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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Defunct union of screenwriters</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the British association which formerly used the name "Screen Writers' Guild", see <a href="/wiki/Writers%27_Guild_of_Great_Britain" title="Writers' Guild of Great Britain">Writers' Guild of Great Britain</a>.</div> <p>The <b>Screen Writers Guild</b> was an organization of Hollywood screenplay authors, formed as a union in 1933. In 1954, it became two different organizations: <a href="/wiki/Writers_Guild_of_America,_West" class="mw-redirect" title="Writers Guild of America, West">Writers Guild of America, West</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Writers_Guild_of_America,_East" title="Writers Guild of America, East">Writers Guild of America, East</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Founding">Founding</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Screen_Writers_Guild&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Founding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Screenwriters' earliest attempts at organizing date back to the 1910s, when film scenarists participated in The Authors League of America (now the <a href="/wiki/Authors_Guild" title="Authors Guild">Authors Guild</a>). However, screenwriters soon identified a need to form their own organization, since they had different work products and challenges than literary writers. Another attempt at representation was the Photoplay Authors’ League, founded in 1914 in Los Angeles, but it disbanded after two years.<sup id="cite_ref-earlyhistory_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-earlyhistory-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Summer 1920, twelve writers announced the formation of the Screen Writers Guild. They published an open letter in <i><a href="/wiki/Variety_(magazine)" title="Variety (magazine)">Variety</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> defining six objectives of the organization, and inviting all industry writers to apply for membership. Members had to derive income from some form of film writing, and to receive nominations from two existing members. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Writers_First_Annual_Cramp_-_detail.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/The_Writers_First_Annual_Cramp_-_detail.png/220px-The_Writers_First_Annual_Cramp_-_detail.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/The_Writers_First_Annual_Cramp_-_detail.png/330px-The_Writers_First_Annual_Cramp_-_detail.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/The_Writers_First_Annual_Cramp_-_detail.png/440px-The_Writers_First_Annual_Cramp_-_detail.png 2x" data-file-width="4024" data-file-height="2348" /></a><figcaption>Inaugural dinner party for The Writers social club at the <a href="/wiki/Ambassador_Hotel_(Los_Angeles)" title="Ambassador Hotel (Los Angeles)">Ambassador Hotel</a>, December 1, 1920</figcaption></figure> <p><span class="anchor" id="The_Writers'_Club"></span> In 1921,<sup id="cite_ref-jhgraham/writers-club_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jhgraham/writers-club-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Guild also formed a social arm, The Writers' Club. The club purchased a mansion at 6700 Sunset Boulevard and converted it to a clubhouse,<sup id="cite_ref-calisphere/00070978_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-calisphere/00070978-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which became a gathering place for SWG members.<sup id="cite_ref-jhgraham/writers-club_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jhgraham/writers-club-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Writers held numerous dinners, <a href="/wiki/WAMPAS_Baby_Stars" title="WAMPAS Baby Stars">WAMPAS Baby Stars</a> Candidates Parades,<sup id="cite_ref-gettyimages/517437480_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gettyimages/517437480-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> parties, and presentations of one-act plays through the mid-1930s.<sup id="cite_ref-earlyhistory_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-earlyhistory-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Starting in 1927, several historic trends caused the SWG's organizing and representation efforts to become nearly inactive. <a href="/wiki/Louis_B._Mayer" title="Louis B. Mayer">Louis B. Mayer</a> founded the <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Motion_Pictures_Arts_and_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Academy of Motion Pictures Arts and Sciences">Academy of Motion Pictures Arts and Sciences</a> as a means of bypassing union negotiations. Warner Brothers released the first commercial sound film, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Jazz_Singer" title="The Jazz Singer">The Jazz Singer</a></i>, bringing fundamental changes to screenwriting. And the Great Depression began taking a toll on all aspects of filmmaking economics.<sup id="cite_ref-earlyhistory_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-earlyhistory-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1933, ten writers met to discuss revitalizing the SWG as union under the protection of laws governing unions under consideration by Congress and eventually embodied in the <a href="/wiki/National_Labor_Relations_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="National Labor Relations Act">Wagner Act</a> of 1935. They included <a href="/wiki/Donald_Ogden_Stewart" title="Donald Ogden Stewart">Donald Ogden Stewart</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Brackett" title="Charles Brackett">Charles Brackett</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Bright_(screenwriter)" title="John Bright (screenwriter)">John Bright</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philip_Dunne_(writer)" title="Philip Dunne (writer)">Philip Dunne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Parker" title="Dorothy Parker">Dorothy Parker</a> and <a href="/wiki/Howard_J._Green" title="Howard J. Green">Howard J. Green</a>; the union's first president.