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</ul> </li> <li id="toc-Titles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Titles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Titles </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Titles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Role_of_the_Assyrian_king" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Role_of_the_Assyrian_king"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Role of the Assyrian king </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Role_of_the_Assyrian_king-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legitimacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legitimacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Legitimacy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legitimacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Assyrian_kings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assyrian_kings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Assyrian kings </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Assyrian_kings-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Assyrian kings subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Assyrian_kings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_Assyrian_rulers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_Assyrian_rulers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Early Assyrian rulers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_Assyrian_rulers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_names_in_king_lists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_names_in_king_lists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.1 Early names in king lists </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_names_in_king_lists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Attested_early_rulers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attested_early_rulers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.2 Attested early rulers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attested_early_rulers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Puzur-Ashur_dynasty_(2025–1809_BC)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Puzur-Ashur_dynasty_(2025–1809_BC)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Puzur-Ashur dynasty (2025–1809 BC) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Puzur-Ashur_dynasty_(2025–1809_BC)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shamshi-Adad_dynasty_(1808–1736_BC)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shamshi-Adad_dynasty_(1808–1736_BC)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Shamshi-Adad dynasty (1808–1736 BC) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shamshi-Adad_dynasty_(1808–1736_BC)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-dynastic_usurpers_(1735–1701_BC)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-dynastic_usurpers_(1735–1701_BC)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Non-dynastic usurpers (1735–1701 BC) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-dynastic_usurpers_(1735–1701_BC)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adaside_dynasty_(1700–722_BC)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adaside_dynasty_(1700–722_BC)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Adaside dynasty (1700–722 BC) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adaside_dynasty_(1700–722_BC)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sargonid_dynasty_(722–609_BC)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sargonid_dynasty_(722–609_BC)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Sargonid dynasty (722–609 BC) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sargonid_dynasty_(722–609_BC)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_Assyrian_kingship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_Assyrian_kingship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Later Assyrian kingship </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Later_Assyrian_kingship-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Later Assyrian kingship subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Later_Assyrian_kingship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Geopolitical_history_and_context" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geopolitical_history_and_context"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Geopolitical history and context </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geopolitical_history_and_context-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-City-lords_of_Assur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#City-lords_of_Assur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 City-lords of Assur </div> </a> <ul id="toc-City-lords_of_Assur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Web_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Web_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Web sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Web_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">List of Assyrian kings</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 39 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-39" aria-hidden="true" > 39 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lys_van_Assiriese_konings" title="Lys van Assiriese konings – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Lys van Assiriese konings" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%A8%E1%8A%A0%E1%88%A6%E1%88%AD_%E1%8A%90%E1%8C%88%E1%88%A5%E1%89%B3%E1%89%B5_%E1%8B%9D%E1%88%AD%E1%8B%9D%E1%88%AD" title="የአሦር ነገሥታት ዝርዝር – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="የአሦር ነገሥታት ዝርዝር" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%84%D9%88%D9%83_%D8%A2%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B1" title="ملوك آشور – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ملوك آشور" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assuriya_h%C3%B6kmdarlar%C4%B1" title="Assuriya hökmdarları – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Assuriya hökmdarları" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Ассирия батшалары – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ассирия батшалары" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8A%D0%BA_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5_%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Списък на асирийските царе – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Списък на асирийските царе" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rei_d%27Ass%C3%ADria" title="Rei d'Assíria – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Rei d'Assíria" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seznam_asyrsk%C3%BDch_kr%C3%A1l%C5%AF" title="Seznam asyrských králů – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Seznam asyrských králů" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konger_af_Assyrien" title="Konger af Assyrien – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Konger af Assyrien" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liste_der_assyrischen_K%C3%B6nige" title="Liste der assyrischen Könige – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Liste der assyrischen Könige" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ass%C3%BC%C3%BCria_kuningate_loend" title="Assüüria kuningate loend – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Assüüria kuningate loend" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anexo:Reyes_de_Asiria" title="Anexo:Reyes de Asiria – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Anexo:Reyes de Asiria" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A2%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B1" title="فهرست شاهان آشور – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فهرست شاهان آشور" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liste_des_souverains_d%27Assyrie" title="Liste des souverains d'Assyrie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Liste des souverains d'Assyrie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lista_de_reis_de_Asiria" title="Lista de reis de Asiria – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lista de reis de Asiria" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EC%8B%9C%EB%A6%AC%EC%95%84%EC%9D%98_%EC%99%95" title="아시리아의 왕 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아시리아의 왕" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asirski_vladari" title="Asirski vladari – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Asirski vladari" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lista_reale_assira" title="Lista reale assira – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lista reale assira" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%9B%D7%99_%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A8" title="מלכי אשור – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מלכי אשור" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%94%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ასურეთის მეფეები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ასურეთის მეფეები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assz%C3%ADria_uralkod%C3%B3inak_list%C3%A1ja" title="Asszíria uralkodóinak listája – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Asszíria uralkodóinak listája" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%84%D9%88%D9%83_%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B1" title="ملوك اشور – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ملوك اشور" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lijst_van_koningen_van_A%C5%A1%C5%A1ur" title="Lijst van koningen van Aššur – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Lijst van koningen van Aššur" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%83%E3%82%B7%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2%E3%81%AE%E5%90%9B%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%80%E8%A6%A7" title="アッシリアの君主一覧 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アッシリアの君主一覧" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konger_av_Assyria" title="Konger av Assyria – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Konger av Assyria" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lista_dei_sobeirans_assirians" title="Lista dei sobeirans assirians – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Lista dei sobeirans assirians" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lista_kr%C3%B3l%C3%B3w_asyryjskich" title="Lista królów asyryjskich – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Lista królów asyryjskich" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lista_de_reis_da_Ass%C3%ADria" title="Lista de reis da Assíria – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Lista de reis da Assíria" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lista_regilor_Asiriei" title="Lista regilor Asiriei – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Lista regilor Asiriei" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Ассирийские цари – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ассирийские цари" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoznam_vl%C3%A1dcov_A%C5%A1%C5%A1uru" title="Zoznam vládcov Aššuru – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Zoznam vládcov Aššuru" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seznam_asirskih_vladarjev" title="Seznam asirskih vladarjev – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Seznam asirskih vladarjev" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%99%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Асирски краљеви – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Асирски краљеви" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asirski_vladari" title="Asirski vladari – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Asirski vladari" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / 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screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr">King of Assyria</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-weight: bold;">Iššiʾak Aššur šar māt Aššur</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Ashur_symbol_Nimrud.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Ashur_symbol_Nimrud.png/150px-Ashur_symbol_Nimrud.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Ashur_symbol_Nimrud.png/225px-Ashur_symbol_Nimrud.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Ashur_symbol_Nimrud.png/300px-Ashur_symbol_Nimrud.png 2x" data-file-width="1074" data-file-height="668" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Symbol of <a href="/wiki/Ashur_(god)" title="Ashur (god)">Ashur</a>, the ancient Assyrian national deity</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Sculpted_reliefs_depicting_Ashurbanipal,_the_last_great_Assyrian_king,_hunting_lions,_gypsum_hall_relief_from_the_North_Palace_of_Nineveh_(Irak),_c._645-635_BC,_British_Museum_(16722368932).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Sculpted_reliefs_depicting_Ashurbanipal%2C_the_last_great_Assyrian_king%2C_hunting_lions%2C_gypsum_hall_relief_from_the_North_Palace_of_Nineveh_%28Irak%29%2C_c._645-635_BC%2C_British_Museum_%2816722368932%29.jpg/250px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Sculpted_reliefs_depicting_Ashurbanipal%2C_the_last_great_Assyrian_king%2C_hunting_lions%2C_gypsum_hall_relief_from_the_North_Palace_of_Nineveh_%28Irak%29%2C_c._645-635_BC%2C_British_Museum_%2816722368932%29.jpg/375px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Sculpted_reliefs_depicting_Ashurbanipal%2C_the_last_great_Assyrian_king%2C_hunting_lions%2C_gypsum_hall_relief_from_the_North_Palace_of_Nineveh_%28Irak%29%2C_c._645-635_BC%2C_British_Museum_%2816722368932%29.jpg/500px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4811" data-file-height="3178" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Relief depicting <a href="/wiki/Ashurbanipal" title="Ashurbanipal">Ashurbanipal</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 669–631 BC) engaged in a lion hunt, a royal ritual meant to symbolically represent the Assyrian king's duty to bring order to the world<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_British_Museum''2018-1">[1]</a></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">Details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">First monarch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tudiya" title="Tudiya">Tudiya</a> (legendary) <a href="/wiki/Puzur-Ashur_I" title="Puzur-Ashur I">Puzur-Ashur I</a> (independent city-state) <a href="/wiki/Ashur-uballit_I" title="Ashur-uballit I">Ashur-uballit I</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[a]</a> (first to use 'king')</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Last monarch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ashur-uballit_II" title="Ashur-uballit II">Ashur-uballit II</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Formation</th><td class="infobox-data">21st century BC</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Abolition</th><td class="infobox-data">609 BC</td></tr></tbody></table> The king of Assyria (<a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian</a>: Iššiʾak Aššur, later šar māt Aššur) was the ruler of the ancient <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamian</a> kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyria</a>, which was founded in the late 21st century BC and fell in the late 7th century BC. For much of its early history, Assyria was little more than a city-state, centered on the city <a href="/wiki/Assur" title="Assur">Assur</a>, but from the 14th century BC onwards, Assyria rose under a series of warrior kings to become one of the major political powers of the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Near_East" title="Ancient Near East">Ancient Near East</a>, and in its last few centuries it dominated the region as the largest empire the world had seen thus far. Ancient Assyrian history is typically divided into the <a href="/wiki/Old_Assyrian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Assyrian Empire">Old</a>, <a href="/wiki/Middle_Assyrian_Empire" title="Middle Assyrian Empire">Middle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian</a> periods, all marked by ages of ascendancy and decline. The ancient Assyrians did not believe that their king was divine himself, but saw their ruler as the vicar of their principal deity, <a href="/wiki/Ashur_(god)" title="Ashur (god)">Ashur</a>, and as his chief representative on Earth. In their worldview, Assyria represented a place of order while lands not governed by the Assyrian king (and by extension, the god Ashur) were seen as places of chaos and disorder. As such it was seen as the king's duty to expand the borders of Assyria and bring order and civilization to lands perceived as uncivilized. As Assyria expanded, its rulers gradually adopted grander and more boastful titles. Early kings used Iššiʾak Aššur (representative/viceroy of Ashur), considering the god Ashur to be the true king. From the time of <a href="/wiki/Ashur-uballit_I" title="Ashur-uballit I">Ashur-uballit I</a> (14th century BC), the rulers instead used king (šar). In time, further titles, such as "<a href="/wiki/King_of_Sumer_and_Akkad" title="King of Sumer and Akkad">king of Sumer and Akkad</a>", "<a href="/wiki/King_of_the_Universe" title="King of the Universe">king of the Universe</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/King_of_the_Four_Corners_of_the_World" class="mw-redirect" title="King of the Four Corners of the World">king of the Four Corners of the World</a>", were added, often to assert their control over all of Mesopotamia. All modern lists of Assyrian kings generally follow the Assyrian King List, a list kept and developed by the ancient Assyrians themselves over the course of several centuries. Though some parts of the list are probably fictional, the list accords well with <a href="/wiki/List_of_Hittite_kings" title="List of Hittite kings">Hittite</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Babylonian_kings" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Babylonian kings">Babylonian</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_pharaohs" title="List of pharaohs">ancient Egyptian</a> king lists and with the <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_record" title="Archaeological record">archaeological record</a>, and is generally considered reliable for the age. The line of Assyrian kings ended with the defeat of Assyria's final king <a href="/wiki/Ashur-uballit_II" title="Ashur-uballit II">Ashur-uballit II</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian Empire</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Median_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Median empire">Median Empire</a> in 609 BC, after which Assyria disappeared as an independent political unit, never to rise again. The <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrian people</a> survived the fall of their empire and kept their own cultural and religious traditions (though were Christianized in the 1st–3rd centuries AD). At times, Assur and other Assyrian cities were afforded great deals of autonomy by its foreign rulers after the 7th century BC, particularly under the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian</a> empires. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Introduction">Introduction</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Assyrian_kings&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Introduction">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Assyrian_kings&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Assyrian_king_list._Terracotta_tablet,_from_Assur,_Iraq._7th_century_BCE._Ancient_Orient_Museum,_Istanbul.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Assyrian_king_list._Terracotta_tablet%2C_from_Assur%2C_Iraq._7th_century_BCE._Ancient_Orient_Museum%2C_Istanbul.jpg/220px-Assyrian_king_list._Terracotta_tablet%2C_from_Assur%2C_Iraq._7th_century_BCE._Ancient_Orient_Museum%2C_Istanbul.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Assyrian_king_list._Terracotta_tablet%2C_from_Assur%2C_Iraq._7th_century_BCE._Ancient_Orient_Museum%2C_Istanbul.jpg/330px-Assyrian_king_list._Terracotta_tablet%2C_from_Assur%2C_Iraq._7th_century_BCE._Ancient_Orient_Museum%2C_Istanbul.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Assyrian_king_list._Terracotta_tablet%2C_from_Assur%2C_Iraq._7th_century_BCE._Ancient_Orient_Museum%2C_Istanbul.jpg/440px-Assyrian_king_list._Terracotta_tablet%2C_from_Assur%2C_Iraq._7th_century_BCE._Ancient_Orient_Museum%2C_Istanbul.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5022" data-file-height="3511" /></a><figcaption>Assyrian King List of the 7th century BC on a <a href="/wiki/Terracotta" title="Terracotta">terracotta</a> tablet, from <a href="/wiki/Assur" title="Assur">Assur</a></figcaption></figure> Incomplete king-lists have been recovered from three of the major ancient <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyrian</a> capitals (<a href="/wiki/Assur" title="Assur">Assur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dur-Sharrukin" title="Dur-Sharrukin">Dur-Sharrukin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nineveh" title="Nineveh">Nineveh</a>). The three lists are largely consistent with each other, all originally copies of a single original list, and are based on the yearly appointments of <a href="/wiki/Limmu" title="Limmu">limmy</a>-officials (the <a href="/wiki/Eponym" title="Eponym">eponymous</a> officials for each year, appointed by the king to preside over the celebration of the New Year festival). Because of the consistency between the list and the method through which it was created, modern scholars usually accept the regnal years mentioned as more or less correct. There are some differences between the copies of the list, notably in that they offer somewhat diverging regnal years before the reign of king <a href="/wiki/Ashur-dan_I" title="Ashur-dan I">Ashur-dan I</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Assyrian_Empire" title="Middle Assyrian Empire">Middle Assyrian Empire</a> (reign beginning in <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1178 BC). After his time, the lists are identical in their contents.