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Available in 18 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-18" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">18 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A1_(363)" title="معركة سامراء (363) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="معركة سامراء (363)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7_%D8%AF%D8%A4%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%88" title="سامرا دؤیوشو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="سامرا دؤیوشو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schlacht_von_Maranga" title="Schlacht von Maranga – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schlacht von Maranga" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalla_de_Samarra_(363)" title="Batalla de Samarra (363) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Batalla de Samarra (363)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7_(%DB%B3%DB%B6%DB%B3_%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C)" title="نبرد سامرا (۳۶۳ میلادی) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نبرد سامرا (۳۶۳ میلادی)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bataille_de_Samarra_(363)" title="Bataille de Samarra (363) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bataille de Samarra (363)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%AC%EB%A7%88%EB%9D%BC_%EC%A0%84%ED%88%AC" title="사마라 전투 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="사마라 전투" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitka_kod_Samare_(363.)" title="Bitka kod Samare (363.) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Bitka kod Samare (363.)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pertempuran_Samarra" title="Pertempuran Samarra – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pertempuran Samarra" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battaglia_di_Samarra_(363)" title="Battaglia di Samarra (363) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Battaglia di Samarra (363)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AB%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90" title="მარანგის ბრძოლა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მარანგის ბრძოლა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proelium_prope_Maranga_commissum" title="Proelium prope Maranga commissum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Proelium prope Maranga commissum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slag_bij_Samarra" title="Slag bij Samarra – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Slag bij Samarra" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitwa_pod_Marang%C4%85" title="Bitwa pod Marangą – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Bitwa pod Marangą" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalha_de_Samarra_(363)" title="Batalha de Samarra (363) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Batalha de Samarra (363)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5" title="Битва при Маранге – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Битва при Маранге" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Битка код Самаре – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Битка код Самаре" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitka_kod_Samare" title="Bitka kod Samare – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Bitka kod Samare" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1231697#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Samarra_(1733)" title="Battle of Samarra (1733)">Battle of Samarra (1733)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Battle of Samarra</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Julian%27s_Persian_expedition" title="Julian's Persian expedition">Julian's Persian expedition</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Death_of_the_Julian_the_Aposthate_in_the_battle_of_Samarra_(Cassell%27s_Illustrated_Universal_History,_vol._3,_1882).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Death_of_the_Julian_the_Aposthate_in_the_battle_of_Samarra_%28Cassell%27s_Illustrated_Universal_History%2C_vol._3%2C_1882%29.jpg/300px-Death_of_the_Julian_the_Aposthate_in_the_battle_of_Samarra_%28Cassell%27s_Illustrated_Universal_History%2C_vol._3%2C_1882%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="438" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Death_of_the_Julian_the_Aposthate_in_the_battle_of_Samarra_%28Cassell%27s_Illustrated_Universal_History%2C_vol._3%2C_1882%29.jpg/450px-Death_of_the_Julian_the_Aposthate_in_the_battle_of_Samarra_%28Cassell%27s_Illustrated_Universal_History%2C_vol._3%2C_1882%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Death_of_the_Julian_the_Aposthate_in_the_battle_of_Samarra_%28Cassell%27s_Illustrated_Universal_History%2C_vol._3%2C_1882%29.jpg/600px-Death_of_the_Julian_the_Aposthate_in_the_battle_of_Samarra_%28Cassell%27s_Illustrated_Universal_History%2C_vol._3%2C_1882%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="842" data-file-height="1230" /></a></span><br /><i>Death of the Julian the Aposthate in the battle of Samarra</i> (Cassell's Illustrated Universal History, vol. 3, 1882)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>June 363 AD<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaryaee2009_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaryaee2009-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Samarra" title="Samarra">Samarra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> Tactical stalemate</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Shapur_II" title="Shapur II">Shapur II</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Merena" title="Merena">Merena</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Nohodares" class="mw-redirect" title="Nohodares">Nohodares</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Executed"><img alt="Executed" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/14px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/21px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/28px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="490" /></a></span></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">Emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Julian_(emperor)" title="Julian (emperor)">Julian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><abbr title="Died of wounds">DOW</abbr></a>)</td></tr></tbody></table><div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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Ctesiphon (363)">Ctesiphon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maranga" title="Battle of