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<span>Life</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Life-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Life subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rise" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rise"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Rise</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rise-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Co-emperor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Co-emperor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Co-emperor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Co-emperor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Decline</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fall" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fall"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Fall</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fall-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legend" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legend"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Legend</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legend-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes,_citations_and_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes,_citations_and_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes, citations and sources</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notes,_citations_and_sources-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Notes, citations and sources subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Notes,_citations_and_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Constantine III (Western Roman emperor)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 42 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-42" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">42 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB_(%D8%A5%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A)" title="قسطنطين الثالث (إمبراطور روماني) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قسطنطين الثالث (إمبراطور روماني)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constant%C3%ADn_III_(usurpador)" title="Constantín III (usurpador) – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Constantín III (usurpador)" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constant%C3%ADn_III" title="Constantín III – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Constantín III" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%96%D0%BD_III_(%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80)" title="Канстанцін III (узурпатар) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Канстанцін III (узурпатар)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_III_(%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80)" title="Константин III (узурпатор) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Константин III (узурпатор)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constant%C3%AD_(usurpador)" title="Constantí (usurpador) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Constantí (usurpador)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantin_III._(uzurp%C3%A1tor)" title="Konstantin III. (uzurpátor) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Konstantin III. (uzurpátor)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cystennin_III_(ymerawdwr_Rhufeinig)" title="Cystennin III (ymerawdwr Rhufeinig) – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cystennin III (ymerawdwr Rhufeinig)" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantin_3._(Vestromerske_rige)" title="Konstantin 3. (Vestromerske rige) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Konstantin 3. (Vestromerske rige)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantin_III._(Gegenkaiser)" title="Konstantin III. (Gegenkaiser) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Konstantin III. (Gegenkaiser)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CF%89%CE%BD%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%82_(%CF%83%CF%86%CE%B5%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AE%CF%82_%CE%91%CF%85%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%AC%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%82_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B7_%CE%94%CF%8D%CF%83%CE%B7)" title="Κωνσταντίνος (σφετεριστής Αυτοκράτορας στη Δύση) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κωνσταντίνος (σφετεριστής Αυτοκράτορας στη Δύση)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantino_III" title="Constantino III – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Constantino III" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantino_III.a_(usurpatzailea)" title="Konstantino III.a (usurpatzailea) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Konstantino III.a (usurpatzailea)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%85_(%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%A8)" title="کنستانتین سوم (غاصب) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کنستانتین سوم (غاصب)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantin_III_(usurpateur_romain)" title="Constantin III (usurpateur romain) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Constantin III (usurpateur romain)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantyn_III" title="Konstantyn III – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Konstantyn III" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BD%98%EC%8A%A4%ED%83%84%ED%8B%B0%EB%88%84%EC%8A%A4_3%EC%84%B8" title="콘스탄티누스 3세 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="콘스탄티누스 3세" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantinus_III_(Kaisar_Romawi_Barat)" title="Konstantinus III (Kaisar Romawi Barat) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Konstantinus III (Kaisar Romawi Barat)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costantino_III_(usurpatore)" title="Costantino III (usurpatore) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Costantino III (usurpatore)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantinus_III_(imperator_Romanus_occidentalis)" title="Constantinus III (imperator Romanus occidentalis) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Constantinus III (imperator Romanus occidentalis)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantinas_III" title="Konstantinas III – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Konstantinas III" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/III._Constantinus_r%C3%B3mai_cs%C3%A1sz%C3%A1r" title="III. Constantinus római császár – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="III. Constantinus római császár" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantijn_III_van_Rome" title="Constantijn III van Rome – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Constantijn III van Rome" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B3%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B9%E3%82%BF%E3%83%B3%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%83%8C%E3%82%B93%E4%B8%96" title="コンスタンティヌス3世 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="コンスタンティヌス3世" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantin_III_(vestromersk_keiser)" title="Konstantin III (vestromersk keiser) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Konstantin III (vestromersk keiser)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantyn_III_(cesarz_rzymski)" title="Konstantyn III (cesarz rzymski) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Konstantyn III (cesarz rzymski)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantino_III_(imperador_romano)" title="Constantino III (imperador romano) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Constantino III (imperador romano)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantin_al_III-lea_(%C3%AEmp%C4%83rat_al_Imperiului_Roman_de_Apus)" title="Constantin al III-lea (împărat al Imperiului Roman de Apus) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Constantin al III-lea (împărat al Imperiului Roman de Apus)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_III_(%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80)" title="Константин III (узурпатор) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Константин III (узурпатор)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_III" title="Константин III – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Константин III" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantin_III_(uzurpator)" title="Konstantin III (uzurpator) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Konstantin III (uzurpator)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantinus_III" title="Konstantinus III – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Konstantinus III" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantin_III_(v%C3%A4stromersk_kejsare)" title="Konstantin III (västromersk kejsare) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Konstantin III (västromersk kejsare)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_III" title="Constantine III – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Constantine III" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88_3" title="คอนสตันไทน์ที่ 3 – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="คอนสตันไทน์ที่ 3" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/III._Constantinus" title="III. Constantinus – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="III. 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Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Roman emperor from 407 to 411</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Constantius_III" title="Constantius III">Constantius III</a>, <a href="/wiki/Constantine_III_of_Scotland" title="Constantine III of Scotland">Constantine III of Scotland</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Heraclius_Constantine" title="Heraclius Constantine">Heraclius Constantine</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Constantine III</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Solidus_of_Constantine_III_(west).png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A gold coin showing the profile of a man wearing a wreath" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Solidus_of_Constantine_III_%28west%29.png/220px-Solidus_of_Constantine_III_%28west%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Solidus_of_Constantine_III_%28west%29.png/330px-Solidus_of_Constantine_III_%28west%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7d/Solidus_of_Constantine_III_%28west%29.png 2x" data-file-width="430" data-file-height="410" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;">Coin of Constantine III</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">Roman emperor</a> <div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal" class="noprint">in the <a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">West</a> </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">407–411</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Honorius_(emperor)" title="Honorius (emperor)">Honorius</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Honorius_(emperor)" title="Honorius (emperor)">Honorius</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alongside</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Honorius (409–411)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Constans_II_(son_of_Constantine_III)" title="Constans II (son of Constantine III)">Constans II</a> (409–411)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">411 (before 18 September)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Issue_(genealogy)" title="Issue (genealogy)">Issue</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Constans II</li><li>Julian</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Regnal_name" title="Regnal name">Regnal name</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.7em;">Flavius Claudius Constantinus</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Christianity" title="Nicene Christianity">Nicene Christianity</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Constantine III</b> (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Flavius Claudius Constantinus</i>; died shortly before 18 September 411) was a common Roman soldier who was declared <a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">emperor</a> in <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Roman Britain</a> in 407 and established himself in <a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Gaul</a>. He was recognised as <a href="/wiki/Co-emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Co-emperor">co-emperor</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> from 409 until 411. </p><p>Constantine rose to power from within the field army of Roman Britain and was acclaimed emperor in early 407. He promptly moved to Gaul (modern France), taking all of the mobile troops from Britain, with their commander <a href="/wiki/Gerontius_(magister_militum)" title="Gerontius (magister militum)">Gerontius</a>, to confront bands of <a href="/wiki/Migration_Period" title="Migration Period">Germanic invaders</a> who had <a href="/wiki/Crossing_of_the_Rhine" title="Crossing of the Rhine">crossed the Rhine</a> the previous winter. With a mixture of fighting and diplomacy Constantine stabilised the situation and established control over Gaul and <a href="/wiki/Hispania" title="Hispania">Hispania</a> (modern Spain and Portugal), establishing his capital at <a href="/wiki/Arles" title="Arles">Arles</a>. The sitting emperor of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Roman Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Honorius_(emperor)" title="Honorius (emperor)">Honorius</a>, sent an army under <a href="/wiki/Sarus_the_Goth" title="Sarus the Goth">Sarus the Goth</a> to expel Constantine's forces. After initial victories, Sarus was repulsed. In Hispania, Honorius's relatives rose and expelled Constantine's administration. An army under the general Gerontius was sent to deal with this and Constantine's authority was re-established. In early 409 Honorius recognised Constantine as co-emperor. Constantine in turn raised his own oldest son to co-emperor as <a href="/wiki/Constans_II_(son_of_Constantine_III)" title="Constans II (son of Constantine III)">Constans II</a>. </p><p>In 409 Gerontius rebelled, proclaimed his <a href="/wiki/Patronage_in_ancient_Rome" title="Patronage in ancient Rome">client</a> <a href="/wiki/Maximus_of_Hispania" title="Maximus of Hispania">Maximus</a> emperor and incited barbarian groups in Gaul to rise up. Constans was sent to quash the revolt, but was defeated and withdrew to Arles. Meanwhile, Constantine invaded northern Italy, but his plan failed and he also pulled back to Arles. In 410 Constans was sent to Hispania again. Gerontius had strengthened his army with Germanic tribesmen and defeated Constans; the latter retreated north and was defeated again and killed at <a href="/wiki/Vienne,_Is%C3%A8re" title="Vienne, Isère">Vienne</a> early in 411. Gerontius then besieged Constantine in Arles. Honorius appointed a new general, <a href="/wiki/Constantius_III" title="Constantius III">Constantius</a>, who arrived at Arles while Gerontius was outside the city. Much of Gerontius's army deserted to Constantius, who took over the siege. A force attempting to relieve Constantine was ambushed. Constantine <a href="/wiki/Abdication" title="Abdication">abdicated</a>, took <a href="/wiki/Holy_orders" title="Holy orders">holy orders</a> and – promised his life – surrendered. Constantius had lied: Constantine was killed and his head presented to Honorius on a pole. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constantine_III_(Western_Roman_emperor)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" title="Fall of the Western Roman Empire">Fall of the Western Roman Empire</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Theodosius_I%27s_empire.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A map of the Roman Empire showing its division into two parts" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Theodosius_I%27s_empire.png/280px-Theodosius_I%27s_empire.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Theodosius_I%27s_empire.png/420px-Theodosius_I%27s_empire.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Theodosius_I%27s_empire.png/560px-Theodosius_I%27s_empire.png 2x" data-file-width="563" data-file-height="406" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">The <a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Roman Empire">Eastern Roman Empires</a> at the death of Theodosius I in 395</div></figcaption></figure> <p>Following the death of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">Roman emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_I" title="Theodosius I">Theodosius I</a> in 395 the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> was divided between his two sons: <a href="/wiki/Arcadius" title="Arcadius">Arcadius</a> became emperor of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Roman Empire">Eastern Roman Empire</a> and ten-year-old <a href="/wiki/Honorius_(emperor)" title="Honorius (emperor)">Honorius</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire#Theodosian_dynasty_(392–455)" title="Western Roman Empire">Western</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitchell200789_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchell200789-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Honorius was underage and the leading general <a href="/wiki/Stilicho" title="Stilicho">Stilicho</a> became hugely influential and the de facto commander-in-chief of the Roman armies in the west.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitchell200791_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchell200791-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During this period <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Roman Britain</a> was suffering raids by the <a href="/wiki/Scoti" title="Scoti">Scoti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saxons" title="Saxons">Saxons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Picts" title="Picts">Picts</a>. Sometime between 396 and 398 Stilicho is said by contemporary poet and speech writer <a href="/wiki/Claudian" title="Claudian">Claudian</a> to have ordered a <a href="/wiki/Stilicho%27s_Pictish_War" title="Stilicho's Pictish War">campaign against the Picts</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESnyder200362_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESnyder200362-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> probably a naval campaign intended to suppress their seaborne raids on the east coast of Roman Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrere1987355_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrere1987355-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He may also have ordered campaigns against the Scoti and Saxons.