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id="toc-Assyrian_and_Babylonian_titulature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assyrian_and_Babylonian_titulature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Assyrian and Babylonian titulature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Assyrian_and_Babylonian_titulature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Achaemenid_and_Seleucid_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Achaemenid_and_Seleucid_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Achaemenid and Seleucid use </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Achaemenid_and_Seleucid_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Examples_of_titles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples_of_titles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Examples of titles </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Examples_of_titles-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Examples of titles subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Examples_of_titles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Titles_centering_on_the_king's_person" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Titles_centering_on_the_king's_person"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Titles centering on the king's person </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Titles_centering_on_the_king's_person-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Titles_centering_on_the_king's_relationship_to_the_world" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Titles_centering_on_the_king's_relationship_to_the_world"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Titles centering on the king's relationship to the world </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Titles_centering_on_the_king's_relationship_to_the_world-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Specific_locations_and_peoples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Specific_locations_and_peoples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.1 Specific locations and peoples </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Specific_locations_and_peoples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dominance_over_Mesopotamia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dominance_over_Mesopotamia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.2 Dominance over Mesopotamia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dominance_over_Mesopotamia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Claims_to_universal_rule" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Claims_to_universal_rule"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.3 Claims to universal rule </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Claims_to_universal_rule-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Titles_centering_on_the_king's_relationship_to_the_divine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Titles_centering_on_the_king's_relationship_to_the_divine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Titles centering on the king's relationship to the divine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Titles_centering_on_the_king's_relationship_to_the_divine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Epithets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Epithets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Epithets </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Epithets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Examples_of_royal_titularies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples_of_royal_titularies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Examples of royal titularies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Examples_of_royal_titularies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-good-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*" title="This is a good article. 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Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Head_of_a_ruler_ca_2300_2000_BC_Iran_or_Mesopotamia_Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Head_of_a_ruler_ca_2300_2000_BC_Iran_or_Mesopotamia_Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art.jpg/220px-Head_of_a_ruler_ca_2300_2000_BC_Iran_or_Mesopotamia_Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Head_of_a_ruler_ca_2300_2000_BC_Iran_or_Mesopotamia_Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art.jpg/330px-Head_of_a_ruler_ca_2300_2000_BC_Iran_or_Mesopotamia_Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Head_of_a_ruler_ca_2300_2000_BC_Iran_or_Mesopotamia_Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art.jpg/440px-Head_of_a_ruler_ca_2300_2000_BC_Iran_or_Mesopotamia_Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2636" data-file-height="3722" /></a><figcaption>Head of an ancient <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamian</a> or <a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranian</a> ruler, 2300–2000 BC, housed in the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sumerian_Cylinder_Seal_of_King_Ur-Nammu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Sumerian_Cylinder_Seal_of_King_Ur-Nammu.jpg/220px-Sumerian_Cylinder_Seal_of_King_Ur-Nammu.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Sumerian_Cylinder_Seal_of_King_Ur-Nammu.jpg/330px-Sumerian_Cylinder_Seal_of_King_Ur-Nammu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Sumerian_Cylinder_Seal_of_King_Ur-Nammu.jpg/440px-Sumerian_Cylinder_Seal_of_King_Ur-Nammu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="873" /></a><figcaption>Seal of the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Sumerian" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Sumerian">Neo-Sumerian</a> king <a href="/wiki/Ur-Nammu" title="Ur-Nammu">Ur-Nammu</a> in the <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a>. The inscription gives Ur-Nammu's titulature as "Ur-Nammu, strong man, king of <a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">Ur</a>".</figcaption></figure> Akkadian or Mesopotamian royal titulary refers to the <a href="/wiki/Royal_titles" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal titles">royal titles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Epithet" title="Epithet">epithets</a> (and the style they were presented in) assumed by <a href="/wiki/Monarch" title="Monarch">monarchs</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mesopotamia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Mesopotamia">Ancient Mesopotamia</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian period</a> to the fall of the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian Empire</a> (roughly 2334 to 539 BC), with some scant usage in the later <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid</a> periods. The titles and the order they were presented in varied from king to king, with similarities between kings usually being because of a king's explicit choice to align himself with a predecessor. Some titles, like the Akkadian <a href="/wiki/King_of_the_Four_Corners" title="King of the Four Corners">šar kibrāt erbetti</a> ("king of the Four Corners of the World") and <a href="/wiki/King_of_the_Universe" title="King of the Universe">šar kiššatim</a> ("king of the Universe") and the <a href="/wiki/Third_Dynasty_of_Ur" title="Third Dynasty of Ur">Neo-Sumerian</a> <a href="/wiki/King_of_Sumer_and_Akkad" title="King of Sumer and Akkad">šar māt Šumeri u Akkadi</a> ("king of Sumer and Akkad") would remain in use for more than a thousand years through several different empires and others were only used by a single king. In the Akkadian-speaking kingdoms of <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonia</a>, distinct styles of Akkadian titulature would develop, retaining titles and elements of earlier kings but applying new royal traditions. In Assyrian royal titulary, emphasis would typically be placed on the strength and power of the king whilst Babylonian royal titulary would usually focus on the protective role and the piety of the king. Monarchs who controlled both Assyria and Babylon (such as some of the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian</a> kings) often used "hybrid" titularies combining aspects of both. Such hybrid titularies are also recorded for the only known examples of Akkadian titularies beyond the fall of the Neo-Babylonian Empire, employed by <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great" title="Cyrus the Great">Cyrus the Great</a> (r. 559–530 BC) of the Achaemenid Empire and <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_I_Soter" title="Antiochus I Soter">Antiochus I</a> (r. 281–261 BC) of the Seleucid Empire, who also introduced some aspects of their own royal <a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">ideologies</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Akkadian_royal_titulary&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamian</a> royal titles vary in their contents, <a href="/wiki/Epithet" title="Epithet">epithets</a> and order depending on the ruler, dynasty and the length of a monarch's reign. Patterns of arrangement and the choice of titles and epithets usually reflect specific kings, which also meant that later rulers attempting to emulate an earlier great king often aligned themselves with their great predecessors through the titles, epithets and order chosen. As such, <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian</a>-language royal inscriptions can be important sources on the royal <a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">ideology</a> of any one given king and in exploring sociocultural factors during the reigns of individual kings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStevens201473-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoares201721-2">[2]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Akkadian_royal_titulary&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origins">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Naram-Sin_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Naram-Sin_portrait.jpg/220px-Naram-Sin_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Naram-Sin_portrait.jpg/330px-Naram-Sin_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Naram-Sin_portrait.jpg/440px-Naram-Sin_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1576" data-file-height="2096" /></a><figcaption>Relief with <a href="/wiki/Naram-Sin_of_Akkad" title="Naram-Sin of Akkad">Naram-Sin of Akkad</a>'s portrait. Naram-Sin, who reigned between 2254 and 2218 BC, has been described as the first great "innovator" when it comes to Mesopotamian royal titles. Relief today housed at the <a href="/wiki/Istanbul_Archaeological_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Istanbul Archaeological Museum">Istanbul Archaeological Museum</a>.</figcaption></figure> Though there had been kings (and thus obviously royal titles) in Mesopotamia since prehistoric times, the first great "innovator" of royal titles was <a href="/wiki/Naram-Sin_of_Akkad" title="Naram-Sin of Akkad">Naram-Sin of Akkad</a> (r. 2254–2218 BC), the grandson of <a href="/wiki/Sargon_of_Akkad" title="Sargon of Akkad">Sargon of Akkad</a> and the fourth <a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Akkad" title="List of kings of Akkad">ruler</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian Empire</a>. Naram-Sin introduced the idea of kingship in the <a href="/wiki/Four_corners_of_the_world" title="Four corners of the world">four corners</a> (e.g. the four inhabited regions of the Earth) with the title "<a href="/wiki/King_of_the_Four_Corners_of_the_World" class="mw-redirect" title="King of the Four Corners of the World">King of the Four Corners of the World</a>", probably in geographical terms expressing his dominion over the regions <a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Elam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Subartu" title="Subartu">Subartu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amurru_kingdom" title="Amurru kingdom">Amurru</a> and <a href="/wiki/Akkad_(city)" title="Akkad (city)">Akkad</a> (representing east, north, west and south respectively).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHallo1980189-3">[3]</a> It is possible that Naram-Sin might have been inspired to claim the title following his conquest of the city <a href="/wiki/Ebla" title="Ebla">Ebla</a>, in which quadripartite divisions of the world and the universe were prominent parts of the city's ideology and beliefs. Naram-Sin was also the first king to claim divinity for himself during his lifetime. Though both his father <a href="/wiki/Manishtushu" title="Manishtushu">Manishtushu</a> and his grandfather Sargon were recognized as divine, they had only been <a href="/wiki/Deified" class="mw-redirect" title="Deified">deified</a> posthumously.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHallo1980190-4">[4]</a> The adoption of the title "God of Akkad" may have been due to Naram-Sin winning a great victory over a large-scale revolt against his rule. Naram-Sin was also the first Mesopotamian ruler to adopt the epithet dannum ("mighty").<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHallo1980191-5">[5]</a> Another title heavily associated with the Akkadian rulers was <a href="/wiki/King_of_the_Universe" title="King of the Universe">šar kiššatim</a>. The literal translation of this title is "King of Kish", <a href="/wiki/Kish_(Sumer)" title="Kish (Sumer)">Kish</a> being one of the more prestigious Sumerian cities, often having been seen in the times preceding the Akkadian Empire as having some sort of primacy over the other cities in the region. Use of the title, which was not limited to kings actually in possession of the city itself, implied that the ruler was a builder of cities, victorious in war and a righteous judge.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevin2002359-6">[6]</a> By the time of Sargon of Akkad, "King of Kish" meant a divinely authorized ruler with the right to rule over all of Sumer, it might have begun to refer to some sort of a universal rule already in the centuries before Sargon's rise to power.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinkeller2013146-7">[7]</a> Through its use by Sargon of Akkad and his successors, the title would be altered in meaning from "King of Kish" to the more boastful "King of the Universe", which is how later rulers would interpret it for more than a thousand years.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevin2002360-8">[8]</a> After the fall of Akkad, further titles would be introduced by the kings of the <a href="/wiki/Third_Dynasty_of_Ur" title="Third Dynasty of Ur">Third Dynasty of Ur</a>. The founder of this dynasty, <a href="/wiki/Ur-Nammu" title="Ur-Nammu">Ur-Nammu</a> (r. 2112–2095 BC), combined the title of "king of Akkad" with the traditional "<a href="/wiki/King_of_Sumer" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Sumer">king of Sumer</a>" in an effort to unify the north and south of Mesopotamia under his rule, creating the title of "<a href="/wiki/King_of_Sumer_and_Akkad" title="King of Sumer and Akkad">king of Sumer and Akkad</a>". Though the Akkadian kings had used both the titles of "king of Akkad" and "king of Sumer", the combined title was new. Sargon of Akkad had even during his reign explicitly been against linking Sumer and Akkad. There was some native Mesopotamian precedence for double titles of this kind, in the <a href="/wiki/Early_Dynastic_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Dynastic III">Early Dynastic III</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2900–2350) period, double titles were used by some kings with examples like "lord of Sumer and king of the nation" and "king of <a href="/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk">Uruk</a> and king of <a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">Ur</a>". These titles were unique to their respective rulers however, never appearing again, and repeated "king" at the mention of the second kingship. Ur-Nammu was acknowledged by the priesthood at <a href="/wiki/Nippur" title="Nippur">Nippur</a> and crowned as sovereign of the two lands surrounding Nippur "to right and left".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHallo1980192-9">[9]</a> The fourth king of the Third Dynasty of Ur, <a href="/wiki/Amar-Sin" title="Amar-Sin">Amar-Sin</a> (r. 2046–2038 BC), was the first ruler to introduce the title šarru dannu ("mighty king"), replacing the earlier epithet dannum.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHallo1980193-10">[10]</a> When the Third Dynasty of Ur collapsed and its <a href="/wiki/Vassal" title="Vassal">vassals</a> once again became independent polities, the former vassal cities often only implicitly renounced their allegiance to Ur. Since the ruler of Ur was deified and thus technically a god, ruling titles like šar ("king") were applied to the principal deities of the cities. As a result, formerly subordinate titles such as šakkanakki and Išši’ak (both translating to "governor") became sovereign ruling titles.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHallo1980193-10">[10]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Assyrian_and_Babylonian_titulature">Assyrian and Babylonian titulature</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Akkadian_royal_titulary&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Assyrian and Babylonian titulature">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Confirmation_by_Shamash-shum-ukim_of_a_grant_originally_made_by_Ashur-nadin-shumi._670-650_BCE,_from_Babylonia,_Iraq._The_tablet_is_currently_housed_in_the_British_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Confirmation_by_Shamash-shum-ukim_of_a_grant_originally_made_by_Ashur-nadin-shumi._670-650_BCE%2C_from_Babylonia%2C_Iraq._The_tablet_is_currently_housed_in_the_British_Museum.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Confirmation_by_Shamash-shum-ukim_of_a_grant_originally_made_by_Ashur-nadin-shumi._670-650_BCE%2C_from_Babylonia%2C_Iraq._The_tablet_is_currently_housed_in_the_British_Museum.