Maranga">Maranga</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Samarra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bagavan" title="Battle of Bagavan">Bagrevand</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Byzantine-Sasanian_Wars" title="Byzantine-Sasanian Wars">Byzantine-Sasanian Wars</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Sasanian_War_of_421%E2%80%93422" title="Roman–Sasanian War of 421–422">War of 421–422</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine%E2%80%93Sasanian_War_of_440" title="Byzantine–Sasanian War of 440">War of 440</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anastasian_War" title="Anastasian War">Anastasian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_War" title="Iberian War">Iberian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazic_War" title="Lazic War">Lazic War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine%E2%80%93Sasanian_War_of_572%E2%80%93591" title="Byzantine–Sasanian War of 572–591">War of 572–591</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine%E2%80%93Sasanian_War_of_602%E2%80%93628" title="Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628">War of 602–628</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Julian&#039;s_Persian_expedition" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div 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expedition</span></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Pirisabora" title="Siege of Pirisabora">Pirisabora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Maiozamalcha" title="Siege of Maiozamalcha">Maiozamalcha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ctesiphon_(363)" title="Battle of Ctesiphon (363)">Ctesiphon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maranga" title="Battle of Maranga">Maranga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Samarra" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Samarra">Samarra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div> <p><b>The Battle of Samarra</b> took place in June 363, during the invasion of the <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">Roman emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Julian_(emperor)" title="Julian (emperor)">Julian</a>. After marching his army to the gates of Ctesiphon and failing to take the city, Julian, realizing his army was low on provisions and in enemy territory started marching towards Samarra. </p><p>The battle began as a Sasanian attack on the Roman rearguard, but developed into a major battle. Julian was wounded during the battle, and later died without choosing a successor. Following Julian's death, the Romans elected Jovian as emperor. Stranded deep in Sasanian territory and suffering from a lack of supplies, Jovian was forced to accept terms for peace. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Julian's_campaign"><span id="Julian.27s_campaign"></span>Julian's campaign</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Samarra_(363)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Julian's campaign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Julian invaded the <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a> with a force of 95,000 men, hoping to secure the eastern frontier<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrowning1976189_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrowning1976189-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and to replace Shah <a href="/wiki/Shapur_II" title="Shapur II">Shapur II</a> with his brother <a href="/wiki/Hormizd_(Constantinople)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hormizd (Constantinople)">Hormisdas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPotter2004518_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotter2004518-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He split his force in two, one under his cousin <a href="/wiki/Procopius_(usurper)" title="Procopius (usurper)">Procopius</a> numbering 30,000 men,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrowning1976196_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrowning1976196-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which marched to northern <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>, and the other consisting of 65,000 men under his own leadership. Julian at first won a tactical victory outside <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ctesiphon_(363)" title="Battle of Ctesiphon (363)">Ctesiphon</a>, but his army was too distracted with pillaging to take the city.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaryaee2009_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaryaee2009-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Julian burned the fleet which he had brought down the river to Ctesiphon,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaryaee2009_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaryaee2009-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and much of the baggage, leaving a bare three weeks supply. He then directed his march inland into the heart of Shapur's dominions, hoping to force a battle. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Battle">Battle</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Samarra_(363)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Battle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Julian%27s_campaign-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Julian%27s_campaign-en.svg/220px-Julian%27s_campaign-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Julian%27s_campaign-en.svg/330px-Julian%27s_campaign-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Julian%27s_campaign-en.svg/440px-Julian%27s_campaign-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2580" data-file-height="1684" /></a><figcaption>A map of the campaign up to the battle of Samarra</figcaption></figure> <p>By June 363,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaryaee2009_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaryaee2009-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Julian, realizing that he was trapped in Sasanian territory, started marching his army towards Samarra.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrowning1976212_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrowning1976212-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Roman army was under constant attack and Julian was informed the Sasanians were harassing the rear guard.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrowning1976212_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrowning1976212-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Julian rode back, not waiting to don his breastplate, and when he arrived at the rear guard was told the left flank was under cavalry attack reinforced by elephants.