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELendering2006-4">[3]</a> The king-lists mostly accord well with <a href="/wiki/List_of_Hittite_kings" title="List of Hittite kings">Hittite</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Babylonian_kings" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Babylonian kings">Babylonian</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_pharaohs" title="List of pharaohs">ancient Egyptian</a> king lists and with the <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_record" title="Archaeological record">archaeological record</a>, and are generally considered reliable for the age.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERowton1970194–195-5">[4]</a> It is however clear that parts of the list are fictional, as some known kings are not found on the list and other listed kings are not independently verified.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELa_Boda199489-6">[5]</a> Originally it was assumed that the list was first written in the time of <a href="/wiki/Shamshi-Adad_I" title="Shamshi-Adad I">Shamshi-Adad I</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1800 BC but it now is considered to date from much later, probably from the time of <a href="/wiki/Ashurnasirpal_I" title="Ashurnasirpal I">Ashurnasirpal I</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1049–1031 BC).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAzize19981–27-7">[6]</a> The oldest of the surviving king-lists, List A (8th century BC) stops at <a href="/wiki/Tiglath-Pileser_II" title="Tiglath-Pileser II">Tiglath-Pileser II</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 967–935 BC) and the youngest, List C, stops at <a href="/wiki/Shalmaneser_V" title="Shalmaneser V">Shalmaneser V</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 727–722 BC).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeissner1990101–102-8">[7]</a> One problem that arises with the Assyrian King List is that the creation of the list may have been more motivated by political interest than actual chronological and historical accuracy. In times of civil strife and confusion, the list still adheres to a single royal line of descent, probably ignoring rival claimants to the throne.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHagens200524-9">[8]</a> Additionally, there are some known inconsistencies between the list and actual inscriptions by Assyrian kings, often regarding dynastic relationships. For instance, <a href="/wiki/Ashur-nirari_II" title="Ashur-nirari II">Ashur-nirari II</a> is stated by the list to be the son of his predecessor <a href="/wiki/Enlil-Nasir_II" title="Enlil-Nasir II">Enlil-Nasir II</a>, but from inscriptions it is known that he was actually the son of <a href="/wiki/Ashur-rabi_I" title="Ashur-rabi I">Ashur-rabi I</a> and brother of Enlil-Nasir.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHagens200527-10">[9]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Titles">Titles</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Assyrian_kings&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Titles">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_royal_titulary" title="Akkadian royal titulary">Akkadian royal titulary</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Confirmation_by_Shamash-shum-ukim_of_a_grant_originally_made_by_Ashur-nadin-shumi._670-650_BCE,_from_Babylonia,_Iraq._The_tablet_is_currently_housed_in_the_British_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Confirmation_by_Shamash-shum-ukim_of_a_grant_originally_made_by_Ashur-nadin-shumi._670-650_BCE%2C_from_Babylonia%2C_Iraq._The_tablet_is_currently_housed_in_the_British_Museum.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Confirmation_by_Shamash-shum-ukim_of_a_grant_originally_made_by_Ashur-nadin-shumi._670-650_BCE%2C_from_Babylonia%2C_Iraq._The_tablet_is_currently_housed_in_the_British_Museum.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Confirmation_by_Shamash-shum-ukim_of_a_grant_originally_made_by_Ashur-nadin-shumi._670-650_BCE%2C_from_Babylonia%2C_Iraq._The_tablet_is_currently_housed_in_the_British_Museum.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Text and seal of <a href="/wiki/Shamash-shum-ukin" class="mw-redirect" title="Shamash-shum-ukin">Shamash-shum-ukin</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian</a> king of <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a>, featuring a depiction of the king fighting an <a href="/wiki/Oryx" title="Oryx">oryx antelope</a></figcaption></figure> Assyrian royal titles typically followed trends that had begun under the <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian Empire</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2334–2154 BC), the Mesopotamian civilization that preceded the later kingdoms of Assyria and <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a>. When the Mesopotamian central government under the <a href="/wiki/Third_Dynasty_of_Ur" title="Third Dynasty of Ur">Third Dynasty of Ur</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2112–2004 BC) collapsed and polities that had once been vassals to <a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">Ur</a> became independent, many of the new sovereign rulers refrained from taking the title of king (šar), instead applying that title to their principal deities (in the case of Assyria, <a href="/wiki/Ashur_(god)" title="Ashur (god)">Ashur</a>). For this reason, most of the Assyrian kings of the <a href="/wiki/Old_Assyrian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Assyrian Empire">Old Assyrian period</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2025–1364 BC) used the title Iššiʾak Aššur, translating to "governor of Assyria".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHallo1980193-11">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiverani2013-12">[11]</a> In contrast to the titles employed by the Babylonian kings in the south, which typically focused on the protective role and the piety of the king, <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyrian</a> royal inscriptions tend to glorify the strength and power of the king.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStevens201473-13">[12]</a> Assyrian titularies usually also often emphasize the royal genaeology of the king, something Babylonian titularies do not, and also drive home the king's moral and physical qualities while downplaying his role in the judicial system.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarlsson20171-14">[13]</a> Assyrian epithets about royal lineage vary in how far they stretch back, most often simply discussing lineage in terms of "son of ..." or "brother of ...". Some cases display lineage stretching back much further, <a href="/wiki/Shamash-shum-ukin" class="mw-redirect" title="Shamash-shum-ukin">Shamash-shum-ukin</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 667–648 BC) describes himself as a "descendant of Sargon II", his great-grandfather. More extremely, <a href="/wiki/Esarhaddon" title="Esarhaddon">Esarhaddon</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 681–669 BC) calls himself a "descendant of the eternal seed of <a href="/wiki/Bel-bani" title="Bel-bani">Bel-bani</a>", a king who lived more than a thousand years before him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarlsson201712-15">[14]</a> Assyrian royal titularies were often changed depending on where the titles were to be displayed, the titles of the same Assyrian king would have been different in their home country of Assyria and in conquered regions. Those Neo-Assyrian kings who controlled the city of Babylon used a "hybrid" titulary of sorts in the south, combining aspects of the Assyrian and Babylonian tradition, similar to how the traditional Babylonian deities were promoted in the south alongside the Assyrian main deity of <a href="/wiki/Ashur_(god)" title="Ashur (god)">Ashur</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarlsson20171-14">[13]</a> The assumption of many traditional southern titles, including the ancient "<a href="/wiki/King_of_Sumer_and_Akkad" title="King of Sumer and Akkad">king of Sumer and Akkad</a>" and the boastful "<a href="/wiki/King_of_the_Universe" title="King of the Universe">king of the Universe</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/King_of_the_Four_Corners_of_the_World" class="mw-redirect" title="King of the Four Corners of the World">king of the Four Corners of the World</a>", by the Assyrian kings served to legitimize their rule and assert their control over Babylon and <a href="/wiki/Lower_Mesopotamia" title="Lower Mesopotamia">lower Mesopotamia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoares201721-16">[15]</a> Epithets like "chosen by the god <a href="/wiki/Marduk" title="Marduk">Marduk</a> and the goddess <a href="/wiki/Sarpanit" title="Sarpanit">Sarpanit</a>" and "favourite of the god Ashur and the goddess <a href="/wiki/Mullissu" title="Mullissu">Mullissu</a>", both assumed by Esarhaddon, illustrate that he was both Assyrian (Ashur and Mullissu, the main pair of Assyrian deities) and a legitimate ruler over Babylon (Marduk and Sarpanit, the main pair of Babylonian deities).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoares201728-17">[16]</a> To exemplify an Assyrian royal title from the time Assyria ruled all of Mesopotamia, the titulature preserved in one of Esarhaddon's inscriptions reads as follows:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELuckenbill1927211-18">[17]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">The great king, the mighty king, king of the Universe, king of Assyria, viceroy of Babylon, king of Sumer and Akkad, son of Sennacherib, the great king, the mighty king, king of Assyria, grandson of Sargon, the great king, the mighty king, king of Assyria; who under the protection of Assur, Sin, Shamash, Nabu, Marduk, Ishtar of Nineveh, Ishtar of Arbela, the great gods, his lords, made his way from the rising to the setting sun, having no rival.</blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Role_of_the_Assyrian_king">Role of the Assyrian king</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Assyrian_kings&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Role of the Assyrian king">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tiglath-pileser_III,_an_alabaster_bas-relief_from_the_king%27s_central_palace_at_Nimrud,_Mesopotamia..JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Tiglath-pileser_III%2C_an_alabaster_bas-relief_from_the_king%27s_central_palace_at_Nimrud%2C_Mesopotamia..JPG/180px-Tiglath-pileser_III%2C_an_alabaster_bas-relief_from_the_king%27s_central_palace_at_Nimrud%2C_Mesopotamia..JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Tiglath-pileser_III%2C_an_alabaster_bas-relief_from_the_king%27s_central_palace_at_Nimrud%2C_Mesopotamia..JPG/270px-Tiglath-pileser_III%2C_an_alabaster_bas-relief_from_the_king%27s_central_palace_at_Nimrud%2C_Mesopotamia..JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Tiglath-pileser_III%2C_an_alabaster_bas-relief_from_the_king%27s_central_palace_at_Nimrud%2C_Mesopotamia..JPG/360px-Tiglath-pileser_III%2C_an_alabaster_bas-relief_from_the_king%27s_central_palace_at_Nimrud%2C_Mesopotamia..JPG 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="4288" /></a><figcaption>Relief of <a href="/wiki/Tiglath-Pileser_III" title="Tiglath-Pileser III">Tiglath-Pileser III</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 745–727), depicting the king in a chariot</figcaption></figure> Ancient Assyria was an absolute monarchy, with the king believed to be appointed directly through <a href="/wiki/Divine_right_of_kings" title="Divine right of kings">divine right</a> by the chief deity, <a href="/wiki/Ashur_(god)" title="Ashur (god)">Ashur</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_British_Museum''2018-1">[1]</a> The Assyrians believed that the king was the link between the gods and the earthly realm. As such, it was the king's primary duty to discover the will of the gods and enact this, often through the construction of temples or waging war. To aid the king with this duty, there was a number of priests at the royal court trained in reading and interpreting signs from the gods.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMelville2016219–229-19">[18]</a> The heartland of the Assyrian realm, Assyria itself, was thought to represent a serene and perfect place of order whilst the lands governed by foreign powers were perceived as infested with disorder and chaos.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_British_Museum''2018-1">[1]</a> The peoples of these "outer" lands were seen as uncivilized, strange and as speaking strange languages.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParker2011357–386-20">[19]</a> Because the king was the earthly link to the gods, it was his duty to spread order throughout the world through the military conquest of these strange and chaotic countries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_British_Museum''2018-1">[1]</a> As such, imperial expansion was not just expansion for expansion's sake but was also seen as a process of bringing divine order and destroying chaos to create civilization.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParker2011357–386-20">[19]</a> There exists several ancient inscriptions in which the god Ashur explicitly orders kings to extend the borders of Assyria. A text from the reign of <a href="/wiki/Tukulti-Ninurta_I" title="Tukulti-Ninurta I">Tukulti-Ninurta I</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1243–1207 BC) states that the king received a royal scepter and was commanded to "broaden the land of Ashur". A similar inscription from the reign of <a href="/wiki/Ashurbanipal" title="Ashurbanipal">Ashurbanipal</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 668–631 BC) commands the king to "extend the land at his feet".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParker2011357–386-20">[19]</a> The king was also tasked with protecting his own people, often being referred to as a "shepherd". This protection included defending against external enemies and defending citizens from dangerous wild animals. To the Assyrians, the most dangerous animal of all was the <a href="/wiki/Lion" title="Lion">lion</a>, used (similarly to foreign powers) as an example of chaos and disorder due to their aggressive nature. To prove themselves worthy of rule and illustrate that they were competent protectors, Assyrian kings engaged in ritual <a href="/wiki/Lion_hunting" title="Lion hunting">lion hunts</a>. Lion-hunting was reserved for Assyrian royalty and was a public event, staged at parks in or near the Assyrian cities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_British_Museum''2018-1">[1]</a> In some cases, the hunt even took place with captive lions in an arena.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReade1998b72–79-21">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legitimacy">Legitimacy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Assyrian_kings&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Legitimacy">edit</a>]</div> As opposed to some other ancient monarchies, such as <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">ancient Egypt</a>, the Assyrian king was not believed to be divine himself, but was seen as divinely chosen and uniquely qualified for the royal duties. Most kings stressed their legitimacy through their familial connections to previous kings; a king was legitimate through his relation to the previous line of great kings who had been chosen by Ashur. Usurpers who were unrelated to previous kings usually either simply lied about being the son of some previous monarch or claimed that they had been divinely appointed directly by Ashur.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParker2011357–386-20">[19]</a> Two prominent examples of such usurpers are the kings <a href="/wiki/Tiglath-Pileser_III" title="Tiglath-Pileser III">Tiglath-Pileser III</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 745–727 BC) and <a href="/wiki/Sargon_II" title="Sargon II">Sargon II</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 722–705 BC). The inscriptions of these kings completely lack any familial references to previous kings, instead stressing that Ashur himself had appointed them directly with phrases such as "Ashur called my name", "Ashur placed me on the throne" and "Ashur placed his merciless weapon in my hand".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParker2011357–386-20">[19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Assyrian_kings">Assyrian kings</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Assyrian_kings&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Assyrian kings">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_Assyrian_rulers">Early Assyrian rulers</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Assyrian_kings&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Early Assyrian rulers">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Early_Assyrian_period" title="Early Assyrian period">Early Assyrian period</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Early_names_in_king_lists">Early names in king lists</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Assyrian_kings&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Early names in king lists">edit</a>]</div> The Assyrian King List includes a long sequence of rulers before Assyria's first confidently attested kings (of the Puzur-Ashur dynasty), though it is suspected by modern scholars that at least portions of this line of rulers are invented since none of the names are attested in contemporary records and many of the names of the earliest rulers rhyme (suggesting an invented pattern).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELendering2006-4">[3]</a> This is further corroborated by the absence of certain figures in the list known to have ruled in Assur before the Puzur-Ashur dynasty (the governors under Assur's foreign rulers).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChavalas1994119-22">[21]</a> The Synchronistic King List diverges from the Assyrian King List and considers <a href="/wiki/Erishum_I" title="Erishum I">Erishum I</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1974–1935 BC), the fourth king of the Puzur-Ashur dynasty, to be the first king of Assyria. <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELendering2006b-23">[22]</a> Though it includes earlier names, the Assyrian King List does not list the length of the rule of any king before Erishum I.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELendering2006-4">[3]</a> Given that the earliest rulers are described as "kings who lived in tents", they, if real, may not have ruled Assur at all but rather have been nomadic tribal chieftains somewhere in its vicinity. As in the <a href="/wiki/Sumerian_King_List" title="Sumerian King List">Sumerian King List</a>, several names may also have belonged to rulers who were contemporaries/rivals, rather than successors and predecessors of one another. <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoux1992187-24">[23]</a> Some researchers have dismissed these names as a mixture of <a href="/wiki/Amorites" title="Amorites">Amorite</a> tribal-geographical names with no relation to Assyria at all.