Gale | Open Access Content

<!doctype html> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge" /> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" /> <title>Gale | Open Access Content</title> <meta name="description" content="From the trending topics to classic literature, Gale resources have you covered. Explore overviews, statistics, essay topics, and more, drawn from Gale’s authoritative library databases, archives, and eBooks. Cite these sources and call it done or log in through your library to find even more and have access to research tools and features that help you bring your A-game to every assignment."/> <link rel="canonical" href="/open-access"/> <meta property="og:title" content="Gale | Open Access Content"/> <meta property="og:type" content="website"/> <meta property="og:description" content="From the trending topics to classic literature, Gale resources have you covered. Explore overviews, statistics, essay topics, and more, drawn from Gale’s authoritative library databases, archives, and eBooks. Cite these sources and call it done or log in through your library to find even more and have access to research tools and features that help you bring your A-game to every assignment."/> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"/> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Gale | Open Access Content"/> <meta name="twitter:description" content="From the trending topics to classic literature, Gale resources have you covered. Explore overviews, statistics, essay topics, and more, drawn from Gale’s authoritative library databases, archives, and eBooks. Cite these sources and call it done or log in through your library to find even more and have access to research tools and features that help you bring your A-game to every assignment."/> <meta name="robots" content="index,follow"/> <link href="/webfiles/1729675621577/gen/gale/css/main.css" rel="stylesheet"/> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="//cdn.cengage.com/libs/bootstrap/img/favicon.png" type="image/x-icon" /> <script src="/webfiles/1729675621577/gen/gale/js/modernizr-custom.js"></script>  <link hreflang="en-au" rel="alternate" href="https://www.gale.com/intl/open-access"/> <link hreflang="en-gb" rel="alternate" href="https://www.gale.com/intl/open-access"/> <link hreflang="en-ca" rel="alternate" href="https://www.gale.com/open-access"/> <link hreflang="en-us" rel="alternate" href="https://www.gale.com/open-access"/>  <script>(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-MCRG9V');</script>  <script id="globalLabels" type="application/json"> { "global.loader.loading.first.label": "loading...", "global.loader.loading.second.label": "Thank you for your patience. Still loading...", "global.loader.loading.third.label": "Sorry for the delay. This is taking longer than expected." } </script><div id="gale-global-loader"> <div> <span aria-label="Loading" color="#3942B0" role="img" class="css-1074t46"></span> <p id="gale-global-loader-message"></p> </div> </div> <style> #gale-global-loader { position: fixed; top: 0; left: 0; right: 0; bottom: 0; background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.7); z-index: 9999; display: none; justify-content: center; align-items: center; } .css-1074t46 { animation: 0.75s linear 0s infinite normal none running spinner-border; border-width: 2px; border-style: solid; border-color: white transparent white white; border-image: initial; border-radius: 50%; display: inline-block; height: 48px; width: 48px; margin: auto; display: block; } #gale-global-loader p { color: white; margin-top: 24px; font-size: 12px; font-family: monospace; } @keyframes spinner-border { 100% { transform: rotate(360deg); } } </style></head> <body> <div data-catalog="pages_en_us" data-item-name="Gale Open Access Content" data-item-id="291ca351-35b0-4e9d-884b-22d6b4f0d619" style="display:none;" id="brsm-data"> </div>  <noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-MCRG9V" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript>  <script src="/webfiles/1729675621577/gen/gale/js/shared.js"></script> <script src="/webfiles/1729675621577/gen/gale/js/init.js" charset="utf-8"></script>   <header class="c-header" data-component="header-component" > <a class="c-header__logo" data-component="header-logo" href="https://www.gale.com"> <img class="c-header__logo-image" src="/binaries/content/gallery/header/gale-logo-19-07-22.png?ts=21022025" alt="Gale - A Cengage Company" width="200" height="60"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="206" height="70" viewBox="0 0 206 70"> <clipPath id="logo-clip-mask"> <path d="M0,0 L0,66 C86.5,66 132.6,66 138.3,66 C146.7,66 152.9,59.7 152.9,59.7 C158.4,53.7 193.8,8.9 196.7,5.5 C199,2.9 202.1,1 206,0 L0,0 Z"></path> </clipPath> </svg> </a> <div class="c-header__top-items" data-component="search-box-parent"> <div class="c-header__top-item is-search" data-component="search-button"> <button class="c-header__top-button"> <span class="sr-only">Search Button</span> <span class="icon icon-search" aria-hidden="true"></span> </button> </div> <div class="c-header__top-item is-menu" data-component="menu"> <button class="c-header__top-button hamburger hamburger--squeeze" data-component="hamburger-button" type="button" aria-label="Menu" aria-controls="navigation"> <span class="hamburger-box"> <span class="hamburger-inner"></span> </span> </button> </div> <div class="c-header__search-box c-search-box c-search-box--mobile" data-suggest-api="https://suggest.dxpapi.com/api/v2/suggest/?account_id=6454&auth_key=kx3j8og1xe50q9ph&request_id=1234567890099&url=www.gale.com&ref_url=www.gale.com&catalog_views=gale&domain_key=gale" data-component="search-box" aria-expanded="false" data-is-active="false"> <div class="c-search-box__small-logo"> <img src="data:image/png;base64,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" alt="Logos" width="66" height="20"> </div> <div class="c-search-box__field"> <form autocomplete="off" method="get" action="/s" novalidate> <input class="c-search-box__input" type="search" name="q" placeholder="Search" autocomplete="off" data-component="search-input"> </form> <div class="c-search-box__suggest-panel" data-component="suggest-panel"> <div class="c-search-box__suggest-panel-tabs"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="c-header__main-nav main-nav" data-component="main-nav" aria-expanded="false" role="navigation" data-is-active="false"> <ul class="main-nav__menu"> <li class="main-nav__menu-item" data-is-active="false"> <div class="main-nav__section"> <span class="main-nav__section-text">About</span> <span class="main-nav__section-icon icon icon-angle-down" aria-hidden="true"></span> </div> <ul class="main-nav__submenu" aria-expanded="false" data-is-active="false"> <li class="main-nav__submenu-item main-nav__submenu-item--max-height"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-section" href="https://www.gale.com/about" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="About > About Gale">About Gale</a> <ul class="main-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="main-nav__submenu-list-item"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-list-link" href="https://blog.gale.com" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="About > About Gale > Blog">Blog</a> </li> <li class="main-nav__submenu-list-item"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-list-link" href="/newsroom" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="About > About Gale > Press Center">Press Center</a> </li> <li class="main-nav__submenu-list-item"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-list-link" href="https://www.gale.com/subscribe" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="About > About Gale > Subscribe">Subscribe</a> </li> <li class="main-nav__submenu-list-item"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-list-link" href="https://www.gale.com/open-access" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="About > About Gale > Get Open Access">Get Open Access</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="main-nav__submenu-item main-nav__submenu-item--max-height"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-section" href="https://www.gale.com/academic" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="About > Academic Institutions">Academic Institutions</a> <ul class="main-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="main-nav__submenu-list-item"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-list-link" href="https://www.gale.com/primary-sources/digital-scholar-lab" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="About > Academic Institutions > Digital Scholar Lab">Digital Scholar Lab</a> </li> <li class="main-nav__submenu-list-item"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-list-link" href="https://www.gale.com/gale-research-complete" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="About > Academic Institutions > Gale Research Complete">Gale Research Complete</a> </li> <li class="main-nav__submenu-list-item"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-list-link" href="https://www.gale.com/primary-sources" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="About > Academic Institutions > Primary Sources">Primary Sources</a> </li> <li class="main-nav__submenu-list-item"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-list-link" href="https://www.gale.com/primary-sources/gale-research-showcase" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="About > Academic Institutions > Gale Research Showcase">Gale Research Showcase</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="main-nav__submenu-item main-nav__submenu-item--max-height"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-section" href="https://www.gale.com/schools" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="About > School Educators">School Educators</a> <ul class="main-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="main-nav__submenu-list-item"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-list-link" href="https://www.gale.com//schools/classroom" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="About > School Educators > Classroom Learning Essentials">Classroom Learning Essentials</a> </li> <li class="main-nav__submenu-list-item"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-list-link" href="https://www.gale.com/databases/gale-in-context/english-language-arts" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="About > School Educators > English Language Arts">English Language Arts</a> </li> <li class="main-nav__submenu-list-item"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-list-link" href="https://www.gale.com/databases/gale-in-context/social-studies" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="About > School Educators > Social Studies">Social Studies</a> </li> <li class="main-nav__submenu-list-item"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-list-link" href="https://www.gale.com/ebooks/schools/professional-development" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="About > School Educators > Professional Learning">Professional Learning</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="main-nav__submenu-item main-nav__submenu-item--max-height"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-section" href="https://www.gale.com/public" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="About > Public Libraries">Public Libraries</a> <ul class="main-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="main-nav__submenu-list-item"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-list-link" href="https://www.gale.com/public/adult-online-learning" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="About > Public Libraries > Adult Online Learning">Adult Online Learning</a> </li> <li class="main-nav__submenu-list-item"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-list-link" href="https://www.gale.com/databases/gale-business" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="About > Public Libraries > Business">Business</a> </li> <li class="main-nav__submenu-list-item"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-list-link" href="https://www.gale.com/kindergarten-readiness" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="About > Public Libraries > Kindergarten