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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Rise to political power</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Rise_to_political_power-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Rise to political power subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Rise_to_political_power-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-New_departure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_departure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>New departure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_departure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Land_League_leader" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Land_League_leader"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Land League leader</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Land_League_leader-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kilmainham_Treaty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kilmainham_Treaty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Kilmainham Treaty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kilmainham_Treaty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Party_restructured" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Party_restructured"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Party restructured</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Party_restructured-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Push_for_home_rule" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Push_for_home_rule"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Push for home rule</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Push_for_home_rule-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pigott_forgeries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pigott_forgeries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Pigott forgeries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pigott_forgeries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pinnacle_of_power" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pinnacle_of_power"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Pinnacle of power</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pinnacle_of_power-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_downfall" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_downfall"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Political downfall</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Political_downfall-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Political downfall subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Political_downfall-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Divorce_crisis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Divorce_crisis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Divorce crisis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Divorce_crisis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Party_divides" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Party_divides"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Party divides</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Party_divides-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Undaunted_defiance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Undaunted_defiance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Undaunted defiance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Undaunted_defiance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death_and_legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death_and_legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Death and legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death_and_legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_views_and_affiliations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_views_and_affiliations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Political views and affiliations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_views_and_affiliations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Portrayal_in_fiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Portrayal_in_fiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Portrayal in fiction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Portrayal_in_fiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Charles Stewart Parnell</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 34 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-34" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">34 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%B2_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%84" title="تشارلز ستيوارت بارنيل – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تشارلز ستيوارت بارنيل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Stewart_Parnell" title="Charles Stewart Parnell – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Charles Stewart Parnell" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Stewart_Parnell" title="Charles Stewart Parnell – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Charles Stewart Parnell" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Stewart_Parnell" title="Charles Stewart Parnell – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Charles Stewart Parnell" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Stewart_Parnell" title="Charles Stewart Parnell – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Charles Stewart Parnell" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Stewart_Parnell" title="Charles Stewart Parnell – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Charles Stewart Parnell" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Stewart_Parnell" title="Charles Stewart Parnell – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Charles Stewart Parnell" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Stewart_Parnell" title="Charles Stewart Parnell – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Charles Stewart Parnell" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Stewart_Parnell" title="Charles Stewart Parnell – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Charles Stewart Parnell" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%B2_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%84" title="چارلز استوارت پارنل – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="چارلز استوارت پارنل" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Stewart_Parnell" title="Charles Stewart Parnell – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Charles Stewart Parnell" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Stewart_Parnell" title="Charles Stewart Parnell – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Charles Stewart Parnell" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Stewart_Parnell" title="Charles Stewart Parnell – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Charles Stewart Parnell" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B0%B0%EC%8A%A4_%EC%8A%A4%ED%8A%9C%EC%96%B4%ED%8A%B8_%ED%8C%8C%EB%84%AC" title="찰스 스튜어트 파넬 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="찰스 스튜어트 파넬" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%89%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AC%D5%A6_%D5%8D%D5%BF%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%BF_%D5%8A%D5%A1%D5%BC%D5%B6%D5%A5%D5%AC" title="Չարլզ Ստյուարտ Պառնել – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Չարլզ Ստյուարտ Պառնել" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Stewart_Parnell" title="Charles Stewart Parnell – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Charles Stewart Parnell" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Stewart_Parnell" title="Charles Stewart Parnell – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Charles Stewart Parnell" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%27%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%9C%D7%A1_%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%99%D7%95%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%98_%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%9C" title="צ'ארלס סטיוארט פרנל – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="צ'ארלס סטיוארט פרנל" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B7_%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%8E%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB" title="Чарльз Стюарт Парнелл – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Чарльз Стюарт Парнелл" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Stewart_Parnell" title="Charles Stewart Parnell – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Charles Stewart Parnell" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%B2_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%84" title="تشارلز ستيوارت بارنيل – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="تشارلز ستيوارت بارنيل" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Stewart_Parnell" title="Charles Stewart Parnell – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Charles Stewart Parnell" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%81%E3%83%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%82%BA%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B9%E3%83%81%E3%83%A5%E3%83%AF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88%E3%83%BB%E3%83%91%E3%83%BC%E3%83%8D%E3%83%AB" title="チャールズ・スチュワート・パーネル – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="チャールズ・スチュワート・パーネル" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Stewart_Parnell" title="Charles Stewart Parnell – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Charles Stewart Parnell" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Stewart_Parnell" title="Charles Stewart Parnell – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Charles Stewart Parnell" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Stewart_Parnell" title="Charles Stewart Parnell – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Charles Stewart Parnell" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Stewart_Parnell" title="Charles Stewart Parnell – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Charles Stewart Parnell" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB,_%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B7_%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%8E%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82" title="Парнелл, Чарльз Стюарт – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Парнелл, Чарльз Стюарт" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Stewart_Parnell" title="Charles Stewart Parnell – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Charles Stewart Parnell" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Stewart_Parnell" title="Charles Stewart Parnell – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Charles Stewart Parnell" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Stewart_Parnell" title="Charles Stewart Parnell – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Charles Stewart Parnell" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Stewart_Parnell" title="Charles Stewart Parnell – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Charles Stewart Parnell" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B7_%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%8E%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB" title="Чарльз Стюарт Парнелл – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Чарльз Стюарт Парнелл" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9F%A5%E7%88%BE%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%8F%B2%E9%83%BD%E8%8F%AF%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E5%A5%88%E7%88%BE" title="查爾斯·史都華·巴奈爾 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="查爾斯·史都華·巴奈爾" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Charles Stewart Parnell</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_Stewart_Parnell_-_Brady-Handy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Charles_Stewart_Parnell_-_Brady-Handy.jpg/220px-Charles_Stewart_Parnell_-_Brady-Handy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Charles_Stewart_Parnell_-_Brady-Handy.jpg/330px-Charles_Stewart_Parnell_-_Brady-Handy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Charles_Stewart_Parnell_-_Brady-Handy.jpg/440px-Charles_Stewart_Parnell_-_Brady-Handy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3232" data-file-height="4059" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Leader of the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Parliamentary_Party" title="Irish Parliamentary Party">Irish Parliamentary Party</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />11 May 1882 – 6 October 1891</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Office established</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_Redmond" title="John Redmond">John Redmond</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Leader of the <a href="/wiki/Home_Rule_League" title="Home Rule League">Home Rule League</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />16 April 1880 – 11 May 1882</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_Shaw_(Irish_politician)" title="William Shaw (Irish politician)">William Shaw</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Office abolished</i></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)" title="Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)">Member of Parliament</a><br />for <a href="/wiki/Cork_City_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Cork City (UK Parliament constituency)">Cork City</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />5 April 1880 – 6 October 1891</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Daniel_Murphy" title="Nicholas Daniel Murphy">Nicholas Daniel Murphy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Martin Flavin</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)" title="Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)">Member of Parliament</a><br />for <a href="/wiki/Meath_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Meath (UK Parliament constituency)">Meath</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />21 April 1875 – 5 April 1880</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_Martin_(Young_Irelander)" title="John Martin (Young Irelander)">John Martin</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Martin_Sullivan" title="Alexander Martin Sullivan">Alexander Martin Sullivan</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Charles Stewart Parnell</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1846-06-27</span>)</span>27 June 1846<br /><a href="/wiki/Avondale_House" title="Avondale House">Avondale</a>, County Wicklow, Ireland</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">6 October 1891<span style="display:none">(1891-10-06)</span> (aged 45)<br /><a href="/wiki/Hove" title="Hove">Hove</a>, East Sussex, England</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cause of death</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pneumonia" title="Pneumonia">Pneumonia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Glasnevin_Cemetery" title="Glasnevin Cemetery">Glasnevin Cemetery</a>, Dublin, Ireland</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Irish_Parliamentary_Party" title="Irish Parliamentary Party">Irish Parliamentary Party</a> (1882–1891)<br /><a href="/wiki/Home_Rule_League" title="Home Rule League">Home Rule League</a> (1880–1882)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Katharine_O%27Shea" title="Katharine O'Shea">Katharine O'Shea</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="25 June 1891">1891</span>)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">3</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parents</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Parnell" class="mw-redirect" title="John Henry Parnell">John Henry Parnell</a> (father)</li><li>Delia Tudor Stewart (mother)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Catherine_Parnell" title="Anna Catherine Parnell">Anna Catherine Parnell</a> (sister)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Fanny_Parnell" title="Fanny Parnell">Fanny Parnell</a> (sister)</li><li><a href="/wiki/John_Howard_Parnell" title="John Howard Parnell">John Howard Parnell</a> (brother)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Magdalene_College,_Cambridge" title="Magdalene College, Cambridge">Magdalene College, Cambridge</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Charles Stewart Parnell</b> (27 June 1846 – 6 October 1891) was an <a href="/wiki/Irish_nationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish nationalist">Irish nationalist</a> politician who served as a <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)" title="Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)">Member of Parliament (MP) in the United Kingdom</a> from 1875 to 1891, Leader of the <a href="/wiki/Home_Rule_League" title="Home Rule League">Home Rule League</a> from 1880 to 1882, and then of the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Parliamentary_Party" title="Irish Parliamentary Party">Irish Parliamentary Party</a> from 1882 to 1891, who held the balance of power in the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">House of Commons</a> during the Home Rule debates of 1885–1886. He fell from power following revelations of a long-term affair, and died at age 45. </p><p>Born into a powerful <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Irish_people" title="Anglo-Irish people">Anglo-Irish</a> <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Ireland" title="Church of Ireland">Protestant</a> landowning family in <a href="/wiki/County_Wicklow" title="County Wicklow">County Wicklow</a>, he was a land reform agitator and founder of the <a href="/wiki/Irish_National_Land_League" title="Irish National Land League">Irish National Land League</a> in 1879. He became leader of the <a href="/wiki/Home_Rule_League" title="Home Rule League">Home Rule League</a>, operating independently of the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(UK)" title="Liberal Party (UK)">Liberal Party</a>, winning great influence by his balancing of constitutional, radical, and economic issues, and by his skilful use of parliamentary procedure. </p><p>He was imprisoned in <a href="/wiki/Kilmainham_Gaol" title="Kilmainham Gaol">Kilmainham Gaol</a>, Dublin, in 1882, but he was released when he <a href="/wiki/Kilmainham_Treaty" title="Kilmainham Treaty">renounced violent extra-Parliamentary action</a>. The same year, he reformed the Home Rule League as the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Parliamentary_Party" title="Irish Parliamentary Party">Irish Parliamentary Party</a>, which he controlled minutely as Britain's first disciplined democratic party. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Hung_parliament" title="Hung parliament">hung parliament</a> of <a href="/wiki/1885_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1885 United Kingdom general election">1885</a> saw him hold the balance of power between <a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">William Gladstone</a>'s Liberal Party and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">Lord Salisbury</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative Party</a>. His power was one factor in Gladstone's adoption of <a href="/wiki/Irish_Home_Rule_movement" title="Irish Home Rule movement">Home Rule</a> as the central tenet of the Liberal Party. Parnell's reputation peaked from 1889 to 1890, after letters published in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></i>, linking him to the <a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Park_killings" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoenix Park killings">Phoenix Park killings</a> of 1882, were shown to have been forged by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Pigott" title="Richard Pigott">Richard Pigott</a>. </p><p>The Irish Parliamentary Party split in 1890, following the revelation of Parnell's long adulterous love affair, which led to many British Liberals, many of whom were <a href="/wiki/Nonconformist_(Protestantism)" title="Nonconformist (Protestantism)">Nonconformists</a>, refusing to work with him, and engendered strong opposition from Catholic bishops. He headed a small minority faction until his death in 1891. </p><p>Parnell's funeral was attended by 200,000, and the day of his death is still remembered as <a href="/wiki/Ivy_Day_(Ireland)" title="Ivy Day (Ireland)">Ivy Day</a>. <a href="/wiki/Parnell_Square" title="Parnell Square">Parnell Square</a> and <a href="/wiki/Parnell_Street" title="Parnell Street">Parnell Street</a> in Dublin are named after him, and he is celebrated as the best organiser of an Irish political party up to that time, and one of the most formidable figures in parliamentary history. