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class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Cuprins</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">mută în bara laterală</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">ascunde</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Început</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Descoperire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Descoperire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Descoperire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Descoperire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Separarea_amestecurilor_de_izotopi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Separarea_amestecurilor_de_izotopi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Separarea amestecurilor de izotopi</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Separarea_amestecurilor_de_izotopi-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Separarea amestecurilor de izotopi subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Separarea_amestecurilor_de_izotopi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fundamente" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fundamente"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Fundamente</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fundamente-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Metode_de_separare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metode_de_separare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Metode de separare</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metode_de_separare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exemple_de_izotopi_ai_atomului_de_hidrogen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exemple_de_izotopi_ai_atomului_de_hidrogen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Exemple de izotopi ai atomului de hidrogen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exemple_de_izotopi_ai_atomului_de_hidrogen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aplicații" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aplicații"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Aplicații</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aplicații-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliografie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliografie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Bibliografie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliografie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Cuprins" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Comută cuprinsul" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Comută cuprinsul</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Izotop</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Mergeți la un articol în altă limbă. Disponibil în 119 limbi" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-119" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">119 limbi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotoop" title="Isotoop – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Isotoop" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopo" title="Isotopo – aragoneză" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Isotopo" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragoneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B8%D9%8A%D8%B1_(%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A1)" title="نظير (كيمياء) – arabă" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نظير (كيمياء)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%BE" title="إيزوطوپ – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="إيزوطوپ" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Is%C3%B3topu" title="Isótopu – asturiană" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Isótopu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0zotop" title="İzotop – azeră" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İzotop" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azeră" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotop" title="Isotop – balineză" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Isotop" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="balineză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopo" title="Isotopo – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Isotopo" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF" title="Ізатоп – belarusă" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ізатоп" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarusă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF" title="Ізатоп – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Ізатоп" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF" title="Изотоп – bulgară" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Изотоп" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgară" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA" title="आइसोटोप – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="आइसोटोप" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AA" title="আইসোটোপ – bengaleză" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আইসোটোপ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengaleză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izotop" title="Izotop – bretonă" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Izotop" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretonă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izotop" title="Izotop – bosniacă" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Izotop" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniacă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Is%C3%B2top" title="Isòtop – catalană" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Isòtop" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotop" title="Isotop – cebuană" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Isotop" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="cebuană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izotop" title="Izotop – cehă" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Izotop" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="cehă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF" title="Изотоп – ciuvașă" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Изотоп" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="ciuvașă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotop" title="Isotop – galeză" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Isotop" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="galeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotop" title="Isotop – daneză" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Isotop" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="daneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotop" title="Isotop – germană" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Isotop" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="germană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CF%83%CF%8C%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%80%CE%BF" title="Ισότοπο – greacă" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ισότοπο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="greacă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotope" title="Isotope – engleză" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Isotope" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engleză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izotopo" title="Izotopo – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Izotopo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Is%C3%B3topo" title="Isótopo – spaniolă" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Isótopo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spaniolă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotoop" title="Isotoop – estonă" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Isotoop" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopo" title="Isotopo – bască" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Isotopo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="bască" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B2%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%BE" title="ایزوتوپ – persană" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ایزوتوپ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotooppi" title="Isotooppi – finlandeză" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Isotooppi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopar" title="Isotopar – feroeză" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Isotopar" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="feroeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotope" title="Isotope – franceză" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Isotope" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="franceză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotoop" title="Isotoop – frizonă nordică" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Isotoop" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="frizonă nordică" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iseat%C3%B3p" title="Iseatóp – irlandeză" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Iseatóp" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="同位素 – chineză gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="同位素" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="chineză gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Is%C3%B3topo" title="Isótopo – galiciană" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Isótopo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiciană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%96%D7%95%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A4" title="איזוטופ – ebraică" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="איזוטופ" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ebraică" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95" title="समस्थानिक – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="समस्थानिक" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izotop" title="Izotop – croată" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Izotop" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croată" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izot%C3%B2p" title="Izotòp – haitiană" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Izotòp" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="haitiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izot%C3%B3p" title="Izotóp – maghiară" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Izotóp" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="maghiară" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BB%D5%A6%D5%B8%D5%BF%D5%B8%D5%BA%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Իզոտոպներ – armeană" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Իզոտոպներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopo" title="Isotopo – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Isotopo" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotop" title="Isotop – indoneziană" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Isotop" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indoneziană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izotopo" title="Izotopo – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Izotopo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sams%C3%A6ta" title="Samsæta – islandeză" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Samsæta" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopo" title="Isotopo – italiană" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Isotopo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E4%BD%93" title="同位体 – japoneză" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="同位体" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japoneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotop" title="Isotop – javaneză" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Isotop" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javaneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="იზოტოპები – georgiană" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="იზოტოპები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anyat" title="Anyat – kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Anyat" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Изотоптар – kazahă" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Изотоптар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazahă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A5%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF" title="ಸಮಸ್ಥಾನಿ – kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸಮಸ್ಥಾನಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8F%99%EC%9C%84_%EC%9B%90%EC%86%8C" title="동위 원소 – coreeană" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="동위 원소" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreeană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Ezotop" title="Îzotop – kurdă" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Îzotop" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurdă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Изотоптор – kârgâză" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Изотоптор" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kârgâză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopus" title="Isotopus – latină" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Isotopus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latină" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotoop" title="Isotoop – limburgheză" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Isotoop" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburgheză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotop" title="Isotop – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Isotop" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izotopas" title="Izotopas – lituaniană" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Izotopas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituaniană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izotops" title="Izotops – letonă" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Izotops" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letonă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miratoerana" title="Miratoerana – malgașă" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Miratoerana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgașă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF" title="Изотоп – macedoneană" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Изотоп" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedoneană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%90%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D" title="ഐസോടോപ്പ് – malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഐസോടോപ്പ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF" title="Изотоп – mongolă" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Изотоп" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongolă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87" title="समस्थानिके – marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="समस्थानिके" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotop" title="Isotop – malaeză" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Isotop" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malaeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%86%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%90%E1%80%AF%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA" title="အိုင်ဆိုတုပ် – birmană" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အိုင်ဆိုတုပ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birmană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotop" title="Isotop – germana de jos" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Isotop" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="germana de jos" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95" title="समस्थानिक – nepaleză" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="समस्थानिक" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepaleză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA" title="आइसोटोप – newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="आइसोटोप" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotoop" title="Isotoop – neerlandeză" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Isotoop" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotop" title="Isotop – norvegiană nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Isotop" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvegiană nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotop" title="Isotop – norvegiană bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Isotop" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvegiană bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotope" title="Isotope – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Isotope" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isot%C3%B2p" title="Isotòp – occitană" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Isotòp" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%88%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%AA" title="ਆਈਸੋਟੋਪ – punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਆਈਸੋਟੋਪ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izotopy" title="Izotopy – poloneză" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Izotopy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poloneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%B9%D9%88%D9%BE" title="آئیسوٹوپ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="آئیسوٹوپ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Is%C3%B3topo" title="Isótopo – portugheză" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Isótopo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugheză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%8B" title="Изотопы – rusă" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Изотопы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rusă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF" title="Изотоп – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Изотоп" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotope" title="Isotope – scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Isotope" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%D9%85%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="ھمزاد – sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ھمزاد" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izotop" title="Izotop – sârbo-croată" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Izotop" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="sârbo-croată" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AE%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A" title="සමස්ථානික – singhaleză" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="සමස්ථානික" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="singhaleză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotope" title="Isotope – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Isotope" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izotop" title="Izotop – slovacă" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Izotop" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovacă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%A6%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%B9%D9%88%D9%BE" title="آئسوٹوپ – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="آئسوٹوپ" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izotop" title="Izotop – slovenă" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Izotop" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovenă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzanhara" title="Enzanhara – shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Enzanhara" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotope" title="Isotope – somaleză" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Isotope" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="somaleză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izotopi" title="Izotopi – albaneză" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Izotopi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albaneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF" title="Изотоп – sârbă" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Изотоп" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="sârbă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotop" title="Isotop – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Isotop" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotop" title="Isotop – sundaneză" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Isotop" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sundaneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotop" title="Isotop – suedeză" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Isotop" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suedeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopi" title="Isotopi – swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Isotopi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%93%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="ஓரிடத்தான் – tamilă" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஓரிடத்தான்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%90%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81" title="ఐసోటోపులు – telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఐసోటోపులు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%9B" title="ไอโซโทป – thailandeză" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ไอโซโทป" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotope" title="Isotope – tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Isotope" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0zotop" title="İzotop – turcă" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İzotop" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turcă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8" title="Ізотопи – ucraineană" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ізотопи" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraineană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D9%85_%D8%AC%D8%A7" title="ہم جا – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ہم جا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izotoplar" title="Izotoplar – uzbecă" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Izotoplar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbecă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ix%C3%B2topo" title="Ixòtopo – venetă" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Ixòtopo" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="venetă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izotop" title="Izotop – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Izotop" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%93ng_v%E1%BB%8B" title="Đồng vị – vietnameză" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đồng vị" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnameză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopo" title="Isotopo – waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Isotopo" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="同位素 – chineză wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="同位素" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="chineză wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%96%D7%90%D7%98%D7%90%D7%A4" title="איזאטאפ – idiș" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="איזאטאפ" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="idiș" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Ds%C3%B3t%C3%B2p%C3%B9" title="Ísótòpù – yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ísótòpù" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doengzvihsuq" title="Doengzvihsuq – zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Doengzvihsuq" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="同位素 – chineză" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="同位素" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chineză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="同位素 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="同位素" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B4ng-%C5%ABi-s%C3%B2%CD%98" title="Tông-ūi-sò͘ – chineză min nan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tông-ūi-sò͘" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="chineză min nan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="同位素 – cantoneză" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="同位素" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantoneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IChembe" title="IChembe – zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="IChembe" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q25276#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifică legăturile interlinguale" class="wbc-editpage">Modifică legăturile</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Spații de nume"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Izotop" title="Vedeți conținutul paginii [a]" accesskey="a"><span>Articol</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Discu%C8%9Bie:Izotop" rel="discussion" title="Discuții despre această pagină [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Discuție</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">română</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Vizualizări"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Izotop"><span>Lectură</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Izotop&veaction=edit" title="Modificați această pagină cu EditorulVizual [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Modificare</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Izotop&action=edit" title="Modificați codul sursă al acestei pagini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modificare sursă</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Izotop&action=history" title="Versiunile anterioare ale paginii și autorii lor. [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Istoric</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Unelte" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Unelte</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Unelte</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">mută în bara laterală</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">ascunde</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Mai multe opțiuni" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Acțiuni </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Izotop"><span>Lectură</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Izotop&veaction=edit" title="Modificați această pagină cu EditorulVizual [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Modificare</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Izotop&action=edit" title="Modificați codul sursă al acestei pagini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modificare sursă</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Izotop&action=history"><span>Istoric</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Ce_se_leag%C4%83_aici/Izotop" title="Lista tuturor paginilor wiki care conduc spre această pagină [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Ce trimite aici</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Modific%C4%83ri_corelate/Izotop" rel="nofollow" title="Schimbări recente în legătură cu această pagină [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Schimbări corelate</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Trimite_fi%C8%99ier" title="Încărcare fișiere [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Trimite fișier</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Pagini_speciale" title="Lista tuturor paginilor speciale [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Pagini speciale</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Izotop&oldid=16565199" title="Legătură permanentă către această versiune a acestei pagini"><span>Legătură permanentă</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Izotop&action=info" title="Mai multe informații despre această pagină"><span>Informații despre pagină</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Citeaz%C4%83&page=Izotop&id=16565199&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informații cu privire la modul de citare a acestei pagini"><span>Citează acest articol</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fro.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FIzotop"><span>Obține URL scurtat</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fro.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FIzotop"><span>Descărcați codul QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Tipărire/exportare </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Carte&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Izotop"><span>Creare carte</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Izotop&action=show-download-screen"><span>Descărcare ca PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Izotop&printable=yes" title="Versiunea de tipărit a acestei pagini [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Versiune de tipărit</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> În alte proiecte </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Isotopes" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q25276" title="Legătură către elementul asociat din depozitul de date [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Element Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Aspect"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Aspect</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">mută în bara laterală</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">ascunde</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">De la Wikipedia, enciclopedia liberă</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ro" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r16501920">.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0px 10%;border:1px solid #aaa;border-left:10px solid #1e90ff;background:#fbfbfb}.mw-parser-output table.ambox-notice{border-left:10px solid #1e90ff}.mw-parser-output table.ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b22222;background:#fee}.mw-parser-output table.ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b22222}.mw-parser-output table.ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output table.ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #f4c430}.mw-parser-output table.ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output table.ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #bba}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-notice{border-left:10px solid #000f1e!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output 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.ambox-notice,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-delete,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-content,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-style,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-move,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{background-color:#202122!important}}</style><table class="metadata plainlinks ambox ambox ambox-content ambox-content" style=""> <tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width: 52px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Question_book-4.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Question_book-4.svg/50px-Question_book-4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Question_book-4.svg/75px-Question_book-4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Question_book-4.svg/100px-Question_book-4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="262" data-file-height="204" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text" style=""><span class="mbox-text-span"><b>Acest articol sau această secțiune are <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citarea_surselor" title="Wikipedia:Citarea surselor">bibliografia</a> incompletă sau inexistentă.</b><br /> Puteți contribui prin adăugarea de referințe în vederea <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verificabilitate" title="Wikipedia:Verificabilitate">susținerii bibliografice</a> a afirmațiilor pe care le conține.<span class="hide-when-compact"> </span><span class="hide-when-compact"> </span></span></td></tr></tbody></table><table class="vertical-navbox nowraplinks" style="float:right;clear:right;width:22.0em;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;color:var(--color-base, #000) !important;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%"><tbody><tr><th style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em"><a href="/wiki/Fizic%C4%83_nuclear%C4%83" title="Fizică nucleară">Fizică nucleară</a></th></tr><tr><td style="padding:0.2em 0 0.4em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:NuclearReaction.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/NuclearReaction.svg/200px-NuclearReaction.