Readiness">Kindergarten Readiness</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="main-nav__submenu-item main-nav__submenu-item--max-height"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-section" href="#" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="About > Other">Other</a> <ul class="main-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="main-nav__submenu-list-item"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-list-link" href="https://www.gale.com/thorndike" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="About > Other > Thorndike Press">Thorndike Press</a> </li> <li class="main-nav__submenu-list-item"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-list-link" href="https://www.gale.com/statewide-programs" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="About > Other > Statewide Programs">Statewide Programs</a> </li> <li class="main-nav__submenu-list-item"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-list-link" href="https://www.gale.com/special" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="About > Other > Special Libraries">Special Libraries</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="main-nav__menu-item" data-is-active="false"> <div class="main-nav__section"> <span class="main-nav__section-text">Products</span> <span class="main-nav__section-icon icon icon-angle-down" aria-hidden="true"></span> </div> <ul class="main-nav__submenu" aria-expanded="false" data-is-active="false"> <li class="main-nav__submenu-item main-nav__submenu-item--max-height"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-section" href="https://www.gale.com/databases" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="Products > Databases">Databases</a> <ul class="main-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="main-nav__submenu-list-item"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-list-link" href="https://www.gale.com/databases/gale-in-context" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="Products > Databases > Gale In Context">Gale In Context</a> </li> <li class="main-nav__submenu-list-item"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-list-link" href="https://www.gale.com/gale-research-complete" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="Products > Databases > Gale Research Complete">Gale Research Complete</a> </li> <li class="main-nav__submenu-list-item"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-list-link" href="https://www.gale.com/c/academic-onefile" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="Products > Databases > Academic OneFile">Academic OneFile</a> </li> <li class="main-nav__submenu-list-item"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-list-link" href="https://www.gale.com/c/business-plan-builder-academic" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="Products > Databases > Gale Business: Plan Builder">Gale Business: Plan Builder</a> </li> <li class="main-nav__submenu-list-item"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-list-link" href="https://www.gale.com/c/chilton-library" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="Products > Databases > ChiltonLibrary">ChiltonLibrary</a> </li> <li class="main-nav__submenu-list-item"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-list-link" href="https://www.gale.com/s?result-type=products&keys=product-category___databases" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="Products > Databases > View All">View All</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="main-nav__submenu-item main-nav__submenu-item--max-height"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-section" href="https://www.gale.com/primary-sources" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="Products > Primary Sources">Primary Sources</a> <ul class="main-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="main-nav__submenu-list-item"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-list-link" href="https://www.gale.com/gale-accelerate" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="Products > Primary Sources > Gale Accelerate">Gale Accelerate</a> </li> <li class="main-nav__submenu-list-item"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-list-link" href="https://www.gale.com/primary-sources/digital-scholar-lab" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="Products > Primary Sources > Gale Digital Scholar Lab">Gale Digital Scholar Lab</a> </li> <li class="main-nav__submenu-list-item"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-list-link" href="https://www.gale.com/primary-sources/womens-studies" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="Products > Primary Sources > Women's Studies Archive">Women's Studies Archive</a> </li> <li class="main-nav__submenu-list-item"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-list-link" href="https://www.gale.com/primary-sources/political-extremism-and-radicalism" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="Products > Primary Sources > Political Extremism and Radicalism">Political Extremism and Radicalism</a> </li> <li class="main-nav__submenu-list-item"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-list-link" href="https://www.gale.com/s?result-type=products&keys=product-category___primary-sources" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="Products > Primary Sources > View All">View All</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="main-nav__submenu-item main-nav__submenu-item--max-height"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-section" href="https://www.gale.com/ebooks" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="Products > eBooks & Print">eBooks & Print</a> <ul class="main-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="main-nav__submenu-list-item"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-list-link" href="https://www.gale.com/ebooks/academic" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="Products > eBooks & Print > Academic Institutions">Academic Institutions</a> </li> <li class="main-nav__submenu-list-item"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-list-link" href="https://www.gale.com/ebooks/schools" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="Products > eBooks & Print > School Educators">School Educators</a> </li> <li class="main-nav__submenu-list-item"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-list-link" href="https://www.gale.com/ebooks/public" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="Products > eBooks & Print > Public Libraries">Public Libraries</a> </li> <li class="main-nav__submenu-list-item"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-list-link" href="https://www.gale.com/s?result-type=ebooks&mediaType=Print" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="Products > eBooks & Print > Print Reference">Print Reference</a> </li> <li class="main-nav__submenu-list-item"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-list-link" href="https://www.gale.com/s?result-type=ebooks" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="Products > eBooks & Print > View All">View All</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="main-nav__submenu-item main-nav__submenu-item--max-height"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-section" href="https://www.gale.com/elearning" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="Products > eLearning">eLearning</a> <ul class="main-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="main-nav__submenu-list-item"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-list-link" href="https://www.gale.com/elearning/excel-adult-high-school" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="Products > eLearning > Excel Adult High School">Excel Adult High School</a> </li> <li class="main-nav__submenu-list-item"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-list-link" href="https://www.gale.com/elearning/petersons-test-and-career-suite" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="Products > eLearning > Peterson's Test and Career Prep">Peterson's Test and Career Prep</a> </li> <li class="main-nav__submenu-list-item"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-list-link" href="https://www.gale.com/elearning/miss-humblebees-academy/public" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="Products > eLearning > Miss Humblebee's Academy">Miss Humblebee's Academy</a> </li> <li class="main-nav__submenu-list-item"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-list-link" href="https://www.gale.com/public/adult-online-learning" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="Products > eLearning > Adult Learning Suite">Adult Learning Suite</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="main-nav__menu-item" data-is-active="false"> <div class="main-nav__section"> <span class="main-nav__section-text">Subjects</span> <span class="main-nav__section-icon icon icon-angle-down" aria-hidden="true"></span> </div> <ul class="main-nav__submenu" aria-expanded="false" data-is-active="false"> <li class="main-nav__submenu-item main-nav__submenu-item--max-height"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-section" href="https://www.gale.com/business-industry-and-finance" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="Subjects > Business Industry & Finance">Business Industry & Finance</a> <ul class="main-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="main-nav__submenu-list-item"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-list-link" href="https://www.gale.com/careers-and-occupations" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="Subjects > Business Industry & Finance > Careers and Occupations">Careers and Occupations</a> </li> <li class="main-nav__submenu-list-item"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-list-link" href="https://www.gale.com/economics" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="Subjects > Business Industry & Finance > Economics">Economics</a> </li> <li class="main-nav__submenu-list-item"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-list-link" href="https://www.gale.com/finance" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="Subjects > Business Industry & Finance > Finance">Finance</a> </li> <li class="main-nav__submenu-list-item"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-list-link" href="https://www.gale.com/industries-and-companies" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="Subjects > Business Industry & Finance > Industries and Companies">Industries and Companies</a> </li> <li class="main-nav__submenu-list-item"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-list-link" href="https://www.gale.com/marketing" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="Subjects > Business Industry & Finance > Marketing">Marketing</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="main-nav__submenu-item main-nav__submenu-item--max-height"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-section" href="https://www.gale.com/education" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="Subjects > Education">Education</a> <ul class="main-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="main-nav__submenu-list-item"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-list-link" href="https://www.gale.com/educational-methods-and-issues" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="Subjects > Education > Educational Method & Issues">Educational Method & Issues</a> </li> <li class="main-nav__submenu-list-item"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-list-link" href="/higher-education" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="Subjects > Education > Higher Education">Higher Education</a> </li> <li class="main-nav__submenu-list-item"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-list-link" href="https://www.gale.com/instructional-content" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="Subjects > Education > Instructional Content">Instructional Content</a> </li> <li class="main-nav__submenu-list-item"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-list-link" href="https://www.gale.com/library-and-information-science" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="Subjects > Education > Library and Information Science">Library and Information