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Confirmation_by_Shamash-shum-ukim_of_a_grant_originally_made_by_Ashur-nadin-shumi._670-650_BCE%2C_from_Babylonia%2C_Iraq._The_tablet_is_currently_housed_in_the_British_Museum.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Text and seal of <a href="/wiki/Shamash-shum-ukin" class="mw-redirect" title="Shamash-shum-ukin">Shamash-shum-ukim</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian</a> king of <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a>, featuring a depiction of the king fighting an <a href="/wiki/Oryx" title="Oryx">oryx antelope</a>. Now housed in the <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a>.</figcaption></figure> Over the course of the centuries after the fall of the Third Dynasty of Ur, the main kingdoms that would develop in Mesopotamia were <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyria</a> in the north and <a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonia</a> in the south. The kings of Assyria would title themselves as Išši’ak until the reign of the Middle-Assyrian king <a href="/wiki/Ashur-uballit_I" title="Ashur-uballit I">Ashur-uballit I</a> of the 14th century BC, who once more introduced the title šar, signifying his role as an absolute monarch.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERadner2019136-11">[11]</a> Typically, Assyrian royal inscriptions usually glorify the strength and power of the king whilst Babylonian royal inscriptions tend to focus on the protective role and the piety of the king.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStevens201473-1">[1]</a> Assyrian titularies usually also often emphasize the royal genaeology of the king, something Babylonian titularies do not, and also drive home the king's moral and physical qualities while downplaying his role in the judicial system.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarlsson20171-12">[12]</a> Assyrian epithets about royal lineage vary in how far they stretch back, most often simply discussing lineage in terms of "son of ..." or "brother of ...". Some cases display lineage stretching back much further, <a href="/wiki/Shamash-shum-ukin" class="mw-redirect" title="Shamash-shum-ukin">Shamash-shuma-ukin</a> (r. 667–648 BC) describes himself as a "descendant of <a href="/wiki/Sargon_II" title="Sargon II">Sargon II</a>", his great-grandfather. More extremely, <a href="/wiki/Esarhaddon" title="Esarhaddon">Esarhaddon</a> (r. 681–669 BC) calls himself a "descendant of the eternal seed of <a href="/wiki/Bel-bani" title="Bel-bani">Bel-bani</a>", a king who would have lived more than a thousand years before him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarlsson201712-13">[13]</a> Assyrian royal titularies were often changed depending on where the titles were to be displayed, the titles of the same Assyrian king would have been different in their home country of Assyria and in conquered regions. Those <a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian</a> kings who controlled the city of Babylon used a "hybrid" titulary of sorts in the south, combining aspects of the Assyrian and Babylonian tradition, similar to how the traditional Babylonian deities were promoted in the south alongside the Assyrian main deity of <a href="/wiki/Ashur_(god)" title="Ashur (god)">Ashur</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarlsson20171-12">[12]</a> The assumption of many traditional southern titles, including the ancient "king of Sumer and Akkad", by the Assyrian kings served to legitimize their rule and assert their control over Babylon and <a href="/wiki/Lower_Mesopotamia" title="Lower Mesopotamia">lower Mesopotamia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoares201721-2">[2]</a> Epithets like "chosen by the god <a href="/wiki/Marduk" title="Marduk">Marduk</a> and the goddess <a href="/wiki/Sarpanit" title="Sarpanit">Sarpanit</a>" and "favourite of the god Ashur and the goddess <a href="/wiki/Mullissu" title="Mullissu">Mullissu</a>", both assumed by Esarhaddon, illustrate that he was both Assyrian (Ashur and Mullissu, the main pair of Assyrian deities) and a legitimate ruler over Babylon (Marduk and Sarpanit, the main pair of Babylonian deities).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoares201728-14">[14]</a> Most of the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian</a> titles that speak of the king's prowess, e.g. "<a href="/wiki/Great_King" class="mw-redirect" title="Great King">great king</a>", "mighty king" and even the old "<a href="/wiki/King_of_the_Universe" title="King of the Universe">king of the Universe</a>", a title dating back to Akkadian times, were not carried over into the succeeding <a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian Empire</a> with two exceptions. The founder of the Neo-Babylonian empire, <a href="/wiki/Nabopolassar" title="Nabopolassar">Nabopolassar</a> (r. 625–605 BC) uses some of the titles (prominently "mighty king") in his early inscriptions, possibly due to his family originating as high-ranking officials for the Assyrians (a fact he otherwise was careful to mask). The final ruler of the Neo-Babylonian empire, <a href="/wiki/Nabonidus" title="Nabonidus">Nabonidus</a> (r. 556–539 BC), took all three of the Assyrian titles in inscriptions late in his reign, deliberately aligning himself with the Neo-Assyrian kings, possibly to claim a universal empire as in the Assyrian model.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStevens201473-1">[1]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Achaemenid_and_Seleucid_use">Achaemenid and Seleucid use</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Akkadian_royal_titulary&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Achaemenid and Seleucid use">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Antiochus_Cylinder.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Antiochus_Cylinder.jpg/220px-Antiochus_Cylinder.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Antiochus_Cylinder.jpg/330px-Antiochus_Cylinder.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Antiochus_Cylinder.jpg/440px-Antiochus_Cylinder.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="646" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_Cylinder" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiochus Cylinder">Antiochus Cylinder</a> of <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_I_Soter" title="Antiochus I Soter">Antiochus I</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a> contains the last known example of a royal titulary written in <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian</a>. The cylinder is today housed at the <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a>.</figcaption></figure> In the <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_Cylinder" title="Cyrus Cylinder">Cyrus Cylinder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great" title="Cyrus the Great">Cyrus the Great</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a> assumes many native Mesopotamian title following his 539 BC <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Babylon" title="Fall of Babylon">conquest</a> of Babylon. Much like the late inscriptions of Nabonidus, the Cyrus Cylinder corresponds more to the traditional Assyrian royal titulary than it does the Babylonian.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStevens201473-1">[1]</a> When the Assyrian kings conquered Babylon, they titled themselves as both kings of Babylon and kings of Assyria. Since they were not technically legitimate Babylonian rulers in that they had not been born to the Babylonian throne, they stressed their legitimacy by deriving their kingship from the fact that they had held royal status before conquering Babylon. Cyrus does much the same in the Cyrus Cylinder, stressing that his <a href="/wiki/Cambyses_I" title="Cambyses I">father</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_I" title="Cyrus I">grandfather</a> were "kings of <a href="/wiki/Anshan_(Persia)" title="Anshan (Persia)">Anšan</a>" and that Cyrus was the "heir to an eternal line of kingship".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStevens201477-15">[15]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_Cylinder" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiochus Cylinder">Antiochus Cylinder</a>, which describes how <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_I_Soter" title="Antiochus I Soter">Antiochus I</a> (r. 281–261 BC) of the <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a> rebuilt the Ezida Temple in the city of <a href="/wiki/Borsippa" title="Borsippa">Borsippa</a>, is one of the last known documents written in Akkadian, separated from the previous Cyrus Cylinder by around 300 years. This cylinder also contains the last known example of an Akkadian-language royal titulary, applied to Antiochus himself. It is an important source on the self-presentation of Seleucid kings and on the relations between the Seleucid rulers and the inhabitants of Babylon (located near the recently founded Seleucid capital of <a href="/wiki/Seleucia" title="Seleucia">Seleucia</a>). The text of the cylinder as a whole combines and reshapes elements from the Babylonian and Assyrian traditions of royal titularies, sometimes breaking with tradition to introduce aspects of the Seleucid royal ideology.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStevens201472-16">[16]</a> Though the titulature of Antiochus I used in the cylinder has in the past been interpreted as very traditionally Babylonian in its composition, especially compared to that of <a href="/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_II" title="Nebuchadnezzar II">Nebuchadnezzar II</a> (r. 605–562 BC) of the Neo-Babylonian empire, only two titles in the Antiochus Cylinder actually align with titles consistently used by the Neo-Babylonian kings (those being "king of Babylon" and "provider of <a href="/wiki/Esagila" title="Esagila">Esagila</a> and Ezida". Other titles in the cylinder, including "great king", "mighty king" and "king of the Universe" are more characteristic of the Neo-Assyrian kings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStevens201473-1">[1]</a> Out of the titularies of all previous kings, the titulary of Antiochus most closely resembles that of Nabonidus in its arrangement though they are not identical, that of Antiochus combining Assyrian, Babylonian and Persian titles. It is possible given the large amount of time separating the Antiochus Cylinder from the last known previous example (the Cyrus Cylinder) and the rather simply and short nature of the titulary that it mixes traditions and ideas due to the limited amount of sources the scribe would have had to work with, but royal titularies were usually created with great care and consideration. It is possible that the mixture was chosen to specifically reflect a more Seleucid version of kingship, Assyrian titles like "mighty king" and "great king" fitting with the warrior king-idea used by the Seleucids in the rest of their empire. Universalizing titles like "king of the Universe" may have simply been appealing in lacking a geographical specification and that the king would not have to confine his realm to include just Babylon or Mesopotamia (which would have resulted from a title like "king of Sumer and Akkad").<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStevens201475-17">[17]</a> Similar to how Cyrus the Great stressed that his lineage was royal despite him not being born to the Babylonian throne, Antiochus titulary contains the information that he is the son and heir of <a href="/wiki/Seleucus_I_Nicator" title="Seleucus I Nicator">Seleucus I Nicator</a> (the first Seleucid king, r. 305–281 BC), who is referred to as "the Macedonian", connecting him with the kingship of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> and his line and granting Antiochus further legitimacy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStevens201477-15">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples_of_titles">Examples of titles</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Akkadian_royal_titulary&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Examples of titles">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Titles_centering_on_the_king's_person">Titles centering on the king's person</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Akkadian_royal_titulary&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Titles centering on the king's person">edit</a>]</div> Descriptive titles similar to epithets, titles which center on the king's person. Titles and epithets which relate to the personality and position of the king account for about 24.9% of Neo-Assyrian titularies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarlsson201712-13">[13]</a> <table class="wikitable" border="1" style="width:100%"> <tbody><tr> <th width="25%">English translation of title </th> <th width="25%">Title in <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian</a> </th> <th width="50%">Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Great_king" title="Great king">Great king</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarlsson20172-18">[18]</a> </td> <td>šarru rabû<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarlsson20172-18">[18]</a> </td> <td>Popular title designating the king as powerful enough to draw the respect of their adversaries, frequently used in diplomacy with other nations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohenWestbrook1999-19">[19]</a> Example users: <a href="/wiki/Sargon_II" title="Sargon II">Sargon II</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarlsson20172-18">[18]</a> <a href="/wiki/Esarhaddon" title="Esarhaddon">Esarhaddon</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarlsson20176-20">[20]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>King who has no equals in all of the lands<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarlsson20177-21">[21]</a> </td> <td>šarru ša ina kullat mātāti māḫiri lā īšû<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarlsson20177-21">[21]</a> </td> <td>Only recorded for <a href="/wiki/Esarhaddon" title="Esarhaddon">Esarhaddon</a> (r. 681–669 BC) and <a href="/wiki/Ashurbanipal" title="Ashurbanipal">Ashurbanipal</a> (r. 669–631 BC).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarlsson20177-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarlsson201710-22">[22]</a> Example users: <a href="/wiki/Esarhaddon" title="Esarhaddon">Esarhaddon</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarlsson20177-21">[21]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashurbanipal" title="Ashurbanipal">Ashurbanipal</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarlsson201710-22">[22]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Strong king<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarlsson20172-18">[18]</a> Alternatively "Mighty king"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarlsson20176-20">[20]</a> </td> <td>šarru dannu<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarlsson20172-18">[18]</a> </td> <td>A popular title, especially in <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStevens201473-1">[1]</a> Example users: <a href="/wiki/Sargon_II" title="Sargon II">Sargon II</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarlsson20172-18">[18]</a> <a href="/wiki/Esarhaddon" title="Esarhaddon">Esarhaddon</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarlsson20176-20">[20]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Titles_centering_on_the_king's_relationship_to_the_world">Titles centering on the king's relationship to the world</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Akkadian_royal_titulary&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Titles centering on the king's relationship to the world">edit</a>]</div> Titles describing the domain under the control of a king. Titles and epithets which relate to the worldly position of the king account for about 35.8% of Neo-Assyrian titularies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarlsson201712-13">[13]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Specific_locations_and_peoples">Specific locations and peoples</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Akkadian_royal_titulary&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Specific locations and peoples">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable" border="1" style="width:100%"> <tbody><tr> <th width="25%">English translation of title </th> <th width="25%">Title in <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian</a> </th> <th width="50%">Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/King_of_Assyria" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Assyria">Governor of Assyria</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiverani2013-23">[23]</a> Alternatively "Viceroy of the god Assur"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELuckenbill192617-24">[24]</a> </td> <td>Išši’ak Aššur<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiverani2013-23">[23]</a> </td> <td>Ruling title of the <a href="/wiki/Old_Assyrian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Assyrian Empire">Old</a> and <a href="/wiki/Middle_Assyrian_Empire" title="Middle Assyrian Empire">Middle Assyrian</a> kings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiverani2013-23">[23]</a> Example user: <a href="/wiki/Shamshi-Adad_I" title="Shamshi-Adad I">Shamshi-Adad I</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiverani2013-23">[23]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/King_of_Babylon" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Babylon">Governor of Babylon</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarlsson20172-18">[18]</a> </td> <td>šakkanakki Bābili<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarlsson20172-18">[18]</a> </td> <td>Ruling title of the <a href="/wiki/Old_Babylonian_Empire" title="Old Babylonian Empire">Old Babylonian</a> kings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHallo1980194-25">[25]</a> Title employed by some <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyrian</a> kings who ruled over <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarlsson20172-18">[18]</a> Example users: <a href="/wiki/Sargon_II" title="Sargon II">Sargon II</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarlsson20172-18">[18]</a> <a href="/wiki/Esarhaddon" title="Esarhaddon">Esarhaddon</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarlsson20175-26">[26]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kassite" class="mw-redirect" title="Kassite">Kassite</a> king<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoetze196498-27">[27]</a> </td> <td>šar Kaššu<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoetze196498-27">[27]</a> </td> <td>Title used by the <a href="/wiki/Kassite_dynasty" title="Kassite dynasty">Kassite dynasty</a> of <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoetze196498-27">[27]</a> Example users: <a href="/wiki/Agum_III" title="Agum III">Agum III</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoetze196498-27">[27]</a> <a href="/wiki/Karaindash" title="Karaindash">Karaindash</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoetze196498-27">[27]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Akkad" title="List of kings of Akkad">King of Akkad</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDa_Riva201372-28">[28]</a> </td> <td>šar māt Akkadi<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDa_Riva201372-28">[28]</a> </td> <td>Literally "king of the land of Akkad".