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/NuclearReaction.svg/300px-NuclearReaction.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/NuclearReaction.svg/400px-NuclearReaction.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="350" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <a href="/wiki/Nucleu_atomic" title="Nucleu atomic">Nucleu</a>  <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Nucleon" title="Nucleon">Nucleoni</a> (<a href="/wiki/Proton" title="Proton">p</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">n</a>)  <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Materie_nuclear%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Materie nucleară — pagină inexistentă">Materie nucleară</a>  <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/For%C8%9B%C4%83_nuclear%C4%83" title="Forță nucleară">Forță nucleară</a>  <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Structur%C4%83_nuclear%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Structură nucleară — pagină inexistentă">Structură nucleară</a>  <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Reac%C8%9Bie_nuclear%C4%83" title="Reacție nucleară">Reacție nucleară</a></td> </tr><tr><td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0"><div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:inherit;color:var(--color-base, #000) !important;text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Nucleul_atomic" class="mw-redirect" title="Nucleul atomic">Modele nucleare</a></div><div class="NavContent" style="font-size:105%;padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;text-align:center"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Semi-empirical_mass_formula&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Semi-empirical mass formula — pagină inexistentă">Picătura de lichid</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=P%C4%83turile_nucleare&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Păturile nucleare — pagină inexistentă">Păturile nucleare</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Interac%C8%9Biunii_bosonilor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Interacțiunii bosonilor — pagină inexistentă">Interacțiunii bosonilor</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Metode_ab_initio_(fizic%C4%83_nuclear%C4%83)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metode ab initio (fizică nucleară) — pagină inexistentă">Ab initio</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0"><div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:inherit;color:var(--color-base, #000) !important;text-align:left">Clasificarea <a href="/wiki/Nuclid" title="Nuclid">nuclizilor</a></div><div class="NavContent" style="font-size:105%;padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;text-align:center"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Izotopi</a> – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Atomic_number&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Atomic number — pagină inexistentă"><i>Z</i></a> egal<br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Izobar_(nuclid)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Izobar (nuclid) — pagină inexistentă">Izobari</a> – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mass_number&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mass number — pagină inexistentă"><i>A</i></a> egal<br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Izoton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Izoton — pagină inexistentă">Izotoni</a> – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Neutron_number&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neutron number — pagină inexistentă"><i>N</i></a> egal<br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Izodiafer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Izodiafer — pagină inexistentă">Izodiaferi</a> – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Neutron_excess&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neutron excess — pagină inexistentă">(<i>N</i> − <i>Z</i>)</a> egal<br />     <a href="/wiki/Izomer_nuclear" title="Izomer nuclear">Izomeri</a> – egal pentru toate cele menționate anterior<br /><a href="/wiki/Nuclee_oglind%C4%83" title="Nuclee oglindă">Nuclee oglindă</a> – <i>Z</i> ↔ <i>N</i><br /> <a href="/wiki/Izotop_stabil" title="Izotop stabil">Stabili</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Num%C4%83r_magic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Număr magic — pagină inexistentă">Număr magic</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuclee_atomice_pare_%C8%99i_impare&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nuclee atomice pare și impare — pagină inexistentă">Par/impar</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuclee_halo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nuclee halo — pagină inexistentă">Halo</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0"><div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:inherit;color:var(--color-base, #000) !important;text-align:left">Stabilitate nucleară</div><div class="NavContent" style="font-size:105%;padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;text-align:center"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energie_de_leg%C4%83tur%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energie de legătură — pagină inexistentă">Energie de legătură</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Raport_neutroni/protoni&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Raport neutroni/protoni — pagină inexistentă">raport n/p</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Linia_izotopilor_stabili&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Linia izotopilor stabili — pagină inexistentă">Linia izotopilor stabili</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Insula_de_stabilitate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Insula de stabilitate — pagină inexistentă">Insula de stabilitate</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Valea_de_stabilitate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Valea de stabilitate — pagină inexistentă">Valea de stabilitate</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0"><div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:inherit;color:var(--color-base, #000) !important;text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Radioactivitate" title="Radioactivitate">Dezintegrare radioactivă</a></div><div class="NavContent" style="font-size:105%;padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Dezintegrare_alfa" title="Dezintegrare alfa">α</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Dezintegrare_beta" title="Dezintegrare beta">β</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dezintegrare_%CE%B2_dubl%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dezintegrare β dublă — pagină inexistentă">2β</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Emisie_pozitronic%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emisie pozitronică — pagină inexistentă">β<sup>+</sup></a>) <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Captur%C4%83_electronic%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Captură electronică — pagină inexistentă">Captură K/L </a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tranzi%C8%9Bie_izomer%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tranziție izomeră — pagină inexistentă">Tranziție izomeră</a> (<a href="/wiki/Radia%C8%9Bie_gama" title="Radiație gama">γ</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Conversie_intern%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conversie internă — pagină inexistentă">Conversie internă</a>) <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Fisiune_spontan%C4%83" title="Fisiune spontană">Fisiune spontană</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Radioactivitate_cluster" title="Radioactivitate cluster">cluster</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Emisie_de_neutroni&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emisie de neutroni — pagină inexistentă">Emisie de neutroni</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Emisie_de_protoni&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emisie de protoni — pagină inexistentă">Emisie de protoni</a><div style="margin-top:0.8ex"><a