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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Druze_faith"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>In Druze faith</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Druze_faith-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Eastern_religions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Eastern_religions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>In Eastern religions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Eastern_religions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li 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type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Patron saint</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 62 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-62" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">62 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beskermheilige" title="Beskermheilige – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Beskermheilige" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B3_%D8%B4%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B9" title="قديس شفيع – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قديس شفيع" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santo_patr%C3%B3n" title="Santo patrón – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Santo patrón" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santu_patr%C3%B3n" title="Santu patrón – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Santu patrón" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCq%C9%99dd%C9%99s_hami" title="Müqəddəs hami – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Müqəddəs hami" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%81" title="রক্ষাকর্তা সাধু – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="রক্ষাকর্তা সাধু" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%86_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Светец покровител – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Светец покровител" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schutzpatron" title="Schutzpatron – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Schutzpatron" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sant_patr%C3%B3" title="Sant patró – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sant patró" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patron" title="Patron – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Patron" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nawddsant" title="Nawddsant – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Nawddsant" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skytshelgen" title="Skytshelgen – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Skytshelgen" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schutzpatron" title="Schutzpatron – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schutzpatron" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaitsep%C3%BChak" title="Kaitsepühak – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kaitsepühak" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AC%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B9_%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%8D%CF%87%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%AC%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Προστάτης και πολιούχος άγιος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Προστάτης και πολιούχος άγιος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santo_patr%C3%B3n" title="Santo patrón – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Santo patrón" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrona_sanktulo" title="Patrona sanktulo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Patrona sanktulo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaindari_(erlijioa)" title="Zaindari (erlijioa) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Zaindari (erlijioa)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B3_%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C" title="قدیس حامی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="قدیس حامی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_patron" title="Saint patron – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Saint patron" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patroanhillige" title="Patroanhillige – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Patroanhillige" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padroeiro" title="Padroeiro – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Padroeiro" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%88%98%ED%98%B8%EC%84%B1%EC%9D%B8" title="수호성인 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="수호성인" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4" title="संरक्षक संत – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="संरक्षक संत" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svetac_za%C5%A1titnik" title="Svetac zaštitnik – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Svetac zaštitnik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santo_pelindung" title="Santo pelindung – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Santo pelindung" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verndard%C3%BDrlingur" title="Verndardýrlingur – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Verndardýrlingur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santo_patrono" title="Santo patrono – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Santo patrono" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A9_%D7%9E%D7%92%D7%9F" title="קדוש מגן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קדוש מגן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santo_pangreksa" title="Santo pangreksa – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Santo pangreksa" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanctus_patronus" title="Sanctus patronus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Sanctus patronus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patr%C3%A9iner" title="Patréiner – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Patréiner" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroanheilige" title="Petroanheilige – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Petroanheilige" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A9d%C5%91szent" title="Védőszent – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Védőszent" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%86-%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Светец-заштитник – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Светец-заштитник" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santo_penaung" title="Santo penaung – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Santo penaung" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beschermheilige" title="Beschermheilige – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Beschermheilige" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%88%E8%AD%B7%E8%81%96%E4%BA%BA" title="守護聖人 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="守護聖人" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skytshelgen" title="Skytshelgen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Skytshelgen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernehelgen" title="Vernehelgen – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Vernehelgen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patron_(chrze%C5%9Bcija%C5%84stwo)" title="Patron (chrześcijaństwo) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Patron (chrześcijaństwo)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orago" title="Orago – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Orago" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sf%C3%A2nt_patron" title="Sfânt patron – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Sfânt patron" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Святой покровитель – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Святой покровитель" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patron_saunt" title="Patron saunt – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Patron saunt" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patron_saint" title="Patron saint – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Patron saint" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zavetnik" title="Zavetnik – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Zavetnik" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Светац заштитник – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Светац заштитник" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svetac_za%C5%A1titnik" title="Svetac zaštitnik – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Svetac zaštitnik" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suojeluspyhimys" title="Suojeluspyhimys – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Suojeluspyhimys" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skyddspatron" title="Skyddspatron – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Skyddspatron" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santong_patron" title="Santong patron – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Santong patron" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A0%E0%B9%8C" title="นักบุญองค์อุปถัมภ์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="นักบุญองค์อุปถัมภ์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koruyucu_aziz" title="Koruyucu aziz – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Koruyucu aziz" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Святий покровитель – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Святий покровитель" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA_%D8%A8%D8%B2%D8%B1%DA%AF" title="سرپرست بزرگ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سرپرست بزرگ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrono" title="Patrono – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Patrono" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A1nh_quan_th%E1%BA%A7y" title="Thánh quan thầy – Vietnamese" 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</nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Saint regarded as a heavenly advocate</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the racehorse, see <a href="/wiki/Patron_Saint_(horse)" title="Patron Saint (horse)">Patron Saint (horse)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Evangelist-St.-Matthew-And-The-Angel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Evangelist-St.-Matthew-And-The-Angel.jpg/200px-Evangelist-St.-Matthew-And-The-Angel.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Evangelist-St.-Matthew-And-The-Angel.jpg/300px-Evangelist-St.-Matthew-And-The-Angel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Evangelist-St.-Matthew-And-The-Angel.jpg/400px-Evangelist-St.-Matthew-And-The-Angel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="440" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Matthew_the_Apostle" title="Matthew the Apostle">Saint Matthew the Apostle</a>, depicted with an angel, is the patron saint of <a href="/wiki/Salerno" title="Salerno">Salerno</a>, Italy, bankers, and tax collectors.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saint_Honore_Cake_Shop_Outlet01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Saint_Honore_Cake_Shop_Outlet01.jpg/220px-Saint_Honore_Cake_Shop_Outlet01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Saint_Honore_Cake_Shop_Outlet01.jpg/330px-Saint_Honore_Cake_Shop_Outlet01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Saint_Honore_Cake_Shop_Outlet01.jpg/440px-Saint_Honore_Cake_Shop_Outlet01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2497" data-file-height="1809" /></a><figcaption>A branch of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Honore_Cake_Shop" title="Saint Honore Cake Shop">Saint Honore Cake Shop</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> chain bakery. <a href="/wiki/Honoratus_of_Amiens" title="Honoratus of Amiens">Honoratus of Amiens</a> is the patron saint of bakers and confectioners.</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>patron saint</b>, <b>patroness saint</b>, <b>patron hallow</b> or <b>heavenly protector</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">saint</a> who in <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholicism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodoxy</a> or <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodoxy</a> is regarded as the heavenly <a href="/wiki/Advocacy" title="Advocacy">advocate</a> of a nation, place, craft, activity, class, clan, family, or person.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term may be applied to individuals to whom similar roles are ascribed in other <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religions</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_Christianity">In Christianity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patron_saint&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: In Christianity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Saints often become the patrons of places where they were born or had been active. However, there were cases in <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">medieval Europe</a> where a city which grew to prominence obtained for its cathedral the remains or some <a href="/wiki/Relic" title="Relic">relics</a> of a famous saint who had lived and was buried elsewhere, thus making them the city's patron saint – such a practice conferred considerable prestige on the city concerned. In <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, Spanish and Portuguese explorers often named a location for the saint on whose <a href="/wiki/Feast_day" class="mw-redirect" title="Feast day">feast</a> or commemoration day they first visited the place, with that saint naturally becoming the area's patron.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Occupations sometimes have a patron saint who had been connected somewhat with it, although some of the connections were tenuous. Lacking such a saint, an occupation would have a patron whose acts or miracles in some way recall the profession. For example, when the previously unknown occupation of <a href="/wiki/Photography" title="Photography">photography</a> appeared in the 19th century, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Veronica" title="Saint Veronica">Saint Veronica</a> was made its patron, owing to how <a href="/wiki/Veil_of_Veronica" title="Veil of Veronica">her veil</a> miraculously received the imprint of <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Christ</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Holy_Face_of_Jesus" title="Holy Face of Jesus">face</a> after she wiped off the blood and sweat.