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrowning1976212_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrowning1976212-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Riding towards the left flank, Julian rallied retreating Roman troops.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrowning1976212_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrowning1976212-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Sasanians seeing the Romans reforming started to retreat.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrowning1976212_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrowning1976212-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Emboldened by this, Julian called for his troops to follow after him, and he charged toward the fleeing Sasanians.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrowning1976212_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrowning1976212-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By this time his bodyguards, who were separated from Julian, called for him to pull back.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrowning1976212_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrowning1976212-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At this point, Julian was struck in the side by a spear and fell from his horse.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrowning1976212_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrowning1976212-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His bodyguards surrounded him, carried him back, and the army quickly pitched camp.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrowning1976212_5-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrowning1976212-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Julian died from his wound at midnight.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETougher2007170_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETougher2007170-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Dignas and Winter, the Romans won this battle,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDignasWinter200734-37_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDignasWinter200734-37-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while <a href="/wiki/Touraj_Daryaee" title="Touraj Daryaee">Touraj Daryaee</a> states the Sasanian forces won the battle.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaryaee2009_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaryaee2009-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Samarra_(363)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Perso-Roman_Peace_Treaty_of_363" class="mw-redirect" title="Perso-Roman Peace Treaty of 363">Perso-Roman Peace Treaty of 363</a></div> <p>Julian had refrained from naming a successor, and the commanders assembled at dawn for the election.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELenski200269-70_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELenski200269-70-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The honor was extended to the prefect <a href="/wiki/Salutius" title="Salutius">Salutius</a>, but he refused.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurran199878_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurran199878-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their choice then spontaneously settled on <a href="/wiki/Jovian_(emperor)" title="Jovian (emperor)">Jovian</a>, the commander of Julian's domestic guard, whose father had been a general in the same service. He resumed the retreat along the east bank of the <a href="/wiki/Tigris" title="Tigris">Tigris</a>, continuously harassed from the Sasanians.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrowning1976216_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrowning1976216-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After four further days of struggling on, the demoralized army finally came to a halt at Dura, where they attempted to construct a bridge to cross the river, but failed to do so, and were surrounded on all sides by the Sasanian army. Jovian clearly saw that the situation was now desperate. Unexpectedly, the envoys of <a href="/wiki/Shapur_II" title="Shapur II">Shapur II</a> arrived in his camp bearing offers of peace, and Jovian, who during the halt had exhausted his provisions, grasped eagerly at any venue of extricating the army from its dire situation. Thus he was forced to accept humiliating terms from Shapur, in order to save his army and himself from complete destruction.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrowning1976216_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrowning1976216-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the treaty with Shapur, Jovian agreed to a thirty-year truce, a withdrawal from the five Roman provinces, Arzamena, Moxoeona, Azbdicena, Rehimena and Corduena, and to allow the Sasanians to occupy the fortresses of Nisibis, Castra Maurorum and Singara.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurran199879_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurran199879-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Samarra_(363)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Julian was killed by a spear probably thrown by a Saracen (<a href="/wiki/Lakhmids" class="mw-redirect" title="Lakhmids">Lakhmid</a>) auxiliary in Sasanian service, as his doctor Oribasius concluded.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPotter2004518_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotter2004518-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Samarra_(363)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaryaee2009-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaryaee2009_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaryaee2009_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaryaee2009_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaryaee2009_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaryaee2009_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDaryaee2009">Daryaee 2009</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrowning1976189-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrowning1976189_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrowning1976">Browning 1976</a>, p. 189.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotter2004518-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPotter2004518_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPotter2004518_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPotter2004">Potter 2004</a>, p. 518.