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others active in the 1930s included <a href="/wiki/Lillian_Hellman" title="Lillian Hellman">Lillian Hellman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dashiell_Hammett" title="Dashiell Hammett">Dashiell Hammett</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ogden_Nash" title="Ogden Nash">Ogden Nash</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frances_Goodrich" title="Frances Goodrich">Frances Goodrich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albert_Hackett" title="Albert Hackett">Albert Hackett</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Rapf" title="Maurice Rapf">Maurice Rapf</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It sought to establish criteria for crediting authors for creating or contributing to a screenplay, known as "screen credits."<sup id="cite_ref-martinson127_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-martinson127-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/AMPP" class="mw-redirect" title="AMPP">film studios</a> responded by refusing to hire Guild members and forming a rival organization called the Screen Playwrights.<sup id="cite_ref-martinson127_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-martinson127-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the Guild appealed to the <a href="/wiki/National_Labor_Relations_Board" title="National Labor Relations Board">National Labor Relations Board</a> (NLRB), the NLRB certified the Guild as the "exclusive bargaining agency" for screenwriters employed by 13 of 18 Hollywood studios, based on elections in which writers chose the Guild over the Screen Playwrights.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-martinson127_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-martinson127-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The film producers acceded to the NLRB ruling in March 1939.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beginning in 1940, the Guild came under attack by the <a href="/wiki/House_Committee_on_Un-American_Activities" class="mw-redirect" title="House Committee on Un-American Activities">House Committee on Un-American Activities</a> for the radical communist leanings of many of its members.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The attacks escalated in 1947, when more than a dozen writers were called to testify. Hellman responded with an essay in the <i>Screen Writer</i>, the Guild's publication, attacking the Committee for its investigation and the film industry's owners for submitting to the Committee's intimidation.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It described the Committee's hearings:<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>A sickening, sickening, immoral and degraded week. And why did it take place? It took place because those who wish war have not the common touch. Highly placed gentlemen are often not really gentleman, and don't know how to go about these things. Remember that when it was needed, in Europe, they had to find the house painter and the gangster to make fear work and terror acceptable to the ignorant. Circuses will do it, and this was just such a circus; hide the invasion of the American Constitution with the faces of movie actors; pander to ignorance by telling people that ignorance is good, and lies even better; bring on the millionaire movie producer and show that he too is human, he too is frightened and cowardly. Take him away from his golden house and make him a betrayer and a fool and for those who like such shows and enjoy such moral degradation.</p></blockquote> <p>In 1954, the members of the Screen Writers Guild backed the formation of a national union of a broader organization of writers working in motion pictures, television and radio, divided into two geographical bodies: <a href="/wiki/Writers_Guild_of_America,_West" class="mw-redirect" title="Writers Guild of America, West">Writers Guild of America, West</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Writers_Guild_of_America,_East" title="Writers Guild of America, East">Writers Guild of America, East</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Screen_Writers_Guild&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Writers_Guild_of_America" title="Writers Guild of America">Writers Guild of America</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Screen_Writers_Guild&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>New York Times</i>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1954/05/21/84612419.pdf">"Screen Writers Back New Union," May 21, 1954</a>, accessed December 28, 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-earlyhistory-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-earlyhistory_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-earlyhistory_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-earlyhistory_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHilary_Swett" class="citation web cs1">Hilary Swett. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wgfoundation.org/screenwritersguild-history">"The Screen Writers' Guild: An Early History of the Writers Guild of America"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-12-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Screen+Writers%27+Guild%3A+An+Early+History+of+the+Writers+Guild+of+America&rft.au=Hilary+Swett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wgfoundation.org%2Fscreenwritersguild-history&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScreen+Writers+Guild" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/variety59-1920-07/page/n61/mode/2up">"Writers Guild Will Forbid Showings in Penn and Ohio"</a>. <i>Variety</i>. 1920-07-09. p. 30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-12-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Variety&rft.atitle=Writers+Guild+Will+Forbid+Showings+in+Penn+and+Ohio&rft.pages=30&rft.date=1920-07-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fvariety59-1920-07%2Fpage%2Fn61%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScreen+Writers+Guild" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jhgraham/writers-club-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jhgraham/writers-club_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jhgraham/writers-club_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jhgraham.com/2020/12/21/6700-sunset-the-hollywood-writers-club-hollywood-center-theater/">"6700 Sunset: The Hollywood Writer's Club / Hollywood Center Theater"</a>. <i>J. H. Graham</i>. 22 December 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=J.+H.