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class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Cuprins</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">mută în bara laterală</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">ascunde</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Început</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Istoric" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Istoric"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Istoric</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Istoric-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dezintegrarea_radioactivă" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dezintegrarea_radioactivă"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Dezintegrarea radioactivă</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dezintegrarea_radioactivă-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tipuri_de_dezintegrare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tipuri_de_dezintegrare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Tipuri de dezintegrare</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Tipuri_de_dezintegrare-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Tipuri de dezintegrare subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Tipuri_de_dezintegrare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dezintegrare_spontană" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dezintegrare_spontană"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Dezintegrare spontană</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dezintegrare_spontană-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Emisie_spontană_de_nucleoni" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emisie_spontană_de_nucleoni"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Emisie spontană de nucleoni</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emisie_spontană_de_nucleoni-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dezintegrarea_tip_cluster" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dezintegrarea_tip_cluster"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Dezintegrarea tip c<i>luster</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dezintegrarea_tip_cluster-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dezintegrarea_prin_doi_protoni" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dezintegrarea_prin_doi_protoni"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Dezintegrarea prin doi protoni</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dezintegrarea_prin_doi_protoni-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dezintegrarea_tip_β−" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dezintegrarea_tip_β−"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Dezintegrarea tip β<sup>−</sup></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dezintegrarea_tip_β−-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dezintegrarea_β+" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dezintegrarea_β+"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Dezintegrarea β<sup>+</sup></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dezintegrarea_β+-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dezintegrare_prin_captare_de_electroni" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dezintegrare_prin_captare_de_electroni"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Dezintegrare prin captare de electroni</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dezintegrare_prin_captare_de_electroni-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dezintegrare_tip_gamma" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dezintegrare_tip_gamma"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Dezintegrare tip gamma</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dezintegrare_tip_gamma-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clasificarea_istorică_a_dezintegrării_radioactive" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clasificarea_istorică_a_dezintegrării_radioactive"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Clasificarea istorică a dezintegrării radioactive</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clasificarea_istorică_a_dezintegrării_radioactive-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Familii_radioactive" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Familii_radioactive"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Familii radioactive</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Familii_radioactive-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Radioactivitatea_în_natură" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radioactivitatea_în_natură"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Radioactivitatea în natură</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Radioactivitatea_în_natură-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Radioactivitatea în natură subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Radioactivitatea_în_natură-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Radionuclizii_primordiali" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radionuclizii_primordiali"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Radionuclizii primordiali</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Radionuclizii_primordiali-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Radionuclizii_cosmogeni" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radionuclizii_cosmogeni"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Radionuclizii cosmogeni</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Radionuclizii_cosmogeni-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Radionuclizii_antropogeni_(produși_sau_potențați_de_către_activitatea_antropică)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radionuclizii_antropogeni_(produși_sau_potențați_de_către_activitatea_antropică)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Radionuclizii antropogeni (produși sau potențați de către activitatea antropică)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Radionuclizii_antropogeni_(produși_sau_potențați_de_către_activitatea_antropică)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Note" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Note"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Note</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Note-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliografie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliografie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Bibliografie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliografie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legături_externe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legături_externe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Legături externe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legături_externe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Cuprins" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Comută cuprinsul" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Comută cuprinsul</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Radioactivitate</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Mergeți la un articol în altă limbă. Disponibil în 111 limbi" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-111" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">111 limbi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioaktiwiteit" title="Radioaktiwiteit – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Radioaktiwiteit" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioaktivit%C3%A4t" title="Radioaktivität – germană (Elveția)" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Radioaktivität" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="germană (Elveția)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioactividat" title="Radioactividat – aragoneză" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Radioactividat" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragoneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%AF" title="रेडियोधर्मी क्षय – angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="रेडियोधर्मी क्षय" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B6%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84_%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B7_%D8%A5%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A" title="اضمحلال نشاط إشعاعي – arabă" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اضمحلال نشاط إشعاعي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%AA%D9%8A%DA%A4" title="تهراس راديواكتيڤ – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="تهراس راديواكتيڤ" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioactivid%C3%A1" title="Radioactividá – asturiană" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Radioactividá" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioaktivlik" title="Radioaktivlik – azeră" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Radioaktivlik" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azeră" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A2%DA%A9%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="رادیوآکتیولیک – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="رادیوآکتیولیک" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D2%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D1%83" title="Радиоактив тарҡалыу – bașkiră" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Радиоактив тарҡалыу" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="bașkiră" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paluruhan_radioaktip" title="Paluruhan radioaktip – balineză" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Paluruhan radioaktip" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="balineză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioaktivit%C3%A4t" title="Radioaktivität – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Radioaktivität" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rad%C4%97j%C4%97akt%C4%ABvoms" title="Radėjėaktīvoms – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Radėjėaktīvoms" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%9E%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Радыеактыўны распад – belarusă" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Радыеактыўны распад" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarusă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%9E%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C%D1%86%D1%8C" title="Радыяактыўнасьць – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Радыяактыўнасьць" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Радиоактивност – bulgară" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Радиоактивност" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgară" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%AF" title="रेडियोएक्टिव क्षय – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="रेडियोएक्टिव क्षय" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE" title="তেজস্ক্রিয়তা – bengaleză" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="তেজস্ক্রিয়তা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengaleză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioaktivnost" title="Radioaktivnost – bosniacă" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Radioaktivnost" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniacă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioactivitat" title="Radioactivitat – catalană" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Radioactivitat" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%B4%DA%A9%DB%95%DA%86%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="تیشکەچالاکی – kurdă centrală" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="تیشکەچالاکی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="kurdă centrală" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioaktivita" title="Radioaktivita – cehă" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Radioaktivita" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="cehă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BB%C4%83_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83" title="Радиоактивлă аркану – ciuvașă" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Радиоактивлă аркану" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="ciuvașă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dadfeilio_ymbelydrol" title="Dadfeilio ymbelydrol – galeză" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Dadfeilio ymbelydrol" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="galeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioaktivitet" title="Radioaktivitet – daneză" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Radioaktivitet" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="daneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioaktivit%C3%A4t" title="Radioaktivität – germană" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Radioaktivität" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="germană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A1%CE%B1%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%AD%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%B1" title="Ραδιενέργεια – greacă" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ραδιενέργεια" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="greacă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioactive_decay" title="Radioactive decay – engleză" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Radioactive decay" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engleză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioaktiveco" title="Radioaktiveco – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Radioaktiveco" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiactividad" title="Radiactividad – spaniolă" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Radiactividad" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spaniolă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioaktiivsus" title="Radioaktiivsus – estonă" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Radioaktiivsus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desintegrazio_erradioaktibo" title="Desintegrazio erradioaktibo – bască" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Desintegrazio erradioaktibo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="bască" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioativid%C3%A1" title="Radioatividá – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Radioatividá" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B4%DB%8C_%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%A7" title="واپاشی پرتوزا – persană" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="واپاشی پرتوزا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioaktiivisuus" title="Radioaktiivisuus – finlandeză" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Radioaktiivisuus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioactivit%C3%A9" title="Radioactivité – franceză" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Radioactivité" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="franceză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raadioaktiwiteet" title="Raadioaktiwiteet – frizonă nordică" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Raadioaktiwiteet" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="frizonă nordică" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio-aktiviteit" title="Radio-aktiviteit – frizonă occidentală" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Radio-aktiviteit" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="frizonă occidentală" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meath_radaighn%C3%ADomhach" title="Meath radaighníomhach – irlandeză" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Meath radaighníomhach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioactividade" title="Radioactividade – galiciană" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Radioactividade" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiciană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%99%D7%95%D7%90%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%99%D7%91%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA" title="רדיואקטיביות – ebraică" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רדיואקטיביות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ebraică" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="रेडियोसक्रियता – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="रेडियोसक्रियता" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioactive_decay" title="Radioactive decay – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Radioactive decay" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioaktivnost" title="Radioaktivnost – croată" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Radioaktivnost" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croată" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radyo-aktivite" title="Radyo-aktivite – haitiană" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Radyo-aktivite" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="haitiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioaktivit%C3%A1s" title="Radioaktivitás – maghiară" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Radioaktivitás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="maghiară" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8C%D5%A1%D5%A4%D5%AB%D5%B8%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%BE%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Ռադիոակտիվություն – armeană" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ռադիոակտիվություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioactivitate" title="Radioactivitate – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Radioactivitate" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peluruhan_radioaktif" title="Peluruhan radioaktif – indoneziană" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Peluruhan radioaktif" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indoneziană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioaktiveso" title="Radioaktiveso – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Radioaktiveso" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geislavirkni" title="Geislavirkni – islandeză" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Geislavirkni" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioattivit%C3%A0" title="Radioattività – italiană" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Radioattività" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E8%83%BD" title="放射能 – japoneză" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="放射能" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japoneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%90%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90" title="რადიოაქტიური დაშლა – georgiană" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="რადიოაქტიური დაშლა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D2%93%D0%B8_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BA" title="Табиғи радиоактивтік – kazahă" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Табиғи радиоактивтік" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazahă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%A3_%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B5" title="ವಿಕಿರಣ ಪಟುತ್ವ – kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ವಿಕಿರಣ ಪಟುತ್ವ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%A9%EC%82%AC%EC%84%B1_%EB%B6%95%EA%B4%B4" title="방사성 붕괴 – coreeană" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="방사성 붕괴" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreeană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%88%DB%8C%D9%88_%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%B9%D9%90%D9%88%D9%90%D9%B9%DB%8C" title="ریڈیو ایکٹِوِٹی – cașmiră" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="ریڈیو ایکٹِوِٹی" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="cașmiră" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B4%D2%AF%D2%AF%D0%BB%D2%AF%D0%BA" title="Радиоактивдүүлүк – kârgâză" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Радиоактивдүүлүк" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kârgâză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioactivitas" title="Radioactivitas – latină" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Radioactivitas" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latină" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioactiviteit" title="Radioactiviteit – limburgheză" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Radioactiviteit" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburgheză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioativit%C3%A0" title="Radioatività – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Radioatività" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioaktyvumas" title="Radioaktyvumas – lituaniană" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Radioaktyvumas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituaniană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioaktivit%C4%81te" title="Radioaktivitāte – letonă" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Radioaktivitāte" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letonă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Радиоактивност – macedoneană" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Радиоактивност" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedoneană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%86%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82" title="ആണവാപചയം – malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ആണവാപചയം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3_%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%8D%D0%B2%D1%85%D1%82_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Цацраг идэвхт задрал – mongolă" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Цацраг идэвхт задрал" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongolă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reputan_radioaktif" title="Reputan radioaktif – malaeză" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Reputan radioaktif" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malaeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%92%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9E%E1%80%90%E1%80%B9%E1%80%90%E1%80%AD%E1%80%80%E1%80%BC%E1%80%BD%E1%80%95%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%80%E1%80%BD%E1%80%B2%E1%80%99%E1%80%BE%E1%80%AF" title="ရေဒီယိုသတ္တိကြွပြိုကွဲမှု – birmană" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ရေဒီယိုသတ္တိကြွပြိုကွဲမှု" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birmană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioaktivit%C3%A4t" title="Radioaktivität – germana de jos" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Radioaktivität" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="germana de jos" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioactiviteit" title="Radioactiviteit – neerlandeză" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Radioactiviteit" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioaktivitet" title="Radioaktivitet – norvegiană nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Radioaktivitet" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvegiană nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioaktivitet" title="Radioaktivitet – norvegiană bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Radioaktivitet" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvegiană bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioactivitat" title="Radioactivitat – occitană" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Radioactivitat" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkutaa%27inna_Xaanxawaa_(Radioactive_decay)" title="Burkutaa'inna Xaanxawaa (Radioactive decay) – oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Burkutaa'inna Xaanxawaa (Radioactive decay)" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%A4%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%9C%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BF%E0%AD%9F_%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B7%E0%AD%9F" title="ତେଜସ୍କ୍ରିୟ କ୍ଷୟ – odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ତେଜସ୍କ୍ରିୟ କ୍ଷୟ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%A1%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%93_%E0%A8%90%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B5_%E0%A8%A1%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%87" title="ਰੇਡੀਓ ਐਕਟਿਵ ਡਿਕੇ – punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਰੇਡੀਓ ਐਕਟਿਵ ਡਿਕੇ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioaktywno%C5%9B%C4%87" title="Radioaktywność – poloneză" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Radioaktywność" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poloneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="تابکاری – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="تابکاری" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioatividade" title="Radioatividade – portugheză" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Radioatividade" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugheză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illanchaykuy" title="Illanchaykuy – quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Illanchaykuy" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioactivitad" title="Radioactivitad – romanșă" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Radioactivitad" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="romanșă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Радиоактивный распад – rusă" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Радиоактивный распад" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rusă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioatividade" title="Radioatividade – sardiniană" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Radioatividade" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="sardiniană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioactive_decay" title="Radioactive decay – scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Radioactive decay" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioaktivnost" title="Radioaktivnost – sârbo-croată" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Radioaktivnost" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="sârbo-croată" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%AB%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%93_%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%82%E0%B6%BA_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%B8" title="විකිරණශීලී ක්ෂය වීම – singhaleză" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="විකිරණශීලී ක්ෂය වීම" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="singhaleză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A1dioakt%C3%ADvny_rozpad" title="Rádioaktívny rozpad – slovacă" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Rádioaktívny rozpad" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovacă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioaktivnost" title="Radioaktivnost – slovenă" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Radioaktivnost" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovenă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioaktiviteti" title="Radioaktiviteti – albaneză" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Radioaktiviteti" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albaneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Радиоактивност – sârbă" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Радиоактивност" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="sârbă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioaktivitet" title="Radioaktivitet – suedeză" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Radioaktivitet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suedeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unururifu" title="Unururifu – swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Unururifu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="கதிரியக்கம் – tamilă" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கதிரியக்கம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%A1%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%8B_%E0%B0%A7%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%A4" title="రేడియో ధార్మికత – telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="రేడియో ధార్మికత" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B5" title="การสลายตัวกัมมันตรังสี – thailandeză" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การสลายตัวกัมมันตรังสี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radyoaktivite" title="Radyoaktivite – turcă" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Radyoaktivite" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turcă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Радіоактивність – ucraineană" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Радіоактивність" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraineană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B9%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%B2%D9%84" title="اشعاعی تنزل – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="اشعاعی تنزل" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioaktiv_parchalanish" title="Radioaktiv parchalanish – uzbecă" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Radioaktiv parchalanish" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbecă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioaktivine_%C4%8Dihodamine" title="Radioaktivine čihodamine – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Radioaktivine čihodamine" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%C3%B3ng_x%E1%BA%A1" title="Phóng xạ – vietnameză" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Phóng xạ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnameză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiactivit%C3%A9" title="Radiactivité – valonă" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Radiactivité" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="valonă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunot_radyoaktibo" title="Dunot radyoaktibo – waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Dunot radyoaktibo" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E6%80%A7" title="放射性 – chineză wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="放射性" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="chineză wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%93%D7%99%D7%90%D7%90%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%99%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%98%D7%A2%D7%98" title="ראדיאאקטיוויטעט – idiș" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="ראדיאאקטיוויטעט" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="idiș" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Ct%C3%BAk%C3%A1_on%C3%ADt%C3%ADt%C3%A0nyindin" title="Ìtúká onítítànyindin – yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ìtúká onítítànyindin" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E6%80%A7" title="放射性 – chineză" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="放射性" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chineză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E6%80%A7" title="放射性 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="放射性" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B2ng-si%C4%81-s%C3%A8ng" title="Hòng-siā-sèng – chineză min nan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hòng-siā-sèng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="chineză min nan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E8%A1%B0%E8%AE%8A" title="核衰變 – cantoneză" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="核衰變" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantoneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q11448#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifică legăturile interlinguale" class="wbc-editpage">Modifică legăturile</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Spații de nume"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Radioactivitate" title="Vedeți conținutul paginii [a]" accesskey="a"><span>Articol</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Discu%C8%9Bie:Radioactivitate" rel="discussion" title="Discuții despre această pagină [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Discuție</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" 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href="/w/index.php?title=Radioactivitate&action=edit" title="Modificați codul sursă al acestei pagini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modificare sursă</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radioactivitate&action=history" title="Versiunile anterioare ale paginii și autorii lor. 