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeenhofEidem200819-25">[24]</a> It is possible that the 'kings who were ancestors', who are not attested in any other sources as present at Assur, refer to the ancestors of <a href="/wiki/Shamshi-Adad_I" title="Shamshi-Adad I">Shamshi-Adad I</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1808–1776 BC), given that other sources claim that his father was named Ilu-kabkabu, and they might thus not have been kings of Assyria, but rather rulers of <a href="/wiki/Terqa" title="Terqa">Terqa</a>, Shamshi-Adad's supposed ancestral home. Including these figures may have served to justify Shamshi-Adad's rise to the throne, either through obscuring his non-Assyrian origins or through inserting his ancestors into the sequence of Assyrian kings. <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChavalas1994117-26">[25]</a> The early portion of the Assyrian King List contains these otherwise historically unverified names:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELendering2006-4">[3]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1215345927">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .multicol-float{width:auto!important}}.mw-parser-output .multicol-float{clear:none;float:left}.mw-parser-output .multicol-float-clear{clear:both}</style><div class="multicol-float" style=""> Kings who lived in tents <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Tudiya" title="Tudiya">Tudiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adamu_(Assyrian_king)" title="Adamu (Assyrian king)">Adamu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yangi" title="Yangi">Yangi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suhlamu" title="Suhlamu">Suhlamu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harharu" title="Harharu">Harharu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaru" title="Mandaru">Mandaru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imsu" title="Imsu">Imsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harsu" title="Harsu">Harsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Didanu" title="Didanu">Didanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hana_(Assyrian_king)" title="Hana (Assyrian king)">Hana</a></li></ol> </div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215345927"><div class="multicol-float" style=""> <div><ol start="11"><li><a href="/wiki/Zuabu" title="Zuabu">Zuabu</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Nuabu" title="Nuabu">Nuabu</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Abazu_(Assyrian_king)" title="Abazu (Assyrian king)">Abazu</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Belu_(Assyrian_king)" title="Belu (Assyrian king)">Belu</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Azarah" title="Azarah">Azarah</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ushpia" title="Ushpia">Ushpia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Apiashal" title="Apiashal">Apiashal</a>, son of Ushpia</li></ol></div> Kings who were ancestors The kings are listed in reverse order in the AKL, starting from Aminu and ending with Apiashal(who is also included in the list of kings who lived in tents). <div><ol start="18"><li><a href="/wiki/Hale_(Assyrian_king)" title="Hale (Assyrian king)">Hale</a>, son of Apiashal</li><li><a href="/wiki/Samani_(Assyrian_king)" title="Samani (Assyrian king)">Samani</a>, son of Hale</li><li><a href="/wiki/Hayani" title="Hayani">Hayani</a>, son of Samani</li></ol></div> </div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215345927"><div class="multicol-float" style=""> <div><ol start="21"><li><a href="/wiki/Ilu-Mer" title="Ilu-Mer">Ilu-Mer</a>, son of Hayani</li><li><a href="/wiki/Yakmesi" title="Yakmesi">Yakmesi</a>, son of Ilu-Mer</li><li><a href="/wiki/Yakmeni" title="Yakmeni">Yakmeni</a>, son of Yakmesi</li><li><a href="/wiki/Yazkur-el" title="Yazkur-el">Yazkur-el</a>, son of Yakmeni</li><li><a href="/wiki/Ila-kabkabu" title="Ila-kabkabu">Ila-kabkabu</a>, son of Yazkur-el</li><li><a href="/wiki/Aminu_(Assyrian_king)" title="Aminu (Assyrian king)">Aminu</a>, son of Ila-kabkabu</li></ol></div> Kings named on bricks There are six of them, including three kings that are part of the Old Assyrian empire from <a href="/wiki/Puzur-Ashur_I" title="Puzur-Ashur I">Puzur-Ashur I</a> to <a href="/wiki/Ilu-shuma" title="Ilu-shuma">Ilu-shuma</a>. <div><ol start="27"><li><a href="/wiki/Sulili" title="Sulili">Sulili</a>, son of Aminu</li><li><a href="/wiki/Kikkia" title="Kikkia">Kikkia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Akiya_(Assyrian_king)" title="Akiya (Assyrian king)">Akiya</a></li></ol></div> </div><div class="multicol-float-clear" style=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Attested_early_rulers">Attested early rulers</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Assyrian_kings&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Attested early rulers">edit</a>]</div> A handful of early local rulers of <a href="/wiki/Assur" title="Assur">Assur</a> under foreign suzerainty are known from contemporary sources from before the time of <a href="/wiki/Puzur-Ashur_I" title="Puzur-Ashur I">Puzur-Ashur I</a>. The precise dates of the highly incomplete sequence of figures listed below are unknown and none of them appear among the rulers before Puzur-Ashur I in the king list.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChavalas1994119-22">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrayson19722–6-27">[26]</a> Perhaps their absence could be explained by these figures not being considered to be proper kings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChavalas1994119-22">[21]</a> Several are however attested with the title "supreme judge" (waklum) a title probably equivalent to Iššiʾak Aššur<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrayson19722-28">[27]</a> and sometimes used by later kings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrayson197246,_52,_76-29">[28]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:85%;"> <tbody><tr> <th width="10%">Name </th> <th width="10%">Period </th> <th width="78%">Status and notes </th> <th width="2%">Ref </th></tr> <tr> <td>Ititi </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian</a> </td> <td>Vassal of <a href="/wiki/Rimush" title="Rimush">Rimush</a> of Akkad (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2279–2270 BC) (?), described as the son of Ininlaba (possibly another ruler?) </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrayson19722-28">[27]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Azuzu </td> <td>Vassal of <a href="/wiki/Manishtushu" title="Manishtushu">Manishtushu</a> of Akkad (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2270–2255 BC). Name found inscribed on the point of a spear. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrayson19722-28">[27]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ilabaandul </td> <td>Attested as governor of Assur in an Akkadian-period list from Ur of local governors. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoster2016Chapter_3:_Akkadian_centers_and_settlements-30">[29]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Zariqum" title="Zariqum">Zariqum</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Third_Dynasty_of_Ur" title="Third Dynasty of Ur">Ur III</a> </td> <td>Vassal of <a href="/wiki/Amar-Sin" title="Amar-Sin">Amar-Sin</a> of Ur (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2046–2037 BC). Name found inscribed on a limestone slab. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrayson19723-31">[30]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Silulu </td> <td>Uncertain </td> <td>Name inscribed on a seal. Perhaps identifiable with the Assyrian King List's Sulili, but described as the son of Dakiki (not Aminu). </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrayson19725-32">[31]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Puzur-Ashur_dynasty_(2025–1809_BC)">Puzur-Ashur dynasty (2025–1809 BC)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Assyrian_kings&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Puzur-Ashur dynasty (2025–1809 BC)">edit</a>]</div> The dynasty founded by Puzur-Ashur is conventionally known by modern historians as the 'Puzur-Ashur dynasty' after its founder.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEppihimer201336-33">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewy196611-34">[33]</a> Puzur-Ashur I is generally seen as the founder of Assyria as an independent city-state <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2025 BC.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAubet2013276-35">[34]</a> Some historians on the other hand speculate that Puzur-Ashur was not a new dynastic founder, but that his dynasty actually began earlier, perhaps by Sulili. The dynasty has thus also been termed the 'Sulili–Puzur-Ashur dynasty'.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewy196620-36">[35]</a> The dynasty has also been referred to simply as the 'Old Assyrian dynasty'.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAubet2013276-35">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHighcock2017-37">[36]</a> These kings, beginning with Puzur-Ashur I, took power in the aftermath of the collapse of the Neo-Sumerian Empire, which had ruled over Assyria.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHighcock2017-37">[36]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th width="6%">(Portrait) </th> <th width="16%">Name </th> <th width="17%">Reign </th> <th width="59%">Succession and notes </th> <th width="2%">Ref </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="5" style="background-color:PaleGoldenrod"><a href="/wiki/Old_Assyrian_period" title="Old Assyrian period">Old Assyrian period</a>, 2025–1364 BC </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Puzur-Ashur_I" title="Puzur-Ashur I">Puzur-Ashur I</a> Puzur-Aššur </td> <td>Uncertain<a href="#cite_note-puz-38">[b]</a> </td> <td>Unclear succession, possibly first independent ruler of <a href="/wiki/Assur" title="Assur">Assur</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020197Aubet2013276-39">[37]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Shalim-ahum" title="Shalim-ahum">Shalim-ahum</a> Šallim-aḫḫe </td> <td>Uncertain<a href="#cite_note-puz-38">[b]</a> </td> <td>Son of Puzur-Ashur I </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020197-40">[38]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Ilu-shuma" title="Ilu-shuma">Ilu-shuma</a> Ilu-šūma </td> <td>Uncertain<a href="#cite_note-puz-38">[b]</a> </td> <td>Son of Shalim-ahum </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020197-40">[38]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Erishum_I_of_Assur_portrait_crop.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Erishum_I_of_Assur_portrait_crop.png/55px-Erishum_I_of_Assur_portrait_crop.png" decoding="async" width="55" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Erishum_I_of_Assur_portrait_crop.png/83px-Erishum_I_of_Assur_portrait_crop.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Erishum_I_of_Assur_portrait_crop.png/110px-Erishum_I_of_Assur_portrait_crop.png 2x" data-file-width="119" data-file-height="158" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Erishum_I" title="Erishum I">Erishum I</a> Erišum </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1974 – 1935 BC (40 years) </td> <td>Son of Ilu-shuma </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020198-41">[39]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Ikunum" title="Ikunum">Ikunum</a> Ikūnum </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1934 – 1921 BC (14 years) </td> <td>Son of Erishum I </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020198-41">[39]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Sargon_I_of_Assur_portrait_crop.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Sargon_I_of_Assur_portrait_crop.png/55px-Sargon_I_of_Assur_portrait_crop.png" decoding="async" width="55" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Sargon_I_of_Assur_portrait_crop.png/83px-Sargon_I_of_Assur_portrait_crop.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Sargon_I_of_Assur_portrait_crop.png/110px-Sargon_I_of_Assur_portrait_crop.png 2x" data-file-width="142" data-file-height="169" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sargon_I" title="Sargon I">Sargon I</a> Šarru-kīn </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1920 – 1881 BC (40 years) </td> <td>Son of Ikunum </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020198-41">[39]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Puzur-Ashur_II" title="Puzur-Ashur II">Puzur-Ashur II</a> Puzur-Aššur </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1880 – 1873 BC (8 years) </td> <td>Son of Sargon I </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020198-41">[39]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Naram-Sin_of_Assur_portrait_crop.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Naram-Sin_of_Assur_portrait_crop.png/55px-Naram-Sin_of_Assur_portrait_crop.png" decoding="async" width="55" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Naram-Sin_of_Assur_portrait_crop.png/83px-Naram-Sin_of_Assur_portrait_crop.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Naram-Sin_of_Assur_portrait_crop.png/110px-Naram-Sin_of_Assur_portrait_crop.png 2x" data-file-width="124" data-file-height="148" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Naram-Sin_of_Assyria" title="Naram-Sin of Assyria">Naram-Sin</a> Narām-Sîn </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1872 – 1829/1819 BC<a href="#cite_note-narm-43">[c]</a> (54 or 44 years) </td> <td>Son of Puzur-Ashur II </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020198-41">[39]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Erishum_II" title="Erishum II">Erishum II</a> Erišum </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1828/1818 – 1809 BC<a href="#cite_note-narm-43">[c]</a> (20 or 10 years) </td> <td>Son of Naram-Sin </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020198-41">[39]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shamshi-Adad_dynasty_(1808–1736_BC)">Shamshi-Adad dynasty (1808–1736 BC)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Assyrian_kings&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Shamshi-Adad dynasty (1808–1736 BC)">edit</a>]</div> The dynasty founded by Shamshi-Adad I, who deposed the Puzur-Ashur dynasty,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewy196620-36">[35]</a> is conventionally known as the 'Shamshi-Adad dynasty', after its founder.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChavalas1994118-44">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrayson197227-45">[42]</a> During the rule of Shamshi-Adad I and his successors, of Amorite descent and originally from the south, a more absolute form of kingship, inspired by that of Babylon, was introduced in Assyria.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEppihimer201349-46">[43]</a> During the preceding Puzur-Ashur dynasty, royal power in Assur had been more limited than in other cities, with inscriptions describing how the king worked in tandem with the city assembly to establish law and order.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHighcock2017-37">[36]</a> The earliest use of the term šarrum (king) in Assyrian inscriptions comes from Shamshi-Adad I's reign.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChavalas1994117-26">[25]</a> Shamshi-Adad I was also the first Assyrian king to assume the title '<a href="/wiki/King_of_the_Universe" title="King of the Universe">king of the Universe</a>',<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertman2003103-47">[44]</a> though these styles fell into a long period of disuse again after his death.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERadner2015114-48">[45]</a> The short-lived realm founded by Shamshi-Adad I is sometimes referred to as the Kingdom of Upper Mesopotamia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_De_Mieroop2016115-49">[46]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th width="6%">(Portrait) </th> <th width="16%">Name </th> <th width="17%">Reign </th> <th width="59%">Succession and notes </th> <th width="2%">Ref </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Shamshi-Adad_I_portrait_crop.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Shamshi-Adad_I_portrait_crop.png/55px-Shamshi-Adad_I_portrait_crop.png" decoding="async" width="55" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Shamshi-Adad_I_portrait_crop.png/83px-Shamshi-Adad_I_portrait_crop.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Shamshi-Adad_I_portrait_crop.png/110px-Shamshi-Adad_I_portrait_crop.png 2x" data-file-width="133" data-file-height="181" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shamshi-Adad_I" title="Shamshi-Adad I">Shamshi-Adad I</a> Šamši-Adad </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1808 – 1776 BC<a href="#cite_note-55">[d]</a> (33 years) </td> <td>Amorite usurper, unrelated to previous kings </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020198-41">[39]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Ishme-Dagan_I" title="Ishme-Dagan I">Ishme-Dagan I</a> Išme-Dagān </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1775 – 1765 BC<a href="#cite_note-58">[e]</a> (11 years) </td> <td>Son of Shamshi-Adad I </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReade20015-57">[53]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="background:#ededed;"><a href="/wiki/Mut-Ashkur" title="Mut-Ashkur">Mut-Ashkur</a><a href="#cite_note-mutashkur1-60">[f]</a> Mut-Aškur </td> <td style="background:#ededed;">Uncertain<a href="#cite_note-mutashkur2-63">[g]</a> </td> <td style="background:#ededed;">Son of Ishme-Dagan I </td> <td style="background:#ededed;"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReade20015Hunger2009148-64">[57]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="background:#ededed;"><a href="/wiki/Rimush_of_Assyria" title="Rimush of Assyria">Rimush</a><a href="#cite_note-mutashkur1-60">[f]</a> Rimuš </td> <td style="background:#ededed;">Uncertain<a href="#cite_note-mutashkur2-63">[g]</a> </td> <td style="background:#ededed;">Uncertain relation </td> <td style="background:#ededed;"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReade20016-59">[54]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="background:#ededed;"><a href="/wiki/Asinum" title="Asinum">Asinum</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[h]</a> Asīnum </td> <td style="background:#ededed;">Uncertain<a href="#cite_note-mutashkur2-63">[g]</a> </td> <td style="background:#ededed;">Grandson (?) of Shamshi-Adad I </td> <td style="background:#ededed;"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReade20016-59">[54]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-dynastic_usurpers_(1735–1701_BC)">Non-dynastic usurpers (1735–1701 BC)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Assyrian_kings&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Non-dynastic usurpers (1735–1701 BC)">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th width="23.5%">Name </th> <th width="16.5%">Reign </th> <th width="58%">Succession and notes </th> <th width="2%">Ref </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Puzur-Sin" title="Puzur-Sin">Puzur-Sin</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[i]</a> Puzur-Sîn </td> <td>Uncertain </td> <td>Usurper, unrelated to previous kings </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChavalas1994120-66">[58]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ashur-dugul" title="Ashur-dugul">Ashur-dugul</a> Aššur-dugul </td> <td>Uncertain (6 years) </td> <td>Usurper, unrelated to previous kings </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020198-41">[39]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#ededed;"><a href="/wiki/Ashur-apla-idi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashur-apla-idi">Ashur-apla-idi</a> Aššur-apla-idi </td> <td style="background:#ededed;" rowspan="6">Uncertain<a href="#cite_note-69">[j]</a> </td> <td style="background:#ededed;">Usurper, unrelated to previous kings </td> <td style="background:#ededed;"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020198-41">[39]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#ededed;"><a href="/wiki/Nasir-Sin" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasir-Sin">Nasir-Sin</a> Nāṣir-Sîn </td> <td style="background:#ededed;">Usurper, unrelated to previous kings </td> <td style="background:#ededed;"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020198-41">[39]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#ededed;"><a href="/wiki/Sin-namir" class="mw-redirect" title="Sin-namir">Sin-namir</a> Sîn-nāmir </td> <td style="background:#ededed;">Usurper, unrelated to previous kings </td> <td style="background:#ededed;"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020198-41">[39]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#ededed;"><a href="/wiki/Ipqi-Ishtar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ipqi-Ishtar">Ipqi-Ishtar</a> Ipqi-Ištar </td> <td style="background:#ededed;">Usurper, unrelated to previous kings </td> <td style="background:#ededed;"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020198-41">[39]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#ededed;"><a href="/wiki/Adad-salulu" class="mw-redirect" title="Adad-salulu">Adad-salulu</a> Adad-ṣalulu </td> <td style="background:#ededed;">Usurper, unrelated to previous kings </td> <td style="background:#ededed;"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020198-41">[39]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#ededed;"><a href="/wiki/Adasi_(Assyria)" title="Adasi (Assyria)">Adasi</a> Adasi </td> <td style="background:#ededed;">Usurper, unrelated to previous kings </td> <td style="background:#ededed;"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020198-41">[39]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adaside_dynasty_(1700–722_BC)">Adaside dynasty (1700–722 BC)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Assyrian_kings&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Adaside dynasty (1700–722 BC)">edit</a>]</div> The dynasty founded by Bel-bani, which ruled Assyria throughout most of its history, is conventionally known as the Adaside<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeenhofEidem200824-70">[60]</a> or Adasi<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoebel194359-71">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrahm2017191-72">[62]</a> dynasty, after Bel-bani's father. In Babylonia, this dynasty of kings was called the "Baltil dynasty", Baltil being the oldest portion of the city of Assur.