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<span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Early Modern English</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_Modern_English-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_English" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_English"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Modern English</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_English-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Individual_translations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Individual_translations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Individual translations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Individual_translations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jewish_translations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jewish_translations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span 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<span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Single source translations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Single_source_translations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alternative_approaches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alternative_approaches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Alternative approaches</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alternative_approaches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Popularity_in_US" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Popularity_in_US"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Popularity in US</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Popularity_in_US-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:#ccccff;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">The Bible in English</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_Bible_translations" title="List of English Bible translations">List of English Bible translations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_English_Bible_translations" title="Old English Bible translations">Old English (pre-1066)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_English_Bible_translations" title="Middle English Bible translations">Middle English (1066–1500)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_English_Bible_translations" title="Early Modern English Bible translations">Early Modern English (1500–1800)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_English_Bible_translations" title="Modern English Bible translations">Modern Christian (1800– )</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_English_Bible_translations" title="Jewish English Bible translations">Modern Jewish (1853– )</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main category: <a href="/wiki/Category:Bible_translations_into_English" title="Category:Bible translations into English">Bible translations into English</a></div> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/32px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/48px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/64px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1993" data-file-height="1300" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Bible" title="Portal:Bible">Bible portal</a></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:English_Bible_translations" title="Template:English Bible translations"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:English_Bible_translations" title="Template talk:English Bible translations"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:English_Bible_translations" title="Special:EditPage/Template:English Bible translations"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>More than 100 complete translations into <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Frisian_languages#Anglic_languages" title="Anglo-Frisian languages">English languages</a> have been produced.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bible_translations" title="Bible translations">Translations of Biblical books</a>, especially passages read in the <a href="/wiki/Liturgy" title="Liturgy">Liturgy</a> can be traced back to the late 7th century, including translations into <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old</a> and <a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Old_English">Old English</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bible_translations_into_English&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Old English"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Old_English_Bible_translations" title="Old English Bible translations">Old English Bible translations</a></div> <p>The Old English language started first from the Angle-Jute-Saxon invaders/settlers in the South and Eastern regions and evolved influenced by Anglo-Danish invaders/settlers in the North and Eastern <a href="/wiki/Danelaw" title="Danelaw">Danelaw</a>, to the extent that an <a href="/wiki/Gunnlaugs_saga_ormstungu" title="Gunnlaugs saga ormstungu">Icelandic saga</a> around the year 1000 said the language of England was the same as Norway and Denmark.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It largely replaced the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Brittonic" title="Neo-Brittonic">Neo-Brittonic</a> languages and residual Anglo-Latin-using pockets. </p><p>While there were no complete translations of the Bible in the Old English period, there were many translations of large portions during this time. Parts of the Bible were first translated from the <a href="/wiki/Latin_Vulgate" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin Vulgate">Latin Vulgate</a> by a few monks and scholars. Such translations were generally in the form of prose or as <a href="/wiki/Interlinear_gloss" title="Interlinear gloss">interlinear glosses</a> (literal translations above the Latin words).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on a self-published source. (February 2020)">self-published source?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Very few complete translations existed during that time. Most of the books of the Bible existed separately and were read as individual texts. Translations of the Bible often included the writer's own commentary on passages in addition to the literal translation.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Aldhelm" title="Aldhelm">Aldhelm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Sherborne" title="Bishop of Sherborne">Bishop of Sherborne</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abbot_of_Malmesbury" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbot of Malmesbury">Abbot of Malmesbury</a> (639–709), is thought to have written an Old English translation of the <a href="/wiki/Psalms" title="Psalms">Psalms</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Bede" title="Bede">Bede</a> (<i>c.</i> 672–735) produced a translation of the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_John" title="Gospel of John">Gospel of John</a> into Old English, which he is said to have prepared shortly before his death. This translation is lost; we know of its existence from Cuthbert of Jarrow's account of Bede's death.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDobbie1937_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDobbie1937-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 10th century an <a href="/wiki/Old_English_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old English language">Old English</a> translation of the Gospels was made in the <a href="/wiki/Lindisfarne_Gospels" title="Lindisfarne Gospels">Lindisfarne Gospels</a>: a word-for-word gloss inserted between the lines of the Latin text by <a href="/wiki/Aldred_the_Scribe" title="Aldred the Scribe">Aldred</a>, Provost of <a href="/wiki/Chester-le-Street" title="Chester-le-Street">Chester-le-Street</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-sunderland_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sunderland-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is the oldest extant translation of the Gospels into an <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English language</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-sunderland_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sunderland-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Wessex_Gospels" title="Wessex Gospels">Wessex Gospels</a></i> (also known as the <i>West-Saxon Gospels</i>) are a full translation of the four <a href="/wiki/Gospels" class="mw-redirect" title="Gospels">gospels</a> into a West Saxon dialect of Old English. Produced in approximately 990, they are the first translation of all four gospels into English without the <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> text.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 11th century, Abbot <a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfric_of_Eynsham" title="Ælfric of Eynsham">Ælfric</a> translated much of the <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a> into Old English. The <i><a href="/wiki/Old_English_Hexateuch" title="Old English Hexateuch">Old English Hexateuch</a></i> is an <a href="/wiki/Illuminated_manuscript" title="Illuminated manuscript">illuminated manuscript</a> of the first six books of the Old Testament (the <a href="/wiki/Hexateuch" title="Hexateuch">Hexateuch</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Middle_English">Middle English</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bible_translations_into_English&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Middle English"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Middle_English_Bible_translations" title="Middle English Bible translations">Middle English Bible translations</a></div> <p>There are no known complete translations (<a href="/wiki/Pandects" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandects">pandects</a>) from early in this period, when <a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a> emerged after <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Norman_language" title="Anglo-Norman language">Anglo-Norman</a> replaced <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> (Anglo-Saxon and Anglo-Danish) as the aristocratic and secular court languages (1066), with Latin still the religious, diplomatic, scientific and ecclesiastical court language, and with parts of the country still speaking Cornish, and perhaps Cumbric. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Ormulum" title="Ormulum">Ormulum</a> is in Middle English of the 12th century. Like its Old English precursor from <a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfric_of_Eynsham" title="Ælfric of Eynsham">Ælfric</a>, an abbot of Eynsham, it includes very little Biblical text, and focuses more on personal commentary. This style was adopted by many of the original English translators. For example, the story of the <a href="/wiki/Wedding_at_Cana" title="Wedding at Cana">Wedding at Cana</a> is almost 800 lines long, but fewer than 40 lines are in the actual translation of the text. An unusual characteristic is that the translation mimics Latin verse, and so is similar to the better known and appreciated 14th-century English poem <i><a href="/wiki/Cursor_Mundi" title="Cursor Mundi">Cursor Mundi</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Richard_Rolle" title="Richard Rolle">Richard Rolle</a> (1290–1349) wrote an English Psalter. Many religious works are attributed to Rolle, but it has been questioned how many are genuinely from his hand. Many of his works were concerned with personal devotion, and some were used by the <a href="/wiki/Lollards" class="mw-redirect" title="Lollards">Lollards</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Theologian <a href="/wiki/John_Wycliffe" title="John Wycliffe">John Wycliffe</a> (c. 1320s–1384) is popularly credited with translating what is now known as Wycliffe's Bible, though it is not clear how much of the translation he himself did.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Released in 1382, this was the first known complete translation of the Bible into English. This translation came out in two different versions. The earlier version ("EV") is characterised by a strong adherence to the word order of Latin, and is more difficult for native English speakers to comprehend. The later version ("LV") made more concessions to the native grammar of English. </p><p>Around the same period there were several other translations, which partially survive, such as the <a href="/wiki/Wycliffe%27s_Bible#Paues'_Middle_English_New_Testament" title="Wycliffe's Bible">Paues</a> <i>Fortheenth Century Middle English New Testament</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_Modern_and_Modern_English">Early Modern and Modern English</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bible_translations_into_English&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early Modern and Modern English"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_English_Bible_translations" title="Early Modern English Bible translations">Early Modern English Bible translations</a> and <a href="/wiki/Modern_English_Bible_translations" title="Modern English Bible translations">Modern English Bible translations</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St._Thomas_Hospital_(3984337187).