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Stewart_Parnell&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Charles Stewart Parnell<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was born in <a href="/wiki/Avondale_House" title="Avondale House">Avondale House</a>, County Wicklow. He was the third son and seventh child of <a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Parnell" class="mw-redirect" title="John Henry Parnell">John Henry Parnell</a> (1811–1859), a wealthy <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Irish" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Irish">Anglo-Irish</a> <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Ireland" title="Church of Ireland">Anglican</a> landowner, and his American wife Delia Tudor Stewart (1816–1898) of <a href="/wiki/Bordentown,_New_Jersey" title="Bordentown, New Jersey">Bordentown, New Jersey</a>, daughter of the American naval hero Admiral <a href="/wiki/Charles_Stewart_(1778-1869)" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Stewart (1778-1869)">Charles Stewart</a> (the stepson of one of <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a>'s bodyguards). There were eleven children in all: five boys and six girls. Admiral Stewart's mother, Parnell's great-grandmother, belonged to the <a href="/wiki/Tudor_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Tudor dynasty">Tudor</a> family, so Parnell had a distant relationship with the <a href="/wiki/British_royal_family" title="British royal family">British royal family</a>. John Henry Parnell himself was a cousin of one of Ireland's leading aristocrats, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wingfield,_6th_Viscount_Powerscourt" title="Richard Wingfield, 6th Viscount Powerscourt">Viscount Powerscourt</a>, and also the grandson of a Chancellor of the Exchequer in <a href="/wiki/Grattan%27s_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Grattan's Parliament">Grattan's Parliament</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sir_John_Parnell,_2nd_Baronet" title="Sir John Parnell, 2nd Baronet">Sir John Parnell</a>, who lost office in 1799, when he opposed the <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Union,_1800" class="mw-redirect" title="Act of Union, 1800">Act of Union</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBew2004_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBew2004-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Parnells of <a href="/wiki/Avondale_Forest" title="Avondale Forest">Avondale</a> were descended from a Protestant English merchant family, which came to prominence in <a href="/wiki/Congleton" title="Congleton">Congleton</a>, Cheshire, early in the 17th century where two generations held the office of Mayor of Congleton before moving to Ireland.<sup id="cite_ref-glendalough_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-glendalough-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The family produced a number of notable figures, including <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Parnell" title="Thomas Parnell">Thomas Parnell</a> (1679–1718), the Irish poet, and <a href="/wiki/Henry_Parnell,_1st_Baron_Congleton" title="Henry Parnell, 1st Baron Congleton">Henry Parnell, 1st Baron Congleton</a> (1776–1842), the Irish politician. Parnell's grandfather William Parnell (1780–1821), who inherited the Avondale Estate in 1795, was an Irish liberal Party MP for <a href="/wiki/Wicklow_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Wicklow (UK Parliament constituency)">Wicklow</a> from 1817 to 1820. Thus, from birth, Charles Stewart Parnell possessed an extraordinary number of links to many elements of society; he was linked to the old Irish Parliamentary tradition via his great-grandfather and grandfather, to the <a href="/wiki/American_War_of_Independence" class="mw-redirect" title="American War of Independence">American War of Independence</a> via his grandfather, to the <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a> (where his grandfather <a href="/wiki/Charles_Stewart_(1778%E2%80%931869)" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Stewart (1778–1869)">Charles Stewart (1778–1869)</a> had been awarded a gold medal by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a> for gallantry in the U.S. Navy). Parnell belonged to the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Ireland" title="Church of Ireland">Church of Ireland</a>, disestablished in 1868 (its members mostly <a href="/wiki/Unionists_(Ireland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Unionists (Ireland)">unionists</a>) though in later years he began to drop away from formal church attendance;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBew2004_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBew2004-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and he was connected with the aristocracy through the Powerscourts. Yet it was as a leader of <a href="/wiki/Irish_Nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Nationalism">Irish Nationalism</a> that Parnell established his fame. </p><p>Parnell's parents separated when he was six, and as a boy, he was sent to different schools in England, where he spent an unhappy youth. His father died in 1859 and he inherited the Avondale estate, while his older brother John inherited another estate in <a href="/wiki/County_Armagh" title="County Armagh">County Armagh</a>. The young Parnell studied at <a href="/wiki/Magdalene_College,_Cambridge" title="Magdalene College, Cambridge">Magdalene College, Cambridge</a> (1865–1869) but, due to the troubled financial circumstances of the estate he inherited, he was absent a great deal and never completed his degree. In 1871, he joined his elder brother <a href="/wiki/John_Howard_Parnell" title="John Howard Parnell">John Howard Parnell</a> (1843–1923), who farmed in <a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a> (later an <a href="/wiki/Irish_National_League" title="Irish National League">Irish Parnellite</a> MP and heir to the Avondale estate), on an extended tour of the United States. Their travels took them mostly through the <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">South</a> and apparently, the brothers neither spent much time in centres of Irish immigration nor sought out Irish-Americans. </p><p>In 1874, he became <a href="/wiki/High_Sheriff_of_Wicklow" title="High Sheriff of Wicklow">High Sheriff of Wicklow</a>, his home county in which he was also an officer in the <a href="/wiki/Wicklow_Militia" title="Wicklow Militia">Wicklow Militia</a> (commissioned as <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_(British_Army_and_Royal_Marines)" title="Lieutenant (British Army and Royal Marines)">Lieutenant</a> 25 February 1865, retired 1870<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). He was noted as an improving landowner who played an important part in opening the south Wicklow area to industrialisation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBew2004_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBew2004-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His attention was drawn to the theme dominating the Irish political scene of the mid-1870s, <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Butt" title="Isaac Butt">Isaac Butt</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Home_Rule_League" title="Home Rule League">Home Rule League</a> formed in 1873 to campaign for a moderate degree of self-government. It was in support of this movement that Parnell first tried to stand for election in Wicklow, but as high sheriff was disqualified. He was unsuccessful as a home rule candidate in the <a href="/wiki/1874_County_Dublin_by-election" title="1874 County Dublin by-election">1874 County Dublin by-election</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rise_to_political_power">Rise to political power</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Stewart_Parnell&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Rise to political power"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 17 April 1875, Parnell was first elected to the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">House of Commons</a> in <a href="/wiki/1875_Meath_by-election" title="1875 Meath by-election">a by-election</a> for <a href="/wiki/Meath_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Meath (UK Parliament constituency)">Meath</a>, as a Home Rule League <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)" title="Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)">MP</a>, backed by <a href="/wiki/Fenian" title="Fenian">Fenian</a> <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Egan_(activist)" title="Patrick Egan (activist)">Patrick Egan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBew2004_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBew2004-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He replaced the deceased League MP, veteran Young Irelander <a href="/wiki/John_Martin_(Young_Irelander)" title="John Martin (Young Irelander)">John Martin</a>. Parnell later sat for the constituency of <a href="/wiki/Cork_City_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Cork City (UK Parliament constituency)">Cork City</a>, from 1880 until 1891. </p><p>During his first year as an MP, Parnell remained a reserved observer of parliamentary proceedings. He first came to attention in the public eye in 1876, when he claimed in the House of Commons that he did not believe that any murder had been committed by <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Martyrs" title="Manchester Martyrs">Fenians in Manchester</a>. That drew the interest of the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Republican_Brotherhood" title="Irish Republican Brotherhood">Irish Republican Brotherhood</a> (IRB), a <a href="/wiki/Physical_force_Irish_republicanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical force Irish republicanism">physical force</a> Irish organisation that had staged a rebellion in 1867.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHickeyDoherty2003382–385_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHickeyDoherty2003382–385-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Parnell made it his business to cultivate Fenian sentiments both in Britain and Ireland<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBew2004_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBew2004-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and became associated with the more radical wing of the Home Rule League, which included <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Gillis_Biggar" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Gillis Biggar">Joseph Biggar</a> (MP for <a href="/wiki/Cavan_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Cavan (UK Parliament constituency)">Cavan</a> from 1874), <a href="/wiki/John_O%27Connor_Power" title="John O'Connor Power">John O'Connor Power</a> (MP for <a href="/wiki/County_Mayo_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="County Mayo (UK Parliament constituency)">County Mayo</a> from 1874) (both, although constitutionalists, had links with the IRB), <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Dwyer_Gray_(Irish_politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Edmund Dwyer Gray (Irish politician)">Edmund Dwyer-Gray</a> (MP for <a href="/wiki/Tipperary_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Tipperary (UK Parliament constituency)">Tipperary</a> from 1877), and <a href="/wiki/Frank_Hugh_O%27Donnell" title="Frank Hugh O'Donnell">Frank Hugh O'Donnell</a> (MP for <a href="/wiki/Dungarvan_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Dungarvan (UK Parliament constituency)">Dungarvan</a> from 1877). He engaged with them and played a leading role in a policy of <a href="/wiki/Obstructionism" title="Obstructionism">obstructionism</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBew2004_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBew2004-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (i.e., the use of technical procedures to disrupt the House of Commons ability to function) to force the House to pay more attention to Irish issues, which had previously been ignored. Obstruction involved giving lengthy speeches which were largely irrelevant to the topic at hand. This behaviour was opposed by the less aggressive chairman (leader) of the Home Rule League, <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Butt" title="Isaac Butt">Isaac Butt</a>. </p><p>Parnell visited the United States that year, accompanied by O'Connor Power. The question of Parnell's closeness to the IRB, and whether indeed he ever joined the organisation, has been a matter of academic debate for a century. The evidence suggests that later, following the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Kilmainham_Treaty" title="Kilmainham Treaty">Kilmainham Treaty</a>, Parnell did take the IRB oath, possibly for tactical reasons.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson200345_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson200345-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> What is known is that IRB involvement in the League's sister organisation, the <i>Home Rule Confederation of Great Britain</i>, led to the moderate Butt's ousting from its presidency (even though he had founded the organisation) and the election of Parnell in his place, on 28 August 1877.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson200342_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson200342-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Parnell was a restrained speaker in the House of Commons, but his organisational, analytical and tactical skills earned wide praise, enabling him to take on the presidency of the British organisation. Butt died in 1879, and was replaced as chairman of the Home Rule League by the <a href="/wiki/British_Whig_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="British Whig Party">Whig</a>-oriented <a href="/wiki/William_Shaw_(Irish_politician)" title="William Shaw (Irish politician)">William Shaw</a>. Shaw's victory was only temporary. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_departure">New departure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Stewart_Parnell&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: New departure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From August 1877, Parnell held a number of private meetings with prominent <a href="/wiki/Fenian" title="Fenian">Fenian</a> leaders. He visited Paris where he met <a href="/wiki/John_O%27Leary_(Fenian)" title="John O'Leary (Fenian)">John O'Leary</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_Joseph_O%27Kelly" class="mw-redirect" title="James Joseph O'Kelly">J. J. O'Kelly</a> both of whom were impressed by him and reported positively to the most capable and militant Leader of the American republican <a href="/wiki/Clan_na_Gael" title="Clan na Gael">Clan na Gael</a> organisation, <a href="/wiki/John_Devoy" title="John Devoy">John Devoy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBew2004_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBew2004-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHickeyDoherty2003382–385_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHickeyDoherty2003382–385-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In December 1877, at a reception for <a href="/wiki/Michael_Davitt" title="Michael Davitt">Michael Davitt</a> on his release from prison, he met William Carrol who assured him of Clan na Gael's support in the struggle for Irish self-government. This led to a meeting in March 1878 between influential constitutionalists, Parnell and Frank Hugh O'Donnell, and leading Fenians O'Kelly, O'Leary and Carroll. This was followed by a <a href="/wiki/Telegram" class="mw-redirect" title="Telegram">telegram</a> from John Devoy in October 1878 which offered Parnell a "<a href="/wiki/New_Departure_(Ireland)" title="New Departure (Ireland)">New Departure</a>" deal of separating militancy from the constitutional movement as a path to all-Ireland self-government, under certain conditions: abandonment of a federal solution in favour of separatist self-government, vigorous agitation in the land question on the basis of peasant proprietorship, exclusion of all sectarian issues, collective voting by party members and energetic resistance to coercive legislation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBew2004_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBew2004-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHickeyDoherty2003382–385_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHickeyDoherty2003382–385-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Parnell preferred to keep all options open without clearly committing himself when he spoke in 1879 before Irish Tenant Defence Associations at <a href="/wiki/Ballinasloe" title="Ballinasloe">Ballinasloe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tralee" title="Tralee">Tralee</a>. It was not until Davitt persuaded him to address a second meeting at <a href="/wiki/Westport,_County_Mayo" title="Westport, County Mayo">Westport, County Mayo</a> in June that he began to grasp the potential of the <a href="/wiki/Land_Acts_(Ireland)" title="Land Acts (Ireland)">land reform</a> movement. At a national level, several approaches were made which eventually produced the "New Departure" of June 1879, endorsing the foregone informal agreement which asserted an understanding binding them to mutual support and a shared political agenda. In addition, the New Departure endorsed the Fenian movement and its armed strategies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson200348_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson200348-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Working together with Davitt (who was impressed by Parnell<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins200845_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins200845-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) he now took on the role of leader of the New Departure, holding platform meeting after platform meeting around the country.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHickeyDoherty2003382–385_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHickeyDoherty2003382–385-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Throughout the autumn of 1879, he repeated the message to tenants, after the long depression had left them without income for rent: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>You must show the landlord that you intend to keep a firm grip on your homesteads and lands. You must not allow yourselves be dispossessed as you were dispossessed in 1847.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="#CITEREFCollins2008">Collins 2008</a>, p. 47</cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Land_League_leader">Land League leader</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Stewart_Parnell&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Land League leader"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Parnell was elected president of Davitt's newly founded <a href="/wiki/Irish_National_Land_League" title="Irish National Land League">Irish National Land League</a> in Dublin on 21 October 1879, signing a militant Land League address campaigning for <a href="/wiki/Land_reform" title="Land reform">land reform</a>. In so doing, he linked the mass movement to the parliamentary agitation, with profound consequences for both of them. <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Kettle" title="Andrew Kettle">Andrew Kettle</a>, his 'right-hand man', became honorary secretary. </p><p>In a bout of activity, he left for America in December 1879 with <a href="/wiki/John_Dillon" title="John Dillon">John Dillon</a> to raise funds for <a href="/wiki/Famine_relief" title="Famine relief">famine relief</a> and secure support for Home Rule. <a href="/wiki/Timothy_Michael_Healy" class="mw-redirect" title="Timothy Michael Healy">Timothy Healy</a> followed to cope with the press and they collected £70,000<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHickeyDoherty2003382–385_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHickeyDoherty2003382–385-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for distress in Ireland. During Parnell's highly successful tour, he had an audience with American President <a href="/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes">Rutherford B. Hayes</a>. On 2 February 1880, he addressed the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">United States House of Representatives</a> on the state of Ireland and spoke in 62 cities in the United States and in Canada. He was so well received in <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a> that Healy dubbed him "the uncrowned king of Ireland".