Science</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="main-nav__submenu-item main-nav__submenu-item--max-height"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-section" href="https://www.gale.com/health-and-medicine" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="Subjects > Heath & Medicine">Heath & Medicine</a> <ul class="main-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="main-nav__submenu-list-item"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-list-link" href="/health-care" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="Subjects > Heath & Medicine > Health Care">Health Care</a> </li> <li class="main-nav__submenu-list-item"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-list-link" href="/human-anatomy" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="Subjects > Heath & Medicine > Human Anatomy">Human Anatomy</a> </li> <li class="main-nav__submenu-list-item"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-list-link" href="/medical-science-and-research" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="Subjects > Heath & Medicine > Medical Science and Research">Medical Science and Research</a> </li> <li class="main-nav__submenu-list-item"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-list-link" href="/wellness" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="Subjects > Heath & Medicine > Wellness">Wellness</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="main-nav__submenu-item main-nav__submenu-item--max-height"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-section" href="https://www.gale.com/history" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="Subjects > History">History</a> <ul class="main-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="main-nav__submenu-list-item"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-list-link" href="https://www.gale.com/biography" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="Subjects > History > Biography">Biography</a> </li> <li class="main-nav__submenu-list-item"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-list-link" href="https://www.gale.com/british-history" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="Subjects > History > British History">British History</a> </li> <li class="main-nav__submenu-list-item"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-list-link" href="https://www.gale.com/canadian-history" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="Subjects > History > Canadian History">Canadian History</a> </li> <li class="main-nav__submenu-list-item"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-list-link" href="https://www.gale.com/legal-history" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="Subjects > History > Legal History">Legal History</a> </li> <li class="main-nav__submenu-list-item"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-list-link" href="https://www.gale.com/military-history" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="Subjects > History > Military History">Military History</a> </li> <li class="main-nav__submenu-list-item"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-list-link" href="https://www.gale.com/native-american-history" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="Subjects > History > Native American History">Native American History</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="main-nav__submenu-item main-nav__submenu-item--max-height"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-section" href="https://www.gale.com/humanities-and-social-sciences" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="Subjects > Humanities & Social Sciences">Humanities & Social Sciences</a> <ul class="main-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="main-nav__submenu-list-item"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-list-link" href="https://www.gale.com/communication-studies" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="Subjects > Humanities & Social Sciences > Communication Studies">Communication Studies</a> </li> <li class="main-nav__submenu-list-item"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-list-link" href="https://www.gale.com/criminal-justice" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="Subjects > Humanities & Social Sciences > Criminal Justice">Criminal Justice</a> </li> <li class="main-nav__submenu-list-item"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-list-link" href="https://www.gale.com/current-issues" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="Subjects > Humanities & Social Sciences > Current Issues">Current Issues</a> </li> <li class="main-nav__submenu-list-item"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-list-link" href="https://www.gale.com/environmental-studies" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="Subjects > Humanities & Social Sciences > Environmental Studies">Environmental Studies</a> </li> <li class="main-nav__submenu-list-item"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-list-link" href="https://www.gale.com/gender-and-womens-studies" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="Subjects > Humanities & Social Sciences > Gender and Women’s Studies">Gender and Women’s Studies</a> </li> <li class="main-nav__submenu-list-item"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-list-link" href="https://www.gale.com/international-relations" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="Subjects > Humanities & Social Sciences > International Relations">International Relations</a> </li> <li class="main-nav__submenu-list-item"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-list-link" href="https://www.gale.com/multicultural-and-regional-studies" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="Subjects > Humanities & Social Sciences > Multicultural/Regional Studies">Multicultural/Regional Studies</a> </li> <li class="main-nav__submenu-list-item"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-list-link" href="https://www.gale.com/philosophy" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="Subjects > Humanities & Social Sciences > Philosophy">Philosophy</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="main-nav__submenu-item main-nav__submenu-item--max-height"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-section" href="https://www.gale.com/interests-and-hobbies" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="Subjects > Interests & Hobbies">Interests & Hobbies</a> <ul class="main-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="main-nav__submenu-list-item"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-list-link" href="https://www.gale.com/antiques" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="Subjects > Interests & Hobbies > Antiques">Antiques</a> </li> <li class="main-nav__submenu-list-item"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-list-link" href="https://www.gale.com/arts-and-crafts" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="Subjects > Interests & Hobbies > Arts & Crafts">Arts & Crafts</a> </li> <li class="main-nav__submenu-list-item"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-list-link" href="https://www.gale.com/automotive-repair" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="Subjects > Interests & Hobbies > Automotive Repair">Automotive Repair</a> </li> <li class="main-nav__submenu-list-item"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-list-link" href="https://www.gale.com/culinary-arts" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="Subjects > Interests & Hobbies > Culinary Arts">Culinary Arts</a> </li> <li class="main-nav__submenu-list-item"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-list-link" href="https://www.gale.com/gardening-and-horticulture" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="Subjects > Interests & Hobbies > Gardening & Horticulture">Gardening & Horticulture</a> </li> <li class="main-nav__submenu-list-item"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-list-link" href="https://www.gale.com/home-improvement" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="Subjects > Interests & Hobbies > Home Improvement">Home Improvement</a> </li> <li class="main-nav__submenu-list-item"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-list-link" href="https://www.gale.com/sports-and-recreation" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="Subjects > Interests & Hobbies > Sports & Recreation">Sports & Recreation</a> </li> <li class="main-nav__submenu-list-item"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-list-link" href="https://www.gale.com/teen-interest-and-issues" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="Subjects > Interests & Hobbies > Teen Interest & Issues">Teen Interest & Issues</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="main-nav__submenu-item main-nav__submenu-item--max-height"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-section" href="https://www.gale.com/legal-studies" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="Subjects > Legal Studies">Legal Studies</a> <ul class="main-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="main-nav__submenu-list-item"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-list-link" href="https://www.gale.com/criminal-justice-resources" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="Subjects > Legal Studies > Criminal Justice">Criminal Justice</a> </li> <li class="main-nav__submenu-list-item"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-list-link" href="https://www.gale.com/law" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="Subjects > Legal Studies > Law">Law</a> </li> <li class="main-nav__submenu-list-item"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-list-link" href="https://www.gale.com/legal-issues" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="Subjects > Legal Studies > Legal Issues">Legal Issues</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="main-nav__submenu-item main-nav__submenu-item--max-height"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-section" href="https://www.gale.com/literature" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="Subjects > Literature">Literature</a> <ul class="main-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="main-nav__submenu-list-item"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-list-link" href="https://www.gale.com/american-literature" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="Subjects > Literature > American Literature">American Literature</a> </li> <li class="main-nav__submenu-list-item"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-list-link" href="https://www.gale.com/authors" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="Subjects > Literature > Authors">Authors</a> </li> <li class="main-nav__submenu-list-item"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-list-link" href="https://www.gale.com/bibliography" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="Subjects > Literature > Bibliography">Bibliography</a> </li> <li class="main-nav__submenu-list-item"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-list-link" href="https://www.gale.com/british-literature" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="Subjects > Literature > British Literature">British Literature</a> </li> <li class="main-nav__submenu-list-item"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-list-link" href="https://www.gale.com/world-literature" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="Subjects > Literature > World Literature">World Literature</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="main-nav__submenu-item main-nav__submenu-item--max-height"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-section" href="https://www.gale.com/science-and-technology" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="Subjects > Science & Technology">Science & Technology</a> <ul class="main-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="main-nav__submenu-list-item"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-list-link" href="https://www.gale.com/agriculture" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="Subjects > Science & Technology > Agriculture">Agriculture</a> </li> <li