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesMattingly1990307_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesMattingly1990307-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other interpretations suggest it went badly, or that troops defending Roman Britain defeated a Pictish invasion without external support.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1975141–144_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1975141–144-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is the last recorded Roman military campaign in Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMattingly2006238_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMattingly2006238-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stilicho sent funds to strengthen the defences along <a href="/wiki/Hadrian%27s_Wall" title="Hadrian's Wall">Hadrian's Wall</a> and the coastal defences at about the same time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHollway2022175_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollway2022175-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 401 or 402 Stilicho needed military manpower for wars with the <a href="/wiki/Visigoths" title="Visigoths">Visigoths</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ostrogoths" title="Ostrogoths">Ostrogoths</a> and so stripped Hadrian's Wall of troops.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesMattingly1990307_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesMattingly1990307-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESnyder200362–63_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESnyder200362–63-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESnyder199818_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESnyder199818-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The year 402 is the last date from which Roman coinage is found in large quantities in Britain, suggesting the Empire was no longer paying the troops who remained.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESnyder199818_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESnyder199818-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, the Picts, Saxons and Scoti continued their raids, which may have increased in scope. In 405 the Irish king <a href="/wiki/Niall_of_the_Nine_Hostages" title="Niall of the Nine Hostages">Niall of the Nine Hostages</a> is described as having raided along the southern coast of Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrere1987357_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrere1987357-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Both the Eastern and Western Empires were suffering from incursions of large groups from <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic tribes</a>, whom the Romans referred to generically as "<a href="/wiki/Barbarian" title="Barbarian">barbarians</a>". In 406 a group of <a href="/wiki/Alans" title="Alans">Alans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Goths</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Radagaisus" title="Radagaisus">Radagaisus</a> invaded Italy. The group included women and children and is estimated to have been 90,000–100,000 strong, of whom more than 20,000 were fighting men. For six months they devastated northern Italy, capturing and sacking several cities. After concentrating his forces, Stilicho caught the Goths while they were <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Florence_(405)" title="Siege of Florence (405)">besieging Florentia</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a>) and defeated them at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Faesulae_(406)" title="Battle of Faesulae (406)">Battle of Faesulae</a>; 12,000 prisoners joined the Roman army and so many captives were sold that the market in slaves collapsed. The Western Empire's problems with barbarian intruders were far from over, however.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWijnendaele2018261_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWijnendaele2018261-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeather2005198–199,_205–206_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeather2005198–199,_205–206-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life">Life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constantine_III_(Western_Roman_emperor)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Little is known of Constantine before he was declared emperor. His date and place of birth are unknown, as is his marital status. He had two sons, although their names prior to being given more regal-sounding ones are likewise unknown. Regarding his personal habits, one fifth-century historian described him as a glutton and another considered that his major flaw was being inconstant in his policies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesMartindaleMorris1992316–317_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesMartindaleMorris1992316–317-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rise">Rise</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constantine_III_(Western_Roman_emperor)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Rise"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gold_Solidus_of_Constantine_III,_Lugdunum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A gold coin showing the profile of a man with beads in his hair" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Gold_Solidus_of_Constantine_III%2C_Lugdunum.jpg/192px-Gold_Solidus_of_Constantine_III%2C_Lugdunum.jpg" decoding="async" width="192" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Gold_Solidus_of_Constantine_III%2C_Lugdunum.jpg/288px-Gold_Solidus_of_Constantine_III%2C_Lugdunum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Gold_Solidus_of_Constantine_III%2C_Lugdunum.jpg/384px-Gold_Solidus_of_Constantine_III%2C_Lugdunum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2308" data-file-height="2232" /></a><figcaption>Coin of Constantine with the legend <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r920966791">.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps{font-variant:small-caps}.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps-smaller{font-size:85%}</style><span class="smallcaps"><abbr title="FLAVIUS">fl</abbr> <abbr title="CLAUDIUS">cl</abbr> constantinus <abbr title="AUGUSTUS">aug·</abbr></span></figcaption></figure><p>In 406 the approximately 6,000 troops of the Roman field army based in Roman Britain were dissatisfied.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurns1994212–213_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurns1994212–213-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrinkwater1998275_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrinkwater1998275-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They had not been paid for several years, a large contingent had left to fight on <a href="/wiki/Continental_Europe" title="Continental Europe">the continent</a> four years earlier and had not returned, the coastal defences had been dismantled to form the new field army and their commander had been replaced.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrinkwater1998271_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrinkwater1998271-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_la_Bédoyère2001100_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_la_Bédoyère2001100-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They revolted and determined to choose their own leader. Their first choice was a man named <a href="/wiki/Marcus_(usurper)" title="Marcus (usurper)">Marcus</a>, whom they appointed emperor. After a short period, unhappy with his performance, they killed him and appointed <a href="/wiki/Gratian_(usurper)" title="Gratian (usurper)">Gratian</a>. He also failed to meet the troops' expectations and was killed after four months.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeather2005209_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeather2005209-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 31 December 406 several tribes of barbarian invaders, including the <a href="/wiki/Vandal" class="mw-redirect" title="Vandal">Vandals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suebi" title="Suebi">Sueves</a> and Alans <a href="/wiki/Crossing_of_the_Rhine" title="Crossing of the Rhine">crossed the Rhine</a>, perhaps near <a href="/wiki/Mainz" title="Mainz">Mainz</a>, and overran the Roman defensive works in a successful invasion of the Western Roman Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBury1889138_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBury1889138-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeather2005221_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeather2005221-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hearing of the Germanic invasion the Roman military in Britain was desperate for some sense of security in a world that seemed to be rapidly falling apart. They next chose as their leader a man named after the famed emperor of the early fourth century, <a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine the Great</a>, who had himself risen to power through a military coup in Britain. This Constantine was a common soldier, not an officer, and early in 407, possibly February, his fellows acclaimed him as emperor.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesMartindaleMorris1992316_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesMartindaleMorris1992316-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESnyder199819_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESnyder199819-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKulikowski2000328,_332–334_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKulikowski2000328,_332–334-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The modern historian Francisco Sanz-Huesma differs and proposes that Constantine was a skilled politician who engineered the three acclamations with the (successful) intention of eventually raising himself to imperial power.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanz-Huesma2005315_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanz-Huesma2005315-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early coins of Constantine call him "Flavius Claudius Constantinus", a name he probably adopted because he thought it was that of Constantine the Great, when in fact it was that of his son, <a href="/wiki/Constantine_II_(emperor)" title="Constantine II (emperor)">Constantine II</a>. The style and legends of these early coins were also copied from those of Constantine II.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKent201851_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKent201851-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rebellion in Roman Britain was not unusual, a contemporary described it as a "province rich in <a href="/wiki/Usurper" title="Usurper">usurpers</a>". It was on the periphery of the Empire and there was a common view that it was overlooked in terms of resources and patronage.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWijnendaele2018261–262_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWijnendaele2018261–262-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such revolts were usually short-lived; Constantine was uncommon in both establishing a lasting power base and in successfully exporting his rebellion to the mainland.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeather2005210_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeather2005210-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Constantine moved quickly: he appointed two officers already in Gaul (modern France) as generals, <a href="/wiki/Iustinianus_(magister_militum_in_Gaul)" title="Iustinianus (magister militum in Gaul)">Justinianus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nebiogastes" title="Nebiogastes">Nebiogastes</a>, instructing them to seize <a href="/wiki/Arles" title="Arles">Arles</a> and the passes which controlled traffic to and from Italy. He crossed the <a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">Channel</a> at <a href="/wiki/Boulogne-sur-Mer" title="Boulogne-sur-Mer">Bononia</a> (modern Boulogne), taking with him all of the 6,000 or so mobile troops left in Britain and their <a href="/wiki/Magister_militum" title="Magister militum">commander</a>, the general <a href="/wiki/Gerontius_(magister_militum)" title="Gerontius (magister militum)">Gerontius</a>. This denuded Roman Britain of front-line military protection and explains the <a href="/wiki/End_of_Roman_rule_in_Britain" title="End of Roman rule in Britain">disappearance of the legions</a> in the early fifth century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElton1999_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElton1999-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeather2008529_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeather2008529-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_la_Bédoyère2001100,_104_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_la_Bédoyère2001100,_104-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Constantine travelled to <a href="/wiki/Lyon" title="Lyon">Lyon</a>, where he set up his headquarters and commenced minting coins in his own name.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrinkwater1998277_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrinkwater1998277-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Roman Army of Gaul declared for him,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeather2005210_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeather2005210-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> followed by the civilian administration in <a href="/wiki/Hispania" title="Hispania">Hispania</a> (modern Spain and Portugal).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrinkwater1998280_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrinkwater1998280-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The central Roman authorities did not respond to the Germanic invasion, and Constantine's forces got the better of at least one confrontation with the Vandals. Constantine also negotiated agreements with the Germanic groupings of the <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alamanni" class="mw-redirect" title="Alamanni">Alamanni</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Burgundians" title="Burgundians">Burgundians</a>, thus securing the line of the Rhine. The main Vandal force and their allies moved into northern Gaul (modern Belgium).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeather2005210–211_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeather2005210–211-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKulikowski2000333,_338_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKulikowski2000333,_338-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roman_Gaul_-_AD_400.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="a colour map showing details of Gaul and the surrounding areas" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Roman_Gaul_-_AD_400.png/350px-Roman_Gaul_-_AD_400.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Roman_Gaul_-_AD_400.png/525px-Roman_Gaul_-_AD_400.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Roman_Gaul_-_AD_400.png/700px-Roman_Gaul_-_AD_400.png 2x" data-file-width="1369" data-file-height="833" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Roman Gaul at the time of Constantine</div></figcaption></figure> <p>The Western Roman emperor, Honorius, and his commander-in-chief Stilicho were in conflict with the Eastern Roman Empire and allied to a large force of Visigoths under <a href="/wiki/Alaric_I" title="Alaric I">Alaric</a>. The relationship with the Visigoths was shaky – they were demanding land or money for their services. An agreement was reached for a joint West Roman-Visigoth army to threaten the Eastern Empire to extort land from it which would then be given to the Visigoths. This manoeuvre was supposed to commence in May or June 407.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeather2005219–221_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeather2005219–221-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By then the Vandals and their allies had broken into Gaul, where Constantine had control of the army and was claiming the imperial throne. Sending a large Western Roman force to the east would have left Italy open to invasion by one or both of these groups and so the offensive was cancelled.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeather2005220–221_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeather2005220–221-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead a small army led by <a href="/wiki/Sarus_(Goth)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarus (Goth)">Sarus the Goth</a> was sent west to put down Constantine's revolt while Stilicho's main army waited on events.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeather2005220–221_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeather2005220–221-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sarus defeated the army commanded by Justinianus in a <a href="/wiki/Pitched_battle" title="Pitched battle">pitched battle</a>, killing Justinianus. Constantine personally moved against Sarus, but was besieged in <a href="/wiki/Valence,_Dr%C3%B4me" title="Valence, Drôme">Valence</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBirley2005460_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBirley2005460-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWijnendaele2018263_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWijnendaele2018263-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nebiogastes attempted to negotiate and was killed by Sarus.