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/St._Thomas_Hospital_%283984337187%29.jpg/220px-St._Thomas_Hospital_%283984337187%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/St._Thomas_Hospital_%283984337187%29.jpg/330px-St._Thomas_Hospital_%283984337187%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/St._Thomas_Hospital_%283984337187%29.jpg/440px-St._Thomas_Hospital_%283984337187%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>The site of <a href="/wiki/St_Thomas%27_Hospital" title="St Thomas' Hospital">St Thomas' Hospital</a> in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> was where the first modern English <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> was printed in England. (Note the error in the inscription: <a href="/wiki/Miles_Coverdale" class="mw-redirect" title="Miles Coverdale">Miles Coverdale</a>'s Bible, 1535 pre-dated this).</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_Modern_English">Early Modern English</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bible_translations_into_English&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Early Modern English"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Early Modern English Bible translations are of between about 1500 and 1800, the period of <a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_English" title="Early Modern English">Early Modern English</a>. This was the first major period of Bible translation into the English language. </p><p>This period began with the introduction of the <a href="/wiki/Tyndale_Bible" title="Tyndale Bible">Tyndale Bible</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on a self-published source. (February 2020)">self-published source?</span></a></i>]</sup> The first complete edition of his New Testament was in 1526. <a href="/wiki/William_Tyndale" title="William Tyndale">William Tyndale</a> used the Greek and Hebrew texts of the New Testament (NT) and Old Testament (OT) in addition to <a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a>'s Latin translation. He was the first translator to use the <a href="/wiki/Printing_press" title="Printing press">printing press</a> – this enabled the distribution of several thousand copies of his New Testament translation throughout England. Tyndale did not complete his Old Testament translation.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first printed English translation of the whole Bible was produced by <a href="/wiki/Miles_Coverdale" class="mw-redirect" title="Miles Coverdale">Miles Coverdale</a> in 1535, using Tyndale's work together with his own translations from the Latin Vulgate or German text. After much scholarly debate it is concluded that this was printed in Antwerp and the colophon gives the date as 4 October 1535. This first edition was adapted by Coverdale for his first "authorised version", known as the <a href="/wiki/Great_Bible" title="Great Bible">Great Bible</a>, of 1539. </p><p>Other early printed versions were the <a href="/wiki/Geneva_Bible" title="Geneva Bible">Geneva Bible</a> published by <a href="/wiki/Rowland_Hill_(MP)" title="Rowland Hill (MP)">Sir Rowland Hill</a> in 1560.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This version is notable for being the first Bible divided into verses and which negated the Divine Right of Kings; the <a href="/wiki/Bishop%27s_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop's Bible">Bishop's Bible</a> (1568), which was an attempt by <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth I of England">Elizabeth I</a> to create a new authorised version; and the <a href="/wiki/King_James_Version" title="King James Version">Authorized King James Version</a> of 1611.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first complete <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a> Bible in English was the <a href="/wiki/Douay%E2%80%93Rheims_Bible" title="Douay–Rheims Bible">Douay–Rheims Bible</a>, of which the New Testament portion was published in <a href="/wiki/Rheims" class="mw-redirect" title="Rheims">Rheims</a> in 1582 and the Old Testament somewhat later in <a href="/wiki/Douai" title="Douai">Douay</a> in <a href="/wiki/Romance_Flanders" title="Romance Flanders">Gallicant Flanders</a>. The Old Testament was completed by the time the New Testament was published but, due to extenuating circumstances and financial issues, it was not published until nearly three decades later, in two editions: the first released in 1609, and the rest of the OT in 1610. In this version, the seven <a href="/wiki/Deuterocanonical_books" title="Deuterocanonical books">deuterocanonical books</a> are amongst the other books, as in the Latin <a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a>, rather than kept separate in an appendix.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_English">Modern English</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bible_translations_into_English&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Modern English"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While early English Bibles were generally based on a small number of Greek texts, or on Latin translations, modern English translations of the Bible are based on a wider variety of manuscripts in the original languages, mostly Greek and Hebrew. </p><p>The translators put much scholarly effort into cross-checking the various sources such as the <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a>, <a href="/wiki/Textus_Receptus" title="Textus Receptus">Textus Receptus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Masoretic_Text" title="Masoretic Text">Masoretic Text</a>. Relatively recent discoveries such as the <a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea_scrolls" class="mw-redirect" title="Dead Sea scrolls">Dead Sea scrolls</a> provide additional reference information. Some controversy has existed over which texts should be used as a basis for translation, as some of the alternate sources do not include phrases (or sometimes entire verses) which are found only in the Textus Receptus.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some<sup id="cite_ref-:1_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> say the alternate sources were poorly representative of the texts used in their time, whereas others<sup id="cite_ref-:1_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> claim the Textus Receptus includes passages that were added to the alternate texts improperly. These controversial passages are not the basis for disputed issues of doctrine: they tend to be additional stories or snippets of phrases.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many modern English translations, such as the <a href="/wiki/New_International_Version" title="New International Version">New International Version</a>, contain limited text notes indicating where differences occur in original sources.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A somewhat greater number of textual differences are noted in the <a href="/wiki/New_King_James_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="New King James Bible">New King James Bible</a>, indicating hundreds of New Testament differences between the <a href="/wiki/Nestle-Aland" class="mw-redirect" title="Nestle-Aland">Nestle-Aland</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Textus_Receptus" title="Textus Receptus">Textus Receptus</a>, and the Hodges edition of the <a href="/wiki/Majority_Text" class="mw-redirect" title="Majority Text">Majority Text</a>. The differences in the Old Testament are less well documented, but they do contain some references to differences between consonantal interpretations in the Masoretic Text, the Dead Sea Scrolls, and the Septuagint. Even with these hundreds of differences, however, a more complete listing is beyond the scope of most single-volume Bibles. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Individual_translations">Individual translations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bible_translations_into_English&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Individual translations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Bible" title="Category:Bible">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Malmesbury Bible"><img alt="The Malmesbury Bible" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/180px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/270px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/360px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1993" data-file-height="1300" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Canons</a> and books</li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist nowrap"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Tanakh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im" title="Nevi'im">Nevi'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketuvim" title="Ketuvim">Ketuvim</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist nowrap"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament (OT)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament (NT)</a></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deuterocanonical_books" title="Deuterocanonical books">Deuterocanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antilegomena" title="Antilegomena">Antilegomena</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chapters_and_verses_of_the_Bible" title="Chapters and verses of the Bible">Chapters and verses</a></li></ul> <div class="hlist nowrap"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_apocrypha" title="Biblical apocrypha">Apocrypha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_apocrypha" title="Jewish apocrypha">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_apocrypha" title="Biblical apocrypha">OT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_apocrypha" title="New Testament apocrypha">NT</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_Bible" title="Authorship of the Bible">Authorship</a> and development</li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_Bible" title="Authorship of the Bible">Authorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dating_the_Bible" title="Dating the Bible">Dating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Hebrew_Bible_canon" title="Development of the Hebrew Bible canon">Hebrew canon</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Old_Testament_canon" title="Development of the Old Testament canon">Old Testament canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_New_Testament_canon" title="Development of the New Testament canon">New Testament canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Composition_of_the_Torah" title="Composition of the Torah">Composition of the Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosaic_authorship" title="Mosaic authorship">Mosaic authorship</a></li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_Pauline_epistles" title="Authorship of the Pauline epistles">Pauline epistles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_Petrine_epistles" title="Authorship of the Petrine epistles">Petrine epistles</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_Johannine_works" title="Authorship of the Johannine works">Johannine works</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible_translations" title="Bible translations">Translations</a> and <a href="/wiki/Biblical_manuscript" title="Biblical manuscript">manuscripts</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea_Scrolls" title="Dead Sea Scrolls">Dead Sea scrolls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masoretic_Text" title="Masoretic Text">Masoretic Text</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_Pentateuch" title="Samaritan Pentateuch">Samaritan Pentateuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Targum" title="Targum">Targumim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peshitta" title="Peshitta">Peshitta</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vetus_Latina" title="Vetus Latina">Vetus Latina</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Bible" title="Gothic Bible">Gothic Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luther_Bible" title="Luther Bible">Luther Bible</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">English Bibles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Bible_translations_by_language" title="List of Bible translations by language">by language</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Biblical_studies" title="Biblical studies">Biblical studies</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_archaeology" title="Biblical archaeology">Archeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_inscriptions_in_biblical_archaeology" title="List of inscriptions in biblical archaeology">Artifacts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dating_the_Bible" title="Dating the Bible">Dating</a></li> <li><br /><a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_the_Bible" title="Historicity of the Bible">Historicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_consistency_of_the_Bible" title="Internal consistency of the Bible">Internal consistency</a></li> <li><br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_biblical_figures_identified_in_extra-biblical_sources" title="List of biblical figures identified in extra-biblical sources">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_biblical_places" title="List of biblical places">Places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_biblical_names" title="List of biblical names">Names</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Biblia_Hebraica_Stuttgartensia" title="Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia">Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Rahlfs%27_edition_of_the_Septuagint" title="Alfred Rahlfs' edition of the Septuagint">Rahlfs' Septuagint</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Novum_Testamentum_Graece" title="Novum Testamentum Graece">Novum Testamentum Graece</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Documentary_hypothesis" title="Documentary hypothesis">Documentary hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synoptic_Gospels#The_synoptic_problem" title="Synoptic Gospels">Synoptic problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Categories_of_New_Testament_manuscripts" title="Categories of New Testament manuscripts">NT textual categories</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Biblical_criticism" title="Biblical criticism">Biblical criticism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_criticism" title="Historical criticism">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textual_criticism" title="Textual criticism">Textual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Source_criticism_(biblical_studies)" title="Source criticism (biblical studies)">Source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Form_criticism" title="Form criticism">Form</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redaction_criticism" title="Redaction criticism">Redaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canonical_criticism" title="Canonical criticism">Canonical</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Interpretation</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_hermeneutics" title="Biblical hermeneutics">Hermeneutics</a></li></ul> <div class="hlist nowrap"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pesher" title="Pesher">Pesher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midrash" title="Midrash">Midrash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pardes_(exegesis)" title="Pardes (exegesis)">Pardes</a></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allegorical_interpretation_of_the_Bible" title="Allegorical interpretation of the Bible">Allegorical interpretation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical-grammatical_method" title="Historical-grammatical method">Historical-grammatical method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_inspiration" title="Biblical inspiration">Inspiration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_literalism" title="Biblical literalism">Literalism</a></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_in_the_Bible" title="Alcohol in the Bible">Alcohol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_conspiracy_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Bible conspiracy theory">Conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_in_the_Bible" title="Ethics in the Bible">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_Bible" title="Capital punishment in the Bible">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bible_and_homosexuality" title="The Bible and homosexuality">Homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bible_and_humor" title="The Bible and humor">Humor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incest_in_the_Bible" title="Incest in the Bible">Incest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_and_the_Bible" title="Muhammad and the Bible">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_prophecy" title="Bible prophecy">Prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_in_the_Hebrew_Bible" title="Rape in the Hebrew Bible">Rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serpents_in_the_Bible" title="Serpents in the Bible">Serpents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_in_the_Hebrew_Bible" title="Sex in the Hebrew Bible">Sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bible_and_slavery" title="The Bible and slavery">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bible_and_violence" title="The Bible and violence">Violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_the_Hebrew_Bible" title="War in the Hebrew Bible">Warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Bible" title="Women in the Bible">Women</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Perspectives</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnostic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_view_of_the_Bible" title="Islamic view of the Bible">Islamic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_narratives_in_the_Quran" title="Biblical narratives in the Quran">Quranic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_inerrancy" title="Biblical inerrancy">Inerrancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_infallibility" title="Biblical infallibility">Infallibility</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Bible" title="Criticism of the Bible">Criticism of the Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_authority" title="Biblical authority">Biblical authority</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Bible-related_topics" title="Outline of Bible-related topics">Outline of Bible-related topics</a><br /><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/32px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/48px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/64px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1993" data-file-height="1300" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Bible" title="Portal:Bible">Bible portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bible_sidebar" title="Template:Bible sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bible_sidebar" title="Template talk:Bible sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bible_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bible sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>While most Bible translations are made by committees of scholars in order to avoid bias or idiosyncrasy, translations are sometimes made by individuals. The following, selected translations are largely the work of individual translators: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Webster%27s_Bible_Translation" class="mw-redirect" title="Webster's Bible Translation">Webster's Bible Translation</a> — <a href="/wiki/Noah_Webster" title="Noah Webster">Noah Webster</a> (1833)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young%27s_Literal_Translation" title="Young's Literal Translation">Young's Literal Translation</a> — <a href="/wiki/Robert_Young_(biblical_scholar)" title="Robert Young (biblical scholar)">Robert Young</a> (1862)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emphatic_Diaglott" title="Emphatic Diaglott">Emphatic Diaglott</a> — Benjamin Wilson (1864)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_E._Smith_Parker_Translation" title="Julia E. Smith Parker Translation">The Holy Bible: Containing the Old and New Testaments; Translated Literally from the Original Tongues</a> — <a href="/wiki/Julia_Evelina_Smith" title="Julia Evelina Smith">Julia Evelina Smith</a> (1876)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darby_Bible" title="Darby Bible">Darby Bible</a> — J.N. Darby (1890)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emphasized_Bible" title="Emphasized Bible">Emphasized Bible</a> — Bryant Rotherham (1902)</li> <li>The Modern Reader's Bible — <a href="/wiki/Richard_Green_Moulton" title="Richard Green Moulton">Richard Green Moulton</a> (1907)</li> <li>The Centenary Translation — <a href="/wiki/Helen_Barrett_Montgomery" title="Helen Barrett Montgomery">Helen Barrett Montgomery</a> (1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamsa_Bible" title="Lamsa Bible">The Holy Bible from Ancient Eastern Manuscripts</a> — <a href="/wiki/George_Lamsa" title="George Lamsa">George Lamsa</a> (1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_in_Basic_English" title="Bible in Basic English">Bible in Basic English</a> — S.H. Hooke (1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knox_Bible" title="Knox Bible">The Holy Bible: A Translation From the Latin Vulgate in the Light of the Hebrew and Greek Originals</a> (aka "Knox Bible") — <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Knox" title="Ronald Knox">Ronald Knox</a> (1950)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berkeley_Version" title="Berkeley Version">The Berkeley Version in Modern English</a> — <a href="/wiki/Gerrit_Verkuyl" title="Gerrit Verkuyl">Gerrit Verkuyl</a> (1959)</li> <li>Holy Name Bible containing the Holy Name Version of the Old and New Testaments — <a href="/wiki/Angelo_Traina" title="Angelo Traina">Angelo Traina</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Living_Bible" title="The Living Bible">The Living Bible</a> — <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_N._Taylor" title="Kenneth N. Taylor">Kenneth N. Taylor</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bible_in_Living_English" title="The Bible in Living English">The Bible in Living English</a> — Stephen T. Byington (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green%27s_Literal_Translation" title="Green's Literal Translation">Literal Translation of the Holy Bible</a> — <a href="/wiki/Jay_P._Green" title="Jay P. Green">Jay P. Green</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/God%27s_New_Covenant:_A_New_Testament_Translation" title="God's New Covenant: A New Testament Translation">God's New Covenant: A New Testament Translation</a> — <a href="/wiki/Heinz_Cassirer" title="Heinz Cassirer">Heinz Cassirer</a> (1989)</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Messianic_Bible_translations" title="Messianic Bible translations">Complete Jewish Bible</a> — <a href="/wiki/David_H._Stern" title="David H. Stern">David H. Stern</a> (1998)</li> <li>American King James Version — Michael Engelbrite (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Message_(Bible)" title="The Message (Bible)">The Message</a> — <a href="/wiki/Eugene_H._Peterson" title="Eugene H. Peterson">Eugene H. Peterson</a> (2002)</li> <li>The Original Aramaic Bible in Plain English — David Bauscher (2010)</li> <li>The Bible — Nicholas King (2013)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://yalebooks.yale.edu/book/9780300265705/the-new-testament/">The New Testament: A Translation</a> — <a href="/wiki/David_Bentley_Hart" title="David Bentley Hart">David Bentley Hart</a> (2017, 2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Hebrew_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="The Hebrew Bible">The Hebrew Bible: A Translation with Commentary</a> — <a href="/wiki/Robert_Alter" title="Robert Alter">Robert Alter</a> (2018)</li></ul> <p>Individual translations of parts of the Bible include: </p> <ul><li>Five Pauline Epistles, New Translation — <a href="/wiki/William_Gunion_Rutherford" title="William Gunion Rutherford">William Gunion Rutherford</a> (1900)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_Testament_in_Modern_English" title="The New Testament in Modern English">The New Testament in Modern English</a><i> — <a href="/wiki/John_Bertram_Phillips" title="John Bertram Phillips">J.B. Phillips</a> (1958)</i></li> <li>The New Testament for Everyone — <a href="/wiki/N._T._Wright" title="N. T. Wright">N. T. Wright</a> (2023)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jewish_translations">Jewish translations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bible_translations_into_English&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Jewish translations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Jewish_English_Bible_translations" title="Jewish English Bible translations">Jewish English Bible translations</a></div> <p>Jewish English Bible translations are <a href="/wiki/Modern_English_Bible_translations" title="Modern English Bible translations">modern English Bible translations</a> that include the books of the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tanakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanakh">Tanakh</a>) according to the <a href="/wiki/Masoretic_Text" title="Masoretic Text">Masoretic Text</a>, and according to the traditional division and order of <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im" title="Nevi'im">Nevi'im</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ketuvim" title="Ketuvim">Ketuvim</a>. </p><p>Jewish translations often also reflect traditional Jewish interpretations of the Bible, as opposed to the Christian understanding that is often reflected in non-Jewish translations. For example, Jewish translations translate עלמה <i>‘almâh</i> in <a href="/wiki/Isaiah_7:14" title="Isaiah 7:14">Isaiah 7:14</a> as <i>young woman</i>, while many Christian translations render the word as <i>virgin</i>. </p><p>While modern biblical scholarship is similar for both Christians and Jews, there are distinctive features of Jewish translations, even those created by academic scholars. These include the avoidance of Christological interpretations, adherence to the <a href="/wiki/Masoretic_Text" title="Masoretic Text">Masoretic Text</a> (at least in the main body of the text, as in the new <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Publication_Society" title="Jewish Publication Society">Jewish Publication Society</a> (JPS) translation) and greater use of classical Jewish exegesis. Some translations prefer names transliterated from the Hebrew, though the majority of Jewish translations use the Anglicized forms of biblical names. </p><p>The first English Jewish translation of the Bible into English was by <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Leeser" title="Isaac Leeser">Isaac Leeser</a> in the 19th century. </p><p>The JPS produced two of the most popular Jewish translations, namely the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Publication_Society_of_America_Version" title="Jewish Publication Society of America Version">JPS <i>The Holy Scriptures</i> of 1917</a> and the <a href="/wiki/New_Jewish_Publication_Society_of_America_Version" class="mw-redirect" title="New Jewish Publication Society of America Version">NJPS <i>Tanakh</i></a> (first printed in a single volume in 1985, second edition in 1999). </p><p>Since the 1980s there have been multiple efforts among Orthodox publishers to produce translations that are not only Jewish, but also adhere to Orthodox norms. Among these are <a href="/wiki/The_Living_Torah_and_Nach" title="The Living Torah and Nach">The Living Torah and Nach</a> by <a href="/wiki/Aryeh_Kaplan" title="Aryeh Kaplan">Aryeh Kaplan</a> and others, the <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a> and other portions in an ongoing project by <a href="/wiki/Everett_Fox" title="Everett Fox">Everett Fox</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/ArtScroll" title="ArtScroll">ArtScroll</a> Tanakh. