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id="toc-Factors_against-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Format" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Format"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Format</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Format-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Partial_translations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Partial_translations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Partial translations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Partial_translations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Partial translations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Partial_translations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early" 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:#ccccff;"><a href="/wiki/Bible_translations_into_English" title="Bible translations into English">The Bible in English</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_Bible_translations" title="List of English Bible translations">List of English Bible translations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_English_Bible_translations" title="Old English Bible translations">Old English (pre-1066)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Middle English (1066–1500)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_English_Bible_translations" title="Early Modern English Bible translations">Early Modern English (1500–1800)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_English_Bible_translations" title="Modern English Bible translations">Modern Christian (1800– )</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_English_Bible_translations" title="Jewish English Bible translations">Modern Jewish (1853– )</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main category: <a href="/wiki/Category:Bible_translations_into_English" title="Category:Bible translations into English">Bible translations into English</a></div> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/32px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/48px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/64px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1993" data-file-height="1300" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Bible" title="Portal:Bible">Bible portal</a></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:English_Bible_translations" title="Template:English Bible translations"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:English_Bible_translations" title="Template talk:English Bible translations"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:English_Bible_translations" title="Special:EditPage/Template:English Bible translations"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Middle English Bible translations</b> covers the age of <a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a> (c. 1100–1500), beginning after the <a href="/wiki/Norman_Conquest" title="Norman Conquest">Norman Conquest</a> (1066) and ending about 1500. </p><p>The most well-known and preserved translations are those of the <a href="/wiki/Wycliffe%27s_Bible" title="Wycliffe's Bible">Wycliffean bibles</a>. </p><p>Between two and four Middle English translations of each book of the New Testament still exist, mainly from the late 1300s, and at least two vernacular Psalters, plus various poetic renditions of bible stories, and numerous translations of sections and verses in published sermons and commentaries. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources_of_Scripture">Sources of Scripture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Middle_English_Bible_translations&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Sources of Scripture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Historian Richard Marsden notes a <i>mediated</i> bible: "Although it is true that there was almost no direct translation of the Bible into the vernacular before the Wycliffites, we simply cannot ignore the astonishingly large and varied corpus of Bible-based vernacular works which had begun to appear from the very early years of the 13th century onwards, under ecclesiastical influence (largely in response to the demands of the Lateran Council of 1215 for a more proactive approach to educating the laity in spiritual discipline). They included universal Bible histories[...], metrical paraphrases of Old Testament biblical books, devotional texts, versions of the Psalms, Gospel narratives (canonical and apochryphal), and so on."<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Sources of Scripture </caption> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th>Oral</th> <th>Interspersed in written works</th> <th>Collated </th></tr> <tr> <td><b>Vocabulary</b></td> <td>Dialect; custom; sermons</td> <td>Interlinear;<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Glossed (e.g. <i><a href="/wiki/Wycliffe%27s_Bible#Glossed_Gospels" title="Wycliffe's Bible">Wycliffite Glossed Gospels</a></i>)</td> <td>Word-for Word translation (e.g., <i><a href="/wiki/Wycliffe%27s_Bible#Early_Version" title="Wycliffe's Bible">Wycliffite Early Version</a></i>); the common word book <i>Interpretation of Hebrew Names</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Poetic</b></td> <td>Prayers; dramas; song; recited poems</td> <td>Alliterive (e.g., <i><a href="/wiki/Ormulum" title="Ormulum">Ormulum</a></i>); metrical (e.g <i>English metrical homilies from manuscripts of the fourteenth century<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>); <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Hours" class="mw-redirect" title="Book of Hours">Book of Hours</a></i></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Psalters" class="mw-redirect" title="Psalters">Psalters</a>; Metrical (e.g., <i><a href="/wiki/Middle_English_Metrical_Paraphrase_of_the_Old_Testament" title="Middle English Metrical Paraphrase of the Old Testament">Middle English Metrical Paraphrase of the Old Testament</a></i>), <i>Stanzaic Life of Christ</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Prosodic</b></td> <td>Sermons; memorized passages; sayings; stories</td> <td>Scholarship; commentary;<sup id="cite_ref-kraebel_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kraebel-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> written sermons; histories; literature; summaries (e.g. <i>Middle English Bible Summary</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-somerset_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-somerset-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 180">: 180 </span></sup></td> <td>Gospel Books; New Testaments (E.g. Paues' <i>Middle English Fourteenth Century New Testament</i>);<sup id="cite_ref-paues_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-paues-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bibles (e.g., <i><a href="/wiki/Wycliffe%27s_Bible#Later_Version" title="Wycliffe's Bible">Wycliffite Later Version</a></i>); Gospel harmonies; Life of Christ paraphrases, anthologies<sup id="cite_ref-somerset_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-somerset-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 170, 171">: 170, 171 </span></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>According to some historians, the culture was saturated with key biblical knowledge. For example, Chaucer's <i><a href="/wiki/Canterbury_Tales" class="mw-redirect" title="Canterbury Tales">Canterbury Tales</a></i> contains over 700 biblical allusions.