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrowning1976196-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrowning1976196_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrowning1976">Browning 1976</a>, p. 196.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrowning1976212-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrowning1976212_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrowning1976212_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrowning1976212_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrowning1976212_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrowning1976212_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrowning1976212_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrowning1976212_5-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrowning1976212_5-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrowning1976212_5-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrowning1976">Browning 1976</a>, p. 212.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETougher2007170-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETougher2007170_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTougher2007">Tougher 2007</a>, p. 170.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDignasWinter200734-37-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDignasWinter200734-37_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDignasWinter2007">Dignas & Winter 2007</a>, p. 34-37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELenski200269-70-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELenski200269-70_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLenski2002">Lenski 2002</a>, p. 69-70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECurran199878-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurran199878_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCurran1998">Curran 1998</a>, p. 78.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrowning1976216-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrowning1976216_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrowning1976216_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrowning1976">Browning 1976</a>, p. 216.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECurran199879-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurran199879_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCurran1998">Curran 1998</a>, p. 79.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Samarra_(363)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBrowning1976" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Browning_(Byzantinist)" title="Robert Browning (Byzantinist)">Browning, Robert</a> (1976). <i>The Emperor Julian</i>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-03731-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-03731-6"><bdi>0-520-03731-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Emperor+Julian&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=0-520-03731-6&rft.aulast=Browning&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Samarra+%28363%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurran1998" class="citation book cs1">Curran, John (1998). "From Jovian to Theodosius". In <a href="/wiki/Averil_Cameron" title="Averil Cameron">Cameron, Averil</a>; <a href="/wiki/Peter_Garnsey" title="Peter Garnsey">Garnsey, Peter</a> (eds.). <i>The Cambridge Ancient History: The Late Empire, A.D. 337-425</i>. Vol. XIII (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 78–110. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521302005" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521302005"><bdi>978-0521302005</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=From+Jovian+to+Theodosius&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Ancient+History%3A+The+Late+Empire%2C+A.D.+337-425&rft.pages=78-110&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0521302005&rft.aulast=Curran&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Samarra+%28363%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaryaee2009" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Touraj_Daryaee" title="Touraj Daryaee">Daryaee, Touraj</a> (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iranicaonline.org/articles/shapur-ii">"ŠĀPUR II"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Iranica" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopaedia Iranica">Encyclopaedia Iranica</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%C5%A0%C4%80PUR+II&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Iranica&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Daryaee&rft.aufirst=Touraj&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Firanicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fshapur-ii&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Samarra+%28363%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDignasWinter2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beate_Dignas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Beate Dignas (page does not exist)">Dignas, Beate</a>; Winter, Engelbert (2007). <i>Rome and Persia in Late Antiquity: Neighbours and Rivals</i>. Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rome+and+Persia+in+Late+Antiquity%3A+Neighbours+and+Rivals&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Dignas&rft.aufirst=Beate&rft.au=Winter%2C+Engelbert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Samarra+%28363%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLenski2002" class="citation book cs1">Lenski, Noel (2002). <i>Failure of Empire: Valens and the Roman State in the Fourth Century A.D</i>. University of California Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Failure+of+Empire%3A+Valens+and+the+Roman+State+in+the+Fourth+Century+A.D.&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Lenski&rft.aufirst=Noel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Samarra+%28363%29" class="Z3988"></span>69-70</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPotter2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Stone_Potter" title="David Stone Potter">Potter, David S.</a> (2004). <i>The Roman Empire at Bay AD 180-395</i>. Routledge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Roman+Empire+at+Bay+AD+180-395&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Potter&rft.aufirst=David+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Samarra+%28363%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSarantis2013" class="citation book cs1">Sarantis, Alexander (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dfaZAAAAQBAJ&q=battle+of+samarra+sasanian+victory&pg=PA62"><i>War and Warfare in Late Antiquity (2 vols.): Current Perspectives</i></a>. BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004252585" title="Special:BookSources/9789004252585"><bdi>9789004252585</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+and+Warfare+in+Late+Antiquity+%282+vols.