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=G8%2B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="G8+5 (halaman belum tersedia)">G8+5</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brasil" title="Brasil">Brasil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiongkok" title="Tiongkok">Tiongkok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meksiko" title="Meksiko">Meksiko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrika_Selatan" title="Afrika Selatan">Afrika Selatan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lihat pula</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=G6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="G6 (halaman belum tersedia)">G6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G7" title="G7">G7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G8#Sejarah" title="G8">G7+1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23782733"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r25847331"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pakta_Pertahanan_Atlantik_Utara_(NATO)" style="text-align:left;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18590415"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-lihat"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Pakta_Pertahanan_Atlantik_Utara" title="Templat:Pakta Pertahanan Atlantik Utara"><abbr title="Lihat templat ini">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bicara"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembicaraan_Templat:Pakta_Pertahanan_Atlantik_Utara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pembicaraan Templat:Pakta Pertahanan Atlantik Utara (halaman belum tersedia)"><abbr title="Diskusikan templat ini">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-sunting"><a class="external text" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:Pakta_Pertahanan_Atlantik_Utara&action=edit"><abbr title="Sunting templat ini">s</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pakta_Pertahanan_Atlantik_Utara_(NATO)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pakta_Pertahanan_Atlantik_Utara" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakta Pertahanan Atlantik Utara">Pakta Pertahanan Atlantik Utara (NATO)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lavender;">Negara anggota</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <p><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Amerika_Serikat" title="Amerika Serikat">Amerika Serikat</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Belanda" title="Belanda">Belanda</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Belgia" title="Belgia">Belgia</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Britania_Raya" title="Britania Raya">Britania Raya</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Republik_Ceko" class="mw-redirect" title="Republik Ceko">Republik Ceko</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Hungaria" title="Hungaria">Hungaria</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Islandia" title="Islandia">Islandia</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Italia" title="Italia">Italia</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jerman</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Kanada" title="Kanada">Kanada</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Kroasia" title="Kroasia">Kroasia</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Lituania" title="Lituania">Lituania</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Luksemburg" title="Luksemburg">Luksemburg</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Makedonia_Utara" title="Makedonia Utara">Makedonia Utara</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Norwegia" title="Norwegia">Norwegia</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Prancis" title="Prancis">Prancis</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Polandia" title="Polandia">Polandia</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Rumania" title="Rumania">Rumania</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Slowakia" title="Slowakia">Slowakia</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Spanyol" title="Spanyol">Spanyol</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Turki" title="Turki">Turki</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Yunani" title="Yunani">Yunani</a> </p> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lavender;">Calon anggota</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <p><a href="/wiki/Finlandia" title="Finlandia">Finlandia</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Georgia" title="Georgia">Georgia</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Swedia" title="Swedia">Swedia</a> </p> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23782733"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r25847331"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Segitiga_Weimar" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18590415"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-lihat"><a 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jerman</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Polandia" title="Polandia">Polandia</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23782733"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r25847331"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Pengawasan_otoritas_frameless_&#124;text-top_&#124;10px_&#124;alt=Sunting_ini_di_Wikidata_&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183#identifiers&#124;Sunting_ini_di_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Pengawasan_otoritas_frameless_&#124;text-top_&#124;10px_&#124;alt=Sunting_ini_di_Wikidata_&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183#identifiers&#124;Sunting_ini_di_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Pengawasan_otoritas" title="Bantuan:Pengawasan otoritas">Pengawasan otoritas</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183#identifiers" title="Sunting ini di Wikidata"><img alt="Sunting ini di Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Umum</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4011882-4">Integrated Authority File (Jerman)</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISNI_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISNI (identifier)">ISNI</a> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000122854945">1</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VIAF_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="VIAF (identifier)">VIAF</a> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/189116956">1</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/identities/containsVIAFID/189116956">WorldCat (via VIAF)</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Perpustakaan nasional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000000337">Chili</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX450924">Spanyol</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12205186t">Prancis</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12205186t">(data)</a></span> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb152996644">2</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb152996644">(data)</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cantic.bnc.cat/registres/CUCId/a10958964">Catalunya</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=72433">Ukraina</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n80125931">Amerika Serikat</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00561571">Jepang</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge135889&CON_LNG=ENG">Republik Ceko</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uli.nli.org.il/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000981369&local_base=nlx10">Israel</a></span></li> <li><span class="error">The NLK id KSH1998025580 is not valid.</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lembaga penelitian seni</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/71d45793-db01-4f9a-bdf4-2db67ce79a6f">KulturNav (Norway)</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lain-lain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1210272/">Faceted Application of Subject Terminology</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/003352">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a href="/wiki/MBAREA_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="MBAREA (identifier)">MusicBrainz</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/85752fda-13c4-31a3-bee5-0e5cb1f51dad">area</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10044480">National Archives (US)</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RERO_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RERO (identifier)">RERO (Swiss)</a> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.rero.ch/02-A000050560">1</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SUDOC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SUDOC (identifier)">SUDOC (Prancis)</a> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/030685435">1</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/almanya">Encyclopedia of Islam</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.parliament.uk/Yp4dzAsJ">UK Parliament</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-PresidentsOffice-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PresidentsOffice_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160307221541/http://www.bundespraesident.de/DE/Amt-und-Aufgaben/Wirken-im-Inland/Repraesentation-und-Integration/repraesentation-und-integration-node.html">"Repräsentation und Integration"</a> (dalam bahasa Jerman). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bundespr%C3%A4sidialamt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bundespräsidialamt (halaman belum tersedia)">Bundespräsidialamt</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bundespraesident.de/DE/Amt-und-Aufgaben/Wirken-im-Inland/Repraesentation-und-Integration/repraesentation-und-integration-node.html">versi asli</a> tanggal 7 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Repr%C3%A4sentation+und+Integration&rft.pub=Bundespr%C3%A4sidialamt&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bundespraesident.de%2FDE%2FAmt-und-Aufgaben%2FWirken-im-Inland%2FRepraesentation-und-Integration%2Frepraesentation-und-integration-node.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AJerman" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200430004825/https://www.deutschland.de/en/topic/politics/the-german-federal-government">"The German Federal Government"</a>. <i>deutschland.de</i>. 23 January 2018. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutschland.de/en/topic/politics/the-german-federal-government">versi asli</a> tanggal 30 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=deutschland.de&rft.atitle=The+German+Federal+Government&rft.date=2018-01-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.deutschland.de%2Fen%2Ftopic%2Fpolitics%2Fthe-german-federal-government&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AJerman" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Gesley, Jenny (26 September 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200525092638/https://blogs.loc.gov/law/2018/09/the-protection-of-minority-and-regional-languages-in-germany/">"The Protection of Minority and Regional Languages in Germany"</a>. Library of Congress. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.loc.gov/law/2018/09/the-protection-of-minority-and-regional-languages-in-germany/">versi asli</a> tanggal 25 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Protection+of+Minority+and+Regional+Languages+in+Germany&rft.pub=Library+of+Congress&rft.date=2018-09-26&rft.aulast=Gesley&rft.aufirst=Jenny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.loc.gov%2Flaw%2F2018%2F09%2Fthe-protection-of-minority-and-regional-languages-in-germany%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AJerman" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CIA-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_7-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160211075204/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/gm.html">"World Factbook"</a>. CIA. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/gm.html">versi asli</a> tanggal 2016-02-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">26 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Factbook&rft.pub=CIA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Flibrary%2Fpublications%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fgeos%2Fgm.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AJerman" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230820161913/https://www.destatis.de/DE/Themen/Branchen-Unternehmen/Landwirtschaft-Forstwirtschaft-Fischerei/Flaechennutzung/_inhalt.html">"Flächennutzung"</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.destatis.de/DE/Themen/Branchen-Unternehmen/Landwirtschaft-Forstwirtschaft-Fischerei/Flaechennutzung/_inhalt.html">versi asli</a> tanggal 20 August 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fl%C3%A4chennutzung&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.destatis.de%2FDE%2FThemen%2FBranchen-Unternehmen%2FLandwirtschaft-Forstwirtschaft-Fischerei%2FFlaechennutzung%2F_inhalt.