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDa_Riva201372-28">[28]</a> Combined with "king of Sumer" by <a href="/wiki/Ur-Nammu" title="Ur-Nammu">Ur-Nammu</a> (r. 2112–2095 BC), thereafter only occurs in the combined form "king of Sumer and Akkad".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHallo1980192-9">[9]</a> Example user: <a href="/wiki/Ur-Nammu" title="Ur-Nammu">Ur-Nammu</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHallo1980192-9">[9]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/King_of_Assyria" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Assyria">King of Assyria</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarlsson20172-18">[18]</a> </td> <td>šar māt Aššur<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarlsson20172-18">[18]</a> </td> <td>Literally "king of the land of <a href="/wiki/Assur" title="Assur">Assur</a>". Ruling title of the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian</a> kings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarlsson20172-18">[18]</a> Example users: <a href="/wiki/Sargon_II" title="Sargon II">Sargon II</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarlsson20172-18">[18]</a> <a href="/wiki/Esarhaddon" title="Esarhaddon">Esarhaddon</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarlsson20176-20">[20]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/King_of_Babylon" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Babylon">King of Babylon</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarlsson20172-18">[18]</a> </td> <td>šar Bābili<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarlsson20172-18">[18]</a> </td> <td>Ruling title of monarchs of <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarlsson20172-18">[18]</a> Example users: <a href="/wiki/Sargon_II" title="Sargon II">Sargon II</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarlsson20172-18">[18]</a> <a href="/wiki/Esarhaddon" title="Esarhaddon">Esarhaddon</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarlsson20176-20">[20]</a> <a href="/wiki/Shamash-shum-ukin" class="mw-redirect" title="Shamash-shum-ukin">Shamash-shum-ukin</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarlsson201711-29">[29]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/King_of_Babylon" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Babylon">King of Babylon</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoetze196498-27">[27]</a> </td> <td>šar māt Bābil<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoetze196498-27">[27]</a> </td> <td>Literally "king of the land of Babylon". Rare variant of the Babylonian royal title recorded for some <a href="/wiki/Kassites" title="Kassites">Kassite</a> kings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoetze196498-27">[27]</a> Example users: <a href="/wiki/Agum_III" title="Agum III">Agum III</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoetze196498-27">[27]</a> <a href="/wiki/Karaindash" title="Karaindash">Karaindash</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoetze196498-27">[27]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>King of <a href="/wiki/Kardunia%C5%A1" title="Karduniaš">Karduniaš</a> </td> <td>šar Karduniaš<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoetze196498-27">[27]</a> </td> <td>Title used by the <a href="/wiki/Kassite_dynasty" title="Kassite dynasty">Kassite dynasty</a> of <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a>, "<a href="/wiki/Kardunia%C5%A1" title="Karduniaš">Karduniaš</a>" being the Kassite name for the kingdom centered in Babylon.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoetze196498-27">[27]</a> Example users: <a href="/wiki/Agum_III" title="Agum III">Agum III</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoetze196498-27">[27]</a> <a href="/wiki/Karaindash" title="Karaindash">Karaindash</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoetze196498-27">[27]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>King of Padan and Alman<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoetze196498-27">[27]</a> </td> <td>šar māt Padan u Alman<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoetze196498-27">[27]</a> </td> <td>Literally "king of the land of Padan and Alman". Title only recorded for <a href="/wiki/Agum_III" title="Agum III">Agum III</a> of <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a> (c. 1470 BC).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoetze196498-27">[27]</a> Example user: <a href="/wiki/Agum_III" title="Agum III">Agum III</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoetze196498-27">[27]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/King_of_Sumer" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Sumer">King of Sumer</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDa_Riva201372-28">[28]</a> </td> <td>šar māt Šumeri<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDa_Riva201372-28">[28]</a> </td> <td>Literally "king of the land of Sumer".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDa_Riva201372-28">[28]</a> Combined with "king of Akkad" by <a href="/wiki/Ur-Nammu" title="Ur-Nammu">Ur-Nammu</a> (r. 2112–2095 BC), thereafter only occurs in the combined form "king of Sumer and Akkad".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHallo1980192-9">[9]</a> Example user: <a href="/wiki/Ur-Nammu" title="Ur-Nammu">Ur-Nammu</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHallo1980192-9">[9]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>King of the Akkadians<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoetze196498-27">[27]</a> </td> <td>šar Akkadi<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoetze196498-27">[27]</a> </td> <td>Variant of šar māt Akkadi only recorded for <a href="/wiki/Agum_III" title="Agum III">Agum III</a> of <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a> (c. 1470 BC).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoetze196498-27">[27]</a> Example user: <a href="/wiki/Agum_III" title="Agum III">Agum III</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoetze196498-27">[27]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>King of the Amnanu<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarlsson201711-29">[29]</a> </td> <td>šar Amnānu<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarlsson201711-29">[29]</a> </td> <td>Expressing kingship over the Amnanu, an <a href="/wiki/Amorites" title="Amorites">Amorite</a> tribal group settled in <a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarlsson201714-30">[30]</a> Only recorded for <a href="/wiki/Shamash-shum-ukin" class="mw-redirect" title="Shamash-shum-ukin">Shamash-shum-ukin</a> (r. 667–648 BC).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarlsson201711-29">[29]</a> Example user: <a href="/wiki/Shamash-shum-ukin" class="mw-redirect" title="Shamash-shum-ukin">Shamash-shum-ukin</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarlsson201711-29">[29]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>King of the <a href="/wiki/Kassites" title="Kassites">Kassites</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoetze196498-27">[27]</a> </td> <td>šar Kašši<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoetze196498-27">[27]</a> </td> <td>Title used by the <a href="/wiki/Kassite_dynasty" title="Kassite dynasty">Kassite dynasty</a> of <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoetze196498-27">[27]</a> Example users: <a href="/wiki/Agum_III" title="Agum III">Agum III</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoetze196498-27">[27]</a> <a href="/wiki/Karaindash" title="Karaindash">Karaindash</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoetze196498-27">[27]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dominance_over_Mesopotamia">Dominance over Mesopotamia</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Akkadian_royal_titulary&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Dominance over Mesopotamia">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable" border="1" style="width:100%"> <tbody><tr> <th width="25%">English translation of title </th> <th width="25%">Title in <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian</a> </th> <th width="50%">Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/King_of_the_Lands" title="King of the Lands">Glorious King of the Lands</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohandi2012170-31">[31]</a> </td> <td>šar mātāti šarhu<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohandi2012170-31">[31]</a> </td> <td>Variant of "King of the Lands" recorded for <a href="/wiki/Ashurnasirpal_II" title="Ashurnasirpal II">Ashurnasirpal II</a> (r. 883–859 BC) and <a href="/wiki/Shalmaneser_III" title="Shalmaneser III">Shalmaneser III</a> (r. 859–824 BC).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohandi2012170-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarlsson2016153-32">[32]</a> Example users: <a href="/wiki/Ashurnasirpal_II" title="Ashurnasirpal II">Ashurnasirpal II</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohandi2012170-31">[31]</a> <a href="/wiki/Shalmaneser_III" title="Shalmaneser III">Shalmaneser III</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarlsson2016153-32">[32]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/King_of_Kings" title="King of Kings">King of Kings</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHandy1994112-33">[33]</a> </td> <td>šar šarrāni<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHandy1994112-33">[33]</a> </td> <td>Introduced by <a href="/wiki/Tukulti-Ninurta_I" title="Tukulti-Ninurta I">Tukulti-Ninurta I</a> of <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyria</a> (r. 1233–1197 BC),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHandy1994112-33">[33]</a> "King of Kings" became an especially prominent title during the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a> after which it would be used in <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> and elsewhere up until modern times.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaikalSchnabel20039-34">[34]</a> Example users: <a href="/wiki/Tukulti-Ninurta_I" title="Tukulti-Ninurta I">Tukulti-Ninurta I</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHandy1994112-33">[33]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mithridates_II_of_Parthia" title="Mithridates II of Parthia">Mithridates II</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2009165-35">[35]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/King_of_Sumer_and_Akkad" title="King of Sumer and Akkad">King of Sumer and Akkad</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDa_Riva201372-28">[28]</a> </td> <td>šar māt Šumeri u Akkadi<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDa_Riva201372-28">[28]</a> </td> <td>Ruling title in the <a href="/wiki/Third_Dynasty_of_Ur" title="Third Dynasty of Ur">Third Dynasty of Ur</a>, used for more than 1,500 years in later empires trying to claim its and the <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian Empire</a>'s legacy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPorter199479-36">[36]</a> Example users: <a href="/wiki/Ur-Nammu" title="Ur-Nammu">Ur-Nammu</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHallo1980192-9">[9]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hammurabi" title="Hammurabi">Hammurabi</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPorter199479-36">[36]</a> <a href="/wiki/Esarhaddon" title="Esarhaddon">Esarhaddon</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPorter199479-36">[36]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great" title="Cyrus the Great">Cyrus</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECyrus_Cylinder_Translation-37">[37]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/King_of_the_Lands" title="King of the Lands">King of the Lands</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShayegan201143-38">[38]</a> </td> <td>šar mātāti<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShayegan201143-38">[38]</a> </td> <td>Introduced in its simplified form by <a href="/wiki/Ashurbanipal" title="Ashurbanipal">Ashurbanipal</a> (r. 669–631 BC).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarlsson201710-22">[22]</a> Saw occasional later use in the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Empires</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKosmin2014113-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShayegan201143-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaerzeggersSeire201840-40">[40]</a> Example users: <a href="/wiki/Ashurbanipal" title="Ashurbanipal">Ashurbanipal</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarlsson201710-22">[22]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great" title="Cyrus the Great">Cyrus</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaerzeggersSeire201840-40">[40]</a> <a href="/wiki/Phraates_II" title="Phraates II">Phraates II</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShayegan201143-38">[38]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Claims_to_universal_rule">Claims to universal rule</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Akkadian_royal_titulary&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Claims to universal rule">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable" border="1" style="width:100%"> <tbody><tr> <th width="25%">English translation of title </th> <th width="25%">Title in <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian</a> </th> <th width="50%">Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/King_of_All_Peoples" title="King of All Peoples">King of All Peoples</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarlsson2016153-32">[32]</a> </td> <td>šar kiššat nišē<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarlsson2016153-32">[32]</a> </td> <td>Recorded for two <a href="/wiki/Middle_Assyrian_Empire" title="Middle Assyrian Empire">Middle Assyrian</a> kings and two <a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian</a> kings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarlsson2016153-32">[32]</a> Example users: <a href="/wiki/Tukulti-Ninurta_I" title="Tukulti-Ninurta I">Tukulti-Ninurta I</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESazonov201126-41">[41]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashurnasirpal_II" title="Ashurnasirpal II">Ashurnasirpal II</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarlsson2016153-32">[32]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/King_of_the_Four_Corners" title="King of the Four Corners">King of All the Four Corners of the World</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarlsson2016150-42">[42]</a> </td> <td>šar kullat kibrāt erbetti<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarlsson2016150-42">[42]</a> </td> <td>Variant of "King of the Four Corners of the World" used in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Assyrian_Empire" title="Middle Assyrian Empire">Middle Assyrian Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarlsson2013255-43">[43]</a> Example users: <a href="/wiki/Tiglath-Pileser_I" title="Tiglath-Pileser I">Tiglath-Pileser I</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarlsson2013255-43">[43]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-bel-kala" title="Ashur-bel-kala">Ashur-bel-kala</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarlsson2013255-43">[43]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/King_of_the_Four_Corners" title="King of the Four Corners">King of the Four Corners of the World</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarlsson2013135-44">[44]</a> Alternatively "King of the Four Corners of the Universe",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaaflaubTalbert2010153-45">[45]</a> usually shortened to "King of the Four Corners"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoafZgoll2001284-46">[46]</a> </td> <td>šar kibrāt erbetti<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarlsson2013135-44">[44]</a> šar kibrāti arba'i<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoafZgoll2001284-46">[46]</a> šarru kibrat 'arbaim<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevin2002360-8">[8]</a> </td> <td>Popular title introduced by <a href="/wiki/Naram-Sin_of_Akkad" title="Naram-Sin of Akkad">Naram-Sin</a> (r. 2254–2218 BC).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaaflaubTalbert2010153-45">[45]</a> Used in a succession of later empires until its final use by <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great" title="Cyrus the Great">Cyrus the Great</a> (r. 559–530 BC).