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vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Radioactivitate"><span>Lectură</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radioactivitate&veaction=edit" title="Modificați această pagină cu EditorulVizual [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Modificare</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radioactivitate&action=edit" title="Modificați codul sursă al acestei pagini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modificare sursă</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radioactivitate&action=history"><span>Istoric</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Ce_se_leag%C4%83_aici/Radioactivitate" title="Lista tuturor paginilor wiki care conduc spre această pagină [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Ce trimite aici</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Modific%C4%83ri_corelate/Radioactivitate" rel="nofollow" title="Schimbări recente în legătură cu această pagină [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Schimbări corelate</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Trimite_fi%C8%99ier" title="Încărcare fișiere [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Trimite fișier</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Pagini_speciale" title="Lista tuturor paginilor speciale [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Pagini speciale</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radioactivitate&oldid=16239580" title="Legătură permanentă către această versiune a acestei pagini"><span>Legătură permanentă</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radioactivitate&action=info" title="Mai multe informații despre această pagină"><span>Informații despre pagină</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Citeaz%C4%83&page=Radioactivitate&id=16239580&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informații cu privire la modul de citare a acestei pagini"><span>Citează acest articol</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fro.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FRadioactivitate"><span>Obține URL scurtat</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fro.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FRadioactivitate"><span>Descărcați codul QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Tipărire/exportare </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Carte&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Radioactivitate"><span>Creare carte</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Radioactivitate&action=show-download-screen"><span>Descărcare ca PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radioactivitate&printable=yes" title="Versiunea de tipărit a acestei pagini [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Versiune de tipărit</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> În alte proiecte </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Radioactivity" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q11448" title="Legătură către elementul asociat din depozitul de date [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Element Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Aspect"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Aspect</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">mută în bara laterală</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">ascunde</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">De la Wikipedia, enciclopedia liberă</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ro" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r16501920">.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0px 10%;border:1px solid #aaa;border-left:10px solid #1e90ff;background:#fbfbfb}.mw-parser-output table.ambox-notice{border-left:10px solid #1e90ff}.mw-parser-output table.ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b22222;background:#fee}.mw-parser-output table.ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b22222}.mw-parser-output table.ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output table.ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #f4c430}.mw-parser-output table.ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output table.ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #bba}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-notice{border-left:10px solid #000f1e!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{background-color:#310402!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #070101!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #261500!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #544004!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #1e0a28!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #bba!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-notice,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-delete,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-content,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-style,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-move,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{background-color:#202122!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-notice{border-left:10px solid #000f1e!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{background-color:#310402!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #070101!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #261500!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #544004!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #1e0a28!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #bba!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-notice,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-delete,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-content,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-style,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-move,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{background-color:#202122!important}}</style><table class="metadata plainlinks ambox ambox ambox-notice ambox-content" style=""> <tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width: 52px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Blue_question_mark.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Blue_question_mark.svg/40px-Blue_question_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Blue_question_mark.svg/60px-Blue_question_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Blue_question_mark.svg/80px-Blue_question_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="450" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text" style=""><span class="mbox-text-span"><b>Acest articol are nevoie de ajutorul dumneavoastră.</b><br /> Puteți <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Cum_scriu_un_articol" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Cum scriu un articol">contribui</a> la dezvoltarea și îmbunătățirea lui apăsând butonul <b><a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Radioactivitate&action=edit">Modificare</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> </span><span class="hide-when-compact"> </span></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="vertical-navbox nowraplinks" style="float:right;clear:right;width:22.0em;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;color:var(--color-base, #000) !important;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%"><tbody><tr><th style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em"><a href="/wiki/Fizic%C4%83_nuclear%C4%83" title="Fizică nucleară">Fizică nucleară</a></th></tr><tr><td style="padding:0.2em 0 0.4em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:NuclearReaction.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/NuclearReaction.svg/200px-NuclearReaction.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/NuclearReaction.svg/300px-NuclearReaction.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/NuclearReaction.svg/400px-NuclearReaction.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="350" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <a href="/wiki/Nucleu_atomic" title="Nucleu atomic">Nucleu</a>  <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Nucleon" title="Nucleon">Nucleoni</a> (<a href="/wiki/Proton" title="Proton">p</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">n</a>)  <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Materie_nuclear%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Materie nucleară — pagină inexistentă">Materie nucleară</a>  <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/For%C8%9B%C4%83_nuclear%C4%83" title="Forță nucleară">Forță nucleară</a>  <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Structur%C4%83_nuclear%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Structură nucleară — pagină inexistentă">Structură nucleară</a>  <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Reac%C8%9Bie_nuclear%C4%83" title="Reacție nucleară">Reacție nucleară</a></td> </tr><tr><td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0"><div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:inherit;color:var(--color-base, #000) !important;text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Nucleul_atomic" class="mw-redirect" title="Nucleul atomic">Modele nucleare</a></div><div class="NavContent" style="font-size:105%;padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;text-align:center"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Semi-empirical_mass_formula&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Semi-empirical mass formula — pagină inexistentă">Picătura de lichid</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=P%C4%83turile_nucleare&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Păturile nucleare — pagină inexistentă">Păturile nucleare</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Interac%C8%9Biunii_bosonilor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Interacțiunii bosonilor — pagină inexistentă">Interacțiunii bosonilor</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Metode_ab_initio_(fizic%C4%83_nuclear%C4%83)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metode ab initio (fizică nucleară) — pagină inexistentă">Ab initio</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0"><div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:inherit;color:var(--color-base, #000) !important;text-align:left">Clasificarea <a href="/wiki/Nuclid" title="Nuclid">nuclizilor</a></div><div class="NavContent" style="font-size:105%;padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Izotop" title="Izotop">Izotopi</a> – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Atomic_number&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Atomic number — pagină inexistentă"><i>Z</i></a> egal<br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Izobar_(nuclid)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Izobar (nuclid) — pagină inexistentă">Izobari</a> – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mass_number&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mass number — pagină inexistentă"><i>A</i></a> egal<br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Izoton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Izoton — pagină inexistentă">Izotoni</a> – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Neutron_number&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neutron number — pagină inexistentă"><i>N</i></a> egal<br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Izodiafer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Izodiafer — pagină inexistentă">Izodiaferi</a> – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Neutron_excess&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neutron excess — pagină inexistentă">(<i>N</i> − <i>Z</i>)</a> egal<br />     <a href="/wiki/Izomer_nuclear" title="Izomer nuclear">Izomeri</a> – egal pentru toate cele menționate anterior<br /><a href="/wiki/Nuclee_oglind%C4%83" title="Nuclee oglindă">Nuclee oglindă</a> – <i>Z</i> ↔ <i>N</i><br /> <a href="/wiki/Izotop_stabil" title="Izotop stabil">Stabili</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Num%C4%83r_magic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Număr magic — pagină inexistentă">Număr magic</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuclee_atomice_pare_%C8%99i_impare&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nuclee atomice pare și impare — pagină inexistentă">Par/impar</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuclee_halo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nuclee halo — pagină inexistentă">Halo</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0"><div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:inherit;color:var(--color-base, #000) !important;text-align:left">Stabilitate nucleară</div><div class="NavContent" style="font-size:105%;padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;text-align:center"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energie_de_leg%C4%83tur%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energie de legătură — pagină inexistentă">Energie de legătură</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Raport_neutroni/protoni&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Raport neutroni/protoni — pagină inexistentă">raport n/p</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Linia_izotopilor_stabili&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Linia izotopilor stabili — pagină inexistentă">Linia izotopilor stabili</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Insula_de_stabilitate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Insula de stabilitate — pagină inexistentă">Insula de stabilitate</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Valea_de_stabilitate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Valea de stabilitate — pagină inexistentă">Valea de stabilitate</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0"><div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:inherit;color:var(--color-base, #000) !important;text-align:left"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dezintegrare radioactivă</a></div><div class="NavContent" style="font-size:105%;padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Dezintegrare_alfa" title="Dezintegrare alfa">α</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Dezintegrare_beta" title="Dezintegrare beta">β</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dezintegrare_%CE%B2_dubl%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dezintegrare β dublă — pagină inexistentă">2β</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Emisie_pozitronic%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emisie pozitronică — pagină inexistentă">β<sup>+</sup></a>) <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Captur%C4%83_electronic%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Captură electronică — pagină inexistentă">Captură K/L </a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tranzi%C8%9Bie_izomer%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tranziție izomeră — pagină inexistentă">Tranziție izomeră</a> (<a href="/wiki/Radia%C8%9Bie_gama" title="Radiație gama">γ</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Conversie_intern%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conversie internă — pagină inexistentă">Conversie internă</a>) <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Fisiune_spontan%C4%83" title="Fisiune spontană">Fisiune spontană</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Radioactivitate_cluster" title="Radioactivitate cluster">cluster</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Emisie_de_neutroni&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emisie de neutroni — pagină inexistentă">Emisie de neutroni</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Emisie_de_protoni&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emisie de protoni — pagină inexistentă">Emisie de protoni</a><div style="margin-top:0.8ex"><a href="/wiki/Energie_de_dezintegrare" title="Energie de dezintegrare">Energie de dezintegrare</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Perioad%C4%83_de_%C3%AEnjum%C4%83t%C4%83%C8%9Bire" title="Perioadă de înjumătățire">t<sub>1⁄2</sub></a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Serie_de_dezintegrare" title="Serie de dezintegrare">Serie de dezintegrare</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Produs_de_dezintegrare" title="Produs de dezintegrare">Produs de dezintegrare</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuclid_radiogen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nuclid radiogen — pagină inexistentă">Nuclid radiogen</a></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0"><div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:inherit;color:var(--color-base, #000) !important;text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Fisiune_nuclear%C4%83" title="Fisiune nucleară">Fisiune nucleară</a></div><div class="NavContent" style="font-size:105%;padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Fisiune_spontan%C4%83" title="Fisiune spontană">Fisiune spontană</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Produs_de_fisiune" title="Produs de fisiune">Produs de fisiune</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fotofisune&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fotofisune — pagină inexistentă">Fotofisune</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0"><div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:inherit;color:var(--color-base, #000) !important;text-align:left">Procese de captură</div><div class="NavContent" style="font-size:105%;padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;text-align:center"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Captur%C4%83_electronic%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Captură electronică — pagină inexistentă">Captură electronică</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Captur%C4%83_neutronic%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Captură neutronică — pagină inexistentă">Captură neutronică</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Procese_s&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Procese s — pagină inexistentă">Procese s</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Procese_r&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Procese r — pagină inexistentă">Procese r</a>) <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Captur%C4%83_protonic%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Captură protonică — pagină inexistentă">Captură protonică</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Procese_p&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Procese p — pagină inexistentă">Procese p</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Procese_Rp&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Procese Rp — pagină inexistentă">Procese Rp</a>)</div></div></td> </tr><tr><td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0"><div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:inherit;color:var(--color-base, #000) !important;text-align:left">Procese de energie ridicată</div><div class="NavContent" style="font-size:105%;padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;text-align:center"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spala%C8%9Bie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spalație — pagină inexistentă">Spalație</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fotodezintegrare&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fotodezintegrare — pagină inexistentă">Fotodezintegrare</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0"><div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:inherit;color:var(--color-base, #000) !important;text-align:left">Nucleosinteză și astrofizică nucleară</div><div class="NavContent" style="font-size:105%;padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Fuziune_nuclear%C4%83" title="Fuziune nucleară">Fuziune nucleară</a><br /><small>Procese:</small> <a href="/wiki/Nucleosintez%C4%83_stelar%C4%83" title="Nucleosinteză stelară">Nucleosinteză stelară</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Big_Bang" title="Big Bang">Big Bang</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nucleosintez%C4%83_%C3%AEn_supernova&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nucleosinteză în supernova — pagină inexistentă">Nucleosinteză în supernova</a><br /><small>Nuclizi:</small> <a href="/wiki/Nuclid_primordial" title="Nuclid primordial">Nuclid primordial</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuclid_cosmogen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nuclid cosmogen — pagină inexistentă">Nuclid cosmogen</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Element_sintetic" title="Element sintetic">Element sintetic</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0"><div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:inherit;color:var(--color-base, #000) !important;text-align:left"><a href="/w/index.php?title=High_energy_nuclear_physics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="High energy nuclear physics — pagină inexistentă">High energy nuclear physics</a></div><div class="NavContent" style="font-size:105%;padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;text-align:center"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quark%E2%80%93gluon_plasma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Quark–gluon plasma — pagină inexistentă">Quark–gluon plasma</a>  <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Relativistic_Heavy_Ion_Collider&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider — pagină inexistentă">RHIC</a>  <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Large_Hadron_Collider" title="Large Hadron Collider">LHC</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0"><div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:inherit;color:var(--color-base, #000) !important;text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Speciali%C8%99ti_%C3%AEn_fizic%C4%83_nuclear%C4%83" title="Categorie:Specialiști în fizică nucleară">Oameni de știință</a></div><div class="NavContent" style="font-size:105%;padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Luis_Walter_Alvarez" title="Luis Walter Alvarez">Alvarez</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Henri_Becquerel" class="mw-redirect" title="Henri Becquerel">Becquerel</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Hans_Bethe" class="mw-redirect" title="Hans Bethe">Bethe</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Aage_Bohr" class="mw-redirect" title="Aage Bohr">A.Bohr</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr">N.Bohr</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/James_Chadwick" title="James Chadwick">Chadwick</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/John_Cockcroft" class="mw-redirect" title="John Cockcroft">Cockcroft</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Ir%C3%A8ne_Joliot-Curie" title="Irène Joliot-Curie">Ir.Curie</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Joliot-Curie" title="Frédéric Joliot-Curie">Fr.Curie</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie">Pi.Curie</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">Skłodowska-Curie</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Clinton_Davisson" class="mw-redirect" title="Clinton Davisson">Davisson</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">Fermi</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Otto_Hahn" title="Otto Hahn">Hahn</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/J._Hans_D._Jensen" title="J. Hans D. Jensen">Jensen</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Lawrence" title="Ernest Lawrence">Lawrence</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Maria_Goeppert-Mayer" title="Maria Goeppert-Mayer">Mayer</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Lise_Meitner" title="Lise Meitner">Meitner</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mark_Oliphant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mark Oliphant — pagină inexistentă">Oliphant</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/J._Robert_Oppenheimer" class="mw-redirect" title="J. Robert Oppenheimer">Oppenheimer</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Alexandru_Proca" title="Alexandru Proca">Proca</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Edward_Mills_Purcell" title="Edward Mills Purcell">Purcell</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Isidor_Isaac_Rabi" title="Isidor Isaac Rabi">Rabi</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Rutherford" title="Ernest Rutherford">Rutherford</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Soddy" title="Frederick Soddy">Soddy</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Strassmann" title="Fritz Strassmann">Strassmann</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Le%C3%B3_Szil%C3%A1rd" title="Leó Szilárd">Szilárd</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Edward_Teller" title="Edward Teller">Teller</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/J._J._Thomson" class="mw-redirect" title="J. J. Thomson">Thomson</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Walton" title="Ernest Walton">Walton</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Wigner" class="mw-redirect" title="Eugene Wigner">Wigner</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td style="text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding-top: 0.6em;"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Format:Fizic%C4%83_nuclear%C4%83" title="Format:Fizică nucleară"><abbr title="Vizualizează acest format">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discu%C8%9Bie_Format:Fizic%C4%83_nuclear%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Discuție Format:Fizică nucleară — pagină inexistentă"><abbr title="Discută acest format">d</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Format:Fizic%C4%83_nuclear%C4%83&action=edit"><abbr title="Modifică acest format">m</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Radioactivitatea</b> este un fenomen fizic prin care <a href="/wiki/Nucleu_atomic" title="Nucleu atomic">nucleul</a> unui <a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">atom</a> instabil, numit și <a href="/wiki/Radioizotop" title="Radioizotop">radioizotop</a>, se transformă spontan (se <i>dezintegrează</i>), degajând <a href="/wiki/Energie" title="Energie">energie</a> sub formă de <a href="/wiki/Radia%C8%9Bie" title="Radiație">radiații</a> diverse (<a href="/wiki/Dezintegrare_alfa" title="Dezintegrare alfa">alfa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radia%C8%9Bie_beta" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiație beta">beta</a> sau <a href="/wiki/Radia%C8%9Bie_gama" title="Radiație gama">gama</a>), într-un atom mai stabil. Prin dezintegrare atomul pierde și o parte din masă. Termenul de radioactivitate a fost folosit pentru prima dată de <a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">Marie Curie</a>. </p><p>Pentru a se înțelege fenomenul de radioactivitate trebuie pornit de la structura <a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">atomului</a>, care are în centru un nucleu în jurul căruia orbitează electronii. Nucleul este format din particule încărcate pozitiv <a href="/wiki/Proton" title="Proton">protoni</a> și particule neutre <a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">neutroni</a>, denumite generic <a href="/wiki/Nucleon" title="Nucleon">nucleoni</a>. Toți atomii unui <a href="/wiki/Element_chimic" title="Element chimic">element chimic</a> au același număr de protoni (<a href="/wiki/Num%C4%83r_atomic" title="Număr atomic">număr atomic</a>), dar pot avea numere diferite de neutroni. În funcție de numărul de nucleoni, elementul chimic are mai multe specii numite <a href="/wiki/Izotop" title="Izotop">izotopi</a>. </p><p>În interiorul nucleului acționează două tipuri de forțe: forța de respingere dintre protoni (de natură electrică) și forța de atracție dintre nucleoni (de natură nucleară). Când cele două forțe sunt în echilibru izotopul este stabil. Pentru nucleele care conțin neutroni în exces cele două forțe nu mai sunt în echilibru, iar izotopul este instabil și se dezintegrează spontan prin emisie de radiații. </p><p>Spre exemplu izotopul <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {^{209}_{83}Bi} \,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mi></mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>83</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>209</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <mi mathvariant="normal">B</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi> </mrow> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {^{209}_{83}Bi} \,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/77a140d05dc670fe9395b4091493edb74ed515c8" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:5.378ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {^{209}_{83}Bi} \,}"></span>are 83 de protoni și 126 neutroni și este un izotop stabil. Izotopul <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {^{211}_{83}Bi} \,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mi></mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>83</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>211</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <mi mathvariant="normal">B</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi> </mrow> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {^{211}_{83}Bi} \,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/06c4fa35ba491ff2524dfdceb23b78af159c95ec" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:5.378ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {^{211}_{83}Bi} \,}"></span> are doi neutroni în plus și este instabil. Pentru a atinge stabilitatea nucleul <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {^{211}_{83}Bi} \,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mi></mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>83</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>211</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <mi mathvariant="normal">B</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi> </mrow> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {^{211}_{83}Bi} \,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/06c4fa35ba491ff2524dfdceb23b78af159c95ec" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:5.378ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {^{211}_{83}Bi} \,}"></span> emite o <a href="/wiki/Particul%C4%83_alfa" title="Particulă alfa">particulă alfa</a>. Acești izotopi sunt <b>radioactivi</b>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Istoric">Istoric</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radioactivitate&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifică secțiunea: Istoric" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radioactivitate&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Istoric"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Radioactivitatea