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AJerman" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210324133453/https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=SURFACE_WATER">"Surface water and surface water change"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Organisation_for_Economic_Co-operation_and_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development">Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=SURFACE_WATER#">versi asli</a> tanggal 24 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">11 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Surface+water+and+surface+water+change&rft.pub=Organisation+for+Economic+Co-operation+and+Development&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstats.oecd.org%2FIndex.aspx%3FDataSetCode%3DSURFACE_WATER%23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AJerman" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200901043841/https://www.destatis.de/EN/Themes/Society-Environment/Population/Current-Population/Tables/liste-current-population.html#651244">"Population by nationality and sex (quarterly figures) [Bevölkerung nach Nationalität und Geschlecht (Quartalszahlen)]"</a>. Destatis. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.destatis.de/EN/Themes/Society-Environment/Population/Current-Population/Tables/liste-current-population.html#651244">versi asli</a> tanggal 1 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Population+by+nationality+and+sex+%28quarterly+figures%29+%5BBev%C3%B6lkerung+nach+Nationalit%C3%A4t+und+Geschlecht+%28Quartalszahlen%29%5D&rft.pub=Destatis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.destatis.de%2FEN%2FThemes%2FSociety-Environment%2FPopulation%2FCurrent-Population%2FTables%2Fliste-current-population.html%23651244&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AJerman" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IMFWEO.DE-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO.DE_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO.DE_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO.DE_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO.DE_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2024/April/weo-report?c=134,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2022&ey=2029&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1">"World Economic Outlook Database, April 2024 Edition. (Germany)"</a>. <i>www.imf.org</i>. <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" class="mw-redirect" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a>. 16 April 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.imf.org&rft.atitle=World+Economic+Outlook+Database%2C+April+2024+Edition.+%28Germany%29&rft.date=2024-04-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fen%2FPublications%2FWEO%2Fweo-database%2F2024%2FApril%2Fweo-report%3Fc%3D134%2C%26s%3DNGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC%2C%26sy%3D2022%26ey%3D2029%26ssm%3D0%26scsm%3D1%26scc%3D0%26ssd%3D1%26ssc%3D0%26sic%3D0%26sort%3Dcountry%26ds%3D.%26br%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AJerman" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-eurogini-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-eurogini_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201009091832/https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/tessi190/default/table?lang=en">"Gini coefficient of equivalised disposable income"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Eurostat" title="Eurostat">Eurostat</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/tessi190/default/table?lang=en">versi asli</a> tanggal 9 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gini+coefficient+of+equivalised+disposable+income&rft.pub=Eurostat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Feurostat%2Fdatabrowser%2Fview%2Ftessi190%2Fdefault%2Ftable%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AJerman" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UNHDR-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-UNHDR_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240313164319/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf">"Human Development Report 2023/24"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> (dalam bahasa Inggris). <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Programme" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Development Programme">United Nations Development Programme</a>. 13 March 2024. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf">versi asli</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> tanggal 13 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Human+Development+Report+2023%2F24&rft.pub=United+Nations+Development+Programme&rft.date=2024-03-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhdr.undp.org%2Fsystem%2Ffiles%2Fdocuments%2Fglobal-report-document%2Fhdr2023-24reporten.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AJerman" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.migrationinformation.org/datahub/countrydata/country.cfm">Germany: Inflow of foreign population by country of nationality, 1994 to 2003"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131031092101/http://www.migrationinformation.org/DataHub/countrydata/country.cfm">Diarsipkan</a> 2013-10-31 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.. Migrationinformation.org. Diakses 2010-01-04.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Menurut <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mahkamah_Konstitusi_Federal_Jerman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mahkamah Konstitusi Federal Jerman (halaman belum tersedia)">Mahkamah Konstitusi Federal Jerman</a>, Jerman Barat adalah pelanjut sah dari negara Jerman sebelumnya (<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deutsches_Reich&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deutsches Reich (halaman belum tersedia)">Deutsches Reich</a></i>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://comment.straitstimes.com/showthread.php?t=28518">China 'set to be No. 1 exporter'</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pranala_mati" title="Wikipedia:Pranala mati"><span title=" pranala nonaktif sejak Mei 2021">pranala nonaktif permanen</span></a></i>]</span></sup> Berita singkat Strait Times edisi 29 Des. 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90001/90776/90884/6739712.html">WTO: China surpasses Germany as NO. 1 exporter</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101130200653/http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90001/90776/90884/6739712.html">Diarsipkan</a> 2010-11-30 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.. People's Daily Online. Edisi 26 Ags 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.earthtimes.org/articles/show/302347,china-overtakes-germany-as-worlds-biggest-exporter.html">China overtakes Germany as world's biggest exporter</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130206112142/http://www.earthtimes.org/articles/show/302347,china-overtakes-germany-as-worlds-biggest-exporter.html">Diarsipkan</a> 2013-02-06 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.. The Earth Times. 6 Jan. 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.topnews.in/germany-worlds-second-biggest-aid-donor-after-us-229970">Germany world's second biggest aid donor after US</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110524095558/http://www.topnews.in/germany-worlds-second-biggest-aid-donor-after-us-229970">Diarsipkan</a> 2011-05-24 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. TopNews, India. Diakses 2008-04-10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.innovations-report.de/html/berichte/informationstechnologie/bericht-109339.html">Confidently into the Future with Reliable Technology</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131105055439/http://www.innovations-report.de/html/berichte/informationstechnologie/bericht-109339.html">Diarsipkan</a> 2013-11-05 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. www.innovations-report.de. May 7, 2008. Retrieved 2008-04-04.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordreference.com/views/ENTRY.html?subview=Main&entry=t27.e6407">"German"</a>, <i>The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology</i>. Ed. T. F. Hoad. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxford,_England&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oxford, England (halaman belum tersedia)">Oxford</a>: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, <a href="/wiki/1996" title="1996">1996</a>. Oxford Reference Online. Oxford University Press. Diakses 11 Januari 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Schmitz-Berning, Cornelia (1998 (2000 reprint)). "Führer, Der Führer". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=9jmWOMks6bkC&pg=PA243#v=onepage&q&f=false"><i>Vokabular des Nationalsozialismus</i></a>. Berlin. hlm. 240–245. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230215075204/https://books.google.com/books?id=9jmWOMks6bkC&pg=PA243&hl=en#v=onepage&q&f=false">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2023-02-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2013-07-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=F%C3%BChrer%2C+Der+F%C3%BChrer&rft.btitle=Vokabular+des+Nationalsozialismus&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=240-245&rft.aulast=Schmitz-Berning&rft.aufirst=Cornelia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9jmWOMks6bkC%26pg%3DPA243%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AJerman" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Periksa nilai tanggal di: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|year=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_date" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span> <cite class="citation web">Thamer, Hans-Ulrich (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bpb.de/geschichte/nationalsozialismus/dossier-nationalsozialismus/39548/gleichschaltung?p=5">"Beginn der nationalsozialistischen Herrschaft (Teil 2)"</a>. <i>Nationalsozialismus I</i> (dalam bahasa German). Bonn: Federal Agency for Civic Education. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130625163626/http://www.bpb.de/geschichte/nationalsozialismus/dossier-nationalsozialismus/39548/gleichschaltung?p=5">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2013-06-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">5 April</span> 2012</span>. <q>Presiden <a href="/wiki/Paul_von_Hindenburg" title="Paul von Hindenburg">von Hindenburg</a> meninggal 2 Agustus 1934. Sebelumnya, kabinet telah memutuskan bahwa Hitler akan menjadi penerusnya. The office of the president was to be dissolved and united with that of the chancellor under the name "Führer und Reichskanzler". However, this was in breach of the Enabling Act (shortened & paraphrased).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nationalsozialismus+I&rft.atitle=Beginn+der+nationalsozialistischen+Herrschaft+%28Teil+2%29&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Thamer&rft.aufirst=Hans-Ulrich&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bpb.de%2Fgeschichte%2Fnationalsozialismus%2Fdossier-nationalsozialismus%2F39548%2Fgleichschaltung%3Fp%3D5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AJerman" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Bahasa yang tidak diketahui (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Bahasa_yang_tidak_diketahui" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Bahasa yang tidak diketahui">link</a>) </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fulbrook 1991, pp. 156–160.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fulbrook 1991, pp. 155–158, 172–177.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dhm.de/lemo/html/nazi/innenpolitik/ermaechtigungsgesetz/index.html">"Das Ermächtigungsgesetz 1933"</a> (dalam bahasa German). <a href="/wiki/Deutsches_Historisches_Museum" title="Deutsches Historisches Museum">Deutsches Historisches Museum</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140703143804/http://www.dhm.de/lemo/html/nazi/innenpolitik/ermaechtigungsgesetz/index.html">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2014-07-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Das+Erm%C3%A4chtigungsgesetz+1933&rft.pub=Deutsches+Historisches+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dhm.de%2Flemo%2Fhtml%2Fnazi%2Finnenpolitik%2Fermaechtigungsgesetz%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AJerman" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Bahasa yang tidak diketahui (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Bahasa_yang_tidak_diketahui" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Bahasa yang tidak diketahui">link</a>) </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Stackelberg, Roderick (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hitlersgermany00stac"><i>Hitler's Germany: Origins, interpretations, legacies</i></a>. Routledge. hlm. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hitlersgermany00stac/page/103">103</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-415-20115-5" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-415-20115-5">978-0-415-20115-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitler%27s+Germany%3A+Origins%2C+interpretations%2C+legacies&rft.pages=103&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-415-20115-5&rft.aulast=Stackelberg&rft.aufirst=Roderick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhitlersgermany00stac&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AJerman" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dhm.de/lemo/html/nazi/wirtschaft/index.html">"Industrie und Wirtschaft"</a> (dalam bahasa German). Deutsches Historisches Museum. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140705130826/http://www.dhm.de/lemo/html/nazi/wirtschaft/index.html">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2014-07-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Industrie+und+Wirtschaft&rft.pub=Deutsches+Historisches+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dhm.de%2Flemo%2Fhtml%2Fnazi%2Fwirtschaft%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AJerman" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Bahasa yang tidak diketahui (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Bahasa_yang_tidak_diketahui" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Bahasa yang tidak diketahui">link</a>) </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fulbrook 1991, pp. 188–189.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fulbrook_190-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fulbrook_190_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fulbrook_190_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Fulbrook 1991, pp. 190–195.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Steinberg, Heinz Günter (1991). <i>Die Bevölkerungsentwicklung in Deutschland im Zweiten Weltkrieg: mit einem Überblick über die Entwicklung von 1945 bis 1990</i> (dalam bahasa German). Kulturstiftung der dt. Vertriebenen. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-3-88557-089-9" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-3-88557-089-9">978-3-88557-089-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Bev%C3%B6lkerungsentwicklung+in+Deutschland+im+Zweiten+Weltkrieg%3A+mit+einem+%C3%9Cberblick+%C3%BCber+die+Entwicklung+von+1945+bis+1990&rft.pub=Kulturstiftung+der+dt.+Vertriebenen&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-3-88557-089-9&rft.aulast=Steinberg&rft.aufirst=Heinz+G%C3%BCnter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AJerman" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Bahasa yang tidak diketahui (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Bahasa_yang_tidak_diketahui" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Bahasa yang tidak diketahui">link</a>) </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tnr.com/book/review/orderly-humane-expulsion-germans-richard-evans?page=0,1&utm_source=The%20New%20Republic&utm_campaign=c58b90ef8c-TNR_BA_062812&utm_medium=email">Richard J. Evans, "The Other Horror, Review of <i>Orderly and Humane: The Expulsion of the Germans After the Second World War</i>, by R.M. Douglas"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230215075205/https://newrepublic.com/article/102925/orderly-humane-expulsion-germans-richard-evans">Diarsipkan</a> 2023-02-15 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>., <i>The New Republic</i>, 25 June 2012. Retrieved 1 July 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Wise, Michael Z. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/capitaldilemmage0000wise"><i>Capital dilemma: Germany's search for a new architecture of democracy</i></a>. Princeton Architectural Press. hlm. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/capitaldilemmage0000wise/page/23">23</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-1-56898-134-5" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-1-56898-134-5">978-1-56898-134-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Capital+dilemma%3A+Germany%27s+search+for+a+new+architecture+of+democracy&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=Princeton+Architectural+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-56898-134-5&rft.aulast=Wise&rft.aufirst=Michael+Z.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcapitaldilemmage0000wise&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AJerman" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-spiegel_20080311-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-spiegel_20080311_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">maw/dpa (11 March 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/0,1518,540771,00.html">"New Study Finds More Stasi Spooks"</a>. <i>Spiegel Online – english site (www.spiegel.de/international)</i>. <a href="/wiki/Der_Spiegel" title="Der Spiegel">Der Spiegel</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120516103006/http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/0,1518,540771,00.html">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2012-05-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2011</span>. <q>189,000 people were informers for the Stasi – the former Communist secret police – when East Germany collapsed in 1989 – 15,000 more than previous studies had suggested. [...] about one in 20 members of the former East German Communist party, the SED, was a secret police informant.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Spiegel+Online+%E2%80%93+english+site+%28www.spiegel.de%2Finternational%29&rft.atitle=New+Study+Finds+More+Stasi+Spooks&rft.date=2008-03-11&rft.au=maw%2Fdpa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spiegel.de%2Finternational%2Fgermany%2F0%2C1518%2C540771%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AJerman" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT_19890822-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NYT_19890822_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Protzman, Ferdinand (22 August 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nytimes.com/1989/08/22/world/westward-tide-of-east-germans-is-a-popular-no-confidence-vote.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm">"Westward Tide of East Germans Is a Popular No-Confidence Vote"</a>. <i>www.nytimes.com</i>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121004232849/http://www.nytimes.com/1989/08/22/world/westward-tide-of-east-germans-is-a-popular-no-confidence-vote.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2012-10-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2011</span>. <q>Behind the mass flight, Western experts say, is widespread and deepening disillusionment with the Honecker leadership's policies, particularly the refusal to consider the type of economic and political changes taking place elsewhere in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Bloc&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eastern Bloc (halaman belum tersedia)">Eastern Bloc</a>.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=www.nytimes.com&rft.atitle=Westward+Tide+of+East+Germans+Is+a+Popular+No-Confidence+Vote&rft.date=1989-08-22&rft.aulast=Protzman&rft.aufirst=Ferdinand&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1989%2F08%2F22%2Fworld%2Fwestward-tide-of-east-germans-is-a-popular-no-confidence-vote.html%3Fpagewanted%3Dall%26src%3Dpm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AJerman" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-state-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-state_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-state_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-state_36-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="id" dir="ltr">Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <code><ref></code> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama <code>state</code></span></li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.focus.de/panorama/boulevard/brennpunkt-hauptstadt-umzug_aid_175751.html">"Brennpunkt: Hauptstadt-Umzug"</a>. <i>Focus</i> (dalam bahasa German). Munich. 12 April 1999. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110430043907/http://www.focus.de/panorama/boulevard/brennpunkt-hauptstadt-umzug_aid_175751.html">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2011-04-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">19 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Focus&rft.atitle=Brennpunkt%3A+Hauptstadt-Umzug&rft.date=1999-04-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.focus.de%2Fpanorama%2Fboulevard%2Fbrennpunkt-hauptstadt-umzug_aid_175751.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AJerman" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Bahasa yang tidak diketahui (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Bahasa_yang_tidak_diketahui" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Bahasa yang tidak diketahui">link</a>) </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bundesrecht.juris.de/berlin_bonng/index.html">"Gesetz zur Umsetzung des Beschlusses des Deutschen Bundestages vom 20. Juni 1991 zur Vollendung der Einheit Deutschlands"</a> (dalam bahasa German). Bundesministerium der Justiz. 26 April 1994. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110426155648/http://bundesrecht.juris.de/berlin_bonng/index.html">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2011-04-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gesetz+zur+Umsetzung+des+Beschlusses+des+Deutschen+Bundestages+vom+20.+Juni+1991+zur+Vollendung+der+Einheit+Deutschlands&rft.pub=Bundesministerium+der+Justiz&rft.date=1994-04-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbundesrecht.juris.de%2Fberlin_bonng%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AJerman" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Bahasa yang tidak diketahui (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Bahasa_yang_tidak_diketahui" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Bahasa yang tidak diketahui">link</a>) </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Dempsey, Judy (31 October 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/31/world/europe/31iht-germany.3343963.html">"Germany is planning a Bosnia withdrawal"</a>. <i>International Herald Tribune</i>. Paris. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121111000841/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/31/world/europe/31iht-germany.3343963.html">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2012-11-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">7 May</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Herald+Tribune&rft.atitle=Germany+is+planning+a+Bosnia+withdrawal&rft.date=2006-10-31&rft.aulast=Dempsey&rft.aufirst=Judy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2006%2F10%2F31%2Fworld%2Feurope%2F31iht-germany.3343963.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AJerman" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Merz, Sebastian (November 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150101004042/http://www.sipri.org/research/conflict/publications/merz">"Still on the way to Afghanistan? Germany and its forces in the Hindu Kush"</a>. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. hlm. 2, 3. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sipri.org/research/conflict/publications/merz">versi asli</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> tanggal 2015-01-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Still+on+the+way+to+Afghanistan%3F+Germany+and+its+forces+in+the+Hindu+Kush&rft.pages=2%2C+3&rft.pub=Stockholm+International+Peace+Research+Institute&rft.date=2007-11&rft.aulast=Merz&rft.aufirst=Sebastian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sipri.org%2Fresearch%2Fconflict%2Fpublications%2Fmerz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AJerman" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Norris, Floyd (20 February 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/20/business/economy/20charts.html">"A Shift in the Export Powerhouses"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100225103912/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/20/business/economy/20charts.html">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2010-02-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">27 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=A+Shift+in+the+Export+Powerhouses&rft.date=2010-02-20&rft.aulast=Norris&rft.aufirst=Floyd&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2010%2F02%2F20%2Fbusiness%2Feconomy%2F20charts.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AJerman" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120511052011/http://archive.transparency.org/policy_research/surveys_indices/cpi/2009/cpi_2009_table">"CPI 2009 table"</a>. Transparency International. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.transparency.org/policy_research/surveys_indices/cpi/2009/cpi_2009_table">versi asli</a> tanggal 2012-05-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">15 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CPI+2009+table&rft.pub=Transparency+International&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.transparency.org%2Fpolicy_research%2Fsurveys_indices%2Fcpi%2F2009%2Fcpi_2009_table&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AJerman" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110520154532/http://www.bcg.com/documents/file15445.pdf">"The Innovation Imperative in Manufacturing: How the United States Can Restore Its Edge"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. Boston Consulting Group. March 2009. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bcg.com/documents/file15445.pdf">versi asli</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> tanggal 2011-05-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">19 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Innovation+Imperative+in+Manufacturing%3A+How+the+United+States+Can+Restore+Its+Edge&rft.pub=Boston+Consulting+Group&rft.date=2009-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bcg.com%2Fdocuments%2Ffile15445.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AJerman" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wbpdf-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wbpdf_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://siteresources.worldbank.org/DATASTATISTICS/Resources/GDP.pdf">"Gross domestic product (2009)"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>The World Bank: World Development Indicators database</i>. World Bank. 27 September 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091120233822/http://siteresources.worldbank.org/">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2009-11-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">1 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Bank%3A+World+Development+Indicators+database&rft.atitle=Gross+domestic+product+%282009%29&rft.date=2010-09-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsiteresources.worldbank.org%2FDATASTATISTICS%2FResources%2FGDP.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AJerman" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2195.html">Field listing – GDP (official exchange rate)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181224231351/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2195.html">Diarsipkan</a> 2018-12-24 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://siteresources.worldbank.org/DATASTATISTICS/Resources/GDP_PPP.pdf">"Gross domestic product (2009)"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>The World Bank: World Development Indicators database</i>. World Bank. 27 September 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140209081011/http://siteresources.worldbank.org/DATASTATISTICS/Resources/GDP_PPP.pdf">Diarsipkan</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> dari versi asli tanggal 2014-02-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">5 October</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Bank%3A+World+Development+Indicators+database&rft.atitle=Gross+domestic+product+%282009%29&rft.date=2010-09-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsiteresources.worldbank.org%2FDATASTATISTICS%2FResources%2FGDP_PPP.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AJerman" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><br /> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2001rank.html">Field listing – GDP (PPP exchange rate)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110604195034/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2001rank.html">Diarsipkan</a> 2011-06-04 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Financial Crisis. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/financialcrisis/9643193/EU-budget-who-pays-what-and-how-it-is-spent.html">"EU budget: who pays what and how it is spent"</a>. Telegraph. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121103203356/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/financialcrisis/9643193/EU-budget-who-pays-what-and-how-it-is-spent.html">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2012-11-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2012-11-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=EU+budget%3A+who+pays+what+and+how+it+is+spent&rft.pub=Telegraph&rft.au=Financial+Crisis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Ffinance%2Ffinancialcrisis%2F9643193%2FEU-budget-who-pays-what-and-how-it-is-spent.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AJerman" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130510053346/http://www.arbeitsagentur.de/nn_426140/EN/zentraler-Content/Presse/Presse-12-023-EN-690148.html">"The Labour Market in May 2012: Positive Underlying Trend Weakens"</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arbeitsagentur.de/nn_426140/EN/zentraler-Content/Presse/Presse-12-023-EN-690148.html">versi asli</a> tanggal 2013-05-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2013-07-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Labour+Market+in+May+2012%3A+Positive+Underlying+Trend+Weakens&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arbeitsagentur.de%2Fnn_426140%2FEN%2Fzentraler-Content%2FPresse%2FPresse-12-023-EN-690148.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AJerman" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Press office of the Deutsche Bundesbank. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120426213640/http://www.bundesbank.de/statistik/statistik_konjunktur.en.php">"Deutsche Bundesbank - Statistics"</a>. Bundesbank.de. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bundesbank.de/statistik/statistik_konjunktur.en.php">versi asli</a> tanggal 2012-04-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">4 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Deutsche+Bundesbank+-+Statistics&rft.pub=Bundesbank.de&rft.au=Press+office+of+the+Deutsche+Bundesbank&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bundesbank.de%2Fstatistik%2Fstatistik_konjunktur.en.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AJerman" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-euroc-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-euroc_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Andrews, Edmund L. (1 January 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2002/01/01/world/germans-say-goodbye-to-the-mark-a-symbol-of-strength-and-unity.html">"Germans Say Goodbye to the Mark, a Symbol of Strength and Unity"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110501031330/http://www.nytimes.com/2002/01/01/world/germans-say-goodbye-to-the-mark-a-symbol-of-strength-and-unity.html">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2011-05-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Germans+Say+Goodbye+to+the+Mark%2C+a+Symbol+of+Strength+and+Unity&rft.date=2002-01-01&rft.aulast=Andrews&rft.aufirst=Edmund+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2002%2F01%2F01%2Fworld%2Fgermans-say-goodbye-to-the-mark-a-symbol-of-strength-and-unity.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AJerman" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Taylor Martin, Susan (28 December 1998). "On Jan. 1, out of many arises one Euro". <i><a href="/wiki/St._Petersburg_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Petersburg Times">St. Petersburg Times</a></i>. hlm. National, 1.A.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=St.+Petersburg+Times&rft.atitle=On+Jan.+1%2C+out+of+many+arises+one+Euro&rft.pages=National%2C+1.A&rft.date=1998-12-28&rft.aulast=Taylor+Martin&rft.aufirst=Susan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AJerman" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Berg, S.; Winter, S.; Wassermann, A. (5 September 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spiegel.de/international/spiegel/0,1518,373639,00.html">"The Price of a Failed Reunification"</a>. <i>Spiegel Online</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071120093208/http://www.spiegel.de/international/spiegel/0,1518,373639,00.html">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2007-11-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Spiegel+Online&rft.atitle=The+Price+of+a+Failed+Reunification&rft.date=2005-09-05&rft.au=Berg%2C+S.%3B+Winter%2C+S.%3B+Wassermann%2C+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spiegel.de%2Finternational%2Fspiegel%2F0%2C1518%2C373639%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AJerman" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Banyak_nama:_authors_list" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list">link</a>) </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Kulish, Nicholas (19 June 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/19/world/europe/19germany.html">"In East Germany, a Decline as Stark as a Wall"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110403073216/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/19/world/europe/19germany.html">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2011-04-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">27 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=In+East+Germany%2C+a+Decline+as+Stark+as+a+Wall&rft.date=2009-06-19&rft.aulast=Kulish&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2009%2F06%2F19%2Fworld%2Feurope%2F19germany.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AJerman" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.france24.com/en/20090106-germany-agrees-new-50-billion-euro-stimulus-plan">"Germany agrees on 50-billion-euro stimulus plan"</a>. <i>France 24</i>. 6 January 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101204023836/http://www.france24.com/en/20090106-germany-agrees-new-50-billion-euro-stimulus-plan">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2010-12-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">27 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=France+24&rft.atitle=Germany+agrees+on+50-billion-euro+stimulus+plan&rft.date=2009-01-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.france24.com%2Fen%2F20090106-germany-agrees-new-50-billion-euro-stimulus-plan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AJerman" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110212184731/http://www.interbrand.com/en/best-global-brands/best-global-brands-2008/best-global-brands-2010.aspx">"The 100 Top Brands 2010"</a>. Interbrand. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.interbrand.com/en/best-global-brands/best-global-brands-2008/best-global-brands-2010.aspx">versi asli</a> tanggal 2011-02-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">27 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+100+Top+Brands+2010&rft.pub=Interbrand&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.interbrand.com%2Fen%2Fbest-global-brands%2Fbest-global-brands-2008%2Fbest-global-brands-2010.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AJerman" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/global500/2010/countries/Germany.html">"Global 500: Countries – Germany"</a>. <i>Forbes</i>. 26 July 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130217061615/http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/global500/2010/countries/Germany.html">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2013-02-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">27 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=Global+500%3A+Countries+%E2%80%93+Germany&rft.date=2010-07-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmoney.cnn.com%2Fmagazines%2Ffortune%2Fglobal500%2F2010%2Fcountries%2FGermany.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AJerman" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation pressrelease"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.presse.adac.de/standpunkte/Verkehr/Autobahn_Temporegelung.asp?active1=tcm:11-18784-4">"Autobahn-Temporegelung"</a> (Siaran pers) (dalam bahasa German). <a href="/w/index.php?title=ADAC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ADAC (halaman belum tersedia)">ADAC</a>. June 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">19 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Autobahn-Temporegelung&rft.pub=ADAC&rft.date=2010-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.presse.adac.de%2Fstandpunkte%2FVerkehr%2FAutobahn_Temporegelung.asp%3Factive1%3Dtcm%3A11-18784-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AJerman" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Bahasa yang tidak diketahui (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Bahasa_yang_tidak_diketahui" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Bahasa yang tidak diketahui">link</a>) </span> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150101021255/https://presse.adac.de/standpunkte/Verkehr/Autobahn_Temporegelung.asp?active1=tcm:11-18784-4">"Salinan arsip"</a>. Archived from the original on 2015-01-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2022-11-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Salinan+arsip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpresse.adac.de%2Fstandpunkte%2FVerkehr%2FAutobahn_Temporegelung.asp%3Factive1%3Dtcm%3A11-18784-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AJerman" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Url tak layak (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Url_tak_layak" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Url tak layak">link</a>) </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.db.de/site/bahn/de/unternehmen/investor__relations/finanzberichte/geschaeftsbericht/geschaeftsbericht__2006.html">"Geschäftsbericht 2006"</a> (dalam bahasa German). <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Bahn" title="Deutsche Bahn">Deutsche Bahn</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070809140315/http://www.db.de/site/bahn/de/unternehmen/investor__relations/finanzberichte/geschaeftsbericht/geschaeftsbericht__2006.html">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2007-08-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">27 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gesch%C3%A4ftsbericht+2006&rft.pub=Deutsche+Bahn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.db.de%2Fsite%2Fbahn%2Fde%2Funternehmen%2Finvestor__relations%2Ffinanzberichte%2Fgeschaeftsbericht%2Fgeschaeftsbericht__2006.