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Veneration" title="Veneration">veneration</a> or commemoration and recognition of patron saints or saints in general is found in <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholicism</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholicism</a>), <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodoxy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Churches" title="Oriental Orthodox Churches">Oriental Orthodoxy</a>, and among some <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutherans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Brandsrud2022_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brandsrud2022-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catholic catechism</a> a <a href="/wiki/Faithful_(Catholicism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Faithful (Catholicism)">person's</a> patron saint, having already attained the <a href="/wiki/Beatific_vision" title="Beatific vision">beatific vision</a>, is able to intercede with God for their needs.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Apart from Lutheranism and Anglicanism, it is, however, generally discouraged in other <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> branches, such as <a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Reformed Christianity</a>, where the practice is considered a form of <a href="/wiki/Idolatry" title="Idolatry">idolatry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Catholicism">Catholicism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patron_saint&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Catholicism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A saint can be assigned as a patron by a venerable tradition, or chosen by election. The saint is considered a special intercessor with God and the proper advocate of a particular locality, occupation, etc., and merits a special form of religious observance. A term in some ways comparable is "titular", which is applicable only to a church or institution.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gallery">Gallery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patron_saint&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Francesco_del_Cossa_-_Saint_Lucy.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lucy of Syracuse, the patron saint of the blind"><img alt="Lucy of Syracuse, the patron saint of the blind" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Francesco_del_Cossa_-_Saint_Lucy.jpg/90px-Francesco_del_Cossa_-_Saint_Lucy.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Francesco_del_Cossa_-_Saint_Lucy.jpg/135px-Francesco_del_Cossa_-_Saint_Lucy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Francesco_del_Cossa_-_Saint_Lucy.jpg/180px-Francesco_del_Cossa_-_Saint_Lucy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucy" title="Saint Lucy">Lucy of Syracuse</a>, the patron saint of the blind</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stanis%C5%82aw_Kaczor-Batowski_-_%C5%9Aw._Cecylia.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cecilia of Rome, the patron saint of sacred music and musicians"><img alt="Cecilia of Rome, the patron saint of sacred music and musicians" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Stanis%C5%82aw_Kaczor-Batowski_-_%C5%9Aw._Cecylia.jpg/72px-Stanis%C5%82aw_Kaczor-Batowski_-_%C5%9Aw._Cecylia.jpg" decoding="async" width="72" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Stanis%C5%82aw_Kaczor-Batowski_-_%C5%9Aw._Cecylia.jpg/108px-Stanis%C5%82aw_Kaczor-Batowski_-_%C5%9Aw._Cecylia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Stanis%C5%82aw_Kaczor-Batowski_-_%C5%9Aw._Cecylia.jpg/144px-Stanis%C5%82aw_Kaczor-Batowski_-_%C5%9Aw._Cecylia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="792" data-file-height="1322" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Saint_Cecilia" title="Saint Cecilia">Cecilia of Rome</a>, the patron saint of sacred music and musicians</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ingres_coronation_charles_vii.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Joan of Arc, the patron saint of France and soldiers"><img alt="Joan of Arc, the patron saint of France and soldiers" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Ingres_coronation_charles_vii.jpg/89px-Ingres_coronation_charles_vii.jpg" decoding="async" width="89" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Ingres_coronation_charles_vii.jpg/133px-Ingres_coronation_charles_vii.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Ingres_coronation_charles_vii.jpg/178px-Ingres_coronation_charles_vii.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3840" data-file-height="5176" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Joan_of_Arc" title="Joan of Arc">Joan of Arc</a>, the patron saint of France and soldiers</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Olga_by_Nesterov_in_1892.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Olga of Kiev, the patron saint of widows and converts"><img alt="Olga of Kiev, the patron saint of widows and converts" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/St_Olga_by_Nesterov_in_1892.jpg/44px-St_Olga_by_Nesterov_in_1892.jpg" decoding="async" width="44" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/St_Olga_by_Nesterov_in_1892.jpg/66px-St_Olga_by_Nesterov_in_1892.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/St_Olga_by_Nesterov_in_1892.jpg/88px-St_Olga_by_Nesterov_in_1892.jpg 2x" data-file-width="366" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Olga_of_Kiev" title="Olga of Kiev">Olga of Kiev</a>, the patron saint of widows and converts</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jan_z_dukli.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="John of Dukla, the patron saint of Poland and Lithuania"><img alt="John of Dukla, the patron saint of Poland and Lithuania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Jan_z_dukli.JPG/120px-Jan_z_dukli.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Jan_z_dukli.JPG/180px-Jan_z_dukli.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Jan_z_dukli.JPG/240px-Jan_z_dukli.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1311" data-file-height="948" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/John_of_Dukla" title="John of Dukla">John of Dukla</a>, the patron saint of Poland and Lithuania</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bakhita_Szent_Jozefina.jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="Josephine Bakhita, the patron saint of the Catholic Church in Sudan and the Sudanese countries"><img alt="Josephine Bakhita, the patron saint of the Catholic Church in Sudan and the Sudanese countries" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Bakhita_Szent_Jozefina.jpeg/74px-Bakhita_Szent_Jozefina.jpeg" decoding="async" width="74" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Bakhita_Szent_Jozefina.jpeg/110px-Bakhita_Szent_Jozefina.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Bakhita_Szent_Jozefina.jpeg/147px-Bakhita_Szent_Jozefina.