href="/wiki/Energie_de_dezintegrare" title="Energie de dezintegrare">Energie de dezintegrare</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Perioad%C4%83_de_%C3%AEnjum%C4%83t%C4%83%C8%9Bire" title="Perioadă de înjumătățire">t<sub>1⁄2</sub></a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Serie_de_dezintegrare" title="Serie de dezintegrare">Serie de dezintegrare</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Produs_de_dezintegrare" title="Produs de dezintegrare">Produs de dezintegrare</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuclid_radiogen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nuclid radiogen — pagină inexistentă">Nuclid radiogen</a></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0"><div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:inherit;color:var(--color-base, #000) !important;text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Fisiune_nuclear%C4%83" title="Fisiune nucleară">Fisiune nucleară</a></div><div class="NavContent" style="font-size:105%;padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Fisiune_spontan%C4%83" title="Fisiune spontană">Fisiune spontană</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Produs_de_fisiune" title="Produs de fisiune">Produs de fisiune</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fotofisune&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fotofisune — pagină inexistentă">Fotofisune</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0"><div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:inherit;color:var(--color-base, #000) !important;text-align:left">Procese de captură</div><div class="NavContent" style="font-size:105%;padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;text-align:center"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Captur%C4%83_electronic%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Captură electronică — pagină inexistentă">Captură electronică</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Captur%C4%83_neutronic%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Captură neutronică — pagină inexistentă">Captură neutronică</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Procese_s&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Procese s — pagină inexistentă">Procese s</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Procese_r&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Procese r — pagină inexistentă">Procese r</a>) <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Captur%C4%83_protonic%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Captură protonică — pagină inexistentă">Captură protonică</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Procese_p&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Procese p — pagină inexistentă">Procese p</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Procese_Rp&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Procese Rp — pagină inexistentă">Procese Rp</a>)</div></div></td> </tr><tr><td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0"><div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:inherit;color:var(--color-base, #000) !important;text-align:left">Procese de energie ridicată</div><div class="NavContent" style="font-size:105%;padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;text-align:center"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spala%C8%9Bie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spalație — pagină inexistentă">Spalație</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fotodezintegrare&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fotodezintegrare — pagină inexistentă">Fotodezintegrare</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0"><div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:inherit;color:var(--color-base, #000) !important;text-align:left">Nucleosinteză și astrofizică nucleară</div><div class="NavContent" style="font-size:105%;padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Fuziune_nuclear%C4%83" title="Fuziune nucleară">Fuziune nucleară</a><br /><small>Procese:</small> <a href="/wiki/Nucleosintez%C4%83_stelar%C4%83" title="Nucleosinteză stelară">Nucleosinteză stelară</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Big_Bang" title="Big Bang">Big Bang</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nucleosintez%C4%83_%C3%AEn_supernova&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nucleosinteză în supernova — pagină inexistentă">Nucleosinteză în supernova</a><br /><small>Nuclizi:</small> <a href="/wiki/Nuclid_primordial" title="Nuclid primordial">Nuclid primordial</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuclid_cosmogen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nuclid cosmogen — pagină inexistentă">Nuclid cosmogen</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Element_sintetic" title="Element sintetic">Element sintetic</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0"><div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:inherit;color:var(--color-base, #000) !important;text-align:left"><a href="/w/index.php?title=High_energy_nuclear_physics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="High energy nuclear physics — pagină inexistentă">High energy nuclear physics</a></div><div class="NavContent" style="font-size:105%;padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;text-align:center"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quark%E2%80%93gluon_plasma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Quark–gluon plasma — pagină inexistentă">Quark–gluon plasma</a>  <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Relativistic_Heavy_Ion_Collider&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider — pagină inexistentă">RHIC</a>  <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Large_Hadron_Collider" title="Large Hadron Collider">LHC</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0"><div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:inherit;color:var(--color-base, #000) !important;text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Speciali%C8%99ti_%C3%AEn_fizic%C4%83_nuclear%C4%83" title="Categorie:Specialiști în fizică nucleară">Oameni de știință</a></div><div class="NavContent" style="font-size:105%;padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Luis_Walter_Alvarez" title="Luis Walter Alvarez">Alvarez</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Henri_Becquerel" class="mw-redirect" title="Henri Becquerel">Becquerel</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Hans_Bethe" class="mw-redirect" title="Hans Bethe">Bethe</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Aage_Bohr" class="mw-redirect" title="Aage Bohr">A.Bohr</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr">N.Bohr</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/James_Chadwick" title="James Chadwick">Chadwick</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/John_Cockcroft" class="mw-redirect" title="John Cockcroft">Cockcroft</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Ir%C3%A8ne_Joliot-Curie" title="Irène Joliot-Curie">Ir.Curie</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Joliot-Curie" title="Frédéric Joliot-Curie">Fr.Curie</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie">Pi.Curie</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">Skłodowska-Curie</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Clinton_Davisson" class="mw-redirect" title="Clinton Davisson">Davisson</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">Fermi</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Otto_Hahn" title="Otto Hahn">Hahn</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/J._Hans_D._Jensen" title="J. Hans D. Jensen">Jensen</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Lawrence" title="Ernest Lawrence">Lawrence</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Maria_Goeppert-Mayer" title="Maria Goeppert-Mayer">Mayer</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Lise_Meitner" title="Lise Meitner">Meitner</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mark_Oliphant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mark Oliphant — pagină inexistentă">Oliphant</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/J._Robert_Oppenheimer" class="mw-redirect" title="J. Robert Oppenheimer">Oppenheimer</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Alexandru_Proca" title="Alexandru