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHickeyDoherty2003382–385_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHickeyDoherty2003382–385-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (The same term was applied 30 years earlier to <a href="/wiki/Daniel_O%27Connell" title="Daniel O'Connell">Daniel O'Connell</a>.) He strove to retain Fenian support but insisted when asked by a reporter that he personally could not join a secret society.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBew2004_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBew2004-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Central to his whole approach to politics was ambiguity in that he allowed his hearers to remain uncertain. During his tour, he seemed to be saying that there were virtually no limits. To abolish <a href="/wiki/Absentee_landlord" title="Absentee landlord">landlordism</a>, he asserted, would be to undermine English misgovernment, and he is alleged to have added: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>When we have undermined English misgovernment we have paved the way for Ireland to take her place amongst the nations of the earth. And let us not forget that that is the ultimate goal at which all we Irishmen aim. None of us whether we be in America or in Ireland ... will be satisfied until we have destroyed the last link which keeps Ireland bound to England.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="#CITEREFLyons1973">Lyons 1973</a>, p. 186</cite></div></blockquote> <p>His activities came to an abrupt end when the <a href="/wiki/1880_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1880 United Kingdom general election">1880 United Kingdom general election</a> was announced for April and he returned to fight it. The <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservatives</a> were defeated by the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(UK)" title="Liberal Party (UK)">Liberal Party</a>; <a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">William Gladstone</a> was again Prime Minister. Sixty-three Home Rulers were elected, including twenty-seven Parnell supporters, Parnell being returned for three seats: <a href="/wiki/Cork_City_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Cork City (UK Parliament constituency)">Cork City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mayo_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Mayo (UK Parliament constituency)">Mayo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Meath_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Meath (UK Parliament constituency)">Meath</a>. He chose to sit for the Cork seat. His triumph facilitated his nomination in May in place of Shaw as leader of a new Home Rule League Party, faced with a country on the brink of a land war. </p><p>Although the League discouraged violence, agrarian outrages grew from 863 incidents in 1879 to 2,590 in 1880<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBew2004_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBew2004-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> after evictions increased from 1,238 to 2,110 in the same period. Parnell saw the need to replace violent agitation with country-wide mass meetings and the application of Davitt's <a href="/wiki/Boycott" title="Boycott">boycott</a>, also as a means of achieving his objective of self-government. Gladstone was alarmed at the power of the Land League at the end of 1880.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins200850–53_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins200850–53-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He attempted to defuse the land question with <i>dual ownership</i> in the <a href="/wiki/Land_Law_(Ireland)_Act_1881" title="Land Law (Ireland) Act 1881">Land Law (Ireland) Act 1881</a>, establishing a <a href="/wiki/Land_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Land Commission">Land Commission</a> that reduced rents and enabled some tenants to buy their farms. These halted arbitrary evictions, but not where rent was unpaid. </p><p>Historian <a href="/wiki/R._F._Foster_(historian)" title="R. F. Foster (historian)">R. F. Foster</a> argues that in the countryside the Land League "reinforced the politicization of rural Catholic nationalist Ireland, partly by defining that identity against urbanization, landlordism, Englishness and—implicitly—Protestantism."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoster1988415_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoster1988415-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kilmainham_Treaty">Kilmainham Treaty</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Stewart_Parnell&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Kilmainham Treaty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Parnell's own newspaper, the <i>United Ireland</i>, attacked the Land Act<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHickeyDoherty2003382–385_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHickeyDoherty2003382–385-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and he was arrested on 13 October 1881, together with his party lieutenants, <a href="/wiki/William_O%27Brien" title="William O'Brien">William O'Brien</a>, John Dillon, Michael Davitt and <a href="/wiki/William_Hoey_Kearney_Redmond" class="mw-redirect" title="William Hoey Kearney Redmond">Willie Redmond</a>, who had also conducted a bitter verbal offensive. They were imprisoned under a proclaimed <a href="/wiki/Irish_Coercion_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Coercion Act">Coercion Act</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kilmainham_Gaol" title="Kilmainham Gaol">Kilmainham Gaol</a> for "sabotaging the Land Act", from where the <i><a href="/wiki/No_Rent_Manifesto" title="No Rent Manifesto">No Rent Manifesto</a></i>, which Parnell and the others signed, was issued calling for a national tenant farmer <a href="/wiki/Rent_strike" title="Rent strike">rent strike</a>. The Land League was suppressed immediately. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Punch_Anti-Irish_propaganda_(1882)_Irish_Frankenstein.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Punch_Anti-Irish_propaganda_%281882%29_Irish_Frankenstein.jpg/220px-Punch_Anti-Irish_propaganda_%281882%29_Irish_Frankenstein.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Punch_Anti-Irish_propaganda_%281882%29_Irish_Frankenstein.jpg/330px-Punch_Anti-Irish_propaganda_%281882%29_Irish_Frankenstein.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Punch_Anti-Irish_propaganda_%281882%29_Irish_Frankenstein.jpg/440px-Punch_Anti-Irish_propaganda_%281882%29_Irish_Frankenstein.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="806" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Punch_(magazine)" title="Punch (magazine)"><i>Punch</i></a> magazine depicts the Fenian movement as <a href="/wiki/Frankenstein%27s_monster" title="Frankenstein's monster">Frankenstein's monster</a> to Charles Parnell's <a href="/wiki/Victor_Frankenstein" title="Victor Frankenstein">Frankenstein</a>, in the wake of the <a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Park_killings" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoenix Park killings">Phoenix Park killings</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Whilst in gaol, Parnell moved in April 1882 to make a deal with the government, negotiated through Captain <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_O%27Shea" class="mw-redirect" title="William Henry O'Shea">William O'Shea</a> MP, that, provided the government settled the "rent arrears" question allowing 100,000 tenants to appeal for fair rent before the land courts, then withdrawing the manifesto and undertaking to move against agrarian crime, after he realised militancy would never win Home Rule. Parnell also promised to use his good offices to quell the violence and to cooperate cordially for the future with the Liberal Party in forwarding Liberal principles and measures of general reform.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Day199877_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Day199877-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His release on 2 May, following the so-called <a href="/wiki/Kilmainham_Treaty" title="Kilmainham Treaty">Kilmainham Treaty</a>, marked a critical turning point in the development of Parnell's leadership when he returned to the parameters of parliamentary and constitutional politics,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson200353_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson200353-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and resulted in the loss of support of Devoy's American-Irish. His political diplomacy preserved the national Home Rule movement after the <a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Park_killings" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoenix Park killings">Phoenix Park killings</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Chief_Secretary_for_Ireland" title="Chief Secretary for Ireland">Chief Secretary</a> <a href="/wiki/Lord_Frederick_Cavendish" title="Lord Frederick Cavendish">Lord Frederick Cavendish</a>, and his Under-Secretary, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Henry_Burke_(civil_servant)" title="Thomas Henry Burke (civil servant)">T. H. Burke</a> on 6 May. Parnell was shocked to the extent that he offered Gladstone to resign his seat as MP.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBew2004_2-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBew2004-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The militant <a href="/wiki/Irish_National_Invincibles" title="Irish National Invincibles">Invincibles</a> responsible fled to the United States, which allowed him to break links with radical Land Leaguers. In the end, it resulted in a Parnell – Gladstone alliance working closely together. Davitt and other prominent members left the IRB, and many rank-and-file Fenians drifted into the Home Rule movement. For the next 20 years, the IRB ceased to be an important force in Irish politics,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins200860_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins200860-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> leaving Parnell and his party the leaders of the nationalist movement in Ireland.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins200860_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins200860-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Party_restructured">Party restructured</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Stewart_Parnell&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Party restructured"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Charles_Stewart_Parnell" title="Special:EditPage/Charles Stewart Parnell">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Irish_Vampire_-_Punch_(24_October_1885),_199_-_BL.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/The_Irish_Vampire_-_Punch_%2824_October_1885%29%2C_199_-_BL.jpg/220px-The_Irish_Vampire_-_Punch_%2824_October_1885%29%2C_199_-_BL.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/The_Irish_Vampire_-_Punch_%2824_October_1885%29%2C_199_-_BL.jpg/330px-The_Irish_Vampire_-_Punch_%2824_October_1885%29%2C_199_-_BL.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/The_Irish_Vampire_-_Punch_%2824_October_1885%29%2C_199_-_BL.jpg/440px-The_Irish_Vampire_-_Punch_%2824_October_1885%29%2C_199_-_BL.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1302" data-file-height="1785" /></a><figcaption>Another hostile <i>Punch</i> cartoon, from 1885, depicting the Irish National League as the "Irish Vampire", with Parnell's head</figcaption></figure> <p>Parnell now sought to use his experience and huge support to advance his pursuit of Home Rule and resurrected the suppressed Land League, on 17 October 1882, as the <a href="/wiki/Irish_National_League" title="Irish National League">Irish National League</a> (INL). It combined moderate agrarianism, a Home Rule programme with electoral functions, was hierarchical and autocratic in structure with Parnell wielding immense authority and direct parliamentary control.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson200354_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson200354-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Parliamentary constitutionalism was the future path. </p><p>The informal alliance between the new, tightly disciplined INL and the Catholic Church was one of the main factors for the revitalisation of the national Home Rule cause after 1882. Parnell saw that the explicit endorsement of Catholicism was of vital importance to the success of this venture and worked in close cooperation with the Catholic hierarchy in consolidating its hold over the Irish electorate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson200356_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson200356-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The leaders of the Catholic Church largely recognised the Parnellite party as guardians of church interests, despite uneasiness with a powerful lay leadership.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaume19998_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaume19998-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the end of 1885, the highly centralised organisation had 1,200 branches spread around the country, though there were fewer in Ulster than in the other provinces.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins200865_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins200865-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Parnell left the day-to-day running of the INL in the hands of his lieutenants <a href="/wiki/Timothy_Charles_Harrington" class="mw-redirect" title="Timothy Charles Harrington">Timothy Harrington</a> as Secretary, <a href="/wiki/William_O%27Brien" title="William O'Brien">William O'Brien</a>, editor of its newspaper <i>United Ireland</i>, and <a href="/wiki/Tim_Healy_(politician)" title="Tim Healy (politician)">Tim Healy</a>. Its continued agrarian agitation led to the passing of several <a href="/wiki/Irish_Land_Acts" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Land Acts">Irish Land Acts</a> that over three decades changed the face of Irish land ownership, replacing large <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Irish" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Irish">Anglo-Irish</a> estates with tenant ownership. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Parnell_sitting.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c7/Parnell_sitting.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="220" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="220" /></a><figcaption>Charles Stewart Parnell, the 'un-crowned King of Ireland'</figcaption></figure> <p>Parnell next turned to the Home Rule League Party, of which he was to remain the re-elected leader for over a decade, spending most of his time at <a href="/wiki/Westminster" title="Westminster">Westminster</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Henry_Campbell_(MP)" title="Henry Campbell (MP)">Henry Campbell</a> as his personal secretary. He fundamentally changed the party, replicated the INL structure within it and created a well-organised grassroots structure, introduced membership to replace "ad hoc" informal groupings in which MPs with little commitment to the party voted differently on issues, often against their own party.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some did not attend the House of Commons at all, citing expense, given that MPs were unpaid until 1911 and the journey to <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Westminster" title="Palace of Westminster">Westminster</a> was both costly and arduous. </p><p>In 1882, he changed his party's name to the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Parliamentary_Party" title="Irish Parliamentary Party">Irish Parliamentary Party</a> (IPP). A central aspect of Parnell's reforms was a new selection procedure to ensure the professional selection of party candidates committed to taking their seats. In 1884, he imposed a firm 'party pledge' which obliged party MPs to vote as a bloc in parliament on all occasions. The creation of a strict party <a href="/wiki/Whip_(politics)" title="Whip (politics)">whip</a> and formal party structure was unique in party politics at the time. The Irish Parliamentary Party is generally seen as the first modern British political party, its efficient structure and control contrasting with the loose rules and flexible informality found in the main British parties, which came to model themselves on the Parnellite model. The <a href="/wiki/Representation_of_the_People_Act_1884" title="Representation of the People Act 1884">Representation of the People Act 1884</a> enlarged the franchise, and the IPP increased its number of MPs from 63 to 85 in the <a href="/wiki/1885_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1885 United Kingdom general election">1885 election</a>. </p><p>The changes affected the nature of candidates chosen. Under Butt, the party's MPs were a mixture of <a href="/wiki/Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism">Catholic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Landlord" title="Landlord">landlord</a> and others, <a href="/wiki/British_Whig_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="British Whig Party">Whig</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(UK)" title="Liberal Party (UK)">Liberal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative</a>, often leading to disagreements in policy that meant that MPs split in votes. Under Parnell, the number of Protestant and landlord MPs dwindled, as did the number of Conservatives seeking election. The parliamentary party became much more Catholic and middle class, with a large number of journalists and lawyers elected and the disappearance of <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Ascendancy" title="Protestant Ascendancy">Protestant Ascendancy</a> landowners and Conservatives from it. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Push_for_home_rule">Push for home rule</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Stewart_Parnell&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Push for home rule"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Irish_Home_Rule_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Home Rule Movement">Irish Home Rule Movement</a></div> <p>Parnell's party emerged swiftly as a tightly disciplined and, on the whole, energetic body of parliamentarians.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson200356_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson200356-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1885, he was leading a party well-poised for the next general election, his statements on Home Rule designed to secure the widest possible support. Speaking in <a href="/wiki/Cork_(city)" title="Cork (city)">Cork</a> on 21 January 1885, he stated: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>We cannot ask the British constitution for more than the restitution of <a href="/wiki/Henry_Grattan" title="Henry Grattan">Grattan's parliament</a>, but no man has the right to fix the boundary of a nation. No man has the right to say to his country, "Thus far shalt thou go and no further", and we have never attempted to fix the "ne plus ultra" to the progress of Ireland's nationhood, and we never shall.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="#CITEREFHickeyDoherty2003">Hickey & Doherty 2003</a>, pp. 382–385</cite></div></blockquote> <p>Both British parties toyed with various suggestions for greater self-government for Ireland. In March 1885, the British cabinet rejected the proposal of radical minister <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Chamberlain" title="Joseph Chamberlain">Joseph Chamberlain</a> of democratic county councils which in turn would elect a <a href="/wiki/Central_Board" title="Central Board">Central Board for Ireland</a>. Gladstone on the other hand said he was prepared to go 'rather further' than the idea of a Central Board.