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="314" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Josephine_Bakhita" title="Josephine Bakhita">Josephine Bakhita</a>, the patron saint of the Catholic Church in Sudan and the Sudanese countries</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Saint_Sava,_Patriarchate_of_Pe%C4%87_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Saint Sava, the patron saint of the Serbs, schools and pupils"><img alt="Saint Sava, the patron saint of the Serbs, schools and pupils" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Saint_Sava%2C_Patriarchate_of_Pe%C4%87_%282%29.jpg/95px-Saint_Sava%2C_Patriarchate_of_Pe%C4%87_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="95" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Saint_Sava%2C_Patriarchate_of_Pe%C4%87_%282%29.jpg/143px-Saint_Sava%2C_Patriarchate_of_Pe%C4%87_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Saint_Sava%2C_Patriarchate_of_Pe%C4%87_%282%29.jpg/191px-Saint_Sava%2C_Patriarchate_of_Pe%C4%87_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="491" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Saint_Sava" title="Saint Sava">Saint Sava</a>, the patron saint of the <a href="/wiki/Serbs" title="Serbs">Serbs</a>, schools and pupils</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_Islam">In Islam</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patron_saint&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: In Islam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although Islam has no codified doctrine of patronage on the part of saints, it has nevertheless been an important part of both <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia</a> Islamic traditions that particularly important classical saints have served as the heavenly advocates for specific Muslim <a href="/wiki/Empire" title="Empire">empires</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">nations</a>, <a href="/wiki/City" title="City">cities</a>, <a href="/wiki/Town" title="Town">towns</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Village" title="Village">villages</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lings_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lings-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Martin_Lings" title="Martin Lings">Martin Lings</a> wrote: "There is scarcely a region in the empire of Islam which has not a Sufi for its Patron Saint."<sup id="cite_ref-Lings_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lings-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 119">: 119 </span></sup> As the veneration accorded saints often develops purely organically in Islamic climates, in a manner different from Catholic and Eastern Orthodox <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, "patron saints" are often recognized through popular acclaim rather than through official declaration.<sup id="cite_ref-Lings_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lings-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Traditionally, it has been understood that the patron saint of a particular place prays for that place's wellbeing and for the health and happiness of all who live therein.<sup id="cite_ref-Lings_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lings-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, the <a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafi</a> movements have latterly attacked the veneration of saints (as patron or otherwise), which they claim are a form of idolatry or <i><a href="/wiki/Shirk_(Islam)" title="Shirk (Islam)">shirk</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lings_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lings-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More mainstream Sunni clerics have critiqued this argument since Wahhabism first emerged in the 18th century.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_Druze_faith">In Druze faith</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patron_saint&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: In Druze faith"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:124px;max-width:124px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:150px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Malby-Hejn%C3%A1k-Sv.Ji%C5%99%C3%AD.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Malby-Hejn%C3%A1k-Sv.Ji%C5%99%C3%AD.jpg/122px-Malby-Hejn%C3%A1k-Sv.Ji%C5%99%C3%AD.jpg" decoding="async" width="122" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Malby-Hejn%C3%A1k-Sv.Ji%C5%99%C3%AD.jpg/183px-Malby-Hejn%C3%A1k-Sv.Ji%C5%99%C3%AD.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Malby-Hejn%C3%A1k-Sv.Ji%C5%99%C3%AD.jpg/244px-Malby-Hejn%C3%A1k-Sv.Ji%C5%99%C3%AD.jpg 2x" data-file-width="323" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:164px;max-width:164px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:150px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tortosa_catedral_Huguet_Transfiguracio_Ahazi%C3%A0_0017.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Tortosa_catedral_Huguet_Transfiguracio_Ahazi%C3%A0_0017.jpg/162px-Tortosa_catedral_Huguet_Transfiguracio_Ahazi%C3%A0_0017.jpg" decoding="async" width="162" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Tortosa_catedral_Huguet_Transfiguracio_Ahazi%C3%A0_0017.jpg/243px-Tortosa_catedral_Huguet_Transfiguracio_Ahazi%C3%A0_0017.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Tortosa_catedral_Huguet_Transfiguracio_Ahazi%C3%A0_0017.jpg/324px-Tortosa_catedral_Huguet_Transfiguracio_Ahazi%C3%A0_0017.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1981" data-file-height="1845" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Patron saints of the <a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druze</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-Fukasawa_2017_310_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fukasawa_2017_310-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Saint_George" title="Saint George">Saint George</a> (left) and Saint <a href="/wiki/Elijah" title="Elijah">Elijah</a> (right)</div></div></div></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Elijah" title="Elijah">Elijah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jethro_(biblical_figure)" title="Jethro (biblical figure)">Jethro</a> (<a href="/wiki/Shuaib" title="Shuaib">Shuaib</a>) are considered patron saints of the <a href="/wiki/Druze_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Druze people">Druze people</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Fukasawa_2017_310_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fukasawa_2017_310-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a>, Jethro was <a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a>' father-in-law, a <a href="/wiki/Kenite" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenite">Kenite</a> shepherd and priest of <a href="/wiki/Midian" title="Midian">Midian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Harris_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harris-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> scholars and the <a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druze</a> identify Jethro with the prophet Shuaib, also said to come from Midian.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shuaib or Jethro of Midian is considered an ancestor of the Druze who revere him as their spiritual founder and chief prophet.