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrinkwater1998278_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrinkwater1998278-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKulikowski2000334_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKulikowski2000334-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another army, led by Gerontius and <a href="/wiki/Edobichus" title="Edobichus">Edobichus</a> and largely made up of freshly recruited Franks and <a href="/wiki/Alemanni" title="Alemanni">Almannics</a>, arrived to relieve Valence after a week of siege. Sarus was forced to retreat into Italy. Central control had deteriorated to the extent that Sarus needed to buy his passage through the <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alpine</a> passes from the brigand <a href="/wiki/Bagaudae" title="Bagaudae">Bagaudae</a>, who controlled them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrinkwater1998279_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrinkwater1998279-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With this success Constantine established control over most of Gaul and the Alpine passes into Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBirley2005458–459_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBirley2005458–459-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Co-emperor">Co-emperor</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constantine_III_(Western_Roman_emperor)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Co-emperor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Siliqua_Constantine_III-RIC_1355.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Both sides of a silver coin. One side showing a man's profile, the other a stylised figure bearing a spear and a globe." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Siliqua_Constantine_III-RIC_1355.jpg/260px-Siliqua_Constantine_III-RIC_1355.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bb/Siliqua_Constantine_III-RIC_1355.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="354" data-file-height="175" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Constantine III portrayed on a <a href="/wiki/Siliqua" title="Siliqua">siliqua</a>. The reverse celebrates his victories.</div></figcaption></figure> <p>By May 408 Constantine had captured Arles and made it his capital,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBury1889140_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBury1889140-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> taking over the existing imperial administration and officials, and appointing <a href="/wiki/Apollinaris_(praefect)" title="Apollinaris (praefect)">Apollinaris</a> as chief minister (with the title of <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefecture_of_Gaul" title="Praetorian prefecture of Gaul">praetorian prefect</a></i></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrinkwater1998278_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrinkwater1998278-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesMartindaleMorris1992113_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesMartindaleMorris1992113-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Heros_of_Arles" title="Heros of Arles">Heros</a> was installed as a pliant <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Arles" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Arles">archbishop of Arles</a> in spite of local opposition.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeinzelmann1992244_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeinzelmann1992244-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Constantine commenced minting large quantities of good quality coins at Arles, possibly using bullion seized from Sarus's loot during his hasty retreat, and made a show of being an equal of both the Western and Eastern Emperors.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrinkwater1998279_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrinkwater1998279-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Constantine's oldest son had entered a <a href="/wiki/Monastery" title="Monastery">monastery</a> and was a <a href="/wiki/Monk" title="Monk">monk</a> at the time his father rebelled, but he was summoned to the new imperial court. Constantine appointed him to the position of <a href="/wiki/Caesar_(title)" title="Caesar (title)">caesar</a> – a senior, formal position that also recognised him as <a href="/wiki/Heir_apparent" title="Heir apparent">heir apparent</a> – and gave him the imperial-sounding name of <a href="/wiki/Constans_II_(son_of_Constantine_III)" title="Constans II (son of Constantine III)">Constans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrinkwater1998272_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrinkwater1998272-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBirley2005459_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBirley2005459-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was swiftly married so a <a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">dynasty</a> could be founded.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKulikowski2000333_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKulikowski2000333-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early in 408 he was sent with Gerontius into Hispania.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElton1999_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElton1999-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrinkwater1998279_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrinkwater1998279-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hispania was a stronghold of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Theodosius" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Theodosius">House of Theodosius</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBury1889140_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBury1889140-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but, on Constantine's initial landing on the continent, Honorius's relatives and partisans there had been either unwilling or militarily unable to oppose his assumption of control. When Sarus seemed on the verge of ending Constantine's revolt, two members of Honorius's family – <a href="/wiki/Didymus_(cousin_of_Honorius)" class="mw-redirect" title="Didymus (cousin of Honorius)">Didymus</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Verinianus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Verinianus (page does not exist)">Verinianus</a> – rebelled and overthrew Constantine's regime in Hispania. When Sarus withdrew to Italy, the knowledge of the large new army assembling at <a href="/wiki/Ticinum" title="Ticinum">Ticinum</a> (modern Pavia) with the intention of shortly engaging Constantine encouraged them to persist and even to attempt to seal the <a href="/wiki/Pyrenees" title="Pyrenees">Pyrenean</a> passes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrinkwater1998280_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrinkwater1998280-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Constantine feared that Honorius's cousins would organise an attack from that direction while troops under Sarus and Stilicho attacked him from Italy in a <a href="/wiki/Pincer_movement" title="Pincer movement">pincer manoeuvre</a>. He struck first, at Hispania.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrinkwater1998279_45-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrinkwater1998279-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Constans and Gerontius's army forced a pass and was reinforced. Constans established himself at <a href="/wiki/Zaragoza,_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaragoza, Spain">Saragossa</a> and rebuilt the civilian administration. Gerontius took the army and decisively defeated Honorius's supporters at a battle in <a href="/wiki/Lusitania" title="Lusitania">Lusitania</a> where Didymus and Verinianus were captured. With Hispania back under Constantine's control Constans left his new wife at Saragossa and returned to Arles to report to his father. Didymus and Verinianus accompanied him and were executed as civilian rebels, which further soured relations with Honorius.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrinkwater1998280_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrinkwater1998280-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKulikowski2000333,_336_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKulikowski2000333,_336-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By early 408 the Visigoths were running out of patience with Stilicho. They moved from <a href="/wiki/Epirus" title="Epirus">Epirus</a> (modern Albania) to <a href="/wiki/Noricum" title="Noricum">Noricum</a> (modern Austria) and demanded a payment of 4,000 pounds (1,800 kg) of gold on pain of their invading Italy. Honorius and the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">Roman Senate</a> were prepared to resist, but Stilicho persuaded them to approve the payment to allow him to concentrate on the situation in Gaul.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeather2005221_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeather2005221-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He had assembled an army at Ticinum with which to do this. It is possible that the plan was for the Visigoths to accompany this force as military allies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWijnendaele2018263,_266_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWijnendaele2018263,_266-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 1 May, the emperor of the Eastern Empire, Arcadius, died, leaving a seven-year-old heir, <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_II" title="Theodosius II">Theodosius II</a>. A disagreement arose between Stilicho and Honorius, who each wished to travel to <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> – the capital of the Eastern Empire – to represent the Western Empire's interests. Stilicho got his way: He was to leave for the east while Honorius remained in <a href="/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna">Ravenna</a>, the capital of the Western Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeather2005221–222_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeather2005221–222-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitchell200793_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchell200793-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But a rift between him and Honorius was obvious. The Roman establishment, led by the senior bureaucrat <a href="/wiki/Olympius" title="Olympius">Olympius</a>, worked to oppose Stilicho by spreading rumours that he wished to travel east to depose Theodosius and set his own son on the throne. On 13 August Honorius was formally reviewing the army about to set out from Ticinum against Constantine. With him were many of the senior officers and officials of the Western Empire. The troops mutinied, slaughtering Stilicho's supporters but respecting the person of the Emperor. Stilicho sought sanctuary, then surrendered and was executed on 22 August.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeather2005222–223_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeather2005222–223-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Siliqua_Constans_II_Arelate.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Both sides of a worn silver coin. One side showing the profile of a man with two strings of beads in his hair, the reverse a stylised figure bearing a spear and a globe." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Siliqua_Constans_II_Arelate.jpg/230px-Siliqua_Constans_II_Arelate.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Siliqua_Constans_II_Arelate.jpg/345px-Siliqua_Constans_II_Arelate.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Siliqua_Constans_II_Arelate.jpg/460px-Siliqua_Constans_II_Arelate.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="368" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">A siliqua of Constans II</div></figcaption></figure> <p>Olympius reversed the policy of making a massive payment to the Visigoths and the native parts of the Army of Italy started slaughtering Goths, especially their fellow soldiers and their wives and children. The latter, living in Italian cities, sometimes overtly as hostages for their husbands' and fathers' good behaviour, were easy targets. Those Goths who could fled north and joined Alaric, greatly increasing his fighting strength. Alaric promptly crossed the Alps and headed south through Italy, devastating the countryside. He camped his army outside Rome and demanded a huge ransom.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeather2005197,_223–225_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeather2005197,_223–225-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Late in 408 Constantine sent an embassy to Ravenna. Needing to placate him, Honorius acknowledged him as co-emperor and sent a purple robe as formal recognition. The pair were joint <a href="/wiki/Roman_consul" title="Roman consul">consuls</a> in 409. At around this time, Constantine raised Constans to the position of co-emperor, theoretically equal in rank to Honorius or Theodosius, as well as to Constantine.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKulikowski2000335–337_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKulikowski2000335–337-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeather2005225_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeather2005225-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWard-Perkins200644_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWard-Perkins200644-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the Visigoths deep in Italy and unopposed, Olympius's influence ended<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a new chief minister, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jovius_(praetorian_prefect)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jovius (praetorian prefect) (page does not exist)">Jovius</a>, entered into peace negotiations<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeather2005223–225_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeather2005223–225-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but Honorius continued to refuse to reach an agreement with Alaric. The Visigoths in retaliation continued to roam across Italy and extort vast sums from the city of Rome. Alaric elevated his own emperor, the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">senator</a> <a href="/wiki/Priscus_Attalus" title="Priscus Attalus">Priscus Attalus</a>, to no avail. On 24 August 410 the Visigoths entered Rome and pillaged the city for three days.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrinkwater1998281_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrinkwater1998281-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decline">Decline</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constantine_III_(Western_Roman_emperor)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Decline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In spring or summer 409 Apollinaris was replaced as <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">praetorian prefect</i></span> by <a href="/wiki/Decimus_Rusticus" title="Decimus Rusticus">Decimus Rusticus</a> and Constans was sent back to Hispania. Either before Constans left Arles or while he was travelling Gerontius rebelled, proclaiming his client <a href="/wiki/Maximus_of_Hispania" title="Maximus of Hispania">Maximus</a> as emperor. Maximus was an important figure in his own right, but it was clear he was controlled by Gerontius.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBirley2005460_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBirley2005460-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKulikowski2000337_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKulikowski2000337-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They set up court at <a href="/wiki/Tarraco" title="Tarraco">Tarraco</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Tarragona" title="Tarragona">Tarragona</a>). Gerontius was concerned that he would not be able to withstand the military force Constantine could bring to bear and so attempted to incite the barbarians who had entered Gaul late in 406 against Constantine. These had been quiescent in the north of the territory, but now set off across Gaul for the rich territories of <a href="/wiki/Gallia_Aquitania" title="Gallia Aquitania">Aquitaine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gallia_Narbonensis" title="Gallia Narbonensis">Narbonensis</a> (modern south-west and southern France). They spread devastation across these areas, much to the horror of the populace. Concentrating on the threat from Constans, Gerontius weakened his garrisons in the Pyrenean passes and in autumn 409 much of the barbarian force entered Hispania.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKulikowski2000337–339_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKulikowski2000337–339-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrinkwater1998283_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrinkwater1998283-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eventually Gerontius was able to reach a <a href="/wiki/Modus_operandi" title="Modus operandi">modus operandi</a> with some of these groups whereby they supplied him with military forces, which enabled him to take the offensive against Constantine.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrinkwater1998283_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrinkwater1998283-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 408 <a href="/wiki/Saxon_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Saxon people">Saxon</a> <a href="/wiki/Pirate" class="mw-redirect" title="Pirate">pirates</a> raided Roman Britain extensively, undeterred by the totally inadequate force which Constantine had left.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBury1889143_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBury1889143-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson1977306,_315_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson1977306,_315-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The locals organised their own defences, so successfully that they defeated the Saxons in 409.