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Approaches_to_translation">Approaches to translation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bible_translations_into_English&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Approaches to translation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_and_formal_equivalence" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynamic and formal equivalence">Dynamic and formal equivalence</a></div> <p>Modern translations take different approaches to the rendering of the original languages of approaches. The approaches can usually be considered to be somewhere on a scale between the two extremes: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Formal_equivalence" class="mw-redirect" title="Formal equivalence">Formal equivalence</a> (sometimes called <a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">literal translation</a>) in which the greatest effort is made to preserve the meaning of individual words and phrases in the original, with relatively less regard for its understandability by modern readers. Examples include the <a href="/wiki/King_James_Version" title="King James Version">King James Version</a>, <a href="/wiki/English_Standard_Version" title="English Standard Version">English Standard Version</a>, <a href="/wiki/Literal_Standard_Version" title="Literal Standard Version">Literal Standard Version</a>, <a href="/wiki/Revised_Standard_Version" title="Revised Standard Version">Revised Standard Version</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Revised_Standard_Version" title="New Revised Standard Version">New Revised Standard Version</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_American_Standard_Bible" title="New American Standard Bible">New American Standard Bible</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_equivalence" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynamic equivalence">Dynamic equivalence</a> (or functional equivalence, sometimes <a href="/wiki/Paraphrase" title="Paraphrase">paraphrastic</a> translation) in which the translator attempts to render the sense and intent of the original. Examples include <a href="/wiki/The_Living_Bible" title="The Living Bible">The Living Bible</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Message_(Bible)" title="The Message (Bible)">The Message</a>.</li></ul> <p>Some translations have been motivated by a strong theological distinctive. In the <a href="/wiki/Sacred_Name_Bibles" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacred Name Bibles">Sacred Name Bibles</a> the conviction that God's name be preserved in a Semitic form is followed. The <a href="/wiki/Purified_Translation_of_the_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="Purified Translation of the Bible">Purified Translation of the Bible</a> promotes the idea that Jesus and early Christians drink grape juice not wine.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a>' <i><a href="/wiki/New_World_Translation_of_the_Holy_Scriptures" class="mw-redirect" title="New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures">New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures</a></i> renders the <a href="/wiki/Tetragrammaton" title="Tetragrammaton">tetragrammaton</a> as <i>Jehovah</i> throughout the Old Testament, and it uses the form <i>Jehovah</i> in the New Testament including — but not limited to — passages quoting the Old Testament even though it does not appear in the Greek text. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Single_source_translations">Single source translations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bible_translations_into_English&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Single source translations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While most translations attempt to synthesize the various texts in the original languages, some translations also translate one specific textual source, generally for scholarly reasons. A single volume example for the Old Testament is <i>The Dead Sea Scrolls Bible</i> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-060064-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-060064-0">0-06-060064-0</a>) by Martin Abegg, Peter Flint and Eugene Ulrich. </p><p><i>The Comprehensive New Testament</i> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9778737-1-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9778737-1-5">978-0-9778737-1-5</a>) by T. E. Clontz and J. Clontz presents a scholarly view of the New Testament text by conforming to the Nestle-Aland 27th edition and extensively annotating the translation to fully explain different textual sources and possible alternative translations.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>A Comparative Psalter</i> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-529760-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-529760-1">0-19-529760-1</a>) edited by John Kohlenberger presents a comparative diglot translation of the Psalms of the Masoretic Text and the Septuagint, using the Revised Standard Version and the New English Translation of the Septuagint. </p><p>R. A. <a href="/wiki/Knox%27s_Translation_of_the_Vulgate" class="mw-redirect" title="Knox's Translation of the Vulgate">Knox's Translation of the Vulgate</a> into English is another example of a single source translation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alternative_approaches">Alternative approaches</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bible_translations_into_English&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Alternative approaches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most translations make the translators' best attempt at a single rendering of the original, relying on footnotes where there might be alternative translations or textual variants. An alternative is taken by the <a href="/wiki/Amplified_Bible" title="Amplified Bible">Amplified Bible</a>. In cases where a word or phrase admits of more than one meaning the Amplified Bible presents all the possible interpretations, allowing the reader to choose one. For example, the first two verses of the Amplified Bible read: </p> <blockquote> <p>In the beginning God (Elohim) created [by forming from nothing] the heavens and the earth. The earth was formless and void <i>or</i> a waste and emptiness, and darkness was upon the face of the deep [primeval ocean that covered the unformed earth]. The Spirit of God was moving (hovering, brooding) over the face of the waters.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Popularity_in_US">Popularity in US</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bible_translations_into_English&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Popularity in US"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Christian_Publishers_Association" title="Evangelical Christian Publishers Association">Evangelical Christian Publishers Association</a> release monthly and annual statistics regarding the popularity of different Bibles sold by their members in the United States. In 2023, the top 10 best-selling translations were the following:<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 35em;"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/New_International_Version" title="New International Version">New International Version</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_James_Version" title="King James Version">King James Version</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Standard_Version" title="English Standard Version">English Standard Version</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Living_Translation" title="New Living Translation">New Living Translation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Standard_Bible" title="Christian Standard Bible">Christian Standard Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_King_James_Version" title="New King James Version">New King James Version</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reina-Valera" class="mw-redirect" title="Reina-Valera">Reina-Valera</a> (Spanish)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_International_Reader%27s_Version" title="New International Reader's Version">New International Reader's Version</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_American_Standard_Bible" title="New American Standard Bible">New American Standard Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Revised_Standard_Version" title="New Revised Standard Version">New Revised Standard Version</a></li></ol></div> <p>Sales are affected by denomination and religious affiliation. For example, the most popular <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Jewish version</a> would not compete with rankings of a larger audience. Sales data can be affected by the method of marketing. Some translations are directly marketed to particular denominations or local churches, and many Christian booksellers only offer <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Bible" title="Protestant Bible">Protestant Bibles</a>, so books in other <a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">biblical canons</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Bible" title="Catholic Bible">Catholic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christian_biblical_canons#Eastern_canons" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian biblical canons">Orthodox</a> Bibles) may not appear as high on the CBA rank. </p><p>A study published in 2014 by The Center for the Study of Religion and American Culture at Indiana University and Purdue University found that Americans read versions of the Bible as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 12–15">: 12–15 </span></sup> </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/King_James_Version" title="King James Version">King James Version</a> (55%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_International_Version" title="New International Version">New International Version</a> (19%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Revised_Standard_Version" title="New Revised Standard Version">New Revised Standard Version</a> (7%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_American_Bible" title="New American Bible">New American Bible</a> (6%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Living_Bible" title="The Living Bible">The Living Bible</a> (5%)</li> <li>All other translations (8%)</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bible_translations_into_English&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_Bible_translations" title="List of English Bible translations">List of English Bible translations</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bible_translations_into_English&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a href="/wiki/List_of_English_Bible_translations#Complete_Bibles" title="List of English Bible translations">List of English Bible translations#Complete Bibles</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bib.irr.org/faq-why-are-there-so-many-different-translations-of-bible">"FAQ: Why are there so many different translations of the Bible?"</a>. <i>Institute for Religious Research</i>. 17 May 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Institute+for+Religious+Research&rft.atitle=FAQ%3A+Why+are+there+so+many+different+translations+of+the+Bible%3F&rft.date=2011-05-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbib.irr.org%2Ffaq-why-are-there-so-many-different-translations-of-bible&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible+translations+into+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Taliaferro, Bradford B. <i>Encyclopedia of English language Bible versions.</i> McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHellem2014" class="citation book cs1">Hellem, Hanna Dorthea (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uia.brage.unit.no/uia-xmlui/bitstream/handle/11250/223512/Hanna%20Dorthea%20Hellem%20oppgave.pdf"><i>The level of Old Norse influence on the development of Middle English (Thesis)</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. University of Agder.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+level+of+Old+Norse+influence+on+the+development+of+Middle+English+%28Thesis%29&rft.pub=University+of+Agder&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Hellem&rft.aufirst=Hanna+Dorthea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fuia.brage.unit.no%2Fuia-xmlui%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F11250%2F223512%2FHanna%2520Dorthea%2520Hellem%2520oppgave.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible+translations+into+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHall2011" class="citation book cs1">Hall, M. Clement (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OnYqAwAAQBAJ"><i>Murder of Richard Hunne London in the Early Reign of King Henry Viii</i></a>. Lulu.com. pp. <span class="nowrap">60–</span>61. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781435791770" title="Special:BookSources/9781435791770"><bdi>9781435791770</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Murder+of+Richard+Hunne+London+in+the+Early+Reign+of+King+Henry+Viii&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E60-%3C%2Fspan%3E61&rft.pub=Lulu.com&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781435791770&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=M.