class="main-nav__submenu-list-item"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-list-link" href="https://www.gale.com/astronomy" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="Subjects > Science & Technology > Astronomy">Astronomy</a> </li> <li class="main-nav__submenu-list-item"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-list-link" href="https://www.gale.com/chemistry-resources" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="Subjects > Science & Technology > Chemistry">Chemistry</a> </li> <li class="main-nav__submenu-list-item"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-list-link" href="https://www.gale.com/computing-and-information-science" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="Subjects > Science & Technology > Computing and Information">Computing and Information</a> </li> <li class="main-nav__submenu-list-item"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-list-link" href="https://www.gale.com/earth-science" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="Subjects > Science & Technology > Earth Science">Earth Science</a> </li> <li class="main-nav__submenu-list-item"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-list-link" href="https://www.gale.com/history-of-science-and-technology" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="Subjects > Science & Technology > History of Science and Technology">History of Science and Technology</a> </li> <li class="main-nav__submenu-list-item"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-list-link" href="https://www.gale.com/mathematics" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="Subjects > Science & Technology > Mathematics">Mathematics</a> </li> <li class="main-nav__submenu-list-item"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-list-link" href="https://www.gale.com/nanotechnology" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="Subjects > Science & Technology > Nanotechnology">Nanotechnology</a> </li> <li class="main-nav__submenu-list-item"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-list-link" href="https://www.gale.com/physics" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="Subjects > Science & Technology > Physics">Physics</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="main-nav__menu-item" data-is-active="false"> <div class="main-nav__section"> <span class="main-nav__section-text">Support</span> <span class="main-nav__section-icon icon icon-angle-down" aria-hidden="true"></span> </div> <ul class="main-nav__submenu" aria-expanded="false" data-is-active="false"> <li class="main-nav__submenu-item main-nav__submenu-item--max-height"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-section" href="#" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="Support > Resources">Resources</a> <ul class="main-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="main-nav__submenu-list-item"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-list-link" href="https://www.gale.com/accessibility" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="Support > Resources > Accessibility">Accessibility</a> </li> <li class="main-nav__submenu-list-item"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-list-link" href="https://www.gale.com//discovery-services" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="Support > Resources > Discovery">Discovery</a> </li> <li class="main-nav__submenu-list-item"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-list-link" href="https://support.gale.com/products" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="Support > Resources > Product Support">Product Support</a> </li> <li class="main-nav__submenu-list-item"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-list-link" href="https://support.gale.com/training" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="Support > Resources > Training Center">Training Center</a> </li> <li class="main-nav__submenu-list-item"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-list-link" href="https://support.gale.com/marketing" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="Support > Resources > Marketing Materials">Marketing Materials</a> </li> <li class="main-nav__submenu-list-item"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-list-link" href="https://www.gale.com/academic/outreach-engagement" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="Support > Resources > Academic Outreach & Engagement Team">Academic Outreach & Engagement Team</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="main-nav__submenu-item main-nav__submenu-item--max-height"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-section" href="#" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="Support > Customer Support">Customer Support</a> <ul class="main-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="main-nav__submenu-list-item"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-list-link" href="https://www.gale.com/help" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="Support > Customer Support > Request Support">Request Support</a> </li> <li class="main-nav__submenu-list-item"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-list-link" href="#" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="Support > Customer Support > Monday - Friday, 8am - 5pm EST">Monday - Friday, 8am - 5pm EST</a> </li> <li class="main-nav__submenu-list-item"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-list-link" href="#" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="Support > Customer Support > 800.877.4253, option 2">800.877.4253, option 2</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="main-nav__submenu-item main-nav__submenu-item--max-height"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-section" href="#" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="Support > Find Your Rep">Find Your Rep</a> <ul class="main-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="main-nav__submenu-list-item"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-list-link" href="https://www.cengage.com/repfinder/gale" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="Support > Find Your Rep > Gale Repfinder">Gale Repfinder</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <div class="main-nav__nav-utility-buttons" data-component="search-box-parent"> <div class="main-nav__nav-utility-button" > <a class="aButton aButton--secondary aButton--medium" href="https://myaccount.gale.com/auth/login?destinationUrl=http://www.gale.com/open-access" /> Sign In </a> <a class="aButton aButton--secondary aButton--medium aButton--outlined" href="https://myaccount.gale.com/p/registration" /> Register </a> </div> <div class="c-header__search-box c-search-box c-search-box--desktop" data-suggest-api="https://suggest.dxpapi.com/api/v2/suggest/?account_id=6454&auth_key=kx3j8og1xe50q9ph&request_id=1234567890099&url=www.gale.com&ref_url=www.gale.com&catalog_views=gale&domain_key=gale" data-component="search-box" aria-expanded="false" data-is-active="false"> <div class="c-search-box__small-logo"> <img src="data:image/png;base64,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" alt="Logos" width="66" height="20"> </div> <div class="c-search-box__field"> <form autocomplete="off" method="get" action="/s" novalidate> <input class="c-search-box__input" type="search" name="q" placeholder="Search" autocomplete="off" data-component="search-input"> <button class="c-search-box__icon-button" data-component="search-button"> <span class="c-search-box__icon-button-maginify" aria-hidden="true"> <svg width="20" height="20" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M12.266 12.266c1.053-1.054 1.58-2.322 1.58-3.804 0-1.483-.527-2.75-1.58-3.805-1.054-1.053-2.322-1.58-3.804-1.58-1.483 0-2.75.527-3.805 1.58-1.053 1.054-1.58 2.322-1.58 3.805 0 1.482.527 2.75 1.58 3.804 1.054 1.053 2.322 1.58 3.805 1.58 1.482 0 2.75-.527 3.804-1.58Zm7.29 5.114c.296.296.444.657.444 1.082 0 .416-.152.777-.457 1.081a1.478 1.478 0 0 1-1.081.457c-.433 0-.794-.152-1.082-.457l-4.123-4.11c-1.434.993-3.033 1.49-4.795 1.49a8.314 8.314 0 0 1-3.288-.667 8.46 8.46 0 0 1-2.704-1.803A8.46 8.46 0 0 1 .667 11.75 8.314 8.314 0 0 1 0 8.462C0 7.316.222 6.22.667 5.174A8.46 8.46 0 0 1 2.47 2.47 8.46 8.46 0 0 1 5.174.667 8.314 8.314 0 0 1 8.462 0c1.145 0 2.241.222 3.287.667a8.46 8.46 0 0 1 2.704 1.803 8.46 8.46 0 0 1 1.803 2.704 8.314 8.314 0 0 1 .667 3.288c0 1.762-.497 3.36-1.49 4.795l4.122 4.123Z"/> </svg> </span> </button> </form> <div class="c-search-box__suggest-panel" data-component="suggest-panel"> <div class="c-search-box__suggest-panel-tabs"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="main-nav__desktop-utility-panel" is-expanded="false" aria-expanded="false" data-component="login-panel"> <div class="main-nav__desktop-utility-panel-container"> <div class="main-nav__desktop-utility-panel-form-container"> <div class="main-nav__desktop-utility-panel-title"> Sign in to your Gale Account </div> </div> <div class="main-nav__desktop-utility-panel-helpers"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="main-nav__mobile-login-panel p-mobile-login-panel" is-active="false" data-component="mobile-login-panel"> <div class="p-mobile-login-panel__container container"> <a href="javascript:;" class="p-mobile-login-panel__cancel"> <i class="p-mobile-login-panel__cancel-icon fa fa-angle-left"></i> <span>Cancel</span> </a> <div class="p-mobile-login-panel__section p-mobile-login-panel__section--form"> <div class="p-mobile-login-panel__head"> <div class="p-mobile-login-panel__title"> Sign in to your Gale Account </div> </div> </div> <div class="p-mobile-login-panel__footer"> </div> </div> </div> </nav>  <div class="modal fade international-modal" id="InternationalModal" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" aria-labelledby=""> <div class="modal-dialog" role="document" style="max-width:480px"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="modal-body">    <h3>Welcome to Gale North America</h3>   <p>You appear to be visiting us from <a href="/intl">Singapore</a>.<br/><br/>Please head to Gale International site if you are located outside of North America. If you are located in the USA or Canada please visit the Gale North American site.</p> <div class="clearfix"> <div class="International-btn">         <a href="https://www.gale.com/intl/open-access" class="btn green-btn btn-block" onclick="window.setCookie('g-region','uk','www.gale.com','/',256); return true;"><small>Continue to</small><br> Gale International</a> <div class="small"></div>      </div> <div class="International-btn"> <a href="#x" data-dismiss="modal" class="btn green-btn green-btn--transparent btn-block" onclick="window.setCookie('g-region','us','www.gale.com','/',256); return true;"> <small>Stay at</small><br> Gale North America</a> <div class="small"></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div>  <div class="c-modal modal fade" id="modal-ecommerce-error" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" aria-labelledby="modal-ecommerce-error-label" aria-hidden="true"> <script id="commerceMessages" type="application/json"> { "label.addtocart.message.0": "Product(s) added to the cart successfully. See your <a href='https://myaccount.gale.com/cart'>Cart</a>", "label.addtocart.message.1": "Error adding to cart. Please try again or contact our Customer Experience team at 1-800-877-4253 or <a href='mailto:gale.customerexperience@cengage.com' >gale.customerexperience@cengage.com</a> for help completing your order.", "label.addtocart.message.2": "Invalid or Expired Token, please logout and login again.", "label.addtocart.message.3": "There is an issue adding the products selected to your cart or wish list. Please contact our customer experience team at 1-800-877-4253 or <a href='mailto:gale.customerexperience@cengage.com' >gale.customerexperience@cengage.com</a> for help completing your order.", "label.addtocart.message.4": "Only 100 products can be ordered at a time. Please create a new order for any additional products, or contact gale.customerexperience@cengage.com.", "label.addtocart.message.5": "Invalid StorefrontID or Empty StorefrontID", "label.addtocart.message.6": "There was an error adding these products to the cart, Invalid ISBN - %1", "label.addtocart.message.7": "Failed to add, Cannot add more than 20 items", "label.addtocart.message.8": "Session expired, please