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFales2014204,_227-73">[63]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="background:#EAECF0;">(Portrait) </td> <td style="background:#EAECF0;">Name </td> <td style="background:#EAECF0;">Reign </td> <td style="background:#EAECF0;" colspan="2">Succession and notes </td> <td style="background:#EAECF0;">Ref </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Bel-bani" title="Bel-bani">Bel-bani</a> Bēlu-bāni </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1700 – 1691 BC (10 years) </td> <td colspan="2">Son of Adasi </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020198Bertman200381-74">[64]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Libaya" title="Libaya">Libaya</a> Libaia </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1690 – 1674 BC (17 years) </td> <td colspan="2">Son of Bel-bani </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020198Bertman200392-75">[65]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Sharma-Adad_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharma-Adad I">Sharma-Adad I</a> Šarma-Adad </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1673 – 1662 BC (12 years) </td> <td colspan="2">Son of Libaya </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020198Bertman2003104-76">[66]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Iptar-Sin" title="Iptar-Sin">Iptar-Sin</a> Ibtar-Sîn </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1661 – 1650 BC (12 years) </td> <td colspan="2">Son of Sharma-Adad I </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020198Bertman200389-77">[67]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Bazaya" title="Bazaya">Bazaya</a> Bāzā[y]a </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1649 – 1622 BC (28 years) </td> <td colspan="2">Son of Bel-bani </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020198Bertman200381-74">[64]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="6"> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Lullaya" title="Lullaya">Lullaya</a> Lulā[y]a </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1621 – 1616 BC (6 years) </td> <td colspan="2">Unrelated to other kings, possibly a usurper </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020198Bertman200392Reade20016-78">[68]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="6"> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Shu-Ninua" title="Shu-Ninua">Shu-Ninua</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[k]</a> Šu-Ninua </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1615 – 1602 BC (14 years) </td> <td colspan="2">Son of Bazaya </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020198Bertman200391-79">[69]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Sharma-Adad_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharma-Adad II">Sharma-Adad II</a> Šarma-Adad </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1601 – 1599 BC (3 years) </td> <td colspan="2">Son of Shu-Ninua </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020198Bertman2003104-76">[66]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Erishum_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Erishum III">Erishum III</a> Erišum </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1598 – 1586 BC (13 years) </td> <td colspan="2">Son of Shu-Ninua </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020198Bertman200385-81">[70]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Shamshi-Adad_II" title="Shamshi-Adad II">Shamshi-Adad II</a> Šamši-Adad </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1585 – 1580 BC (6 years) </td> <td colspan="2">Son of Erishum III </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020198Bertman2003104-76">[66]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Ishme-Dagan_II" title="Ishme-Dagan II">Ishme-Dagan II</a> Išme-Dagān </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1579 – 1564 BC (16 years) </td> <td colspan="2">Son of Shamshi-Adad II </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020198McIntosh2005355-82">[71]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Shamshi-Adad_III" title="Shamshi-Adad III">Shamshi-Adad III</a> Šamši-Adad </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1563 – 1548 BC (16 years) </td> <td colspan="2">Son of Shamshi-Adad II<a href="#cite_note-Leick2002-83">[72]</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020198McIntosh2005355-82">[71]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Ashur-nirari_I" title="Ashur-nirari I">Ashur-nirari I</a> Aššur-nārāri </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1547 – 1522 BC (26 years) </td> <td colspan="2">Son of Ishme-Dagan II </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020198McIntosh2005355-82">[71]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Puzur-Ashur_III" title="Puzur-Ashur III">Puzur-Ashur III</a> Puzur-Aššur </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1521 – 1498 BC<a href="#cite_note-85">[l]</a> (24 years) </td> <td colspan="2">Son of Ashur-nirari I </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020198Düring2020xvi-86">[74]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Enlil-nasir_I" title="Enlil-nasir I">Enlil-nasir I</a> Enlīl-nāsir </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1497 – 1485 BC (13 years) </td> <td colspan="2">Son of Puzur-Ashur III </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020198Düring2020xvi-86">[74]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nur-ili" title="Nur-ili">Nur-ili</a> Nur-ili </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1484 – 1473 BC (12 years) </td> <td colspan="2">Son of Enlil-nasir I </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020198Düring2020xvi-86">[74]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Ashur-shaduni" title="Ashur-shaduni">Ashur-shaduni</a> Aššur-šaddûni </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1473 BC (1 month) </td> <td colspan="2">Son of Nur-ili </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020198Düring2020xvi-86">[74]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Ashur-rabi_I" title="Ashur-rabi I">Ashur-rabi I</a> Aššur-rabi </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1472 – 1453 BC<a href="#cite_note-During-88">[m]</a> (20 years) </td> <td colspan="2">Son of Enlil-nasir I, usurped the throne from his nephew </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020198Lendering2006Düring2020xvi-89">[76]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Ashur-nadin-ahhe_I" title="Ashur-nadin-ahhe I">Ashur-nadin-ahhe I</a> Aššur-nādin-ahhē </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1452 – 1431 BC<a href="#cite_note-During-88">[m]</a> (22 years) </td> <td colspan="2">Son of Ashur-rabi I </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020198Düring2020xvi-86">[74]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Enlil-Nasir_II" title="Enlil-Nasir II">Enlil-nasir II</a> Enlīl-nāsir </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1430 – 1425 BC (6 years) </td> <td colspan="2">Son of Ashur-rabi I, usurped the throne from his brother </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020198Lendering2006-90">[77]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Ashur-nirari_II" title="Ashur-nirari II">Ashur-nirari II</a> Aššur-nārāri </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1424 – 1418 BC (7 years) </td> <td colspan="2">Son of Ashur-rabi I<a href="#cite_note-91">[n]</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020198-41">[39]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Ashur-bel-nisheshu" title="Ashur-bel-nisheshu">Ashur-bel-nisheshu</a> Aššūr-bēl-nīšēšu </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1417 – 1409 BC (9 years) </td> <td colspan="2">Son of Ashur-nirari II </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020199-92">[78]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Ashur-rim-nisheshu" title="Ashur-rim-nisheshu">Ashur-rim-nisheshu</a> Aššūr-rem-nīšēšu </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1408 – 1401 BC (8 years) </td> <td colspan="2">Son of Ashur-nirari II </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020199-92">[78]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Ashur-nadin-ahhe_II" title="Ashur-nadin-ahhe II">Ashur-nadin-ahhe II</a> Aššur-nādin-ahhē </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1400 – 1391 BC (10 years) </td> <td colspan="2">Son of Ashur-rim-nisheshu </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020199-92">[78]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Eriba-Adad_I" title="Eriba-Adad I">Eriba-Adad I</a> Erība-Adad </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1390 – 1364 BC (27 years) </td> <td colspan="2">Son of Ashur-bel-nisheshu </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020199-92">[78]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="6" style="background-color:PaleGoldenrod"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Assyrian_Empire" title="Middle Assyrian Empire">Middle Assyrian Empire</a>, 1363–912 BC </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Ashur-uballit_I" title="Ashur-uballit I">Ashur-uballit I</a> Aššur-uballiṭ </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1363 – 1328 BC (36 years) </td> <td colspan="2">Son of Eriba-Adad I, first šar māt Aššur </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020199Radner2015114-93">[79]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Enlil-nirari" title="Enlil-nirari">Enlil-nirari</a> Enlīl-nārāri </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1327 – 1318 BC (10 years) </td> <td colspan="2">Son of Ashur-uballit I </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020199-92">[78]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Arik-den-ili" title="Arik-den-ili">Arik-den-ili</a> Arīk-den-ili </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1317 – 1306 BC (12 years) </td> <td colspan="2">Son of Enlil-nirari </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020199-92">[78]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Adad-nirari_I" title="Adad-nirari I">Adad-nirari I</a> Adad-nārārī </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1305 – 1274 BC (32 years) </td> <td colspan="2">Son of Arik-den-ili<a href="#cite_note-94">[o]</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020199-92">[78]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Shalmaneser_I" title="Shalmaneser I">Shalmaneser I</a> Salmānu-ašarēd </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1273 – 1244 BC (30 years) </td> <td colspan="2">Son of Adad-nirari I </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020199-92">[78]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Tukulti-Ninurta_I_portrait_crop.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Tukulti-Ninurta_I_portrait_crop.png/77px-Tukulti-Ninurta_I_portrait_crop.png" decoding="async" width="77" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Tukulti-Ninurta_I_portrait_crop.png/116px-Tukulti-Ninurta_I_portrait_crop.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Tukulti-Ninurta_I_portrait_crop.png/154px-Tukulti-Ninurta_I_portrait_crop.png 2x" data-file-width="530" data-file-height="568" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tukulti-Ninurta_I" title="Tukulti-Ninurta I">Tukulti-Ninurta I</a> Tukultī-Ninurta </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1243 – 1207 BC (37 years) </td> <td colspan="2">Son of Shalmaneser I </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020199-92">[78]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Ashur-nadin-apli" title="Ashur-nadin-apli">Ashur-nadin-apli</a> Aššūr-nādin-apli </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1206 – 1203 BC<a href="#cite_note-95">[p]</a> (4 years) </td> <td colspan="2">Son of Tukulti-Ninurta I, usurped the throne from his father </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020199Lendering2006-96">[80]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Ashur-nirari_III" title="Ashur-nirari III">Ashur-nirari III</a> Aššur-nārāri </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1202 – 1197 BC (6 years) </td> <td colspan="2">Son of Ashur-nadin-apli </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020199-92">[78]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Enlil-kudurri-usur" title="Enlil-kudurri-usur">Enlil-kudurri-usur</a> Enlīl-kudurri-uṣur </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1196 – 1192 BC (5 years) </td> <td colspan="2">Son of Tukulti-Ninurta I </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020199-92">[78]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Ninurta-apal-Ekur" title="Ninurta-apal-Ekur">Ninurta-apal-Ekur</a> Ninurta-apal-Ekur </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1191 – 1179 BC<a href="#cite_note-NinDan-103">[q]</a> (13 years) </td> <td colspan="2">Great-great-great-grandson of Adad-nirari I, usurped the throne from his distant cousin </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020199Fales2014227-104">[87]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Ashur-dan_I" title="Ashur-dan I">Ashur-dan I</a> Aššur-dān </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1178 – 1133 BC<a href="#cite_note-NinDan-103">[q]</a> (46 years) </td> <td colspan="2">Son of Ninurta-apal-Ekur </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020199-92">[78]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Ninurta-tukulti-Ashur" title="Ninurta-tukulti-Ashur">Ninurta-tukulti-Ashur</a> Ninurta-tukultī-Aššur </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1132 BC<a href="#cite_note-ninmut-106">[r]</a> (less than a year) </td> <td colspan="2">Son of Ashur-dan I </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020199-92">[78]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Mutakkil-Nusku" title="Mutakkil-Nusku">Mutakkil-Nusku</a> Mutakkil-Nusku </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1132 BC<a href="#cite_note-ninmut-106">[r]</a> (less than a year) </td> <td colspan="2">Son of Ashur-dan I, usurped the throne from his brother </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020199Lendering2006-96">[80]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Ashur-resh-ishi_I" title="Ashur-resh-ishi I">Ashur-resh-ishi I</a> Aššur-rēša-iši </td> <td>1132 – 1115 BC (18 years) </td> <td colspan="2">Son of Mutakkil-nusku </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020199-92">[78]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Tiglath-Pileser_I_relief_portrait.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Tiglath-Pileser_I_relief_portrait.png/77px-Tiglath-Pileser_I_relief_portrait.png" decoding="async" width="77" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Tiglath-Pileser_I_relief_portrait.png/116px-Tiglath-Pileser_I_relief_portrait.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Tiglath-Pileser_I_relief_portrait.png/154px-Tiglath-Pileser_I_relief_portrait.png 2x" data-file-width="171" data-file-height="213" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tiglath-Pileser_I" title="Tiglath-Pileser I">Tiglath-Pileser I</a> Tukultī-apil-Ešarra </td> <td>1114 – 1076 BC (39 years) </td> <td colspan="2">Son of Ashur-resh-ishi I </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020199-92">[78]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Asharid-apal-Ekur" title="Asharid-apal-Ekur">Asharid-apal-Ekur</a> Ašarēd-apil-Ekur </td> <td>1075 – 1074 BC (2 years) </td> <td colspan="2">Son of Tiglath-Pileser I </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020199-92">[78]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Ashur-bel-kala" title="Ashur-bel-kala">Ashur-bel-kala</a> Aššūr-bēl-kala </td> <td>1073 – 1056 BC (18 years) </td> <td colspan="2">Son of Tiglath-Pileser I; a century-long period of decline followed Ashur-bel-kala's death </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020199Tucker2019161-107">[89]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Eriba-Adad_II" title="Eriba-Adad II">Eriba-Adad II</a> Erība-Adad </td> <td>1055 – 1054 BC (2 years) </td> <td colspan="2">Son of Ashur-bel-kala </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020199-92">[78]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Shamshi-Adad_IV" title="Shamshi-Adad IV">Shamshi-Adad IV</a> Šamši-Adad </td> <td>1053 – 1050 BC (4 years) </td> <td colspan="2">Son of Tiglath-Pileser I, usurped the throne from his nephew </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020199Lendering2006-96">[80]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Ashurnasirpal_I" title="Ashurnasirpal I">Ashurnasirpal I</a> Aššur-nāṣir-apli </td> <td>1049 – 1031 BC (19 years) </td> <td colspan="2">Son of Shamshi-Adad IV </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020199-92">[78]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Shalmaneser_II" title="Shalmaneser II">Shalmaneser II</a> Salmānu-ašarēd </td> <td>1030 – 1019 BC (12 years) </td> <td colspan="2">Son of Ashurnasirpal I </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020199-92">[78]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Ashur-nirari_IV" title="Ashur-nirari IV">Ashur-nirari IV</a> Aššur-nārāri </td> <td>1018 – 1013 BC (6 years) </td> <td colspan="2">Son of Shalmaneser II </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020199-92">[78]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Ashur-rabi_II" title="Ashur-rabi II">Ashur-rabi II</a> Aššur-rabi </td> <td>1012 – 972 BC (41 years) </td> <td colspan="2">Son of Ashurnasirpal I </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020199-92">[78]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Ashur-resh-ishi_II" title="Ashur-resh-ishi II">Ashur-resh-ishi II</a> Aššur-rēša-iši </td> <td>971 – 967 BC (5 years) </td> <td colspan="2">Son of Ashur-rabi II </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020199-92">[78]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Tiglath-Pileser_II" title="Tiglath-Pileser II">Tiglath-Pileser II</a> Tukultī-apil-Ešarra </td> <td>966 – 935 BC (32 years) </td> <td colspan="2">Son of Ashur-resh-ishi II </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020199-92">[78]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Ashur-dan_II" title="Ashur-dan II">Ashur-dan II</a> Aššur-dān </td> <td>934 – 912 BC (23 years) </td> <td colspan="2">Son of Tiglath-Pileser II, began to reconquer the territory lost under his predecessors </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020199Radner2015115-108">[90]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="6" style="background-color:PaleGoldenrod"><a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian Empire</a>, 911–609 BC </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#EAECF0;" width="6%">Portrait </td> <td style="background:#EAECF0;" width="16%">Name </td> <td style="background:#EAECF0;" width="17%">Reign </td> <td style="background:#EAECF0;" width="30%">Succession </td> <td style="background:#EAECF0;" width="29%">Life details and notes </td> <td style="background:#EAECF0;" width="2%">Ref </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Adad-nirari_II" title="Adad-nirari II">Adad-nirari II</a> Adad-nārārī </td> <td>911 – 891 BC (21 years) </td> <td colspan="2">Son of Ashur-dan II </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020199-92">[78]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Tukulti-Ninurta_II" title="Tukulti-Ninurta II">Tukulti-Ninurta II</a> Tukultī-Ninurta </td> <td>890 – 884 BC (7 years) </td> <td colspan="2">Son of Adad-nirari II </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020199-92">[78]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Ashurnasirpal_II_cropped.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Ashurnasirpal_II_cropped.png/77px-Ashurnasirpal_II_cropped.png" decoding="async" width="77" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Ashurnasirpal_II_cropped.png/116px-Ashurnasirpal_II_cropped.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Ashurnasirpal_II_cropped.png/154px-Ashurnasirpal_II_cropped.png 2x" data-file-width="260" data-file-height="324" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ashurnasirpal_II" title="Ashurnasirpal II">Ashurnasirpal II</a> Aššur-nāṣir-apli </td> <td>884 – 859 BC (25 years) </td> <td>Son of Tukulti-Ninurta II </td> <td>Changed the Assyrian capital to <a href="/wiki/Nimrud" title="Nimrud">Nimrud</a>. Campaigned to the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean</a>. First Assyrian king to make extensive use of reliefs. Died a natural death. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020199Radner2015115Magill1998146,_149-109">[91]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Shalmaneser_III_cropped.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Shalmaneser_III_cropped.png/77px-Shalmaneser_III_cropped.png" decoding="async" width="77" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Shalmaneser_III_cropped.png/116px-Shalmaneser_III_cropped.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Shalmaneser_III_cropped.png/154px-Shalmaneser_III_cropped.png 2x" data-file-width="315" data-file-height="407" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shalmaneser_III" title="Shalmaneser III">Shalmaneser III</a> Salmānu-ašarēd </td> <td>859 – 824 BC (35 years) </td> <td>Son of Ashurnasirpal II </td> <td>Fully restored Assyia's ancient borders, though there was again decline after his death. Died a natural death. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020199Radner2015115Bertman2003103-110">[92]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Shamshi-Adad_V_cropped.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Shamshi-Adad_V_cropped.png/77px-Shamshi-Adad_V_cropped.png" decoding="async" width="77" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Shamshi-Adad_V_cropped.png/116px-Shamshi-Adad_V_cropped.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Shamshi-Adad_V_cropped.png/154px-Shamshi-Adad_V_cropped.png 2x" data-file-width="577" data-file-height="720" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shamshi-Adad_V" title="Shamshi-Adad V">Shamshi-Adad V</a> Šamši-Adad </td> <td>824 – 811 BC (13 years) </td> <td>Son of Shalmaneser III, defeated his brother <a href="/wiki/Ashur-danin-pal" title="Ashur-danin-pal">Ashur-danin-pal</a> in a civil war </td> <td>Conquered <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a>, though it became independent again in the reign of his son. Died relatively young in unclear circumstances. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020199Bauer2007349Beaulieu2018178,_184–185-111">[93]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Adad-nirari_III_cropped.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Adad-nirari_III_cropped.png/77px-Adad-nirari_III_cropped.png" decoding="async" width="77" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Adad-nirari_III_cropped.png/116px-Adad-nirari_III_cropped.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Adad-nirari_III_cropped.png/154px-Adad-nirari_III_cropped.png 2x" data-file-width="737" data-file-height="1091" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Adad-nirari_III" title="Adad-nirari III">Adad-nirari III</a> Adad-nārārī </td> <td>811 – 783 BC (28 years) </td> <td>Son of Shamshi-Adad V. Probably young at the time of his father's death, his mother <a href="/wiki/Shammuramat" title="Shammuramat">Shammuramat</a> may have served as co-regent in his early reign. </td> <td>Adad-nirari III's late reign began an obscure period from which few sources survive and Assyrian officials wielded great power. Presumably died of natural causes. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020199Grayson2002200-112">[94]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Shalmaneser_IV" title="Shalmaneser IV">Shalmaneser IV</a> Salmānu-ašarēd </td> <td>783 – 773 BC (10 years) </td> <td>Son of Adad-nirari III </td> <td>Fate unclear due to the lack of surviving sources </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020200Grayson2002239-113">[95]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Ashur-dan_III" title="Ashur-dan III">Ashur-dan III</a> Aššur-dān </td> <td>773 – 755 BC (18 years) </td> <td>Son of Adad-nirari III </td> <td>Fate unclear due to the lack of surviving sources </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020200Grayson2002239-113">[95]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Ashur-nirari_V" title="Ashur-nirari V">Ashur-nirari V</a> Aššur-nārāri </td> <td>755 – 745 BC<a href="#cite_note-115">[s]</a> (10 years) </td> <td>Son of Adad-nirari III </td> <td>Fate unclear due to the lack of surviving sources, possibly deposed and killed by Tiglath-Pileser III </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020200Grayson2002239Davenport201636-116">[97]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Tiglath-Pileser_III_cropped.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Tiglath-Pileser_III_cropped.png/77px-Tiglath-Pileser_III_cropped.png" decoding="async" width="77" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Tiglath-Pileser_III_cropped.png/116px-Tiglath-Pileser_III_cropped.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Tiglath-Pileser_III_cropped.png/154px-Tiglath-Pileser_III_cropped.png 2x" data-file-width="546" data-file-height="746" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tiglath-Pileser_III" title="Tiglath-Pileser III">Tiglath-Pileser III</a> Tukultī-apil-Ešarra </td> <td>745 – 727 BC (18 years) </td> <td>Son of either Adad-nirari III or Ashur-nirari V.<a href="#cite_note-118">[t]</a> Succeeded Ashur-nirari V in uncertain circumstances, either legitimately or through a coup or civil war. </td> <td>Revitalized the Assyrian Empire and made it the supreme imperial and political power in the Near East. Conquered Babylon. Died a natural death. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020200Davenport201636–41Ahmed201828Radner2012b-119">[99]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Shalmaneser_V_cropped.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Shalmaneser_V_cropped.png/77px-Shalmaneser_V_cropped.png" decoding="async" width="77" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Shalmaneser_V_cropped.png/116px-Shalmaneser_V_cropped.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Shalmaneser_V_cropped.png/154px-Shalmaneser_V_cropped.png 2x" data-file-width="207" data-file-height="253" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shalmaneser_V" title="Shalmaneser V">Shalmaneser V</a> Salmānu-ašarēd </td> <td>727 – 722 BC (5 years) </td> <td>Son of Tiglath-Pileser III </td> <td>Deposed and killed by Sargon II in a <a href="/wiki/Palace_coup" class="mw-redirect" title="Palace coup">palace coup</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020200YamadaYamada2017389Radner2012Radner2012b-120">[100]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sargonid_dynasty_(722–609_BC)">Sargonid dynasty (722–609 BC)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Assyrian_kings&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Sargonid dynasty (722–609 BC)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sargonid_dynasty" title="Sargonid dynasty">Sargonid dynasty</a></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th width="6%">Portrait </th> <th width="16%">Name </th> <th width="17%">Reign </th> <th width="30%">Succession </th> <th width="29%">Life details and notes </th> <th width="2%">Ref </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Sargon_II_cropped.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Sargon_II_cropped.png/77px-Sargon_II_cropped.png" decoding="async" width="77" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Sargon_II_cropped.png/116px-Sargon_II_cropped.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Sargon_II_cropped.png/154px-Sargon_II_cropped.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="831" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sargon_II" title="Sargon II">Sargon II</a> Šarru-kīn </td> <td>722 – 705 BC (17 years) </td> <td>Claimed to be a son of Tiglath-Pileser III, actual connections to previous royalty disputed. Seized the throne from Shalmaneser V in a palace coup. </td> <td>Changed the Assyrian capital to <a href="/wiki/Dur-Sharrukin" title="Dur-Sharrukin">Dur-Sharrukin</a>. Killed in battle in Anatolia, fighting against <a href="/wiki/Tabal_(state)" title="Tabal (state)">Tabal</a>. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020200–201Melville201656Radner2012-121">[101]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Sennacherib_cropped.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Sennacherib_cropped.png/77px-Sennacherib_cropped.png" decoding="async" width="77" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Sennacherib_cropped.png/116px-Sennacherib_cropped.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Sennacherib_cropped.png/154px-Sennacherib_cropped.png 2x" data-file-width="518" data-file-height="726" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sennacherib" title="Sennacherib">Sennacherib</a> Sîn-aḥḥē-erība </td> <td>705 – 681 BC (24 years) </td> <td>Son of Sargon II </td> <td>Changed the Assyrian capital to <a href="/wiki/Nineveh" title="Nineveh">Nineveh</a>. Murdered by his eldest son <a href="/wiki/Arda-Mulissu" title="Arda-Mulissu">Arda-Mulissu</a>, who hoped to seize power for himself. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020200Elayi201729Frahm2014202Radner2003166-122">[102]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Esarhaddon_cropped.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Esarhaddon_cropped.png/77px-Esarhaddon_cropped.png" decoding="async" width="77" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Esarhaddon_cropped.png/116px-Esarhaddon_cropped.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Esarhaddon_cropped.png/154px-Esarhaddon_cropped.png 2x" data-file-width="690" data-file-height="942" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Esarhaddon" title="Esarhaddon">Esarhaddon</a> Aššur-aḫa-iddina </td> <td>681 – 669 BC (12 years) </td> <td>Son of Sennacherib. After Sennacherib was killed by Arda-Mulissu, Esarhaddon had to fight a six-week-long civil war against his brother before he successfully assumed the throne. </td> <td>Brought Assyria to its greatest ever extent. Plagued by illnesses throughout his life. Died of natural causes on his way to campaign against Egypt. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020200Radner2003166,_176–177Widmer2019footnote_53Fales2012135-123">[103]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Ashurbanipal_cropped.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Ashurbanipal_cropped.png/77px-Ashurbanipal_cropped.png" decoding="async" width="77" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Ashurbanipal_cropped.png/116px-Ashurbanipal_cropped.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Ashurbanipal_cropped.png/154px-Ashurbanipal_cropped.png 2x" data-file-width="632" data-file-height="966" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ashurbanipal" title="Ashurbanipal">Ashurbanipal</a> Aššur-bāni-apli </td> <td>669 – 631 BC (38 years) </td> <td>Son of Esarhaddon. Ashurbanipal's brother <a href="/wiki/Shamash-shum-ukin" class="mw-redirect" title="Shamash-shum-ukin">Shamash-shum-ukin</a> inherited Babylonia, but after their civil war in 652–648 BC, Ashurbanipal strengthened his hold on the south as well. </td> <td>Generally regarded as the last great Assyrian king. Fate unclear due to lack of surviving sources, probably died a natural death. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020200Na'aman1991243,_254Finkel2013123Ahmed2018121-124">[104]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/A%C5%A1%C5%A1ur-etil-il%C4%81ni" title="Aššur-etil-ilāni">Aššur-etil-ilāni</a> Aššur-etil-ilāni </td> <td>631 – 627 BC (4 years) </td> <td>Son of Ashurbanipal </td> <td>Fate unclear due to the lack of surviving sources </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020200Na'aman1991243,_255-125">[105]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="6"> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#ededed;"><a href="/wiki/File:Sin-sum2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Sin-sum2.png/77px-Sin-sum2.png" decoding="async" width="77" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Sin-sum2.png/116px-Sin-sum2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Sin-sum2.png/154px-Sin-sum2.png 2x" data-file-width="562" data-file-height="556" /></a> </td> <td style="background:#ededed;"><a href="/wiki/S%C3%AEn-%C5%A1umu-l%C4%AB%C5%A1ir" title="Sîn-šumu-līšir">Sîn-šumu-līšir</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[u]</a> Sîn-šumu-līšir (usurper) </td> <td style="background:#ededed;">626 BC (3 months) </td> <td style="background:#ededed;">Prominent <a href="/wiki/Eunuch" title="Eunuch">eunuch</a> courtier and general. Influential under the reign of Aššur-etil-ilāni, rebelled upon the accession of Sîn-šar-iškun. Ruled only northern Babylonia. </td> <td style="background:#ededed;">The only eunuch to ever claim the throne of Assyria. Defeated by Sîn-šar-iškun. </td> <td style="background:#ededed;"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOates1992172Na'aman1991256Lipschits200513-129">[108]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="6"> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/S%C3%AEn-%C5%A1ar-i%C5%A1kun" class="mw-redirect" title="Sîn-šar-iškun">Sîn-šar-iškun</a> Sîn-šar-iškun </td> <td>627 – 612 BC (15 years) </td> <td>Son of Ashurbanipal, succeeded as king after Aššur-etil-ilāni's death<a href="#cite_note-132">[v]</a> </td> <td>Killed by the forces of the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Babylonians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Medes" title="Medes">Medes</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Nineveh" class="mw-redirect" title="Fall of Nineveh">fall of Nineveh</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020200Na'aman1991243Radner2019135-133">[111]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/A%C5%A1%C5%A1ur-uballi%E1%B9%AD_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Aššur-uballiṭ II">Aššur-uballiṭ II</a> Aššur-uballiṭ </td> <td>612 – 609 BC (3 years) </td> <td>Possibly son of Sîn-šar-iškun. Organized resistance against the Medes and Babylonians at <a href="/wiki/Harran" title="Harran">Harran</a>. Formally ruling with the title of crown prince since he was unable to undergo traditional coronation at Assur. </td> <td>Defeated by the Babylonians at the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Harran" title="Siege of Harran">Siege of Harran</a>, fate thereafter unknown </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERadner2013Radner2019135–136Reade1998264Rowton1951128-134">[112]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_Assyrian_kingship">Later Assyrian kingship</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Assyrian_kings&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Later Assyrian kingship">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geopolitical_history_and_context">Geopolitical history and context</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Assyrian_kings&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Geopolitical history and context">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Post-imperial_Assyria" title="Post-imperial Assyria">Post-imperial Assyria</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Detail._Parthian_stele_from_Ashur,_Iraq._1st_century_BCE_to_1st_century_CE._Museum_of_Archaeology,_Istanbul,_Turkey.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Detail._Parthian_stele_from_Ashur%2C_Iraq._1st_century_BCE_to_1st_century_CE._Museum_of_Archaeology%2C_Istanbul%2C_Turkey.jpg/290px-Detail._Parthian_stele_from_Ashur%2C_Iraq._1st_century_BCE_to_1st_century_CE._Museum_of_Archaeology%2C_Istanbul%2C_Turkey.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Detail._Parthian_stele_from_Ashur%2C_Iraq._1st_century_BCE_to_1st_century_CE._Museum_of_Archaeology%2C_Istanbul%2C_Turkey.jpg/435px-Detail._Parthian_stele_from_Ashur%2C_Iraq._1st_century_BCE_to_1st_century_CE._Museum_of_Archaeology%2C_Istanbul%2C_Turkey.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Detail._Parthian_stele_from_Ashur%2C_Iraq._1st_century_BCE_to_1st_century_CE._Museum_of_Archaeology%2C_Istanbul%2C_Turkey.jpg/580px-Detail._Parthian_stele_from_Ashur%2C_Iraq._1st_century_BCE_to_1st_century_CE._Museum_of_Archaeology%2C_Istanbul%2C_Turkey.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4550" data-file-height="3777" /></a><figcaption>Detail of a stele in the style of the Neo-Assyrian royal steles erected in Assur in the 2nd century AD (under <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian</a> rule) by the local ruler <a href="/wiki/R%CA%BButh-Assor" title="Rʻuth-Assor">Rʻuth-Assor</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERadner201520-135">[113]</a></figcaption></figure> The defeat of Ashur-uballit II at Harran in 609 BC marked the end of the ancient Assyrian monarchy, which was never restored.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERadner2019141-136">[114]</a> The territory of the Assyrian Empire was split between the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Median_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Median Empire">Median</a> empires.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParpola200418-137">[115]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrian people</a> survived the fall of the empire, though Assyria continued to be a sparsely populated and marginal region under the Neo-Babylonian and later <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid</a> empires.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHauser2017236-138">[116]</a> Under the <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian</a> empires, Assyria experienced a remarkable recovery. Under the last two or so centuries of Parthian rule, archaeological surveys have shown that the region reached a density of settlements that is only comparable to what the region was like under the Neo-Assyrian Empire.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHauser2017238,_240-139">[117]</a> A semi-autonomous city-state under Parthian suzerainty appears to have formed around the city of Assur,<a href="#cite_note-142">[w]</a> Assyria's oldest capital,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParpola200420-143">[120]</a> near, or shortly after, the end of the 2nd century BC.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchippmann2012816–817-144">[121]</a> In this period, the ancient city flourished, with some old buildings being restored and some new ones, such as a new palace, being constructed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarperKlengel-BrandtAruzBenzel199518-145">[122]</a> The ancient temple dedicated to the god Ashur was also restored for the second time in the second century AD, and a cultic calendar effectively identical to that used under the Neo-Assyrian Empire was used. Stelae erected by the local rulers of Assur in this time resemble the stelae erected by the Neo-Assyrian kings,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParpola200420-143">[120]</a> though the rulers are depicted in Parthian-style trouser-suits rather than ancient garb. The rulers used the title maryo of Assur ("master of Assur") and appear to have viewed themselves as continuing the old Assyrian royal tradition.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERadner201519–20-146">[123]</a> These stelae retain the shape, framing and placement (often in city gates) of stelae erected under the ancient kings and also depict the central figure in reverence of the moon and sun, an ever-present motif in the ancient royal stelae.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndraeLenzen1933105–106-147">[124]</a> This second period of prominent Assyrian cultural development at Assur came to end with the conquests of the <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a> in the region, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 240,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERadner20157-140">[118]</a> whereafter the Ashur temple was destroyed again and the city's people were dispersed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERadner201519-148">[125]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="City-lords_of_Assur">City-lords of Assur</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Assyrian_kings&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: City-lords of Assur">edit</a>]</div> The sequence of local rulers of Assur under the three or four centuries of Parthian suzerainty is poorly known. Only five names are attested and their dates, their precise order and how they relate to each other is not clear. The order used here follows Aggoula (1985).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAggoula19858-149">[126]</a> There are large gaps in this sequence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAggoula19858-149">[126]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:90%;"> <tbody><tr> <th width="13%">Name </th> <th width="15%">Timespan </th> <th width="70%">Notes </th> <th width="2%">Ref </th></tr> <tr> <td>Hormoz Hormoz (or Hormez?) </td> <td>Uncertain </td> <td>Iranian name. Known from an inscription on a statue. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeyer199815-150">[127]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Hayyay Rāʾeḥat Hayyay </td> <td>Uncertain </td> <td>Arabic name. Mentioned in an inscription. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeyer199813Aggoula19858-151">[128]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Hanni Ḥannī </td> <td>Uncertain </td> <td>Akkadian-derived Aramaic name. Mentioned as the father of a person (whose name is illegible) in a relief. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeyer201342-152">[129]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/R%CA%BButh-Assor" title="Rʻuth-Assor">Rʻuth-Assor</a> Rʿūṯʾassor </td> <td>2nd century AD </td> <td>Akkadian-derived Aramaic name. Mentioned in inscriptions and in his own stele. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERadner201520Beyer199811-153">[130]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>[unknown name] </td> <td>2nd century AD </td> <td>Indirectly mentioned in an inscription by his nephews, though his name is not preserved. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAggoula19858-149">[126]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Nbudayyan Nḇūḏayyān </td> <td>2nd century AD </td> <td>Akkadian-derived Aramaic name. Mentioned in multiple inscriptions. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeyer199811-154">[131]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Assyrian_kings&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Babylon" title="List of kings of Babylon">List of kings of Babylon</a> – for the Babylonian kings</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mesopotamian_dynasties" title="List of Mesopotamian dynasties">List of Mesopotamian dynasties</a> – for other dynasties and kingdoms in ancient Mesopotamia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Syrian_monarchs" title="List of Syrian monarchs">List of kings of Syria</a> – the Seleucids who became kings of Syria</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Assyrian_kings&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> Early Assyrian rulers, who ruled little more than a city-state, typically styled themselves Iššiʾak Aššur (regent or representative of <a href="/wiki/Ashur_(god)" title="Ashur (god)">Ashur</a>). Some historians regard Ashur-uballit I as the first Assyrian king since he was the first to adopt the style šar māt Aššur (king of Assyria), which was then in consistent use from his time onwards.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERadner20157,_114-2">[2]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-puz-38">^ <a href="#cite_ref-puz_38-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-puz_38-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-puz_38-2">c</a> The Assyrian King List gives no regnal dates for the first three kings of the Puzur-Ashur dynasty and no <a href="/wiki/Eponym_dating_system" title="Eponym dating system">eponyms</a> are known.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELendering2006-4">[3]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-narm-43">^ <a href="#cite_ref-narm_43-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-narm_43-1">b</a> The reign lengths of Naram-Sin and Erishum II are approximate; preserved <a href="/wiki/Eponym_dating_system" title="Eponym dating system">eponyms</a> suggest that they together ruled for 64 years, but the distribution of years is not known.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020200-42">[40]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> Shamshi-Adad I's death can be precisely dated relative to the sequence of Babylonian kings, as he is known to have died in the 17th year of the Babylonian king <a href="/wiki/Hammurabi" title="Hammurabi">Hammurabi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReade20019-50">[47]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Middle_chronology" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle chronology">middle chronology</a>, considered the most accurate chronology of Mesopotamian history by the majority of researchers on the basis of known evidence and synchronisms,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDüring2020xvi-51">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuhrt199712-52">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESagonaZimansky2009251-53">[50]</a> Hammurabi is dated to 1792–1750 BC. Hammurabi's 17th regnal year thus corresponds (in this chronology) to 1776 BC.