+Clement&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOnYqAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible+translations+into+English" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="This reference citation appears to be to a self-published source. (February 2020)">self-published source</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDobbie1937-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDobbie1937_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDobbie1937">Dobbie 1937</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sunderland-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sunderland_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sunderland_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPublished_on_Friday_22_September_2006_16:472006" class="citation web cs1">Published on Friday 22 September 2006 16:47 (2006-09-22). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130204053016/http://www.sunderlandecho.com/news/local/let_gospels_come_home_1_1124495">"Let Gospels come home – All News"</a>. Sunderland Echo. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sunderlandecho.com/news/local/let_gospels_come_home_1_1124495">the original</a> on February 4, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-10-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Let+Gospels+come+home+%E2%80%93+All+News&rft.pub=Sunderland+Echo&rft.date=2006-09-22&rft.au=Published+on+Friday+22+September+2006+16%3A47&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sunderlandecho.com%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Flet_gospels_come_home_1_1124495&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible+translations+into+English" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerbermann1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/13119a.htm">"Richard Rolle de Hampole"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Richard+Rolle+de+Hampole&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1913&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F13119a.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible+translations+into+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul, William. 2003. "Wycliffe, John". <i>English Language Bible Translators</i>, p. 264. Jefferson, NC and London: McFarland and Company</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOutlaw2011" class="citation book cs1">Outlaw, D. W. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cxN1wn_fO5YC"><i>God: Trail of Evidence: The Quest for the Truth</i></a>. iUniverse. pp. <span class="nowrap">139–</span>140. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781450294300" title="Special:BookSources/9781450294300"><bdi>9781450294300</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=God%3A+Trail+of+Evidence%3A+The+Quest+for+the+Truth&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E139-%3C%2Fspan%3E140&rft.pub=iUniverse&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781450294300&rft.aulast=Outlaw&rft.aufirst=D.+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcxN1wn_fO5YC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible+translations+into+English" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="This reference citation appears to be to a self-published source. (February 2020)">self-published source</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.org/seriespage/1-wycliffe-king-james-period-challenge">"1. From Wycliffe to King James (The Period of Challenge)"</a>. <i>Bible.org</i>. William Tyndale (c. 1494–1536) and his New Testament (1525–1536)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-01-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bible.org&rft.atitle=1.+From+Wycliffe+to+King+James+%28The+Period+of+Challenge%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbible.org%2Fseriespage%2F1-wycliffe-king-james-period-challenge&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible+translations+into+English" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yzxfAAAAcAAJ&dq=sir+rowland+hill+bible+geneva+bible&pg=PP27"><i>The Holy Bible ... With a General Introduction and Short Explanatory Notes, by B. Boothroyd</i></a>. James Duncan. 1836.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Holy+Bible+...+With+a+General+Introduction+and+Short+Explanatory+Notes%2C+by+B.+Boothroyd&rft.pub=James+Duncan&rft.date=1836&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyzxfAAAAcAAJ%26dq%3Dsir%2Browland%2Bhill%2Bbible%2Bgeneva%2Bbible%26pg%3DPP27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible+translations+into+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/King-James-Version">"King James Version | History & Background"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-01-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=King+James+Version+%7C+History+%26+Background&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FKing-James-Version&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible+translations+into+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Douai-Reims-Bible">"Douai-Reims Bible | Roman Catholic Bible"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-01-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Douai-Reims+Bible+%7C+Roman+Catholic+Bible&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FDouai-Reims-Bible&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible+translations+into+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">See the <i>New International Version</i>, the <i>Revised Standard Version</i>, The <i>New King James Version</i> and the <i>New American Standard Version</i> of the Bible.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblecollectors.org/reviews/purified_translation.htm">"The New Testament: A Purified Translation"</a>. <i>www.biblecollectors.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-01-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.biblecollectors.org&rft.atitle=The+New+Testament%3A+A+Purified+Translation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biblecollectors.org%2Freviews%2Fpurified_translation.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible+translations+into+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRice2009" class="citation web cs1">Rice, Joyce (9 January 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140317033704/https://www.forewordreviews.com/reviews/the-comprehensive-new-testament/">"The Comprehensive New Testament"</a> (Book review). Forewordreviews.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forewordreviews.com/reviews/the-comprehensive-new-testament/">the original</a> on 2014-03-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-10-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Comprehensive+New+Testament&rft.pub=Forewordreviews.com&rft.date=2009-01-09&rft.aulast=Rice&rft.aufirst=Joyce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forewordreviews.com%2Freviews%2Fthe-comprehensive-new-testament%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible+translations+into+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaines2009" class="citation web cs1">Haines, Alastair (17 October 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bookreviews.org/bookdetail.asp?TitleId=6583&CodePage=6583">"The Comprehensive New Testament, Clontz, T. E. and J. Clontz, editors"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Book review). Review of Biblical Literature<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-10-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Comprehensive+New+Testament%2C+Clontz%2C+T.+E.+and+J.+Clontz%2C+editors&rft.pub=Review+of+Biblical+Literature&rft.date=2009-10-17&rft.aulast=Haines&rft.aufirst=Alastair&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bookreviews.org%2Fbookdetail.asp%3FTitleId%3D6583%26CodePage%3D6583&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible+translations+into+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?book_id=1&chapter=1&version=45">"Genesis 1 AMP - In the beginning God (prepared, formed"</a>. Bible Gateway<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-10-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Genesis+1+AMP+-+In+the+beginning+God+%28prepared%2C+formed&rft.pub=Bible+Gateway&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biblegateway.com%2Fpassage%2F%3Fbook_id%3D1%26chapter%3D1%26version%3D45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible+translations+into+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://christianbookexpo.com/bestseller/translations.php?id=BO23">"Bible Translations Bestsellers, Best of 2023"</a>. <i>Christian Book Expo</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240124054309/https://christianbookexpo.com/bestseller/translations.php?id=BO23">Archived</a> from the original on January 24, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 24,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Christian+Book+Expo&rft.atitle=Bible+Translations+Bestsellers%2C+Best+of+2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchristianbookexpo.com%2Fbestseller%2Ftranslations.php%3Fid%3DBO23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible+translations+into+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sarah Eekhoff Zylstra for Christianity Today. March 13, 2014 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.christianitytoday.com/gleanings/2014/march/most-popular-and-fastest-growing-bible-translation-niv-kjv.html?paging=off">The Most Popular and Fastest Growing Bible Translation Isn't What You Think It Is: NIV vs. KJV: Surveys and searches suggest the translation that most Americans are reading is actually not the bookstore bestseller.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Philip Goff, Arthur E. Farnsley II, <a href="/wiki/Peter_J._Thuesen" title="Peter J. Thuesen">Peter J. Thuesen</a>. March 6, 2014 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.raac.iupui.edu/files/2713/9413/8354/Bible_in_American_Life_Report_March_6_2014.pdf">The Bible in American Life: A National Study by The Center for the Study of Religion and American Culture, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140530005014/http://www.raac.iupui.edu/files/2713/9413/8354/Bible_in_American_Life_Report_March_6_2014.pdf">Archived</a> 2014-05-30 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bible_translations_into_English&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Esposito, Raffaele. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://referenceworks.brill.com/display/entries/EHHL/EHLL-COM-00000212.xml?rskey=ddcsxD&result=1">“Translation of Hebrew in English Bible versions”</a>. <i>Encyclopedia of Hebrew Language and Linguistics</i>. Ed. by Geoffrey Khan. Leiden, Boston: Brill, 2013, vol. 3, pp. 847–850 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004176423" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004176423">978-9004176423</a>.</li> <li>Esposito, Raffaele. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://referenceworks.brill.com/display/entries/EHHL/COM-000595.xml?rskey=ddcsxD&result=2#d114694107e505">“Hebraisms in English Versions of the Bible”</a>. <i>Encyclopedia of Hebrew Language and Linguistics</i>. Ed. by Geoffrey Khan. Leiden, Boston: Brill, 2014, online edition <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:2212-4241">2212-4241</a>.</li> <li>Daniell, David. <i>The Bible in English: Its History and Influence</i>. Yale University Press, 2003 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-09930-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-09930-4">0-300-09930-4</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDobbie1937" class="citation cs2">Dobbie, E. Van Kirk (1937), <i>The Manuscripts of Caedmon's Hymn and Bede's Death Song with a Critical Text of the Epistola Cuthberti de obitu Bedae</i>, New York: Columbia University Press, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/188505">188505</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Manuscripts+of+Caedmon%27s+Hymn+and+Bede%27s+Death+Song+with+a+Critical+Text+of+the+Epistola+Cuthberti+de+obitu+Bedae&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1937&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F188505&rft.aulast=Dobbie&rft.aufirst=E.+Van+Kirk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible+translations+into+English" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Fowler, David C. <i>The Bible in Early English Literature</i>. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1976.</li> <li>Grabois, Aryeh. "Bible: Biblical Impact on Daily Life." <i>Dictionary of the Middle Ages. Vol 2</i>. Ed. Joseph R. Strayer. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1983.</li> <li>Lawton, David. “Englishing the Bible, 1066–1549.” <i>The Cambridge History of Medieval English Literature</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1999, pp. 454–482.</li> <li>Levy, Bernard S. Preface. <i>The Bible in the Middle Ages: Its Influence on Literature and Art</i>. Ed. Bernard S. Levy. New York: Medieval & Renaissance Texts & Studies, 1992.</li> <li>Maas, A.J.. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15367a.htm">"Versions of the Bible: English Versions"</a> <i>The Catholic Encyclopedia</i>. Vol 15. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1912.</li> <li>Paul, William. "Wycliffe, John.” <i>English Language Bible Translators</i>. Jefferson, NC and London: McFarland and Company, 2003, pp. 263–264.</li> <li>Muir, Laurence. "Translations and Paraphrases of the Bible and Commentaries." <i>A Manual of the Writings in Middle English: 1050–1500</i>. Ed. J. Burke Severs. Connecticut: The Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1970, vol 2, pp. 381–409.