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson1977306–309_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson1977306–309-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Distressed that Constantine had failed to defend them, the Roman inhabitants of Britain rebelled and expelled his officials,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBirley2005459_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBirley2005459-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWard-Perkins200644_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWard-Perkins200644-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHigham199271–72_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHigham199271–72-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> accepting that henceforth they would have to look to their own defence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_la_Bédoyère2001100_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_la_Bédoyère2001100-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Inspired by the example of Roman Britain, later that year the Bagaudae of <a href="/wiki/Armorica" title="Armorica">Armorica</a> (modern Brittany) also expelled Constantine's officials and declared independence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson1977310_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson1977310-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Constantine sent a further embassy to Ravenna, which achieved little, but Constantine's emissary, Jovius, did suborn one of Honorius's senior generals, Allobich. In spring 410 Constantine led an army into northern Italy. It is possible that he claimed he intended to assist Honorius against the Visigoths. It is also likely he was counting on support from Allobich. When he reached the <a href="/wiki/Po_(river)" title="Po (river)">River Po</a> he heard, wrongly, that Allobich was dead, which caused him to abandon his mission and withdraw to Arles.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKulikowski200039_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKulikowski200039-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meanwhile, Constans, with an army commanded by a general named Justus, attempted to subdue Gerontius. He failed, although no details are known, and returned to Arles in spring 410. At about the same time Constantine returned from his abortive invasion of Italy. Given the difficulties the Visigoths were creating in Italy, Gerontius was considered a greater threat than Honorius.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurns1994244_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurns1994244-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKulikowski2000339_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKulikowski2000339-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Edobichus was again sent north to raise troops from the Franks while Constans returned to confront Gerontius with a fresh army. Events are again unclear, but it seems likely that Gerontius was simultaneously advancing on Arles. The two armies clashed and Constans was defeated. He fell back to the north with what was left of his command, hoping to be reinforced by Edobichus. But Gerontius caught him at <a href="/wiki/Vienne,_Is%C3%A8re" title="Vienne, Isère">Vienne</a>, probably early in 411, defeated his army and killed Constans. Gerontius's army then marched on Arles and besieged Constantine.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKulikowski2000339–340_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKulikowski2000339–340-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fall">Fall</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constantine_III_(Western_Roman_emperor)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Fall"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Solidus_of_Constantius_III.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A gold coin showing the profile of a man with two strings of beads in his hair." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Solidus_of_Constantius_III.png/170px-Solidus_of_Constantius_III.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Solidus_of_Constantius_III.png/255px-Solidus_of_Constantius_III.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Solidus_of_Constantius_III.png/340px-Solidus_of_Constantius_III.png 2x" data-file-width="396" data-file-height="376" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Solidus_(coin)" title="Solidus (coin)">Solidus</a> of Constantius III</div></figcaption></figure> <p>In 411 Honorius appointed a new general, <a href="/wiki/Constantius_III" title="Constantius III">Constantius</a>, who took the Army of Italy over the Alps into Gaul in another attempt to suppress Constantine.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeather2005237_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeather2005237-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Constantius arrived at Arles while Gerontius was outside the city. Many of Gerontius's troops deserted to Constantius and Gerontius retreated to Hispania with the remainder. There, in a hopeless position, Gerontius committed suicide.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrinkwater1998285_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrinkwater1998285-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Constantius's army took over the siege. Meanwhile, Edobichus raised troops in northern Gaul among the Franks and Alamanni,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBury1889143_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBury1889143-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeather2005237_64-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeather2005237-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> combined them with those of the Army of Gaul still loyal to Constantine and marched to Constantine's assistance. Constantius defeated this force in an ambush.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBury1889144_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBury1889144-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Constantine, his hopes fading after the troops guarding the Rhine abandoned him to support yet another claimant to the imperial throne, the <a href="/wiki/Gallo-Roman_culture" title="Gallo-Roman culture">Gallo-Roman</a> <a href="/wiki/Jovinus" title="Jovinus">Jovinus</a>, surrendered to Constantius along with his surviving son Julian.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrinkwater1998287_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrinkwater1998287-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite a promise of safe passage, and Constantine's assumption of clerical office, Constantius imprisoned the former soldier and had him and Julian beheaded in either August or September 411.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesMartindaleMorris1992316_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesMartindaleMorris1992316-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His head was mounted on a pole and presented to Emperor Honorius on 18 September.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeather2005237_64-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeather2005237-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was later displayed outside <a href="/wiki/Carthage" title="Carthage">Carthage</a>, as was that of Julian.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeather2005254_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeather2005254-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constantine_III_(Western_Roman_emperor)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Constantius withdrew in the face of Jovinus's forces. The modern historian Peter Heather describes the Roman Army of Gaul as emerging from Constantine's wars "in tatters". In 413 a <a href="/wiki/Visigoth" class="mw-redirect" title="Visigoth">Visigoth</a> army under <a href="/wiki/Athaulf" title="Athaulf">Athaulf</a>, who was now allied with Honorius, suppressed Jovinus's revolt.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeather2008247,_513_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeather2008247,_513-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Constantius took over Stilicho's role as the main power in the Western Empire and <a href="/wiki/Generalissimo" title="Generalissimo">generalissimo</a>. He was broadly able to recover the situation for the central authorities and to enable reconstruction. Gaul was pacified, the rebellion in Armorica was quashed and the area brought back under Roman control, the barbarians in Hispania were in large part subdued and the Visigoths were settled on land in Aquitaine as Roman allies. Roman rule never returned to Britain after Constantine stripped its defences. In 417 Constantius married Honorius's sister, <a href="/wiki/Galla_Placidia" title="Galla Placidia">Galla Placidia</a>. On 8 February 421, Honorius made Constantius co-emperor under himself. Constantius reigned only seven months, dying on 2 September. Honorius then ruled alone until his death in 423, whereupon Constantius's son, <a href="/wiki/Valentinian_III" title="Valentinian III">Valentinian III</a>, assumed the throne.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeather2005236,_241–242,_245,_251–257_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeather2005236,_241–242,_245,_251–257-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson1977311_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson1977311-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legend">Legend</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constantine_III_(Western_Roman_emperor)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Legend"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Constantine III is also known as Constantine II of Britain. He has been associated with the <a href="/wiki/Constantine_(Briton)" title="Constantine (Briton)">Constantine</a> found in <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_of_Monmouth" title="Geoffrey of Monmouth">Geoffrey of Monmouth</a>'s popular and imaginative <i><a href="/wiki/Historia_Regum_Britanniae" title="Historia Regum Britanniae">Historia Regum Britanniae</a></i>, who comes to power following <a href="/wiki/Gracianus_Municeps" title="Gracianus Municeps">Gracianus Municeps</a>'s reign. Geoffrey's Constantine, through his son <a href="/wiki/Uther_Pendragon" title="Uther Pendragon">Uther Pendragon</a>, becomes the grandfather of the legendary <a href="/wiki/King_Arthur" title="King Arthur">King Arthur</a>. Other sources explicitly state that Constantine III is the grandfather of Arthur.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurley199434_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurley199434-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshe199698–99_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshe199698–99-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes,_citations_and_sources"><span id="Notes.2C_citations_and_sources"></span>Notes, citations and sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constantine_III_(Western_Roman_emperor)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Notes, citations and sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constantine_III_(Western_Roman_emperor)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The ancient historian <a href="/wiki/Zosimus_(historian)" title="Zosimus (historian)">Zosimus</a> gave the army's main features as "insolence and irascibility".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWijnendaele2018262_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWijnendaele2018262-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">It may have been a transfer of troops from the Rhine frontier, which had long been quiet, to the Channel to guard against a possible invasion by Marcus or Gratian that permitted the invaders to successfully enter the empire.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrinkwater1998271_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrinkwater1998271-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">After Constantine's death, Heros was deposed and exiled, and was replaced by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Patroclus_of_Arles&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Patroclus of Arles (page does not exist)">Patroclus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHunt2008250_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHunt2008250-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeinzelmann1992244_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeinzelmann1992244-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Constantius had Olympius clubbed to death in late 410 or early 411.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeather2005237_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeather2005237-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In 414 the heads of Jovinus and his son were also to be seen at Carthage.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeather2005254_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeather2005254-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constantine_III_(Western_Roman_emperor)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchell200789-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitchell200789_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMitchell2007">Mitchell 2007</a>, p. 89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchell200791-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitchell200791_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMitchell2007">Mitchell 2007</a>, p. 91.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESnyder200362-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESnyder200362_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSnyder2003">Snyder 2003</a>, p. 62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrere1987355-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrere1987355_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrere1987">Frere 1987</a>, p. 355.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesMattingly1990307-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesMattingly1990307_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesMattingly1990307_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJonesMattingly1990">Jones & Mattingly 1990</a>, p. 307.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1975141–144-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1975141–144_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiller1975">Miller 1975</a>, pp. 141–144.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMattingly2006238-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMattingly2006238_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMattingly2006">Mattingly 2006</a>, p. 238.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollway2022175-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHollway2022175_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHollway2022">Hollway 2022</a>, p. 175.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESnyder200362–63-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESnyder200362–63_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSnyder2003">Snyder 2003</a>, pp. 62–63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESnyder199818-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESnyder199818_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESnyder199818_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSnyder1998">Snyder 1998</a>, p. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrere1987357-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrere1987357_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrere1987">Frere 1987</a>, p. 357.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWijnendaele2018261-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWijnendaele2018261_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWijnendaele2018">Wijnendaele 2018</a>, p. 261.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeather2005198–199,_205–206-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeather2005198–199,_205–206_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeather2005">Heather 2005</a>, pp. 198–199, 205–206.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesMartindaleMorris1992316–317-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesMartindaleMorris1992316–317_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJonesMartindaleMorris1992">Jones, Martindale & Morris 1992</a>, pp. 316–317.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWijnendaele2018262-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWijnendaele2018262_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWijnendaele2018">Wijnendaele 2018</a>, p. 262.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurns1994212–213-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurns1994212–213_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurns1994">Burns 1994</a>, pp. 212–213.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrinkwater1998275-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrinkwater1998275_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDrinkwater1998">Drinkwater 1998</a>, p. 275.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrinkwater1998271-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrinkwater1998271_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrinkwater1998271_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDrinkwater1998">Drinkwater 1998</a>, p. 271.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_la_Bédoyère2001100-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_la_Bédoyère2001100_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_la_Bédoyère2001100_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFde_la_Bédoyère2001">de la Bédoyère 2001</a>, p. 100.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeather2005209-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeather2005209_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeather2005">Heather 2005</a>, p. 209.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBury1889138-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBury1889138_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBury1889">Bury 1889</a>, p. 138.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeather2005221-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeather2005221_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeather2005221_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeather2005">Heather 2005</a>, p. 221.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesMartindaleMorris1992316-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesMartindaleMorris1992316_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesMartindaleMorris1992316_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJonesMartindaleMorris1992">Jones, Martindale & Morris 1992</a>, p. 316.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESnyder199819-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESnyder199819_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSnyder1998">Snyder 1998</a>, p. 