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Druze identify Elijah as "al-<a href="/wiki/Khidr" title="Khidr">Khidr</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Swayd_2015_77_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Swayd_2015_77-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Druze, like some <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a>, believe that the Prophet Elijah came back as <a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">Saint John the Baptist</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Swayd_2015_77_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Swayd_2015_77-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bennett_2010_77_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bennett_2010_77-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> since they believe in <a href="/wiki/Reincarnation" title="Reincarnation">reincarnation</a> and the transmigration of the soul, Druze believe that El Khidr and Saint John the Baptist are one and the same; along with <a href="/wiki/Saint_George" title="Saint George">Saint George</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bennett_2010_77_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bennett_2010_77-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Due to the <a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Druze" title="Christianity and Druze">Christian influence on the Druze faith</a>, two <a href="/wiki/Christian_saints" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian saints">Christian saints</a> become the Druze's favorite venerated figures: Saint George and Saint Elijah.<sup id="cite_ref-Beaurepaire_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beaurepaire-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, in all the villages inhabited by Druzes and Christians in central <a href="/wiki/Mount_Lebanon" title="Mount Lebanon">Mount Lebanon</a> a Christian church or Druze maqam is dedicated to either one of them.<sup id="cite_ref-Beaurepaire_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beaurepaire-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to scholar Ray Jabre Mouawad the Druzes appreciated the two saints for their bravery: <a href="/wiki/Saint_George_and_the_Dragon" title="Saint George and the Dragon">Saint George because he confronted the dragon</a> and the Prophet Elijah because he competed with the pagan priests of <a href="/wiki/Baal" title="Baal">Baal</a> and won over them.<sup id="cite_ref-Beaurepaire_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beaurepaire-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In both cases the explanations provided by Christians is that Druzes were attracted to <a href="/wiki/Military_saint" title="Military saint">warrior saints</a> that resemble their own militarized society.<sup id="cite_ref-Beaurepaire_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beaurepaire-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_Eastern_religions">In Eastern religions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patron_saint&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: In Eastern religions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, certain sects may devote themselves to the veneration of a saint, such as the <a href="/wiki/Balmikism" title="Balmikism">Balmiki sect</a> that reveres <a href="/wiki/Valmiki" title="Valmiki">Valmiki</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kananaikil1983_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kananaikil1983-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> also includes the idea of protector deities, which are called "Dharma protectors" (<a href="/wiki/Dharmapala" title="Dharmapala">Dharmapala</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patron_saint&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Gloriole_blur.svg/32px-Gloriole_blur.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Gloriole_blur.svg/48px-Gloriole_blur.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Gloriole_blur.svg/64px-Gloriole_blur.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="28" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Saints" title="Portal:Saints">Saints portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 23em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints" title="Calendar of saints">Calendar of saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guardian_angel" title="Guardian angel">Guardian angel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_blesseds" class="mw-redirect" title="List of blesseds">List of blesseds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_saints" title="List of saints">List of saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patron_saints_of_ailments,_illness,_and_dangers" title="Patron saints of ailments, illness, and dangers">Patron saints of ailments, illness, and dangers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_patron_saints_by_occupation_and_activity" title="List of patron saints by occupation and activity">Patron saints of occupations and activities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patron_saints_of_places" title="Patron saints of places">Patron saints of places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patron_saints_of_ethnic_groups" title="Patron saints of ethnic groups">Patron saints of ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_saints" class="mw-redirect" title="Military saints">Military saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_symbolism" title="Saint symbolism">Saint symbolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tutelary_deity" title="Tutelary deity">Tutelary deity</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patron_saint&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSlocumArmentrout2000" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Slocum, Robert Boak; Armentrout, Donald S. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QNM8AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA390">"Patronal Feast"</a>. <i>An Episcopal Dictionary of the Church: A User-Friendly Reference for Episcopalians</i>. New York: Church Publishing, Inc. p. 390. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89869-211-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-89869-211-3"><bdi>0-89869-211-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Patronal+Feast&rft.btitle=An+Episcopal+Dictionary+of+the+Church%3A+A+User-Friendly+Reference+for+Episcopalians&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=390&rft.pub=Church+Publishing%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-89869-211-3&rft.aulast=Slocum&rft.aufirst=Robert+Boak&rft.au=Armentrout%2C+Donald+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQNM8AwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA390&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatron+saint" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americanheritage00edit_9/page/1290">"patron saint"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Heritage_Dictionary_of_the_English_Language" title="The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language">The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language</a></i> (4th ed.). Houghton Mifflin Company. 2006. p. 1290. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-618-70172-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-618-70172-9"><bdi>0-618-70172-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=patron+saint&rft.btitle=The+American+Heritage+Dictionary+of+the+English+Language&rft.pages=1290&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Company&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-618-70172-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famericanheritage00edit_9%2Fpage%2F1290&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatron+saint" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFC.W.G.R.G.1852" class="citation journal cs1">C.W.G.; R.G. (11 September 1852). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/notesqueriesmedi06lond#page/252/mode/1up">"St. Veronica (Vol. vi., p.199)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Notes_and_Queries" title="Notes and Queries">Notes and Queries</a></i>. <b>6</b> (150). London: 252.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Notes+and+Queries&rft.atitle=St.+Veronica+%28Vol.+vi.%2C+p.199%29&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=150&rft.pages=252&rft.date=1852-09-11&rft.au=C.W.G.&rft.au=R.G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fnotesqueriesmedi06lond%23page%2F252%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatron+saint" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/archaeologicaljo07brituoft#page/413/mode/1up">"Archaeological Intelligence"</a>. <i>The Archaeological Journal</i>. <b>7</b>: 413. 1850. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00665983.1850.10850808">10.1080/00665983.1850.10850808</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Archaeological+Journal&rft.atitle=Archaeological+Intelligence&rft.volume=7&rft.pages=413&rft.date=1850&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00665983.1850.10850808&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Farchaeologicaljo07brituoft%23page%2F413%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatron+saint" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButler2000" class="citation book cs1">Butler, Alban (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=umn3JEADSTQC&pg=PA84">"St. Veronica (First Century)"</a>. In Doyle, Peter (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=umn3JEADSTQC"><i>Lives of the Saints: July</i></a> (New full ed.). Tunbridge Wells: Burns & Oates. pp. 84–86. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86012-256-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-86012-256-5"><bdi>0-86012-256-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/877793679">877793679</a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=St.+Veronica+%28First+Century%29&rft.btitle=Lives+of+the+Saints%3A+July&rft.place=Tunbridge+Wells&rft.pages=84-86&rft.edition=New+full&rft.pub=Burns+%26+Oates&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F877793679&rft.isbn=0-86012-256-5&rft.aulast=Butler&rft.aufirst=Alban&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dumn3JEADSTQC%26pg%3DPA84&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatron+saint" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brandsrud2022-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brandsrud2022_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrandsrud2022" class="citation web cs1">Brandsrud, Megan (30 November 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livinglutheran.org/2022/11/honor-advent-through-the-saints/">"Honor Advent through the saints"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Living_Lutheran" title="Living Lutheran">Living Lutheran</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Honor+Advent+through+the+saints&rft.pub=Living+Lutheran&rft.date=2022-11-30&rft.aulast=Brandsrud&rft.aufirst=Megan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.livinglutheran.org%2F2022%2F11%2Fhonor-advent-through-the-saints%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatron+saint" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibson1882" class="citation book cs1">Gibson, Henry (1882). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/catechismmadeea02chgoog#page/n327/mode/1up">"Twenty-Fifth Instruction"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/catechismmadeea02chgoog"><i>Catechism Made Easy: Being a Familiar Explanation of the Catechism of Christian Doctrine (No. 2)</i></a>. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). London: Burns and Oates. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/catechismmadeea02chgoog#page/n332/mode/1up">310</a> – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Twenty-Fifth+Instruction&rft.btitle=Catechism+Made+Easy%3A+Being+a+Familiar+Explanation+of+the+Catechism+of+Christian+Doctrine+%28No.+2%29&rft.place=London&rft.pages=310&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Burns+and+Oates&rft.date=1882&rft.aulast=Gibson&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fcatechismmadeea02chgoog%23page%2Fn327%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatron+saint" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDukeLewisPettegree1992" class="citation book cs1">Duke, A.C.; Lewis, Gillian; Pettegree, Andrew, eds. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/calvinismineurop00unse/page/53">"Managing a country parish: A country pastor's advice to his successor"</a>. <i>Calvinism in Europe, 1540–1610: A Collection of Documents</i>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/calvinismineurop00unse/page/53">53</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7190-3552-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-7190-3552-X"><bdi>0-7190-3552-X</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/429210690">429210690</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Managing+a+country+parish%3A+A+country+pastor%27s+advice+to+his+successor&rft.btitle=Calvinism+in+Europe%2C+1540%E2%80%931610%3A+A+Collection+of+Documents&rft.pages=53&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F429210690&rft.isbn=0-7190-3552-X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcalvinismineurop00unse%2Fpage%2F53&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatron+saint" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnight2020" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Knight, Kevin (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/11562a.htm">"Patron Saints"</a>. <i>Catholic Encyclopedia</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Patron+Saints&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Knight&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F11562a.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatron+saint" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lings-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lings_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lings_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lings_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lings_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lings_10-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLings2005" class="citation book cs1">Lings, Martin (2005) [1983]. <i>What is Sufism?</i>. Lahore: Suhail Academy. pp. 119–120 etc.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+is+Sufism%3F&rft.place=Lahore&rft.pages=119-120+etc.&rft.pub=Suhail+Academy&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Lings&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatron+saint" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCommins2009" class="citation book cs1">Commins, David (2009). <i>The Wahhabi Mission and Saudi Arabia</i>. I.B.Tauris. p. 59. <q>Abd al-Latif, who would become the next supreme religious leader ... enumerated the harmful views that Ibn Jirjis openly espoused in Unayza: Supplicating the dead is not a form of worship but merely calling out to them, so it is permitted. Worship at graves is not idolatry unless the supplicant believes that buried saints have the power to determine the course of events. Whoever declares that there is no god but God and prays toward Mecca is a believer.