</li> <li><i>The New Testament Octapla: Eight English Versions of the New Testament, in the Tyndale-King James Tradition</i>, ed. by <a href="/wiki/Luther_A._Weigle" title="Luther A. Weigle">Luther A. Weigle</a>. New York: T. Nelson & Sons, 1962. <i>N.B</i>.: The eight English translations of the entire N.T. included (on quarter portions of facing pages) are those of the Bibles in English known as Tyndale's, Great Bible, Geneva Bible, Bishops' Bible, Douay-Rheims (the original Rheims N.T. thereof being included), Great Bible, Authorized "King James", Revised Version, and Revised Standard Version.</li> <li>Spencer, Nick. <i>Freedom and Order: History, politics and the English Bible</i>. London: Hodder & Stoughton, 2011.</li> <li>Taliaferro, Bradford B. <i>Bible Version Encyclopedia</i>. Lulu Enterprises, 2006–2007.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garry_Wills" title="Garry Wills">Wills, Garry</a>, "A Wild and Indecent Book" (review of <a href="/wiki/David_Bentley_Hart" title="David Bentley Hart">David Bentley Hart</a>, <i>The New Testament: A Translation</i>, <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>, 577 pp.), <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Review_of_Books" title="The New York Review of Books">The New York Review of Books</a></i>, vol. LXV, no. 2 (8 February 2018), pp. 34–35. Discusses some pitfalls in interpreting and translating the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>.</li> <li>Kunst, RC. “The Structure of Translation and Hermeneutics” (Oxford Articles 2015).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (March 2020)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bible_translations_into_English&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></a> article "<span style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Bible,_English" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Bible, English">Bible, English</a></span>".</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://versatilelanguages.com/">Certified Translation Service</a></li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160201002532/http://link.library.utoronto.ca/exhibitions/greatandmanifold/index.cfm">Great and Manifold: A Celebration of the Bible in English</a></i> digital collection, Thomas Fisher Rare Book Library, University of Toronto</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://threetwoone.org/diagrams/bible-editions-timeline.gif">A timeline and chart of various editions and translations of the Bible</a> in <a href="/wiki/GIF" title="GIF">GIF</a></li> <li>A collection of links on <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bible-researcher.com/links12.html">the Gender-Neutral Bible Controversy</a>, mainly from a perspective opposing Gender-Neutral translations.</li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080225053009/http://www.evangelicalbible.com/why.htm">Why the English Standard Version ?</a>", an article comparing literal and dynamically equivalent translations from a retailer of and with a bias for the <a href="/wiki/English_Standard_Version" title="English Standard Version">English Standard Version</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://greatsite.com/timeline-english-bible-history/index.html">English Bible History</a>, with links to historic bibles</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/modern-bible/id446581289?ls=1&mt=8">modern World English Bible for iPhone and iPad</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDarlow,_T._H.Moule,_H._F.1903" class="citation book cs1">Darlow, T. H.; Moule, H. F. (1903). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historicalcatal01librgoog"><i>Historical Catalogue of Printed Editions of Holy Scripture (Vol. I, English editions)</i></a>. London: The Bible House.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Catalogue+of+Printed+Editions+of+Holy+Scripture+%28Vol.+I%2C+English+editions%29&rft.place=London&rft.pub=The+Bible+House&rft.date=1903&rft.au=Darlow%2C+T.+H.&rft.au=Moule%2C+H.+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoricalcatal01librgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible+translations+into+English" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:The New International Encyclopædia/Bible, Curious Editions of"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_International_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/Bible,_Curious_Editions_of">"Bible, Curious Editions of" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_International_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="New International Encyclopedia">New International Encyclopedia</a></i>. 1905.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bible%2C+Curious+Editions+of&rft.btitle=New+International+Encyclopedia&rft.date=1905&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible+translations+into+English" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:English_Bible_translation_navbox" title="Template:English Bible translation navbox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:English_Bible_translation_navbox" title="Template talk:English Bible translation navbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:English_Bible_translation_navbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:English Bible translation navbox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="English-language_translations_of_the_Bible260" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">English-language translations</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">5th–11th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wessex_Gospels" title="Wessex Gospels">Wessex Gospels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatton_Gospels" title="Hatton Gospels">Hatton Gospels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_English_Hexateuch" title="Old English Hexateuch">Old English Hexateuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_English_Bible_translations" title="Old English Bible translations">Old English Bible translations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Middle English</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wycliffe%27s_Bible" title="Wycliffe's Bible">Wycliffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_English_Bible_translations" title="Middle English Bible translations">Middle English Bible translations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">16th–17th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tyndale_Bible" title="Tyndale Bible">Tyndale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coverdale_Bible" title="Coverdale Bible">Coverdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Bible" title="Matthew Bible">Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Bible" title="Great Bible">Great Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taverner%27s_Bible" title="Taverner's Bible">Taverner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Bible" title="Geneva Bible">Geneva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishops%27_Bible" title="Bishops' Bible">Bishops'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douay%E2%80%93Rheims_Bible" title="Douay–Rheims Bible">Douay–Rheims</a> (DRV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_James_Version" title="King James Version">King James</a> (KJV)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th–19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Douay%E2%80%93Rheims_Bible#Challoner_Revision" title="Douay–Rheims Bible">Challoner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Septuagint_version_of_the_Old_Testament_(Brenton)" title="The Septuagint version of the Old Testament (Brenton)">Brenton's Septuagint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Webster%27s_Revision" title="Webster's Revision">Webster's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young%27s_Literal_Translation" title="Young's Literal Translation">Young's Literal</a> (YLT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revised_Version" title="Revised Version">Revised</a> (RV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Living_Oracles" title="Living Oracles">Living Oracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darby_Bible" title="Darby Bible">Darby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emphatic_Diaglott" title="Emphatic Diaglott">Emphatic Diaglott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Smith_Translation_of_the_Bible" title="Joseph Smith Translation of the Bible">Joseph Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaker_Bible" title="Quaker Bible">Quaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_E._Smith_Parker_Translation" title="Julia E. Smith Parker Translation">Julia E. Smith Parker Translation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Standard_Version" title="American Standard Version">American Standard</a> (ASV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emphasized_Bible" title="Emphasized Bible">Rotherham's Emphasized</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferrar_Fenton_Bible" title="Ferrar Fenton Bible">Ferrar Fenton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moffatt,_New_Translation" title="Moffatt, New Translation">Moffatt, New Translation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knox_Bible" title="Knox Bible">Knox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_in_Basic_English" title="Bible in Basic English">Basic English</a> (BBE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revised_Standard_Version" title="Revised Standard Version">Revised Standard</a> (RSV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anchor_Bible_Series" title="Anchor Bible Series">Anchor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_World_Translation_of_the_Holy_Scriptures" class="mw-redirect" title="New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures">New World</a> (NWT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Language_Bible" title="Modern Language Bible">Modern Language</a> (MLB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_English_Bible" title="New English Bible">New English</a> (NEB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bible_in_Living_English" title="The Bible in Living English">Living English</a> (BLE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_American_Standard_Bible" title="New American Standard Bible">New American Standard</a> (NASB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_News_Bible" title="Good News Bible">Good News</a> (GNB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Bible" title="Jerusalem Bible">Jerusalem</a> (JB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_American_Bible" title="New American Bible">New American</a> (NAB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Living_Bible" title="The Living Bible">Living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_International_Version" title="New International Version">New International</a> (NIV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Century_Version" title="New Century Version">New Century</a> (NCV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_Scriptures_Bethel_Edition" title="Sacred Scriptures Bethel Edition">Bethel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_King_James_Version" title="New King James Version">New King James</a> (NKJV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jerusalem_Bible" title="New Jerusalem Bible">New Jerusalem</a> (NJB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green%27s_Literal_Translation" title="Green's Literal Translation">Green's Literal Translation</a> (GLT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recovery_Version" title="Recovery Version">Recovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Community_Bible" title="Christian Community Bible">Christian Community</a> (CCB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Revised_Standard_Version" title="New Revised Standard Version">New Revised Standard</a> (NRSV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revised_English_Bible" title="Revised English Bible">Revised English</a> (REB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_English_Version" title="Contemporary English Version">Contemporary English</a> (CEV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Message_(Bible)" title="The Message (Bible)">The Message</a> (MSG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Clear_Word" class="mw-redirect" title="The Clear Word">Clear Word</a> (TCW)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Life_Version" title="New Life Version">New Life</a> (NLV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/21st_Century_King_James_Version" title="21st Century King James Version">21st Century King James</a> (KJ21)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Millennium_Bible" title="Third Millennium Bible">Third Millennium</a> (TMB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_International_Reader%27s_Version" title="New International Reader's Version">New International Reader's</a> (NIrV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_International_Version_Inclusive_Language_Edition" title="New International Version Inclusive Language Edition">New International Inclusive Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God%27s_Word_Translation" title="God's Word Translation">God's Word</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Living_Translation" title="New Living Translation">New Living</a> (NLT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messianic_Bible_translations" title="Messianic Bible translations">Heinz Cassirer's translation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messianic_Bible_translations#Complete_Jewish_Bible_(CJB)" title="Messianic Bible translations">Complete