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020198,_202-54">[51]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> The Assyrian King List accords Ishme-Dagan I a reign of 40 or 50 years (depending on the copy).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020198,_200-56">[52]</a> He ruled from <a href="/wiki/Ekallatum" title="Ekallatum">Ekallatum</a>, near Assur, and it is possible that his reign overlapped with that of his father as letters from <a href="/wiki/Mari,_Syria" title="Mari, Syria">Mari</a> show that he only ruled for about 11 years after his father's death.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReade20015-57">[53]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-mutashkur1-60">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mutashkur1_60-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mutashkur1_60-1">b</a> It is not certain that Mut-Ashkur or Rimush actually ruled Assyria. Their names do not appear in the more complete copies of the Assyrian King List, which instead skip directly from Ishme-Dagan I to Ashur-dugul, and are only attested from a fragmentary copy of the list, KAV 14. It is possible that they controlled Ekallatum alone. Reade (2001) believes that Shamshi-Adad's descendants continued to rule at Assur as well until Puzur-Sin deposed them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReade20016-59">[54]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-mutashkur2-63">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mutashkur2_63-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mutashkur2_63-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mutashkur2_63-2">c</a> No sources record the length of Mut-Ashkur's reign or the reigns of his immediate successors.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHunger2009148-61">[55]</a> Reade (2001) speculatively assigned 29 years to the period between Ishme-Dagan I and Puzur-Sin (i.e. the reigns of Mut-Ashkur, Rimush and Asinum).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReade20018-62">[56]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> The inscription by the king Puzur-Sin, who deposed and succeeded Shamshi-Adad I's family, states that he drove Shamshi-Adad's "grandson" (or "descendant") a-sí-nim from Assur. A-sí-nim is usually interpreted as a proper name (i.e. the last king of Shamshi-Adad's dynasty was called Asinum) but it is not impossible that it was a title or nickname since the term assinnu was used for priest-like people who were neither male nor female. If this would be the case, the person Puzur-Sin drove from Assur could have been the earlier Rimush, and not a separate king called Asinum.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReade20016-59">[54]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> Contemporary inscriptions at Assur attest that the king Puzur-Sin deposed the Shamshi-Adad dynasty, on account of their line having been started by a foreign usurper. Puzur-Sin, and any potential successors of his line, were omitted in the Assyrian King List and no reference to him survives from the inscriptions of any later Assyrian ruler. It is possible that he was considered to be an usurper who deserved to be forgotten.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChavalas1994120-66">[58]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> The Assyrian King List assigns Ashur-apla-idi and the five "usurpers" after him to the reign of Ashur-dugul, as his rivals.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELendering2006-4">[3]</a> Their rule together cannot have covered more than one year<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020200-42">[40]</a> and some Assyriologists believe it to be appropriate to omit them entirely from the sequence of kings as the list makes no claim that any of them ruled in their own right, and not just as rivals of Ashur-dugul.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHunger2009148-61">[55]</a> There is also doubt that these figures claimed to be kings and fought against Ashur-dugul in the first place since the sequence of names is suspiciously similar to the <a href="/wiki/Eponym_dating_system" title="Eponym dating system">eponyms</a> of Ashur-dugul's reign.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReade20017-68">[59]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> Alternatively translated as Kidin-Ninua.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020198Bertman200391-79">[69]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> In the Seventh Day Adventist copy of the Assyrian King List, Puzur-Ashur III is accorded a reign of 24 years, whereas the Nassouhi copy gives 14 years. In later Assyrian historiography, the dates used varied. Scribes working in the reigns of <a href="/wiki/Shalmaneser_I" title="Shalmaneser I">Shalmaneser I</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1273–1244 BC) and <a href="/wiki/Tiglath-Pileser_I" title="Tiglath-Pileser I">Tiglath-Pileser I</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1114–1076 BC) used 14 years, whereas scribes working in the reign of <a href="/wiki/Esarhaddon" title="Esarhaddon">Esarhaddon</a> used 24 years (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 681–669 BC).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHagens200527-10">[9]</a> Among modern scholars, the 24-year figure has more support<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDüring2020xvi-51">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrayson197227-45">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertman200399-84">[73]</a> than the 14-year figure.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020200-42">[40]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-During-88">^ <a href="#cite_ref-During_88-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-During_88-1">b</a> The length of the reigns of Ashur-rabi I and Ashur-nadin-ahhe I, who ruled in a period of instability, are broken off in all known copies of the Assyrian King List and there is no sure way of calculating them accurately.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHunger2009147-87">[75]</a> This list follows the proposed dates of Düring (2020).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDüring2020xvi-51">[48]</a> Other proposed dates include neither king having a full regnal year of their own or a combined reign of 14+15 years.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020200-42">[40]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> The Khorsabad copy of the Assyrian King List designates Ashur-nirari II as the son of his predecessor Enlil-nasir II, but contemporary inscriptions prove that he was the son of Ashur-rabi I.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHagens200527-10">[9]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> The Khorsabad and Seventh Day Adventist copies of the Assyrian King List designated Adad-nirari I as the son of Enlil-nirari (and thus Arik-den-ili's brother). The Nassouhi copy designates him as Arik-den-ili's son, which must be correct given that Adad-nirari I's own inscriptions also state that he was Arik-den-ili's son.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020200-42">[40]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> Depending on the copy, the Assyrian King List assigns either 3 (Khorsabad and Seventh Day Adventist copies) or 4 (Nassouhi copy) years to Ashur-nadin-apli. Analysis of timespans from the time of the later king Esarhaddon favors 4 rather than 3 years.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHagens200527-10">[9]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-NinDan-103">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NinDan_103-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NinDan_103-1">b</a> Depending on the copy, the Assyrian King List assigns either 13 or 3 years to Ninurta-apal-Ekur, and either 36 or 46 years to his successor Ashur-dan I, which means that different reconstructions of the sequence of Assyrian kings can contradict each other by as much as 10–20 years.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHunger2009147-87">[75]</a> In both the Khorsabad (and SDAS<a href="#cite_note-97">[81]</a>) copy (3+46) and the Nassouhi copy (13+36), the total length of their reigns together adds up to 49 years. Inscriptions by Assyrian kings who ruled generations later, such as <a href="/wiki/Tiglath-Pileser_I" title="Tiglath-Pileser I">Tiglath-Pileser I</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1114–1076 BC), and centuries later, <a href="/wiki/Esarhaddon" title="Esarhaddon">Esarhaddon</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 681–669 BC), suggest that the combined 49-year figure made became the established version within ancient Assyrian <a href="/wiki/Historiography" title="Historiography">historiography</a> (though it may in this way have been based on errors in earlier king lists). There is little evidence as to which figure is correct in regards to Ashur-dan I, but it is unlikely that Ninurta-apal-Ekur would have ruled for only 3 years given that 11 eponyms could possibly be referred to his reign and because the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Synchronistic_King_List&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Synchronistic King List (page does not exist)">Synchronistic King List</a> makes him out to be a contemporary of three Babylonian kings with relatively long reigns. A larger amount of inscriptions are also known from Ninurta-apal-Ekur's reign than from Ashur-dan's reign, which does not suggest that it was so brief.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHagens200528-98">[82]</a> Most modern historians use the longest figures for both kings, giving Ninurta-apal-Ekur 13 years and Ashur-dan I 46 years.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrayson1972158-99">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeick2010203-100">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERadner2015115-101">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020199-92">[78]</a> Some argue with keeping to the 49 year-total,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHunger2009147-87">[75]</a> through assigning the shorter figure to either Ninurta-apal-Ekur<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELendering2006-4">[3]</a> or Ashur-dan I.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHagens200528-98">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_De_Mieroop2016362-102">[86]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-ninmut-106">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ninmut_106-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ninmut_106-1">b</a> Ninurta-tukulti-Ashur and Mutakkil-Nusku are stated by the Assyrian King List to have ruled "briefly", with no reference to how long that is. Though it is thus typically assumed that neither ruled a full regnal year, this is impossible to verify and all dates above are thus somewhat uncertain.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELendering2006-4">[3]</a> The dates prior are known to be reasonably accurate however<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELendering2006-4">[3]</a> as there exists preserved letters from Ashur-uballit I (dated here to 1363–1328 BC)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020199-92">[78]</a> to the Egyptian <a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">pharaoh</a> <a href="/wiki/Akhenaten" title="Akhenaten">Akhenaten</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1351–1334 BC).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELendering2006-4">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Beckerath1997190-105">[88]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> According to the Assyrian King List, Ashur-nirari V ruled for 10 years. As the Assyrians counted reign lengths from the first full year as king (in this case 754 BC), 10 years are only achieved if Ashur-nirari V actually ruled until 744 BC. Perhaps an error, alternatively it is possible that there was a co-regency between Ashur-nirari V and Tiglath-Pileser III.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavenport201637–41-114">[96]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> Tiglath-Pileser III claimed in his own inscriptions to be a son of Adad-nirari III, but the Assyrian King List designates him as a son of Ashur-nirari V, his immediate predecessor. His parentage is disputed among modern historians due to the large timegap (38 years) between his accession and Adad-nirari III's death.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYamadaYamada2017390-117">[98]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> Although he was a short-lived usurper who never achieved control of the Assyrian heartland, Sîn-šumu-līšir is generally counted among the kings of Assyria.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020200-42">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerdueCarter201540-126">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalley199448-127">[107]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> Sîn-šar-iškun became king even though Aššur-etil-ilāni is known to have had sons of his own.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhmed2018122–123-130">[109]</a> Historically, it has often been assumed that Aššur-etil-ilāni was deposed by Sîn-šar-iškun after a civil war, but there is no contemporary evidence to support this.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENa'aman1991255-131">[110]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> According to the 12th-century AD <a href="/wiki/Hagiography" title="Hagiography">hagiography</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mar_Behnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Mar Behnam">Mar Behnam</a> there was also an independent Assyrian king at Nineveh in the fourth century AD, named <a href="/wiki/Sinharib" title="Sinharib">Sinharib</a> (i.e. Sennacherib). This figure is not attested elsewhere and is generally regarded to be an invented anachronistic and Christianized version of the ancient king Sennacherib, cast in a role befitting the then Christian Assyrians so that he could still be revered.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERadner20157-140">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENovákYounansardaroud2002170-141">[119]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Assyrian_kings&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_British_Museum''2018-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''The_British_Museum''2018_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''The_British_Museum''2018_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''The_British_Museum''2018_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''The_British_Museum''2018_1-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''The_British_Museum''2018_1-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFThe_British_Museum2018">The British Museum 2018</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERadner20157,_114-2"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERadner20157,_114_2-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRadner2015">Radner 2015</a>, pp. 7, 114. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELendering2006-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELendering2006_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELendering2006_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELendering2006_4-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELendering2006_4-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELendering2006_4-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELendering2006_4-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELendering2006_4-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELendering2006_4-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELendering2006_4-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELendering2006_4-9">j</a> <a 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id="cite_note-Leick2002-83"><a href="#cite_ref-Leick2002_83-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output 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<a href="#CITEREFReade1998">Reade 1998</a>, p. 264; <a href="#CITEREFRowton1951">Rowton 1951</a>, p. 128. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERadner201520-135"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERadner201520_135-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRadner2015">Radner 2015</a>, p. 20. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERadner2019141-136"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERadner2019141_136-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRadner2019">Radner 2019</a>, p. 141. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEParpola200418-137"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParpola200418_137-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFParpola2004">Parpola 2004</a>, p. 18. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHauser2017236-138"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHauser2017236_138-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHauser2017">Hauser 2017</a>, p. 236. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHauser2017238,_240-139"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHauser2017238,_240_139-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHauser2017">Hauser 2017</a>, pp. 238, 240. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERadner20157-140">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERadner20157_140-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERadner20157_140-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRadner2015">Radner 2015</a>, p. 7. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENovákYounansardaroud2002170-141"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENovákYounansardaroud2002170_141-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNovákYounansardaroud2002">Novák & Younansardaroud 2002</a>, p. 170. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEParpola200420-143">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParpola200420_143-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParpola200420_143-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFParpola2004">Parpola 2004</a>, p. 20. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchippmann2012816–817-144"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchippmann2012816–817_144-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchippmann2012">Schippmann 2012</a>, pp. 816–817. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarperKlengel-BrandtAruzBenzel199518-145"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarperKlengel-BrandtAruzBenzel199518_145-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarperKlengel-BrandtAruzBenzel1995">Harper et al. 1995</a>, p. 18. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERadner201519–20-146"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERadner201519–20_146-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRadner2015">Radner 2015</a>, pp. 19–20. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndraeLenzen1933105–106-147"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndraeLenzen1933105–106_147-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAndraeLenzen1933">Andrae & Lenzen 1933</a>, pp. 105–106. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERadner201519-148"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERadner201519_148-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRadner2015">Radner 2015</a>, p. 19. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAggoula19858-149">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAggoula19858_149-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAggoula19858_149-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAggoula19858_149-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFAggoula1985">Aggoula 1985</a>, p. 8. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeyer199815-150"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeyer199815_150-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeyer1998">Beyer 1998</a>, p. 15. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeyer199813Aggoula19858-151"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeyer199813Aggoula19858_151-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeyer1998">Beyer 1998</a>, p. 13; <a href="#CITEREFAggoula1985">Aggoula 1985</a>, p. 8. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeyer201342-152"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeyer201342_152-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeyer2013">Beyer 2013</a>, p. 42. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERadner201520Beyer199811-153"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERadner201520Beyer199811_153-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRadner2015">Radner 2015</a>, p. 20; <a href="#CITEREFBeyer1998">Beyer 1998</a>, p. 11. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeyer199811-154"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeyer199811_154-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeyer1998">Beyer 1998</a>, p. 11. </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Assyrian_kings&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAggoula1985" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Aggoula, Basile (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://syri.ac/bibliography/990582882">Inscriptions et Graffites Araméens d'Assour</a> (in French). 