<sup id="cite_ref-caie_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-caie-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Times">Times</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Middle_English_Bible_translations&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Times"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Linguistic_diversity_and_flux">Linguistic diversity and flux</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Middle_English_Bible_translations&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Linguistic diversity and flux"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Language in Britain in the early second millenium was in considerable flux and diversity:<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the population of England used numerous dialects of four main languages: <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old</a> then <a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a><sup id="cite_ref-kim_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kim-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> then <a href="/wiki/Anglo-norman_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-norman language">Anglo-Norman French</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Latin" title="Medieval Latin">Medieval Latin</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Cornish_language" title="Cornish language">Cornish</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cumbric" title="Cumbric">Cumbric</a> may still have been spoken in some places in the North. The <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon">Anglo-Saxon</a> royal courts were replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Danelaw" title="Danelaw">Anglo-Danish</a>, then the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Normans" title="Anglo-Normans">Anglo-Norman</a>. In the early 1000s, following <a href="/wiki/King_Canute" class="mw-redirect" title="King Canute">King Canute</a>'s ban, any residual use of <a href="/wiki/English_runes" class="mw-redirect" title="English runes">English runes</a> ceased, in favour of <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a> augmented with <a href="/wiki/Old_English_Latin_alphabet" title="Old English Latin alphabet">several runic characters</a>, and some <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a> features of the Northern dialects seeped Southwards.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was a lingering strong <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Scandinavian" title="Anglo-Scandinavian">Anglo-Scandinavian</a> influence on literature and culture.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Norman Conquest caused a suppression of Anglo-Saxon (the last poem in Old English dates to 1104)<sup id="cite_ref-kim_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kim-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Anglo-Norman <a href="/wiki/Language_contact" title="Language contact">language contact</a> influenced the development of Middle English.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A psaltery glossed with Anglo-Norman exists from about 1160. "About the middle of the fourteenth century — before 1361 — the Anglo-Normans possessed an independent and probably complete translation of the whole of the Old Testament and the greater part of the New."<sup id="cite_ref-paues_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-paues-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: xvii">: xvii </span></sup> There are several references to a 14th century Cornish translation which, if it existed, was soon lost.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Factors_against">Factors against</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Middle_English_Bible_translations&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Factors against"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Early Middle English biblical literature was limited because </p> <ul><li>the <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_language" title="Synthetic language">synthetic</a> Anglo-Saxon <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> <a href="/wiki/Dialect_continuum" title="Dialect continuum">dialect continuum</a> had broken down<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was transitioning inconsistently to the <a href="/wiki/Analytic_language" title="Analytic language">analytic</a> <a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a> dialect continuum with a duplicate Frenchified vocabulary,</li> <li>from 1066 to c. 1400 <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Norman_language" title="Anglo-Norman language">Anglo-Norman French</a> was the official language of courts and government in quadrilingual England (which, from the 1300s evolved into <a href="/wiki/Law_French" title="Law French">Law French</a>, only spoken in law courts and eventually only written), and the preferred language of the elite who could fund vernacular book production,</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> was the preferred classical, academic and church language throughout medieval <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a>,</li> <li>poetic forms suited for <a href="/wiki/Oral_tradition#Transmission" title="Oral tradition">oral transmission</a> were more relevant to the partly-literate general population than prose, and</li> <li>Cost. Even in the new, small <a href="/wiki/Paris_Bible" title="Paris Bible">Paris Bible</a> format, over 50 animal skins were needed for the New Testament alone. Some historians see a rise of a literate middle class following the <a href="/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">Black Death</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this increased wealth and independence may have promoted demand for personal Bibles after the 1350s.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Format">Format</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Middle_English_Bible_translations&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Format"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>In and before the 1000s, most Bible <a href="/wiki/Codexes" class="mw-redirect" title="Codexes">codexes</a> were the enormous corporate <a href="/wiki/Illuminated_manuscript" title="Illuminated manuscript">Great Bibles</a> in Latin suited for display and public reading even at night.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 27">: 27 </span></sup></li> <li>The 1100s saw the development of personal <a href="/wiki/Breviaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Breviaries">breviaries</a> in Latin containing only readings in the liturgy.</li> <li>The 1200s saw an explosion of Bible production, in the Latin, in Europe<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as copying moved from being a monastic enterprise to also a commercial one.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Pandect" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandect">pandect</a> Bible format intended for personal use (liturgical, preaching, pastoral, university), the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Bible" title="Paris Bible">Paris Bible</a>, was developed by the relatively new <a href="/wiki/Franciscans" title="Franciscans">preaching orders</a> and frequently copied as small, portable "pocket Bibles."</li> <li>However, the 1300s was the only fertile time for Middle English Bible translation, as now-stable Middle English became usable in <a href="/wiki/Pleading_in_English_Act_1362" title="Pleading in English Act 1362">court pleadings</a>, and gained vocabulary and respectability under the influence of writers such as <a href="/wiki/Chaucer" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaucer">Chaucer</a>.</li> <li>In the 1400s in England, publication of new unauthorized translations were banned, following the <a href="/wiki/Lollard" class="mw-redirect" title="Lollard">Lollard</a> violence, and Middle English then transitioned to <a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_English" title="Early Modern English">Early Modern English</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Partial_translations">Partial translations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Middle_English_Bible_translations&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Partial translations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early">Early</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Middle_English_Bible_translations&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Early"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The focus of vernacular biblical material was the vivid or presentation of edifying or notable contents, rather than the provision of an exhaustive facsimile of the originals.<sup id="cite_ref-caie_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-caie-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This favoured treatment of narrative episodes and psalmody over abstract theology, and the use of poetic forms that aided memorization and oral recital. For a largely illiterate or semi-literate laity, vernacular scripture was always mediated orally, visually or melodically.