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKulikowski2000328,_332–334-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKulikowski2000328,_332–334_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKulikowski2000">Kulikowski 2000</a>, pp. 328, 332–334.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESanz-Huesma2005315-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanz-Huesma2005315_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSanz-Huesma2005">Sanz-Huesma 2005</a>, p. 315.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKent201851-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKent201851_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKent2018">Kent 2018</a>, p. 51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWijnendaele2018261–262-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWijnendaele2018261–262_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWijnendaele2018">Wijnendaele 2018</a>, pp. 261–262.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeather2005210-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeather2005210_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeather2005210_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeather2005">Heather 2005</a>, p. 210.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEElton1999-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElton1999_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElton1999_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFElton1999">Elton 1999</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeather2008529-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeather2008529_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeather2008">Heather 2008</a>, p. 529.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_la_Bédoyère2001100,_104-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_la_Bédoyère2001100,_104_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFde_la_Bédoyère2001">de la Bédoyère 2001</a>, pp. 100, 104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrinkwater1998277-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrinkwater1998277_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDrinkwater1998">Drinkwater 1998</a>, p. 277.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrinkwater1998280-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a 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href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeather2005219–221_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeather2005">Heather 2005</a>, pp. 219–221.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeather2005220–221-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeather2005220–221_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeather2005220–221_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeather2005">Heather 2005</a>, pp. 220–221.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBirley2005460-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBirley2005460_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBirley2005460_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBirley2005">Birley 2005</a>, p. 460.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWijnendaele2018263-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a 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href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrinkwater1998279_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrinkwater1998279_45-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrinkwater1998279_45-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDrinkwater1998">Drinkwater 1998</a>, p. 279.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBirley2005458–459-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBirley2005458–459_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBirley2005">Birley 2005</a>, pp. 458–459.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBury1889140-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBury1889140_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBury1889140_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBury1889">Bury 1889</a>, p. 140.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesMartindaleMorris1992113-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesMartindaleMorris1992113_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJonesMartindaleMorris1992">Jones, Martindale & Morris 1992</a>, p. 113.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHunt2008250-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHunt2008250_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHunt2008">Hunt 2008</a>, p. 250.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeinzelmann1992244-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeinzelmann1992244_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeinzelmann1992244_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeinzelmann1992">Heinzelmann 1992</a>, p. 244.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrinkwater1998272-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrinkwater1998272_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDrinkwater1998">Drinkwater 1998</a>, p. 272.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBirley2005459-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBirley2005459_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBirley2005459_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBirley2005">Birley 2005</a>, p. 459.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKulikowski2000333-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKulikowski2000333_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKulikowski2000">Kulikowski 2000</a>, p. 333.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKulikowski2000333,_336-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKulikowski2000333,_336_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKulikowski2000">Kulikowski 2000</a>, pp. 333, 336.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWijnendaele2018263,_266-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWijnendaele2018263,_266_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWijnendaele2018">Wijnendaele 2018</a>, pp. 263, 266.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeather2005221–222-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeather2005221–222_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeather2005">Heather 2005</a>, pp. 221–222.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchell200793-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitchell200793_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMitchell2007">Mitchell 2007</a>, p. 93.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeather2005222–223-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeather2005222–223_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeather2005">Heather 2005</a>, pp. 222–223.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeather2005197,_223–225-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeather2005197,_223–225_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeather2005">Heather 2005</a>, pp. 197, 223–225.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKulikowski2000335–337-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKulikowski2000335–337_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKulikowski2000">Kulikowski 2000</a>, pp. 335–337.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeather2005225-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeather2005225_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeather2005">Heather 2005</a>, p. 225.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWard-Perkins200644-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWard-Perkins200644_63-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWard-Perkins200644_63-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWard-Perkins2006">Ward-Perkins 2006</a>, p. 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeather2005237-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeather2005237_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeather2005237_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeather2005237_64-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeather2005237_64-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeather2005">Heather 2005</a>, p. 237.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeather2005223–225-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeather2005223–225_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeather2005">Heather 2005</a>, pp. 223–225.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrinkwater1998281-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrinkwater1998281_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDrinkwater1998">Drinkwater 1998</a>, p. 281.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKulikowski2000337-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKulikowski2000337_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKulikowski2000">Kulikowski 2000</a>, p. 337.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKulikowski2000337–339-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKulikowski2000337–339_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKulikowski2000">Kulikowski 2000</a>, pp. 337–339.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrinkwater1998283-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrinkwater1998283_70-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrinkwater1998283_70-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDrinkwater1998">Drinkwater 1998</a>, p. 283.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBury1889143-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBury1889143_71-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBury1889143_71-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBury1889">Bury 1889</a>, p. 143.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson1977306,_315-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson1977306,_315_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThompson1977">Thompson 1977</a>, pp. 306, 315.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson1977306–309-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson1977306–309_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThompson1977">Thompson 1977</a>, pp. 306–309.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHigham199271–72-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHigham199271–72_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHigham1992">Higham 1992</a>, pp. 71–72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson1977310-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson1977310_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThompson1977">Thompson 1977</a>, p. 310.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKulikowski200039-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKulikowski200039_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKulikowski2000">Kulikowski 2000</a>, p. 39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurns1994244-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurns1994244_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurns1994">Burns 1994</a>, p. 244.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKulikowski2000339-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKulikowski2000339_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKulikowski2000">Kulikowski 2000</a>, p. 339.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKulikowski2000339–340-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKulikowski2000339–340_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKulikowski2000">Kulikowski 2000</a>, pp. 339–340.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrinkwater1998285-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrinkwater1998285_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDrinkwater1998">Drinkwater 1998</a>, p. 285.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBury1889144-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBury1889144_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBury1889">Bury 1889</a>, p. 144.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrinkwater1998287-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrinkwater1998287_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDrinkwater1998">Drinkwater 1998</a>, p. 287.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeather2005254-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeather2005254_83-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeather2005254_83-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeather2005">Heather 2005</a>, p. 254.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeather2008247,_513-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeather2008247,_513_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeather2008">Heather 2008</a>, pp. 247, 513.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeather2005236,_241–242,_245,_251–257-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeather2005236,_241–242,_245,_251–257_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeather2005">Heather 2005</a>, pp. 236, 241–242, 245, 251–257.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson1977311-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson1977311_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThompson1977">Thompson 1977</a>, p. 311.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECurley199434-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurley199434_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCurley1994">Curley 1994</a>, p. 34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshe199698–99-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshe199698–99_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAshe1996">Ashe 1996</a>, pp. 98–99.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constantine_III_(Western_Roman_emperor)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px 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.cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAshe1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Ashe" title="Geoffrey Ashe">Ashe, Geoffrey</a> (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hf6zAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA98">"Constantine (1)"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Norris_J._Lacy" title="Norris J. Lacy">Lacy, Norris J.</a> (ed.). <i>The New Arthurian Encyclopedia</i>. New York: Garland. p. 98. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5686-5432-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5686-5432-4"><bdi>978-1-5686-5432-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Stroud: Tempus. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7524-1923-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7524-1923-7"><bdi>978-0-7524-1923-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eagles+Over+Britannia%3A+The+Roman+Army+in+Britain&rft.place=Stroud&rft.pub=Tempus&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-7524-1923-7&rft.aulast=de+la+B%C3%A9doy%C3%A8re&rft.aufirst=Guy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstantine+III+%28Western+Roman+emperor%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBirley2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Birley" title="Anthony Birley">Birley, Anthony</a> (2005). <i>The Roman Government in Britain</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-1992-5237-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-1992-5237-4"><bdi>978-0-1992-5237-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Roman+Government+in+Britain&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-1992-5237-4&rft.aulast=Birley&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstantine+III+%28Western+Roman+emperor%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurns1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_S._Burns" title="Thomas S. Burns">Burns, T. S.</a> (1994). <i>Barbarians Within the Gates of Rome: A Study of Roman Military Policy and the Barbarians, ca. 375–425</i>. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-2533-1288-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-2533-1288-4"><bdi>978-0-2533-1288-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Barbarians+Within+the+Gates+of+Rome%3A+A+Study+of+Roman+Military+Policy+and+the+Barbarians%2C+ca.+375%E2%80%93425&rft.place=Bloomington&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-2533-1288-4&rft.aulast=Burns&rft.aufirst=T.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstantine+III+%28Western+Roman+emperor%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBury1889" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._B._Bury" title="J. B. Bury">Bury, J. 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New York: Twayne. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8057-7055-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8057-7055-1"><bdi>978-0-8057-7055-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geoffrey+of+Monmouth&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Twayne&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-8057-7055-1&rft.aulast=Curley&rft.aufirst=Michael+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstantine+III+%28Western+Roman+emperor%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrinkwater1998" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_F._Drinkwater" title="John F. Drinkwater">Drinkwater, J. 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Cambridge: Blackwell Publishers (published 2007). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-8421-7067-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-8421-7067-0"><bdi>978-1-8421-7067-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Atlas+of+Roman+Britain&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishers&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-1-8421-7067-0&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Barri&rft.au=Mattingly%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstantine+III+%28Western+Roman+emperor%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKent2018" class="citation book cs1">Kent, John (2018) [1994]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uHPKDwAAQBAJ"><i>Roman Imperial Coinage. Volume X</i></a>. Spink Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-912667-37-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-912667-37-6"><bdi>978-1-912667-37-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roman+Imperial+Coinage.