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Journal of Near Eastern Studies. 72 (1): 35–49. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F669098">10.1086/669098</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/669098">10.1086/669098</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162825616">162825616</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Near+Eastern+Studies&rft.atitle=Representing+Ashur%3A+The+Old+Assyrian+Rulers%27+Seals+and+Their+Ur+III+Prototype&rft.volume=72&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=35-49&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162825616%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.1086%2F669098%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F669098&rft.aulast=Eppihimer&rft.aufirst=Melissa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.1086%2F669098&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Assyrian+kings" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFales2012" class="citation journal cs1">Fales, Frederick Mario (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cairn.info/revue-d-assyriologie-2012-1-page-133.htm?contenu=resume">"After Ta'yinat: The New Status of Esarhaddon's Adê for Assyrian Political History"</a>. 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Leiden: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004265615" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004265615"><bdi>978-9004265615</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Family+Matters%3A+Psychohistorical+Reflections+on+Sennacherib+and+His+Times&rft.btitle=Sennacherib+at+the+Gates+of+Jerusalem%3A+Story%2C+History+and+Historiography&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-9004265615&rft.aulast=Frahm&rft.aufirst=Eckart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbF_bAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Assyrian+kings" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrahm2017" class="citation book cs1">Frahm, Eckart (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1FxzDgAAQBAJ">A Companion to Assyria</a>. Hoboken: Wiley Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1118325247" title="Special:BookSources/978-1118325247"><bdi>978-1118325247</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Assyria&rft.place=Hoboken&rft.pub=Wiley+Blackwell&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1118325247&rft.aulast=Frahm&rft.aufirst=Eckart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1FxzDgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Assyrian+kings" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrayson1972" class="citation book cs1">Grayson, A. Kirk (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=psmYIYJZCnoC">Assyrian Royal Inscriptions: From the beginning to Ashur-resha-ishi I</a>. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783447013826" title="Special:BookSources/9783447013826"><bdi>9783447013826</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/584578">584578</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Assyrian+Royal+Inscriptions%3A+From+the+beginning+to+Ashur-resha-ishi+I&rft.place=Wiesbaden&rft.pub=Otto+Harrassowitz&rft.date=1972&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F584578&rft.isbn=9783447013826&rft.aulast=Grayson&rft.aufirst=A.+Kirk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpsmYIYJZCnoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Assyrian+kings" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrayson2002" class="citation book cs1">Grayson, A. 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Toronto: University of Toronto Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8020-0886-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8020-0886-0"><bdi>0-8020-0886-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Assyrian+Rulers+of+the+Early+First+Millennium+BC%3A+II+%28858%E2%80%93745+BC%29&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-8020-0886-0&rft.aulast=Grayson&rft.aufirst=A.+Kirk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Assyrian+kings" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHagens2005" class="citation journal cs1">Hagens, Graham (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43076931">"The Assyrian King List and Chronology: a Critique"</a>. 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Anatolian Studies. 30: 189–195. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3642789">10.2307/3642789</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3642789">3642789</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163327812">163327812</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anatolian+Studies&rft.atitle=Royal+Titles+from+the+Mesopotamian+Periphery&rft.volume=30&rft.pages=189-195&rft.date=1980&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A163327812%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3642789%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3642789&rft.aulast=Hallo&rft.aufirst=William+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Assyrian+kings" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHauser2017" class="citation book cs1">Hauser, Stefan R. (2017). "Post-Imperial Assyria". In E. Frahm (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nhsmDwAAQBAJ">A Companion to Assyria</a>. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1118325247" title="Special:BookSources/978-1118325247"><bdi>978-1118325247</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Post-Imperial+Assyria&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Assyria&rft.place=Hoboken&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1118325247&rft.aulast=Hauser&rft.aufirst=Stefan+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnhsmDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Assyrian+kings" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHunger2009" class="citation book cs1">Hunger, Hermann (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tidsskrift.dk/MoDIA/article/download/126696/173066/267108">"How uncertain is Mesopotamian chronology?"</a>. 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Athens: The Danish Institute at Athens. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8779346529" title="Special:BookSources/978-8779346529"><bdi>978-8779346529</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=How+uncertain+is+Mesopotamian+chronology%3F&rft.btitle=Time%27s+Up%21+Dating+the+Minoan+Eruption+of+Santorini&rft.place=Athens&rft.series=Monographs+of+the+Danish+Institute+at+Athens&rft.pub=The+Danish+Institute+at+Athens&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-8779346529&rft.aulast=Hunger&rft.aufirst=Hermann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftidsskrift.dk%2FMoDIA%2Farticle%2Fdownload%2F126696%2F173066%2F267108&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Assyrian+kings" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarperKlengel-BrandtAruzBenzel1995" class="citation book cs1">Harper, Prudence O.; Klengel-Brandt, Evelyn; Aruz, Joan; Benzel, Kim (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LSaeT9CloGIC">Assyrian Origins: Discoveries at Ashur on the Tigris: Antiquities in the Vorderasiatisches Museum, Berlin</a>. 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Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57607-091-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-57607-091-3"><bdi>1-57607-091-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+Rulers+Throughout+the+Ages%3A+An+Illustrated+Guide&rft.place=Santa+Barbara&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=1-57607-091-3&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Guida+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2aMGEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Assyrian+kings" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarlsson2017" class="citation web cs1">Karlsson, Mattias (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cdli.ucla.edu/pubs/cdlp/cdlp0019_20200814.pdf">"Assyrian Royal Titulary in Babylonia"</a> (PDF). 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Zeitschrift für Assyriologie. 81 (1–2): 243–267. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fzava.1991.81.1-2.243">10.1515/zava.1991.81.1-2.243</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159785150">159785150</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+Assyriologie&rft.atitle=Chronology+and+History+in+the+Late+Assyrian+Empire+%28631%E2%80%94619+B.C.%29&rft.volume=81&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=243-267&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fzava.1991.81.1-2.243&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159785150%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Na%27aman&rft.aufirst=Nadav&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F13458703&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Assyrian+kings" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNovákYounansardaroud2002" class="citation journal cs1">Novák, Mirko; Younansardaroud, Helen (2002). 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Cambridge University Press: 264–279. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS001738351900007X">10.1017/S001738351900007X</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:199880564">199880564</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Greece+%26+Rome&rft.atitle=Translating+the+Seleucid+%CE%B2%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%BB%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1.+Notes+on+the+titulature+of+Stratonice+in+the+Borsippa+cylinder&rft.volume=66&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=264-279&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS001738351900007X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A199880564%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Widmer&rft.aufirst=Marie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Fgreece-and-rome%2Farticle%2Ftranslating-the-seleucid-notes-on-the-titulature-of-stratonice-in-the-borsippa-cylinder%2FEC3A0F86331A96DAAA09A865CDEE9CAA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Assyrian+kings" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYamadaYamada2017" class="citation book cs1">Yamada, Keiko; Yamada, Shiego (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/35496181">"Shalmaneser V and His Era, Revisited"</a>. In Baruchi-Unna, Amitai; Forti, Tova; Aḥituv, Shmuel; Ephʿal, Israel; Tigay, Jeffrey H. (eds.). "Now It Happened in Those Days": Studies in Biblical, Assyrian, and Other Ancient Near Eastern Historiography Presented to Mordechai Cogan on His 75th Birthday. Vol. 2. Winona Lake, Indiana: Eisenbrauns. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1575067612" title="Special:BookSources/978-1575067612"><bdi>978-1575067612</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Shalmaneser+V+and+His+Era%2C+Revisited&rft.btitle=%22Now+It+Happened+in+Those+Days%22%3A+Studies+in+Biblical%2C+Assyrian%2C+and+Other+Ancient+Near+Eastern+Historiography+Presented+to+Mordechai+Cogan+on+His+75th+Birthday&rft.place=Winona+Lake%2C+Indiana&rft.pub=Eisenbrauns&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1575067612&rft.aulast=Yamada&rft.aufirst=Keiko&rft.au=Yamada%2C+Shiego&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F35496181&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Assyrian+kings" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZawadzki1994" class="citation journal cs1">Zawadzki, Stefan (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.helsinki.fi/science/saa/8.1%2006%20Zawadzki.pdf">"The Revolt of 746 B.C and the Coming of Tiglath-pileser III to the Throne"</a> (PDF). State Archives of Assyria Bulletin. 8: 53–54.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=State+Archives+of+Assyria+Bulletin&rft.atitle=The+Revolt+of+746+B.C+and+the+Coming+of+Tiglath-pileser+III+to+the+Throne&rft.volume=8&rft.pages=53-54&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Zawadzki&rft.aufirst=Stefan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.helsinki.fi%2Fscience%2Fsaa%2F8.1%252006%2520Zawadzki.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Assyrian+kings" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Web_sources">Web sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Assyrian_kings&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Web sources">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHighcock2017" class="citation web cs1">Highcock, Nancy (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/assy_2/hd_assy_2.htm">"The Old Assyrian Period (ca. 2000–1600 B.C.)"</a>. The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved 29 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.atitle=The+Old+Assyrian+Period+%28ca.+2000%E2%80%931600+B.C.%29&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Highcock&rft.aufirst=Nancy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.metmuseum.org%2Ftoah%2Fhd%2Fassy_2%2Fhd_assy_2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Assyrian+kings" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_British_Museum2018" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blog.britishmuseum.org/introducing-the-assyrians/">"Introducing the Assyrians"</a>. The British Museum Blog. 2018-06-19. Retrieved 2019-11-21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+British+Museum+Blog&rft.atitle=Introducing+the+Assyrians&rft.date=2018-06-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblog.britishmuseum.org%2Fintroducing-the-assyrians%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Assyrian+kings" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLendering2006" class="citation web cs1">Lendering, Jona (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livius.org/sources/content/anet/564-566-the-assyrian-king-list/">"The Assyrian King List"</a>. Livius. Retrieved 29 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Livius&rft.atitle=The+Assyrian+King+List&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Lendering&rft.aufirst=Jona&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.livius.org%2Fsources%2Fcontent%2Fanet%2F564-566-the-assyrian-king-list%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Assyrian+kings" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLendering2006b" class="citation web cs1">Lendering, Jona (2006b). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livius.org/sources/content/anet/272-synchronic-king-list/">"Synchronistic King List"</a>. Livius. Retrieved 29 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Livius&rft.atitle=Synchronistic+King+List&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Lendering&rft.aufirst=Jona&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.livius.org%2Fsources%2Fcontent%2Fanet%2F272-synchronic-king-list%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Assyrian+kings" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRadner2012b" class="citation web cs1">Radner, Karen (2012b). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ucl.ac.uk/sargon/essentials/kings/shalmaneserv/">"Shalmaneser V, king of Assyria (726-722 BC)"</a>. Assyrian empire builders. Retrieved 18 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Assyrian+empire+builders&rft.atitle=Shalmaneser+V%2C+king+of+Assyria+%28726-722+BC%29&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Radner&rft.aufirst=Karen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucl.ac.uk%2Fsargon%2Fessentials%2Fkings%2Fshalmaneserv%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Assyrian+kings" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRadner2012" class="citation web cs1">Radner, Karen (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ucl.ac.uk/sargon/essentials/kings/sargonii/">"Sargon II, king of Assyria (721-705 BC)"</a>. Assyrian empire builders. Retrieved 9 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Assyrian+empire+builders&rft.atitle=Sargon+II%2C+king+of+Assyria+%28721-705+BC%29&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Radner&rft.aufirst=Karen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucl.ac.uk%2Fsargon%2Fessentials%2Fkings%2Fsargonii%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Assyrian+kings" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRadner2013" class="citation web cs1">Radner, Karen (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ucl.ac.uk/sargon/essentials/diplomats/royalmarriage/">"Royal marriage alliances and noble hostages"</a>. Assyrian empire builders. Retrieved 26 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Assyrian+empire+builders&rft.atitle=Royal+marriage+alliances+and+noble+hostages&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Radner&rft.aufirst=Karen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucl.ac.uk%2Fsargon%2Fessentials%2Fdiplomats%2Froyalmarriage%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Assyrian+kings" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puzur-Ashur_I" title="Puzur-Ashur I">Puzur-Ashur I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shalim-ahum" title="Shalim-ahum">Shalim-ahum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilu-shuma" title="Ilu-shuma">Ilu-shuma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erishum_I" title="Erishum I">Erishum I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikunum" title="Ikunum">Ikunum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sargon_I" title="Sargon I">Sargon I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puzur-Ashur_II" title="Puzur-Ashur II">Puzur-Ashur II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naram-Sin_of_Assyria" title="Naram-Sin of Assyria">Naram-Sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erishum_II" title="Erishum II">Erishum II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamshi-Adad_I" title="Shamshi-Adad I">Shamshi-Adad I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishme-Dagan_I" title="Ishme-Dagan I">Ishme-Dagan I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mut-Ashkur" title="Mut-Ashkur">Mut-Ashkur</a> (?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rimush_of_Assyria" title="Rimush of Assyria">Rimush</a> (?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asinum" title="Asinum">Asinum</a> (?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puzur-Sin" title="Puzur-Sin">Puzur-Sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashur-dugul" title="Ashur-dugul">Ashur-dugul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashur-apla-idi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashur-apla-idi">Ashur-apla-idi</a> (?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasir-Sin" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasir-Sin">Nasir-Sin</a> (?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sin-namir" class="mw-redirect" title="Sin-namir">Sin-namir</a> (?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ipqi-Ishtar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ipqi-Ishtar">Ipqi-Ishtar</a> (?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adad-salulu" class="mw-redirect" title="Adad-salulu">Adad-salulu</a> (?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adasi_(Assyria)" title="Adasi (Assyria)">Adasi</a> (?