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 19,000 line <a href="/wiki/Ormulum" title="Ormulum">Ormulum</a>, produced by the <a href="/wiki/Augustinians" title="Augustinians">Augustinian</a> <a href="/wiki/Friar" title="Friar">friar</a> Orm of <a href="/wiki/Lincolnshire" title="Lincolnshire">Lincolnshire</a> around 1150, includes partial translations and paraphrases of parts of the <a href="/wiki/Gospels" class="mw-redirect" title="Gospels">Gospels</a> and <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts of the Apostles</a> from <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> into the dialect of the <a href="/wiki/East_Midlands" title="East Midlands">East Midlands</a>, perhaps intended as declaimed sermons. The manuscript is written in the <a href="/wiki/Iamb_(poetry)" title="Iamb (poetry)">iambic</a> <a href="/wiki/Metre_(poetry)#Italian" title="Metre (poetry)">septenary</a> <a href="/wiki/Meter_(poetry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Meter (poetry)">meter</a>. </p><p>Sample of Early Middle English from the Ormulum (Luke 1:5): </p> <dl><dd><table cellpadding="8"> <tbody><tr> <td><span title="Middle English (1100-1500)-language text"><i lang="enm">An preost wass onn Herodess daȝȝ</i></span><br />  <span title="Middle English (1100-1500)-language text"><i lang="enm">Amang Judisskenn þeode,</i></span><br /><span title="Middle English (1100-1500)-language text"><i lang="enm">& he wass, wiss to fulle soþ,</i></span><br />  <span title="Middle English (1100-1500)-language text"><i lang="enm">Ȝehatenn Zacariȝe,</i></span><br /> <span title="Middle English (1100-1500)-language text"><i lang="enm">& haffde an duhhtiȝ wif, þhat wass,</i></span><br /><span title="Middle English (1100-1500)-language text"><i lang="enm">Off Aaroness dohhtress;</i></span><br />  <span title="Middle English (1100-1500)-language text"><i lang="enm">& ȝho wass, wiss to fulle soþ,</i></span><br /><span title="Middle English (1100-1500)-language text"><i lang="enm">Elysabæþ ȝehatenn.</i></span> </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <dl><dd><table cellpadding="8"> <tbody><tr> <td><span title="English-language text"><span lang="en">A priest was in Herod's days</span></span><br />  <span title="English-language text"><span lang="en">among the people kin of Judah,</span></span><br /><span title="English-language text"><span lang="en">& he was (to know the full truth)</span></span><br />  <span title="English-language text"><span lang="en">called Zachariah,</span></span><br /> <span title="English-language text"><span lang="en">& had a doughty wife, that was</span></span><br /><span title="English-language text"><span lang="en">of Aaron's daughters;</span></span><br />  <span title="English-language text"><span lang="en">& she was (to know the full truth)</span></span><br /><span title="English-language text"><span lang="en">called Elizabeth.</span></span> </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <p>A notable example of the transmission of biblical stories in a vernacular in flux is the c. 1850-line <i>La Estorie del Euangelie</i>, a Middle English poem that paraphrases the Nativity and Passion texts; it was reformulated in least seven quite different versions between the early 1200s to the early 1400s, each in different English dialects (East, West, South Midlands version, Northern, Southern and Southwest) and vocabularies (with Scandinavian words being replaced by French words over time). Some of the versions show signs of oral transmission with re-composition, and one of the versions may have been transcribed by a non-speaker of Middle English.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Material from it found its way into the <i>Northern Passion</i> from the English South-West.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Paraphrases of many biblical passages are included in the 30,000 line <i><a href="/wiki/Cursor_Mundi" title="Cursor Mundi">Cursor Mundi</a></i>, a <a href="/wiki/World_chronicle" class="mw-redirect" title="World chronicle">world chronicle</a> written about 1300. </p><p>The <i>Stanzaic Life of Christ</i> is a 10,840 line poem derived in large part from two Latin works <i><a href="/wiki/Polychronicon" class="mw-redirect" title="Polychronicon">Polychronicon</a></i> (c. 1350) and the <i><a href="/wiki/Golden_Legend" title="Golden Legend">Golden Legend</a></i> (c. 1260) and then quoted loosely in at least seven of the Middle English plays of the <a href="/wiki/Chester_Mystery_Plays" title="Chester Mystery Plays">Chester Mystery Plays</a> in the late 1300s.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mid">Mid</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Middle_English_Bible_translations&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Mid"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Rolle" title="Richard Rolle">Richard Rolle</a> of Hampole (or de Hampole) was an <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a>-educated <a href="/wiki/Hermit" title="Hermit">hermit</a> and writer of religious texts. In the early 14th century, he produced English <a href="/wiki/Bible_gloss" class="mw-redirect" title="Bible gloss">glosses</a> of Latin Bible text, including the <a href="/wiki/Psalms" title="Psalms">Psalms</a>. Rolle translated the Psalms into a Northern English dialect, but later copies were written in Southern English dialects.</li> <li>Around the same time, an anonymous author in the <a href="/wiki/West_Midlands_(region)" title="West Midlands (region)">West Midlands</a> region produced another gloss of the complete Psalms: the <i>West Midland Prose Psalter</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In the early years of the 14th century, a French copy of the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Book of Revelation</a> was anonymously translated into English.</li></ul> <p>Historian Mary Dove noted "Neither arguing in favour of an English Bible, nor assembling a collection of writings in favour of an English Bible, were intrinsically Wycliffite activities."<sup id="cite_ref-kraebel_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kraebel-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Paues" title="Anna Paues">Anna Paues</a> (1904) edited a 14th century translation of most of the New Testament: the Epistles, Acts and part of the Gospel of Matthew which does not seem to be derived from the Wycliffite versions.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The Paues book also discusses other manuscripts, such as MS. Pepys 2498 (Magdalene College, Cambridge) which has a Life of Jesus (or Gospel harmony) formed from Middle English translations of the 112 readings from the church <a href="/wiki/Evangeliary" title="Evangeliary">evangeliary</a>, perhaps itself though a French translation.<sup id="cite_ref-paues_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-paues-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Margaret Joyce Powell (1916) edited the non-Wycliffean Middle English commentary and translation of the Gospels of Mark and Luke,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Pauline epistles,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dating them to the late 1300s.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Another non-Wycliffean commentary and translation of Matthew's Gospel exists in two manuscripts.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-kraebel_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kraebel-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Psalms">Psalms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Middle_English_Bible_translations&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Psalms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are five complete renditions of the <a href="/wiki/Psalms" title="Psalms">Psalms</a> into Middle English still existing (the <i>Metrical</i>, Rolle's, the <i>Prose</i>, and the Wycliffite EV and LV) and numerous translations of individual Psalms.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: ch3">: ch3 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Primer_Psalms">Primer Psalms</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Middle_English_Bible_translations&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Primer Psalms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Primer_(prayer_book)" title="Primer (prayer book)">Primers</a> were English vernacular prayer books (or <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Hours" class="mw-redirect" title="Book of Hours">Book of Hours</a>) to assist preparation for the <a href="/wiki/Use_of_Sarum" title="Use of Sarum">Use of Sarum</a> Latin Mass. About half of these (c. 1400 to 1520) have Psalms derive from the Wycliffean Late Version (LV), but the other half have Psalms with translations from some other source(s), now lost, but perhaps owing something to the Wycliffean Early Version(s) (EV.)