Proca">Proca</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Edward_Mills_Purcell" title="Edward Mills Purcell">Purcell</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Isidor_Isaac_Rabi" title="Isidor Isaac Rabi">Rabi</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Rutherford" title="Ernest Rutherford">Rutherford</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Soddy" title="Frederick Soddy">Soddy</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Strassmann" title="Fritz Strassmann">Strassmann</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Le%C3%B3_Szil%C3%A1rd" title="Leó Szilárd">Szilárd</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Edward_Teller" title="Edward Teller">Teller</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/J._J._Thomson" class="mw-redirect" title="J. J. Thomson">Thomson</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Walton" title="Ernest Walton">Walton</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Wigner" class="mw-redirect" title="Eugene Wigner">Wigner</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td style="text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding-top: 0.6em;"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Format:Fizic%C4%83_nuclear%C4%83" title="Format:Fizică nucleară"><abbr title="Vizualizează acest format">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discu%C8%9Bie_Format:Fizic%C4%83_nuclear%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Discuție Format:Fizică nucleară — pagină inexistentă"><abbr title="Discută acest format">d</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Format:Fizic%C4%83_nuclear%C4%83&action=edit"><abbr title="Modifică acest format">m</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><p><b>Izotopii</b> sunt specii nucleare cu același <a href="/wiki/Num%C4%83r_atomic" title="Număr atomic">număr atomic Z</a>, dar cu <a href="/wiki/Num%C4%83r_de_mas%C4%83" title="Număr de masă">număr de masa A</a> diferit (adică aceleași proprietăți chimice dar proprietăți fizice diferite). Cuvântul "izotop" provine din grecescul <i>izos</i> (același) și <i>topos</i> (loc). Toți izotopii unui element chimic au în învelișul electronic același număr de <a href="/wiki/Electron" title="Electron">electroni</a>, iar nucleele lor au același număr de <a href="/wiki/Proton" title="Proton">protoni</a>; ceea ce este diferit reprezintă numărul de <a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">neutroni</a>. </p><p>În nomenclatura științifică, izotopii unui <a href="/wiki/Element_chimic" title="Element chimic">element</a> se scriu prin adăugarea unei cratime între numele elementului și numărul său de masă, astfel: <a href="/wiki/Heliu" title="Heliu">heliu-3</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon-12</a>, carbon-14, <a href="/wiki/Oxigen" title="Oxigen">oxigen-18</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uraniu" title="Uraniu">uraniu-238</a>, iar prescurtat se notează folosind simbolul elementului și numărul de masă în partea stângă sus: <sup>3</sup>He, <sup>12</sup>C, <sup>14</sup>C, <sup>18</sup>O, <sup>238</sup>U. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Descoperire">Descoperire</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Izotop&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifică secțiunea: Descoperire" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Izotop&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Descoperire"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fizicianul de origine britanică Joseph Thomson a demonstrat în 1912 existența unor izotopi stabili care, la trecerea completă a <a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">neonului</a> are loc o descărcare într-un tub și o ricoșare a ionilor de neon în apropierea mijloacelor câmpurilor magnetice și electrice; aceasta arată că elementul stabil de neon există în mai multe forme. Thomson găsește doi izotopi de neon, unul cu masa de 20 și celălalt cu masa de 22. Următoarele experimente arată că întâmplarea naturală a neonului conține 90% din izotopul de neon cu masa de 20, 9,73% din izotopul cu masa de 22, și 0,27% din izotopul cu masa de 21. Cercetările despre izotopi au fost continuate de mulți oameni de știință, mai ales de către fizicianul englez, <a href="/wiki/Francis_William_Aston" title="Francis William Aston">Francis William Aston</a>; în munca lor au descoperit și au studiat izotopi care sunt accelerați de dezvoltarea spectografică a masei. </p><p>Este bine cunoscut că majoritatea elementelor în stare naturală sunt compuse dintr-un amestec de doi sau mai mulți izotopi. Printre excepții se găsește și beriliu (Be), <a href="/wiki/Aluminiu" title="Aluminiu">aluminiul</a> (Al), <a href="/wiki/Fosfor" title="Fosfor">fosforul</a> (P), și <a href="/wiki/Sodiu" title="Sodiu">sodiu</a> (Na). Greutatea atomică chimică a unui element este greutatea medie a unei greutăți atomice, sau masei atomice, a izotopilor. De exemplu, greutatea atomică a clorului este 35.457, și este compusă din clor-35 și clor-37, primul se găsește cu abundență de 76% și cel de-al doilea cu 24%. Toți izotopii elementelor cu numărul atomic mai mare de 83, după bismut (Bi), în sistemul periodic sunt radioactivi, și puțini din izotopii gazoși, similari potasiului-40 (K) sunt radioactivi. Aproximativ 280 de izotopi stabili găsiți (neradioactivi) sunt cunoscuți. </p><p>Izotopii radioactivi artificiali, cunoscuți de asemenea ca radioizotopi, au fost produși pentru prima dată în 1933 de fizicienii francezi <a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">Marie</a> și <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie">Pierre</a> Joliot-Curie. Radioizotopii sunt produși pentru bombardarea naturală găsită a atomilor cu particulele nucleare, de asemenea ca <a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">neutronii</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electron" title="Electron">electronii</a>, <a href="/wiki/Proton" title="Proton">protonii</a>, și particulele alfa, folosind particule acceleratorii. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Separarea_amestecurilor_de_izotopi">Separarea amestecurilor de izotopi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Izotop&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifică secțiunea: Separarea amestecurilor de izotopi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Izotop&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Separarea amestecurilor de izotopi"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fundamente">Fundamente</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Izotop&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifică secțiunea: Fundamente" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Izotop&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Fundamente"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Separarea izotopică se bazează pe diferențele proprietăților fizico-chimice ale izotopilor aceluiași element (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Efect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Efect — pagină inexistentă">efectul</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Izotopic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Izotopic — pagină inexistentă">izotopic</a>). Efectul izotopic poate consta în diferențe ale punctului de fierbere sau de îngheț, presiunii de vapori la o anumită temperatură, căldurii de vaporizare, vâscozității, tensiunii superficiale sau spectrelor optice de emisie <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://jol.liljenzin.se/KAPITEL/CH02NY3.PDF">[1]</a>. </p><p>Separarea izotopilor de hidrogen, deuteriul (hidrogen-2) și hidrogenul obișnuit (hidrogen-1), primul separat în cantități apreciabile, este atribuită chimistului american <a href="/wiki/Harold_Urey" title="Harold Urey">Harold Urey</a>, care a descoperit deuteriul în 1932. </p><p>Înainte de 1940 multe metode au fost folosite la separarea unor mici cantități de izotopi necesare pentru cercetări. Unele din cele mai reușite au fost metoda centrifugă și separarea electromagnetică. Fiecare din aceste metode depind de o mică diferență de greutate a izotopilor de separat, și cel mai eficace sunt izotopii de hidrogen, unde diferențele de masă între două substanțe se ridică la 100%; în contrast, diferența în masă între