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wahhabi+Mission+and+Saudi+Arabia&rft.pages=59&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Commins&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatron+saint" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fukasawa_2017_310-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fukasawa_2017_310_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fukasawa_2017_310_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFukasawa2017" class="citation book cs1">Fukasawa, Katsumi (2017). <i>Religious Interactions in Europe and the Mediterranean World: Coexistence and Dialogue from the 12th to the 20th Centuries</i>. Taylor & Francis. p. 310. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781351722179" title="Special:BookSources/9781351722179"><bdi>9781351722179</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religious+Interactions+in+Europe+and+the+Mediterranean+World%3A+Coexistence+and+Dialogue+from+the+12th+to+the+20th+Centuries&rft.pages=310&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781351722179&rft.aulast=Fukasawa&rft.aufirst=Katsumi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatron+saint" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsraeli2009" class="citation book cs1">Israeli, Raphael (2009). <i>Peace is in the Eye of the Beholder</i>. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. p. 244. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783110852479" title="Special:BookSources/9783110852479"><bdi>9783110852479</bdi></a>. <q>Nabi Shu'eib, biblical Jethro, is the patron saint of the Druze.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Peace+is+in+the+Eye+of+the+Beholder&rft.pages=244&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter+GmbH+%26+Co+KG&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9783110852479&rft.aulast=Israeli&rft.aufirst=Raphael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatron+saint" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harris-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Harris_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_L_Harris" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephen L Harris">Harris, Stephen L.</a>, Understanding the Bible. Palo Alto: Mayfield. 1985.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMackey2009" class="citation book cs1">Mackey, Sandra (2009). <i>Mirror of the Arab World: Lebanon in Conflict</i>. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-3933-3374-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-3933-3374-9"><bdi>978-0-3933-3374-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mirror+of+the+Arab+World%3A+Lebanon+in+Conflict&rft.pages=28&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-3933-3374-9&rft.aulast=Mackey&rft.aufirst=Sandra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatron+saint" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>A Political and Economic Dictionary of the Middle East</i>. Routledge. 2013. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781135355616" title="Special:BookSources/9781135355616"><bdi>9781135355616</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Political+and+Economic+Dictionary+of+the+Middle+East&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781135355616&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatron+saint" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Swayd_2015_77-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Swayd_2015_77_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Swayd_2015_77_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwayd2015" class="citation book cs1">Swayd, Samy (2015). <i>Historical Dictionary of the Druzes</i>. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 77. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781442246171" title="Special:BookSources/9781442246171"><bdi>9781442246171</bdi></a>. <q>since Elijah was central to Druzism, one may safely argue that the settlement of Druzes on Mount Carmel had partly to do with Elijahʼs story and devotion. Druzes, like some Christians, believe that Elijah came back as John the Baptist</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+the+Druzes&rft.pages=77&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781442246171&rft.aulast=Swayd&rft.aufirst=Samy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatron+saint" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bennett_2010_77-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bennett_2010_77_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bennett_2010_77_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBennett2010" class="citation book cs1">Bennett, Chris (2010). <i>Cannabis and the Soma Solution</i>. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 77. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781936296323" title="Special:BookSources/9781936296323"><bdi>9781936296323</bdi></a>. <q>transmigration of the soul is a Druze tenet, and Druze believe that El Khidr and John the Baptist are one and the same. (Gibbs, 2008) The mythology of Khizr is thought to go back even further than the time of John the Baptist or Elija</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cannabis+and+the+Soma+Solution&rft.pages=77&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781936296323&rft.aulast=Bennett&rft.aufirst=Chris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatron+saint" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Beaurepaire-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Beaurepaire_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beaurepaire_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beaurepaire_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beaurepaire_19-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeaurepaire2017" class="citation book cs1">Beaurepaire, Pierre-Yves (2017). <i>Religious Interactions in Europe and the Mediterranean World: Coexistence and Dialogue from the 12th to the 20th Centuries</i>. Taylor & Francis. pp. 310–314. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781351722179" title="Special:BookSources/9781351722179"><bdi>9781351722179</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religious+Interactions+in+Europe+and+the+Mediterranean+World%3A+Coexistence+and+Dialogue+from+the+12th+to+the+20th+Centuries&rft.pages=310-314&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781351722179&rft.aulast=Beaurepaire&rft.aufirst=Pierre-Yves&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatron+saint" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kananaikil1983-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kananaikil1983_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKananaikil1983" class="citation book cs1">Kananaikil, Jose (1983). <i>Scheduled Castes and the Struggle Against Inequality: Strategies to Empower the Marginalised</i>. Indian Social Institute. p. 17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scheduled+Castes+and+the+Struggle+Against+Inequality%3A+Strategies+to+Empower+the+Marginalised&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=Indian+Social+Institute&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Kananaikil&rft.aufirst=Jose&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatron+saint" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patron_saint&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catholic.org/saints/patron.php">Catholic Online: Patron Saints</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenry_Parkinson1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Henry Parkinson (1913). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Patron Saints"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Patron_Saints">"Patron Saints" </a></span>. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Patron+Saints&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1913&rft.au=Henry+Parkinson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatron+saint" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Patron Saint"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_Americana_(1920)/Patron_Saint">"Patron Saint" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_Americana" title="Encyclopedia Americana">Encyclopedia Americana</a></i>. 1920.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Patron+Saint&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Americana&rft.date=1920&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatron+saint" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Topics_about_Saints" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Saints" title="Template:Saints"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Saints" title="Template talk:Saints"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Saints" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Saints"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Topics_about_Saints" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Topics about <a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">Saints</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints" title="Calendar of saints">Calendar of saints</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Roman_Calendar" title="General Roman Calendar">General Roman Calendar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tridentine_calendar" title="Tridentine calendar">Tridentine calendar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_liturgical_calendar" title="Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar">Eastern Orthodox calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Anglican_Church_calendars" title="List of Anglican Church calendars">Anglican calendars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_calendar" title="Coptic calendar">Coptic calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints_(Lutheran)" title="Calendar of saints (Lutheran)">Lutheran calendar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Traditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Folk_saint" title="Folk saint">Folk saint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal-to-apostles" title="Equal-to-apostles">Equal-to-apostles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relic" title="Relic">Relic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catacomb_saints" title="Catacomb saints">Catacomb saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Translation_(relic)" title="Translation (relic)">Translation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagiography" title="Hagiography">Hagiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_saints" title="Lists of saints">Lists of saints</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_saints" title="List of Catholic saints">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_child_saints" title="List of child saints">Child</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Eastern_Orthodox_saints" title="List of Eastern Orthodox saints">Orthodox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Eastern_Orthodox_saint_titles" title="List of Eastern Orthodox saint titles">Titles</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_symbolism" title="Saint symbolism">Symbology of the Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saints_in_Protestantism" class="mw-redirect" title="Saints in Protestantism">Saints in Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levitation_of_saints" title="Levitation of saints">Levitation of saints</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communion_of_saints" title="Communion of saints">Communion of saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veneration" title="Veneration">Veneration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercession_of_saints" title="Intercession of saints">Intercession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_for_the_dead" title="Prayer for the dead">Prayer for the dead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confessor_of_the_Faith" title="Confessor of the Faith">Confessors</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Confessors" title="List of Confessors">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyr" title="Martyr">Martyrs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_martyrs" title="Lists of martyrs">list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_martyrs" title="List of Christian martyrs">Christian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christians_martyred_during_the_reign_of_Diocletian" title="List of Christians martyred during the reign of Diocletian">Diocletian</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passion_bearer" title="Passion bearer">Passion bearers</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Patron saint</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patron_saints_of_places" title="Patron saints of places">Places</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariology" title="Mariology">Mariology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Canonization" title="Canonization">Canonization</a> process</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dicastery_for_the_Causes_of_Saints" title="Dicastery for the Causes of Saints">Dicastery for the Causes of Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candidates_for_sainthood" class="mw-redirect" title="Candidates for sainthood">Candidates for sainthood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servant_of_God" title="Servant of God">Servant of God</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Servants_of_God" title="List of Servants of God">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Venerable" title="The Venerable">The Venerable</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_venerated_Catholics" title="List of venerated Catholics">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beatification" title="Beatification">Beatification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_beatified_people" title="List of beatified people">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equivalent_canonization" title="Equivalent canonization">Equivalent canonization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostle" title="Apostle">Apostle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishop" title="Bishop">Bishop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Companions" title="Saint Companions">Companions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Martyrology" title="Roman Martyrology">Roman Martyrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saints_in_Anglicanism" title="Saints in Anglicanism">Saints in Anglicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saints_in_Methodism" title="Saints in Methodism">Saints in Methodism</a></li> <li><a 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