<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Here is Psalm 6:1,2 from a 15th Century primer, in parts similar to one of the EV versions: </p> <div class="poem"> <p>Lord, in þi wodenes (anger, rage) repreve (censure) not me<br />  ne in þi wraþ sle (strike) not me<br /> Lord have mercy on me for y am syk<br />  hele me lord for my bones be togederstrublid (together disquieted)<sup id="cite_ref-kennedy_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kennedy-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Wycliffe's_Bible"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Complete_translations">Complete translations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Middle_English_Bible_translations&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Complete translations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the late 14th century, the first (known, extant) complete Middle English language Bible was produced, probably by scholars at Oxford University. This <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> was initially completed by 1380 and the <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a> a few years later and is a word-for-word translation of the Vulgate suited for scholary reference. Some 30 copies of this Early Version (EV) Bible survive, with some variation. </p><p>The authorship is controversial among scholars. </p> <ul><li>Traditionally, there was held to be some connection to <a href="/wiki/John_Wycliffe" title="John Wycliffe">John Wycliffe</a> as inspiration or instigator or glossator or translator — hence it often called <a href="/wiki/Wycliffe%27s_Bible" title="Wycliffe's Bible">Wycliffe's Bible</a> or <i>Wycliffite</i> Bibles. It is thought that a large portion of the Old Testament was translated by <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Hereford" title="Nicholas Hereford">Nicholas Hereford</a>.</li> <li>The EV was revised into more idiomatic Middle English suited for devotional use in the last years of the 14th century, perhaps by <a href="/wiki/John_Purvey" title="John Purvey">John Purvey</a>. This Later Version (LV) was subject to the same conditions and has more manuscript copies than the earlier. Some 130 copies exist, including some now belonging to the British royal family. <ul><li>In the 1500s, the Wycliffean LV text was <a href="/wiki/Bible_translations_into_Scots" title="Bible translations into Scots">transcribed into Scots</a> (a language with features of Northern Middle English and now Modern English) but the version was lost until recently.</li></ul></li> <li>Modern scholars such as <a href="/wiki/Henry_Ansgar_Kelly" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Ansgar Kelly">Henry Ansgar Kelly</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anne_Hudson_(literary_historian)" title="Anne Hudson (literary historian)">Anne Hudson</a> —following a view held by several earlier Catholic commentators including <a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a> and <a href="/wiki/Francis_Aidan_Gasquet" title="Francis Aidan Gasquet">Francis Aidan Gasquet</a>— argue that there is no evidence that these Middle English Bibles were heterodox products of Wycliffe and followers of his theology, but that they were orthodox Catholic translations that were "Wycliffied" over the years by partisan academics who uncritically accepted as legitimate and definitive the problematic so-called "General Prologue" that is found in only 8% of extant manuscripts.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>From the time of King <a href="/wiki/Richard_II_of_England" title="Richard II of England">Richard II</a> until the time of the <a href="/wiki/English_Reformation" title="English Reformation">English Reformation</a>, individuals who owned Bibles with Lollard material could be investigated as potential <a href="/wiki/Lollard" class="mw-redirect" title="Lollard">Lollard</a> heretical seditionists, and those who read or lectured publicly from that material publicly could be prosecuted for promoting heretical sedition. Books containing <a href="/wiki/Lollard" class="mw-redirect" title="Lollard">Lollard</a> material, such as the so-called General Prologue found some manuscripts were eventually <a href="/wiki/Censorship_of_the_Bible" title="Censorship of the Bible">banned</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All dated copies are dated before the restrictions. </p><p>Sample of the Wycliffite LV translation (changed with v instead of u): </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><i>Be not youre herte affraied, ne drede it. Ye bileven in god, and bileve ye in me. In the hous of my fadir ben many dwellyngis: if ony thing lasse I hadde seid to you, for I go to make redi to you a place. And if I go and make redi to you a place, eftsone I come and I schal take you to my silf, that where I am, ye be. And whidir I go ye witen: and ye witen the wey.</i> (John 14:1-4)</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_partial_translations">Later partial translations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Middle_English_Bible_translations&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Later partial translations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/William_Caxton" title="William Caxton">William Caxton</a> translated many Bible stories and passages from the French, producing the <i><a href="/wiki/Golden_Legend" title="Golden Legend">Golden Legend</a></i> (1483) and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_the_Knight_in_the_Tower" class="mw-redirect" title="The Book of the Knight in the Tower">The Book of the Knight in the Tower</a></i> (1484). He also printed <i>The <a href="/wiki/The_Mirror_of_the_Blessed_Life_of_Jesus_Christ" title="The Mirror of the Blessed Life of Jesus Christ">Mirror of the Blessed Life of Jesus Christ</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Bonaventure" title="Pseudo-Bonaventure">Pseudo-Bonaventure</a>, translated by <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Love_(monk)" title="Nicholas Love (monk)">Nicholas Love</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carthusian" class="mw-redirect" title="Carthusian">OCart</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Middle_English_Bible_translations&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Middle_English_Bible_translations" title="Special:EditPage/Middle English Bible translations">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>All translations of this time period were from Latin or French. The influence of oral and non-Wycliffean Middle English Bible translations and vocabulary on Early Modern English translations (i.e., related to <a href="/wiki/William_Tyndale" title="William Tyndale">William Tyndale</a>) has not been studied. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">Humanism</a> of the Renaissance made popular again the study of the classics and the classical languages and thus allowed critical Greek scholarship to again become a possibility. <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> texts would become more widely available with <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Gutenberg" title="Johannes Gutenberg">Johannes Gutenberg</a>'s development of the movable-type <a href="/wiki/Printing" title="Printing">printing</a> press, with his first major work an edition of the Latin Vulgate, now called the <a href="/wiki/Gutenberg_Bible" title="Gutenberg Bible">Gutenberg Bible</a>, in 1455. In the early 16th century, <a href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a> published a single volume of the Latin and Greek texts of the New Testament books and continued publishing more precise editions of this volume until his death. The availability of these texts, along with renewed interest in the <a href="/wiki/Biblical_languages" title="Biblical languages">biblical languages</a> themselves, enabled more scholars in their debates and <a href="/wiki/Exegesis" title="Exegesis">exegesis</a> to include <a href="/wiki/Philology" title="Philology">philological</a> considerations. </p><p>The other great event of that same century was the development of <a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_English" title="Early Modern English">Early Modern English</a>, making English a <a href="/wiki/Literary_language" title="Literary language">literary language</a>, leading to a great increase in the number of <a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_English_Bible_translations" title="Early Modern English Bible translations">translations of the Bible in that era</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Middle_English_Bible_translations&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wycliffe%27s_Bible" title="Wycliffe's Bible">Wycliffe's Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_translations_of_the_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="English translations of the Bible">English translations of the Bible</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="English-language_translations_of_the_Bible" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:English_Bible_translation_navbox" title="Template:English Bible translation navbox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:English_Bible_translation_navbox" title="Template talk:English Bible translation navbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:English_Bible_translation_navbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:English Bible translation navbox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="English-language_translations_of_the_Bible" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Bible_translations_into_English" title="Bible translations into English">English-language translations</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">5th–11th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wessex_Gospels" title="Wessex Gospels">Wessex Gospels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatton_Gospels" title="Hatton Gospels">Hatton Gospels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_English_Hexateuch" title="Old English Hexateuch">Old English Hexateuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_English_Bible_translations" title="Old English Bible translations">Old English Bible translations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Middle English</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wycliffe%27s_Bible" title="Wycliffe's Bible">Wycliffe</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Middle English Bible translations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">16th–17th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tyndale_Bible" title="Tyndale Bible">Tyndale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coverdale_Bible" title="Coverdale Bible">Coverdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Bible" title="Matthew Bible">Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Bible" title="Great Bible">Great Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taverner%27s_Bible" title="Taverner's Bible">Taverner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Bible" title="Geneva Bible">Geneva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishops%27_Bible" title="Bishops' Bible">Bishops'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douay%E2%80%93Rheims_Bible" title="Douay–Rheims Bible">Douay–Rheims</a> (DRV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_James_Version" title="King James Version">King James</a> (KJV)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th–19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Douay%E2%80%93Rheims_Bible#Challoner_Revision" title="Douay–Rheims Bible">Challoner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Septuagint_version_of_the_Old_Testament_(Brenton)" title="The Septuagint version of the Old Testament (Brenton)">Brenton's Septuagint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Webster%27s_Revision" title="Webster's Revision">Webster's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young%27s_Literal_Translation" title="Young's Literal Translation">Young's Literal</a> (YLT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revised_Version" title="Revised Version">Revised</a> (RV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Living_Oracles" title="Living Oracles">Living Oracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darby_Bible" title="Darby Bible">Darby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emphatic_Diaglott" title="Emphatic Diaglott">Emphatic Diaglott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Smith_Translation_of_the_Bible" title="Joseph Smith Translation of the Bible">Joseph Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaker_Bible" title="Quaker Bible">Quaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_E._Smith_Parker_Translation" title="Julia E. Smith Parker Translation">Julia E. Smith Parker Translation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Standard_Version" title="American Standard Version">American Standard</a> (ASV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emphasized_Bible" title="Emphasized Bible">Rotherham's Emphasized</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferrar_Fenton_Bible" title="Ferrar Fenton Bible">Ferrar Fenton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moffatt,_New_Translation" title="Moffatt, New Translation">Moffatt, New Translation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knox_Bible" title="Knox Bible">Knox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_in_Basic_English" title="Bible in Basic English">Basic English</a> (BBE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revised_Standard_Version" title="Revised Standard Version">Revised Standard</a> (RSV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anchor_Bible_Series" title="Anchor Bible Series">Anchor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_World_Translation_of_the_Holy_Scriptures" class="mw-redirect" title="New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures">New World</a> (NWT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Language_Bible" title="Modern Language Bible">Modern Language</a> (MLB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_English_Bible" title="New English Bible">New English</a> (NEB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bible_in_Living_English" title="The Bible in Living English">Living English</a> (BLE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_American_Standard_Bible" title="New American Standard Bible">New American Standard</a> (NASB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_News_Bible" title="Good News Bible">Good News</a> (GNB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Bible" title="Jerusalem Bible">Jerusalem</a> (JB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_American_Bible" title="New American Bible">New American</a> (NAB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Living_Bible" title="The Living Bible">Living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_International_Version" title="New International Version">New International</a> (NIV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Century_Version" title="New Century Version">New Century</a> (NCV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_Scriptures_Bethel_Edition" title="Sacred Scriptures Bethel Edition">Bethel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_King_James_Version" title="New King James Version">New King James</a> (NKJV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jerusalem_Bible" title="New Jerusalem Bible">New Jerusalem</a> (NJB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green%27s_Literal_Translation" title="Green's Literal Translation">Green's Literal Translation</a> (GLT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recovery_Version" title="Recovery Version">Recovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Community_Bible" title="Christian Community Bible">Christian Community</a> (CCB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Revised_Standard_Version" title="New Revised Standard Version">New Revised Standard</a> (NRSV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revised_English_Bible" title="Revised English Bible">Revised English</a> (REB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_English_Version" title="Contemporary English Version">Contemporary