refresh the page and sign in again.", "label.addtocart.message.9": "There was an error adding these products to the cart - %1%2", "label.addtocart.message.10": "%1 Product(s) have been added to your cart but %2 have been backordered and will be fulfilled when stock is available %3. See your <a href='https://myaccount.gale.com/cart'>Cart</a>", "label.addtocart.message.11": "Products have been added to your cart but this %1 have been backordered and will be fulfilled when stock is available %2. See your <a href='https://myaccount.gale.com/cart'>Cart</a>", "label.addtocart.message.12": "Products weren't added to the cart, error on these products - %1%2", "label.addtocart.message.13": "You can't add more than 1000 products per order %1", "label.addtowishlist.message.0": "Product(s) added to the wish list successfully. See your <a href='https://myaccount.gale.com/wishlist'>Wish List</a>", "label.addtowishlist.message.1": "Error adding to wish list, please try again or contact our Customer Experience team at 1-800-877-4253 or <a href='mailto:gale.customerexperience@cengage.com' >gale.customerexperience@cengage.com</a> for help completing your order.", "label.addtowishlist.message.2": "Invalid or Expired Token, please logout and login again.", "label.addtowishlist.message.3": "There is an issue adding the products selected to your cart or wish list. Please contact our customer experience team at 1-800-877-4253 or <a href='mailto:gale.customerexperience@cengage.com' >gale.customerexperience@cengage.com</a> for help completing your order.", "label.addtowishlist.message.4": "???label.addtowishlist.message.4???", "label.addtowishlist.message.5": "Invalid StorefrontID or Empty StorefrontID", "label.addtowishlist.message.6": "There was an error adding these products to the wish list, Invalid ISBN - %1", "label.addtowishlist.message.7": "Failed to add, Cannot add more than 20 items", "label.addtowishlist.message.8": "Session expired, please refresh the page and sign in again.", "label.addtowishlist.message.9": "There was an error adding these products to the wish list - %1", "label.addtowishlist.message.10": "Product(s) added to the wish list successfully. See your <a href='https://myaccount.gale.com/wishlist'>Wish List</a>", "label.cartcount.message.0": "CartCount Success", "label.cartcount.message.1": "Error in SAP Service, please try again or contact our Customer Experience team at 1-800-877-4253 or <a href='mailto:gale.customerexperience@cengage.com' >gale.customerexperience@cengage.com</a> for help completing your order.", "label.cartcount.message.2": "Invalid GUID/ Empty GUID", "label.login.message.0": "Login success", "label.login.message.1": "Login Failed, invalid username or password.", "label.general.header": "ATTENTION" } </script> <div class="c-modal__dialog modal-dialog" role="document"> <div class="c-modal__content modal-content"> <div class="c-modal__header modal-header"> <h5 class="c-modal__title modal-title" id="modal-ecommerce-error-label"> Error </h5> <button type="button" class="c-modal__close" data-dismiss="modal" aria-label="Close"> <span class="sr-only"> Close Modal </span> <span class="c-modal__close-icon" aria-hidden="true">×</span> </button> </div> <div class="c-modal__body modal-body"> <div class="c-modal__description"></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <section class="jumbogale jumbogale--no-padding-bottom"> <div class="container">  <div class="simple-content-block" > <h1 style="text-align:center">Resources to Boost Your Research</h1> <p style="text-align:center">From trending topics to classic literature, Gale resources have you covered. Explore overviews, statistics, essay topics, and more from Gale’s authoritative library databases, archives, and eBooks. Cite these sources and call it done or log in through your library to find even more content. Plus, you can access research tools and features that help you bring your A-game to every assignment.</p> </div>  </div> </section> <section class="jumbogale jumbogale--no-padding-top jumbogale--no-padding-bottom"> <div class="container">  <!DOCTYPE HTML> <html> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Embedded Style Sheet</title> <style type="text/css"> a.green-btn{ font-size:16px; } @media only screen and (max-width:750px) { .green-btn { width: 100%; } a.green-btn{ font-size:13px; } } </style> </head> <body> <p style="text-align:center; "><a href="https://link.gale.com/apps/" class="btn green-btn" style="font-weight:normal; background-color:#d24204;border-color:#d24204;" data-wa-event-category="Button" data-wa-event-name="Navigate" data-wa-event-label="Access content from your library|Banner"> <i class="icon icon-bank " style="font-weight:normal"> </i> Access Through Your Library >></a> </p> </body> </html>  </div> </section> <section class="main-section gale-section main-section--no-padding-top main-section--no-padding-bottom"> <div class="container">  <div class="simple-content-block" > <div style="line-height:15%"> </div> <h5 style="text-align:center"><strong><a href="https://www.gale.com/open-access" style="color:#00496c">Topic Home</a>     |     <a href="https://www.gale.com/open-access#social-issues">Social Issues</a>     |     <a href="https://www.gale.com/open-access#literature">Literature</a>     |     <a href="https://www.gale.com/open-access#diy">Lifelong Learning & DIY</a>     |     <a href="https://www.gale.com/open-access#world-history">World History</a></strong></h5> </div>  </div> </section> <section class="main-section gale-section color-cell-white main-section--no-padding-bottom"> <div class="container">  <div class="simple-content-block" id="social-issues"> <h1>SOCIAL ISSUES</h1> <p>Social issues are topics or subjects that impact many people. They often reflect current events but also represent longstanding problems or disagreements that are difficult to solve. Beliefs, opinions, and viewpoints can be strong, and debate on these topics is a natural outcome of public discourse. In the United States, topics including gun control and immigration are important social issues. Globally, subjects including climate change, drug abuse, and women’s rights impact people around the world. Social issues are important research topics because they help people understand that there are many ways to think about and approach the same problem, and they teach essential critical thinking skills. The social issues represented here are consistently among the most searched topics in our library research databases. Explore the articles below to read overviews, examine statistics, and consider opinions on these important issues.</p> <p> </p> <h2>Featured Social Issues</h2> </div>  </div> </section> <section class="main-section gale-section color-cell-white main-section--no-padding-top main-section--no-padding-bottom"> <div class="container">  <div class="collection-table" > <div class="collection-table"> <table class="table table-4"> <tbody><tr> <td > <a href="https://www.gale.com/open-access/black-lives-matter" data-wa-event-category="PromoLink" data-wa-event-name="Navigate" data-wa-event-label="Black Lives Matter" > <picture>  <source media="(min-width: 900px)" srcset="/binaries/content/gallery/gale-us-en/banners/open-web/open-access_social-issues_blm.png/open-access_social-issues_blm.png/galewww%3Atile"/> <source media="(max-width: 480px)" srcset="/binaries/content/gallery/gale-us-en/banners/open-web/open-access_social-issues_blm.png/open-access_social-issues_blm.png/galewww%3Asmall"/> <source srcset="/binaries/content/gallery/gale-us-en/banners/open-web/open-access_social-issues_blm.png/open-access_social-issues_blm.png/galewww%3Atile"/>  <img alt="" class="img-responsive" width="100%" height="100%"> </picture> <h4 style="color:#000000;">Black Lives Matter</h4> <p>Black Lives Matter is an activist movement that protests racially motivated violence against Black people, especially by police. Read the overview below to gain an understanding of the movement and explore the previews of additional articles about racism.</p> <button class="btn btn-link">Read More »</button> </a> </td> <td > <a href="https://www.gale.com/open-access/global-warming" data-wa-event-category="PromoLink" data-wa-event-name="Navigate" data-wa-event-label="Global Warming" > <picture>  <source media="(min-width: 900px)" srcset="/binaries/content/gallery/gale-us-en/banners/open-web/open-access_social-issues_global-warming.gif/open-access_social-issues_global-warming.gif/galewww%3Atile"/> <source media="(max-width: 480px)" srcset="/binaries/content/gallery/gale-us-en/banners/open-web/open-access_social-issues_global-warming.gif/open-access_social-issues_global-warming.gif/galewww%3Asmall"/> <source srcset="/binaries/content/gallery/gale-us-en/banners/open-web/open-access_social-issues_global-warming.gif/open-access_social-issues_global-warming.gif/galewww%3Atile"/>  <img alt="" class="img-responsive" width="100%" height="100%"> </picture> <h4 style="color:#000000;">Global Warming</h4> <p>The predominance and causes of rising global temperatures continue to be debated. Access Gale resources to gain a balanced understanding of the issues and explore previews of opinion articles that highlight many perspectives on the response to global warming and climate change.</p> <button class="btn btn-link">Read More »</button> </a> </td> <td > <a href="https://www.gale.com/open-access/immigration" data-wa-event-category="PromoLink" data-wa-event-name="Navigate" data-wa-event-label="Immigration" > <picture>  <source media="(min-width: 900px)" srcset="/binaries/content/gallery/gale-us-en/banners/open-web/open-access_social-issues_immigration.gif/open-access_social-issues_immigration.gif/galewww%3Atile"/> <source media="(max-width: 480px)" srcset="/binaries/content/gallery/gale-us-en/banners/open-web/open-access_social-issues_immigration.gif/open-access_social-issues_immigration.gif/galewww%3Asmall"/> <source srcset="/binaries/content/gallery/gale-us-en/banners/open-web/open-access_social-issues_immigration.gif/open-access_social-issues_immigration.gif/galewww%3Atile"/>  <img alt="" class="img-responsive" width="100%" height="100%"> </picture> <h4 style="color:#000000;">Immigration</h4> <p>The global movement of people from one country to another introduces complex questions for governments, citizens, and immigrants. Access Gale resources to gain a balanced understanding of the issue and explore the previews of opinion articles that highlight many perspectives on immigration.</p> <button class="btn btn-link">Read More »</button> </a> </td> </tr></tbody> </table> </div> </div>  </div> </section> <section class="main-section gale-section color-cell-white main-section--no-padding-top main-section--no-padding-bottom"> <div class="container">  <div class="simple-content-block" > <p> </p> <h2>Additional Topics</h2> </div>  </div> </section> <section class="main-section gale-section color-cell-white main-section--no-padding-top"> <div class="container">  <!DOCTYPE HTML> <html> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Embedded Style Sheet</title> <style type="text/css"> .button_round { display: block; color: white; background-color: #0085ca; width: 250px; height: 40px; border-radius: 5px; padding-top:10px; float:left; margin-left: 25px; } .rollovericons a{ margin: 10px; } } .wrapper-div { horizontal-align: middle } .p { margin-left: 0px; } </style> </head> <body> <div class="p"><div class="wrapper-div"><div class="rollovericons"><div class="col-sm-12 text-center"> <a href="https://www.gale.com/open-access/abortion" class="button_round" data-wa-event-category="AdditionalTopics" data-wa-event-name="Navigate" data-wa-event-label="Abortion"> Abortion</a><div class="divider"/> <a href="https://www.gale.com/open-access/animal-experimentation" class="button_round" data-wa-event-category="AdditionalTopics" data-wa-event-name="Navigate" data-wa-event-label="Animal Experimentation"> Animal Experimentation</a><div class="divider"/> <a href="https://www.gale.com/open-access/bullying" class="button_round" data-wa-event-category="AdditionalTopics" data-wa-event-name="Navigate" data-wa-event-label="Bullying"> Bullying</span></a><div class="divider"/> <a href="https://www.gale.com/open-access/death-penalty" class="button_round" data-wa-event-category="AdditionalTopics" data-wa-event-name="Navigate" data-wa-event-label="Death Penalty">Death