naturală a fost descoperită în <a href="/wiki/1896" title="1896">1896</a> de <a href="/wiki/Henri_Becquerel" class="mw-redirect" title="Henri Becquerel">Henri Becquerel</a>, pe când studia <a href="/wiki/Luminescen%C8%9B%C4%83" title="Luminescență">luminescența</a> unor <a href="/wiki/S%C4%83ruri" class="mw-redirect" title="Săruri">săruri</a> ale <a href="/wiki/Uraniu" title="Uraniu">uraniului</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>În <a href="/wiki/1898" title="1898">1898</a>, soții <a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">Marie</a> și <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie">Pierre Curie</a> au descoperit <a href="/wiki/Poloniu" title="Poloniu">poloniul</a> și <a href="/wiki/Radiu" title="Radiu">radiul</a>, două <a href="/wiki/Element_chimic" title="Element chimic">elemente</a> cu radioactivitate mult mai puternică decât a uraniului. </p><p>Radioactivitatea artificială a fost descoperită de soții <a href="/wiki/Ir%C3%A8ne_Joliot-Curie" title="Irène Joliot-Curie">Irène</a> și <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Joliot-Curie" title="Frédéric Joliot-Curie">Frédéric Joliot-Curie</a> în <a href="/wiki/1934" title="1934">1934</a>. </p><p>Legile generale ale radioactivității au fost elaborate de către <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Rutherford" title="Ernest Rutherford">Ernest Rutherford</a> și <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Soddy" title="Frederick Soddy">Frederick Soddy</a> în <a href="/wiki/1903" title="1903">1903</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dezintegrarea_radioactivă"><span id="Dezintegrarea_radioactiv.C4.83"></span>Dezintegrarea radioactivă</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radioactivitate&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifică secțiunea: Dezintegrarea radioactivă" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radioactivitate&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Dezintegrarea radioactivă"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dezintegrarea radioactivă este fenomenul <i>spontan</i> prin care nucleul unui izotop radioactiv instabil emite radiații nucleare. În funcție de radiația emisă putem avea dezintegrare alfa, beta sau gama. Transformarea unui element radioactiv în alt element prin dezintegrare se mai numește și transmutație nucleară naturală. </p><p>Procesul nu depinde de <a href="/wiki/Temperatur%C4%83" title="Temperatură">temperatură</a>, <a href="/wiki/Presiune" title="Presiune">presiune</a> sau de combinația chimică în care apare atomul al cărui nucleu suferă dezintegrarea. Pe de altă parte, dezintegrarea este un fenomen <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aleator&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aleator — pagină inexistentă">aleator</a>: nu se poate determina când se va dezintegra un anumit nucleu atomic, deși pentru o populație mare de nuclee de un anumit tip se poate estima câte nuclee vor suferi dezintegrarea într-un anumit interval de timp. </p><p>Cantitatea de substanță variază după o lege exponențială: </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n_{t}=n_{0}\cdot 2^{-{\frac {t}{\Delta t}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>n</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>n</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>⋅</mo> <msup> <mn>2</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>t</mi> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n_{t}=n_{0}\cdot 2^{-{\frac {t}{\Delta t}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ef938cc1a09ffc6648e1604ece697015cf326396" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:14.55ex; height:3.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n_{t}=n_{0}\cdot 2^{-{\frac {t}{\Delta t}}}}"></span>, </p><p>unde: </p> <ul><li><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n_{0}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>n</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n_{0}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/63584d203ecb012a7bcb90f422408bbfe4018956" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.449ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n_{0}}"></span> este cantitatea inițială de substanță (dată ca <a href="/wiki/Mas%C4%83" title="Masă">masă</a> sau ca număr de atomi),</li> <li><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n_{t}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>n</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n_{t}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/27f8546859bf39892f3c245d8622e3e9cee286b9" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.221ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n_{t}}"></span> este cantitatea rămasă (dată sub aceeași formă),</li> <li><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle t}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>t</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle t}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/65658b7b223af9e1acc877d848888ecdb4466560" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.84ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle t}"></span> este timpul scurs de la începutul experimentului,</li> <li><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta t}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mi>t</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta t}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8c28867ecd34e2caed12cf38feadf6a81a7ee542" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.775ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta t}"></span> este o mărime numită <i><a href="/wiki/Perioad%C4%83_de_%C3%AEnjum%C4%83t%C4%83%C8%9Bire" title="Perioadă de înjumătățire">perioadă de înjumătățire</a></i>, specifică speciei de atomi, și reprezintă timpul după care dintr-o cantitate dată de substanță radioactivă rămâne jumătate din cantitatea inițială.</li></ul> <p>De remarcat că asta înseamnă că prin dezintegrare radioactivă o substanță radioactivă nu dispare niciodată complet. Practic, după 100-200 de perioade de înjumătățire dintr-o cantitate egală cu masa Pământului ar rămâne un singur atom. Timpul de înjumătățire variază în limite foarte largi, de la fracțiuni de secundă până la miliarde de ani. Printre cele mai lungi perioade de înjumătățire le au izotopii <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {^{238}_{92}U} \,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mi></mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>92</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>238</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <mi mathvariant="normal">U</mi> </mrow> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {^{238}_{92}U} \,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9c3680b5e45bf833698022e7db26bfd827f653a4" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:4.828ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {^{238}_{92}U} \,}"></span>, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {^{235}_{92}U} \,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mi></mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>92</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>235</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <mi mathvariant="normal">U</mi> </mrow> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {^{235}_{92}U} \,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/930d8420fac899cc104a2f35e1a051120288bfee" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:4.828ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {^{235}_{92}U} \,}"></span>, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {^{230}_{90}Th} \,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mi></mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>90</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>230</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <mi mathvariant="normal">T</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">h</mi> </mrow> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {^{230}_{90}Th} \,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e9d62f84d78a2bf9c0f9b8ffcadb0b3759bad082" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:6.056ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {^{230}_{90}Th} \,}"></span>și <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {^{40}_{19}K} \,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mi></mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>19</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>40</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <mi mathvariant="normal">K</mi> </mrow> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {^{40}_{19}K} \,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/383b9f116b4c2bb2c3b849df8118310080f3df67" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:4.071ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {^{40}_{19}K} \,}"></span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tipuri_de_dezintegrare">Tipuri de dezintegrare</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radioactivitate&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifică secțiunea: Tipuri de dezintegrare" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radioactivitate&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Tipuri de dezintegrare"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Radioaktive_Zerfallsarten_in_der_Nuklidkarte.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Radioaktive_Zerfallsarten_in_der_Nuklidkarte.svg/220px-Radioaktive_Zerfallsarten_in_der_Nuklidkarte.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Radioaktive_Zerfallsarten_in_der_Nuklidkarte.svg/330px-Radioaktive_Zerfallsarten_in_der_Nuklidkarte.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Radioaktive_Zerfallsarten_in_der_Nuklidkarte.svg/440px-Radioaktive_Zerfallsarten_in_der_Nuklidkarte.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="260" data-file-height="260" /></a><figcaption><br /> Diferite moduri de dezintegrare a unui nuclid radioactiv. Vertical: numărul atomic, orizontal: numărul de neutroni</figcaption></figure> <p>Există următoarele forme de dezintegrare: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dezintegrare_spontană"><span id="Dezintegrare_spontan.C4.83"></span>Dezintegrare spontană</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radioactivitate&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modifică secțiunea: Dezintegrare spontană" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radioactivitate&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Dezintegrare spontană"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dezintegrarea spontană este un fenomen de transformare a atomilor grei prin procese radioactive. Nucleul atomic se va despica în două sau mai multe fragmente, respectând regula prin care două fragmente rezultate vor avea totdeauna dimensiuni egale. Suma masei fragmentelor rezultate fiind egală cu masa nucleului inițial. </p> <table cellpadding="6" width="100%"> <tbody><tr> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {}_{98}^{252}\mathrm {Cf} \to {}_{56}^{145}\mathrm {Ba} +{}_{42}^{104}\mathrm {Mo} +3~{}_{0}^{1}\mathrm {n} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>98</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>252</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">f</mi> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> <msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>56</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>145</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">B</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>42</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>104</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">M</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">o</mi> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <mn>3</mn> <mtext> </mtext> <msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {}_{98}^{252}\mathrm {Cf} \to {}_{56}^{145}\mathrm {Ba} +{}_{42}^{104}\mathrm {Mo} +3~{}_{0}^{1}\mathrm {n} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/50e328dfe126958f4ca07689ee096938ee409a0c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:30.124ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {}_{98}^{252}\mathrm {Cf} \to {}_{56}^{145}\mathrm {Ba} +{}_{42}^{104}\mathrm {Mo} +3~{}_{0}^{1}\mathrm {n} }"></span> </td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {}_{98}^{252}\mathrm {Cf} \to {}_{50}^{128}\mathrm {Sn} +{}_{48}^{122}\mathrm {Cd} +2~{}_{0}^{1}\mathrm {n} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>98</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>252</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">f</mi> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> <msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>50</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>128</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">S</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>48</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>122</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mtext> </mtext> <msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {}_{98}^{252}\mathrm {Cf} \to {}_{50}^{128}\mathrm {Sn} +{}_{48}^{122}\mathrm {Cd} +2~{}_{0}^{1}\mathrm {n} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0a9e6bd7e7b72279cafeb3941945f28343dd4d12" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:29.578ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {}_{98}^{252}\mathrm {Cf} \to {}_{50}^{128}\mathrm {Sn} +{}_{48}^{122}\mathrm {Cd} +2~{}_{0}^{1}\mathrm {n} }"></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Izotopii uraniului se transformă prin procesul dezintegrării spontane: </p> <table cellpadding="6" width="100%"> <tbody><tr> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {}_{92}^{235}\mathrm {U} \to {}_{56}^{142}\mathrm {Ba} +{}_{36}^{90}\mathrm {Kr} +3~{}_{0}^{1}\mathrm {n} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>92</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>235</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">U</mi> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> <msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>56</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>142</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">B</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>36</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>90</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">K</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <mn>3</mn> <mtext> </mtext> <msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {}_{92}^{235}\mathrm {U} \to {}_{56}^{142}\mathrm {Ba} +{}_{36}^{90}\mathrm {Kr} +3~{}_{0}^{1}\mathrm {n} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/1715596cf7563f07278dd73debc332c59483c4d6" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:27.928ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {}_{92}^{235}\mathrm {U} \to {}_{56}^{142}\mathrm {Ba} +{}_{36}^{90}\mathrm {Kr} +3~{}_{0}^{1}\mathrm {n} }"></span> </td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {}_{92}^{238}\mathrm {U} \to {}_{54}^{140}\mathrm {Xe} +{}_{38}^{96}\mathrm {Sr} +2~{}_{0}^{1}\mathrm {n} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>92</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>238</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">U</mi> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> <msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>54</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>140</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">X</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>38</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>96</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">S</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mtext> </mtext> <msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {}_{92}^{238}\mathrm {U} \to {}_{54}^{140}\mathrm {Xe} +{}_{38}^{96}\mathrm {Sr} +2~{}_{0}^{1}\mathrm {n} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a13a89c12f8e9e2d5b18b0facd9578d4301e74ba" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:27.38ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {}_{92}^{238}\mathrm {U} \to {}_{54}^{140}\mathrm {Xe} +{}_{38}^{96}\mathrm {Sr} +2~{}_{0}^{1}\mathrm {n} }"></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {}_{92}^{235}\mathrm {U} \to {}_{53}^{135}\mathrm {I} +{}_{39}^{98}\mathrm {Y} +2~{}_{0}^{1}\mathrm {n} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>92</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>235</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">U</mi> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> <msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>53</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>135</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">I</mi> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>39</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>98</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">Y</mi> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mtext> </mtext> <msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {}_{92}^{235}\mathrm {U} \to {}_{53}^{135}\mathrm {I} +{}_{39}^{98}\mathrm {Y} +2~{}_{0}^{1}\mathrm {n} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/738a3d479710576308a0a7116700f8637a996246" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:24.983ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {}_{92}^{235}\mathrm {U} \to {}_{53}^{135}\mathrm {I} +{}_{39}^{98}\mathrm {Y} +2~{}_{0}^{1}\mathrm {n} }"></span> </td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {}_{92}^{238}\mathrm {U} \to {}_{51}^{133}\mathrm {Sb} +{}_{41}^{102}\mathrm {Nb} +3~{}_{0}^{1}\mathrm {n} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>92</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>238</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">U</mi> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> <msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>51</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>133</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">S</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">b</mi> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>41</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>102</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">N</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">b</mi> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <mn>3</mn> <mtext> </mtext> <msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {}_{92}^{238}\mathrm {U} \to {}_{51}^{133}\mathrm {Sb} +{}_{41}^{102}\mathrm {Nb} +3~{}_{0}^{1}\mathrm {n} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a85e8024fa3a39214c5747c8748dadbe89749db8" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:28.843ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {}_{92}^{238}\mathrm {U} \to {}_{51}^{133}\mathrm {Sb} +{}_{41}^{102}\mathrm {Nb} +3~{}_{0}^{1}\mathrm {n} }"></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Emisie_spontană_de_nucleoni"><span id="Emisie_spontan.C4.83_de_nucleoni"></span>Emisie spontană de nucleoni</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radioactivitate&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modifică secțiunea: Emisie spontană de nucleoni" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radioactivitate&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Emisie spontană de nucleoni"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="prettytable float-left" rules="none"> <tbody><tr> <td><div class="rahmenfarbe1" style="background: white; border-style:solid; border-width:1px; padding: 5px"> <p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {}_{Z}^{A}\mathrm {X} \to {}_{Z-1}^{A-1}\mathrm {Y} +{}_{1}^{1}\mathrm {p} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>Z</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>A</mi> </mrow> </msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">X</mi> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> <msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>Z</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>A</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">Y</mi> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">p</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {}_{Z}^{A}\mathrm {X} \to {}_{Z-1}^{A-1}\mathrm {Y} +{}_{1}^{1}\mathrm {p} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/6acc5e9a0eec49a1d5d54431d40fa9f9032bf04d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; width:17.318ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {}_{Z}^{A}\mathrm {X} \to {}_{Z-1}^{A-1}\mathrm {Y} +{}_{1}^{1}\mathrm {p} }"></span> </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {}_{Z}^{A}\mathrm {X} \to {}_{Z}^{A-1}\mathrm {Y} +{}_{0}^{1}\mathrm {n} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>Z</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>A</mi> </mrow> </msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">X</mi> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> <msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>Z</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>A</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">Y</mi> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {}_{Z}^{A}\mathrm {X} \to {}_{Z}^{A-1}\mathrm {Y} +{}_{0}^{1}\mathrm {n} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/90bd742ad7482064eaf9ff5349b4d165b2c39158" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:17.318ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {}_{Z}^{A}\mathrm {X} \to {}_{Z}^{A-1}\mathrm {Y} +{}_{0}^{1}\mathrm {n} }"></span> </p> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>emisiune de nucleoni </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Acest fenomen are loc la nucleii cu un număr mic de protoni. <sup>5</sup>He → <sup>4</sup>He + <sup>1</sup>n </p><p><sup>9</sup>B → <sup>8</sup>Be + <sup>1</sup>p </p> <div style="clear:left"></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dezintegrarea_tip_cluster">Dezintegrarea tip c<i>luster</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radioactivitate&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Modifică secțiunea: Dezintegrarea tip cluster" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radioactivitate&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Dezintegrarea tip cluster"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In acest caz în loc de emisiune de protoni sau neutroni, are loc o emisiune de nuclei mari atomici: </p> <table cellpadding="6" width="100%"> <tbody><tr> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {}_{97}^{247}\mathrm {Bk} \to {}_{91}^{235}\mathrm {Pa} +{}_{6}^{12}\mathrm {C} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>97</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>247</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">B</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">k</mi> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> <msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>91</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>235</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">P</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>6</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>12</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {}_{97}^{247}\mathrm {Bk} \to {}_{91}^{235}\mathrm {Pa} +{}_{6}^{12}\mathrm {C} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/6d3d4b34e17698a2740bcb0d582f5034e3e28bb4" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:21.024ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {}_{97}^{247}\mathrm {Bk} \to {}_{91}^{235}\mathrm {Pa} +{}_{6}^{12}\mathrm {C} }"></span> </td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {}_{97}^{247}\mathrm {Bk} \to {}_{77}^{199}\mathrm {Ir} +{}_{20}^{48}\mathrm {Ca} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>97</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>247</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">B</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">k</mi> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> <msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>77</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>199</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">I</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>20</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>48</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {}_{97}^{247}\mathrm {Bk} \to {}_{77}^{199}\mathrm {Ir} +{}_{20}^{48}\mathrm {Ca} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ccff5310ab38eac24bb6ee98271a1777794e5ef5" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:21.192ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {}_{97}^{247}\mathrm {Bk} \to {}_{77}^{199}\mathrm {Ir} +{}_{20}^{48}\mathrm {Ca} }"></span> </td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {}_{98}^{248}\mathrm {Cf} \to {}_{90}^{232}\mathrm {Th} +{}_{8}^{16}\mathrm {O} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>98</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>248</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">f</mi> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> <msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>90</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>232</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">T</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">h</mi> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>8</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>16</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {}_{98}^{248}\mathrm {Cf} \to {}_{90}^{232}\mathrm {Th} +{}_{8}^{16}\mathrm {O} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/43666c9f89bd43d1cdc2dcf90f9b30d90885e034" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:21.049ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {}_{98}^{248}\mathrm {Cf} \to {}_{90}^{232}\mathrm {Th} +{}_{8}^{16}\mathrm {O} }"></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dezintegrarea_prin_doi_protoni">Dezintegrarea prin doi protoni</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radioactivitate&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Modifică secțiunea: Dezintegrarea prin doi protoni" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radioactivitate&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Dezintegrarea prin doi protoni"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Acest fenomen are loc în cazul unei emisiuni intense de protoni, ca de exemplu în cazul <sup>45</sup><a href="/wiki/Fier" title="Fier">Fe</a> când doi protoni colidează simultan cu nucleul, fiind posibilă chiar emisiunea simultană a 2 protoni.<sup>45</sup>Fe → <sup>43</sup>Cr + 2 <sup>1</sup>p. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dezintegrarea_tip_β−"><span id="Dezintegrarea_tip_.CE.B2.E2.88.92"></span>Dezintegrarea tip β<sup>−</sup></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radioactivitate&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Modifică secțiunea: Dezintegrarea tip β−" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radioactivitate&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Dezintegrarea tip β−"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="prettytable float-left" rules="none"> <tbody><tr> <td><div class="rahmenfarbe1" style="background: white; border-style:solid; border-width:1px; padding: 5px"> <p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {}_{Z}^{A}\mathrm {X} \to {}_{Z+1}^{A}\mathrm {Y} +\mathrm {e} ^{-}+{\overline {\nu }}_{\mathrm {e} }}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>Z</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>A</mi> </mrow> </msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">X</mi> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> <msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>Z</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>A</mi> </mrow> </msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">Y</mi> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>ν</mi> <mo accent="false">¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {}_{Z}^{A}\mathrm {X} \to {}_{Z+1}^{A}\mathrm {Y} +\mathrm {e} ^{-}+{\overline {\nu }}_{\mathrm {e} }}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/6e8760c5064bd9490d282431cabdb0ce047256c3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; width:22.674ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {}_{Z}^{A}\mathrm {X} \to {}_{Z+1}^{A}\mathrm {Y} +\mathrm {e} ^{-}+{\overline {\nu }}_{\mathrm {e} }}"></span> </p> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dezintegrare_beta#Dezintegrarea_β−" title="Dezintegrare beta">Dezintegrare tip β−</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In acest caz în nucleul atomic se produce o transformare a unui neutron într-un proton însoțită de emisiunea unui electron cu energie mare, numărul atomic crescând cu o unitate. <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {}_{6}^{14}\mathrm {C} \to {}_{7}^{14}\mathrm {N} +e^{-}+{\overline {\nu _{e}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>6</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>14</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> <msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>7</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>14</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">N</mi> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <msup> <mi>e</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo>+</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <msub> <mi>ν</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>e</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo accent="false">¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {}_{6}^{14}\mathrm {C} \to {}_{7}^{14}\mathrm {N} +e^{-}+{\overline {\nu _{e}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f2a3f44972c8a7794f0c15f5c5e63e0a8dbc5202" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:21.325ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {}_{6}^{14}\mathrm {C} \to {}_{7}^{14}\mathrm {N} +e^{-}+{\overline {\nu _{e}}}}"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dezintegrarea_β+"><span id="Dezintegrarea_.CE.B2.2B"></span>Dezintegrarea β<sup>+</sup></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radioactivitate&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Modifică secțiunea: Dezintegrarea β+" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radioactivitate&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Dezintegrarea β+"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="prettytable float-left" rules="none"> <tbody><tr> <td><div class="rahmenfarbe1" style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; padding: 5px"> <p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {}_{Z}^{A}\mathrm {X} \to {}_{Z-1}^{A}\mathrm {Y} +\mathrm {e} ^{+}+\nu _{\mathrm {e} }}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>Z</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>A</mi> </mrow> </msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">X</mi> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> <msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>Z</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>A</mi> </mrow> </msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">Y</mi> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mi>ν</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {}_{Z}^{A}\mathrm {X} \to {}_{Z-1}^{A}\mathrm {Y} +\mathrm {e} ^{+}+\nu _{\mathrm {e} }}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e9e721c3ad730d1523d936122159d5a6f9a985a0" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; width:22.421ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {}_{Z}^{A}\mathrm {X} \to {}_{Z-1}^{A}\mathrm {Y} +\mathrm {e} ^{+}+\nu _{\mathrm {e} }}"></span> </p> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dezintegrare_beta#Dezintegrarea_β+" title="Dezintegrare