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECyrus_Cylinder_Translation-37">[37]</a> Example users: <a href="/wiki/Naram-Sin_of_Akkad" title="Naram-Sin of Akkad">Naram-Sin</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaaflaubTalbert2010153-45">[45]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashurnasirpal_II" title="Ashurnasirpal II">Ashurnasirpal II</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarlsson2013135-44">[44]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hammurabi" title="Hammurabi">Hammurabi</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Mieroop2004119-47">[47]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great" title="Cyrus the Great">Cyrus</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECyrus_Cylinder_Translation-37">[37]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/King_of_the_Four_Corners" title="King of the Four Corners">King of the Totality of the Four Corners including all their rulers</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarlsson2013135-44">[44]</a> </td> <td>šar kiššat kibrāte ša napḫar malkī kalîšunu<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarlsson2013135-44">[44]</a> </td> <td>Variant of "King of the Four Corners of the World" recorded for <a href="/wiki/Ashurnasirpal_II" title="Ashurnasirpal II">Ashurnasirpal II</a> (r. 883–859 BC) and <a href="/wiki/Shalmaneser_III" title="Shalmaneser III">Shalmaneser III</a> (r. 859–824 BC).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarlsson2013135-44">[44]</a> Example users: <a href="/wiki/Ashurnasirpal_II" title="Ashurnasirpal II">Ashurnasirpal II</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarlsson2013135-44">[44]</a> <a href="/wiki/Shalmaneser_III" title="Shalmaneser III">Shalmaneser III</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarlsson2013135-44">[44]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/King_of_the_Universe" title="King of the Universe">King of the Universe</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoafZgoll2001284-46">[46]</a> Alternatively "King of All"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinkeller2013146-7">[7]</a> or "King of the World"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStevens201473-1">[1]</a> </td> <td>šar kiššatim<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoafZgoll2001284-46">[46]</a> šarru kiššat māti<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevin2002362-48">[48]</a> šar-kiššati'<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevin2002362-48">[48]</a> </td> <td>Popular title introduced by <a href="/wiki/Sargon_of_Akkad" title="Sargon of Akkad">Sargon of Akkad</a> (r 2334–2284 BC).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevin2002362-48">[48]</a> Used in a succession of later empires until its final use by <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_I_Soter" title="Antiochus I Soter">Antiochus I</a> (r. 281–261 BC).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStevens201473-1">[1]</a> Example users: <a href="/wiki/Sargon_of_Akkad" title="Sargon of Akkad">Sargon</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevin2002362-48">[48]</a> <a href="/wiki/Esarhaddon" title="Esarhaddon">Esarhaddon</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoafZgoll2001284-46">[46]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nabonidus" title="Nabonidus">Nabonidus</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStevens201473-1">[1]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great" title="Cyrus the Great">Cyrus</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECyrus_Cylinder_Translation-37">[37]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Titles_centering_on_the_king's_relationship_to_the_divine">Titles centering on the king's relationship to the divine</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Akkadian_royal_titulary&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Titles centering on the king's relationship to the divine">edit</a>]</div> Titles describing the position of the king relative to the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Mesopotamian_deities" title="List of Mesopotamian deities">deities</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mesopotamian_religion" title="Ancient Mesopotamian religion">Ancient Mesopotamian religion</a>. Titles and epithets which relate to the divine position of the king account for about 38.8% of Neo-Assyrian titularies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarlsson201712-13">[13]</a> <table class="wikitable" border="1" style="width:100%"> <tbody><tr> <th width="25%">English translation of title </th> <th width="25%">Title in <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian</a> </th> <th width="50%">Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td>Governor of <a href="/wiki/Ashur_(god)" title="Ashur (god)">Ashur</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarlsson201677-49">[49]</a> </td> <td>šakkanakki Aššur<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarlsson201677-49">[49]</a> </td> <td>Separated from Išši’ak Aššur in that this title refers to being a governor explicitly on behalf of the god <a href="/wiki/Ashur_(god)" title="Ashur (god)">Ashur</a>, not as governing the region of Assyria.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarlsson201677-49">[49]</a> Example user: <a href="/wiki/Shalmaneser_III" title="Shalmaneser III">Shalmaneser III</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarlsson201677-49">[49]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Governor of the Great Gods<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarlsson201677-49">[49]</a> </td> <td>šakkanakki ilāni rabûti<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarlsson201677-49">[49]</a> </td> <td>Only recorded for <a href="/wiki/Shalmaneser_III" title="Shalmaneser III">Shalmaneser III</a> (r. 859–824 BC).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarlsson201677-49">[49]</a> Example user: <a href="/wiki/Shalmaneser_III" title="Shalmaneser III">Shalmaneser III</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarlsson201677-49">[49]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Humble king<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarlsson20177-21">[21]</a> </td> <td>šarru šaḫtu<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarlsson20177-21">[21]</a> </td> <td>The title speaks about humility before the gods, the king would not have shown inferiority towards other rulers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarlsson201713-50">[50]</a> Example user: <a href="/wiki/Esarhaddon" title="Esarhaddon">Esarhaddon</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarlsson20177-21">[21]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>King who is his favourite<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarlsson20177-21">[21]</a> </td> <td>šarru migrišu<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarlsson20177-21">[21]</a> </td> <td rowspan="3">"His", "her" and "their" refers to the deities of ancient Mesopotamia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarlsson201713-50">[50]</a> Example users: <a href="/wiki/Esarhaddon" title="Esarhaddon">Esarhaddon</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarlsson20177-21">[21]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashurbanipal" title="Ashurbanipal">Ashurbanipal</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarlsson201710-22">[22]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>King who is her favourite<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarlsson20177-21">[21]</a> </td> <td>šarru migriša<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarlsson20177-21">[21]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>King who is their favourite<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarlsson20177-21">[21]</a> </td> <td>šarru migrišun<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarlsson20177-21">[21]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>King who fears him<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarlsson20177-21">[21]</a> </td> <td>šarru pāliḫšu<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarlsson20177-21">[21]</a> </td> <td rowspan="3">"Him", "her" and "them" refers to the deities of ancient Mesopotamia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarlsson201713-50">[50]</a> Example user: <a href="/wiki/Esarhaddon" title="Esarhaddon">Esarhaddon</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarlsson20177-21">[21]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>King who fears her<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarlsson20177-21">[21]</a> </td> <td>šarru pāliḫša<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarlsson20177-21">[21]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>King who fears them<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarlsson20177-21">[21]</a> </td> <td>šarru pāliḫšun<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarlsson20177-21">[21]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>King who provides for him<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarlsson20172-18">[18]</a> </td> <td>šarru zāninšu<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarlsson20172-18">[18]</a> </td> <td rowspan="3">"Him", "her" and "them" refers to the deities of ancient Mesopotamia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarlsson201713-50">[50]</a> Example user: <a href="/wiki/Sargon_II" title="Sargon II">Sargon II</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarlsson20172-18">[18]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>King who provides for her<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarlsson20172-18">[18]</a> </td> <td>šarru zāninša<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarlsson20172-18">[18]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>King who provides for them<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarlsson20172-18">[18]</a> </td> <td>šarru zāninšun<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarlsson20172-18">[18]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Provider of <a href="/wiki/Esagila" title="Esagila">Esagila</a> and Ezida<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStevens201473-1">[1]</a> </td> <td>zānin Esagil u Ezida<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStevens201473-1">[1]</a> </td> <td>One of the most common royal titles of the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian</a> periods, used by nearly all kings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStevens201473-1">[1]</a> Example users: <a href="/wiki/Sargon_II" title="Sargon II">Sargon II</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarlsson20172-18">[18]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_II" title="Nebuchadnezzar II">Nebuchadnezzar II</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStevens201474-51">[51]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Epithets">Epithets</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Akkadian_royal_titulary&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Epithets">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Detail_of_a_stone_monument_of_Ashurbanipal_II_as_a_basket-bearer._668-655_BCE._From_the_temple_of_Nabu_at_Borsippa,_Iraq,_currently_housed_in_the_British_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Detail_of_a_stone_monument_of_Ashurbanipal_II_as_a_basket-bearer._668-655_BCE._From_the_temple_of_Nabu_at_Borsippa%2C_Iraq%2C_currently_housed_in_the_British_Museum.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Detail_of_a_stone_monument_of_Ashurbanipal_II_as_a_basket-bearer._668-655_BCE._From_the_temple_of_Nabu_at_Borsippa%2C_Iraq%2C_currently_housed_in_the_British_Museum.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Detail_of_a_stone_monument_of_Ashurbanipal_II_as_a_basket-bearer._668-655_BCE._From_the_temple_of_Nabu_at_Borsippa%2C_Iraq%2C_currently_housed_in_the_British_Museum.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Detail of a stone monument of <a href="/wiki/Ashurbanipal" title="Ashurbanipal">Ashurbanipal</a> of <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyria</a> as a basket-bearer. Kings only expressed inferiority and humility before the divine, often using epithets to describe themselves as "providers" for the gods. Currently housed in the <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a>.</figcaption></figure> Royal epithets generally served to highlight the qualities of a specific king, many rulers having at least some unique epithets. Typical of Babylonian titles is focusing on the benevolent and coercive attributes of any one given king with only few references to violence. Neo-Assyrian rulers, including Ashurbanipal, Esarhaddon and Shamash-shuma-ukin, frequently employed the epithet rē’û kēnu (meaning "righteous shepherd") to illustrate royal benevolence. Wisdom and competence are also common points of focus, Esarhaddon is for instance referred to as itpēšu ḫāsis kal šipri ("competent one who knows every craft").<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarlsson201713-50">[50]</a> Many epithets are religious in nature, usually focusing on the king as a "provider" (zānin) for the gods in some capacity, provider here meaning that the king is fulfilling his duty of providing required nourishments for the deities and keeping their temples in good condition. Considering the boastful nature of Esarhaddon's titles, his epithet kanšu ("submissive") may seem strange, his title šarru šaḫtu ("humble king") likewise so, but these titles refer to humility and inferiority in regards to the gods, for which this was appropriate. The Assyrian king would never have acknowledged inferiority in the earthly sphere.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarlsson201713-50">[50]</a> Epithets often also illustrate the king as <a href="/wiki/Divine_right_of_kings" title="Divine right of kings">selected to rule by the gods</a>, the chosen words typically being migru ("favourite") and/or nibītu ("designate"). Shamash-shuma-ukin refers to himself as migir Enlil Šamaš u Marduk ("favourite of Enlil, Shamash and Marduk") and Esarhaddon refers to himself as nibīt Marduk Ṣarpanītu ("designate of Marduk (and) Sarpanit"). Marking the Assyrian king as the choice of the gods would have further legitimized his rule.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarlsson201715-52">[52]</a> The king respecting the divine is sometimes expressed with words like palāḫu ("to fear") or takālu ("to trust in"). Ashurbanipal has the epithet rubû pāliḫšu/ša ("prince who fears him/her"). Religious epithets can also speak of the king's piety through his actions, typically focusing on construction (often utilizing the word epēšu, "build" or "make"). Shamash-shuma-ukin refers to himself as ēpiš Esagila ("he who (re)constructed Esagila"), referring to a major temple in Babylon.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarlsson201716-53">[53]</a> Another common theme for epithets is the king's relation to his people. Esarhaddon again being an example, he refers to himself as maḫīru kīnu ešēru ebūru napāš Nisaba ušaššû ina māti ("he who brought stable prices, successful harvests, (and) an abundance of grain to the land").<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarlsson201714-30">[30]</a> Assyrian epithets often emphasize the king as a military leader and relates war to the divine as an issue part of the idea of universal rule. Epithets like "the god Aššur gave me the power to let cities fall into ruins and to enlarge Assyrian territory" are common.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoares201721-2">[2]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples_of_royal_titularies">Examples of royal titularies</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Akkadian_royal_titulary&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Examples of royal titularies">edit</a>]</div> Old Assyrian titulary: Ashur-nirari I In one of his inscriptions, <a href="/wiki/Ashur-nirari_I" title="Ashur-nirari I">Ashur-nirari I</a>, who reigned 1529–1503 BC, uses the following titles<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELuckenbill192617-24">[24]</a>:<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Viceroy of the god Assur, son of Ishme-Dagan, viceroy of the god Assur, builder of the temple of Bêl, the elder.</blockquote> Middle Assyrian titulary: Tukulti-Ninurta I In one of his inscriptions, <a href="/wiki/Tukulti-Ninurta_I" title="Tukulti-Ninurta I">Tukulti-Ninurta I</a>, who reigned 1233–1197 BC, uses the following titles<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELuckenbill192665-54">[54]</a>:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">King of the Universe, the mighty king, the king of Assyria, favorite of Assur, priest of Assur, rightful ruler, beloved of Ishtar, who subjected the Kuti to their farthest border; son of Shalmaneser, priest of Assur, grandson of Adad-nirari, priest of Assur.</blockquote> Kassite titulary: Kurigalzu In one of his inscriptions, the <a href="/wiki/Kassites" title="Kassites">Kassite</a> king Kurigalzu (there were two kings of this name; <a href="/wiki/Kurigalzu_I" title="Kurigalzu I">Kurigalzu I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kurigalzu_II" title="Kurigalzu II">Kurigalzu II</a>, it is unclear which one of them used these titles)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoster2005365-55">[55]</a>:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Great king, mighty king, <a href="/wiki/King_of_the_Universe" title="King of the Universe">king of the Universe</a>, favorite of Anu and Enlil, nominated (for kingship) by the lord of the gods am I! King who has no equal among all the kings his ancestors, son of Kadashman-Harbe, unrivalled king ...