Jewish Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Version" title="International Standard Version">International Standard</a> (ISV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holman_Christian_Standard_Bible" title="Holman Christian Standard Bible">Holman Christian Standard</a> (HCSB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easy-to-Read_Version" title="Easy-to-Read Version">Easy-to-Read Version</a> (ERV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamsa_Bible" title="Lamsa Bible">The Holy Bible from Ancient Eastern Manuscripts</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Publication_Society_of_America_Version" title="Jewish Publication Society of America Version">Jewish Publication Society of America Version</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jewish_Publication_Society_of_America_Tanakh" title="New Jewish Publication Society of America Tanakh">New Jewish Publication Society of America Tanakh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Worrell_New_Testament" title="Worrell New Testament">Worrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_Testament_in_Modern_English" title="The New Testament in Modern English">Phillips</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Partial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Prophets" title="Four Prophets">Four Prophets (Phillips)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">21st century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palmarian_Bible" title="Palmarian Bible">Palmarian Bible</a> (SH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_English_Bible" title="World English Bible">World English</a> (WEB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messianic_Bible_translations" title="Messianic Bible translations">World Messianic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Standard_Version" title="English Standard Version">English Standard</a> (ESV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Today%27s_New_International_Version" title="Today's New International Version">Today's New International</a> (TNIV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_English_Translation" title="New English Translation">New English</a> (NET)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revised_Standard_Version_Catholic_Edition#RSV_Second_Catholic_Edition_(RSV-2CE)" title="Revised Standard Version Catholic Edition">Ignatius</a> (RSV2CE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Voice_(Bible_translation)" title="The Voice (Bible translation)">The Voice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_English_Bible" title="Common English Bible">Common English</a> (CEB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Bible_Polyglot" title="Apostolic Bible Polyglot">Apostolic Bible Polyglot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_American_Bible_Revised_Edition" title="New American Bible Revised Edition">New American Bible Revised Edition</a> (NABRE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lexham_English_Bible" title="Lexham English Bible">Lexham English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messianic_Bible_translations" title="Messianic Bible translations">The Orthodox Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_Name_Bibles" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacred Name Bibles">Original Aramaic Bible in Plain English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_Name_Bibles" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacred Name Bibles">Divine Name King James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_Name_Bibles" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacred Name Bibles">Names of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messianic_Bible_translations" title="Messianic Bible translations">Tree of Life Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_English_Version" title="Modern English Version">Modern English</a> (MEV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literal_English_Version" title="Literal English Version">Literal English</a> (LEV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Standard_Bible" title="Christian Standard Bible">Christian Standard</a> (CSB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Passion_Translation" title="The Passion Translation">The Passion Translation</a> (TPT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revised_New_Jerusalem_Bible" title="Revised New Jerusalem Bible">Revised New Jerusalem</a> (RNJB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Heritage_Version" title="Evangelical Heritage Version">Evangelical Heritage</a> (EHV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_Name_Bibles" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacred Name Bibles">New Heart English Bible, Jehovah Edition</a> (NHEB-JE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_Standard_Bible" title="Legacy Standard Bible">Legacy Standard</a> (LSB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antioch_Bible" title="Antioch Bible">Antioch Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_of_Life_Version" title="Tree of Life Version">Tree of Life Version</a> (TLV)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berean_Standard_Bible&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Berean Standard Bible (page does not exist)">Berean Standard</a> (BSB)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Majority_Standard_Bible&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Majority Standard Bible (page does not exist)">Majority Standard</a> (MSB)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_Bible_Version&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Free Bible Version (page does not exist)">Free Bible Version</a> (FBV)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Hebrew_Bible_(Alter)" title="The Hebrew Bible (Alter)">Alter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_English_Translation_of_the_Septuagint" title="New English Translation of the Septuagint">New English Translation of the Septuagint</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Study Bibles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Haydock#The_Haydock_Bible" title="Thomas Haydock">Haydock Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_Application_Study_Bible" title="Life Application Study Bible">Life Application Study Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Annotated_Bible" title="Oxford Annotated Bible">Oxford Annotated Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation_Study_Bible" title="Reformation Study Bible">Reformation Study Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scofield_Reference_Bible" title="Scofield Reference Bible">Scofield Reference Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thompson_Chain-Reference_Bible" title="Thompson Chain-Reference Bible">Thompson Chain-Reference Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finis_Jennings_Dake#Writings" title="Finis Jennings Dake">Dake Annotated Reference Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logos_International_Study_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="Logos International Study Bible">Logos International Study Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AMG_International" title="AMG International">Hebrew-Greek Key Word Study Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacArthur_Study_Bible" title="MacArthur Study Bible">MacArthur Study Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Caldwell_Ryrie#Publications" title="Charles Caldwell Ryrie">Ryrie Study Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Wesley_Study_Bible" title="The Wesley Study Bible">The Wesley Study Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concordia_Publishing_House" title="Concordia Publishing House">The Lutheran Study Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Study_Bible" title="Orthodox Study Bible">Orthodox Study Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NIV_Study_Bible" title="NIV Study Bible">Study Bible for NIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ESV_Study_Bible" title="ESV Study Bible">Study Bible for ESV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_NLT_Study_Bible" title="The NLT Study Bible">Study Bible for NLT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_News_Study_Bible" title="Good News Study Bible">Study Bible for GNT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Interpreter%27s_Study_Bible" title="New Interpreter's Study Bible">New Interpreter's Study Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reflecting_God_Study_Bible" title="Reflecting God Study Bible">Reflecting God Study Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeological_Study_Bible" title="Archaeological Study Bible">Archaeological Study Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Life_with_God_Study_Bible" title="The Life with God Study Bible">The Life with God Study Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Green_Bible" title="The Green Bible">The Green Bible</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Picture Bibles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Brick_Bible" title="The Brick Bible">The Brick Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Manga_Bible:_From_Genesis_to_Revelation" title="The Manga Bible: From Genesis to Revelation">The Manga Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Action_Bible" title="The Action Bible">The Action Bible</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern Dialectal & Slang</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A_Glasgow_Bible" title="A Glasgow Bible">Glasgow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LOLCat_Bible_Translation_Project" title="LOLCat Bible Translation Project">LOLCat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable publishers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Bible_Society" title="American Bible Society">American Bible Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zondervan" title="Zondervan">Zondervan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Nelson_(publisher)" title="Thomas Nelson (publisher)">Thomas Nelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyndale_House" title="Tyndale House">Tyndale House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LifeWay_Christian_Resources" title="LifeWay Christian Resources">Holman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockman_Foundation" title="Lockman Foundation">Lockman Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_News_Publishers" class="mw-redirect" title="Good News Publishers">Crossway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hendrickson_Publisher" class="mw-redirect" title="Hendrickson Publisher">Hendrickson Publisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_Press" title="Ignatius Press">Ignatius Press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Benedict_Press" title="Saint Benedict Press">Saint Benedict Press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baronius_Press" title="Baronius Press">Baronius Press</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Additional lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_Bible_translations" title="List of English Bible translations">List of English Bible translations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_English_Bible_translations" title="Old English Bible translations">Old English (pre-1066)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_English_Bible_translations" title="Middle English Bible translations">Middle English (1066–1500)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_English_Bible_translations" title="Early Modern English Bible translations">Early Modern English (1500–1800)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_English_Bible_translations" title="Modern English Bible translations">Modern Christian (1800–)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_English_Bible_translations" title="Jewish English Bible translations">Modern Jewish (1853–)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Books_of_the_Bible242" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Books_of_the_Bible" title="Template:Books of the Bible"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Books_of_the_Bible" title="Template talk:Books of the Bible"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Books_of_the_Bible" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Books of the Bible"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Books_of_the_Bible242" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Books</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/Protocanonical_books" title="Protocanonical books">(protocanon)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Genesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Exodus" title="Book of Exodus">Exodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Leviticus" title="Book of Leviticus">Leviticus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Numbers" title="Book of Numbers">Numbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Deuteronomy" title="Book of Deuteronomy">Deuteronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Joshua" title="Book of Joshua">Joshua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Judges" title="Book of Judges">Judges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ruth" title="Book of Ruth">Ruth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_of_Samuel" title="Books of Samuel">1–2 Samuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_of_Kings" title="Books of Kings">1–2 Kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_of_Chronicles" title="Books of Chronicles">1–2 Chronicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ezra" title="Book of Ezra">Ezra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Nehemiah" title="Book