+Volume+X&rft.pub=Spink+Books&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-912667-37-6&rft.aulast=Kent&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuHPKDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstantine+III+%28Western+Roman+emperor%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKulikowski2000" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Kulikowski" title="Michael Kulikowski">Kulikowski, Michael</a> (2000). "Barbarians in Gaul, Usurpers in Britain". <i>Britannia</i>. <b>31</b>: 325–334. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F526925">10.2307/526925</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/526925">526925</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162663612">162663612</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Britannia&rft.atitle=Barbarians+in+Gaul%2C+Usurpers+in+Britain&rft.volume=31&rft.pages=325-334&rft.date=2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162663612%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F526925%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F526925&rft.aulast=Kulikowski&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstantine+III+%28Western+Roman+emperor%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMattingly2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Mattingly_(archaeologist)" title="David Mattingly (archaeologist)">Mattingly, David</a> (2006). <i>An Imperial Possession: Britain in the Roman Empire</i>. London: Penguin Books (published 2007). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-1401-4822-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-1401-4822-0"><bdi>978-0-1401-4822-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Imperial+Possession%3A+Britain+in+the+Roman+Empire&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-1401-4822-0&rft.aulast=Mattingly&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstantine+III+%28Western+Roman+emperor%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller1975" class="citation journal cs1">Miller, M. (1975). "Stilicho's Pictish War". <i>Britannia</i>. <b>6</b>: 141–144. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F525995">10.2307/525995</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/525995">525995</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154735147">154735147</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Britannia&rft.atitle=Stilicho%27s+Pictish+War&rft.volume=6&rft.pages=141-144&rft.date=1975&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154735147%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F525995%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F525995&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstantine+III+%28Western+Roman+emperor%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitchell2007" class="citation book cs1">Mitchell, Stephen (2007). <i>A History of the Later Roman Empire</i>. Malden: Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-0856-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-0856-0"><bdi>978-1-4051-0856-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Later+Roman+Empire&rft.place=Malden&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-0856-0&rft.aulast=Mitchell&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstantine+III+%28Western+Roman+emperor%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanz-Huesma2005" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sanz-Huesma, Francisco (2005). "Usurpaciones en Britania (406–407): hipótesis sobre sus causas y protagonistas [Usurpations in Britain (406–407): Hypotheses Regarding Their Causes and Protagonists]". <i>Gerión</i> (in Spanish) (23): 315–324.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geri%C3%B3n&rft.atitle=Usurpaciones+en+Britania+%28406%E2%80%93407%29%3A+hip%C3%B3tesis+sobre+sus+causas+y+protagonistas+%5BUsurpations+in+Britain+%28406%E2%80%93407%29%3A+Hypotheses+Regarding+Their+Causes+and+Protagonists%5D&rft.issue=23&rft.pages=315-324&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Sanz-Huesma&rft.aufirst=Francisco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstantine+III+%28Western+Roman+emperor%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSnyder1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Snyder_(historian)" title="Christopher Snyder (historian)">Snyder, Christopher A.</a> (1998). <i>An Age of Tyrants: Britain and the Britons A.D. 400–600</i>. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-2710-1780-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-2710-1780-8"><bdi>978-0-2710-1780-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Age+of+Tyrants%3A+Britain+and+the+Britons+A.D.+400%E2%80%93600&rft.place=University+Park&rft.pub=Pennsylvania+State+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-2710-1780-8&rft.aulast=Snyder&rft.aufirst=Christopher+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstantine+III+%28Western+Roman+emperor%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSnyder2003" class="citation book cs1">Snyder, Christopher A. (2003). <i>The Britons</i>. Malden: Blackwell Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-6312-2260-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-6312-2260-6"><bdi>978-0-6312-2260-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Britons&rft.place=Malden&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-6312-2260-6&rft.aulast=Snyder&rft.aufirst=Christopher+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstantine+III+%28Western+Roman+emperor%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson1977" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/E._A._Thompson" title="E. A. Thompson">Thompson, E. A.</a> (1977). "Britain, A.D. 406–410". <i>Britannia</i>. <b>8</b>: 303–318. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F525904">10.2307/525904</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0068-113X">0068-113X</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/525904">525904</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161802945">161802945</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Britannia&rft.atitle=Britain%2C+A.D.+406%E2%80%93410&rft.volume=8&rft.pages=303-318&rft.date=1977&rft.issn=0068-113X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161802945%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F525904%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F525904&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=E.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstantine+III+%28Western+Roman+emperor%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWard-Perkins2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bryan_Ward-Perkins" title="Bryan Ward-Perkins">Ward-Perkins, Bryan</a> (2006). <i>The Fall of Rome and the End of Civilisation</i>. 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Alaric, Constantine III, and the Downfall of Stilicho"</a>. <i>Journal of Ancient History</i>. <b>6</b> (2): 260–277. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fjah-2018-0012">10.1515/jah-2018-0012</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/7938682414">7938682414</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:165726112">165726112</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Ancient+History&rft.atitle=%22Dagli+altari+alla+polvere.%22+Alaric%2C+Constantine+III%2C+and+the+Downfall+of+Stilicho&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=260-277&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F7938682414&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A165726112%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fjah-2018-0012&rft.aulast=Wijnendaele&rft.aufirst=Jeroen+W.+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1515%2Fjah-2018-0012&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstantine+III+%28Western+Roman+emperor%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;">Regnal titles </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Honorius_(emperor)" title="Honorius (emperor)">Honorius</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Western <a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_emperors" title="List of Roman emperors">Roman emperor</a> </b><br />407–411<br /><i>with Honorius</i> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Honorius</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Anicius_Auchenius_Bassus_(consul_408)" title="Anicius Auchenius Bassus (consul 408)">Anicius Auchenius Bassus</a><br />Flavius Philippus</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Roman_consul" title="Roman consul">Roman consul</a> </b><br />409<br /><i>with <a href="/wiki/Honorius_(emperor)" title="Honorius (emperor)">Honorius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_II" title="Theodosius II">Theodosius II</a></i> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Varanes_(consul_410)" title="Varanes (consul 410)">Varanes</a><br />Tertullus</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;">Legendary titles </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>Vacant</b><div style="font-size:90%"><a href="/wiki/End_of_Roman_rule_in_Britain" title="End of Roman rule in Britain">Turmoil</a></div><div style="font-size:90%">Title last held by</div><b><a href="/wiki/Gracianus_Municeps" title="Gracianus Municeps">Gracianus Municeps</a> </b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_legendary_kings_of_Britain" title="List of legendary kings of Britain">King of Britain</a> </b><br />407–411 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Constans_II_(son_of_Constantine_III)" title="Constans II (son of Constantine III)">Constans</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Roman_and_Byzantine_emperors_and_empresses_regnant" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Roman_emperors" title="Template:Roman emperors"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Roman_emperors" title="Template talk:Roman emperors"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Roman_emperors" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Roman emperors"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Roman_and_Byzantine_emperors_and_empresses_regnant" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_emperors" title="List of Roman emperors">Roman</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_emperors" title="List of Byzantine emperors">Byzantine emperors</a> and empresses regnant</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Principate" title="Principate">Principate</a><br />27 BC – AD 235</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caligula" title="Caligula">Caligula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudius" title="Claudius">Claudius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nero" title="Nero">Nero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galba" title="Galba">Galba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otho" title="Otho">Otho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitellius" title="Vitellius">Vitellius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vespasian" title="Vespasian">Vespasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titus" title="Titus">Titus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domitian" title="Domitian">Domitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nerva" title="Nerva">Nerva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoninus_Pius" title="Antoninus Pius">Antoninus Pius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Verus" title="Lucius Verus">Lucius Verus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commodus" title="Commodus">Commodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pertinax" title="Pertinax">Pertinax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Didius_Julianus" title="Didius Julianus">Didius Julianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus">Septimius Severus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla">Caracalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geta_(emperor)" title="Geta (emperor)">Geta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macrinus" title="Macrinus">Macrinus</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Diadumenian" title="Diadumenian">Diadumenian</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elagabalus" title="Elagabalus">Elagabalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severus_Alexander" title="Severus Alexander">Severus Alexander</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Crisis_of_the_Third_Century" title="Crisis of the Third Century">Crisis</a><br />235–285</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maximinus_Thrax" title="Maximinus Thrax">Maximinus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordian_I" title="Gordian I">Gordian I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordian_II" title="Gordian II">Gordian II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pupienus" title="Pupienus">Pupienus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balbinus" title="Balbinus">Balbinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordian_III" title="Gordian III">Gordian III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Arab" title="Philip the Arab">Philip I</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Philip_II_(Roman_emperor)" title="Philip II (Roman emperor)">Philip II</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decius" title="Decius">Decius</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Herennius_Etruscus" title="Herennius Etruscus">Herennius Etruscus</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trebonianus_Gallus" title="Trebonianus Gallus">Trebonianus Gallus</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Hostilian" title="Hostilian">Hostilian</a></i> & <i><a href="/wiki/Volusianus" title="Volusianus">Volusianus</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aemilianus" title="Aemilianus">Aemilianus</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Silbannacus" title="Silbannacus">Silbannacus</a></u> (?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerian_(emperor)" title="Valerian (emperor)">Valerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallienus" title="Gallienus">Gallienus</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Saloninus" title="Saloninus">Saloninus</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudius_Gothicus" title="Claudius Gothicus">Claudius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintillus" title="Quintillus">Quintillus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurelian" title="Aurelian">Aurelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacitus_(emperor)" title="Tacitus (emperor)">Tacitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florianus" title="Florianus">Florianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Probus_(emperor)" title="Probus (emperor)">Probus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carus" title="Carus">Carus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carinus" title="Carinus">Carinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numerian" title="Numerian">Numerian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dominate" title="Dominate">Dominate</a><br />284–610</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximian" title="Maximian">Maximian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galerius" title="Galerius">Galerius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantius_Chlorus" title="Constantius Chlorus">Constantius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severus_II" title="Severus II">Severus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine I</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Maxentius" title="Maxentius">Maxentius</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Licinius" title="Licinius">Licinius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximinus_Daza" title="Maximinus Daza">Maximinus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerius_Valens" title="Valerius Valens">Valerius Valens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martinian_(emperor)" title="Martinian (emperor)">Martinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_II_(emperor)" title="Constantine II (emperor)">Constantine II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantius_II" title="Constantius II">Constantius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constans" title="Constans">Constans I</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Magnentius" title="Magnentius">Magnentius</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Nepotianus" title="Nepotianus">Nepotianus</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Vetranio" title="Vetranio">Vetranio</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_(emperor)" title="Julian (emperor)">Julian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jovian_(emperor)" title="Jovian (emperor)">Jovian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentinian_I" title="Valentinian I">Valentinian I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valens" title="Valens">Valens</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Procopius_(usurper)" title="Procopius (usurper)">Procopius</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gratian" title="Gratian">Gratian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_I" title="Theodosius I">Theodosius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentinian_II" title="Valentinian II">Valentinian II</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Magnus_Maximus" title="Magnus Maximus">Magnus Maximus</a></u> (w. <i><u><a href="/wiki/Victor_(emperor)" title="Victor (emperor)">Victor</a></u></i>)</li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Eugenius" title="Eugenius">Eugenius</a></u></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Empire</a><br />395–480</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Honorius_(emperor)" title="Honorius (emperor)">Honorius</a></li> <li><u><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Constantine III</a></u> (w. <i><u><a href="/wiki/Constans_II_(son_of_Constantine_III)" title="Constans II (son of Constantine III)">Constans II</a></u></i>)</li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Priscus_Attalus" title="Priscus Attalus">Priscus Attalus</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantius_III" title="Constantius III">Constantius III</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Joannes" title="Joannes">Joannes</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentinian_III" title="Valentinian III">Valentinian