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AJerman" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Bahasa yang tidak diketahui (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Bahasa_yang_tidak_diketahui" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Bahasa yang tidak diketahui">link</a>) </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110427064115/http://www.aircraft-charter-world.com/airports/europe/germany.htm">"Airports in Germany"</a>. Air Broker Center International. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aircraft-charter-world.com/airports/europe/germany.htm">versi asli</a> tanggal 2011-04-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Airports+in+Germany&rft.pub=Air+Broker+Center+International&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aircraft-charter-world.com%2Fairports%2Feurope%2Fgermany.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AJerman" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eia.gov/countries/country-data.cfm?fips=GM">"Overview/Data: Germany"</a>. U.S. Energy Information Administration. 30 June 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110417040216/http://www.eia.gov/countries/country-data.cfm?fips=GM">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2011-04-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Overview%2FData%3A+Germany&rft.pub=U.S.+Energy+Information+Administration&rft.date=2010-06-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eia.gov%2Fcountries%2Fcountry-data.cfm%3Ffips%3DGM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AJerman" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EG.IMP.CONS.ZS">"Energy imports, net (% of energy use)"</a>. The World Bank Group. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110430031708/http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EG.IMP.CONS.ZS">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2011-04-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Energy+imports%2C+net+%28%25+of+energy+use%29&rft.pub=The+World+Bank+Group&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Findicator%2FEG.IMP.CONS.ZS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AJerman" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Reuters Berlin (7 July 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2010/jul/07/germany-renewable-energy-electricity">"* Environment * Renewable energy Germany targets switch to 100% renewables for its electricity by 2050"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. UK. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130723220342/http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2010/jul/07/germany-renewable-energy-electricity">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2013-07-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=%2A+Environment+%2A+Renewable+energy+Germany+targets+switch+to+100%25+renewables+for+its+electricity+by+2050&rft.date=2010-07-07&rft.au=Reuters+Berlin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.guardian.co.uk%2Fenvironment%2F2010%2Fjul%2F07%2Fgermany-renewable-energy-electricity&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AJerman" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110427062607/http://www.bmwi.de/BMWi/Redaktion/Binaer/Energiedaten/energiegewinnung-und-energieverbrauch2-primaerenergieverbrauch.xls">"Primärenergieverbrauch nach Energieträgern"</a> (dalam bahasa German). Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und Technologie. December 2010. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bmwi.de/BMWi/Redaktion/Binaer/Energiedaten/energiegewinnung-und-energieverbrauch2-primaerenergieverbrauch.xls">versi asli</a> tanggal 2011-04-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Prim%C3%A4renergieverbrauch+nach+Energietr%C3%A4gern&rft.pub=Bundesministerium+f%C3%BCr+Wirtschaft+und+Technologie&rft.date=2010-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bmwi.de%2FBMWi%2FRedaktion%2FBinaer%2FEnergiedaten%2Fenergiegewinnung-und-energieverbrauch2-primaerenergieverbrauch.xls&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AJerman" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Bahasa yang tidak diketahui (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Bahasa_yang_tidak_diketahui" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Bahasa yang tidak diketahui">link</a>) </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4295389.stm">"Germany split over green energy"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 25 February 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110319122219/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4295389.stm">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2011-03-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">27 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Germany+split+over+green+energy&rft.date=2005-02-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Feurope%2F4295389.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AJerman" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation pressrelease"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kst.portalu.de/dokumente/Aktuelles/Inventar-Bericht_Treibhausgas_2008.pdf">"Deutschland erfüllte 2008 seine Klimaschutzverpflichtung nach dem Kyoto-Protokoll"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> (Siaran pers) (dalam bahasa German). Umweltbundesamt. 1 February 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">19 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Deutschland+erf%C3%BCllte+2008+seine+Klimaschutzverpflichtung+nach+dem+Kyoto-Protokoll&rft.pub=Umweltbundesamt&rft.date=2010-02-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kst.portalu.de%2Fdokumente%2FAktuelles%2FInventar-Bericht_Treibhausgas_2008.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AJerman" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Bahasa yang tidak diketahui (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Bahasa_yang_tidak_diketahui" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Bahasa yang tidak diketahui">link</a>) </span> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110427065039/http://www.kst.portalu.de/dokumente/Aktuelles/Inventar-Bericht_Treibhausgas_2008.pdf">"Salinan arsip"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kst.portalu.de/dokumente/Aktuelles/Inventar-Bericht_Treibhausgas_2008.pdf">versi asli</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> tanggal 2011-04-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2013-07-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Salinan+arsip&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kst.portalu.de%2Fdokumente%2FAktuelles%2FInventar-Bericht_Treibhausgas_2008.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AJerman" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110428105221/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-06-21/pollution/27752791_1_energy-security-global-energy-germany">"Germany greenest country in the world"</a>. <i>The Times of India</i>. New Delhi. 21 June 2008. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-06-21/pollution/27752791_1_energy-security-global-energy-germany">versi asli</a> tanggal 2011-04-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">26 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Germany+greenest+country+in+the+world&rft.date=2008-06-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farticles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com%2F2008-06-21%2Fpollution%2F27752791_1_energy-security-global-energy-germany&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AJerman" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120508080314/http://cdiac.ornl.gov/trends/emis/prelim_2009_2010_estimates.html">"Record High 2010 Global Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Fossil-Fuel Combustion and Cement Manufacture Posted on CDIAC Site"</a>. Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cdiac.ornl.gov/trends/emis/prelim_2009_2010_estimates.html">versi asli</a> tanggal 2012-05-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">15 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Record+High+2010+Global+Carbon+Dioxide+Emissions+from+Fossil-Fuel+Combustion+and+Cement+Manufacture+Posted+on+CDIAC+Site&rft.pub=Carbon+Dioxide+Information+Analysis+Center&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcdiac.ornl.gov%2Ftrends%2Femis%2Fprelim_2009_2010_estimates.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AJerman" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130724005536/http://www.bmbf.de/pub/bufi_2010_en.pdf">"Federal Report on Research and Innovation 2010"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. Federal Ministry of Education and Research. 2010. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bmbf.de/pub/bufi_2010_en.pdf">versi asli</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> tanggal 2013-07-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">15 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Federal+Report+on+Research+and+Innovation+2010&rft.pub=Federal+Ministry+of+Education+and+Research&rft.date=2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bmbf.de%2Fpub%2Fbufi_2010_en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AJerman" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|month=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/">"Nobel Prize"</a>. Nobelprize.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060405023917/http://nobelprize.org/">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2006-04-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">27 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nobel+Prize&rft.pub=Nobelprize.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AJerman" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120929062910/http://www.sciencenews.org/view/generic/id/63944/title/Swedish_academy_awards">"Swedish academy awards"</a>. <i>ScienceNews</i>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencenews.org/view/generic/id/63944/title/Swedish_academy_awards">versi asli</a> tanggal 2012-09-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ScienceNews&rft.atitle=Swedish+academy+awards&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencenews.org%2Fview%2Fgeneric%2Fid%2F63944%2Ftitle%2FSwedish_academy_awards&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AJerman" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">National Science Nobel Prize shares 1901–2009 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.idsia.ch/~juergen/sci.html">by citizenship at the time of the award</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140102222720/http://www.idsia.ch/~juergen/sci.html">Diarsipkan</a> 2014-01-02 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.idsia.ch/~juergen/scinat.html">by country of birth</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110306111343/http://www.idsia.ch/~juergen/scinat.html">Diarsipkan</a> 2011-03-06 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.. From <cite class="citation web"><a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C3%BCrgen_Schmidhuber&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jürgen Schmidhuber (halaman belum tersedia)">Schmidhuber, J.</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.idsia.ch/~juergen/nobelshare.html">"Evolution of National Nobel Prize Shares in the 20th century"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140327012415/http://www.idsia.ch/~juergen/nobelshare.html">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2014-03-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">27 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Evolution+of+National+Nobel+Prize+Shares+in+the+20th+century&rft.date=2010&rft.au=Schmidhuber%2C+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.idsia.ch%2F~juergen%2Fnobelshare.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AJerman" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Roberts, J. M. (2002). <i>The New Penguin History of the World</i>. Allen Lane. hlm. 1014. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-7139-9611-1" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-7139-9611-1">978-0-7139-9611-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Penguin+History+of+the+World&rft.pages=1014&rft.pub=Allen+Lane&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7139-9611-1&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=J.