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson200363_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson200363-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the collapse of Gladstone's government in June 1885, Parnell urged the Irish voters in Britain to vote against the Liberal Party. The <a href="/wiki/1885_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1885 United Kingdom general election">November general elections</a> (delayed because boundaries were being redrawn and new registers prepared after the Third Reform Act) brought about a hung Parliament in which the Liberals with 335 seats won 86 more than the Conservatives, with a Parnellite bloc of 86 Irish Home Rule MPs holding the balance of power in the Commons. Parnell's task was now to win acceptance of the principle of a Dublin parliament. </p><p>Parnell at first supported a <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative</a> government – they were still the smaller party after the elections – but after renewed agrarian distress arose when agricultural prices fell and unrest developed during 1885, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">Lord Salisbury</a>'s Conservative government announced coercion measures in January 1886. Parnell switched his support to the Liberals.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHickeyDoherty2003382–385_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHickeyDoherty2003382–385-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The prospects shocked <a href="/wiki/Unionism_(Ireland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Unionism (Ireland)">Unionists</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Orange_Order" title="Orange Order">Orange Order</a>, revived in the 1880s to oppose the Land League, now openly opposed Home Rule. On 20 January, the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Unionist_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Unionist Party">Irish Unionist Party</a> was established in Dublin.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins200879_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins200879-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 28 January, Salisbury's government had resigned. </p><p>The Liberal Party regained power on 1 February, their leader Gladstone – influenced by the status of <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>, which at the time was <a href="/wiki/Union_between_Sweden_and_Norway" title="Union between Sweden and Norway">self-governing but under the Swedish Crown</a> – moving towards Home Rule, which Gladstone's son Herbert revealed publicly under what became known as the "flying of the <a href="/wiki/Hawarden_Kite" title="Hawarden Kite">Hawarden Kite</a>". The third Gladstone administration paved the way towards the generous response to Irish demands that the new Prime Minister had promised,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson200366_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson200366-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but was unable to obtain the support of several key players in his own party. <a href="/wiki/Spencer_Cavendish,_8th_Duke_of_Devonshire" title="Spencer Cavendish, 8th Duke of Devonshire">Lord Hartington</a> (who had been Liberal leader in the late 1870s and was still the most likely alternative leader) refused to serve at all, while Joseph Chamberlain briefly held office then resigned when he saw the terms of the proposed bill. </p><p>On 8 April 1886, Gladstone introduced the <a href="/wiki/First_Irish_Home_Rule_Bill" class="mw-redirect" title="First Irish Home Rule Bill">First Irish Home Rule Bill</a>, his object to establish an Irish legislature, although large imperial issues were to be reserved to the Westminster parliament.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBew2004_2-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBew2004-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Conservatives now emerged as enthusiastic unionists, <a href="/wiki/Lord_Randolph_Churchill" title="Lord Randolph Churchill">Lord Randolph Churchill</a> declared, <i>"The Orange card is the one to play"</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins200880_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins200880-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the course of a long and fierce debate Gladstone made a remarkable <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Irish_Home_Rule_Speech" class="extiw" title="s:Irish Home Rule Speech">Home Rule Speech</a>, beseeching parliament to pass the bill. However, the split between pro- and anti-home rulers within the Liberal Party caused the defeat of the bill on its second reading in June by 341 to 311 votes.<sup id="cite_ref-parnellsociety.com_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-parnellsociety.com-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Parliament was dissolved and elections called, with Irish Home Rule the central issue. Gladstone hoped to repeat his triumph of <a href="/wiki/1868_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1868 United Kingdom general election">1868</a>, when he fought and won a general election to obtain a mandate for <a href="/wiki/Irish_Church_Act_1869" title="Irish Church Act 1869">Irish Disestablishment</a> (which had been a major cause of dispute between Conservatives and Liberals since the 1830s), but the result of the July <a href="/wiki/1886_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1886 United Kingdom general election">1886 general election</a> was a Liberal defeat. The Conservatives and the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Unionist_Party" title="Liberal Unionist Party">Liberal Unionist Party</a> returned with a majority of 118 over the combined Gladstonian Liberals and Parnell's 85 Irish Party seats. Salisbury formed his second government – a minority Conservative government with Liberal Unionist support. </p><p>The Liberal split made the Unionists (the Liberal Unionists sat in coalition with the Conservatives after 1895 and would eventually merge with them) the dominant force in British politics until <a href="/wiki/1906_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1906 United Kingdom general election">1906</a>, with strong support in <a href="/wiki/Lancashire" title="Lancashire">Lancashire</a>, Liverpool, <a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a> and <a href="/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a> (the fiefdom of its former mayor <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Chamberlain" title="Joseph Chamberlain">Joseph Chamberlain</a> who as recently as <a href="/wiki/1885_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1885 United Kingdom general election">1885</a> had been a furious enemy of the Conservatives) and the House of Lords where many Whigs sat (a second Home Rule Bill would pass the Commons in 1893 only to be overwhelmingly defeated in the Lords). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pigott_forgeries">Pigott forgeries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Stewart_Parnell&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Pigott forgeries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Parnell next became the centre of public attention when in March and April 1887 he found himself accused by the British newspaper <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></i> of supporting the <a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Park_killings" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoenix Park killings">brutal murders in May 1882</a> of the newly appointed <a href="/wiki/Chief_Secretary_for_Ireland" title="Chief Secretary for Ireland">Chief Secretary for Ireland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lord_Frederick_Cavendish" title="Lord Frederick Cavendish">Lord Frederick Cavendish</a>, and the Permanent Under-Secretary, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Henry_Burke_(civil_servant)" title="Thomas Henry Burke (civil servant)">Thomas Henry Burke</a>, in Dublin's <a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Park" title="Phoenix Park">Phoenix Park</a>, and of the general involvement of his movement with crime (i.e., with illegal organisations such as the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Republican_Brotherhood" title="Irish Republican Brotherhood">IRB</a>). Letters were published which suggested Parnell was complicit in the murders. The most important one, dated 15 May 1882, ran as follows: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Dear Sir, – I am not surprised at your friend's anger, but he and you should know that to denounce the murders was the only course open to us. To do that promptly was plainly our best policy. But you can tell him, and all others concerned, that, though I regret the accident of Lord Frederick Cavendish's death, I cannot refuse to admit that Burke got no more than his deserts. You are at liberty to show him this, and others whom you can trust also, but let not my address be known. He can write to House of Commons. </p><p>Yours very truly, </p><p> Chas S. Parnell.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="#CITEREFSpecial_Commission1890">Special Commission 1890</a>, p. 58</cite></div></blockquote> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Parnell_Commission" title="Parnell Commission">Commission of Enquiry</a>, which Parnell had requested, revealed in February 1889, after 128 sessions that the letters were a fabrication created by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Pigott" title="Richard Pigott">Richard Pigott</a>, a disreputable anti-Parnellite rogue journalist. Pigott broke down under cross-examination after the letter was shown to be a forgery by him with his characteristic spelling mistakes. He fled to <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a> where he committed suicide. Parnell was vindicated, to the disappointment of the Tories and the Prime Minister, <a href="/wiki/Lord_Salisbury" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Salisbury">Lord Salisbury</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson200385–86_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson200385–86-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 35-volume commission report published in February 1890, did not clear Parnell's movement of criminal involvement. Parnell then took <i>The Times</i> to court and the newspaper paid him £5,000 (equivalent to £695,000 in 2023) damages in an out-of-court settlement. When Parnell entered the House of Commons on 1 March 1890, after he was cleared, he received a hero's reception from his fellow MPs led by Gladstone.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHickeyDoherty2003382–385_5-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHickeyDoherty2003382–385-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It had been a dangerous crisis in his career, yet Parnell had at all times remained calm, relaxed and unperturbed which greatly impressed his political friends. But while he was vindicated in triumph, links between the Home Rule movement and militancy had been established. This he could have survived politically were it not for the crisis to follow. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pinnacle_of_power">Pinnacle of power</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Stewart_Parnell&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Pinnacle of power"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Queensland_Figaro_and_Punch,_cover_16_March_1889.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Queensland_Figaro_and_Punch%2C_cover_16_March_1889.png/220px-Queensland_Figaro_and_Punch%2C_cover_16_March_1889.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Queensland_Figaro_and_Punch%2C_cover_16_March_1889.png/330px-Queensland_Figaro_and_Punch%2C_cover_16_March_1889.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Queensland_Figaro_and_Punch%2C_cover_16_March_1889.png/440px-Queensland_Figaro_and_Punch%2C_cover_16_March_1889.png 2x" data-file-width="749" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Queensland_Figaro_and_Punch" title="Queensland Figaro and Punch">Queensland Figaro and Punch</a></i> cover, 16 March 1889, depicting <a href="/wiki/Irish_Australian" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Australian">Irish Australians</a> offering enthusiastic support to Parnell's struggle for <a href="/wiki/Irish_Home_Rule_movement" title="Irish Home Rule movement">Home Rule</a></figcaption></figure> <p>During the period 1886–1890, Parnell continued to pursue Home Rule, striving to reassure British voters that it would be no threat to them. In Ireland, unionist resistance (especially after the Irish Unionist Party was formed) became increasingly organised.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBew2004_2-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBew2004-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Parnell pursued moderate and conciliatory tenant land purchase and still hoped to retain a sizeable landlord support for home rule. During the agrarian crisis, which intensified in 1886 and launched the <a href="/wiki/Plan_of_Campaign" title="Plan of Campaign">Plan of Campaign</a> organised by Parnell's lieutenants, he chose in the interest of Home Rule not to associate himself with it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBew2004_2-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBew2004-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>All that remained, it seemed, was to work out details of a new home rule bill with Gladstone. They held two meetings, one in March 1888 and a second more significant meeting at Gladstone's home in <a href="/wiki/Hawarden" title="Hawarden">Hawarden</a> on 18–19 December 1889. On each occasion, Parnell's demands were entirely within the accepted parameters of Liberal thinking, Gladstone noting that he was one of the best people he had known to deal with,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBew2004_2-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBew2004-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a remarkable transition from an inmate at <a href="/wiki/Kilmainham_Gaol" title="Kilmainham Gaol">Kilmainham</a> to an intimate at Hawarden in just over seven years.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson200387_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson200387-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was the high point of Parnell's career. In the early part of 1890, he still hoped to advance the situation on the land question, with which a substantial section of his party was displeased. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_downfall">Political downfall</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Stewart_Parnell&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Political downfall"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Divorce_crisis">Divorce crisis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Stewart_Parnell&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Divorce crisis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Parnell's leadership was first put to the test in February 1886, when he forced the candidature of Captain <a href="/wiki/William_O%27Shea" title="William O'Shea">William O'Shea</a>, who had negotiated the Kilmainham Treaty, for <a href="/wiki/1886_Galway_Borough_by-election" title="1886 Galway Borough by-election">a Galway by-election</a>. Parnell rode roughshod over his lieutenants Healy, Dillon and O'Brien who were not in favour of O'Shea. <a href="/wiki/Galway" title="Galway">Galway</a> was the harbinger of the fatal crisis to come.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBew2004_2-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBew2004-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> O'Shea had separated from his wife <a href="/wiki/Katharine_O%27Shea" title="Katharine O'Shea">Katharine O'Shea</a>, sometime around 1875,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyce1990_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyce1990-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but would not divorce her as she was expecting a substantial inheritance. Mrs. O'Shea acted as liaison in 1885 with Gladstone during proposals for the First Home Rule Bill.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKehoe2008ch._12,_"Emissary_to_the_Prime_Minister"_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKehoe2008ch._12,_"Emissary_to_the_Prime_Minister"-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKehoe2008ch._13,_"The_Go-between"_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKehoe2008ch._13,_"The_Go-between"-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Parnell later took up residence with her in <a href="/wiki/Eltham" title="Eltham">Eltham</a>, Kent, in the summer of 1886,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHickeyDoherty2003382–385_5-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHickeyDoherty2003382–385-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was a known overnight visitor at the O'Shea house in <a href="/wiki/Brockley" title="Brockley">Brockley</a>, Kent.<sup id="cite_ref-RWN_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RWN-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TDN_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TDN-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BP_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BP-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Mrs O'Shea's aunt died in 1889, her money was left in trust. </p><p>On 24 December 1889, Captain O'Shea filed for divorce, citing Parnell as co-respondent, although the case did not come to trial until 15 November 1890. The two-day trial revealed that Parnell had been the long-term lover of Mrs. O'Shea and had fathered three of her children. Meanwhile, Parnell assured the Irish Party that there was no need to fear the verdict because he would be exonerated. During January 1890, resolutions of confidence in his leadership were passed throughout the country.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHickeyDoherty2003382–385_5-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHickeyDoherty2003382–385-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Parnell did not contest the divorce action at a hearing on 15 November, to ensure that it would be granted and he could marry Mrs O'Shea, so Captain O'Shea's allegations went unchallenged. A divorce decree was granted on 17 November 1890, but Parnell's two surviving children were placed in O'Shea's custody. </p><p>News of the long-standing adultery created a huge public scandal. The <a href="/wiki/Irish_National_League" title="Irish National League">Irish National League</a> passed a resolution to confirm his leadership. The <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_hierarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Church hierarchy">Catholic Church hierarchy</a> in Ireland was shocked by Parnell's immorality and feared that he would wreck the cause of Home Rule. Besides the issue of tolerating immorality, the bishops sought to keep control of Irish Catholic politics, and they no longer trusted Parnell as an ally. The chief Catholic leader, <a href="/wiki/William_Walsh_(archbishop_of_Dublin)" title="William Walsh (archbishop of Dublin)">Archbishop Walsh</a> of Dublin, came under heavy pressure from politicians, his fellow bishops, and <a href="/wiki/Henry_Edward_Manning" title="Henry Edward Manning">Cardinal Manning</a>; Walsh finally declared against Parnell. <a href="#CITEREFLarkin1961">Larkin 1961</a> says, "For the first time in Irish history, the two dominant forces of Nationalism and Catholicism came to a parting of the ways. </p><p>In England one strong base of Liberal Party support was <a href="/wiki/Nonconformist_(Protestantism)" title="Nonconformist (Protestantism)">Nonconformist</a> Protestantism, such as the Methodists; the '<a href="/wiki/Nonconformist_conscience" title="Nonconformist conscience">nonconformist conscience</a>' rebelled against having an adulterer play a major role in the Liberal Party.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOldstone-Moore199594–110_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOldstone-Moore199594–110-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gladstone warned that if Parnell retained the leadership, it would mean the loss of the next election, the end of their alliance, and also of Home Rule. With Parnell obdurate, the alliance collapsed in bitterness.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagnus1960390–394_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagnus1960390–394-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Party_divides">Party divides</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Stewart_Parnell&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Party divides"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When the annual party leadership election was held on 25 November, Gladstone's threat was not conveyed to the members until after they had loyally re-elected their 'chief' in his office.