III</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Petronius_Maximus" title="Petronius Maximus">Petronius Maximus</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Avitus" title="Avitus">Avitus</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majorian" title="Majorian">Majorian</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Libius_Severus" title="Libius Severus">Severus III</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthemius" title="Anthemius">Anthemius</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Olybrius" title="Olybrius">Olybrius</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Glycerius" title="Glycerius">Glycerius</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Nepos" title="Julius Nepos">Julius Nepos</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Romulus_Augustulus" title="Romulus Augustulus">Romulus Augustulus</a></u></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Eastern Empire</a><br />395–610</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arcadius" title="Arcadius">Arcadius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_II" title="Theodosius II">Theodosius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcian" title="Marcian">Marcian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_I_(emperor)" title="Leo I (emperor)">Leo I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_II_(emperor)" title="Leo II (emperor)">Leo II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeno_(emperor)" title="Zeno (emperor)">Zeno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basiliscus" title="Basiliscus">Basiliscus</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Marcus_(son_of_Basiliscus)" title="Marcus (son of Basiliscus)">Marcus</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anastasius_I_Dicorus" title="Anastasius I Dicorus">Anastasius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_I" title="Justin I">Justin I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_II" title="Justin II">Justin II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberius_II_Constantine" title="Tiberius II Constantine">Tiberius II Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_(emperor)" title="Maurice (emperor)">Maurice</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_(son_of_Maurice)" title="Theodosius (son of Maurice)">Theodosius</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phocas" title="Phocas">Phocas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Eastern/<br />Byzantine Empire</a><br />610–1453</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heraclius" title="Heraclius">Heraclius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclius_Constantine" title="Heraclius Constantine">Constantine III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclonas" title="Heraclonas">Heraclonas</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/David_(son_of_Heraclius)" title="David (son of Heraclius)">Tiberius</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constans_II" title="Constans II">Constans II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_IV" title="Constantine IV">Constantine IV</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Heraclius_(son_of_Constans_II)" title="Heraclius (son of Constans II)">Heraclius</a></i> & <i><a href="/wiki/Tiberius_(son_of_Constans_II)" title="Tiberius (son of Constans II)">Tiberius</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justinian_II" title="Justinian II">Justinian II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leontius" title="Leontius">Leontius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberius_III" title="Tiberius III">Tiberius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justinian_II" title="Justinian II">Justinian II</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Tiberius_(son_of_Justinian_II)" title="Tiberius (son of Justinian II)">Tiberius</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippicus" title="Philippicus">Philippicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anastasius_II_(emperor)" title="Anastasius II (emperor)">Anastasius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_III" title="Theodosius III">Theodosius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_III_the_Isaurian" title="Leo III the Isaurian">Leo III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_V" title="Constantine V">Constantine V</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Artabasdos" title="Artabasdos">Artabasdos</a></u> (w. <i><u><a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_(son_of_Artabasdos)" title="Nikephoros (son of Artabasdos)">Nikephoros</a></u></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_IV_the_Khazar" title="Leo IV the Khazar">Leo IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_VI" title="Constantine VI">Constantine VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irene_of_Athens" title="Irene of Athens">Irene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_I" title="Nikephoros I">Nikephoros I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staurakios" title="Staurakios">Staurakios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_I_Rangabe" title="Michael I Rangabe">Michael I Rangabe</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Theophylact_(son_of_Michael_I)" title="Theophylact (son of Michael I)">Theophylact</a></i> & <i><a href="/wiki/Staurakios_(son_of_Michael_I)" class="mw-redirect" title="Staurakios (son of Michael I)">Staurakios</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_V_the_Armenian" title="Leo V the Armenian">Leo V</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Constantine_(son_of_Leo_V)" title="Constantine (son of Leo V)">Constantine</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_II" title="Michael II">Michael II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophilos_(emperor)" title="Theophilos (emperor)">Theophilos</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Constantine_(son_of_Theophilos)" title="Constantine (son of Theophilos)">Constantine</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodora_(wife_of_Theophilos)" title="Theodora (wife of Theophilos)">Theodora (II)</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Thekla_(daughter_of_Theophilos)" title="Thekla (daughter of Theophilos)">Thekla</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_III" title="Michael III">Michael III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basil_I" title="Basil I">Basil I</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Constantine_(son_of_Basil_I)" title="Constantine (son of Basil I)">Constantine</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_VI_the_Wise" title="Leo VI the Wise">Leo VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_(Byzantine_emperor)" title="Alexander (Byzantine emperor)">Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_VII" title="Constantine VII">Constantine VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanos_I_Lekapenos" title="Romanos I Lekapenos">Romanos I Lekapenos</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Lekapenos" title="Christopher Lekapenos">Christopher</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Lekapenos" title="Stephen Lekapenos">Stephen</a></i> & <i><a href="/wiki/Constantine_Lekapenos" title="Constantine Lekapenos">Constantine Lekapenos</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanos_II" title="Romanos II">Romanos II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_II_Phokas" title="Nikephoros II Phokas">Nikephoros II Phokas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_I_Tzimiskes" title="John I Tzimiskes">John I Tzimiskes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basil_II" title="Basil II">Basil II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_VIII" title="Constantine VIII">Constantine VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoe_Porphyrogenita" title="Zoe Porphyrogenita">Zoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanos_III_Argyros" title="Romanos III Argyros">Romanos III Argyros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_IV_the_Paphlagonian" title="Michael IV the Paphlagonian">Michael IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_V_Kalaphates" title="Michael V Kalaphates">Michael V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_IX_Monomachos" title="Constantine IX Monomachos">Constantine IX Monomachos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodora_Porphyrogenita" title="Theodora Porphyrogenita">Theodora (III)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_VI_Bringas" title="Michael VI Bringas">Michael VI Bringas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_I_Komnenos" title="Isaac I Komnenos">Isaac I Komnenos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_X_Doukas" title="Constantine X Doukas">Constantine X Doukas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudokia_Makrembolitissa" title="Eudokia Makrembolitissa">Eudokia Makrembolitissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanos_IV_Diogenes" title="Romanos IV Diogenes">Romanos IV Diogenes</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Leo_Diogenes" title="Leo Diogenes">Leo</a></i> & <i><a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_Diogenes" title="Nikephoros Diogenes">Nikephoros</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_VII_Doukas" title="Michael VII Doukas">Michael VII Doukas</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_Doukas_(co-emperor)" title="Andronikos Doukas (co-emperor)">Andronikos</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Konstantios_Doukas" title="Konstantios Doukas">Konstantios</a></i> & <i><a href="/wiki/Constantine_Doukas_(co-emperor)" title="Constantine Doukas (co-emperor)">Constantine Doukas</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_III_Botaneiates" title="Nikephoros III Botaneiates">Nikephoros III Botaneiates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexios_I_Komnenos" title="Alexios I Komnenos">Alexios I Komnenos</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Constantine_Doukas_(co-emperor)" title="Constantine Doukas (co-emperor)">Constantine Doukas</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_II_Komnenos" title="John II Komnenos">John II Komnenos</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Alexios_Komnenos_(co-emperor)" title="Alexios Komnenos (co-emperor)">Alexios</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_I_Komnenos" title="Manuel I Komnenos">Manuel I Komnenos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexios_II_Komnenos" title="Alexios II Komnenos">Alexios II Komnenos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_I_Komnenos" title="Andronikos I Komnenos">Andronikos I Komnenos</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/John_Komnenos_(son_of_Andronikos_I)" title="John Komnenos (son of Andronikos I)">John</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_II_Angelos" title="Isaac II Angelos">Isaac II Angelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexios_III_Angelos" title="Alexios III Angelos">Alexios III Angelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexios_IV_Angelos" title="Alexios IV Angelos">Alexios IV Angelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexios_V_Doukas" title="Alexios V Doukas">Alexios V Doukas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_I_Laskaris" title="Theodore I Laskaris">Theodore I Laskaris</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Laskaris_(son_of_Theodore_I)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas Laskaris (son of Theodore I)">Nicholas</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_III_Vatatzes" class="mw-redirect" title="John III Vatatzes">John III Vatatzes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_II_Laskaris" title="Theodore II Laskaris">Theodore II Laskaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_IV_Laskaris" title="John IV Laskaris">John IV Laskaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_VIII_Palaiologos" title="Michael VIII Palaiologos">Michael VIII Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_II_Palaiologos" title="Andronikos II Palaiologos">Andronikos II Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_IX_Palaiologos" title="Michael IX Palaiologos">Michael IX Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_III_Palaiologos" title="Andronikos III Palaiologos">Andronikos III Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_V_Palaiologos" title="John V Palaiologos">John V Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_VI_Kantakouzenos" title="John VI Kantakouzenos">John VI Kantakouzenos</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Kantakouzenos" title="Matthew Kantakouzenos">Matthew</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_IV_Palaiologos" title="Andronikos IV Palaiologos">Andronikos IV Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_VII_Palaiologos" title="John VII Palaiologos">John VII Palaiologos</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_V_Palaiologos" title="Andronikos V Palaiologos">Andronikos V</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_II_Palaiologos" title="Manuel II Palaiologos">Manuel II Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_VIII_Palaiologos" title="John VIII Palaiologos">John VIII Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_XI_Palaiologos" title="Constantine XI Palaiologos">Constantine XI Palaiologos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gallic_Empire" title="Gallic Empire">Gallic emperors</a> (260–274)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Palmyrene_monarchs" title="List of Palmyrene monarchs">Palmyrene emperors</a> (267–273)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carausian_revolt" title="Carausian revolt">Britannic emperors</a> (286–296)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Trapezuntine_emperors" title="List of Trapezuntine emperors">Trapezuntine emperors</a> (1204–1461)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Thessalonica" title="Empire of Thessalonica">Thessalonian emperors</a> (1224–1242)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_empresses" title="List of Roman and Byzantine empresses">Empresses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Augustae" title="List of Augustae">Augustae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_usurper" title="Roman usurper">Usurpers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_usurpers" title="List of Roman usurpers">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_usurpers" title="List of Byzantine usurpers">Eastern</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Italics indicates a junior co-emperor, underlining indicates an emperor variously regarded as either legitimate or a usurper</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Geoffrey_of_Monmouth" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Geoffrey_of_Monmouth" title="Template:Geoffrey of Monmouth"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Geoffrey_of_Monmouth" title="Template talk:Geoffrey of Monmouth"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Geoffrey_of_Monmouth" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Geoffrey of Monmouth"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Geoffrey_of_Monmouth" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_of_Monmouth" title="Geoffrey of Monmouth">Geoffrey of Monmouth</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Works_by_Geoffrey_of_Monmouth" title="Category:Works by Geoffrey of Monmouth">Works</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Prophetiae_Merlini" title="Prophetiae Merlini">Prophetiae Merlini</a></i> (c. 1135)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Historia_Regum_Britanniae" title="Historia Regum Britanniae">Historia Regum Britanniae</a></i> (c. 1136)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vita_Merlini" title="Vita Merlini">Vita Merlini</a></i> (c. 1150)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Translations_of_Geoffrey_of_Monmouth" title="Category:Translations of Geoffrey of Monmouth">Translations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Roman_de_Brut" title="Roman de Brut">Roman de Brut</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Layamon%27s_Brut" title="Layamon's Brut">Layamon's <i>Brut</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brut_y_Brenhinedd" title="Brut y Brenhinedd">Brut y Brenhinedd</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Breta_s%C3%B6gur" title="Breta sögur">Breta sögur</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Merl%C3%ADn%C3%BAssp%C3%A1" title="Merlínússpá">Merlínússpá</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Characters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeneas" title="Aeneas">Aeneas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Alban" title="Saint Alban">Saint Alban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanactus" title="Albanactus">Albanactus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alhfrith_of_Deira" class="mw-redirect" title="Alhfrith of Deira">Alhfrith of Deira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allectus" title="Allectus">Allectus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrosius_Aurelianus" title="Ambrosius Aurelianus">Ambrosius Aurelianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphibalus" title="Amphibalus">Amphibalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andragius" title="Andragius">Andragius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archgallo" title="Archgallo">Archgallo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archmail" title="Archmail">Archmail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Arthur" title="King Arthur">King Arthur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arvirargus" title="Arvirargus">Arvirargus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascanius" title="Ascanius">Ascanius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Canterbury" title="Augustine of Canterbury">Augustine of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurelius_Conanus" title="Aurelius Conanus">Aurelius Conanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedivere" title="Bedivere">Bedivere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beldgabred" title="Beldgabred">Beldgabred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beli_Mawr" title="Beli Mawr">Beli Mawr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belinus" title="Belinus">Belinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bladud" title="Bladud">Bladud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bledric_ap_Custennin" title="Bledric