of Nehemiah">Nehemiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Esther" title="Book of Esther">Esther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Job" title="Book of Job">Job</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalms" title="Psalms">Psalms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Proverbs" title="Book of Proverbs">Proverbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastes" title="Ecclesiastes">Ecclesiastes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_of_Songs" title="Song of Songs">Song of Songs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Isaiah" title="Book of Isaiah">Isaiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jeremiah" title="Book of Jeremiah">Jeremiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Lamentations" title="Book of Lamentations">Lamentations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ezekiel" title="Book of Ezekiel">Ezekiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Daniel" title="Book of Daniel">Daniel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Hosea" title="Book of Hosea">Hosea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Joel" title="Book of Joel">Joel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Amos" title="Book of Amos">Amos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Obadiah" title="Book of Obadiah">Obadiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jonah" title="Book of Jonah">Jonah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Micah" title="Book of Micah">Micah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Nahum" title="Book of Nahum">Nahum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Habakkuk" title="Book of Habakkuk">Habakkuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Zephaniah" title="Book of Zephaniah">Zephaniah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Haggai" title="Book of Haggai">Haggai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Zechariah" title="Book of Zechariah">Zechariah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Malachi" title="Book of Malachi">Malachi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Deuterocanonical_books" title="Deuterocanonical books">Deuterocanon</a><br /> or <a href="/wiki/Biblical_apocrypha" title="Biblical apocrypha">apocrypha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Bible" title="Catholic Bible">Catholic</a>, <br /><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox</a> & others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Tobit" title="Book of Tobit">Tobit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Judith" title="Book of Judith">Judith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Esther#Additions_to_Esther" title="Book of Esther">Additions to Esther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1_Maccabees" title="1 Maccabees">1 Maccabees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_Maccabees" title="2 Maccabees">2 Maccabees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Wisdom" title="Book of Wisdom">Wisdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Sirach" title="Book of Sirach">Sirach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Baruch" title="Book of Baruch">Baruch</a> / <a href="/wiki/Letter_of_Jeremiah" title="Letter of Jeremiah">Letter of Jeremiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Additions_to_Daniel" title="Additions to Daniel">Additions to Daniel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Susanna_(Book_of_Daniel)" title="Susanna (Book of Daniel)">Susanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Prayer_of_Azariah_and_Song_of_the_Three_Holy_Children" class="mw-redirect" title="The Prayer of Azariah and Song of the Three Holy Children">Song of the Three Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bel_and_the_Dragon" title="Bel and the Dragon">Bel and the Dragon</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Eastern Orthodox & others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1_Esdras" title="1 Esdras">1 Esdras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_Esdras" title="2 Esdras">2 Esdras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_of_Manasseh" title="Prayer of Manasseh">Prayer of Manasseh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_151" title="Psalm 151">Psalm 151</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3_Maccabees" title="3 Maccabees">3 Maccabees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4_Maccabees" title="4 Maccabees">4 Maccabees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Odes_(Bible)" title="Book of Odes (Bible)">Odes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Tewahedo" title="Orthodox Tewahedo">Orthodox Tewahedo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Enoch" title="Book of Enoch">Enoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jubilees" title="Book of Jubilees">Jubilees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meqabyan" title="Meqabyan">1, 2, and 3 Meqabyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rest_of_the_Words_of_Baruch" title="Rest of the Words of Baruch">Paralipomena of Baruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Tewahedo_biblical_canon#Broader_canon" title="Orthodox Tewahedo biblical canon">Broader canon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Syriac <a href="/wiki/Peshitta" title="Peshitta">Peshitta</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psalms_152%E2%80%93155" title="Psalms 152–155">Psalms 152–155</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_Baruch" title="2 Baruch">2 Baruch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Beta_Israel" title="Beta Israel">Beta Israel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Testaments_of_the_Three_Patriarchs" title="Testaments of the Three Patriarchs">Testaments of the Three Patriarchs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Testament_of_Abraham" title="Testament of Abraham">Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testament_of_Isaac" title="Testament of Isaac">Isaac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testament_of_Jacob" title="Testament of Jacob">Jacob</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="New Testament canon">Canon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Mark" title="Gospel of Mark">Mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">Luke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_John" title="Gospel of John">John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Romans" title="Epistle to the Romans">Romans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_to_the_Corinthians" title="First Epistle to the Corinthians">1 Corinthians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_the_Corinthians" title="Second Epistle to the Corinthians">2 Corinthians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Galatians" title="Epistle to the Galatians">Galatians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Ephesians" title="Epistle to the Ephesians">Ephesians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Philippians" title="Epistle to the Philippians">Philippians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Colossians" title="Epistle to the Colossians">Colossians</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Laodiceans" title="Epistle to the Laodiceans">Laodiceans</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_to_the_Thessalonians" title="First Epistle to the Thessalonians">1 Thessalonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_the_Thessalonians" title="Second Epistle to the Thessalonians">2 Thessalonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_to_Timothy" title="First Epistle to Timothy">1 Timothy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_Timothy" title="Second Epistle to Timothy">2 Timothy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_Titus" title="Epistle to Titus">Titus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_Philemon" title="Epistle to Philemon">Philemon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Hebrews" title="Epistle to the Hebrews">Hebrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_James" title="Epistle of James">James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_of_Peter" title="First Epistle of Peter">1 Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_of_Peter" title="Second Epistle of Peter">2 Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_of_John" title="First Epistle of John">1 John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_of_John" title="Second Epistle of John">2 John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Epistle_of_John" title="Third Epistle of John">3 John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_Jude" title="Epistle of Jude">Jude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Revelation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Antilegomena" title="Antilegomena">Antilegomena</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Paul" title="Acts of Paul">Acts of Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalypse_of_Peter" title="Apocalypse of Peter">Apocalypse of Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Didache" title="Didache">Didache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_the_Hebrews" title="Gospel of the Hebrews">Gospel of the Hebrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_Barnabas" title="Epistle of Barnabas">Epistle of Barnabas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_of_Clement" title="First Epistle of Clement">1 Clement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_of_Clement" title="Second Epistle of Clement">2 Clement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Epistle_to_the_Corinthians" title="Third Epistle to the Corinthians">3 Corinthians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shepherd_of_Hermas" class="mw-redirect" title="Shepherd of Hermas">Shepherd of Hermas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subdivisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chapters_and_verses_of_the_Bible" title="Chapters and verses of the Bible">Chapters and verses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torah#Pentateuch" title="Torah">Pentateuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_books" title="Historical books">Historical books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisdom_literature#Sapiential_Books" title="Wisdom literature">Wisdom books</a> (<a href="/wiki/Poetic_Books" title="Poetic Books">Poetic Books</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophetic_books" title="Prophetic books">Prophetic books</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Major_prophet" title="Major prophet">Major prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Minor_Prophets" title="Twelve Minor Prophets">Minor prophets</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Gospels" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Gospels">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synoptic_Gospels" title="Synoptic Gospels">Synoptic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle" title="Epistle">Epistles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_epistles" title="Pauline epistles">Pauline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannine_epistles" title="Johannine epistles">Johannine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastoral_epistles" title="Pastoral epistles">Pastoral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_epistles" title="Catholic epistles">Catholic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalyptic_literature" title="Apocalyptic literature">Apocalyptic literature</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Development</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_Bible" title="Authorship of the Bible">Authorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Hebrew_Bible_canon" title="Development of the Hebrew Bible canon">Jewish canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intertestamental_period" title="Intertestamental period">Intertestamental period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Christian_biblical_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Development of the Christian biblical canon">Christian canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Old_Testament_canon" title="Development of the Old Testament canon">Old Testament canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_New_Testament_canon" title="Development of the New Testament canon">New Testament canon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antilegomena" title="Antilegomena">Antilegomena</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_apocrypha" title="Biblical apocrypha">Apocrypha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_apocrypha" title="Jewish apocrypha">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_apocrypha" title="Biblical apocrypha">Old Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_apocrypha" title="New Testament apocrypha">New Testament</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudepigrapha" title="Pseudepigrapha">Pseudepigrapha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Old_Testament_pseudepigrapha" title="List of Old Testament pseudepigrapha">Old Testament</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dating_the_Bible" title="Dating the Bible">Dating the Bible</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Biblical_manuscript" title="Biblical manuscript">Manuscripts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea_Scrolls" title="Dead Sea Scrolls">Dead Sea Scrolls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_Pentateuch" title="Samaritan Pentateuch">Samaritan 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