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBew2004_2-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBew2004-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHickeyDoherty2003382–385_5-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHickeyDoherty2003382–385-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gladstone published his warning in a letter the next day; angry members demanded a new meeting, and this was called for 1 December. Parnell issued a manifesto on 29 November, saying a section of the party had lost its independence; he falsified Gladstone's terms for Home Rule and said they were inadequate. A total of 73 members were present for the fateful meeting in committee room 15 at Westminster. Leaders tried desperately to achieve a compromise in which Parnell would temporarily withdraw. Parnell refused. He vehemently insisted that the independence of the Irish party could not be compromised either by Gladstone or by the Catholic hierarchy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBew2004_2-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBew2004-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As chairman, he blocked any motion to remove him. </p><p>On 6 December, after five days of vehement debate, a majority of 44 present led by <a href="/wiki/Justin_McCarthy_(1830%E2%80%931912)" class="mw-redirect" title="Justin McCarthy (1830–1912)">Justin McCarthy</a> walked out to found a new organisation, thus creating rival Parnellite and anti-Parnellite parties. The minority of 28 who remained true to their embattled 'Chief' continued in the Irish National League under <a href="/wiki/John_Redmond" title="John Redmond">John Redmond</a>, but all of his former close associates, Michael Davitt, John Dillon, William O'Brien and Timothy Healy deserted him to join the anti-Parnellites. The vast majority of anti-Parnellites formed the <a href="/wiki/Irish_National_Federation" title="Irish National Federation">Irish National Federation</a>, later led by John Dillon and supported by the Catholic Church. The bitterness of the split tore Ireland apart and resonated well into the next century. Parnell soon died, and his faction dissipated. The majority faction henceforth played only a minor role in British or Irish politics until the next time the UK had a <a href="/wiki/Hung_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Hung Parliament">hung Parliament</a>, in <a href="/wiki/January_1910_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="January 1910 United Kingdom general election">1910</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKee1994_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKee1994-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Undaunted_defiance">Undaunted defiance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Stewart_Parnell&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Undaunted defiance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Parnell fought back desperately, despite his failing health. On 10 December, he arrived in Dublin to a hero's welcome.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBew2004_2-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBew2004-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He and his followers forcibly seized the offices of the party paper <i>United Irishman</i>. A year before, his prestige had reached new heights, but the new crisis crippled this support, and most rural nationalists turned against him. In the December <a href="/wiki/North_Kilkenny_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="North Kilkenny (UK Parliament constituency)">North Kilkenny</a> by-election, he attracted <a href="/wiki/Fenian" title="Fenian">Fenian</a> "hillside men" to his side. This ambiguity shocked former adherents, who clashed physically with his supporters; his candidate lost by almost two to one.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHickeyDoherty2003382–385_5-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHickeyDoherty2003382–385-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Deposed as leader, he fought a long and fierce campaign for reinstatement. He conducted a political tour of Ireland to re-establish popular support. In a <a href="/wiki/North_Sligo_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="North Sligo (UK Parliament constituency)">North Sligo</a> by-election, the defeat of his candidate by 2,493 votes to 3,261 was less resounding.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHickeyDoherty2003382–385_5-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHickeyDoherty2003382–385-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He fulfilled his loyalty to Katharine when they married on 25 June 1891, after Parnell had unsuccessfully sought a church wedding. On the same day, the Irish Catholic hierarchy, worried by the number of priests who had supported him in North Sligo, signed and published a near-unanimous condemnation: "by his public misconduct, has utterly disqualified himself to be ... leader."<sup id="cite_ref-ucc.ie_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ucc.ie-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only <a href="/wiki/Edward_O%27Dwyer_(bishop)" title="Edward O'Dwyer (bishop)">Edward O'Dwyer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Limerick" title="Bishop of Limerick">bishop of Limerick</a> withheld his signature. The Parnells took up residence in <a href="/wiki/Brighton" title="Brighton">Brighton</a>. </p><p>He returned to fight the third and last by-election in <a href="/wiki/County_Carlow_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="County Carlow (UK Parliament constituency)">County Carlow</a>, having lost the support of the <i>Freeman's Journal</i> when its proprietor <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Dwyer-Gray" title="Edmund Dwyer-Gray">Edmund Dwyer-Gray</a> defected to the anti-Parnellites. At one point <a href="/wiki/Quicklime" class="mw-redirect" title="Quicklime">quicklime</a> was thrown at his eyes by a hostile crowd in <a href="/wiki/Castlecomer" title="Castlecomer">Castlecomer</a>, County Kilkenny. Parnell continued the exhausting campaigning. One loss followed another but he looked to <a href="/wiki/1892_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1892 United Kingdom general election">the next general election in 1892</a> to restore his fortunes. On 27 September, he addressed a crowd in pouring rain at <a href="/wiki/Creggs" title="Creggs">Creggs</a>, subjecting himself to a severe soaking. On the difficult campaign trail, his health continuously deteriorated; furthermore, he had kidney disease. Parnell fought on furiously but, though aged just 45, he was a dying man.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyons1973600–602_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyons1973600–602-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death_and_legacy">Death and legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Stewart_Parnell&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Death and legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cemetery-_Parnell%27s_Grave-_Glasnevin_Co._Dublin_(19257693464).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Cemetery-_Parnell%27s_Grave-_Glasnevin_Co._Dublin_%2819257693464%29.jpg/220px-Cemetery-_Parnell%27s_Grave-_Glasnevin_Co._Dublin_%2819257693464%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Cemetery-_Parnell%27s_Grave-_Glasnevin_Co._Dublin_%2819257693464%29.jpg/330px-Cemetery-_Parnell%27s_Grave-_Glasnevin_Co._Dublin_%2819257693464%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Cemetery-_Parnell%27s_Grave-_Glasnevin_Co._Dublin_%2819257693464%29.jpg/440px-Cemetery-_Parnell%27s_Grave-_Glasnevin_Co._Dublin_%2819257693464%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1518" /></a><figcaption>Parnell's grave around the turn of the 20th century</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Frame"><a href="/wiki/File:Parnellgrave.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4b/Parnellgrave.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="225" /></a><figcaption>Parnell's grave in <a href="/wiki/Glasnevin_Cemetery" title="Glasnevin Cemetery">Glasnevin Cemetery</a> in Dublin</figcaption></figure> <p>He returned to Dublin on 30 September. He died in his home at 10 Walsingham Terrace, <a href="/wiki/Hove" title="Hove">Hove</a> (now replaced by Dorset Court, Kingsway) on 6 October 1891 of pneumonia and in the arms of his wife Katharine.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBew2004_2-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBew2004-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was 45 years of age at the time of his death. Though an <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Ireland" title="Church of Ireland">Anglican</a>, his funeral on 11 October was at the Irish National nondenominational <a href="/wiki/Glasnevin_Cemetery" title="Glasnevin Cemetery">Glasnevin Cemetery</a> in Dublin, and was attended by more than 200,000 people.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHickeyDoherty2003382–385_5-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHickeyDoherty2003382–385-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His notability was such that his <a href="/wiki/Gravestone" title="Gravestone">gravestone</a> of unhewn <a href="/wiki/County_Wicklow" title="County Wicklow">Wicklow</a> granite, erected in 1940,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorgan194850_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorgan194850-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> reads only "Parnell". </p><p>His brother <a href="/wiki/John_Howard_Parnell" title="John Howard Parnell">John Howard</a> inherited the Avondale estate. He found it heavily mortgaged and eventually sold it in 1899. Five years later, at the suggestion of <a href="/wiki/Horace_Plunkett" title="Horace Plunkett">Horace Plunkett</a>, it was purchased by the state. It is open to public view and is where the "Parnell Society" holds its annual August summer school. The "Parnell National Memorial Park" is in nearby <a href="/wiki/Rathdrum,_County_Wicklow" title="Rathdrum, County Wicklow">Rathdrum, County Wicklow</a>. Dublin has locations named <a href="/wiki/Parnell_Street" title="Parnell Street">Parnell Street</a> and <a href="/wiki/Parnell_Square" title="Parnell Square">Parnell Square</a>. At the north end of <a href="/wiki/O%27Connell_Street" title="O'Connell Street">O'Connell Street</a> stands the Parnell Monument. This was planned and organised by <a href="/wiki/John_Redmond" title="John Redmond">John Redmond</a>, who chose the American <a href="/wiki/Augustus_Saint_Gaudens" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustus Saint Gaudens">Augustus Saint Gaudens</a> to sculpt the statue; it was funded by Americans and completed in 1911. Art critics said it was not an artistic success.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Keefe1984_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Keefe1984-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He is also commemorated on the first Sunday after the anniversary of his death on 6 October, known as <a href="/wiki/Ivy_Day_(Ireland)" title="Ivy Day (Ireland)">Ivy Day</a>, which originated when the mourners at his funeral in 1891, taking their cue from a wreath of ivy sent by a Cork woman "as the best offering she could afford", took ivy leaves from the walls and stuck them in their lapels. Ever after, the ivy leaf became the Parnellite emblem, worn by his followers when they gathered to honour their lost leader.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCartneyTravers2006_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCartneyTravers2006-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since 1991, the centenary of his death, <a href="/wiki/Magdalene_College,_Cambridge" title="Magdalene College, Cambridge">Magdalene College, Cambridge</a>, where Parnell studied, has offered the Parnell Fellowship in Irish Studies, which is awarded to a scholar for up to a year for study without teaching or administrative responsibilities. Parnell Fellows have often been historians, but have spanned a wide range of disciplines.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_views_and_affiliations">Political views and affiliations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Stewart_Parnell&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Political views and affiliations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Parnell's personal political views remained an enigma. An effective communicator, he was skilfully ambivalent and matched his words depending on circumstances and audience, but he would always first defend constitutionalism on which basis he sought to bring about change, but he was hampered by the crimes that hung around the Land League and by the opposition of landlords against the attacks on their property.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBew2004_2-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBew2004-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Parnell's personal complexities or his perception of a need for political expediency to his goal permitted him to condone the radical <a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">republican</a> and atheist <a href="/wiki/Charles_Bradlaugh" title="Charles Bradlaugh">Charles Bradlaugh</a>, while he associated himself with the hierarchy of the Catholic Church. Parnell was a close friend and political associate of fellow land reform activist <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Nulty" title="Thomas Nulty">Thomas Nulty</a>, the Roman Catholic <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Meath" title="Bishop of Meath">Bishop of Meath</a>, until Parnell's <a href="#Divorce_crisis">divorce crisis</a> in 1889.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawlor2010_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawlor2010-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Beirne2012161_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Beirne2012161-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Parnell was linked both with the landed aristocracy class and the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Republican_Brotherhood" title="Irish Republican Brotherhood">Irish Republican Brotherhood</a> (IRB), with speculation in the 1890s that he may have even joined the latter organisation. Historian Andrew Roberts argues that he was sworn into the IRB in the <a href="/wiki/Trinity_College_Library,_Dublin" class="mw-redirect" title="Trinity College Library, Dublin">Old Library</a> at <a href="/wiki/Trinity_College_Dublin" title="Trinity College Dublin">Trinity College Dublin</a> in May 1882 and that this was concealed for 40 years.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Barry O'Brien's <i>Parnell</i>, X, Fenian Parliamentarian <a href="/wiki/John_O%27Connor_Power" title="John O'Connor Power">John O'Connor Power</a>, relates, 'And, in fact, I was, about this time [1877], deputed to ask Parnell to join us. I did ask him. He said "No" without a moment's hesitation.'<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Brien1898137_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Brien1898137-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 24 September 1877, Parnell told his constituents that "No amount of eloquence could achieve what the fear of an impending insurrection, what the <a href="/wiki/Clerkenwell_explosion" title="Clerkenwell explosion">Clerkenwell explosion</a> and the shot in the police van [Manchester Martyrs incident] had achieved."<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Parnell also attributed the explosion and the Manchester Martyrs incident as leading to "some measure of protection being given to the Irish tenant" and the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Ireland" title="Church of Ireland">Church of Ireland</a> being "<a href="/wiki/Irish_Church_Act_1869" title="Irish Church Act 1869">disestablished and disendowed</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Speaking in the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">House of Commons</a>, Parnell told the House: "I wish to say as directly as I can that I do not believe, and never shall believe, that any murder was committed <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Martyrs" title="Manchester Martyrs">in Manchester</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Parnell was conservative by nature, which leads some historians to suggest that personally, he would have been closer to the Conservative Party, rather than the Liberal Party, but for political needs. <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Kettle" title="Andrew Kettle">Andrew Kettle</a>, Parnell's right-hand man, who shared many of his opinions, wrote of his own views, "I confess that I felt [in 1885], and still feel, a greater leaning towards the British Tory party than I ever could have towards the so-called Liberals".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKettle195869_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKettle195869-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In later years, the double effect of the Phoenix Park trauma and the O'Shea affair reinforced the conservative side of his nature.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBew2004_2-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBew2004-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Stewart_Parnell&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Memorial_to_Charles_Parnell.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Memorial_to_Charles_Parnell.jpg/220px-Memorial_to_Charles_Parnell.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="279" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Memorial_to_Charles_Parnell.jpg/330px-Memorial_to_Charles_Parnell.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e3/Memorial_to_Charles_Parnell.jpg 2x" data-file-width="403" data-file-height="511" /></a><figcaption>Memorial at the junction of <a href="/wiki/O%27Connell_Street" title="O'Connell Street">O'Connell Street</a> and <a href="/wiki/Parnell_Street" title="Parnell Street">Parnell Street</a>, Dublin</figcaption></figure> <p>Charles Stewart Parnell possessed the remarkable attribute of charisma, was an enigmatic personality and politically gifted, and is regarded as one of the most extraordinary figures in Irish and British politics. He played a part in the process that undermined his own <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Irish" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Irish">Anglo-Irish</a> caste; within two decades <a href="/wiki/Absentee_landlord" title="Absentee landlord">absentee landlords</a> were almost unknown in Ireland. He created single-handedly in the Irish Party Britain's first modern, disciplined, political-party machine. He held all the reins of Irish nationalism and also harnessed Irish-America to finance the cause. He played an important role in the rise and fall of British governments in the mid-1880s and in Gladstone's conversion to Irish Home Rule.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBew2011_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBew2011-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Over a century after his death he is still surrounded by public interest. His death, and the divorce upheaval which preceded it, gave him a public appeal and interest that other contemporaries, such as Timothy Healy or John Dillon, could not match. His leading biographer, <a href="/wiki/F._S._L._Lyons" title="F. S. L. Lyons">F. S. L. Lyons</a>, says historians emphasise numerous major achievements: Above all there is the emphasis on constitutional action, as historians point to the Land Act of 1881; the creation of the powerful third force in Parliament using a highly disciplined party that he controlled; the inclusion of Ireland in the Reform Act of 1884, while preventing any reduction in the number of Irish seats; the powerful role of the Irish National League and organising locally, especially County conventions that taught peasants about democratic self-government; forcing Home Rule to be a central issue in British politics; and persuading the great majority of the Liberal party to adopt his cause. Lyons agrees that these were remarkable achievements, but emphasises that Parnell did not accomplish them alone, but only in close coordination with men such as Gladstone and Davitt.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyons1973615_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyons1973615-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gladstone described him: "Parnell was the most remarkable man I ever met. I do not say the ablest man; I say the most remarkable and the most interesting. He was an intellectual phenomenon."