English</a> (CEV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Message_(Bible)" title="The Message (Bible)">The Message</a> (MSG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Clear_Word" class="mw-redirect" title="The Clear Word">Clear Word</a> (TCW)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Life_Version" title="New Life Version">New Life</a> (NLV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/21st_Century_King_James_Version" title="21st Century King James Version">21st Century King James</a> (KJ21)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Millennium_Bible" title="Third Millennium Bible">Third Millennium</a> (TMB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_International_Reader%27s_Version" title="New International Reader's Version">New International Reader's</a> (NIrV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_International_Version_Inclusive_Language_Edition" title="New International Version Inclusive Language Edition">New International Inclusive Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God%27s_Word_Translation" title="God's Word Translation">God's Word</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Living_Translation" title="New Living Translation">New Living</a> (NLT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messianic_Bible_translations" title="Messianic Bible translations">Heinz Cassirer's translation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messianic_Bible_translations#Complete_Jewish_Bible_(CJB)" title="Messianic Bible translations">Complete Jewish Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Version" title="International Standard Version">International Standard</a> (ISV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holman_Christian_Standard_Bible" title="Holman Christian Standard Bible">Holman Christian Standard</a> (HCSB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easy-to-Read_Version" title="Easy-to-Read Version">Easy-to-Read Version</a> (ERV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamsa_Bible" title="Lamsa Bible">The Holy Bible from Ancient Eastern Manuscripts</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Publication_Society_of_America_Version" title="Jewish Publication Society of America Version">Jewish Publication Society of America Version</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jewish_Publication_Society_of_America_Tanakh" title="New Jewish Publication Society of America Tanakh">New Jewish Publication Society of America Tanakh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Worrell_New_Testament" title="Worrell New Testament">Worrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phillips_New_Testament_in_Modern_English" title="Phillips New Testament in Modern English">Phillips</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Partial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Prophets" title="Four Prophets">Four Prophets (Phillips)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">21st century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palmarian_Bible" title="Palmarian Bible">Palmarian Bible</a> (SH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_English_Bible" title="World English Bible">World English</a> (WEB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messianic_Bible_translations" title="Messianic Bible translations">World Messianic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Standard_Version" title="English Standard Version">English Standard</a> (ESV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Today%27s_New_International_Version" title="Today's New International Version">Today's New International</a> (TNIV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_English_Translation" title="New English Translation">New English</a> (NET)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revised_Standard_Version_Catholic_Edition#RSV_Second_Catholic_Edition_(RSV-2CE)" title="Revised Standard Version Catholic Edition">Ignatius</a> (RSV2CE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Voice_(Bible_translation)" title="The Voice (Bible translation)">The Voice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_English_Bible" title="Common English Bible">Common English</a> (CEB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Bible_Polyglot" title="Apostolic Bible Polyglot">Apostolic Bible Polyglot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_American_Bible_Revised_Edition" title="New American Bible Revised Edition">New American Bible Revised Edition</a> (NABRE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lexham_English_Bible" title="Lexham English Bible">Lexham English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messianic_Bible_translations" title="Messianic Bible translations">The Orthodox Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_Name_Bibles" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacred Name Bibles">Original Aramaic Bible in Plain English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_Name_Bibles" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacred Name Bibles">Divine Name King James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_Name_Bibles" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacred Name Bibles">Names of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messianic_Bible_translations" title="Messianic Bible translations">Tree of Life Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_English_Version" title="Modern English Version">Modern English</a> (MEV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literal_English_Version" title="Literal English Version">Literal English</a> (LEV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Standard_Bible" title="Christian Standard Bible">Christian Standard</a> (CSB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Passion_Translation" title="The Passion Translation">The Passion Translation</a> (TPT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revised_New_Jerusalem_Bible" title="Revised New Jerusalem Bible">Revised New Jerusalem</a> (RNJB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Heritage_Version" title="Evangelical Heritage Version">Evangelical Heritage</a> (EHV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_Name_Bibles" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacred Name Bibles">New Heart English Bible, Jehovah Edition</a> (NHEB-JE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_Standard_Bible" title="Legacy Standard Bible">Legacy Standard</a> (LSB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antioch_Bible" title="Antioch Bible">Antioch Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_of_Life_Version" title="Tree of Life Version">Tree of Life Version</a> (TLV)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berean_Standard_Bible&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Berean Standard Bible (page does not exist)">Berean Standard</a> (BSB)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Majority_Standard_Bible&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Majority Standard Bible (page does not exist)">Majority Standard</a> (MSB)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_Bible_Version&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Free Bible Version (page does not exist)">Free Bible Version</a> (FBV)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Hebrew_Bible_(Alter)" title="The Hebrew Bible (Alter)">Alter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_English_Translation_of_the_Septuagint" title="New English Translation of the Septuagint">New English Translation of the Septuagint</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Study Bibles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Haydock#The_Haydock_Bible" title="Thomas Haydock">Haydock Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_Application_Study_Bible" title="Life Application Study Bible">Life Application Study Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Annotated_Bible" title="Oxford Annotated Bible">Oxford Annotated Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation_Study_Bible" title="Reformation Study Bible">Reformation Study Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scofield_Reference_Bible" title="Scofield Reference Bible">Scofield Reference Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thompson_Chain-Reference_Bible" title="Thompson Chain-Reference Bible">Thompson