Penalty</span></a> <div class="divider"/> <a href="https://www.gale.com/open-access/depression" class="button_round" data-wa-event-category="AdditionalTopics" data-wa-event-name="Navigate" data-wa-event-label="Depression">Depression</span></a><div class="divider"/> <a href="https://www.gale.com/open-access/electoral-college" class="button_round" data-wa-event-category="AdditionalTopics" data-wa-event-name="Navigate" data-wa-event-label="Electoral College"> Electoral College</span></a><div class="divider"/> <a href="https://www.gale.com/open-access/gun-control" class="button_round" data-wa-event-category="AdditionalTopics" data-wa-event-name="Navigate" data-wa-event-label="Gun Control"> Gun Control</a><div class="divider"/> <a href="https://www.gale.com/open-access/impeachment" class="button_round" data-wa-event-category="AdditionalTopics" data-wa-event-name="Navigate" data-wa-event-label="Impeachment">Impeachment</span></a><div class="divider"/> <a href="https://www.gale.com/open-access/marijuana" class="button_round" data-wa-event-category="AdditionalTopics" data-wa-event-name="Navigate" data-wa-event-label="Marijuana"> Marijuana</span></a> <div class="divider"/> <a href="https://www.gale.com/open-access/poverty" class="button_round" data-wa-event-category="AdditionalTopics" data-wa-event-name="Navigate" data-wa-event-label="Poverty">Poverty</span></a> <div class="divider"/> <a href="https://www.gale.com/open-access/social-media" class="button_round" data-wa-event-category="AdditionalTopics" data-wa-event-name="Navigate" data-wa-event-label="Social Media">Social Media</span></a> <div class="divider"/> <a href="https://www.gale.com/open-access/universal-healthcare" class="button_round" data-wa-event-category="AdditionalTopics" data-wa-event-name="Navigate" data-wa-event-label="Universal Healthcare">Universal Healthcare</span></a> <div class="divider"/> <a href="https://www.gale.com/open-access/vaccination" class="button_round" data-wa-event-category="AdditionalTopics" data-wa-event-name="Navigate" data-wa-event-label="Vaccination">Vaccination</span></a> <div class="divider"/> <a href="https://www.gale.com/open-access/vaping" class="button_round" data-wa-event-category="AdditionalTopics" data-wa-event-name="Navigate" data-wa-event-label="Vaping">Vaping</span></a> <div class="divider"/> <a href="https://www.gale.com/open-access/womens-rights" class="button_round" data-wa-event-category="AdditionalTopics" data-wa-event-name="Navigate" data-wa-event-label="Womens Rights">Women's Rights</span></a> </div></div> </div></div> </body> </html>  </div> </section> <section class="main-section gale-section main-section--no-padding-bottom"> <div class="container">  <div class="simple-content-block" id="literature"> <h1>LITERATURE</h1> <p>The study of literature is important across subjects and disciplines. Novels, short stories, poems, and nonfiction are essential ways people express themselves and understand the world around them. There are many authors and works that are studied by students, like William Shakespeare or <em>To Kill a Mockingbird. </em>The authors and works represented here are among those most commonly studied and searched for by students. Explore the articles below to read biographies and overviews, learn more about themes and essay topics, and consider criticism and analysis of authors and works.</p> <p> </p> <h2>Featured Literature Topics</h2> <p> </p> </div>  </div> </section> <section class="main-section gale-section main-section--no-padding-top main-section--no-padding-bottom"> <div class="container">  <div class="collection-table" > <div class="collection-table"> <table class="table table-4"> <tbody><tr> <td > <a href="https://www.gale.com/open-access/edgar-allan-poe" data-wa-event-category="PromoLink" data-wa-event-name="Navigate" data-wa-event-label="Edgar Allan Poe" > <picture>  <source media="(min-width: 900px)" srcset="/binaries/content/gallery/gale-us-en/banners/open-web/open-access_literature_poe_small.gif/open-access_literature_poe_small.gif/galewww%3Atile"/> <source media="(max-width: 480px)" srcset="/binaries/content/gallery/gale-us-en/banners/open-web/open-access_literature_poe_small.gif/open-access_literature_poe_small.gif/galewww%3Asmall"/> <source srcset="/binaries/content/gallery/gale-us-en/banners/open-web/open-access_literature_poe_small.gif/open-access_literature_poe_small.gif/galewww%3Atile"/>  <img alt="" class="img-responsive" width="100%" height="100%"> </picture> <h4 style="color:#000000;">Edgar Allan Poe</h4> <p>Edgar Allan Poe was an American writer of primarily poetry and short stories that explored themes of death, regret, and lost love. Access Gale's overview essay to gain an understanding of the author and his work and explore the previews of analysis and criticism that invite further interpretation.</p> <button class="btn btn-link">Read More »</button> </a> </td> <td > <a href="https://www.gale.com/open-access/great-gatsby" data-wa-event-category="PromoLink" data-wa-event-name="Navigate" data-wa-event-label="Great Gatsby" > <picture>  <source media="(min-width: 900px)" srcset="/binaries/content/gallery/gale-us-en/banners/open-web/open-access_literature_fitzgerald_small.gif/open-access_literature_fitzgerald_small.gif/galewww%3Atile"/> <source media="(max-width: 480px)" srcset="/binaries/content/gallery/gale-us-en/banners/open-web/open-access_literature_fitzgerald_small.gif/open-access_literature_fitzgerald_small.gif/galewww%3Asmall"/> <source srcset="/binaries/content/gallery/gale-us-en/banners/open-web/open-access_literature_fitzgerald_small.gif/open-access_literature_fitzgerald_small.gif/galewww%3Atile"/>  <img alt="" class="img-responsive" width="100%" height="100%"> </picture> <h4 style="color:#000000;">Great Gatsby</h4> <p><em>The Great Gatsby</em>, by American author F. Scott Fitzgerald, is a novel set on Long Island in the 1920s that uses its characters to explore themes of materialism and the American Dream. Access Gale's overview essay to gain an understanding of the work and explore analysis and criticism that invite further interpretation.</p> <button class="btn btn-link">Read More »</button> </a> </td> <td > <a href="https://www.gale.com/open-access/hamlet" data-wa-event-category="PromoLink" data-wa-event-name="Navigate" data-wa-event-label="Hamlet" > <picture>  <source media="(min-width: 900px)" srcset="/binaries/content/gallery/gale-us-en/banners/open-web/open-access_literature_shakespeare_small.gif/open-access_literature_shakespeare_small.gif/galewww%3Atile"/> <source media="(max-width: 480px)" srcset="/binaries/content/gallery/gale-us-en/banners/open-web/open-access_literature_shakespeare_small.gif/open-access_literature_shakespeare_small.gif/galewww%3Asmall"/> <source srcset="/binaries/content/gallery/gale-us-en/banners/open-web/open-access_literature_shakespeare_small.gif/open-access_literature_shakespeare_small.gif/galewww%3Atile"/>  <img alt="" class="img-responsive" width="100%" height="100%"> </picture> <h4 style="color:#000000;">Hamlet</h4> <p><em>Hamlet</em>, written by William Shakespeare, is a tragedy that explores themes of friendship, madness, and revenge. Access Gale's overview essay to gain an understanding of the work and explore the previews of analysis and criticism that invite further interpretation.</p> <button class="btn btn-link">Read More »</button> </a> </td> </tr></tbody> </table> </div> </div>  </div> </section> <section class="main-section gale-section main-section--no-padding-top main-section--no-padding-bottom"> <div class="container">  <div class="simple-content-block" > <p> </p> <h2>Additional Topics</h2> </div>  </div> </section> <section class="main-section gale-section main-section--no-padding-top"> <div class="container">  <!DOCTYPE HTML> <html> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Embedded Style Sheet</title> <style type="text/css"> .button_round { display: block; color: white; background-color: #0085ca; width: 250px; height: 40px; border-radius: 5px; padding-top:10px; float:left; margin-left: 25px; } .rollovericons a{ margin: 10px; } } .wrapper-div { horizontal-align: middle } .p { margin-left: 0px; } </style> </head> <body> <div class="p"><div class="wrapper-div"><div class="rollovericons"><div class="col-sm-12 text-center"> <a href="https://www.gale.com/open-access/animal-farm" class="button_round" data-wa-event-category="AdditionalTopics" data-wa-event-name="Navigate" data-wa-event-label="Animal Farm">Animal Farm</a> <div class="divider"/> <a href="https://www.gale.com/open-access/frankenstein" class="button_round" data-wa-event-category="AdditionalTopics" data-wa-event-name="Navigate" data-wa-event-label="Frankenstein"> Frankenstein</a> <div class="divider"/> <a href="https://www.gale.com/open-access/the-adventures-of-huckleberry-finn" class="button_round" data-wa-event-category="AdditionalTopics" data-wa-event-name="Navigate" data-wa-event-label="The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn">Huckleberry Finn</a> <div class="divider"/> <a href="https://www.gale.com/open-access/shirley-jackson" class="button_round" data-wa-event-category="AdditionalTopics" data-wa-event-name="Navigate" data-wa-event-label="Shirley Jackson"> Shirley Jackson</a> <div class="divider"/> <a href="https://www.gale.com/open-access/tim-obrien" class="button_round" data-wa-event-category="AdditionalTopics" data-wa-event-name="Navigate" data-wa-event-label="Tim Obrien"> Tim O'Brien</a> <div class="divider"/> <a href="https://www.gale.com/open-access/to-kill-a-mockingbird" class="button_round" data-wa-event-category="AdditionalTopics" data-wa-event-name="Navigate" data-wa-event-label="To kill A Mockingbird"> To Kill a Mockingbird</span></a> <div class="divider"/> <a href="https://www.gale.com/open-access/alice-walker" class="button_round" data-wa-event-category="AdditionalTopics" data-wa-event-name="Navigate" data-wa-event-label="Alice Walker"> Alice Walker</a> <div class="divider"/> </div></div> </div></div> </body> </html>  </div> </section> <section class="main-section gale-section color-cell-white main-section--no-padding-bottom"> <div class="container">  <div class="simple-content-block" id="diy"> <h1>Lifelong Learning & DIY</h1> <p>Learning new things doesn’t begin and end with school. Lifelong learning can take many forms and applies to a variety of interests, like car repair, entrepreneurship, gardening, and more. Explore the articles below and discover new knowledge and insights.</p> <p> </p> <h2>Featured Lifelong Learning & DIY topics</h2> </div>  </div> </section> <section class="main-section gale-section color-cell-white main-section--no-padding-top main-section--no-padding-bottom"> <div class="container">  <div class="collection-table" > <div class="collection-table"> <table class="table table-4"> <tbody><tr> <td > <a href="https://www.gale.com/open-access/entrepreneurship" data-wa-event-category="PromoLink" data-wa-event-name="Navigate" data-wa-event-label="Entrepreneurship" > <picture>  <source media="(min-width: 900px)" srcset="/binaries/content/gallery/gale-us-en/banners/open-web/open-access_entrepreneuship.png/open-access_entrepreneuship.png/galewww%3Atile"/> <source media="(max-width: 480px)" srcset="/binaries/content/gallery/gale-us-en/banners/open-web/open-access_entrepreneuship.png/open-access_entrepreneuship.png/galewww%3Asmall"/> <source srcset="/binaries/content/gallery/gale-us-en/banners/open-web/open-access_entrepreneuship.png/open-access_entrepreneuship.png/galewww%3Atile"/>  <img alt="" class="img-responsive" width="100%" height="100%"> </picture> <h4 style="color:#000000;">Entrepreneurship</h4> <p>Entrepreneurship involves conceptualizing, funding, launching, and managing a small business. Access Gale resources to gain an understanding of the entrepreneurial mindset and explore previews of articles describing various approaches to business funding.