izotopii de carbon-12 și -13 sau între izotopii de neon -20 și neon-22 ajunge doar la 10%, și între izotopii de uraniu-235 și uraniu-238 doar la puțin peste 1%. </p><p>Acest factor de la 10 la 1 sau de la 100 la 1 face separarea mai îndepărtată de 10 sau de 100 de ori mai greu. În toate procesele, excluzând pe cel electromagnetic, separarea izotopilor include o serie de etape de procesare. Rezultatul final al unei singure etape este separarea materialului original în două fracțiuni, una care conține un procentaj puțin mai mare pentru izotopul mai greu decât amestecul original și celălalt conține puțin mai mult decât izotopul mai ușor. </p><p>Pentru a obține o concentrație apreciabilă, sau mai îmbogățită, în izotopul dorit, este necesară separarea ulterioară a fracțiunii îmbogățite. Acest proces este efectuat printr-un număr mare de etape. Îmbogățirea cu fracțiuni de la o etapă devine un material brut pentru următoarea etapă, și fracțiunea epuizată, care conține un considerabil procentaj al izotopului dorit, este amestecat cu un material brut pentru etapa precedentă. Chiar și materialul epuizat de etapa originală este stripat de etapa suplimentară când materialul brut (de exemplu, uraniul) este rar. </p><p>De asemenea, o revărsare este extrem de flexibilă și elementul poate fi schimbat de la o etapă a separării. De exemplu, la separarea uraniului, o mare cantitate a materialului trebuie manipulată de la început, unde uraniul dorit-235 este amestecat de aproximativ 140 de ori cu uraniu-238; la sfârșitul procesului, uraniu-235 este aproape pur și volumul materialului este mult mai mic. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Metode_de_separare">Metode de separare</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Izotop&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modifică secțiunea: Metode de separare" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Izotop&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Metode de separare"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Difuzie gazoasă</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Termodifuziune" title="Termodifuziune">Termodifuziune</a></li> <li>Centrifugare</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electroliz%C4%83" title="Electroliză">Electroliză</a></li> <li>Reacții chimice de schimb izotopic</li> <li>Metoda electromagnetică</li> <li>Separarea izotopica cu <a href="/wiki/Laser" title="Laser">laser</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exemple_de_izotopi_ai_atomului_de_hidrogen">Exemple de izotopi ai atomului de hidrogen</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Izotop&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modifică secțiunea: Exemple de izotopi ai atomului de hidrogen" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Izotop&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Exemple de izotopi ai atomului de hidrogen"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>izotopul cu niciun neutron se numește <a href="/wiki/Protiu" class="mw-redirect" title="Protiu">Protiu</a> (stabil)(H)</li> <li>izotopul cu 1 neutron se numește <a href="/wiki/Deuteriu" title="Deuteriu">Deuteriu</a> (stabil)(D)</li> <li>izotopul cu 2 neutroni se numește <a href="/wiki/Tritiu" title="Tritiu">Tritiu</a> (<a href="/wiki/Radioactivitate" title="Radioactivitate">radioactiv</a>)(T)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aplicații"><span id="Aplica.C8.9Bii"></span>Aplicații</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Izotop&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Modifică secțiunea: Aplicații" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Izotop&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Aplicații"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Îmbogățirea <a href="/wiki/Uraniu" title="Uraniu">uraniului</a> pentru utilizare în <a href="/w/index.php?title=Reactoare&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reactoare — pagină inexistentă">reactoarele</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nucleare&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nucleare — pagină inexistentă">nucleare</a>.</li> <li>Obținerea apei grele.</li> <li>Izotopii pot servi diferitor scopuri prin <a href="/wiki/Marcare_izotopic%C4%83" title="Marcare izotopică">marcare izotopică</a>.</li> <li>Industrie</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultur%C4%83" title="Agricultură">Agricultură</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>Îngrășămintele etichetate cu izotopi radioactivi precum fosfor-32 sau izotopi stabili precum azot-15 ajută la determinarea cantității de îngrășământ absorbite.</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medicin%C4%83" title="Medicină">Medicină</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>Izotopii radioactivi pot fi injectați în pacient iar energia emisă este captata pe o peliculă. Imaginea rezultată este folosită la diagnosticare.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliografie">Bibliografie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Izotop&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Modifică secțiunea: Bibliografie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Izotop&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Bibliografie"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marius_Sabin_Peculea" title="Marius Sabin Peculea">Marius Sabin Peculea</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Apa_grea:_procese_industriale_de_separare&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Apa grea: procese industriale de separare — pagină inexistentă">Apa grea: procese industriale de separare</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Scrisul_Romanesc&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Scrisul Romanesc — pagină inexistentă">Scrisul Romanesc</a>, 1984,</li> <li><a href="/wiki/I.G._Murgulescu" class="mw-redirect" title="I.G. Murgulescu">I.G. Murgulescu</a> <i>Introducere în chimia fizică, vol.I,1 Atomi.Molecule.Legătura chimică</i>, <a href="/wiki/Editura_Academiei_RSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Editura Academiei RSR">Editura Academiei RSR</a>, București, 1976</li> <li>I.G. Murgulescu, J. Păun <i>Introducere în chimia fizică vol I,3 Nucleul atomic. Reacții nucleare. Particule elementare</i> Editura Academiei RSR, București 1982</li> <li>Gh. Văsaru <i>Izotopii stabili</i> Editura Tehnică, București 1968</li></ul> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ajutor:Control_de_autoritate" title="Ajutor:Control de autoritate">Control de autoritate</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">BNF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119764167">cb119764167</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119764167">(data)</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Authority_File" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated Authority File">GND</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4027801-3">4027801-3</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh00006433">sh00006433</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Latvia" class="mw-redirect" title="National Library of Latvia">LNB</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000126006&P_CON_LNG=ENG">000126006</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Diet_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="National Diet Library">NDL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00561570">00561570</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_the_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="National Library of the Czech Republic">NKC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph121258&CON_LNG=ENG">ph121258</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Ajutor:Control_de_autoritate" title="Ajutor:Control de autoritate"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/OOjs_UI_icon_helpNotice-ltr.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_helpNotice-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/OOjs_UI_icon_helpNotice-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_helpNotice-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/OOjs_UI_icon_helpNotice-ltr.svg/40px-OOjs_UI_icon_helpNotice-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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