Chain-Reference Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finis_Jennings_Dake#Writings" title="Finis Jennings Dake">Dake Annotated Reference Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logos_International_Study_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="Logos International Study Bible">Logos International Study Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AMG_International" title="AMG International">Hebrew-Greek Key Word Study Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacArthur_Study_Bible" title="MacArthur Study Bible">MacArthur Study Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Caldwell_Ryrie#Publications" title="Charles Caldwell Ryrie">Ryrie Study Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Wesley_Study_Bible" title="The Wesley Study Bible">The Wesley Study Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concordia_Publishing_House" title="Concordia Publishing House">The Lutheran Study Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Study_Bible" title="Orthodox Study Bible">Orthodox Study Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NIV_Study_Bible" title="NIV Study Bible">Study Bible for NIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ESV_Study_Bible" title="ESV Study Bible">Study Bible for ESV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_NLT_Study_Bible" title="The NLT Study Bible">Study Bible for NLT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_News_Study_Bible" title="Good News Study Bible">Study Bible for GNT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Interpreter%27s_Study_Bible" title="New Interpreter's Study Bible">New Interpreter's Study Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reflecting_God_Study_Bible" title="Reflecting God Study Bible">Reflecting God Study Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeological_Study_Bible" title="Archaeological Study Bible">Archaeological Study Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Life_with_God_Study_Bible" title="The Life with God Study Bible">The Life with God Study Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Green_Bible" title="The Green Bible">The Green Bible</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Picture Bibles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Brick_Bible" title="The Brick Bible">The Brick Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Manga_Bible:_From_Genesis_to_Revelation" title="The Manga Bible: From Genesis to Revelation">The Manga Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Action_Bible" title="The Action Bible">The Action Bible</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern Dialectal & Slang</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A_Glasgow_Bible" title="A Glasgow Bible">Glasgow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LOLCat_Bible_Translation_Project" title="LOLCat Bible Translation Project">LOLCat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable publishers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Bible_Society" title="American Bible Society">American Bible Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zondervan" title="Zondervan">Zondervan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Nelson_(publisher)" title="Thomas Nelson (publisher)">Thomas Nelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyndale_House" title="Tyndale House">Tyndale House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LifeWay_Christian_Resources" title="LifeWay Christian Resources">Holman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockman_Foundation" title="Lockman Foundation">Lockman Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_News_Publishers" class="mw-redirect" title="Good News Publishers">Crossway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hendrickson_Publisher" class="mw-redirect" title="Hendrickson Publisher">Hendrickson Publisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_Press" title="Ignatius Press">Ignatius Press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Benedict_Press" title="Saint Benedict Press">Saint Benedict Press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baronius_Press" title="Baronius Press">Baronius Press</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Additional lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_Bible_translations" title="List of English Bible translations">List of English Bible translations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_English_Bible_translations" title="Old English Bible translations">Old English (pre-1066)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Middle English (1066–1500)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_English_Bible_translations" title="Early Modern English Bible translations">Early Modern English (1500–1800)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_English_Bible_translations" title="Modern English Bible translations">Modern Christian (1800–)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_English_Bible_translations" title="Jewish English Bible translations">Modern Jewish (1853–)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Middle_English_Bible_translations&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMarsden2016" class="citation journal cs1">Marsden, Richard (1 January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/84164047">"(Review) Approaching the Bible in medieval England"</a>. <i>Reviews in History</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reviews+in+History&rft.atitle=%28Review%29+Approaching+the+Bible+in+medieval+England&rft.date=2016-01-01&rft.aulast=Marsden&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F84164047&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiddle+English+Bible+translations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.medievalcodes.ca/2013/07/reading-in-two-languages.html">"Reading in two languages"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Reading+in+two+languages&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.medievalcodes.ca%2F2013%2F07%2Freading-in-two-languages.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiddle+English+Bible+translations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmall1862" class="citation book cs1">Small, John (1862). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/item/12017920/"><i>English metrical homilies from manuscripts of the fourteenth century</i></a>. Edinburgh: W. Patterson.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=English+metrical+homilies+from+manuscripts+of+the+fourteenth+century&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=W.+Patterson&rft.date=1862&rft.aulast=Small&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fitem%2F12017920%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiddle+English+Bible+translations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kraebel-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kraebel_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kraebel_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kraebel_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKraebel2014" class="citation journal cs1">Kraebel, Andrew (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/6865349">"Middle English Gospel glosses and the translation of exegetical authority"</a>. <i>Traditio</i>. <b>69</b>: 87–123. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0362152900001926">10.1017/S0362152900001926</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Traditio&rft.atitle=Middle+English+Gospel+glosses+and+the+translation+of+exegetical+authority&rft.volume=69&rft.pages=87-123&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0362152900001926&rft.aulast=Kraebel&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F6865349&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiddle+English+Bible+translations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-somerset-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-somerset_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-somerset_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSomerset2014" class="citation book cs1">Somerset, Fiona (10 April 2014). <i>Feeling Like Saints: Lollard Writings after Wyclif</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7591%2Fcornell%2F9780801452819.003.0006">10.7591/cornell/9780801452819.003.0006</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Feeling+Like+Saints%3A+Lollard+Writings+after+Wyclif&rft.date=2014-04-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7591%2Fcornell%2F9780801452819.003.0006&rft.aulast=Somerset&rft.aufirst=Fiona&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiddle+English+Bible+translations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-paues-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-paues_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-paues_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-paues_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-paues_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaues1902" class="citation book cs1">Paues, Anna C. (Anna Carolina) (1902). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fourteenthcentur00paueuoft"><i>A fourteenth century English Biblical version : consisting of a prologue and parts of the New Testament</i></a>. Cambridge : University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+fourteenth+century+English+Biblical+version+%3A+consisting+of+a+prologue+and+parts+of+the+New+Testament&rft.pub=Cambridge+%3A+University+Press&rft.date=1902&rft.aulast=Paues&rft.aufirst=Anna+C.+%28Anna+Carolina%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffourteenthcentur00paueuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiddle+English+Bible+translations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-caie-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-caie_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-caie_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaie2004" class="citation journal cs1">Caie, Graham (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/4953682">"Lay Literacy and the Medieval Bible"</a>. <i>Nordic Journal of English Studies, Vol.3:1</i>. <b>3</b>: 125–144. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.35360%2Fnjes.26">10.35360/njes.26</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nordic+Journal+of+English+Studies%2C+Vol.3%3A1&rft.atitle=Lay+Literacy+and+the+Medieval+Bible&rft.volume=3&rft.pages=125-144&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.35360%2Fnjes.26&rft.aulast=Caie&rft.aufirst=Graham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F4953682&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiddle+English+Bible+translations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In Wales in the 1100s, not only was Welsh spoken but also <a href="/wiki/Flemish_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Flemish dialect">Flemish</a> in Pembrokeshire enclaves.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristiaens2019" class="citation web cs1">Christiaens, Tom (11 July 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.the-low-countries.com/article/wizo-flandrensis-and-the-flemish-settlers-in-wales/">"Wizo Flandrensis and the Flemish Settlers in Wales"</a>. <i>the low countries</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=the+low+countries&rft.atitle=Wizo+Flandrensis+and+the+Flemish+Settlers+in+Wales&rft.date=2019-07-11&rft.aulast=Christiaens&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.the-low-countries.com%2Farticle%2Fwizo-flandrensis-and-the-flemish-settlers-in-wales%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiddle+English+Bible+translations" class="Z3988"></span> Also English around Cardiff, especially in the Welsh Marchers, arisocratic French.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Medieval multilingualism: the francophone world and its neighbours</i>. Turnhout : Abingdon: Brepols ; Marston [distributor]. 2010. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782503528373" title="Special:BookSources/9782503528373"><bdi>9782503528373</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+multilingualism%3A+the+francophone+world+and+its+neighbours&rft.place=Turnhout+%3A+Abingdon&rft.pub=Brepols+%3B+Marston+%5Bdistributor%5D&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9782503528373&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiddle+English+Bible+translations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kim-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kim_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kim_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKim" class="citation web cs1">Kim, Ronald I. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/24181823">"History of the English Language, Part 1: The beginnings to 1600"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+the+English+Language%2C+Part+1%3A+The+beginnings+to+1600&rft.aulast=Kim&rft.aufirst=Ronald+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F24181823&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiddle+English+Bible+translations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTreharne2011" class="citation book cs1">Treharne, Elaine (2011). 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(2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdl.handle.net/1811/81021">"Defining the Outcome of Language Contact: Old English and Old Norse"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1811%2F81021">1811/81021</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0473-9604">0473-9604</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Defining+the+Outcome+of+Language+Contact%3A+Old+English+and+Old+Norse&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1811%2F81021&rft.issn=0473-9604&rft.aulast=Dawson&rft.aufirst=Hope+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhdl.handle.net%2F1811%2F81021&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiddle+English+Bible+translations" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParker2013" class="citation thesis cs1">Parker, E. 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Oxford University, UK.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Anglo-Scandinavian+literature+and+the+post-conquest+period&rft.inst=Oxford+University%2C+UK&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Parker&rft.aufirst=E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fora.ox.ac.uk%2Fobjects%2Fuuid%3A18aa9912-85f6-4cba-b4d6-4f8f7453402f&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiddle+English+Bible+translations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The eleventh century, with its political convulsions resulting in the establishment of an alien rule and the partial suppression of the language of the conquered race, was hostile to literary efforts of any kind in the vernacular."<sup id="cite_ref-paues_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-paues-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: xvi">: xvi </span></sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrigg" class="citation journal cs1">Grigg, Erik. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/3439905">"The Cornish Bible of John Trevisa"</a>. <i>Cornish Studies</i>. <b>16</b>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cornish+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Cornish+Bible+of+John+Trevisa&rft.volume=16&rft.aulast=Grigg&rft.aufirst=Erik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F3439905&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiddle+English+Bible+translations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/discover/middle-english-an-overview/?tl=true">"Middle English – an overview"</a>. <i>OED</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=OED&rft.atitle=Middle+English+%E2%80%93+an+overview&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fdiscover%2Fmiddle-english-an-overview%2F%3Ftl%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiddle+English+Bible+translations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGasquet1893" class="citation book cs1">Gasquet, Francis Aidan (1893). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/45815/45815-h/45815-h.htm"><i>The Great Pestilence (A.D. 1348-9), Now Commonly Known as The Black Death</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Pestilence+%28A.D.+1348-9%29%2C+Now+Commonly+Known+as+The+Black+Death.&rft.date=1893&rft.aulast=Gasquet&rft.aufirst=Francis+Aidan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Ffiles%2F45815%2F45815-h%2F45815-h.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiddle+English+Bible+translations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPolegLight2013" class="citation journal cs1">Poleg, Eyal; 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