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AJerman" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,5984670,00.html">"The First Nobel Prize"</a>. <i>Deutsche Welle</i>. 8 September 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110501133845/http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,5984670,00.html">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2011-05-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">27 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Deutsche+Welle&rft.atitle=The+First+Nobel+Prize&rft.date=2010-09-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw-world.de%2Fdw%2Farticle%2F0%2C%2C5984670%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AJerman" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.famousscientists.org/otto-hahn">"Otto Hahn"</a>. FamousScientists.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120108002347/http://www.famousscientists.org/otto-hahn/">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2012-01-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">15 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Otto+Hahn&rft.pub=FamousScientists.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.famousscientists.org%2Fotto-hahn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AJerman" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dfg.de/en/research_funding/scientific_prizes/gw_leibniz_prize.html">"Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Prize"</a>. DFG. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080621091621/http://www.dfg.de/en/research_funding/scientific_prizes/gw_leibniz_prize.html">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2008-06-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">27 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gottfried+Wilhelm+Leibniz+Prize&rft.pub=DFG&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dfg.de%2Fen%2Fresearch_funding%2Fscientific_prizes%2Fgw_leibniz_prize.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AJerman" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Bianchi, Luigi. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yorku.ca/lbianchi/sts3700b/lecture17a.html">"The Great Electromechanical Computers"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=York_University&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="York University (halaman belum tersedia)">York University</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110427102718/http://www.yorku.ca/lbianchi/sts3700b/lecture17a.html">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2011-04-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">17 April</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Great+Electromechanical+Computers&rft.pub=York+University&rft.aulast=Bianchi&rft.aufirst=Luigi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yorku.ca%2Flbianchi%2Fsts3700b%2Flecture17a.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AJerman" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110501132157/http://www.centennialofflight.gov/essay/Lighter_than_air/zeppelin/LTA8.htm">"The Zeppelin"</a>. U.S. Centennial of Flight Commission. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.centennialofflight.gov/essay/Lighter_than_air/zeppelin/LTA8.htm">versi asli</a> tanggal 2011-05-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">27 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Zeppelin&rft.pub=U.S.+Centennial+of+Flight+Commission&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.centennialofflight.gov%2Fessay%2FLighter_than_air%2Fzeppelin%2FLTA8.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AJerman" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.itu.int/aboutitu/HistoricalFigures.html">"Historical figures in telecommunications"</a>. International Telecommunication Union. 14 January 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110425065237/http://www.itu.int/aboutitu/HistoricalFigures.html">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2011-04-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">27 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Historical+figures+in+telecommunications&rft.pub=International+Telecommunication+Union&rft.date=2004-01-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.itu.int%2Faboutitu%2FHistoricalFigures.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AJerman" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Roland_Berger_Strategy_Consultants" class="mw-redirect" title="Roland Berger Strategy Consultants">Roland Berger Strategy Consultants</a>: <i>Green Growth, Green Profit – How Green Transformation Boosts Business</i> <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a>, New York 2010, <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/9780230285439" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-230-28543-9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.destatis.de/jetspeed/portal/cms/Sites/destatis/Internet/DE/Presse/pm/2010/01/PD10__028__12411,templateId=renderPrint.psml">Pressemitteilung Further decline in the population expected for 2009</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100124084626/http://www.destatis.de/jetspeed/portal/cms/Sites/destatis/Internet/DE/Presse/pm/2010/01/PD10__028__12411,templateId=renderPrint.psml">Diarsipkan</a> 2010-01-24 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.. Edaran pers No.028 tanggal 21 Januari 2010 dari Statistisches Bundesamt Deutschland.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.destatis.de/basis/e/bevoe/bevoetab10.htm">"Salinan arsip"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070510040257/http://www.destatis.de/basis/e/bevoe/bevoetab10.htm">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2007-05-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2005-06-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Salinan+arsip&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.destatis.de%2Fbasis%2Fe%2Fbevoe%2Fbevoetab10.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AJerman" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.destatis.de/basis/e/bevoe/bevoetab8.htm">"Salinan arsip"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050906142513/http://www.destatis.de/basis/e/bevoe/bevoetab8.htm">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2005-09-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2005-06-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Salinan+arsip&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.destatis.de%2Fbasis%2Fe%2Fbevoe%2Fbevoetab8.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AJerman" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heute.de/ZDFheute/inhalt/14/0,3672,8018062,00.html">Fast jeder Fünfte in Deutschland hat ausländische Wurzeln</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pranala_mati" title="Wikipedia:Pranala mati"><span title=" pranala nonaktif sejak Mei 2021">pranala nonaktif permanen</span></a></i>]</span></sup>. ZDFheute Edisi 26 Januari 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marten-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Marten_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Marten, Thomas; Sauer, Fritz Joachim, ed. (2005). <i>Länderkunde - Deutschland, Österreich, Schweiz und Liechtenstein im Querschnitt</i> (dalam bahasa German). Berlin: Inform-Verlag. hlm. 7. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/3-9805843-1-3" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/3-9805843-1-3">3-9805843-1-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%C3%A4nderkunde+-+Deutschland%2C+%C3%96sterreich%2C+Schweiz+und+Liechtenstein+im+Querschnitt&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Inform-Verlag&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=3-9805843-1-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AJerman" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|trans_title=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Bahasa yang tidak diketahui (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Bahasa_yang_tidak_diketahui" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Bahasa yang tidak diketahui">link</a>) </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><b>Hochdeutsch</b>, tetapi tidak untuk dikacaukan dengan <i>Hochdeutsch</i> yang berarti <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Jerman_Hulu" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahasa Jerman Hulu">bahasa Jerman Hulu</a>. Untuk menghindari salah pengertian istilah <i>Oberdeutsch</i> juga dipakai untuk varian-varian bahasa Jerman yang dituturkan oleh penduduk pegunungan.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eurobarometer_Languages-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Eurobarometer_Languages_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a href="/wiki/European_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="European Commission">European Commission</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_243_en.pdf">"Special Eurobarometer 243: Europeans and their Languages (Survey)"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Europa_(web_portal)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Europa (web portal) (halaman belum tersedia)">Europa (web portal)</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160414102658/http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_243_en.pdf">Diarsipkan</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> dari versi asli tanggal 2016-04-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Special+Eurobarometer+243%3A+Europeans+and+their+Languages+%28Survey%29&rft.pub=Europa+%28web+portal%29&rft.date=2006&rft.au=European+Commission&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Fpublic_opinion%2Farchives%2Febs%2Febs_243_en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AJerman" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><br /><cite class="citation web"><a href="/wiki/European_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="European Commission">European Commission</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_243_sum_en.pdf">"Special Eurobarometer 243: Europeans and their Languages (Executive Summary)"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Europa_(web_portal)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Europa (web portal) (halaman belum tersedia)">Europa (web portal)</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090318005157/http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_243_sum_en.pdf">Diarsipkan</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> dari versi asli tanggal 2009-03-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Special+Eurobarometer+243%3A+Europeans+and+their+Languages+%28Executive+Summary%29&rft.pub=Europa+%28web+portal%29&rft.date=2006&rft.au=European+Commission&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Fpublic_opinion%2Farchives%2Febs%2Febs_243_sum_en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AJerman" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uni-heidelberg.de/university/rankings/">Rankings: Universität Heidelberg in International Comparison</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140921065348/http://www.uni-heidelberg.de/university/rankings/">Diarsipkan</a> 2014-09-21 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. - Top Position in Germany, Leading Role in Europe (Heidelberg University)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ED-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ED_87-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ED_87-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Germany.pdf">"Country profile: Germany"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. Library of Congress. April 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050719175407/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Germany.pdf">Diarsipkan</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> dari versi asli tanggal 2005-07-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Country+profile%3A+Germany&rft.pub=Library+of+Congress&rft.date=2008-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flcweb2.loc.gov%2Ffrd%2Fcs%2Fprofiles%2FGermany.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AJerman" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/4f43b5c4-a32b-11e1-8f34-00144feabdc0.html#axzz2RApE4hJA">A German model goes global</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120728095341/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/4f43b5c4-a32b-11e1-8f34-00144feabdc0.html#axzz2RApE4hJA">Diarsipkan</a> 2012-07-28 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. - Dual education following the German role model is replicated around the world (Financial Times)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110724024754/http://academic.cuesta.edu/intlang/german/education.html">"The Educational System in Germany"</a>. Cuesta College. 31 August 2002. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://academic.cuesta.edu/intlang/german/education.html">versi asli</a> tanggal 2011-07-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">16 May</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Educational+System+in+Germany&rft.pub=Cuesta+College&rft.date=2002-08-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Facademic.cuesta.edu%2Fintlang%2Fgerman%2Feducation.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AJerman" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arwu.org/rank2008/ARWU2008_A(EN).htm">"Top 100 World Universities"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Academic_Ranking_of_World_Universities" class="mw-redirect" title="Academic Ranking of World Universities">Academic Ranking of World Universities</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080822124509/http://www.arwu.org/rank2008/ARWU2008_A(EN).htm">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2008-08-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Top+100+World+Universities&rft.pub=Academic+Ranking+of+World+Universities&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arwu.org%2Frank2008%2FARWU2008_A%28EN%29.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AJerman" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110513095318/https://www.studyineurope.eu/study-in-germany/admission/tuition-fees">"Tuition Fees at university in Germany"</a>. StudyinEurope.eu. 2009. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.studyineurope.eu/study-in-germany/admission/tuition-fees">versi asli</a> tanggal 2011-05-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">19 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tuition+Fees+at+university+in+Germany&rft.pub=StudyinEurope.eu&rft.date=2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.studyineurope.eu%2Fstudy-in-germany%2Fadmission%2Ftuition-fees&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AJerman" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.faz.net/aktuell/feuilleton/forschung-und-lehre/ein-zwischenruf-studiengebuehren-was-sonst-12119899.html">"Ein Zwischenruf Studiengebühren? Was sonst!"</a>. faz.net. 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131010030250/http://www.faz.net/aktuell/feuilleton/forschung-und-lehre/ein-zwischenruf-studiengebuehren-was-sonst-12119899.html">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2013-10-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">21 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ein+Zwischenruf++++Studiengeb%C3%BChren%3F+Was+sonst%21&rft.pub=faz.net&rft.date=2012&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.faz.net%2Faktuell%2Ffeuilleton%2Fforschung-und-lehre%2Fein-zwischenruf-studiengebuehren-was-sonst-12119899.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AJerman" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spiegel.de/unispiegel/studium/mehr-studienanfaenger-denn-je-jetzt-kommt-die-flut-a-774701.html">More people studying in Germany than ever</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130614093713/http://www.spiegel.de/unispiegel/studium/mehr-studienanfaenger-denn-je-jetzt-kommt-die-flut-a-774701.html">Diarsipkan</a> 2013-06-14 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. - more than 2.2 million freshmen every year and growing (Spiegel)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Wasser, Jeremy (6 April 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spiegel.de/international/0,1518,410135,00.html">"Spätzle Westerns"</a>. <i>Spiegel Online International</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110427053606/http://www.spiegel.de/international/0,1518,410135,00.html">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2011-04-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Spiegel+Online+International&rft.atitle=Sp%C3%A4tzle+Westerns&rft.date=2006-04-06&rft.au=Wasser%2C+Jeremy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spiegel.de%2Finternational%2F0%2C1518%2C410135%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AJerman" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dw-world.de/dw/0,,8009,00.html">"Unbelievable Multitude"</a>. <i>Deutsche Welle</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120204233339/http://www.dw-world.de/dw/0,,8009,00.html">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2012-02-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Deutsche+Welle&rft.atitle=Unbelievable+Multitude&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw-world.de%2Fdw%2F0%2C%2C8009%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AJerman" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldheritagesite.org/countries/germany.html">"World Heritage Sites in Germany"</a>. UNESCO. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100512172012/http://www.worldheritagesite.org/countries/germany.html">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2010-05-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">3 October</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Heritage+Sites+in+Germany&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldheritagesite.org%2Fcountries%2Fgermany.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AJerman" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2010_EN_Tables_reprint.pdf">"Human Development Report 2010 Table 4 Gender Inequality Index"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. United Nations Development Programme. hlm. 156–160. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120304124612/http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2010_EN_Tables_reprint.pdf">Diarsipkan</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> dari versi asli tanggal 2012-03-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Human+Development+Report+2010+Table+4+Gender+Inequality+Index&rft.pages=156-160&rft.pub=United+Nations+Development+Programme&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhdr.undp.org%2Fen%2Fmedia%2FHDR_2010_EN_Tables_reprint.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AJerman" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130724005542/http://www.news24.com/World/News/Germany-extends-gay-rights-20041029">"Germany extends gay rights"</a>. News24. 29 October 2004. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.news24.com/World/News/Germany-extends-gay-rights-20041029">versi asli</a> tanggal 2013-07-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">19 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Germany+extends+gay+rights&rft.date=2004-10-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.news24.com%2FWorld%2FNews%2FGermany-extends-gay-rights-20041029&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AJerman" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Heckmann, Friedrich (2003). <i>The Integration of Immigrants in European Societies: national differences and trends of convergence</i>. Lucius & Lucius. hlm. 51 ff. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-3-8282-0181-1" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-3-8282-0181-1">978-3-8282-0181-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Integration+of+Immigrants+in+European+Societies%3A+national+differences+and+trends+of+convergence&rft.pages=51+ff&rft.pub=Lucius+%26+Lucius&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-3-8282-0181-1&rft.aulast=Heckmann&rft.aufirst=Friedrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AJerman" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation pressrelease"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gfk.com/group/press_information/press_releases/006688/index.en.html">"2010 Anholt-GfK Roper Nation Brands Index"</a> (Siaran pers). <a href="/wiki/GfK" title="GfK">GfK</a>. 12 October 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2010+Anholt-GfK+Roper+Nation+Brands+Index&rft.pub=GfK&rft.date=2010-10-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gfk.com%2Fgroup%2Fpress_information%2Fpress_releases%2F006688%2Findex.en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AJerman" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101016162033/http://www.gfk.com/group/press_information/press_releases/006688/index.en.html">"Salinan arsip"</a>. Archived from the original on 2010-10-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2013-07-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Salinan+arsip&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gfk.com%2Fgroup%2Fpress_information%2Fpress_releases%2F006688%2Findex.en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AJerman" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Url tak layak (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Url_tak_layak" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Url tak layak">link</a>) </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110427045321/http://www.worldpublicopinion.org/pipa/articles/views_on_countriesregions_bt/680.php?nid=&id=&pnt=680&lb=#ger">"Views of US Continue to Improve in 2011 BBC Country Rating Poll"</a>. <i>Worldpublicopinion.org</i>. 7 March 2011. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldpublicopinion.org/pipa/articles/views_on_countriesregions_bt/680.php?nid=&id=&pnt=680&lb=#ger">versi asli</a> tanggal 2011-04-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Worldpublicopinion.org&rft.atitle=Views+of+US+Continue+to+Improve+in+2011+BBC+Country+Rating+Poll&rft.date=2011-03-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldpublicopinion.org%2Fpipa%2Farticles%2Fviews_on_countriesregions_bt%2F680.php%3Fnid%3D%26id%3D%26pnt%3D680%26lb%3D%23ger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AJerman" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-22624104">"BBC poll: Germany most popular country in the world"</a>. <i>BBC.co.uk</i>. 23 May 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130523014312/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-22624104">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2013-05-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC.co.uk&rft.atitle=BBC+poll%3A+Germany+most+popular+country+in+the+world&rft.date=2013-05-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-22624104&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AJerman" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">  (13 April 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.musikindustrie.de/politik_einzelansicht0/back/110/news/jahrespressekonferenz-des-bvmi/">"Bundesverband Musikindustrie: Deutschland drittgrößter Musikmarkt weltweit"</a>. Musikindustrie.de. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111231025331/http://www.musikindustrie.de/politik_einzelansicht0/back/110/news/jahrespressekonferenz-des-bvmi/">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2011-12-31<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">28 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bundesverband+Musikindustrie%3A+Deutschland+drittgr%C3%B6%C3%9Fter+Musikmarkt+weltweit&rft.pub=Musikindustrie.de&rft.date=2011-04-13&rft.au=+&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.musikindustrie.de%2Fpolitik_einzelansicht0%2Fback%2F110%2Fnews%2Fjahrespressekonferenz-des-bvmi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AJerman" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pinterest.de/pin/663436588883126205">"Performance"</a>. 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Performance&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pinterest.de%2Fpin%2F663436588883126205&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AJerman" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pinterest.de/pin/663436588872835951">"In armonia con il palcoscenico"</a>. 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=In+armonia+con+il+palcoscenico&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pinterest.de%2Fpin%2F663436588872835951&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AJerman" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kjell_Espmark&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kjell Espmark (halaman belum tersedia)">Espmark, Kjell</a> (3 December 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/articles/espmark/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Literature"</a>. Nobelprize.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110426075458/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/articles/espmark/index.html">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2011-04-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Literature&rft.pub=Nobelprize.org&rft.date=1999-12-03&rft.au=Espmark%2C+Kjell&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fliterature%2Farticles%2Fespmark%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AJerman" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110427081703/http://land-der-ideen.matrix.de/CDA/facts_printing,4563,0,,en.htm">"Land of ideas"</a>. Land-der-ideen.matrix.de. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://land-der-ideen.matrix.de/CDA/facts_printing,4563,0,,en.html">versi asli</a> tanggal 2011-04-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">19 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Land+of+ideas&rft.pub=Land-der-ideen.matrix.de&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fland-der-ideen.matrix.de%2FCDA%2Ffacts_printing%2C4563%2C0%2C%2Cen.