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Brien1898357_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Brien1898357-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Liberal leader <a href="/wiki/H._H._Asquith" title="H. H. Asquith">H. H. Asquith</a> called him one of the three or four greatest men of the 19th century, while <a href="/wiki/Richard_Haldane,_1st_Viscount_Haldane" title="Richard Haldane, 1st Viscount Haldane">Lord Haldane</a> described him as the strongest man the House of Commons had seen in 150 years. Historian <a href="/wiki/A._J._P._Taylor" title="A. J. P. Taylor">A. J. P. Taylor</a> says, "More than any other man he gave Ireland the sense of being an independent nation."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor198091_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor198091-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lyons points up the dark side as well. The decade-long liaison with Mrs. O'Shea was a disaster waiting to happen, and Parnell had made no preparations for it. He waited so long because of money – there was an expectation that Mrs. O'Shea would receive a large inheritance from her elderly aunt who might have changed her will if she had known about the affair.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the aftermath of the divorce he fought violently to retain control in a hopeless cause. Thereby he ruined his health and wrecked his movement, which never fully recovered. The bottom line for Lyons, however, is positive: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><i>He gave his people back their self respect.</i> He did this ... by rallying an inert and submissive peasantry to believe that by organized and disciplined protest they could win a better life for themselves and their children. He did it further, and still more strikingly, by demonstrating ... that even a small Irish party could disrupt the business of the greatest legislature in the world and, by a combination of skill and tenacity, could deal on equal terms with – eventually, hold the balance between – the two major English parties.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="#CITEREFLyons1973">Lyons 1973</a>, p. 616</cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Portrayal_in_fiction">Portrayal in fiction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Stewart_Parnell&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Portrayal in fiction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Knut_Hamsun" title="Knut Hamsun">Knut Hamsun</a>'s 1892 novel <i><a href="/wiki/Mysteries_(novel)" title="Mysteries (novel)">Mysteries</a></i>, the characters, on a couple of occasions, briefly discuss Charles Stewart Parnell, particularly in relation to <a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a>: "Dr. Stenerson had a high opinion of Parnell, but if Gladstone was so opposed to him, he must know what he was about—with apologies to the host, Mr. Nagel, who couldn't forgive Gladstone for being an honourable man". </p><p>Parnell's death shocks the character Eleanor in <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Woolf" title="Virginia Woolf">Virginia Woolf</a>'s novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_Years" class="mw-redirect" title="The Years">The Years</a></i>, published in 1937: "...<span class="nowrap"> </span>how could he be dead? It was like something fading in the sky."<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Parnell is toasted in the 1938 poem of <a href="/wiki/William_Butler_Yeats" class="mw-redirect" title="William Butler Yeats">William Butler Yeats</a>, "Come Gather Round Me, Parnellites",<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while he is also referred to in "To a Shade",<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where he performs the famous "C.S.Parnell Style", and in Yeats' two-line poem "Parnell". </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/W._Somerset_Maugham" title="W. Somerset Maugham">W. Somerset Maugham</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Razor%27s_Edge" title="The Razor's Edge">The Razor's Edge</a></i>, published in 1944, the author mentions Parnell and O'Shea: "Passion is destructive. It destroyed <a href="/wiki/Antony_and_Cleopatra" title="Antony and Cleopatra">Antony and Cleopatra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tristan_and_Isolde" class="mw-redirect" title="Tristan and Isolde">Tristan and Isolde</a>, Parnell and Kitty O'Shea."<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Parnell is the subject of a discussion in Irish author <a href="/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce">James Joyce</a>'s first chapter of the semi-autobiographical novel <i><a href="/wiki/A_Portrait_of_the_Artist_as_a_Young_Man" title="A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man">A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man</a></i>, first serialised in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Egoist_(periodical)" title="The Egoist (periodical)">The Egoist</a></i> magazine in 1914–15. Parnell appears in "<a href="/wiki/Ivy_Day_in_the_Committee_Room" title="Ivy Day in the Committee Room">Ivy Day in the Committee Room</a>" in <i><a href="/wiki/Dubliners" title="Dubliners">Dubliners</a></i>. He is also discussed in <i><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_(novel)" title="Ulysses (novel)">Ulysses</a></i>, as is his brother.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGiffordSeidman1989172_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiffordSeidman1989172-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main character in <i><a href="/wiki/Finnegans_Wake" title="Finnegans Wake">Finnegans Wake</a></i>, HCE, is partially based on Parnell;<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> among other resemblances, both are accused of transgressions in Phoenix Park. </p><p>Parnell is a major background character in <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Flanagan_(writer)" title="Thomas Flanagan (writer)">Thomas Flanagan</a>'s 1988 historical novel <i>The Tenants of Time</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in <a href="/wiki/Leon_Uris" title="Leon Uris">Leon Uris</a>'s 1976 historical novel <i><a href="/wiki/Trinity_(novel)" title="Trinity (novel)">Trinity</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Parnell was played by <a href="/wiki/Clark_Gable" title="Clark Gable">Clark Gable</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Parnell_(film)" title="Parnell (film)">Parnell</a></i>, the 1937 <a href="/wiki/MGM" class="mw-redirect" title="MGM">MGM</a> production about the Irish leader.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead of wearing a full beard like the real Parnell, the popular actor sported sideburns in addition to his trademark moustache. The film is notable as Gable's biggest flop and occurred at the height of his career when almost every Gable film was a smash hit. Parnell was portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Donat" title="Robert Donat">Robert Donat</a> in the 1947 film <i><a href="/wiki/Captain_Boycott_(film)" title="Captain Boycott (film)">Captain Boycott</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1954, <a href="/wiki/Patrick_McGoohan" title="Patrick McGoohan">Patrick McGoohan</a> played Parnell in "The Fall of Parnell (December 6, 1890)", an episode of the historical television series <i><a href="/wiki/You_Are_There_(series)" title="You Are There (series)">You Are There</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1991, <a href="/wiki/Trevor_Eve" title="Trevor Eve">Trevor Eve</a> played Parnell in the television mini-series <i>Parnell and the Englishwoman</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 1992 novel <i><a href="/wiki/Death_and_Nightingales" title="Death and Nightingales">Death and Nightingales</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Eugene_McCabe" title="Eugene McCabe">Eugene McCabe</a> mentions him numerous times. </p><p>The Irish rebel song by <a href="/wiki/Dominic_Behan" title="Dominic Behan">Dominic Behan</a> "<a href="/wiki/Come_Out,_Ye_Black_and_Tans" title="Come Out, Ye Black and Tans">Come Out, Ye Black and Tans</a>" contains a reference to Parnell: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p>Come let me hear you tell<br /> How you slandered great Parnell, <br /> When you thought him well<br /> and truly persecuted,<br /> Where are the sneers and jeers<br /> That you bravely let us hear <br /> When our heroes of '16 were executed? </p> </div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Stewart_Parnell&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_issue_in_British_politics" title="Irish issue in British politics">Irish issue in British politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_on_the_postage_stamps_of_Ireland" title="List of people on the postage stamps of Ireland">List of people on the postage stamps of Ireland</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Stewart_Parnell&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Most contemporaries pronounced his name <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/ɑːr/: 'ar' in 'far'">ɑːr</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span></span>/</a></span></span>, with the stress on the second syllable. Parnell himself disapproved of that pronunciation but pronounced his name <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/ɑːr/: 'ar' in 'far'">ɑːr</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/əl/: 'le' in 'bottle'">əl</span></span>/</a></span></span>, with the stress on the first syllable.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A land bill introduced by party leader Isaac Butt in 1876 was voted down in the House of Commons, with 45 of his <i>own</i> MPs voting against him.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This is based on a 1928 letter from a radical Land League activist, Thomas J. Quinn, to William O'Brien, found in the William O'Brien Papers, <a href="/wiki/University_College_Cork" title="University College Cork">University College Cork</a>. Quinn, who emigrated to <a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a> in 1882, told O'Brien that in Colorado, he had made the acquaintance of the former radical Land League organiser Patrick Joseph Sheridan, who privately told him that he had sworn Parnell into the IRB under those circumstances. The historians Paul Bew and Patrick Maume, who discovered this material, state that Quinn was probably reporting correctly what Sheridan had told him, but it cannot be proven that Sheridan was telling the truth.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoberts1999456–457_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts1999456–457-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In the end, she received a much smaller amount and was swindled out of even that. Furthermore, Parnell tried to leave her his family estate, but he neglected to do the legal work and his brother took it all.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyons1973459–461,_604_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyons1973459–461,_604-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Finnegans_Wake" title="Finnegans Wake">Finnegans Wake</a></i>, p. 25, describing HCE, refers to Parnell's support for tenants and later divorce scandal: "If you were bowed and soild and letdown itself from the oner of the load it was that paddyplanters might pack up plenty and when you were undone in every point fore the laps of goddesses you showed our labourlasses how to free was easy." See also <a href="#CITEREFTindall1996">Tindall 1996</a>, pp. 92–93</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Stewart_Parnell&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBew2004-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBew2004_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBew2004_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBew2004_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBew2004_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBew2004_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBew2004_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBew2004_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBew2004_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBew2004_2-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBew2004_2-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBew2004_2-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBew2004_2-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBew2004_2-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBew2004_2-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBew2004_2-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBew2004_2-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBew2004_2-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBew2004_2-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBew2004_2-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBew2004_2-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBew2004_2-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBew2004_2-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBew2004">Bew 2004</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-glendalough-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-glendalough_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.glendalough.connect.ie/pages/articles/history/pages/Parnell.html">"Parnell and the Parnells"</a>. glendalough.connect.ie. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110720075127/http://www.glendalough.connect.ie/pages/articles/history/pages/Parnell.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Parnell+and+the+Parnells&rft.pub=glendalough.connect.ie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.glendalough.connect.ie%2Fpages%2Farticles%2Fhistory%2Fpages%2FParnell.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Stewart+Parnell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=u0IIAAAAQAAJ">Maj E.B. Evans, <i>An Outline of the History of The County Wicklow Regiment of Militia</i>, published by the Officers of the County Wicklow Militia, 1885, pp. 44–5.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHickeyDoherty2003382–385-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHickeyDoherty2003382–385_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHickeyDoherty2003382–385_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHickeyDoherty2003382–385_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHickeyDoherty2003382–385_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHickeyDoherty2003382–385_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHickeyDoherty2003382–385_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHickeyDoherty2003382–385_5-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHickeyDoherty2003382–385_5-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHickeyDoherty2003382–385_5-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHickeyDoherty2003382–385_5-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHickeyDoherty2003382–385_5-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHickeyDoherty2003382–385_5-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHickeyDoherty2003382–385_5-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHickeyDoherty2003382–385_5-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHickeyDoherty2003382–385_5-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHickeyDoherty2003">Hickey & Doherty 2003</a>, pp. 382–385.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson200345-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson200345_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJackson2003">Jackson 2003</a>, p. 45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson200342-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson200342_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJackson2003">Jackson 2003</a>, p. 42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson200348-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson200348_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJackson2003">Jackson 2003</a>, p. 48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins200845-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins200845_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCollins2008">Collins 2008</a>, p. 45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins200850–53-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins200850–53_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCollins2008">Collins 2008</a>, pp. 50–53.</span> </li> <li 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href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins200880_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCollins2008">Collins 2008</a>, p. 80.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-parnellsociety.com-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-parnellsociety.com_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110928142629/http://www.parnellsociety.com/csp.htm">"Chronology of Parnell's life"</a>. <i>The Parnell Society</i>. 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Scribner. p. 188.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Selected+Poems+And+Four+Plays&rft.pages=188&rft.pub=Scribner&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Yeats&rft.aufirst=William+Butlers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Stewart+Parnell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKumar_Sarker2002" class="citation book cs1">Kumar Sarker, Sunil (2002). <i>W.B. Yeats: Poetry and Plays</i>. Atlantic Publishers and Distributors. p. 152.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=W.B.+Yeats%3A+Poetry+and+Plays&rft.pages=152&rft.pub=Atlantic+Publishers+and+Distributors&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Kumar+Sarker&rft.aufirst=Sunil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Stewart+Parnell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaugham1944" class="citation book cs1">Maugham, William Somerset (1944). <i>The Razor's Edge: A Novel</i>. Doran & Company. p. 183.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Razor%27s+Edge%3A+A+Novel&rft.pages=183&rft.pub=Doran+%26+Company&rft.date=1944&rft.aulast=Maugham&rft.aufirst=William+Somerset&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Stewart+Parnell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiffordSeidman1989172-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGiffordSeidman1989172_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGiffordSeidman1989">Gifford & Seidman 1989</a>, p. 172.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFdes_Lauriers_Cieri1988" class="citation news cs1">des Lauriers Cieri, Carol (29 February 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.csmonitor.com/1988/0229/dbflan.html">"A tale of a famous failed rebellion - the Ireland of Parnell's times"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Christian_Science_Monitor" title="The Christian Science Monitor">The Christian Science Monitor</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Christian+Science+Monitor&rft.atitle=A+tale+of+a+famous+failed+rebellion+-+the+Ireland+of+Parnell%27s+times&rft.date=1988-02-29&rft.aulast=des+Lauriers+Cieri&rft.aufirst=Carol&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.csmonitor.com%2F1988%2F0229%2Fdbflan.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Stewart+Parnell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCahalan1983" class="citation book cs1">Cahalan, James M. (1983). <i>Great Hatred, Little Room The Irish Historical Novel</i>. Syracuse University Press. p. 196.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Great+Hatred%2C+Little+Room+The+Irish+Historical+Novel&rft.pages=196&rft.pub=Syracuse+University+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Cahalan&rft.aufirst=James+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Stewart+Parnell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEssoe1970" class="citation book cs1">Essoe, Gabe (1970). <i>The Films of Clark Gable</i>. Citadel Press. p. 181.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Films+of+Clark+Gable&rft.pages=181&rft.pub=Citadel+Press&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Essoe&rft.aufirst=Gabe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Stewart+Parnell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBabington2002" class="citation book cs1">Babington, Bruce (2002). <i>Launder and Gilliat</i>. Manchester University Press. p. 119.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Launder+and+Gilliat&rft.pages=119&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Babington&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Stewart+Parnell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGregory1997" class="citation book cs1">Gregory, Chris (1997). <i>Be Seeing You: Decoding The Prisoner</i>. University of Luton Press. p. 220.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Be+Seeing+You%3A+Decoding+The+Prisoner&rft.pages=220&rft.pub=University+of+Luton+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Gregory&rft.aufirst=Chris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Stewart+Parnell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts2009" class="citation book cs1">Roberts, Jerry (2009). <i>Encyclopedia of Television Film Directors</i>. Scarecrow Press. p. 65.