+Graham&rft.atitle=6700+Sunset%3A+The+Hollywood+Writer%E2%80%99s+Club+%2F+Hollywood+Center+Theater&rft.date=2020-12-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjhgraham.com%2F2020%2F12%2F21%2F6700-sunset-the-hollywood-writers-club-hollywood-center-theater%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScreen+Writers+Guild" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-calisphere/00070978-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-calisphere/00070978_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://calisphere.org/item/808e24ef13f4ef50d66703f546891caa/">"Writers' Club"</a>. <i>calisphere</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=calisphere&rft.atitle=Writers%27+Club&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcalisphere.org%2Fitem%2F808e24ef13f4ef50d66703f546891caa%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScreen+Writers+Guild" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSecurity_Pacific_National_Bank_Photo_Collection" class="citation web cs1">Security Pacific National Bank Photo Collection. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tessa2.lapl.org/digital/collection/photos/id/113733">"00070978 Writers' Club"</a>. <i>tessa2.lapl.org</i>. <q>Exterior front view of a vine-covered Writers' Cub building, for members only, located at 6700 Sunset Blvd. in Hollywood. The Writers' Club served as the social arm of the Screen Writers' Guild, a precursor to the Writers Guild of America.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=tessa2.lapl.org&rft.atitle=00070978+Writers%27+Club&rft.au=Security+Pacific+National+Bank+Photo+Collection&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftessa2.lapl.org%2Fdigital%2Fcollection%2Fphotos%2Fid%2F113733&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScreen+Writers+Guild" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-gettyimages/517437480-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gettyimages/517437480_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBettmann1934" class="citation web cs1">Bettmann (March 30, 1934). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/wampas-baby-star-candidates-parade-at-writers-club-news-photo/517437480">"Wampas Baby Star Candidates Parade at Writers Club"</a>. <i>Getty Images</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 July</span> 2023</span>. <q>Thirty-eight beautiful young motion picture actresses parade before more than 100 Hollywood press agents at the Writers Club. From this number, 13 will be chosen to comprise the 1934 edition of the Wampas Baby stars. Results of the ballotting will be announced later. The entrants were chosen from the ranks of hundreds of youthful actresses who aspire to a career in the films.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Getty+Images&rft.atitle=Wampas+Baby+Star+Candidates+Parade+at+Writers+Club&rft.date=1934-03-30&rft.au=Bettmann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gettyimages.com%2Fdetail%2Fnews-photo%2Fwampas-baby-star-candidates-parade-at-writers-club-news-photo%2F517437480&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScreen+Writers+Guild" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/c81j9d15/entire_text/">"Howard J. Green papers"</a>. <i>oac.cdlib.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-12-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=oac.cdlib.org&rft.atitle=Howard+J.+Green+papers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foac.cdlib.org%2Ffindaid%2Fark%3A%2F13030%2Fc81j9d15%2Fentire_text%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScreen+Writers+Guild" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Deborah Martinson, <i>Lillian Hellman: A Life with Foxes and Scoundrels</i> (Counterpoint, 2005), 125-6; William Wright, <i>Lillian Hellman: The Image, the Woman</i> (NY: Simon and Schuster, 1986), 116-8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-martinson127-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-martinson127_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-martinson127_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-martinson127_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Martinson, 127-8; Wright, 116</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>New York Times</i>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1938/08/10/98176493.pdf">"Screen Guild Wins Labor Board Vote," August 10, 1938</a>, accessed December 28, 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>New York Times</i>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1939/03/08/94687247.pdf">"Screen Writers Guild Recognized," March 8, 1939</a>, accessed December 28, 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martinson, 165</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martinson, 217-9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wright, 212-4</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Additional_sources">Additional sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Screen_Writers_Guild&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Additional sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Larry Ceplair and Steven Englund, <i>The Inquisition in Hollywood: Politics in the Film Community, 1930–1960</i> (University of California Press, 1983)</li> <li>David L. Goodrich, <i>The Real Nick and Nora: Frances Goodrich and Albert Hackett, Writers of Stage and Screen Classics</i> (Southern Illinois University Press 2004)</li> <li>Victor S. Navasky, <i>Naming Names</i> (Macmillan, 2003)</li> <li>Nancy Lynn Schwartz, <i>The Hollywood Writers' War</i> (NY: Knopf, 1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Shindler" title="Colin Shindler">Colin Shindler</a>, <i>Hollywood in Crisis: Cinema and American Society, 1929–1939</i> (Psychology Press, 1996)</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Screen_Writers_Guild&oldid=1191215300">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Screen_Writers_Guild&oldid=1191215300</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Scriptwriters%27_trade_unions" title="Category:Scriptwriters' trade unions">Scriptwriters' trade unions</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Trade_unions_established_in_1933" title="Category:Trade unions established in 1933">Trade unions established in 1933</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Trade_unions_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Trade unions in the United States">Trade unions in the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_writers%27_organizations" title="Category:American writers' organizations">American writers' organizations</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 22 December 2023, at 05:34<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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