beta">Dezintegrare tip β+</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In acest caz un proton din nucleu se transformă într-un neutron și un pozitron încărcat cu energie, numărul atomic micșorându-se cu o unitate. l: <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {}_{7}^{13}\mathrm {N} \to {}_{6}^{13}\mathrm {C} +e^{+}+\nu _{e}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>7</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>13</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">N</mi> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> <msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>6</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>13</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <msup> <mi>e</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mi>ν</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>e</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {}_{7}^{13}\mathrm {N} \to {}_{6}^{13}\mathrm {C} +e^{+}+\nu _{e}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4ced7d8ff91544b26a352fc6da916b366068adc5" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:21.21ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {}_{7}^{13}\mathrm {N} \to {}_{6}^{13}\mathrm {C} +e^{+}+\nu _{e}}"></span> </p> <div style="clear:left"></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dezintegrare_prin_captare_de_electroni">Dezintegrare prin captare de electroni</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radioactivitate&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Modifică secțiunea: Dezintegrare prin captare de electroni" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radioactivitate&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Dezintegrare prin captare de electroni"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="prettytable float-left" rules="none"> <tbody><tr> <td><div class="rahmenfarbe1" style="background: white; border-style:solid; border-width:1px; padding: 5px"> <p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {}_{Z}^{A}\mathrm {X} +\mathrm {e} ^{-}\to {}_{Z-1}^{A}\mathrm {Y} +\nu _{\mathrm {e} }}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>Z</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>A</mi> </mrow> </msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">X</mi> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> <msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>Z</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>A</mi> </mrow> </msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">Y</mi> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mi>ν</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {}_{Z}^{A}\mathrm {X} +\mathrm {e} ^{-}\to {}_{Z-1}^{A}\mathrm {Y} +\nu _{\mathrm {e} }}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/cd0ec19fcdb2cbdee26b48b5532efc7396d44161" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; width:22.421ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {}_{Z}^{A}\mathrm {X} +\mathrm {e} ^{-}\to {}_{Z-1}^{A}\mathrm {Y} +\nu _{\mathrm {e} }}"></span> </p> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Electron" title="Electron">dezintegrare-ε</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Mai există o posibilitate de transformare a unui proton în neutron prin captare de electroni. </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {}_{28}^{59}\mathrm {Ni} +e^{-}\to {}_{27}^{59}\mathrm {Co} +\nu _{e}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>28</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>59</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">N</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <msup> <mi>e</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> <msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>27</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>59</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">o</mi> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mi>ν</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>e</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {}_{28}^{59}\mathrm {Ni} +e^{-}\to {}_{27}^{59}\mathrm {Co} +\nu _{e}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/5734ae29e6dfb03f3958d13ca2e17521e8b3d382" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:23.019ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {}_{28}^{59}\mathrm {Ni} +e^{-}\to {}_{27}^{59}\mathrm {Co} +\nu _{e}}"></span></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dezintegrare_tip_gamma">Dezintegrare tip gamma</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radioactivitate&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Modifică secțiunea: Dezintegrare tip gamma" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radioactivitate&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Dezintegrare tip gamma"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="prettytable float-left" rules="none"> <tbody><tr> <td><div class="rahmenfarbe1" style="background: white; border-style:solid; border-width:1px; padding: 5px"> <p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {}_{Z}^{A}\mathrm {X} ^{**}\to {}_{Z}^{A}\mathrm {X} ^{*}+\gamma }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>Z</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>A</mi> </mrow> </msubsup> <msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">X</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>∗</mo> <mo>∗</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> <msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>Z</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>A</mi> </mrow> </msubsup> <msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">X</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>∗</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo>+</mo> <mi>γ</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {}_{Z}^{A}\mathrm {X} ^{**}\to {}_{Z}^{A}\mathrm {X} ^{*}+\gamma }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e6226b55146cb83cbc390082593629e5bb89151c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:17.063ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {}_{Z}^{A}\mathrm {X} ^{**}\to {}_{Z}^{A}\mathrm {X} ^{*}+\gamma }"></span> </p> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dezintegrare-%CE%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dezintegrare-γ — pagină inexistentă">Dezintegrare-γ</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Se produce când nucleii atomici, după o dezintegrare, sunt încărcați cu energie mare, radiațiile γ fiind unde electromagnetice de înaltă frecvență. Această emisiune nu produce transformări ale protonilor sau neutronilor nucleari, ci numai în cazul emisiilor α și β, ca de exemplu: </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {}_{27}^{60}\mathrm {Co} \to {}_{28}^{60}\mathrm {Ni} +{\gamma }}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>27</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>60</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">o</mi> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> <msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>28</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>60</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">N</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>γ</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {}_{27}^{60}\mathrm {Co} \to {}_{28}^{60}\mathrm {Ni} +{\gamma }}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/69c310ae5160b4fe634dc7f6fb9ce4599c6824f0" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:16.7ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {}_{27}^{60}\mathrm {Co} \to {}_{28}^{60}\mathrm {Ni} +{\gamma }}"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Clasificarea_istorică_a_dezintegrării_radioactive"><span id="Clasificarea_istoric.C4.83_a_dezintegr.C4.83rii_radioactive"></span>Clasificarea istorică a dezintegrării radioactive</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radioactivitate&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Modifică secțiunea: Clasificarea istorică a dezintegrării radioactive" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radioactivitate&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Clasificarea istorică a dezintegrării radioactive"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Dezintegrare_alfa" title="Dezintegrare alfa">Dezintegrarea alfa</a></b> este procesul prin care din nucleul atomic se emite o particulă alfa (doi protoni și doi neutroni), cu apariția unui atom având numărul atomic diminuat cu 2 și numărul de masă diminuat cu 4. </p><p><sub>238</sub><sup>92</sup>U →<sub>234</sub><sup>90</sup>Th + <sub>4</sub><sup>2</sup>He </p><p><b><a href="/wiki/Dezintegrarea_beta" class="mw-redirect" title="Dezintegrarea beta">Dezintegrarea beta</a></b> este procesul prin care nucleul atomic emite particule beta (<a href="/wiki/Electron" title="Electron">electron</a> sau <a href="/wiki/Pozitron" title="Pozitron">pozitron</a>) pentru a obține număul optim de protoni și neutroni. Există două tipuri de dezintegrare beta: beta minus (β-) când se emite un <a href="/wiki/Electron" title="Electron">electron</a> și beta plus (β+) când se emite un <a href="/wiki/Pozitron" title="Pozitron">pozitron</a>. La dezintegrarea beta minus se mai emite ș o particulă <a href="/wiki/Antineutrino" title="Antineutrino">antineutrino</a> în timp ce la dezintegrarea beta plus se emite o particulă <a href="/wiki/Neutrino" class="mw-redirect" title="Neutrino">neutrino</a> </p><p><sub>137</sub><sup>55</sup>Cs →<sub>137</sub><sup>56</sup>Ba + <sup>-</sup>e + antineutrino </p><p><sub>22</sub><sup>11</sup>Na →<sub>22</sub><sup>10</sup>Ne + <sup>+</sup>e + neutrino </p><p><b><a href="/wiki/Radia%C8%9Bie_gama" title="Radiație gama">Dezintegrarea gama</a></b> numită și tranzție izomerică este procesul prin care nucleul având o stare excitată metastabilă (izomer) emite radiație gama pentru a reveni la starea stabilă cu energie mai scăzută. Starea izomeră poate apărea în urma dezintegrării alfa sau beta sau prin alte reacții nucleare. Cel mai stabil nucleu izomer este <sub>180m </sub><sup> 73</sup>Ta care are o abundență de 1/8300 și un timp de înjumătățire de 10<sup> 15</sup> ani, sensibil mai mare decât vârsta universului. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Familii_radioactive">Familii radioactive</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radioactivitate&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Modifică secțiunea: Familii radioactive" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radioactivitate&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: Familii radioactive"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Uraniu" title="Uraniu">Uraniul</a> 238 (<sub>238</sub><sup>92</sup>U, cel mai greu dintre izotopii naturali), se dezintegrează foarte încet (timp de înjumătățire 4,5 miliarde ani) prin emisie de raze α. Pierzând astfel 4 unități din numărul său de masă și două unități din numărul său atomic, uraniul se transformă în nucleul de <a href="/wiki/Thoriu" title="Thoriu">thoriu</a> 234 (<sub>234</sub><sup>90</sup>Th); elementul uraniu se transformă în elementul thoriu. Acesta din urmă este și el radioactiv, nucleul său emite o particulă β și se transmută în nucleul de <sub>234</sub><sup>91</sup>Pa (<a href="/wiki/Protactiniu" title="Protactiniu">protactiniu</a>); acesta tot prin emisie de raze β se transmută în mai departe în nucleul de <sub>234</sub><sup>92</sup>U, luând naștere un alt izotop al uraniului, decât cel de la începutul seriei căruia i se dă numele de Uraniu II, fiind radioactiv prin emisie de raze α. Acesta se transmută mai departe în <sub>230</sub><sup>90</sup>Th, adică un nou izotop thoriu căruia i se dă numele special de Ioniu. Ioniul se dezintegrează tot prin emisie de raze α și dă naștere izotopului <sub>226</sub><sup>88</sup>Ra, adică <a href="/wiki/Radiu" title="Radiu">radiul</a> descoperit de soții <a href="/wiki/Curie" class="mw-disambig" title="Curie">Curie</a>. Mai departe, radiul dezintegrându-se prin raze α, dă naștere izotopului radioactiv <sub>222</sub><sup>86</sup>Rn (<a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">radon</a>), care este un gaz inert asemănător din punct de vedere chimic cu <a href="/wiki/Heliu" title="Heliu">heliul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">neonul</a>, etc. <a href="/wiki/Serie_de_dezintegrare" title="Serie de dezintegrare">Cascada</a> aceasta de dezintegrări succesive se continuă mai departe până ce se ajunge la izotopul <sub>210</sub><sup>84</sup>Po, adică <a href="/wiki/Poloniu" title="Poloniu">poloniul</a> descoperit de soții Curie. Poloniul se transmută mai departe în <sub>206</sub><sup>82</sup>Pb, adică un izotop al metalului <a href="/wiki/Plumb" title="Plumb">plumb</a>. Acesta este „stabil” ceea ce înseamnă că prin nici unul din mijloacele cunoscute în prezent nu putem constata o eventuală dezintegrare a lui. Astfel succesiunea de dezintegrări în cascadă se oprește practic aici și putem vedea că a luat naștere o adevărată „familie” radioactivă, al cărei strămoș comun este uraniul. Familia pe care tocmai am descris-o se numește familia „radiu-uraniu”. În natură mai există încă două familii radioactive: una dintre ele, începe cu <sub>235</sub><sup>92</sup>U(numit și actino-uraniu) și se termină cu un alt izotop de plumb(<sub>207</sub><sup>82</sup>Pb). Cea de-a treia familie este cea a thoriului, care începe cu <sub>232</sub><sup>90</sup>Th și se termină iarăși cu un izotop de plumb(<sub>208</sub><sup>82</sup>Pb). [Sanielevici Alexandru - Radioactivitatea, editura Tehnică – București] </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Radioactivitatea_în_natură"><span id="Radioactivitatea_.C3.AEn_natur.C4.83"></span>Radioactivitatea în natură</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radioactivitate&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Modifică secțiunea: Radioactivitatea în natură" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radioactivitate&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section's source code: Radioactivitatea în natură"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>În natură radioactivitatea a fost prezentă de la început. Cei peste 60 radionuclizi prezenți în natură se clasifică în trei categorii: 1. Primordiali – prezenți de la formarea Pământului; 2. Cosmogenici – formați în urma interacției cu radiația cosmică; 3. Produși sau potențați de om – formați prin activități umane. Radionuclizii se găsesc în roci, aer, apă, sol și în organismele vii, inclusiv cel uman. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Radionuclizii_primordiali">Radionuclizii primordiali</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radioactivitate&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Modifică secțiunea: Radionuclizii primordiali" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radioactivitate&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section's source code: Radionuclizii primordiali"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Radionuclizii primordiali au timpi de înjumătățire de ordinul sutelor de milioane de ani. Dintre cei mai cunoscuți menționăm : U-235, U-238, Th232, Ra-226, Rn-222, K-40. </p><p>Radionuclizii primordiali au un rol foarte important în viața planetei Terra care funcționează ca o mașină termică bazată pe radioactivitate. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://netfiles.uiuc.edu/mragheb/www/NPRE%20402%20ME%20405%20Nuclear%20Power%20Engineering/Terrestrial%20Radioactivity%20and%20Geothermal%20Energy.pdf">Terrestrial Radioactivity</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121218195129/https://netfiles.uiuc.edu/mragheb/www/NPRE%20402%20ME%20405%20Nuclear%20Power%20Engineering/Terrestrial%20Radioactivity%20and%20Geothermal%20Energy.pdf">Arhivat</a> în <time datetime="2012-12-18">18 decembrie 2012</time>, la <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Se estimează că dezintegrarea radioactivă a Uraniului 238 și a Thoriului 232 generează aproximativ 20 TW în timp ce Potasiul 40 generează circa 4TW. </p><p>În 1972 savanții francezi au descoperit că uraniul provenind de la o anumită mină din Oklo - Gabon, era sărăcit în izotopul U-235. Explicația plauzibilă pentru aceste discrepanțe a fost aceea că în acel zăcământ de uraniu au avut loc reacții de fisiune, iar primul reactor nuclear de pe Terra a fost unul natural. <a href="/wiki/Fenomenul_Oklo" class="mw-redirect" title="Fenomenul Oklo">Reactorul nuclear Oklo</a> s-a format într-un mediu geologic sedimentar saturat cu apă. Timp de 100 000 de ani zăcământul de uraniu a fisionat intermitent, reacția de fisiune încetând când căldura rezultată vaporiza apa și repornind când roca se satura din nou cu apă. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iaea.org/Publications/Magazines/Bulletin/Bull173/17304780204.pdf">OKLO Reactor</a> </p><p>Există ipoteza că pe Pământ au funcționat la acel moment mult mai multe reactoare naturale. Se estimează că radiațiile produse de aceste reactoare ar fi putut induce mutații accelerâd evoluția organismelor vii. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geosociety.org/gsatoday/archive/19/10/abstract/i1052-5173-19-10-4.htm">Geosociety</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120721174200/http://geosociety.org/gsatoday/archive/19/10/abstract/i1052-5173-19-10-4.htm">Arhivat</a> în <time datetime="2012-07-21">21 iulie 2012</time>, la <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </p><p>Există zone unde concentrația mare a mineralelor radioactive din scoarța terestră generează un fond mare de radiații: Brazilia, India, China. Nivelul ridicat al fondului de radiații conduce la apariția de aberații cromozomiale dar nu s-a putut proba creșterea frecvenței la aceste populații. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Radionuclizii_cosmogeni">Radionuclizii cosmogeni</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radioactivitate&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Modifică secțiunea: Radionuclizii cosmogeni" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radioactivitate&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section's source code: Radionuclizii cosmogeni"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Radionuclizii cosmogenici se formează prin interacția atomilor țintă cu radiația cosmică, în atmosferă (<a href="/wiki/Carbon-14" title="Carbon-14">C-14</a>, Be-10) ori in situ în minerale sau în apropierea suprafeței terestre (Be-10, Al-26, Ne-21). Acumularea radionuclizilor cosmogenici în minerale la /sau în apropierea scoarței terestre oferă posibilitatea datării anumitor fenomene geologice. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.c14dating.com/int.html">Radiocarbon Dating</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181012090959/http://www.c14dating.com/int.html">Arhivat</a> în <time datetime="2018-10-12">12 octombrie 2018</time>, la <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </p><p>O altă aplicație important a radionuclizilor cosmogenici este datarea cu radiocarbon dezvoltată de Willard F. Libby pentru determinarea vârstei în arheologie, geologie, geofizică, etc. Datarea cu radiocarbon folosește ca indicator cantitatea de C -14 din ființele vii. Toate viețuitoarele păstrează conținutul de radiocarbon în echilibru cu cel prezent în atmosferă la momentul morții. Când organismul moare inventarul de C-14 începe să se dezintegreze cu o perioadă de înjumătățire de 5730 de ani. Comparând conținutul de radiocarbon din organismul mort cu conținutul din atmosferă putem estima momentul morții. Calibrarea datărilor cu radiocarbon se face prin compararea cu datările pe baza dendro-cronologiei (inelele de creșere ale copacilor). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Radionuclizii_antropogeni_(produși_sau_potențați_de_către_activitatea_antropică)"><span id="Radionuclizii_antropogeni_.28produ.C8.99i_sau_poten.C8.9Ba.C8.9Bi_de_c.C4.83tre_activitatea_antropic.C4.83.29"></span>Radionuclizii antropogeni (produși sau potențați de către activitatea antropică)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radioactivitate&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Modifică secțiunea: Radionuclizii antropogeni (produși sau potențați de către activitatea antropică)" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radioactivitate&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section's source code: Radionuclizii antropogeni (produși sau potențați de către activitatea antropică)"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Radioactive.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Radioactive.svg/220px-Radioactive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Radioactive.svg/330px-Radioactive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Radioactive.svg/440px-Radioactive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="446" /></a><figcaption>Simbol de avertizare pentru existența substanțelor radioactive depozitate în recipiente protectoare</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Logo_iso_radiation.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Logo_iso_radiation.svg/220px-Logo_iso_radiation.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Logo_iso_radiation.svg/330px-Logo_iso_radiation.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Logo_iso_radiation.svg/440px-Logo_iso_radiation.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="716" data-file-height="593" /></a><figcaption>Simbolul nou de avertizare pentru elemente radioactive deosebit de periculoase</figcaption></figure> <p>Radionuclizii produși de om s-au adăugat inventarului natural în ultima sută de ani, având totuși o contribuție minoră. Semnificație au radionuclizii produși din activități umane cu timpi de înjumătățire mari : I 129 – 15,7 milioane ani, Tc 99 – 211 mii ani, Pu 239 – 24,1 mii ani, Cs 137 – 30,17 ani, Sr 90 – 28,78 ani, H 3 – 12,3 ani. </p><p>Dacă radionuclizii cosmogenici, care sunt prezenți în mod natural în minereuri, sol, apă sau alte materiale naturale, sunt concentrați sau expuși în mediu prin activități umane precum exploatarea minieră sau tratarea apelor uzate, spunem că se generează materiale TE<a href="/wiki/NORM" title="NORM">NORM</a> (technologically enhanced naturally occurring radioactive materials). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/publications/PDF/te_1472_web.pdf">TENORM</a> Procesele prin care se generează materiale TENORM includ: extracția uraniului, extracția și prelucrarea fosfaților, generarea de cenușă la arderea cărbunilor, extragerea petrolului și gazelor, tratarea apelor reziduale, minele de metale, producerea energiei geotermale. Principalii radionuclizi de interes în aceste procese sunt cei care aparțin familiilor radioactive ale U-238, U-235 și Th – 232. Materialele TENORM pot duce la un risc crescut de iradiere a publicului. Dintre radionuclizii primordiali potențați de om o semnificație aparte o au izotopii radonului, toți radioactivi, dintre care cei mai importanți sunt: Rn -222, </p><p>Rn -220 și Rn - 219. Ei apar ca produși intermediari în familiile radioactive naturale ale uraniului și thoriului. Fiind un gaz nobil și neparticipând la reacții chimice, radonul este prezent peste tot în roci, în soluri, în apele superficiale și de adâncime, se degajă din materialele solide sau lichide, fiind prezent în aer, în atmosfera peșterilor și a minelor, în atmosfera exterioară cât și în interiorul locuințelor. Sursele principale ale radonului din locuințe sunt în ordinea importanței: exhalația de radon din sol, emanația din materialele de construcție componente ale locuinței, apa folosită pentru spălat și gătit precum și gazul utilizat în bucătării sau în sobe pentru încălzit. </p><p>Radonul este recunoscut în prezent drept a doua cauză de mortalitate prin cancer pulmonar, după fumat. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/Risk/radon">Radon</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Note">Note</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radioactivitate&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Modifică secțiunea: Note" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radioactivitate&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section's source code: Note"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Michael F. L’Anunziata - <i>Radioactivity: Introduction and History</i>, 2007, Elsevier. <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/9780444527158" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-444-52715-8</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliografie">Bibliografie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radioactivitate&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Modifică secțiunea: Bibliografie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radioactivitate&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section's source code: Bibliografie"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba engleză">en</span> Michael F. L’Anunziata-Radioactivity: Introduction and History, 2007, Elsevier-<a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/9780444527158" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-444-52715-8</a></li> <li>Sanielevici Alexandru - Radioactivitatea, editura Tehnică – București</li> <li><span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba engleză">en</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://netfiles.uiuc.edu/mragheb/www/NPRE%20402%20ME%20405%20Nuclear%20Power%20Engineering/Terrestrial%20Radioactivity%20and%20Geothermal%20Energy.pdf">Terrestrial Radioactivity</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121218195129/https://netfiles.uiuc.edu/mragheb/www/NPRE%20402%20ME%20405%20Nuclear%20Power%20Engineering/Terrestrial%20Radioactivity%20and%20Geothermal%20Energy.pdf">Arhivat</a> în <time datetime="2012-12-18">18 decembrie 2012</time>, la <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba engleză">en</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iaea.org/Publications/Magazines/Bulletin/Bull173/17304780204.pdf">AIEA - OKLO</a></li> <li><span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba engleză">en</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geosociety.org/gsatoday/archive/19/10/abstract/i1052-5173-19-10-4.htm">Geosociety</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120721174200/http://geosociety.org/gsatoday/archive/19/10/abstract/i1052-5173-19-10-4.htm">Arhivat</a> în <time datetime="2012-07-21">21 iulie 2012</time>, la <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba engleză">en</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.c14dating.com/int.html">C-14 Dating</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181012090959/http://www.c14dating.com/int.html">Arhivat</a> în <time datetime="2018-10-12">12 octombrie 2018</time>, la <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba engleză">en</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/publications/PDF/te_1472_web.pdf">TENORM</a></li> <li><span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba engleză">en</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/Risk/radon">RADON</a></li> <li><span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba engleză">en</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/artificial+radioactivity">Artificial Radioactivity</a></li> <li>Microsoft Encarta Encicopedia Reference Library 2003</li> <li>ZDF TV, Teletext, pag. 122, 16.03.2011</li> <li>I.G. Murgulescu, J. Păun <i>Introducere în chimia fizică vol I,3 Nucleul atomic. Reacții nucleare. Particule elementare</i> Editura Academiei RSR, București 1982</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legături_externe"><span id="Leg.C4.83turi_externe"></span>Legături externe</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radioactivitate&veaction=edit&section=20" title="Modifică secțiunea: Legături externe" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radioactivitate&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section's source code: Legături externe"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.sciencehowstuffworks.com/radioactivity">http://www.sciencehowstuffworks.com/radioactivity</a></li> <li><span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba engleză">en</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hi.com.au/physics/pdf/Physics11_3e.pdf">Nuclear Physics</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091026125747/http://hi.com.au/physics/pdf/Physics11_3e.pdf">Arhivat</a> în <time datetime="2009-10-26">26 octombrie 2009</time>, la <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba franceză">fr</span> <a class="external text" href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioactivit%C3%A9">Radioactivity</a></li> <li><span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba engleză">en</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://radrom.nipne.ro/consortiuob.php">http://radrom.nipne.ro/consortiuob.php</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110321020217/http://radrom.nipne.ro/consortiuob.php">Arhivat</a> în <time datetime="2011-03-21">21 martie 2011</time>, la <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Radon</li> <li><span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba engleză">en</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tenorm.com/">NORM-TENORM</a></li> <li><span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba engleză">en</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iaea.org/Publications/Factsheets/English/radlife.html">Radioactivity</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.descopera.ro/stiinta/7992572-o-istorie-radioactiva-sau-povesti-vesele-si-triste-din-istoria-radioactivitatii">O istorie radioactivă sau povești vesele și triste din istoria radioactivității</a>, 21 februarie 2011, Cecilia Stroe, <i>Descoperă</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.revistamagazin.ro/content/view/8998/8/">Jocul cu radiatiile</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120130101709/http://www.revistamagazin.ro/content/view/8998/8/">Arhivat</a> în <time datetime="2012-01-30">30 ianuarie 2012</time>, la <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>., 20 octombrie 2011, <i>Revista Magazin</i></li></ul> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ajutor:Control_de_autoritate" title="Ajutor:Control de autoritate">Control de autoritate</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">BNF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11935845v">cb11935845v</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11935845v">(data)</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Authority_File" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated Authority File">GND</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4048198-0">4048198-0</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85110661">sh85110661</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Archives_and_Records_Administration" title="National Archives and Records Administration">NARA</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10640985">10640985</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Diet_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="National Diet Library">NDL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00563513">00563513</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_the_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="National Library of the Czech Republic">NKC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph124974&CON_LNG=ENG">ph124974</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Ajutor:Control_de_autoritate" title="Ajutor:Control de autoritate"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/OOjs_UI_icon_helpNotice-ltr.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_helpNotice-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/OOjs_UI_icon_helpNotice-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_helpNotice-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/OOjs_UI_icon_helpNotice-ltr.svg/40px-OOjs_UI_icon_helpNotice-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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