</p> <button class="btn btn-link">Read More »</button> </a> </td> <td > <a href="https://www.gale.com/open-access/car-noise-vibration-harshness" data-wa-event-category="PromoLink" data-wa-event-name="Navigate" data-wa-event-label="Car Noise, Vibration and Harshness" > <picture>  <source media="(min-width: 900px)" srcset="/binaries/content/gallery/gale-us-en/banners/open-web/open-access_diy_car_noises.png/open-access_diy_car_noises.png/galewww%3Atile"/> <source media="(max-width: 480px)" srcset="/binaries/content/gallery/gale-us-en/banners/open-web/open-access_diy_car_noises.png/open-access_diy_car_noises.png/galewww%3Asmall"/> <source srcset="/binaries/content/gallery/gale-us-en/banners/open-web/open-access_diy_car_noises.png/open-access_diy_car_noises.png/galewww%3Atile"/>  <img alt="" class="img-responsive" width="100%" height="100%"> </picture> <h4 style="color:#000000;">Car Noise, Vibration and Harshness</h4> <p>Car noise, vibration and harshness (NVH) can result in varying degrees of dissatisfaction. Read our glossary to know these conditions and understand their cause.</p> <button class="btn btn-link">Read More »</button> </a> </td> <td > <a href="https://www.gale.com/open-access/business-plans" data-wa-event-category="PromoLink" data-wa-event-name="Navigate" data-wa-event-label="Business Plans" > <picture>  <source media="(min-width: 900px)" srcset="/binaries/content/gallery/gale-us-en/banners/open-web/open-access_business-plans.png/open-access_business-plans.png/galewww%3Atile"/> <source media="(max-width: 480px)" srcset="/binaries/content/gallery/gale-us-en/banners/open-web/open-access_business-plans.png/open-access_business-plans.png/galewww%3Asmall"/> <source srcset="/binaries/content/gallery/gale-us-en/banners/open-web/open-access_business-plans.png/open-access_business-plans.png/galewww%3Atile"/>  <img alt="" class="img-responsive" width="100%" height="100%"> </picture> <h4 style="color:#000000;">Business Plans</h4> <p>The importance of creating a business plan, both before starting a new business and then as part of the ongoing business lifecycle, cannot be overstated. Access Gale resources to gain a foundational understanding of business planning and explore previews of sample business plans.</p> <button class="btn btn-link">Read More »</button> </a> </td> </tr></tbody> </table> </div> </div>  </div> </section> <section class="main-section gale-section color-cell-white main-section--no-padding-top main-section--no-padding-bottom"> <div class="container">  <div class="simple-content-block" > <p> </p> <h2>Additional Topics</h2> </div>  </div> </section> <section class="main-section gale-section color-cell-white main-section--no-padding-top"> <div class="container">  <!DOCTYPE HTML> <html> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Embedded Style Sheet</title> <style type="text/css"> .button_round { display: block; color: white; background-color: #0085ca; width: 250px; height: 40px; border-radius: 5px; padding-top:10px; float:left; margin-left: 25px; } .rollovericons a{ margin: 10px; } } .wrapper-div { horizontal-align: middle } .p { margin-left: 0px; } </style> </head> <body> <div class="p"><div class="wrapper-div"><div class="rollovericons"><div class="col-sm-12 text-center"> <a href="https://www.gale.com/open-access/engine-oil" class="button_round" data-wa-event-category="AdditionalTopics" data-wa-event-name="Navigate" data-wa-event-label="Engine Oil"> Engine Oil</a><div class="divider"/><a href="https://www.gale.com/open-access/business-types" class="button_round" data-wa-event-category="AdditionalTopics" data-wa-event-name="Navigate" data-wa-event-label="Business Types"> Business Types</a></div></div> </div></div> </body> </html>  </div> </section> <section class="main-section gale-section main-section--no-padding-bottom"> <div class="container">  <div class="simple-content-block" id="world-history"> <h1>WORLD HISTORY</h1> <p>World history encompasses the triumphs and tragedies of the human experience throughout the millennia of our existence. Rooted in oral traditions, the discipline of history took shape as various eyewitnesses and chroniclers made sense of countless events and interactions that have brought us to the present day. Wars and strife stand in contrast to accomplishments and innovations that have propelled societies and cultures forward. Grand economies and sophisticated political institutions and societal structures continue to shape the ways we interact with one another on a global scale. And space travel has pushed us beyond the boundaries of our planet to further investigate our connection with the universe. Even though world history might readily bring to mind such monumental events as revolutions and rocket launches, it is important to recognize that world history can be as simple as a single person introducing a trailblazing idea and having the courage to share it with the world. The topics presented here detail critical events and phenomena that have altered the course of humanity in significant and sophisticated ways. Explore the articles below for more insight into how these events and topics remain relevant and provide lessons for living in the twenty-first century and beyond.</p> <p> </p> <h2>Featured World History Topics</h2> </div>  </div> </section> <section class="main-section gale-section main-section--no-padding-top"> <div class="container">  <div class="collection-table" > <div class="collection-table"> <table class="table table-4"> <tbody><tr> <td > <a href="https://www.gale.com/open-access/french-revolution" data-wa-event-category="PromoLink" data-wa-event-name="Navigate" data-wa-event-label="French Revolution" > <picture>  <source media="(min-width: 900px)" srcset="/binaries/content/gallery/gale-us-en/banners/open-web/french_revolution.jpg/french_revolution.jpg/galewww%3Atile"/> <source media="(max-width: 480px)" srcset="/binaries/content/gallery/gale-us-en/banners/open-web/french_revolution.jpg/french_revolution.jpg/galewww%3Asmall"/> <source srcset="/binaries/content/gallery/gale-us-en/banners/open-web/french_revolution.jpg/french_revolution.jpg/galewww%3Atile"/>  <img alt="" class="img-responsive" width="100%" height="100%"> </picture> <h4 style="color:#000000;">French Revolution</h4> <p>The French Revolution invented modern <em>revolution</em>—the idea that humans can transform the world according to a plan—and so has a central place in the study of the social sciences. It ushered in modernity by destroying the foundations of the “Old Regime”—absolutist politics, legal inequality, a “feudal” economy (characterized by guilds, manorialism, and even serfdom), and an alliance of church and state. </p> <button class="btn btn-link">Read More »</button> </a> </td> <td > <a href="https://www.gale.com/open-access/industrial-revolution" data-wa-event-category="PromoLink" data-wa-event-name="Navigate" data-wa-event-label="Industrial Revolution" > <picture>  <source media="(min-width: 900px)" srcset="/binaries/content/gallery/gale-us-en/banners/open-web/industrial-revolution.jpg/industrial-revolution.jpg/galewww%3Atile"/> <source media="(max-width: 480px)" srcset="/binaries/content/gallery/gale-us-en/banners/open-web/industrial-revolution.jpg/industrial-revolution.jpg/galewww%3Asmall"/> <source srcset="/binaries/content/gallery/gale-us-en/banners/open-web/industrial-revolution.jpg/industrial-revolution.jpg/galewww%3Atile"/>  <img alt="" class="img-responsive" width="100%" height="100%"> </picture> <h4 style="color:#000000;">Industrial Revolution</h4> <p>The concept of an industrial revolution denotes an economic transition in which the means of production become increasingly specialized, mechanized, and organized. This process uses technology, in some association with science, to create large increases in the productive capacity of an economy, which in turn eventually transforms society as a whole.</p> <button class="btn btn-link">Read More »</button> </a> </td> <td > <a href="https://www.gale.com/open-access/globalization" data-wa-event-category="PromoLink" data-wa-event-name="Navigate" data-wa-event-label="Globalization" > <picture>  <source media="(min-width: 900px)" srcset="/binaries/content/gallery/gale-us-en/banners/open-web/globalization.jpg/globalization.jpg/galewww%3Atile"/> <source media="(max-width: 480px)" srcset="/binaries/content/gallery/gale-us-en/banners/open-web/globalization.jpg/globalization.jpg/galewww%3Asmall"/> <source srcset="/binaries/content/gallery/gale-us-en/banners/open-web/globalization.jpg/globalization.jpg/galewww%3Atile"/>  <img alt="" class="img-responsive" width="100%" height="100%"> </picture> <h4 style="color:#000000;">Globalization</h4> <p>Globalization refers to the economic, political, social, cultural, and technological exchanges among people, nations, and regions. The ever-increasing integration is extensive, covering trade and investments, values and ideas, inventions and lifestyles, and governance policies.</p> <button class="btn btn-link">Read More »</button> </a> </td> </tr></tbody> </table> </div> </div>  </div> </section> <section class="main-section gale-section"> <div class="container">  <div class="simple-content-block" > <h3 style="text-align:center">Looking for information on other topics?</h3> <div style="line-height:75%"> </div> <p style="text-align:center"><a href="https://link.gale.com/apps/">Access Through Your Library >></a></p> </div>  </div> </section> <footer class="gale-footer"> <div class="container-fluid"> <div class="gale-footer__head row"> <div class="col-xs-12"> <div class="dropdown pull-left"> <h3 class="gale-footer__head__title" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false"> <span>GALE</span> <span class="text-highlighted"> <span> NORTH AMERICA </span> <span class="caret"></span> </span> </h3> <ul class="dropdown-menu" aria-labelledby="dLabel"> <li class="dropdown-header">Set your region:</li> <li><a href="https://www.gale.com/intl" onclick="window.setCookie('g-region', 'uk', 'www.gale.com', '/', 256)" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Footer" data-wa-event-label="INTERNATIONAL">INTERNATIONAL</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.gale.com/" onclick="window.setCookie('g-region', 'us', 'www.gale.com', '/', 256)" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Footer" data-wa-event-label="NORTH AMERICA">NORTH AMERICA</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.gale.com/cn" onclick="window.setCookie('g-region', 'cn', 'www.gale.com', '/', 256)" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Footer" data-wa-event-label="CHINA">CHINA</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.gale.com/jp" onclick="window.setCookie('g-region', 'jp', 'www.gale.com', '/', 256)" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Footer" data-wa-event-label="JAPAN">JAPAN</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.gale.com/es" onclick="window.setCookie('g-region', 'es', 'www.gale.com', '/', 256)" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Footer" data-wa-event-label="LATIN AMERICA">LATIN AMERICA</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.gale.com/pt" onclick="window.setCookie('g-region', 'pt', 'www.gale.com', '/', 256)" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Footer" data-wa-event-label="BRAZIL">BRAZIL</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="gale-footer__head__scroll-top pull-right"> <div class="top-page page-scroll"> <a href="#top" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Footer" data-wa-event-label="Top of page"> <i class="icon icon-angle-up"></i> <i>Top of page</i> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="hidden-xs col-sm-2"> <div> <h4 class="gale-footer__main-menu">Company</h4> <ul class="list-unstyled"> <li> <a href="/about" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Footer" data-wa-event-label="Company > About">About</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://blog.gale.com" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Footer" data-wa-event-label="Company > Blog">Blog</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.gale.com/events" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Footer" data-wa-event-label="Company > Events">Events</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.gale.com/newsroom" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Footer" data-wa-event-label="Company > News">News</a> </li> <li> <a href="http://www.cengage.com/careers" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Footer" data-wa-event-label="Company > Careers">Careers</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.gale.com/license" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Footer" data-wa-event-label="Company > Partnerships">Partnerships</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.gale.com//generative-ai" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Footer" data-wa-event-label="Company > Generative AI">Generative AI</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.gale.com/contact" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Footer" data-wa-event-label="Company > Contact Us">Contact Us</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="hidden-xs col-sm-2"> <div> <h4 class="gale-footer__main-menu">Markets</h4> <ul class="list-unstyled"> <li> <a href="/academic" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Footer" data-wa-event-label="Markets > Academic">Academic</a> </li> <li> <a href="/schools" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Footer" data-wa-event-label="Markets > Schools">Schools</a> </li> <li> <a href="/public" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Footer" data-wa-event-label="Markets > Public">Public</a> </li> <li> <a href="/special" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Footer" data-wa-event-label="Markets > Government + Special">Government + Special</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="hidden-xs col-sm-2"> <div> <h4 class="gale-footer__main-menu">Products</h4> <ul class="list-unstyled"> <li> <a href="/primary-sources" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Footer" data-wa-event-label="Products > Primary Sources">Primary Sources</a> </li> <li> <a href="/databases" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Footer" data-wa-event-label="Products > Databases">Databases</a> </li> <li> <a href="/elearning" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Footer" data-wa-event-label="Products > eLearning">eLearning</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.gale.com/gvrl" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Footer" data-wa-event-label="Products > eBooks">eBooks</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.gale.com/s?result-type=ebooks&mediaType=Print" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Footer" data-wa-event-label="Products > Print">Print</a> </li> <li> <a href="http://gale.com/thorndike" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Footer" data-wa-event-label="Products > Thorndike Press">Thorndike Press</a> </li> <li> <a href="/five-star" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Footer" data-wa-event-label="Products > Five Star">Five Star</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="hidden-xs col-sm-2"> <div> <h4 class="gale-footer__main-menu">Support</h4> <ul class="list-unstyled"> <li> <a href="https://support.gale.com" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Footer" data-wa-event-label="Support > Support Home">Support Home</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://support.gale.com/marketing" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Footer" data-wa-event-label="Support > Market Your Products">Market Your Products</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.cengage.com/repfinder/gale" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Footer" data-wa-event-label="Support > Find Your Rep">Find Your Rep</a> </li> <li> <a href="http://support.gale.com/training" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Footer" data-wa-event-label="Support > Training">Training</a> </li> <li> <a href="http://support.gale.com/technical" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Footer" data-wa-event-label="Support > Tech Support">Tech Support</a> </li> <li> <a href="http://admin.galegroup.com/galeadmin/login.gale" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Footer" data-wa-event-label="Support > Gale Admin">Gale Admin</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://info.cengage.com/LP%3D5633" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Footer" data-wa-event-label="Support > Do Not Sell">Do Not Sell</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.gale.com/accessibility" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Footer" data-wa-event-label="Support > Accessibility">Accessibility</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.gale.com//discovery-services" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Footer" data-wa-event-label="Support > Discovery">Discovery</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-offset-0 col-xs-12 col-sm-4"> <h4>CONNECT WITH GALE</h4> <ul class="list-unstyled"> <li> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/GaleCengage/" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Social" data-wa-event-label="facebook"><i class="icon icon-social icon-gale-facebook"> </i><span class="sr-only">facebook</span></a> <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/gale" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Social" data-wa-event-label="linkedin"><i class="icon icon-social icon-gale-linkedin"> </i><span class="sr-only">linkedin</span></a> <a href="https://twitter.com/galecengage" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Social" data-wa-event-label="twitter"><i class="icon icon-social icon-gale-x"> </i><span class="sr-only">twitter</span></a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/user/GaleCengage" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Social" data-wa-event-label="youtube"><i class="icon icon-social icon-gale-youtube"> </i><span class="sr-only">youtube</span></a> </li> <br/> <li> <i>For quick support in the U.S. and Canada</i><br/> <a href="tel:1-800-877-4253" data-wa-event-category="Contact" data-wa-event-name="Footer" data-wa-event-label="1-800-877-4253">1-800-877-4253</a><br/> <a href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#ec8b8d8089c298898f8482858f8d809f999c9c839e98ac8f89828b8d8b89c28f8381" data-wa-event-category="Contact" data-wa-event-name="Footer" data-wa-event-label="gale.technicalsupport@cengage.com"><span class="__cf_email__" data-cfemail="5e393f323b702a3b3d3630373d3f322d2b2e2e312c2a1e3d3b30393f393b703d3133">[email protected]</span></a><br/> </li> </ul> <div class="has-edit-button"></div> </div> <div class="visible-xs col-xs-12"> <h4>PRODUCTS</h4> <div class="col-xs-12 footer-nav-products"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-4"> <a href="/primary-sources" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Footer" data-wa-event-label="Primary Sources"> <i class="icon icon-primary-sources"> </i> Primary<br/>Sources </a> </div> <div class="col-xs-4"> <a href="/databases" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Footer" data-wa-event-label="Databases"> <i class="icon icon-database"> </i> Databases </a> </div> <div class="col-xs-4"> <a href="/elearning" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Footer" data-wa-event-label="eLearning"> <i class="icon icon-graduation-cap"> </i> eLearning </a> </div> </div><div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-4"> <a href="https://www.gale.com/gvrl" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Footer" data-wa-event-label="eBooks"> <i class="icon icon-ebook"> </i> eBooks </a> </div> <div class="col-xs-4"> <a href="https://www.gale.com/s?result-type=ebooks&mediaType=Print" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Footer" data-wa-event-label="Print"> <i class="icon icon-print-book"> </i> Print </a> </div> <div class="col-xs-4"> <a href="http://gale.com/thorndike" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Footer" data-wa-event-label="Thorndike Press"> <i class="icon icon-thorndike"> </i> Thorndike<br/>Press </a> </div> <div class="col-xs-4"> <a href="/five-star" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Footer" data-wa-event-label="Five Star"> Five<br/>Star </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="visible-xs col-xs-12"> <h4>COMPANY</h4> <ul class="list-unstyled list-inline">  <li class="col-xs-4"> <a href="/about" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Footer" data-wa-event-label="About">About</a> </li>  <li class="col-xs-4"> <a href="https://blog.gale.com/" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Footer" data-wa-event-label="Blog">Blog</a> </li>  <li class="col-xs-4"> <a href="https://www.gale.com/events" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Footer" data-wa-event-label="Events">Events</a> </li>  <li class="col-xs-4"> <a href="https://www.gale.com/newsroom" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Footer" data-wa-event-label="News">News</a> </li>  <li class="col-xs-4"> <a href="http://www.cengage.com/careers/" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Footer" data-wa-event-label="Careers">Careers</a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="visible-xs col-xs-12"> <h4>MARKETS</h4> <ul class="list-unstyled list-inline">  <li class="col-xs-4"> <a href="/academic" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Footer" data-wa-event-label="Academic">Academic</a> </li>  <li class="col-xs-4"> <a href="/schools" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Footer" data-wa-event-label="Schools">Schools</a> </li>  <li class="col-xs-4"> <a href="/public" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Footer" data-wa-event-label="Public">Public</a> </li>  <li class="col-xs-4"> <a href="/special" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Footer" data-wa-event-label="Government + Special">Government + Special</a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="visible-xs col-xs-12"> <h4>SUPPORT</h4> <ul class="list-unstyled list-inline">  <li class="col-xs-4"> <a href="https://support.gale.com/" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Footer" data-wa-event-label="Support Home">Support Home</a> </li>  <li class="col-xs-4"> <a href="https://www.cengage.com/repfinder/gale/" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Footer" data-wa-event-label="Find Your Rep">Find Your Rep</a> </li>  <li class="col-xs-4"> <a href="http://support.gale.com/training/" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Footer" data-wa-event-label="Training">Training</a> </li>  <li class="col-xs-4"> <a href="https://info.cengage.com/LP=5633" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Footer" data-wa-event-label="Do Not Sell">Do Not Sell</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <br> </div> </footer> <div class="sub-footer" id="bottom"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-4"> © 2025 Gale, a division of <a href="https://www.cengagegroup.com/" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Footer" data-wa-event-label="Cengage company" target="_blank"> Cengage Learning </a> </div> <div class="col-sm-8 text-right"> <a href="https://www.cengage.com/legal/terms-gale" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Footer" data-wa-event-label="Legal terms" target="_blank"> <strong>TERMS OF USE</strong></a> <span>|</span> <a href="https://www.cengage.com/privacy" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Footer" data-wa-event-label="Legal privacy" target="_blank"> <strong>PRIVACY</strong></a> <span>|</span> <a href="https://www.gale.com/sitemap" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Footer" data-wa-event-label="SiteMap" target="_blank"> <strong>SITEMAP</strong></a> <span>|</span> <a href="https://www.gale.com/subscribe" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Footer" data-wa-event-label="Feedback" target="_blank"> <strong>SUBSCRIBE</strong> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <script data-cfasync="false" src="/cdn-cgi/scripts/5c5dd728/cloudflare-static/email-decode.min.js"></script><script src="/webfiles/1729675621577/gen/gale/js/main.js"></script> <script> var cookieInfo = getCookie('g-region'); if (cookieInfo != "") { if (window.performance && window.performance.navigation.type == 2) { } else { } } else { $('#InternationalModal').modal('show'); } const contentBlocks = [ ...document.querySelectorAll('.simple-content-block') ]; contentBlocks.forEach( ( el ) => { const links = [ ...el.querySelectorAll('a') ]; links.forEach( a => { a.setAttribute('data-wa-event-category', 'SimpleDocLink'); a.setAttribute('data-wa-event-name', 'Navigate'); if ( a.innerText == '' ) { const images = a.getElementsByTagName('img'); const image = images.length ? images[0] : null; if (image != null) { a.setAttribute('data-wa-event-label', image.src.split("/").pop()); } } else { a.setAttribute('data-wa-event-label', a.innerText); } } ); } ); </script> </body> </html>

CINXE.COM

Gale | Open Access Content