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Television+Film+Directors&rft.pages=65&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Jerry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Stewart+Parnell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Stewart_Parnell&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBew2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Bew, Paul (23 September 2004). "Parnell, Charles Stewart (1846–1891)". <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F21384">10.1093/ref:odnb/21384</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Parnell%2C+Charles+Stewart+%281846%E2%80%931891%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004-09-23&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F21384&rft.aulast=Bew&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Stewart+Parnell" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBew2011" class="citation book cs1">Bew, Paul (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2974AwAAQBAJ&q=Gladstone%27s+conversion+to+Irish+Home+Rule"><i>Enigma A New Life of Charles Stewart Parnell: Enigma</i></a>. Gill Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7171-5193-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7171-5193-6"><bdi>978-0-7171-5193-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Enigma+A+New+Life+of+Charles+Stewart+Parnell%3A+Enigma&rft.pub=Gill+Books&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-7171-5193-6&rft.aulast=Bew&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2974AwAAQBAJ%26q%3DGladstone%2527s%2Bconversion%2Bto%2BIrish%2BHome%2BRule&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Stewart+Parnell" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyce1990" class="citation book cs1">Boyce, David George (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tLJnAAAAMAAJ"><i>Nineteenth-century Ireland: The Search for Stability</i></a>. Gill and Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7171-1620-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7171-1620-1"><bdi>978-0-7171-1620-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201022170007/https://books.google.com/books?id=tLJnAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 22 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nineteenth-century+Ireland%3A+The+Search+for+Stability&rft.pub=Gill+and+Macmillan&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-7171-1620-1&rft.aulast=Boyce&rft.aufirst=David+George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtLJnAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Stewart+Parnell" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollins2008" class="citation book cs1">Collins, M.E. (2008). <i>Movements For Reform 1870–1914</i>. The Educational Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-8453-6003-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-8453-6003-0"><bdi>978-1-8453-6003-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Movements+For+Reform+1870%E2%80%931914&rft.pub=The+Educational+Company&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-8453-6003-0&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.aufirst=M.E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Stewart+Parnell" class="Z3988"></span> Text for <a href="/wiki/Irish_Leaving_Certificate" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Leaving Certificate">Leaving Certificate History</a> exams, covering Later Modern Irish History, "Topic 2 for <a href="/wiki/GCE_Ordinary_Level" title="GCE Ordinary Level">Ordinary</a> and <a href="/wiki/GCE_Advanced_Level" class="mw-redirect" title="GCE Advanced Level">Higher Level</a>."</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoster1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/R._F._Foster_(historian)" title="R. F. Foster (historian)">Foster, Robert Fitzroy</a> (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/modernireland16000fost/page/n415"><i>Modern Ireland, 1600–1972</i></a>. Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-1401-3250-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-1401-3250-2"><bdi>978-0-1401-3250-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Ireland%2C+1600%E2%80%931972&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-1401-3250-2&rft.aulast=Foster&rft.aufirst=Robert+Fitzroy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmodernireland16000fost%2Fpage%2Fn415&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Stewart+Parnell" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiffordSeidman1989" class="citation book cs1">Gifford, Don; Seidman, Robert J. (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uW5iTi8f_b8C"><i>Ulysses Annotated: Notes for James Joyce's Ulysses</i></a>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-5200-6745-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-5200-6745-5"><bdi>978-0-5200-6745-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200727200926/https://books.google.com/books?id=uW5iTi8f_b8C">Archived</a> from the original on 27 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ulysses+Annotated%3A+Notes+for+James+Joyce%27s+Ulysses&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-5200-6745-5&rft.aulast=Gifford&rft.aufirst=Don&rft.au=Seidman%2C+Robert+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuW5iTi8f_b8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Stewart+Parnell" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHickeyDoherty2003" class="citation book cs1">Hickey, D. J.; Doherty, J. E., eds. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fZRnAAAAMAAJ"><i>A New Dictionary of Irish History from 1800</i></a>. Gill & Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7171-2520-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7171-2520-3"><bdi>978-0-7171-2520-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200727202811/https://books.google.com/books?id=fZRnAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 27 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+New+Dictionary+of+Irish+History+from+1800&rft.pub=Gill+%26+Macmillan&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7171-2520-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfZRnAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Stewart+Parnell" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorgan1948" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Horgan_(Irish_nationalist)" title="John Horgan (Irish nationalist)">Horgan, John J.</a> (1948). <i>Parnell to Pearse</i>. Dublin: Browne and Nolan. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B001A4900Q">B001A4900Q</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Parnell+to+Pearse&rft.place=Dublin&rft.pub=Browne+and+Nolan&rft.date=1948&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB001A4900Q%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=Horgan&rft.aufirst=John+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Stewart+Parnell" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson2003" class="citation book cs1">Jackson, Alvin (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2sljCBmuJkMC"><i>Home Rule: An Irish History, 1800–2000</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-1952-2048-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-1952-2048-3"><bdi>978-0-1952-2048-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200727200949/https://books.google.com/books?id=2sljCBmuJkMC">Archived</a> from the original on 27 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Home+Rule%3A+An+Irish+History%2C+1800%E2%80%932000&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-1952-2048-3&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Alvin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2sljCBmuJkMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Stewart+Parnell" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKee1994" class="citation book cs1">Kee, Robert (1994). <i>The Laurel and the Ivy</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-1402-3962-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-1402-3962-6"><bdi>0-1402-3962-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Laurel+and+the+Ivy&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-1402-3962-6&rft.aulast=Kee&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Stewart+Parnell" class="Z3988"></span> A detailed political biography</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKehoe2008" class="citation book cs1">Kehoe, Elisabeth (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6SEOAQAAMAAJ"><i>Ireland's misfortune: the turbulent life of Kitty O'Shea</i></a>. Atlantic Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-8435-4486-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-8435-4486-9"><bdi>978-1-8435-4486-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200727201311/https://books.google.com/books?id=6SEOAQAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 27 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ireland%27s+misfortune%3A+the+turbulent+life+of+Kitty+O%27Shea&rft.pub=Atlantic+Books&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-8435-4486-9&rft.aulast=Kehoe&rft.aufirst=Elisabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6SEOAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Stewart+Parnell" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKettle1958" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andrew_J._Kettle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andrew J. Kettle (page does not exist)">Kettle, Andrew</a> (1958). Kettle, Laurence J. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WXcZAAAAIAAJ"><i>The Material for Victory: Being the Memoirs of Andrew J. Kettle</i></a>. Dublin: Fallon. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200708230222/https://books.google.com/books?id=WXcZAAAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 8 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Material+for+Victory%3A+Being+the+Memoirs+of+Andrew+J.+Kettle&rft.place=Dublin&rft.pub=Fallon&rft.date=1958&rft.aulast=Kettle&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWXcZAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Stewart+Parnell" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLarkin1961" class="citation journal cs1">Larkin, Emmet (1961). "The Roman Catholic Hierarchy and the Fall of Parnell". <i>Victorian Studies</i>. <b>4</b> (4): 315–336. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3825041">3825041</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Victorian+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Roman+Catholic+Hierarchy+and+the+Fall+of+Parnell&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=315-336&rft.date=1961&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3825041%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Larkin&rft.aufirst=Emmet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Stewart+Parnell" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawlor2010" class="citation magazine cs1">Lawlor, David (April 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyireland.com/18th-19th-century-history/political-priests-the-parnell-split-in-meath/">"Political priests: the Parnell split in Meath"</a>. <i>History Ireland</i>. Vol. 18, no. 2. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140714155905/http://www.historyireland.com/18th-19th-century-history/political-priests-the-parnell-split-in-meath/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 July 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+Ireland&rft.atitle=Political+priests%3A+the+Parnell+split+in+Meath&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2010-04&rft.aulast=Lawlor&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyireland.com%2F18th-19th-century-history%2Fpolitical-priests-the-parnell-split-in-meath%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Stewart+Parnell" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCartneyTravers2006" class="citation book cs1">McCartney, Donal; Travers, Pauric (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eKRnAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Ivy Leaf: The Parnells Remembered : Commemorative Essays</i></a>. Dublin: University College Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-9045-5860-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-9045-5860-6"><bdi>978-1-9045-5860-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200727202631/https://books.google.com/books?id=eKRnAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 27 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ivy+Leaf%3A+The+Parnells+Remembered+%3A+Commemorative+Essays&rft.place=Dublin&rft.pub=University+College+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-9045-5860-6&rft.aulast=McCartney&rft.aufirst=Donal&rft.au=Travers%2C+Pauric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeKRnAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Stewart+Parnell" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagnus1960" class="citation book cs1">Magnus, Sir Philip Montefiore (1960). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZiQuwAEACAAJ"><i>Gladstone: A Biography</i></a>. Dutton. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200727205607/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZiQuwAEACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 27 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gladstone%3A+A+Biography&rft.pub=Dutton&rft.date=1960&rft.aulast=Magnus&rft.aufirst=Sir+Philip+Montefiore&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZiQuwAEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Stewart+Parnell" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaume1999" class="citation book cs1">Maume, Patrick (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=q69DAQAAIAAJ"><i>The long gestation: Irish nationalist life 1891–1918</i></a>. Dublin: Gill & Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7171-2744-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7171-2744-3"><bdi>978-0-7171-2744-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200710125908/https://books.google.com/books?id=q69DAQAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 10 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+long+gestation%3A+Irish+nationalist+life+1891%E2%80%931918&rft.place=Dublin&rft.pub=Gill+%26+Macmillan&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-7171-2744-3&rft.aulast=Maume&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dq69DAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Stewart+Parnell" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Beirne2012" class="citation book cs1">O'Beirne, John Ranelagh (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zAEgAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA161"><i>A Short History of Ireland</i></a> (3 ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 300. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-1397-8926-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-1397-8926-4"><bdi>978-1-1397-8926-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210416080920/https://books.google.com/books?id=zAEgAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA161">Archived</a> from the original on 16 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Short+History+of+Ireland&rft.pages=300&rft.edition=3&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-1397-8926-4&rft.aulast=O%27Beirne&rft.aufirst=John+Ranelagh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzAEgAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA161&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Stewart+Parnell" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Brien1898" class="citation book cs1">O'Brien, R. Barry (1898). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/charlesstewartp00obrgoog"><i>The Life of Charles Stewart Parnell 1846~1891</i></a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/charlesstewartp00obrgoog/page/n153">137</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+of+Charles+Stewart+Parnell+1846~1891&rft.pages=137&rft.date=1898&rft.aulast=O%27Brien&rft.aufirst=R.+Barry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcharlesstewartp00obrgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Stewart+Parnell" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Day1998" class="citation book cs1">O'Day, Alan (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g_6EK8JP4y8C&pg=PA77"><i>Irish Home Rule, 1867–1921</i></a>. Manchester UP. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-3776-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-3776-4"><bdi>978-0-7190-3776-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200727200037/https://books.google.com/books?id=g_6EK8JP4y8C&pg=PA77">Archived</a> from the original on 27 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Irish+Home+Rule%2C+1867%E2%80%931921&rft.pub=Manchester+UP&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-7190-3776-4&rft.aulast=O%27Day&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg_6EK8JP4y8C%26pg%3DPA77&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Stewart+Parnell" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Keefe1984" class="citation journal cs1">O'Keefe, Timothy J. (1984). "The Art And Politics Of The Parnell Monument". <i>Eire-Ireland</i>. <b>19</b> (1): 6–25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Eire-Ireland&rft.atitle=The+Art+And+Politics+Of+The+Parnell+Monument&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=6-25&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=O%27Keefe&rft.aufirst=Timothy+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Stewart+Parnell" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOldstone-Moore1995" class="citation journal cs1">Oldstone-Moore, Christopher (1995). "The Fall of Parnell: Hugh Price Hughes and the Nonconformist Conscience". <i>Éire-Ireland</i>. <b>30</b> (4): 94–110. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Feir.1995.0059">10.1353/eir.1995.0059</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1550-5162">1550-5162</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159212205">159212205</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%C3%89ire-Ireland&rft.atitle=The+Fall+of+Parnell%3A+Hugh+Price+Hughes+and+the+Nonconformist+Conscience&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=94-110&rft.date=1995&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159212205%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1550-5162&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Feir.1995.0059&rft.aulast=Oldstone-Moore&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Stewart+Parnell" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Roberts_(historian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrew Roberts (historian)">Roberts, Andrew</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=psBfQgAACAAJ"><i>Salisbury: Victorian Titan</i></a>. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-2978-1713-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-2978-1713-0"><bdi>978-0-2978-1713-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200727200847/https://books.google.com/books?id=psBfQgAACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 27 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Salisbury%3A+Victorian+Titan&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+%26+Nicolson&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-2978-1713-0&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpsBfQgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Stewart+Parnell" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpecial_Commission1890" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sqpmRXa1rq8C&pg=PA58"><i>Report of the 1888 Special Commission to Inquire into Charges and Allegations Against Certain Members of Parliament and Others</i></a>. H.M. Stationery Office. 1890. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200727200026/https://books.google.com/books?id=sqpmRXa1rq8C&pg=PA58">Archived</a> from the original on 27 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Report+of+the+1888+Special+Commission+to+Inquire+into+Charges+and+Allegations+Against+Certain+Members+of+Parliament+and+Others&rft.pub=H.M.+Stationery+Office&rft.date=1890&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsqpmRXa1rq8C%26pg%3DPA58&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Stewart+Parnell" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor1980" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/A._J._P._Taylor" title="A. J. P. Taylor">Taylor, A. J. P.