ap Custennin">Bledric ap Custennin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bledudo" title="Bledudo">Bledudo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brennius" title="Brennius">Brennius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brutus_Greenshield" title="Brutus Greenshield">Brutus Greenshield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brutus_of_Troy" title="Brutus of Troy">Brutus of Troy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budic_II_of_Brittany" title="Budic II of Brittany">Budic II of Brittany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadfan_ap_Iago" title="Cadfan ap Iago">Cadfan ap Iago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadoc" title="Cadoc">Cadoc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cador" title="Cador">Cador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadwaladr" title="Cadwaladr">Cadwaladr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadwallon_ap_Cadfan" title="Cadwallon ap Cadfan">Cadwallon ap Cadfan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camber_(legendary_king)" class="mw-redirect" title="Camber (legendary king)">Camber (legendary king)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cap_of_Britain" title="Cap of Britain">Cap of Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capetus_Silvius" title="Capetus Silvius">Capetus Silvius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capoir" title="Capoir">Capoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla">Caracalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caradocus" title="Caradocus">Caradocus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carausius" title="Carausius">Carausius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassivellaunus" title="Cassivellaunus">Cassivellaunus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catellus" title="Catellus">Catellus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catigern" title="Catigern">Catigern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherin" title="Cherin">Cherin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudius" title="Claudius">Claudius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cledaucus" title="Cledaucus">Cledaucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clotenus" title="Clotenus">Clotenus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coel_Hen" title="Coel Hen">Coel Hen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coilus" title="Coilus">Coilus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conan_Meriadoc" title="Conan Meriadoc">Conan Meriadoc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constans_II_(son_of_Constantine_III)" title="Constans II (son of Constantine III)">Constans II (son of Constantine III)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_III_(Western_Roman_Emperor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine III (Western Roman Emperor)">Constantine III (Western Roman Emperor)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_(Briton)" title="Constantine (Briton)">Constantine (Briton)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantius_Chlorus" title="Constantius Chlorus">Constantius Chlorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cordelia_of_Britain" title="Cordelia of Britain">Cordelia of Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corineus" title="Corineus">Corineus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cunedagius" title="Cunedagius">Cunedagius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cunobeline" title="Cunobeline">Cunobeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danius" title="Danius">Danius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_David" title="Saint David">Saint David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digueillus" title="Digueillus">Digueillus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionotus" title="Dionotus">Dionotus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunvallo_Molmutius" class="mw-redirect" title="Dunvallo Molmutius">Dunvallo Molmutius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebraucus" title="Ebraucus">Ebraucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edadus" title="Edadus">Edadus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edern_ap_Nudd" title="Edern ap Nudd">Edern ap Nudd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_of_Northumbria" title="Edwin of Northumbria">Edwin of Northumbria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eldol" title="Eldol">Eldol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eldol,_Consul_of_Gloucester" title="Eldol, Consul of Gloucester">Eldol, Consul of Gloucester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elidurus" title="Elidurus">Elidurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliud" title="Eliud">Eliud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enniaunus" title="Enniaunus">Enniaunus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estrildis" title="Estrildis">Estrildis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudaf_Hen" title="Eudaf Hen">Eudaf Hen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferrex" title="Ferrex">Ferrex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulgenius" title="Fulgenius">Fulgenius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gawain" title="Gawain">Gawain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerennus" title="Gerennus">Gerennus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goffar_the_Pict" title="Goffar the Pict">Goffar the Pict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gogmagog_(folklore)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gogmagog (folklore)">Gogmagog (folklore)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goneril" title="Goneril">Goneril</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorboduc" title="Gorboduc">Gorboduc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorbonianus" title="Gorbonianus">Gorbonianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorlois" title="Gorlois">Gorlois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gracianus_Municeps" title="Gracianus Municeps">Gracianus Municeps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guiderius" title="Guiderius">Guiderius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinevere" title="Guinevere">Guinevere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guithelin" title="Guithelin">Guithelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurgintius" title="Gurgintius">Gurgintius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurguit_Barbtruc" title="Gurguit Barbtruc">Gurguit Barbtruc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurgustius" title="Gurgustius">Gurgustius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwenddoleu_ap_Ceidio" title="Gwenddoleu ap Ceidio">Gwenddoleu ap Ceidio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwenddydd" title="Gwenddydd">Gwenddydd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Gwendolen" title="Queen Gwendolen">Queen Gwendolen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helena_(empress)" class="mw-redirect" title="Helena (empress)">Helena (empress)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helenus" class="mw-redirect" title="Helenus">Helenus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hengist_and_Horsa" title="Hengist and Horsa">Hengist and Horsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoel" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoel">Hoel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humber_the_Hun" title="Humber the Hun">Humber the Hun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iago_ap_Beli" title="Iago ap Beli">Iago ap Beli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idvallo" title="Idvallo">Idvallo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igraine" title="Igraine">Igraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingenius_of_Britain" title="Ingenius of Britain">Ingenius of Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innogen" title="Innogen">Innogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jago_of_Britain" title="Jago of Britain">Jago of Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_and_Aaron" title="Julius and Aaron">Julius and Aaron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Asclepiodotus" title="Julius Asclepiodotus">Julius Asclepiodotus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Kay" title="Sir Kay">Sir Kay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keredic" title="Keredic">Keredic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimarcus" title="Kimarcus">Kimarcus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinarius" title="Kinarius">Kinarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latinus" title="Latinus">Latinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavinia" title="Lavinia">Lavinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leil" title="Leil">Leil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leir_of_Britain" title="Leir of Britain">Leir of Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locrinus" title="Locrinus">Locrinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Lot" title="King Lot">King Lot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_of_Britain" title="Lucius of Britain">Lucius of Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Tiberius" title="Lucius Tiberius">Lucius Tiberius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lud_son_of_Heli" class="mw-redirect" title="Lud son of Heli">Lud son of Heli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maddan" title="Maddan">Maddan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maelgwn_Gwynedd" title="Maelgwn Gwynedd">Maelgwn Gwynedd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnus_Maximus" title="Magnus Maximus">Magnus Maximus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandubracius" title="Mandubracius">Mandubracius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Marcia" title="Queen Marcia">Queen Marcia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marganus" title="Marganus">Marganus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marganus_II" title="Marganus II">Marganus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marius_of_Britain" title="Marius of Britain">Marius of Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mempricius" title="Mempricius">Mempricius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merianus" title="Merianus">Merianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merlin" title="Merlin">Merlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millus" title="Millus">Millus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mordred" title="Mordred">Mordred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morgause" title="Morgause">Morgause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morvidus" title="Morvidus">Morvidus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrddin_Wyllt" title="Myrddin Wyllt">Myrddin Wyllt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nennius_of_Britain" title="Nennius of Britain">Nennius of Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octa_of_Kent" title="Octa of Kent">Octa of Kent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oenus" title="Oenus">Oenus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_of_Northumbria" title="Oswald of Northumbria">Oswald of Northumbria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswiu_of_Northumbria" class="mw-redirect" title="Oswiu of Northumbria">Oswiu of Northumbria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owain_mab_Urien" title="Owain mab Urien">Owain mab Urien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandrasus" title="Pandrasus">Pandrasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penda_of_Mercia" title="Penda of Mercia">Penda of Mercia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peredur" title="Peredur">Peredur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peredurus" title="Peredurus">Peredurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pir_of_the_Britons" title="Pir of the Britons">Pir of the Britons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porrex_I" title="Porrex I">Porrex I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porrex_II" title="Porrex II">Porrex II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Publius_Septimius_Geta" class="mw-redirect" title="Publius Septimius Geta">Publius Septimius Geta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Laberius_Durus" title="Quintus Laberius Durus">Quintus Laberius Durus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redechius" title="Redechius">Redechius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redon_of_Britain" title="Redon of Britain">Redon of Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regan_(King_Lear)" title="Regan (King Lear)">Regan (King Lear)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhydderch_Hael" title="Rhydderch Hael">Rhydderch Hael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rience" class="mw-redirect" title="Rience">Rience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rivallo" title="Rivallo">Rivallo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rud_Hud_Hudibras" title="Rud Hud Hudibras">Rud Hud Hudibras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runo_(legendary_king)" class="mw-redirect" title="Runo (legendary king)">Runo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawyl_Penuchel" title="Sawyl Penuchel">Sawyl Penuchel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus">Septimius Severus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silvius_(mythology)" title="Silvius (mythology)">Silvius (mythology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisillius_I" title="Sisillius I">Sisillius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisillius_II" title="Sisillius II">Sisillius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisillius_III" title="Sisillius III">Sisillius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_of_Gorbonianus" title="Son of Gorbonianus">Son of Gorbonianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taliesin" title="Taliesin">Taliesin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasciovanus" title="Tasciovanus">Tasciovanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trahern" title="Trahern">Trahern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turnus" title="Turnus">Turnus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urianus" title="Urianus">Urianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uther_Pendragon" title="Uther Pendragon">Uther Pendragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venissa" title="Venissa">Venissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vespasian" title="Vespasian">Vespasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vortigern" title="Vortigern">Vortigern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vortimer" title="Vortimer">Vortimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vortiporius" title="Vortiporius">Vortiporius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wulfhere_of_Mercia" title="Wulfhere of Mercia">Wulfhere of Mercia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ywain" title="Ywain">Ywain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelberht_of_Kent" title="Æthelberht of Kent">Æthelberht of Kent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelfrith_of_Northumbria" class="mw-redirect" title="Æthelfrith of Northumbria">Æthelfrith of Northumbria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%92thelwald_of_Deira" title="Œthelwald of Deira">Œthelwald of Deira</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avalon" title="Avalon">Avalon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arfderydd" title="Battle of Arfderydd">Battle of Arfderydd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Badon" title="Battle of Badon">Battle of Badon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Camlann" title="Battle of Camlann">Battle of Camlann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guoloph" title="Battle of Guoloph">Battle of Guoloph</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brut_y_Tywysogion" title="Brut y Tywysogion">Brut y Tywysogion</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excalibur" title="Excalibur">Excalibur</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gesta_Regum_Britanniae" title="Gesta Regum Britanniae">Gesta Regum Britanniae</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lailoken" title="Lailoken">Lailoken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_legendary_kings_of_Britain" title="List of legendary kings of Britain">List of legendary kings of Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_legendary_rulers_of_Cornwall" title="List of legendary rulers of Cornwall">List of legendary rulers of Cornwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logres" title="Logres">Logres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matter_of_Britain" title="Matter of Britain">Matter of Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molmutine_Laws" title="Molmutine Laws">Molmutine Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nennius" title="Nennius">Nennius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pridwen" title="Pridwen">Pridwen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riothamus" title="Riothamus">Riothamus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Malvam" title="River Malvam">River Malvam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Exeter_(c._630)" title="Siege of Exeter (c. 630)">Siege of Exeter (c. 630)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locations_associated_with_Arthurian_legend" class="mw-redirect" title="Locations associated with Arthurian legend">Locations associated with Arthurian legend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treason_of_the_Long_Knives" title="Treason of the Long Knives">Treason of the Long Knives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinovantum" title="Trinovantum">Trinovantum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trojan_genealogy_of_Nennius" title="Trojan genealogy of Nennius">Trojan genealogy of Nennius</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vera_historia_de_morte_Arthuri" title="Vera historia de morte Arthuri">Vera historia de morte Arthuri</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_of_Oxford" title="Walter of Oxford">Walter of Oxford</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Wikiquote page"><img alt="" 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