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bel-bani" title="Bel-bani">Bel-bani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libaya" title="Libaya">Libaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharma-Adad_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharma-Adad I">Sharma-Adad I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iptar-Sin" title="Iptar-Sin">Iptar-Sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bazaya" title="Bazaya">Bazaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lullaya" title="Lullaya">Lullaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shu-Ninua" title="Shu-Ninua">Shu-Ninua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharma-Adad_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharma-Adad II">Sharma-Adad II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erishum_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Erishum III">Erishum III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamshi-Adad_II" title="Shamshi-Adad II">Shamshi-Adad II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishme-Dagan_II" title="Ishme-Dagan II">Ishme-Dagan II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamshi-Adad_III" title="Shamshi-Adad III">Shamshi-Adad III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashur-nirari_I" title="Ashur-nirari I">Ashur-nirari I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puzur-Ashur_III" title="Puzur-Ashur III">Puzur-Ashur III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlil-nasir_I" title="Enlil-nasir I">Enlil-nasir I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nur-ili" title="Nur-ili">Nur-ili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashur-shaduni" title="Ashur-shaduni">Ashur-shaduni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashur-rabi_I" title="Ashur-rabi I">Ashur-rabi I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashur-nadin-ahhe_I" title="Ashur-nadin-ahhe I">Ashur-nadin-ahhe I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlil-Nasir_II" title="Enlil-Nasir II">Enlil-Nasir II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashur-nirari_II" title="Ashur-nirari II">Ashur-nirari II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashur-bel-nisheshu" title="Ashur-bel-nisheshu">Ashur-bel-nisheshu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashur-rim-nisheshu" title="Ashur-rim-nisheshu">Ashur-rim-nisheshu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashur-nadin-ahhe_II" title="Ashur-nadin-ahhe II">Ashur-nadin-ahhe II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eriba-Adad_I" title="Eriba-Adad I">Eriba-Adad I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Assyrian_Empire" title="Middle Assyrian Empire">Middle Assyrian Empire</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1363–912 BC)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashur-uballit_I" title="Ashur-uballit I">Ashur-uballit I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlil-nirari" title="Enlil-nirari">Enlil-nirari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arik-den-ili" title="Arik-den-ili">Arik-den-ili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adad-nirari_I" title="Adad-nirari I">Adad-nirari I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shalmaneser_I" title="Shalmaneser I">Shalmaneser I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tukulti-Ninurta_I" title="Tukulti-Ninurta I">Tukulti-Ninurta I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashur-nadin-apli" title="Ashur-nadin-apli">Ashur-nadin-apli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashur-nirari_III" title="Ashur-nirari III">Ashur-nirari III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlil-kudurri-usur" title="Enlil-kudurri-usur">Enlil-kudurri-usur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninurta-apal-Ekur" title="Ninurta-apal-Ekur">Ninurta-apal-Ekur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashur-dan_I" title="Ashur-dan I">Ashur-dan I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninurta-tukulti-Ashur" title="Ninurta-tukulti-Ashur">Ninurta-tukulti-Ashur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutakkil-Nusku" title="Mutakkil-Nusku">Mutakkil-Nusku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashur-resh-ishi_I" title="Ashur-resh-ishi I">Ashur-resh-ishi I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiglath-Pileser_I" title="Tiglath-Pileser I">Tiglath-Pileser I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asharid-apal-Ekur" title="Asharid-apal-Ekur">Asharid-apal-Ekur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashur-bel-kala" title="Ashur-bel-kala">Ashur-bel-kala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eriba-Adad_II" title="Eriba-Adad II">Eriba-Adad II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamshi-Adad_IV" title="Shamshi-Adad IV">Shamshi-Adad IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashurnasirpal_I" title="Ashurnasirpal I">Ashurnasirpal I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shalmaneser_II" title="Shalmaneser II">Shalmaneser II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashur-nirari_IV" title="Ashur-nirari IV">Ashur-nirari IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashur-rabi_II" title="Ashur-rabi II">Ashur-rabi II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashur-resh-ishi_II" title="Ashur-resh-ishi II">Ashur-resh-ishi II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiglath-Pileser_II" title="Tiglath-Pileser II">Tiglath-Pileser II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashur-dan_II" title="Ashur-dan II">Ashur-dan II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian Empire</a> (911–609 BC)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adad-nirari_II" title="Adad-nirari II">Adad-nirari II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tukulti-Ninurta_II" title="Tukulti-Ninurta II">Tukulti-Ninurta II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashurnasirpal_II" title="Ashurnasirpal II">Ashurnasirpal II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shalmaneser_III" title="Shalmaneser III">Shalmaneser III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamshi-Adad_V" title="Shamshi-Adad V">Shamshi-Adad V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adad-nirari_III" title="Adad-nirari III">Adad-nirari III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shalmaneser_IV" title="Shalmaneser IV">Shalmaneser IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashur-dan_III" title="Ashur-dan III">Ashur-dan III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashur-nirari_V" title="Ashur-nirari V">Ashur-nirari V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiglath-Pileser_III" title="Tiglath-Pileser III">Tiglath-Pileser III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shalmaneser_V" title="Shalmaneser V">Shalmaneser V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sargon_II" title="Sargon II">Sargon II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sennacherib" title="Sennacherib">Sennacherib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esarhaddon" title="Esarhaddon">Esarhaddon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashurbanipal" title="Ashurbanipal">Ashurbanipal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashur-etil-ilani" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashur-etil-ilani">Ashur-etil-ilani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sin-shumu-lishir" class="mw-redirect" title="Sin-shumu-lishir">Sin-shumu-lishir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinsharishkun" title="Sinsharishkun">Sinsharishkun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashur-uballit_II" title="Ashur-uballit II">Ashur-uballit II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ancient_Mesopotamia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ancient_Mesopotamia_topics" title="Template:Ancient Mesopotamia topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ancient_Mesopotamia_topics" title="Template talk:Ancient Mesopotamia topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient_Mesopotamia_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient Mesopotamia topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ancient_Mesopotamia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Ancient Mesopotamia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Mesopotamia" title="Geography of Mesopotamia">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Mesopotamia" title="Upper Mesopotamia">Upper Mesopotamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Mesopotamia" title="Lower Mesopotamia">Lower Mesopotamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_Marshes" title="Mesopotamian Marshes">Mesopotamian Marshes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Desert" title="Syrian Desert">Syrian Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taurus_Mountains" title="Taurus Mountains">Taurus Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tigris%E2%80%93Euphrates_river_system" title="Tigris–Euphrates river system">Tigris–Euphrates river system</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates">Euphrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tigris" title="Tigris">Tigris</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zagros_Mountains" title="Zagros Mountains">Zagros Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamrin_Mountains" title="Hamrin Mountains">Hamrin Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinjar_Mountains" title="Sinjar Mountains">Sinjar Mountains</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fertile_Crescent" title="Fertile Crescent">Fertile Crescent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adiabene" title="Adiabene">Adiabene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akkad_(city)" title="Akkad (city)">Akkad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armani_(kingdom)" title="Armani (kingdom)">Armani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaldea" title="Chaldea">Chaldea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Elam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutian_people" title="Gutian people">Gutium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamazi" title="Hamazi">Hamazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kassites" title="Kassites">Kassites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medes" title="Medes">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitanni" title="Mitanni">Mitanni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simurrum" title="Simurrum">Simurrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subartu" title="Subartu">Subartu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suhum" title="Suhum">Suhum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turukkaeans" title="Turukkaeans">Tukri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urartu" title="Urartu">Urartu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_of_the_ancient_Near_East" title="List of cities of the ancient Near East">Cities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Ishtar_Gate.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="Ishtar Gate in the city of Babylon"><img alt="Ishtar Gate in the city of Babylon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Ishtar_Gate.gif/110px-Ishtar_Gate.gif" decoding="async" width="110" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Ishtar_Gate.gif/165px-Ishtar_Gate.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Ishtar_Gate.gif/220px-Ishtar_Gate.gif 2x" data-file-width="275" data-file-height="300" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">(Pre)history</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Mesopotamia" title="Prehistory of Mesopotamia">Prehistory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acheulean" title="Acheulean">Acheulean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mousterian" title="Mousterian">Mousterian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trialetian" class="mw-redirect" title="Trialetian">Trialetian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarzian_culture" title="Zarzian culture">Zarzian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natufian_culture" title="Natufian culture">Natufian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemrik_9" title="Nemrik 9">Nemrik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khiamian" class="mw-redirect" title="Khiamian">Khiamian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Pottery_Neolithic_A" title="Pre-Pottery Neolithic A">Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (PPNA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Pottery_Neolithic_B" title="Pre-Pottery Neolithic B">Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (PPNB)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassuna_culture" title="Hassuna culture">Hassuna</a>/<a href="/wiki/Samarra_culture" title="Samarra culture">Samarra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halaf_culture" title="Halaf culture">Halaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubaid_period" title="Ubaid period">Ubaid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruk_period" title="Uruk period">Uruk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jemdet_Nasr_period" title="Jemdet Nasr period">Jemdet Nasr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kish_civilization" title="Kish civilization">Kish civilization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mesopotamia" title="History of Mesopotamia">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Dynastic_Period_(Mesopotamia)" title="Early Dynastic Period (Mesopotamia)">Early Dynastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutian_rule_in_Mesopotamia" title="Gutian rule in Mesopotamia">Gutians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simurrum" title="Simurrum">Simurrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Dynasty_of_Ur" title="Third Dynasty of Ur">Ur III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isin-Larsa_period" title="Isin-Larsa period">Isin-Larsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Babylonian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="First Babylonian Empire">Old Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kassite_dynasty" title="Kassite dynasty">Kassite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Babylonian_period" title="Middle Babylonian period">Middle Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Babylon" title="Fall of Babylon">Fall of Babylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Assyria" title="Achaemenid Assyria">Achaemenid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia_(Roman_province)" title="Mesopotamia (Roman province)">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Persia" title="Muslim conquest of Persia">Muslim conquest</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Assyriology" title="Assyriology">Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amorite_language" title="Amorite language">Amorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aramaic" title="Aramaic">Aramaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eblaite_language" title="Eblaite language">Eblaite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elamite_language" title="Elamite language">Elamite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutian_language" title="Gutian language">Gutian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_language" title="Hittite language">Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurrian_language" title="Hurrian language">Hurrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kassite_language" title="Kassite language">Kassite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luwian_language" title="Luwian language">Luwian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Median_language" title="Median language">Median</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian" title="Middle Persian">Middle Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Persian" title="Old Persian">Old Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthian_language" title="Parthian language">Parthian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Armenian_language" title="Proto-Armenian language">Proto-Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutean_language" title="Sutean language">Sutean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumerian_language" title="Sumerian language">Sumerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urartian_language" title="Urartian language">Urartian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture/society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Mesopotamia" title="Architecture of Mesopotamia">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Mesopotamia" title="Art of Mesopotamia">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akitu" title="Akitu">Akitu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">Cuneiform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_astronomy" title="Babylonian astronomy">Babylonian astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_mathematics" title="Babylonian mathematics">Babylonian mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_literature" title="Akkadian literature">Akkadian literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Sumer" title="Economy of Sumer">Economy of Sumer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warfare_in_Sumer" title="Warfare in Sumer">Warfare in Sumer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Military history of the Neo-Assyrian Empire">Military history of the Neo-Assyrian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sumerian_cuisine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sumerian cuisine (page does not exist)">Sumerian cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumerian_literature" title="Sumerian literature">Sumerian literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Mesopotamia" title="Music of Mesopotamia">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus-Mesopotamia_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus-Mesopotamia relations">Indus-Mesopotamia relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt-Mesopotamia_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Egypt-Mesopotamia relations">Egypt-Mesopotamia relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_royal_titulary" title="Akkadian royal titulary">Royal titles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mesopotamian_dynasties" title="List of Mesopotamian dynasties">List of rulers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Archaeology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeological_looting_in_Iraq" title="Archaeological looting in Iraq">Looting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_cultural_heritage_by_ISIL" class="mw-redirect" title="Destruction of cultural heritage by ISIL">Destruction by ISIL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_(archaeology)" title="Tell (archaeology)">Tell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mesopotamian_religion" title="Ancient Mesopotamian religion">Ancient Mesopotamian religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumerian_religion" title="Sumerian religion">Sumerian religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mesopotamian_deities" title="List of Mesopotamian deities">Deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_myths" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesopotamian myths">Mesopotamian myths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_divination" title="Mesopotamian divination">Divination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_prayer" title="Mesopotamian prayer">Prayers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziggurat" title="Ziggurat">Ziggurat (Temple)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assyriology" title="Assyriology">Assyriology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Assyriologists" title="List of Assyriologists">Assyriologists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittitology" title="Hittitology">Hittitology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Sumerian_Dictionary" title="Pennsylvania Sumerian Dictionary">Pennsylvania Sumerian Dictionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Assyrian_Dictionary" title="Chicago Assyrian Dictionary">Chicago Assyrian Dictionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Hittite_Dictionary" title="Chicago Hittite Dictionary">Chicago Hittite Dictionary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ancient_Mesopotamian_royal_titulature" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ancient_Mesopotamian_royal_titles" title="Template:Ancient Mesopotamian royal titles"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ancient_Mesopotamian_royal_titles" title="Template talk:Ancient Mesopotamian royal titles"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient_Mesopotamian_royal_titles" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient Mesopotamian royal titles"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ancient_Mesopotamian_royal_titulature" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_royal_titulary" title="Akkadian royal titulary">Ancient Mesopotamian royal titulature</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dominion over the world</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King_of_All_Peoples" title="King of All Peoples">King of All Peoples</a> (šar kiššat nišē)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_the_Four_Corners" title="King of the Four Corners">King of the Four Corners of the World</a> (šar kibrāt erbetti)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_the_Universe" title="King of the Universe">King of the Universe</a> (šar kiššatim)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_royal_titulary#Claims_to_universal_rule" title="Akkadian royal titulary">More</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dominion over Mesopotamia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Kings" title="King of Kings">King of Kings</a> (šar šarrāni)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Sumer_and_Akkad" title="King of Sumer and Akkad">King of Sumer and Akkad</a> (šar māt Šumeri u Akkadi)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_the_Lands" title="King of the Lands">King of the Lands</a> (šar mātāti)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_royal_titulary#Dominance_over_Mesopotamia" title="Akkadian royal titulary">More</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">The king's person</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_King" class="mw-redirect" title="Great King">Great King</a> (šarru rabu)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mighty_King&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mighty King (page does not exist)">Mighty King</a> (šarrum dannum)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_royal_titulary#Titles_centering_on_the_king's_person" title="Akkadian royal titulary">More</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specific locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Akkad" title="List of kings of Akkad">King of Akkad</a> (šar māt Akkadi)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">King of Assyria</a> (šar māt Aššur)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Babylon" title="List of kings of Babylon">King of Babylon</a> (šar Bābili)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mesopotamian_dynasties" title="List of Mesopotamian dynasties">King of Sumer</a> (šar māt Šumeri)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_royal_titulary#Specific_locations_and_peoples" title="Akkadian royal titulary">More</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Titles rendered in <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian language</a>.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Assyrian_kings&oldid=1255326958">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Assyrian_kings&oldid=1255326958</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div 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different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_French-language_sources_(fr)" title="Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)">CS1 French-language sources (fr)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_German-language_sources_(de)" title="Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)">CS1 German-language sources (de)</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 4 November 2024, at 10:16 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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