</a> (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EM-ZAAAAIAAJ"><i>Politicians, Socialism, and Historians</i></a>. H. Hamilton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-2411-0486-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-2411-0486-6"><bdi>978-0-2411-0486-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200727201341/https://books.google.com/books?id=EM-ZAAAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 27 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Politicians%2C+Socialism%2C+and+Historians&rft.pub=H.+Hamilton&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-2411-0486-6&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=A.+J.+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEM-ZAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Stewart+Parnell" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTindall1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_York_Tindall" title="William York Tindall">Tindall, William York</a> (1996). <i>A Reader's Guide to Finnegans Wake</i>. <a href="/wiki/Syracuse_University_Press" title="Syracuse University Press">Syracuse University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8156-0385-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8156-0385-6"><bdi>978-0-8156-0385-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Reader%27s+Guide+to+Finnegans+Wake&rft.pub=Syracuse+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-8156-0385-6&rft.aulast=Tindall&rft.aufirst=William+York&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Stewart+Parnell" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Stewart_Parnell&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBew1980" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Bew" title="Paul Bew">Bew, Paul</a> (1980). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/csparnell00paul/page/n3/mode/2up"><i>Charles Stewart Parnell</i></a></span>. Gill and Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7171-1886-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7171-1886-1"><bdi>978-0-7171-1886-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Charles+Stewart+Parnell&rft.pub=Gill+and+Macmillan&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-7171-1886-1&rft.aulast=Bew&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcsparnell00paul%2Fpage%2Fn3%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Stewart+Parnell" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyceO'Day1991" class="citation book cs1">Boyce, D. George; O'Day, Alan, eds. (1991). <i>Parnell in Perspective</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Parnell+in+Perspective&rft.date=1991&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Stewart+Parnell" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrady1883" class="citation book cs1">Brady, William Maziere (1883). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Rome and Fenianism: The Pope's Anti-Parnellite Circular"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Rome_and_Fenianism:_The_Pope%27s_Anti-Parnellite_Circular"><i>Rome and Fenianism: The Pope's Anti-Parnellite Circular</i> </a></span> (1 ed.). London: Robert Washbourne.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rome+and+Fenianism%3A+The+Pope%27s+Anti-Parnellite+Circular&rft.place=London&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Robert+Washbourne&rft.date=1883&rft.aulast=Brady&rft.aufirst=William+Maziere&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Stewart+Parnell" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCallanan1992" class="citation book cs1">Callanan, Frank (1992). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/parnellsplit189000fran"><i>The Parnell Split, 1890–91</i></a></span>. Syracuse University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Parnell+Split%2C+1890%E2%80%9391&rft.pub=Syracuse+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Callanan&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fparnellsplit189000fran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Stewart+Parnell" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Parnell, Charles Stewart"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Parnell,_Charles_Stewart">"Parnell, Charles Stewart" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 20 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Parnell%2C+Charles+Stewart&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Stewart+Parnell" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_English" title="Richard English">English, Richard</a>. <i>Irish Freedom: A History of Nationalism in Ireland</i> (Macmillan, 2007)</li> <li>Finnegan, Orla and Ian Cawood. "The Fall of Parnell: Orla Finnegan and Ian Cawood Show That the Reasons for Parnell's Fall in 1890 Are Not as Straightforward as They May Appear at First Sight," <i>History Review</i> (Dec. 2003) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/article/1G1-111768523/the-fall-of-parnell-orla-finnegan-and-ian-cawood">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlynn2005" class="citation journal cs1">Flynn, Kevin Haddick (4 April 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historytoday.com/archive/parnell-rebel-prince">"Parnell, The Rebel Prince"</a>. <i>History Today</i>. <b>55</b>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190530062601/https://www.historytoday.com/archive/parnell-rebel-prince">Archived</a> from the original on 30 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+Today&rft.atitle=Parnell%2C+The+Rebel+Prince&rft.volume=55&rft.date=2005-04-04&rft.aulast=Flynn&rft.aufirst=Kevin+Haddick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historytoday.com%2Farchive%2Fparnell-rebel-prince&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Stewart+Parnell" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Foster, R. F. <i>Vivid Faces: The Revolutionary Generation in Ireland, 1890–1923</i> (2015) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Vivid-Faces-Revolutionary-Generation-1890-1923/dp/0393082792/">excerpt</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160528234047/http://www.amazon.com/Vivid-Faces-Revolutionary-Generation-1890-1923/dp/0393082792">Archived</a> 28 May 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrison1931" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Harrison_(MP)" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Harrison (MP)">Harrison, Henry</a> (1931). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3DkGAQAAIAAJ"><i>Parnell Vindicated: The Lifting of the Veil</i></a>. Constable. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200727210743/https://books.google.com/books?id=3DkGAQAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 27 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Parnell+Vindicated%3A+The+Lifting+of+the+Veil&rft.pub=Constable&rft.date=1931&rft.aulast=Harrison&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3DkGAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Stewart+Parnell" class="Z3988"></span> Harrison's two books defending Parnell were published in 1931 and 1938. They have had a major impact on Irish historiography, leading to a more favourable view of Parnell's role in the O'Shea affair. <a href="#CITEREFLyons1973">Lyons 1973</a>, p. 324 commented that Harrison "did more than anyone else to uncover what seems to have been the true facts" about the Parnell-O'Shea liaison.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHouston2017" class="citation journal cs1">Houston, Lloyd (Meadhbh) (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:341ead28-9efd-477b-953d-65e8fd90ac7c">"A portrait of the chief as a general paralytic: rhetorics of sexual pathology in the Parnell split"</a>. <i>Irish Studies Review</i>. <b>25</b> (4): 472–492. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09670882.2017.1371105">10.1080/09670882.2017.1371105</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:149234858">149234858</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210416091633/https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:341ead28-9efd-477b-953d-65e8fd90ac7c">Archived</a> from the original on 16 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Irish+Studies+Review&rft.atitle=A+portrait+of+the+chief+as+a+general+paralytic%3A+rhetorics+of+sexual+pathology+in+the+Parnell+split&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=472-492&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09670882.2017.1371105&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A149234858%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Houston&rft.aufirst=Lloyd+%28Meadhbh%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fora.ox.ac.uk%2Fobjects%2Fuuid%3A341ead28-9efd-477b-953d-65e8fd90ac7c&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Stewart+Parnell" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_%C3%93_Broin" title="Leon Ó Broin">León Ó Broin</a>. <i>Parnell</i> (Dublin: Oifig an tSoláthair 1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Kee" title="Robert Kee">Kee, Robert</a>. <i>The Green Flag</i>, (Penguin, 1972) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-1402-9165-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-1402-9165-2">0-1402-9165-2</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee1896" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Lee" title="Sidney Lee">Lee, Sidney</a>, ed. (1896). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Parnell, Charles Stewart"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Parnell,_Charles_Stewart">"Parnell, Charles Stewart" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Dictionary of National Biography</a></i>. Vol. 46. London: Smith, Elder & Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Parnell%2C+Charles+Stewart&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Smith%2C+Elder+%26+Co&rft.date=1896&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Stewart+Parnell" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLyons1973a" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/F._S._L._Lyons" title="F. S. L. Lyons">Lyons, F. S. L.</a> (1973a). "The Political Ideas of Parnell". <i>Historical Journal</i>. <b>16</b> (4): 749–775. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0018246X00003939">10.1017/S0018246X00003939</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2638281">2638281</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153781140">153781140</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Historical+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Political+Ideas+of+Parnell&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=749-775&rft.date=1973&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153781140%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2638281%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0018246X00003939&rft.aulast=Lyons&rft.aufirst=F.+S.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Stewart+Parnell" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F._S._L._Lyons" title="F. S. L. Lyons">Lyons, F. S. L.</a> <i>. The Fall of Parnell, 1890–91</i> (1960) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160306155623/https://www.questia.com/library/494558/the-fall-of-parnell-1890-91">Archived</a> 6 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLyons1977" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/F._S._L._Lyons" title="F. S. L. Lyons">Lyons, F. S. L.</a> (1977). <i>Charles Stewart Parnell</i>. Gill & Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-0021-1682-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-0021-1682-0"><bdi>0-0021-1682-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL4611072M">4611072M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Charles+Stewart+Parnell&rft.pub=Gill+%26+Macmillan&rft.date=1977&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL4611072M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=0-0021-1682-0&rft.aulast=Lyons&rft.aufirst=F.+S.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Stewart+Parnell" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMastony2010" class="citation news cs1">Mastony, Colleen (1 September 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-2010-09-01-ct-met-first-police-woman-20100901-story.html">"Was Chicago home to the country's 1st female cop?"</a>. <i>Chicago Tribune</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200509050831/https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-2010-09-01-ct-met-first-police-woman-20100901-story.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=Was+Chicago+home+to+the+country%27s+1st+female+cop%3F&rft.date=2010-09-01&rft.aulast=Mastony&rft.aufirst=Colleen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagotribune.com%2Fnews%2Fct-xpm-2010-09-01-ct-met-first-police-woman-20100901-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Stewart+Parnell" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_McCarthy_(1830%E2%80%931912)" class="mw-redirect" title="Justin McCarthy (1830–1912)">McCarthy, Justin</a>, <i>A History of Our Own Times</i> (Vols. I–IV 1879–1880; Vol. V 1897); reprinted in paperback <a href="/wiki/Inter_alia#inter_alia" class="mw-redirect" title="Inter alia">i.a.</a> by <a href="/wiki/Nabu_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Nabu Press">Nabu Press</a>, 2010, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-1778-8693-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-1778-8693-2">978-1-1778-8693-2</a><br />When Parnell was rejected by the majority of his parliamentary party, McCarthy assumed its chairmanship, a position which he held until 1896.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMulhall2010" class="citation journal cs1">Mulhall, Daniel (2010). "Parallel Parnell: Parnell delivers Home Rule on 1904". <i>History Ireland</i>. <b>18</b> (3): 30–33.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+Ireland&rft.atitle=Parallel+Parnell%3A+Parnell+delivers+Home+Rule+on+1904&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=30-33&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Mulhall&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Stewart+Parnell" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurphy1986" class="citation book cs1">Murphy, William Michael (1986). <i>The Parnell myth and Irish politics, 1891–1956</i>. Lang.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Parnell+myth+and+Irish+politics%2C+1891%E2%80%931956&rft.pub=Lang&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Murphy&rft.aufirst=William+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Stewart+Parnell" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Stewart_Parnell&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output 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class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Charles_Stewart_Parnell" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Charles Stewart Parnell">Charles Stewart Parnell</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, 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1803–2005: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/people/mr-charles-parnell">contributions in Parliament by Charles Stewart Parnell</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament of the United Kingdom</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Martin_(Young_Irelander)" title="John Martin (Young Irelander)">John Martin</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Ennis" title="Nicholas Ennis">Nicholas Ennis</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Member of Parliament for <a href="/wiki/Meath_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Meath (UK Parliament constituency)">Meath</a> </b><br />1875–1880 <br />With: <b> <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Ennis" title="Nicholas Ennis">Nicholas Ennis</a> to April 1880<br /><a href="/wiki/Robert_Henry_Metge" title="Robert Henry Metge">Robert Henry Metge</a> from April 1880 </b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Martin_Sullivan" title="Alexander Martin Sullivan">Alexander Martin Sullivan</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Robert_Henry_Metge" title="Robert Henry Metge">Robert Henry Metge</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Daniel_Murphy" title="Nicholas Daniel Murphy">Nicholas Daniel Murphy</a><br /><a href="/wiki/William_Goulding" title="William Goulding">William Goulding</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Member of Parliament for <a href="/wiki/Cork_City_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Cork City (UK Parliament constituency)">Cork City</a> </b><br /><a href="/wiki/1880_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1880 United Kingdom general election">1880</a>–1891 <br />With: <b> <a href="/wiki/John_Daly_(MP)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Daly (MP)">John Daly</a> 1880–1882<br /><a href="/wiki/John_Deasy_(MP)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Deasy (MP)">John Deasy</a> 1882–1884<br /><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Healy" title="Maurice Healy">Maurice Healy</a> from 1884 </b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Flavin_(politician)" title="Martin Flavin (politician)">Martin Flavin</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Healy" title="Maurice Healy">Maurice Healy</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output 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0.25em"> <ul><li>1873: <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Butt" title="Isaac Butt">Isaac Butt</a></li> <li>1879: <a href="/wiki/William_Shaw_(Irish_politician)" title="William Shaw (Irish politician)">William Shaw</a></li> <li>1880: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Charles Stewart Parnell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Irish_National_League" title="Irish National League">Irish National League</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1882: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Charles Stewart Parnell</a></li> <li>1891: <a href="/wiki/John_Redmond" title="John Redmond">John Redmond</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Irish_National_Federation" title="Irish National Federation">Irish National Federation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1891: <a href="/wiki/Justin_McCarthy_(1830%E2%80%931912)" class="mw-redirect" title="Justin McCarthy (1830–1912)">Justin McCarthy</a></li> <li>1896: <a href="/wiki/John_Dillon" title="John Dillon">John Dillon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Irish_Parliamentary_Party" title="Irish Parliamentary Party">Irish Parliamentary Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1900: <a href="/wiki/John_Redmond" title="John Redmond">John Redmond</a></li> <li>1918: <a href="/wiki/John_Dillon" title="John Dillon">John Dillon</a></li> <li>1918: <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Devlin" title="Joseph Devlin">Joe Devlin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Party_(Northern_Ireland)" title="Nationalist 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J. Campbell</a></li> <li>1945: <a href="/wiki/James_McSparran" title="James McSparran">James McSparran</a></li> <li>1958: <a href="/wiki/Joe_Stewart_(politician)" title="Joe Stewart (politician)">Joe Stewart</a></li> <li>1964: <a href="/wiki/Eddie_McAteer" title="Eddie McAteer">Eddie McAteer</a></li> <li>1969: <a href="/wiki/Roderick_O%27Connor_(politician)" title="Roderick O'Connor (politician)">Roderick O'Connor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000083678669">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/29556513">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/17241/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJrgHBJQBDH4vg4GgwdG73">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118789716">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50050776">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12066319c">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12066319c">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36445105">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=mub2017954657&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p070890773">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=146852">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810530244105606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/108105">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007296201205171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1257047">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Parnell, Charles Stewart"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3318/dib.007199.v1">Ireland</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118789716.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/028929209">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w61n892b">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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