</blockquote> Neo-Assyrian titulary: Esarhaddon In one of his inscriptions, <a href="/wiki/Esarhaddon" title="Esarhaddon">Esarhaddon</a>, who reigned 681–669 BC, uses the following titles<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELuckenbill1927211-56">[56]</a>:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The great king, the mighty king, <a href="/wiki/King_of_the_Universe" title="King of the Universe">king of the Universe</a>, king of Assyria, viceroy of Babylon, king of Sumer and Akkad, son of Sennacherib, the great king, the mighty king, king of Assyria, grandson of Sargon, the great king, the mighty king, king of Assyria; who under the protection of Assur, Sin, Shamash, Nabu, Marduk, Ishtar of Nineveh, Ishtar of Arbela, the great gods, his lords, made his way from the rising to the setting sun, having no rival.</blockquote> Neo-Babylonian titulary: Nebuchadnezzar II The titles preserved in Babylon for <a href="/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_II" title="Nebuchadnezzar II">Nebuchadnezzar II</a>, who reigned 605–562 BC, read as follows:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStevens201474-51">[51]</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><a href="/wiki/King_of_Babylon" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Babylon">King of Babylon</a>, true shepherd, chosen by the steadfast heart of <a href="/wiki/Marduk" title="Marduk">Marduk</a>, exalted governor, beloved of <a href="/wiki/Nabu" title="Nabu">Nabu</a>, knowing one, wise one, who pays attention to the ways of the great gods, untiring governor, provider of <a href="/wiki/Esagila" title="Esagila">Esagila</a> and Ezida</blockquote> Seleucid titulary: Antiochus I The Antiochus Cylinder is the last known Akkadian-language royal inscription, separated from the last known previous one (the Cyrus Cylinder) by 300 years. At the time it was made, Akkadian was no longer a spoken language and the cylinder's contents were likely inspired by earlier royal inscriptions by Assyrian and Babylonian kings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStevens201471-57">[57]</a> The Akkadian-language titulature (here translated into English) of the Seleucid king Antiochus I (r. 281–261 BC) is preserved in the Antiochus Cylinder from Babylon and reads as follows:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStevens201468-58">[58]</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Great king, mighty king, <a href="/wiki/King_of_the_Universe" title="King of the Universe">king of the Universe</a>, <a href="/wiki/King_of_Babylon" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Babylon">king of Babylon</a>, <a href="/wiki/King_of_the_Lands" title="King of the Lands">king of the Lands</a>, provider of <a href="/wiki/Esagila" title="Esagila">Esagila</a> and Ezida, foremost heir of <a href="/wiki/Seleucus_I_Nicator" title="Seleucus I Nicator">Seleucus</a>, the king, the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Macedonians" title="Ancient Macedonians">Macedonian</a>, king of Babylon</blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Akkadian_royal_titulary&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_institutions_in_Mesopotamia" title="History of institutions in Mesopotamia">History of institutions in Mesopotamia</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Akkadian_royal_titulary&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Akkadian_royal_titulary&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStevens201473-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStevens201473_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStevens201473_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStevens201473_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStevens201473_1-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStevens201473_1-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStevens201473_1-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStevens201473_1-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStevens201473_1-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStevens201473_1-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStevens201473_1-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStevens201473_1-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStevens201473_1-11">l</a> <a href="#CITEREFStevens2014">Stevens 2014</a>, p. 73. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESoares201721-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoares201721_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoares201721_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoares201721_2-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFSoares2017">Soares 2017</a>, p. 21. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHallo1980189-3"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHallo1980189_3-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHallo1980">Hallo 1980</a>, p. 189. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHallo1980190-4"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHallo1980190_4-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHallo1980">Hallo 1980</a>, p. 190. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHallo1980191-5"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHallo1980191_5-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHallo1980">Hallo 1980</a>, p. 191. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELevin2002359-6"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevin2002359_6-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLevin2002">Levin 2002</a>, p. 359. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinkeller2013146-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteinkeller2013146_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteinkeller2013146_7-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSteinkeller2013">Steinkeller 2013</a>, p. 146. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELevin2002360-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevin2002360_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevin2002360_8-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLevin2002">Levin 2002</a>, p. 360. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHallo1980192-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHallo1980192_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHallo1980192_9-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHallo1980192_9-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHallo1980192_9-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHallo1980192_9-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHallo1980192_9-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFHallo1980">Hallo 1980</a>, p. 192. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHallo1980193-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHallo1980193_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHallo1980193_10-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHallo1980">Hallo 1980</a>, p. 193. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERadner2019136-11"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERadner2019136_11-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRadner2019">Radner 2019</a>, p. 136. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarlsson20171-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarlsson20171_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarlsson20171_12-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKarlsson2017">Karlsson 2017</a>, p. 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarlsson201712-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarlsson201712_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarlsson201712_13-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarlsson201712_13-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarlsson201712_13-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFKarlsson2017">Karlsson 2017</a>, p. 12. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESoares201728-14"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoares201728_14-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSoares2017">Soares 2017</a>, p. 28. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStevens201477-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStevens201477_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStevens201477_15-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFStevens2014">Stevens 2014</a>, p. 77. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStevens201472-16"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStevens201472_16-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStevens2014">Stevens 2014</a>, p. 72. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStevens201475-17"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStevens201475_17-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStevens2014">Stevens 2014</a>, p. 75. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarlsson20172-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarlsson20172_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarlsson20172_18-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarlsson20172_18-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarlsson20172_18-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarlsson20172_18-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarlsson20172_18-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarlsson20172_18-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarlsson20172_18-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarlsson20172_18-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarlsson20172_18-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarlsson20172_18-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarlsson20172_18-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarlsson20172_18-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarlsson20172_18-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarlsson20172_18-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarlsson20172_18-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarlsson20172_18-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarlsson20172_18-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarlsson20172_18-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarlsson20172_18-19">t</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarlsson20172_18-20">u</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarlsson20172_18-21">v</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarlsson20172_18-22">w</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarlsson20172_18-23">x</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarlsson20172_18-24">y</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarlsson20172_18-25">z</a> <a href="#CITEREFKarlsson2017">Karlsson 2017</a>, p. 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECohenWestbrook1999-19"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohenWestbrook1999_19-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCohenWestbrook1999">Cohen & Westbrook 1999</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarlsson20176-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarlsson20176_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarlsson20176_20-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarlsson20176_20-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarlsson20176_20-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarlsson20176_20-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFKarlsson2017">Karlsson 2017</a>, p. 6. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarlsson20177-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarlsson20177_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarlsson20177_21-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarlsson20177_21-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarlsson20177_21-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarlsson20177_21-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarlsson20177_21-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarlsson20177_21-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarlsson20177_21-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarlsson20177_21-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarlsson20177_21-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarlsson20177_21-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarlsson20177_21-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarlsson20177_21-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarlsson20177_21-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarlsson20177_21-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarlsson20177_21-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarlsson20177_21-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarlsson20177_21-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarlsson20177_21-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarlsson20177_21-19">t</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarlsson20177_21-20">u</a> <a href="#CITEREFKarlsson2017">Karlsson 2017</a>, p. 7. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarlsson201710-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarlsson201710_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarlsson201710_22-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarlsson201710_22-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarlsson201710_22-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarlsson201710_22-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFKarlsson2017">Karlsson 2017</a>, p. 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELiverani2013-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiverani2013_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiverani2013_23-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiverani2013_23-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiverani2013_23-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFLiverani2013">Liverani 2013</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELuckenbill192617-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELuckenbill192617_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELuckenbill192617_24-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLuckenbill1926">Luckenbill 1926</a>, p. 17. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHallo1980194-25"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHallo1980194_25-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHallo1980">Hallo 1980</a>, p. 194. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarlsson20175-26"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarlsson20175_26-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKarlsson2017">Karlsson 2017</a>, p. 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoetze196498-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoetze196498_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoetze196498_27-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoetze196498_27-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoetze196498_27-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoetze196498_27-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoetze196498_27-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoetze196498_27-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoetze196498_27-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoetze196498_27-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoetze196498_27-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoetze196498_27-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoetze196498_27-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoetze196498_27-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoetze196498_27-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoetze196498_27-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoetze196498_27-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoetze196498_27-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoetze196498_27-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoetze196498_27-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoetze196498_27-19">t</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoetze196498_27-20">u</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoetze196498_27-21">v</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoetze196498_27-22">w</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoetze196498_27-23">x</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoetze196498_27-24">y</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoetze196498_27-25">z</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoetze196498_27-26">aa</a> <a href="#CITEREFGoetze1964">Goetze 1964</a>, p. 98. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDa_Riva201372-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDa_Riva201372_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDa_Riva201372_28-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDa_Riva201372_28-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDa_Riva201372_28-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDa_Riva201372_28-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDa_Riva201372_28-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDa_Riva201372_28-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDa_Riva201372_28-7">h</a> <a href="#CITEREFDa_Riva2013">Da Riva 2013</a>, p. 72. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarlsson201711-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarlsson201711_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarlsson201711_29-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarlsson201711_29-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarlsson201711_29-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarlsson201711_29-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFKarlsson2017">Karlsson 2017</a>, p. 11. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarlsson201714-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarlsson201714_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarlsson201714_30-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKarlsson2017">Karlsson 2017</a>, p. 14. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohandi2012170-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohandi2012170_31-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohandi2012170_31-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohandi2012170_31-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohandi2012170_31-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFJohandi2012">Johandi 2012</a>, p. 170. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarlsson2016153-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarlsson2016153_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarlsson2016153_32-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarlsson2016153_32-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarlsson2016153_32-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarlsson2016153_32-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarlsson2016153_32-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFKarlsson2016">Karlsson 2016</a>, p. 153. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHandy1994112-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHandy1994112_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHandy1994112_33-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHandy1994112_33-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHandy1994112_33-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFHandy1994">Handy 1994</a>, p. 112. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESaikalSchnabel20039-34"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaikalSchnabel20039_34-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSaikalSchnabel2003">Saikal & Schnabel 2003</a>, p. 9. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2009165-35"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2009165_35-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOlbrycht2009">Olbrycht 2009</a>, p. 165. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPorter199479-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPorter199479_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPorter199479_36-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPorter199479_36-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFPorter1994">Porter 1994</a>, p. 79. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECyrus_Cylinder_Translation-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECyrus_Cylinder_Translation_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECyrus_Cylinder_Translation_37-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECyrus_Cylinder_Translation_37-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECyrus_Cylinder_Translation_37-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFCyrus_Cylinder_Translation">Cyrus Cylinder Translation</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShayegan201143-38">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShayegan201143_38-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShayegan201143_38-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShayegan201143_38-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShayegan201143_38-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFShayegan2011">Shayegan 2011</a>, p. 43. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKosmin2014113-39"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKosmin2014113_39-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKosmin2014">Kosmin 2014</a>, p. 113. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaerzeggersSeire201840-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaerzeggersSeire201840_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaerzeggersSeire201840_40-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWaerzeggersSeire2018">Waerzeggers & Seire 2018</a>, p. 40. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESazonov201126-41"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESazonov201126_41-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSazonov2011">Sazonov 2011</a>, p. 26. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarlsson2016150-42">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarlsson2016150_42-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarlsson2016150_42-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKarlsson2016">Karlsson 2016</a>, p. 150. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarlsson2013255-43">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarlsson2013255_43-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarlsson2013255_43-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarlsson2013255_43-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFKarlsson2013">Karlsson 2013</a>, p. 255. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarlsson2013135-44">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarlsson2013135_44-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarlsson2013135_44-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarlsson2013135_44-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarlsson2013135_44-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarlsson2013135_44-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarlsson2013135_44-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarlsson2013135_44-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarlsson2013135_44-7">h</a> <a href="#CITEREFKarlsson2013">Karlsson 2013</a>, p. 135. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERaaflaubTalbert2010153-45">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaaflaubTalbert2010153_45-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaaflaubTalbert2010153_45-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaaflaubTalbert2010153_45-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFRaaflaubTalbert2010">Raaflaub & Talbert 2010</a>, p. 153. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoafZgoll2001284-46">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoafZgoll2001284_46-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoafZgoll2001284_46-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoafZgoll2001284_46-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoafZgoll2001284_46-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoafZgoll2001284_46-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoafZgoll2001">Roaf & Zgoll 2001</a>, p. 284. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Mieroop2004119-47"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Mieroop2004119_47-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDe_Mieroop2004">De Mieroop 2004</a>, p. 119. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELevin2002362-48">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevin2002362_48-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevin2002362_48-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevin2002362_48-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevin2002362_48-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFLevin2002">Levin 2002</a>, p. 362. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarlsson201677-49">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarlsson201677_49-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarlsson201677_49-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarlsson201677_49-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarlsson201677_49-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarlsson201677_49-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarlsson201677_49-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarlsson201677_49-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarlsson201677_49-7">h</a> <a href="#CITEREFKarlsson2016">Karlsson 2016</a>, p. 77. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarlsson201713-50">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarlsson201713_50-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarlsson201713_50-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarlsson201713_50-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarlsson201713_50-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarlsson201713_50-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarlsson201713_50-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFKarlsson2017">Karlsson 2017</a>, p. 13. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStevens201474-51">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStevens201474_51-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStevens201474_51-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFStevens2014">Stevens 2014</a>, p. 74. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarlsson201715-52"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarlsson201715_52-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKarlsson2017">Karlsson 2017</a>, p. 15. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarlsson201716-53"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarlsson201716_53-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKarlsson2017">Karlsson 2017</a>, p. 16. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELuckenbill192665-54"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELuckenbill192665_54-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLuckenbill1926">Luckenbill 1926</a>, p. 65. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoster2005365-55"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoster2005365_55-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFoster2005">Foster 2005</a>, p. 365. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELuckenbill1927211-56"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELuckenbill1927211_56-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLuckenbill1927">Luckenbill 1927</a>, p. 211. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStevens201471-57"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStevens201471_57-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStevens2014">Stevens 2014</a>, p. 71. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStevens201468-58"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStevens201468_58-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStevens2014">Stevens 2014</a>, p. 68. </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Akkadian_royal_titulary&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCohenWestbrook1999" class="citation book cs1">Cohen, Raymond; Westbrook, Raymond (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=U7BHOyr4_8sC&q=Amarna+Diplomacy">Amarna Diplomacy</a>. Johns Hopkins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0801861994" title="Special:BookSources/978-0801861994"><bdi>978-0801861994</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Amarna+Diplomacy&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0801861994&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Raymond&rft.au=Westbrook%2C+Raymond&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DU7BHOyr4_8sC%26q%3DAmarna%2BDiplomacy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAkkadian+royal+titulary" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDa_Riva2013" class="citation book cs1">Da Riva, Rocío (2013). The Inscriptions of Nabopolassar, Amel-Marduk and Neriglissar. Walter de Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1614515876" title="Special:BookSources/978-1614515876"><bdi>978-1614515876</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Inscriptions+of+Nabopolassar%2C+Amel-Marduk+and+Neriglissar&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1614515876&rft.aulast=Da+Riva&rft.aufirst=Roc%C3%ADo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAkkadian+royal+titulary" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_Mieroop2004" class="citation book cs1">De Mieroop, Marc Van (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/AHistoryOfTheAncientNearEast">A History of the Ancient Near East ca. 3000 - 323 BC</a> (2nd ed.). Blackwell Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1405149112" title="Special:BookSources/978-1405149112"><bdi>978-1405149112</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Ancient+Near+East+ca.+3000+-+323+BC&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1405149112&rft.aulast=De+Mieroop&rft.aufirst=Marc+Van&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FAHistoryOfTheAncientNearEast&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAkkadian+royal+titulary" class="Z3988"><a href="/wiki/Open_access#Free_access" title="Free to read"><img alt="Free access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoster2005" class="citation book cs1">Foster, Benjamin R. (2005) [1993]. Before the Muses (3rd ed.). CDL Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-883053-76-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-883053-76-5"><bdi>1-883053-76-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Before+the+Muses&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=CDL+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1-883053-76-5&rft.aulast=Foster&rft.aufirst=Benjamin+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAkkadian+royal+titulary" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoetze1964" class="citation journal cs1">Goetze, Albrecht (1964). "The Kassites and near Eastern Chronology". Journal of Cuneiform Studies. 18 (4): 97–101. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1359248">10.2307/1359248</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1359248">1359248</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163491250">163491250</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Cuneiform+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Kassites+and+near+Eastern+Chronology&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=97-101&rft.date=1964&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A163491250%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1359248%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1359248&rft.aulast=Goetze&rft.aufirst=Albrecht&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAkkadian+royal+titulary" class="Z3988"> (<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Access_to_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">registration required</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohandi2012" class="citation journal cs1">Johandi, Andreas (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=173446">"Mesopotamian Influences on the Old Persian Royal Ideology and the Religion: The Example of Achaemenid Royal Inscriptions"</a>. Kvüõa Toimetised (16). Kaitseväe Ühendatud Õppeasutused: 159–179.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kv%C3%BC%C3%B5a+Toimetised&rft.atitle=Mesopotamian+Influences+on+the+Old+Persian+Royal+Ideology+and+the+Religion%3A+The+Example+of+Achaemenid+Royal+Inscriptions&rft.issue=16&rft.pages=159-179&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Johandi&rft.aufirst=Andreas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ceeol.com%2Fsearch%2Farticle-detail%3Fid%3D173446&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAkkadian+royal+titulary" class="Z3988"> (<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Access_to_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">registration required</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHallo1980" class="citation journal cs1">Hallo, William W. (1980). "Royal Titles from the Mesopotamian Periphery". Anatolian Studies. 30: 189–195. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3642789">10.2307/3642789</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3642789">3642789</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163327812">163327812</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anatolian+Studies&rft.atitle=Royal+Titles+from+the+Mesopotamian+Periphery&rft.volume=30&rft.pages=189-195&rft.date=1980&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A163327812%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3642789%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3642789&rft.aulast=Hallo&rft.aufirst=William+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAkkadian+royal+titulary" class="Z3988"> (<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Access_to_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">registration required</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHandy1994" class="citation book cs1">Handy, Lowell K. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fx1by4b1HzEC&pg=PA112">Among the host of Heaven: the Syro-Palestinian pantheon as bureaucracy</a>. Eisenbrauns. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0931464843" title="Special:BookSources/978-0931464843"><bdi>978-0931464843</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Among+the+host+of+Heaven%3A+the+Syro-Palestinian+pantheon+as+bureaucracy&rft.pub=Eisenbrauns&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0931464843&rft.aulast=Handy&rft.aufirst=Lowell+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dfx1by4b1HzEC%26pg%3DPA112&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAkkadian+royal+titulary" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoover2009" class="citation book cs1">Hoover, Oliver D. (2009). Handbook of Syrian Coins: Royal and Civic Issues, Fourth to First Centuries BC. [The Handbook of Greek Coinage Series, Volume 9]. Classical Numismatic Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0980238747" title="Special:BookSources/978-0980238747"><bdi>978-0980238747</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Syrian+Coins%3A+Royal+and+Civic+Issues%2C+Fourth+to+First+Centuries+BC&rft.series=%5BThe+Handbook+of+Greek+Coinage+Series%2C+Volume+9%5D&rft.pub=Classical+Numismatic+Group&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0980238747&rft.aulast=Hoover&rft.aufirst=Oliver+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAkkadian+royal+titulary" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarlsson2013" class="citation book cs1">Karlsson, Mattias (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/12695404">Early Neo-Assyrian State Ideology Relations of Power in the Inscriptions and Iconography of Ashurnasirpal II (883–859) and Shalmaneser III (858–824)</a>. Institutionen för lingvistik och filologi, Uppsala Universitet. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-91-506-2363-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-91-506-2363-5"><bdi>978-91-506-2363-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Neo-Assyrian+State+Ideology+Relations+of+Power+in+the+Inscriptions+and+Iconography+of+Ashurnasirpal+II+%28883%E2%80%93859%29+and+Shalmaneser+III+%28858%E2%80%93824%29&rft.pub=Institutionen+f%C3%B6r+lingvistik+och+filologi%2C+Uppsala+Universitet&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-91-506-2363-5&rft.aulast=Karlsson&rft.aufirst=Mattias&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F12695404&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAkkadian+royal+titulary" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarlsson2016" class="citation book cs1">Karlsson, Mattias (2016). Relations of Power in Early Neo-Assyrian State Ideology. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781614519683" title="Special:BookSources/9781614519683"><bdi>9781614519683</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1100967165">1100967165</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Relations+of+Power+in+Early+Neo-Assyrian+State+Ideology&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter+GmbH+%26+Co+KG&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1100967165&rft.isbn=9781614519683&rft.aulast=Karlsson&rft.aufirst=Mattias&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAkkadian+royal+titulary" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarlsson2017" class="citation journal cs1">Karlsson, Mattias (2017). "Assyrian Royal Titulary in Babylonia". <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6128352">6128352</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Assyrian+Royal+Titulary+in+Babylonia&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A6128352%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Karlsson&rft.aufirst=Mattias&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAkkadian+royal+titulary" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) <a href="/wiki/Open_access#Free_access" title="Free to read"><img alt="Free access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKosmin2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_J._Kosmin" title="Paul J. Kosmin">Kosmin, Paul J.</a> (2014). The Land of the Elephant Kings. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674728820" title="Special:BookSources/9780674728820"><bdi>9780674728820</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Land+of+the+Elephant+Kings&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9780674728820&rft.aulast=Kosmin&rft.aufirst=Paul+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAkkadian+royal+titulary" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevin2002" class="citation journal cs1">Levin, Yigal (2002). "Nimrod the Mighty, King of Kish, King of Sumer and Akkad". Vetus Testamentum. 52 (3): 350–366. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F156853302760197494">10.1163/156853302760197494</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vetus+Testamentum&rft.atitle=Nimrod+the+Mighty%2C+King+of+Kish%2C+King+of+Sumer+and+Akkad&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=350-366&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F156853302760197494&rft.aulast=Levin&rft.aufirst=Yigal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAkkadian+royal+titulary" class="Z3988"> <a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"><img alt="Closed access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/14px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/18px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiverani2013" class="citation book cs1">Liverani, Mario (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_EtJAgAAQBAJ&q=The+Ancient+Near+East:+History,+Society+and+Economy">The Ancient Near East: History, Society and Economy</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415679060" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415679060"><bdi>978-0415679060</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ancient+Near+East%3A+History%2C+Society+and+Economy&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0415679060&rft.aulast=Liverani&rft.aufirst=Mario&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_EtJAgAAQBAJ%26q%3DThe%2BAncient%2BNear%2BEast%3A%2BHistory%2C%2BSociety%2Band%2BEconomy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAkkadian+royal+titulary" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuckenbill1926" class="citation book cs1">Luckenbill, Daniel David (1926). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oi.uchicago.edu/research/publications/misc/ancient-records-assyria-and-babylonia-volume-1-historical-records-assyria">Ancient Records of Assyria and Babylonia Volume 1: Historical Records of Assyria From the Earliest Times to Sargon</a>. University of Chicago Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Records+of+Assyria+and+Babylonia+Volume+1%3A+Historical+Records+of+Assyria+From+the+Earliest+Times+to+Sargon&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1926&rft.aulast=Luckenbill&rft.aufirst=Daniel+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foi.uchicago.edu%2Fresearch%2Fpublications%2Fmisc%2Fancient-records-assyria-and-babylonia-volume-1-historical-records-assyria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAkkadian+royal+titulary" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuckenbill1927" class="citation book cs1">Luckenbill, Daniel David (1927). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oi.uchicago.edu/research/publications/misc/ancient-records-assyria-and-babylonia-volume-2-historical-records-assyria">Ancient Records of Assyria and Babylonia Volume 2: Historical Records of Assyria From Sargon to the End</a>. University of Chicago Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Records+of+Assyria+and+Babylonia+Volume+2%3A+Historical+Records+of+Assyria+From+Sargon+to+the+End&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1927&rft.aulast=Luckenbill&rft.aufirst=Daniel+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foi.uchicago.edu%2Fresearch%2Fpublications%2Fmisc%2Fancient-records-assyria-and-babylonia-volume-2-historical-records-assyria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAkkadian+royal+titulary" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlbrycht2009" class="citation journal cs1">Olbrycht, Marek Jan (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pontos.dk/publications/books/bss-9-files/bss-9-10-olbrycht">"Mithridates VI Eupator and Iran"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Mithridates+VI+Eupator+and+Iran&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Olbrycht&rft.aufirst=Marek+Jan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pontos.dk%2Fpublications%2Fbooks%2Fbss-9-files%2Fbss-9-10-olbrycht&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAkkadian+royal+titulary" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) <a href="/wiki/Open_access#Free_access" title="Free to read"><img alt="Free access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOshima2017" class="citation journal cs1">Oshima, Takayoshi M. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/35415978">"Nebuchadnezzar's Madness (Daniel 4:30): Reminiscence of a Historical Event or a Legend?"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Nebuchadnezzar%27s+Madness+%28Daniel+4%3A30%29%3A+Reminiscence+of+a+Historical+Event+or+a+Legend%3F&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Oshima&rft.aufirst=Takayoshi+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F35415978&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAkkadian+royal+titulary" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) (<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Access_to_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">registration required</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPorter1994" class="citation book cs1">Porter, Barbara N. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J6toY--R430C&q=%C5%A1ar+m%C4%81t+%C5%A0umeri+u+Akkadi&pg=PA79">Images, Power, and Politics: Figurative Aspects of Esarhaddon's Babylonian Policy</a>. American Philosophical Society. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0871692085" title="Special:BookSources/978-0871692085"><bdi>978-0871692085</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Images%2C+Power%2C+and+Politics%3A+Figurative+Aspects+of+Esarhaddon%27s+Babylonian+Policy&rft.pub=American+Philosophical+Society&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0871692085&rft.aulast=Porter&rft.aufirst=Barbara+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJ6toY--R430C%26q%3D%25C5%25A1ar%2Bm%25C4%2581t%2B%25C5%25A0umeri%2Bu%2BAkkadi%26pg%3DPA79&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAkkadian+royal+titulary" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaaflaubTalbert2010" class="citation book cs1">Raaflaub, Kurt A.; Talbert, Richard J. A. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FH3WolaD9asC&q=%22King+of+the+four+corners%22&pg=PA147">Geography and Ethnography: Perceptions of the World in Pre-Modern Societies</a>. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1405191463" title="Special:BookSources/978-1405191463"><bdi>978-1405191463</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geography+and+Ethnography%3A+Perceptions+of+the+World+in+Pre-Modern+Societies&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1405191463&rft.aulast=Raaflaub&rft.aufirst=Kurt+A.&rft.au=Talbert%2C+Richard+J.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFH3WolaD9asC%26q%3D%2522King%2Bof%2Bthe%2Bfour%2Bcorners%2522%26pg%3DPA147&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAkkadian+royal+titulary" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRadner2010" class="citation book cs1">Radner, Karen (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/19836/2/Radner_Philippika%2034%20(2010)%20Kition%20stele.pdf">"The stele of Sargon II of Assyria at Kition: A focus for an emerging Cypriot identity?"</a> (PDF). Interkulturalität in der Alten Welt: Vorderasien, Hellas, Ägypten und die vielfältigen Ebenen des Kontakts. Harrassowitz Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3447061711" title="Special:BookSources/978-3447061711"><bdi>978-3447061711</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+stele+of+Sargon+II+of+Assyria+at+Kition%3A+A+focus+for+an+emerging+Cypriot+identity%3F&rft.btitle=Interkulturalit%C3%A4t+in+der+Alten+Welt%3A+Vorderasien%2C+Hellas%2C+%C3%84gypten+und+die+vielf%C3%A4ltigen+Ebenen+des+Kontakts&rft.pub=Harrassowitz+Verlag&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-3447061711&rft.aulast=Radner&rft.aufirst=Karen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdiscovery.ucl.ac.uk%2F19836%2F2%2FRadner_Philippika%252034%2520%282010%29%2520Kition%2520stele.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAkkadian+royal+titulary" class="Z3988"> <a href="/wiki/Open_access#Free_access" title="Free to read"><img alt="Free access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></a> (in English)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRadner2019" class="citation journal cs1">Radner, Karen (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/39300596">"Last Emperor or Crown Prince Forever? Aššur-uballiṭ II of Assyria according to Archival Sources"</a>. State Archives of Assyria Studies. 28: 135–142.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=State+Archives+of+Assyria+Studies&rft.atitle=Last+Emperor+or+Crown+Prince+Forever%3F+A%C5%A1%C5%A1ur-uballi%E1%B9%AD+II+of+Assyria+according+to+Archival+Sources&rft.volume=28&rft.pages=135-142&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Radner&rft.aufirst=Karen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F39300596&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAkkadian+royal+titulary" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoafZgoll2001" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Roaf" title="Michael Roaf">Roaf, Michael</a>; Zgoll, Annette (2001). "Assyrian Astroglyphs: Lord Aberdeen's Black Stone and the Prisms of Esarhaddon". Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und Vorderasiatische Archäologie. 91 (2): 264–295. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fzava.2001.91.2.264">10.1515/zava.2001.91.2.264</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161673588">161673588</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+Assyriologie+und+Vorderasiatische+Arch%C3%A4ologie&rft.atitle=Assyrian+Astroglyphs%3A+Lord+Aberdeen%27s+Black+Stone+and+the+Prisms+of+Esarhaddon&rft.volume=91&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=264-295&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fzava.2001.91.2.264&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161673588%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Roaf&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Zgoll%2C+Annette&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAkkadian+royal+titulary" class="Z3988"> <a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"><img alt="Closed access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/14px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/18px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaikalSchnabel2003" class="citation book cs1">Saikal, Amin; Schnabel, Albrecht (2003). Democratization in the Middle East: Experiences, Struggles, Challenges. United Nations University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789280810851" title="Special:BookSources/9789280810851"><bdi>9789280810851</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Democratization+in+the+Middle+East%3A+Experiences%2C+Struggles%2C+Challenges&rft.pub=United+Nations+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9789280810851&rft.aulast=Saikal&rft.aufirst=Amin&rft.au=Schnabel%2C+Albrecht&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAkkadian+royal+titulary" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSazonov2011" class="citation book cs1">Sazonov, Vladimir (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/1781124">Die mittelassyrischen, universalistischen Königstitel und Epitheta Tukultī-Ninurtas I. (1242–1206)</a>. Ugarit-Verlag.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+mittelassyrischen%2C+universalistischen+K%C3%B6nigstitel+und+Epitheta+Tukult%C4%AB-Ninurtas+I.+%281242%E2%80%931206%29&rft.pub=Ugarit-Verlag&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Sazonov&rft.aufirst=Vladimir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F1781124&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAkkadian+royal+titulary" class="Z3988"> <a href="/wiki/Open_access#Free_access" title="Free to read"><img alt="Free access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></a> (in German)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShayegan2011" class="citation book cs1">Shayegan, M. Rahim (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=f_gcyC8l80MC&q=%C5%A1ar+m%C4%81t%C4%81ti">Arsacids and Sasanians: Political Ideology in Post-Hellenistic and Late Antique Persia</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521766418" title="Special:BookSources/9780521766418"><bdi>9780521766418</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arsacids+and+Sasanians%3A+Political+Ideology+in+Post-Hellenistic+and+Late+Antique+Persia&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780521766418&rft.aulast=Shayegan&rft.aufirst=M.+Rahim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Df_gcyC8l80MC%26q%3D%25C5%25A1ar%2Bm%25C4%2581t%25C4%2581ti&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAkkadian+royal+titulary" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSoares2017" class="citation journal cs1">Soares, Filipe (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://run.unl.pt/bitstream/10362/34901/1/Soares.pdf">"The titles 'King of Sumer and Akkad' and 'King of Karduniaš', and the Assyro-Babylonian relationship during the Sargonid Period"</a> (PDF). Rosetta. 19: 20–35.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rosetta&rft.atitle=The+titles+%27King+of+Sumer+and+Akkad%27+and+%27King+of+Kardunia%C5%A1%27%2C+and+the+Assyro-Babylonian+relationship+during+the+Sargonid+Period&rft.volume=19&rft.pages=20-35&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Soares&rft.aufirst=Filipe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frun.unl.pt%2Fbitstream%2F10362%2F34901%2F1%2FSoares.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAkkadian+royal+titulary" class="Z3988"> <a href="/wiki/Open_access#Free_access" title="Free to read"><img alt="Free access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteinkeller2013" class="citation journal cs1">Steinkeller, Piotr (2013). "An archaic "prisoner plaque" from kiš". Revue d'assyriologie et d'archéologie orientale. 107: 131–157. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3917%2Fassy.107.0131">10.3917/assy.107.0131</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revue+d%27assyriologie+et+d%27arch%C3%A9ologie+orientale&rft.atitle=An+archaic+%22prisoner+plaque%22+from+ki%C5%A1&rft.volume=107&rft.pages=131-157&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3917%2Fassy.107.0131&rft.aulast=Steinkeller&rft.aufirst=Piotr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAkkadian+royal+titulary" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStevens2014" class="citation journal cs1">Stevens, Kahtryn (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dro.dur.ac.uk/15105/1/15105.pdf">"The Antiochus Cylinder, Babylonian Scholarship and Seleucid Imperial Ideology"</a> (PDF). The Journal of Hellenic Studies. 134: 66–88. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0075426914000068">10.1017/S0075426914000068</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43286072">43286072</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Hellenic+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Antiochus+Cylinder%2C+Babylonian+Scholarship+and+Seleucid+Imperial+Ideology.