%29%3A+Current+Perspectives&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9789004252585&rft.aulast=Sarantis&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdfaZAAAAQBAJ%26q%3Dbattle%2Bof%2Bsamarra%2Bsasanian%2Bvictory%26pg%3DPA62&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Samarra+%28363%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTougher2007" class="citation book cs1">Tougher, Shaun (2007). <i>Julian the Apostate</i>. Edinburgh University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Julian+the+Apostate&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Tougher&rft.aufirst=Shaun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Samarra+%28363%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Julian" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Julian_(emperor)" title="Template:Julian (emperor)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Julian_(emperor)" title="Template talk:Julian (emperor)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Julian_(emperor)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Julian (emperor)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Julian" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Julian_(emperor)" title="Julian (emperor)">Julian</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chalcedon_tribunal" title="Chalcedon tribunal">Chalcedon tribunal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_of_paganism_from_Julian_until_Valens" title="Restoration of paganism from Julian until Valens">Restoration of paganism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military campaigns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Roman–Alamannic conflict</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Autun" title="Siege of Autun">Autun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Durocortorum" title="Battle of Durocortorum">Durocortorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brumath" title="Battle of Brumath">Brumath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Senonae" title="Siege of Senonae">Senonae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Strasbourg" title="Battle of Strasbourg">Strasbourg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Julian%27s_Persian_expedition" title="Julian's Persian expedition">Persian expedition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Pirisabora" title="Siege of Pirisabora">Pirisabora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Maiozamalcha" title="Siege of Maiozamalcha">Maiozamalcha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ctesiphon_(363)" title="Battle of Ctesiphon (363)">Ctesiphon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maranga" title="Battle of Maranga">Maranga</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Samarra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perso-Roman_Peace_Treaty_of_363" class="mw-redirect" title="Perso-Roman Peace Treaty of 363">Peace treaty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Against_the_Galileans" title="Against the Galileans">Against the Galileans</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Misopogon" title="Misopogon">Misopogon</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basilina" title="Basilina">Basilina</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helena_(wife_of_Julian)" title="Helena (wife of Julian)">Helena</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Constantius" title="Julius Constantius">Julius Constantius</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantius_Gallus" title="Constantius Gallus">Constantius Gallus</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mardonius_(philosopher)" title="Mardonius (philosopher)">Mardonius</a> (tutor)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oribasius" title="Oribasius">Oribasius</a> (physician)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salutius" title="Salutius">Salutius</a> (adviser)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Depictions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_Ardashir_II" title="Coronation of Ardashir II">Coronation of Ardashir II</a></i> (379–383 relief)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Julian_Romance" title="Julian Romance">Julian Romance</a></i> (4th–6th-century prose account)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Saint_Mercurius_slaying_Julian_the_Apostate_(St._George_church,_Struga)" title="Saint Mercurius slaying Julian the Apostate (St. George church, Struga)">Saint Mercurius slaying Julian the Apostate</a></i> (15th-century icon)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Emperor_and_Galilean" title="Emperor and Galilean">Emperor and Galilean</a></i> (1873 play)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Death_of_the_Gods" title="The Death of the Gods">The Death of the Gods</a></i> (1895 novel)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Giuliano_l%27Apostata" title="Giuliano l'Apostata">Giuliano l'Apostata</a></i> (1919 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Second_Thoughts_(Butor_novel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Thoughts (Butor novel)">Second Thoughts</a></i> (1957 novel)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Julian_(novel)" title="Julian (novel)">Julian</a></i> (1964 novel)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fireball_(novel)" title="Fireball (novel)">Fireball</a></i> (1981 novel)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Dragon_Waiting" title="The Dragon Waiting">The Dragon Waiting</a></i> (1983 novel)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Column_of_Julianus" title="Column of Julianus">Column of Julianus</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Julian:_A_Christmas_Story" title="Julian: A Christmas Story">Julian: A Christmas Story</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Julian_Comstock:_A_Story_of_22nd-Century_America" title="Julian Comstock: A Story of 22nd-Century America">Julian Comstock: A Story of 22nd-Century America</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Worship_of_the_Gods" title="Worship of the Gods">Worship of the Gods</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><span class="metadata coord-missing"></span> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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