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AJerman" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Weidhaas, Peter; Gossage, Carolyn; Wright, Wendy A. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyoffrankfu0000weid"><i>A History of the Frankfurt Book Fair</i></a>. Dundurn Press Ltd. hlm. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyoffrankfu0000weid/page/n143">11</a> ff. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-1-55002-744-0" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-1-55002-744-0">978-1-55002-744-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Frankfurt+Book+Fair&rft.pages=11+ff&rft.pub=Dundurn+Press+Ltd.&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-55002-744-0&rft.aulast=Weidhaas&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Gossage%2C+Carolyn&rft.au=Wright%2C+Wendy+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryoffrankfu0000weid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AJerman" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Searle, John (1987). 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Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">17 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Guide+to+German+Hams+and+Sausages&rft.pub=German+Foods+North+America&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.germanfoods.org%2Fconsumer%2Ffacts%2Fguidetoham.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AJerman" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120121061337/http://www.fao.org/organicag/display/work/display_2.asp?country=DEU&lang=en&disp=summaries">"Germany Country Profiles for Organic Agriculture"</a>. Food and Agriculture Organization. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/organicag/display/work/display_2.asp?country=DEU&lang=en&disp=summaries">versi asli</a> tanggal 2012-01-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Germany+Country+Profiles+for+Organic+Agriculture&rft.pub=Food+and+Agriculture+Organization&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fao.org%2Forganicag%2Fdisplay%2Fwork%2Fdisplay_2.asp%3Fcountry%3DDEU%26lang%3Den%26disp%3Dsummaries&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AJerman" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Schneibel, Gerhard (23 April 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dw.de/dw/article/0,,5489225,00.html">"Brewers not worried by beer consumption drop"</a>. <i>Deutsche Welle</i>. Bonn. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230215075217/https://www.dw.com/en/brewers-not-worried-by-beer-consumption-drop/a-5489225">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2023-02-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">6 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Deutsche+Welle&rft.atitle=Brewers+not+worried+by+beer+consumption+drop&rft.date=2010-04-23&rft.au=Schneibel%2C+Gerhard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.de%2Fdw%2Farticle%2F0%2C%2C5489225%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AJerman" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151117021928/http://in.reuters.com/article/2007/11/14/us-germany-food-idINL1447732320071114">"German cuisine beats Italy, Spain in gourmet stars"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>. 28 March 2011. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://in.reuters.com/article/2007/11/14/us-germany-food-idINL1447732320071114">versi asli</a> tanggal 2015-11-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">19 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=German+cuisine+beats+Italy%2C+Spain+in+gourmet+stars&rft.date=2011-03-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fin.reuters.com%2Farticle%2F2007%2F11%2F14%2Fus-germany-food-idINL1447732320071114&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AJerman" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sports-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sports_114-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sports_114-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sports_114-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110430172943/http://www.germany.info/relaunch/culture/life/sports.html">"Germany Info: Culture & Life: Sports"</a>. Germany Embassy in Washington, D.C. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.germany.info/relaunch/culture/life/sports.html">versi asli</a> tanggal 2011-04-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Germany+Info%3A+Culture+%26+Life%3A+Sports&rft.pub=Germany+Embassy+in+Washington%2C+D.C&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.germany.info%2Frelaunch%2Fculture%2Flife%2Fsports.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AJerman" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Ornstein, David (23 October 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/sport/2006/oct/23/formulaone.sport">"What we will miss about Michael Schumacher"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. UK. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130723220324/http://www.guardian.co.uk/sport/2006/oct/23/formulaone.sport">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2013-07-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">19 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=What+we+will+miss+about+Michael+Schumacher&rft.date=2006-10-23&rft.aulast=Ornstein&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.guardian.co.uk%2Fsport%2F2006%2Foct%2F23%2Fformulaone.sport&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AJerman" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.olympic.org/medallists-results?athletename=&category=343488&games=1333952&sport=&event=&mengender=false&womengender=false&mixedgender=false&teamclassification=false&individualclassification=false&continent=&country=&goldmedal=true&silvermedal=true&bronzemedal=true&worldrecord=false&olympicrecord=false&targetresults=true">"Beijing 2008 Medal Table"</a>. International Olympic Committee. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130724023924/http://www.olympic.org/medallists-results?athletename=&category=343488&games=1333952&sport=&event=&mengender=false&womengender=false&mixedgender=false&teamclassification=false&individualclassification=false&continent=&country=&goldmedal=true&silvermedal=true&bronzemedal=true&worldrecord=false&olympicrecord=false&targetresults=true">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2013-07-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">19 Maret</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Beijing+2008+Medal+Table&rft.pub=International+Olympic+Committee&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.olympic.org%2Fmedallists-results%3Fathletename%3D%26category%3D343488%26games%3D1333952%26sport%3D%26event%3D%26mengender%3Dfalse%26womengender%3Dfalse%26mixedgender%3Dfalse%26teamclassification%3Dfalse%26individualclassification%3Dfalse%26continent%3D%26country%3D%26goldmedal%3Dtrue%26silvermedal%3Dtrue%26bronzemedal%3Dtrue%26worldrecord%3Dfalse%26olympicrecord%3Dfalse%26targetresults%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AJerman" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.olympic.org/medallists-results?athletename=&category=343486&games=1334152&sport=&event=&mengender=false&womengender=false&mixedgender=false&teamclassification=false&individualclassification=false&continent=&country=&goldmedal=true&silvermedal=true&bronzemedal=true&worldrecord=false&olympicrecord=false&targetresults=true&sortorder=medal&sortorder=country">"Turin 2006 Medal Table"</a>. International Olympic Committee. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130724023929/http://www.olympic.org/medallists-results?athletename=&category=343486&games=1334152&sport=&event=&mengender=false&womengender=false&mixedgender=false&teamclassification=false&individualclassification=false&continent=&country=&goldmedal=true&silvermedal=true&bronzemedal=true&worldrecord=false&olympicrecord=false&targetresults=true&sortorder=medal&sortorder=country">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2013-07-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">19 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Turin+2006+Medal+Table&rft.pub=International+Olympic+Committee&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.olympic.org%2Fmedallists-results%3Fathletename%3D%26category%3D343486%26games%3D1334152%26sport%3D%26event%3D%26mengender%3Dfalse%26womengender%3Dfalse%26mixedgender%3Dfalse%26teamclassification%3Dfalse%26individualclassification%3Dfalse%26continent%3D%26country%3D%26goldmedal%3Dtrue%26silvermedal%3Dtrue%26bronzemedal%3Dtrue%26worldrecord%3Dfalse%26olympicrecord%3Dfalse%26targetresults%3Dtrue%26sortorder%3Dmedal%26sortorder%3Dcountry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AJerman" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol><p><br /><span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="id" dir="ltr">Kesalahan pengutipan: Ditemukan tag <code><ref></code> untuk kelompok bernama "lower-alpha", tapi tidak ditemukan tag <code><references group="lower-alpha"/></code> yang berkaitan</span></p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Diperoleh dari "<a dir="ltr" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jerman&oldid=26381207">https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jerman&oldid=26381207</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Daftar_kategori" title="Istimewa:Daftar kategori">Kategori</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Jerman" title="Kategori:Jerman">Jerman</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Negara_di_Eropa_Tengah" title="Kategori:Negara di Eropa Tengah">Negara di Eropa Tengah</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Negara_G8" title="Kategori:Negara G8">Negara G8</a></li><li><a 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EMU</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Artikel_Wikipedia_dengan_penanda_LCCN" title="Kategori:Artikel Wikipedia dengan penanda LCCN">Artikel Wikipedia dengan penanda LCCN</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Artikel_Wikipedia_dengan_penanda_NDL" title="Kategori:Artikel Wikipedia dengan penanda NDL">Artikel Wikipedia dengan penanda NDL</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Artikel_Wikipedia_dengan_penanda_NKC" title="Kategori:Artikel Wikipedia dengan penanda NKC">Artikel Wikipedia dengan penanda NKC</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Artikel_Wikipedia_dengan_penanda_NLI" title="Kategori:Artikel Wikipedia dengan penanda NLI">Artikel Wikipedia dengan penanda NLI</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Artikel_Wikipedia_dengan_kesalahan_penanda_NLK_identifiers" title="Kategori:Artikel Wikipedia dengan kesalahan penanda NLK identifiers">Artikel Wikipedia dengan kesalahan penanda NLK identifiers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Artikel_Wikipedia_dengan_penanda_KULTURNAV" title="Kategori:Artikel Wikipedia dengan penanda KULTURNAV">Artikel Wikipedia dengan penanda KULTURNAV</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Artikel_Wikipedia_dengan_penanda_FAST" title="Kategori:Artikel Wikipedia dengan penanda FAST">Artikel Wikipedia dengan penanda FAST</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Artikel_Wikipedia_dengan_penanda_HDS" title="Kategori:Artikel Wikipedia dengan penanda HDS">Artikel Wikipedia dengan penanda HDS</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Artikel_Wikipedia_dengan_penanda_MusicBrainz_area" title="Kategori:Artikel Wikipedia dengan penanda MusicBrainz area">Artikel Wikipedia dengan penanda MusicBrainz area</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Artikel_Wikipedia_dengan_penanda_NARA" title="Kategori:Artikel Wikipedia dengan penanda NARA">Artikel Wikipedia dengan penanda NARA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Artikel_Wikipedia_dengan_penanda_RERO" title="Kategori:Artikel Wikipedia dengan penanda RERO">Artikel Wikipedia dengan penanda RERO</a></li><li><a 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referensi">Halaman dengan kesalahan referensi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Halaman_dengan_rujukan_yang_menggunakan_parameter_yang_tidak_didukung" title="Kategori:Halaman dengan rujukan yang menggunakan parameter yang tidak didukung">Halaman dengan rujukan yang menggunakan parameter yang tidak didukung</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:CS1_sumber_berbahasa_Jerman_(de)" title="Kategori:CS1 sumber berbahasa Jerman (de)">CS1 sumber berbahasa Jerman (de)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:CS1_sumber_berbahasa_Inggris_(en)" title="Kategori:CS1 sumber berbahasa Inggris (en)">CS1 sumber berbahasa Inggris (en)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Artikel_dengan_pranala_luar_nonaktif" title="Kategori:Artikel dengan pranala luar nonaktif">Artikel dengan pranala luar nonaktif</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Artikel_dengan_pranala_luar_nonaktif_permanen" title="Kategori:Artikel dengan pranala luar nonaktif permanen">Artikel dengan pranala luar nonaktif permanen</a></li><li><a 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