&rft.volume=134&rft.pages=66-88&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0075426914000068&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43286072%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Stevens&rft.aufirst=Kahtryn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdro.dur.ac.uk%2F15105%2F1%2F15105.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAkkadian+royal+titulary" class="Z3988"> <a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"><img alt="Closed access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/14px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/18px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaerzeggersSeire2018" class="citation book cs1">Waerzeggers, Caroline; Seire, Maarja (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201209122950/https://www.peeters-leuven.be/pdf/9789042938097.pdf#page=202">Xerxes and Babylonia: The Cuneiform Evidence</a> (PDF). Peeters Publishers. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.peeters-leuven.be/pdf/9789042938097.pdf#page=202">the original</a> (PDF) on 2020-12-09. Retrieved 2019-03-31.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Xerxes+and+Babylonia%3A+The+Cuneiform+Evidence&rft.pub=Peeters+Publishers&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Waerzeggers&rft.aufirst=Caroline&rft.au=Seire%2C+Maarja&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.peeters-leuven.be%2Fpdf%2F9789042938097.pdf%23page%3D202&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAkkadian+royal+titulary" class="Z3988"> <a href="/wiki/Open_access#Free_access" title="Free to read"><img alt="Free access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Websites">Websites</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Akkadian_royal_titulary&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Websites">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCyrus_Cylinder_Translation" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livius.org/sources/content/cyrus-cylinder/cyrus-cylinder-translation/">"Livius - Cyrus Cylinder Translation"</a>. www.livius.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190119193513/https://www.livius.org/sources/content/cyrus-cylinder/cyrus-cylinder-translation/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 January 2019. Retrieved 19 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.livius.org&rft.atitle=Livius+-+Cyrus+Cylinder+Translation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.livius.org%2Fsources%2Fcontent%2Fcyrus-cylinder%2Fcyrus-cylinder-translation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAkkadian+royal+titulary" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Akkadian_royal_titulary&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_David_Luckenbill" title="Daniel David Luckenbill">Daniel David Luckenbill</a>'s <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oi.uchicago.edu/research/publications/misc/ancient-records-assyria-and-babylonia-volume-1-historical-records-assyria">Ancient Records of Assyria and Babylonia Volume 1: Historical Records of Assyria From the Earliest Times to Sargon</a> (1926) and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oi.uchicago.edu/research/publications/misc/ancient-records-assyria-and-babylonia-volume-2-historical-records-assyria">Ancient Records of Assyria and Babylonia Volume 2: Historical Records of Assyria From Sargon to the End</a> (1927), containing translations of a large number of royal Assyrian inscriptions.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output 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title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient_Mesopotamian_royal_titles" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient Mesopotamian royal titles"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ancient_Mesopotamian_royal_titulature" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ancient Mesopotamian royal titulature</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dominion over the world</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King_of_All_Peoples" title="King of All Peoples">King of All Peoples</a> (šar kiššat nišē)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_the_Four_Corners" title="King of the Four Corners">King of the Four Corners of the World</a> (šar kibrāt erbetti)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_the_Universe" title="King of the Universe">King of the Universe</a> (šar kiššatim)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Claims_to_universal_rule">More</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dominion over Mesopotamia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Kings" title="King of Kings">King of Kings</a> (šar šarrāni)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Sumer_and_Akkad" title="King of Sumer and Akkad">King of Sumer and Akkad</a> (šar māt Šumeri u Akkadi)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_the_Lands" title="King of the Lands">King of the Lands</a> (šar mātāti)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Dominance_over_Mesopotamia">More</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">The king's person</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_King" class="mw-redirect" title="Great King">Great King</a> (šarru rabu)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mighty_King&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mighty King (page does not exist)">Mighty King</a> (šarrum dannum)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Titles_centering_on_the_king's_person">More</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specific locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Akkad" title="List of kings of Akkad">King of Akkad</a> (šar māt Akkadi)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Assyrian_kings" title="List of Assyrian kings">King of Assyria</a> (šar māt Aššur)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Babylon" title="List of kings of Babylon">King of Babylon</a> (šar Bābili)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mesopotamian_dynasties" title="List of Mesopotamian dynasties">King of Sumer</a> (šar māt Šumeri)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Specific_locations_and_peoples">More</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Titles rendered in <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian language</a>.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ancient_Mesopotamia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ancient_Mesopotamia_topics" title="Template:Ancient Mesopotamia topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ancient_Mesopotamia_topics" title="Template talk:Ancient Mesopotamia topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient_Mesopotamia_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient Mesopotamia topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ancient_Mesopotamia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Ancient Mesopotamia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Mesopotamia" title="Geography of Mesopotamia">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Mesopotamia" title="Upper Mesopotamia">Upper Mesopotamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Mesopotamia" title="Lower Mesopotamia">Lower Mesopotamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_Marshes" title="Mesopotamian Marshes">Mesopotamian Marshes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Desert" title="Syrian Desert">Syrian Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taurus_Mountains" title="Taurus Mountains">Taurus Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tigris%E2%80%93Euphrates_river_system" title="Tigris–Euphrates river system">Tigris–Euphrates river system</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates">Euphrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tigris" title="Tigris">Tigris</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zagros_Mountains" title="Zagros Mountains">Zagros Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamrin_Mountains" title="Hamrin Mountains">Hamrin Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinjar_Mountains" title="Sinjar Mountains">Sinjar Mountains</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fertile_Crescent" title="Fertile Crescent">Fertile Crescent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adiabene" title="Adiabene">Adiabene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akkad_(city)" title="Akkad (city)">Akkad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armani_(kingdom)" title="Armani (kingdom)">Armani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaldea" title="Chaldea">Chaldea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Elam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutian_people" title="Gutian people">Gutium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamazi" title="Hamazi">Hamazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kassites" title="Kassites">Kassites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medes" title="Medes">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitanni" title="Mitanni">Mitanni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simurrum" title="Simurrum">Simurrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subartu" title="Subartu">Subartu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suhum" title="Suhum">Suhum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turukkaeans" title="Turukkaeans">Tukri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urartu" title="Urartu">Urartu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_of_the_ancient_Near_East" title="List of cities of the ancient Near East">Cities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Ishtar_Gate.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="Ishtar Gate in the city of Babylon"><img alt="Ishtar Gate in the city of Babylon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Ishtar_Gate.gif/110px-Ishtar_Gate.gif" decoding="async" width="110" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Ishtar_Gate.gif/165px-Ishtar_Gate.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Ishtar_Gate.gif/220px-Ishtar_Gate.gif 2x" data-file-width="275" data-file-height="300" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">(Pre)history</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Mesopotamia" title="Prehistory of Mesopotamia">Prehistory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acheulean" title="Acheulean">Acheulean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mousterian" title="Mousterian">Mousterian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trialetian" class="mw-redirect" title="Trialetian">Trialetian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarzian_culture" title="Zarzian culture">Zarzian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natufian_culture" title="Natufian culture">Natufian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemrik_9" title="Nemrik 9">Nemrik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khiamian" class="mw-redirect" title="Khiamian">Khiamian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Pottery_Neolithic_A" title="Pre-Pottery Neolithic A">Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (PPNA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Pottery_Neolithic_B" title="Pre-Pottery Neolithic B">Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (PPNB)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassuna_culture" title="Hassuna culture">Hassuna</a>/<a href="/wiki/Samarra_culture" title="Samarra culture">Samarra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halaf_culture" title="Halaf culture">Halaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubaid_period" title="Ubaid period">Ubaid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruk_period" title="Uruk period">Uruk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jemdet_Nasr_period" title="Jemdet Nasr period">Jemdet Nasr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kish_civilization" title="Kish civilization">Kish civilization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mesopotamia" title="History of Mesopotamia">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Dynastic_Period_(Mesopotamia)" title="Early Dynastic Period (Mesopotamia)">Early Dynastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutian_rule_in_Mesopotamia" title="Gutian rule in Mesopotamia">Gutians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simurrum" title="Simurrum">Simurrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Dynasty_of_Ur" title="Third Dynasty of Ur">Ur III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isin-Larsa_period" title="Isin-Larsa period">Isin-Larsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Babylonian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="First Babylonian Empire">Old Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kassite_dynasty" title="Kassite dynasty">Kassite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Babylonian_period" title="Middle Babylonian period">Middle Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Babylon" title="Fall of Babylon">Fall of Babylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Assyria" title="Achaemenid Assyria">Achaemenid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia_(Roman_province)" title="Mesopotamia (Roman province)">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Persia" title="Muslim conquest of Persia">Muslim conquest</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Assyriology" title="Assyriology">Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amorite_language" title="Amorite language">Amorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aramaic" title="Aramaic">Aramaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eblaite_language" title="Eblaite language">Eblaite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elamite_language" title="Elamite language">Elamite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutian_language" title="Gutian language">Gutian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_language" title="Hittite language">Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurrian_language" title="Hurrian language">Hurrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kassite_language" title="Kassite language">Kassite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luwian_language" title="Luwian language">Luwian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Median_language" title="Median language">Median</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian" title="Middle Persian">Middle Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Persian" title="Old Persian">Old Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthian_language" title="Parthian language">Parthian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Armenian_language" title="Proto-Armenian language">Proto-Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutean_language" title="Sutean language">Sutean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumerian_language" title="Sumerian language">Sumerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urartian_language" title="Urartian language">Urartian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture/society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Mesopotamia" title="Architecture of Mesopotamia">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Mesopotamia" title="Art of Mesopotamia">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akitu" title="Akitu">Akitu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">Cuneiform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_astronomy" title="Babylonian astronomy">Babylonian astronomy</a></li> <li><a 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relations">Indus-Mesopotamia relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt-Mesopotamia_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Egypt-Mesopotamia relations">Egypt-Mesopotamia relations</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Royal titles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mesopotamian_dynasties" title="List of Mesopotamian dynasties">List of rulers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Archaeology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeological_looting_in_Iraq" title="Archaeological looting in Iraq">Looting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_cultural_heritage_by_ISIL" class="mw-redirect" title="Destruction of cultural heritage by ISIL">Destruction by ISIL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_(archaeology)" title="Tell (archaeology)">Tell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mesopotamian_religion" title="Ancient Mesopotamian religion">Ancient Mesopotamian religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumerian_religion" title="Sumerian religion">Sumerian religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mesopotamian_deities" title="List of Mesopotamian deities">Deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_myths" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesopotamian myths">Mesopotamian myths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_divination" title="Mesopotamian divination">Divination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_prayer" title="Mesopotamian prayer">Prayers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziggurat" title="Ziggurat">Ziggurat (Temple)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assyriology" title="Assyriology">Assyriology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Assyriologists" title="List of Assyriologists">Assyriologists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittitology" title="Hittitology">Hittitology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Sumerian_Dictionary" title="Pennsylvania Sumerian Dictionary">Pennsylvania Sumerian Dictionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Assyrian_Dictionary" title="Chicago Assyrian Dictionary">Chicago Assyrian Dictionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Hittite_Dictionary" title="Chicago Hittite Dictionary">Chicago Hittite Dictionary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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