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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Different concepts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Different_concepts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Struggle_for_home_rule" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Struggle_for_home_rule"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Struggle for home rule</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Struggle_for_home_rule-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adversary_Lords" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adversary_Lords"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Adversary Lords</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adversary_Lords-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Home_Rule_bills" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Home_Rule_bills"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Home Rule bills</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Home_Rule_bills-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Home_Rule_in_sight" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Home_Rule_in_sight"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Home Rule in sight</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Home_Rule_in_sight-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Changed_realities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Changed_realities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Changed realities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Changed_realities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Home_Rule_enacted" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Home_Rule_enacted"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Home Rule enacted</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Home_Rule_enacted-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> 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class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Irish Home Rule movement</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 24 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-24" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">24 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%83%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="حركة الحكم الداخلي الأيرلندية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حركة الحكم الداخلي الأيرلندية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0rlandiya_Homrul_h%C9%99r%C9%99kat%C4%B1" title="İrlandiya Homrul hərəkatı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İrlandiya Homrul hərəkatı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_Rule_(Irlanda)" title="Home Rule (Irlanda) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Home Rule (Irlanda)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_Rule_(Irlanda)" title="Home Rule (Irlanda) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Home Rule (Irlanda)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_Rule_(Irlanda)" title="Home Rule (Irlanda) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Home Rule (Irlanda)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_Rule_(Irlande)" title="Home Rule (Irlande) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Home Rule (Irlande)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rialtas_D%C3%BAchais" title="Rialtas Dúchais – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Rialtas Dúchais" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_Rule_en_Irlanda" title="Home Rule en Irlanda – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Home Rule en Irlanda" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%B8%D5%B4%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AC" title="Հոմրուլ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հոմրուլ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A8" title="आयरलैंड का होम रूल आन्दोलन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="आयरलैंड का होम रूल आन्दोलन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irska_autonomija" title="Irska autonomija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Irska autonomija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_Rule_(Irland)" title="Home Rule (Irland) – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Home Rule (Irland)" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="ჰომრული – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჰომრული" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Гомруль – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Гомруль" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Home_Rule_movement" title="Irish Home Rule movement – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Irish Home Rule movement" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gomrul" title="Gomrul – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Gomrul" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_rule" title="Home rule – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Home rule" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Гомруль – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гомруль" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Home_Rule" title="Irish Home Rule – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Irish Home Rule" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irska_autonomija" title="Irska autonomija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Irska autonomija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_rule" title="Home rule – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Home rule" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houmrul" title="Houmrul – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Houmrul" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Гомрул – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гомрул" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%84%9B%E7%88%BE%E8%98%AD%E8%87%AA%E6%B2%BB%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95" title="愛爾蘭自治運動 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="愛爾蘭自治運動" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7467819#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> 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searchaux" style="display:none">Political campaign for self-government (1870–1918)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Home_Rule-_%27Oh!_Henry_where_did_you_get_that_cigar_and_why_are_you_smoking_it%3F%27_(22906005345).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Home_Rule-_%27Oh%21_Henry_where_did_you_get_that_cigar_and_why_are_you_smoking_it%3F%27_%2822906005345%29.jpg/300px-Home_Rule-_%27Oh%21_Henry_where_did_you_get_that_cigar_and_why_are_you_smoking_it%3F%27_%2822906005345%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Home_Rule-_%27Oh%21_Henry_where_did_you_get_that_cigar_and_why_are_you_smoking_it%3F%27_%2822906005345%29.jpg/450px-Home_Rule-_%27Oh%21_Henry_where_did_you_get_that_cigar_and_why_are_you_smoking_it%3F%27_%2822906005345%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Home_Rule-_%27Oh%21_Henry_where_did_you_get_that_cigar_and_why_are_you_smoking_it%3F%27_%2822906005345%29.jpg/600px-Home_Rule-_%27Oh%21_Henry_where_did_you_get_that_cigar_and_why_are_you_smoking_it%3F%27_%2822906005345%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5010" data-file-height="3800" /></a><figcaption>Cartoon: British Liberal Party politicians are forced to endure the stink of <a href="/wiki/Sir_Henry_Campbell-Bannerman" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman">Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman</a>'s "cigar" of Irish Home Rule. Former Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Archibald_Primrose,_5th_Earl_of_Rosebery" title="Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery">Lord Rosebery</a> (left) and future Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/H._H._Asquith" title="H. H. Asquith">H. H. Asquith</a> (right) both regarded Home Rule as an electoral liability for the Liberals.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b> Home Rule movement</b> was a movement that campaigned for <a href="/wiki/Devolution" title="Devolution">self-government</a> (or "home rule") for Ireland within the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland</a>. It was the dominant political movement of <a href="/wiki/Irish_nationalism" title="Irish nationalism">Irish nationalism</a> from 1870 to the end of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Butt" title="Isaac Butt">Isaac Butt</a> founded the <a href="/wiki/Home_Government_Association" title="Home Government Association">Home Government Association</a> in 1870. This was succeeded in 1873 by the <a href="/wiki/Home_Rule_League" title="Home Rule League">Home Rule League</a>, and in 1882 by the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Parliamentary_Party" title="Irish Parliamentary Party">Irish Parliamentary Party</a>. These organisations campaigned for home rule in the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">British House of Commons</a>. Under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Stewart_Parnell" title="Charles Stewart Parnell">Charles Stewart Parnell</a>, the movement came close to success when the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(UK)" title="Liberal Party (UK)">Liberal</a> government of <a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">William Ewart Gladstone</a> introduced the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Ireland_Bill_1886" title="Government of Ireland Bill 1886">First Home Rule Bill</a> in 1886, but the bill was defeated in the House of Commons after a split in the Liberal Party. After Parnell's death, Gladstone introduced the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Ireland_Bill_1893" title="Government of Ireland Bill 1893">Second Home Rule Bill</a> in 1893; it passed the Commons but was defeated in the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a>. After the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_Acts_1911_and_1949" title="Parliament Acts 1911 and 1949">removal of the Lords' veto in 1911</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Ireland_Act_1914" title="Government of Ireland Act 1914">Third Home Rule Bill</a> was introduced in 1912, leading to the <a href="/wiki/Home_Rule_Crisis" title="Home Rule Crisis">Home Rule Crisis</a>. Shortly after the outbreak of World War I it was enacted, but implementation <a href="/wiki/Suspensory_Act_1914" title="Suspensory Act 1914">was suspended</a> until the conclusion of the war. </p><p>Following the <a href="/wiki/Easter_Rising" title="Easter Rising">Easter Rising</a> of 1916, particularly the <a href="/wiki/Easter_Rising#Arrests_and_executions" title="Easter Rising">arrests and executions that followed it</a>, public support shifted from the Home Rule movement to the more radical <a href="/wiki/Sinn_F%C3%A9in#1905–1922" title="Sinn Féin">Sinn Féin</a> party. In the <a href="/wiki/1918_Irish_general_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1918 Irish general election">1918 General Election</a> the Irish Parliamentary Party suffered a crushing defeat with only a handful of MPs surviving, effectively dealing a death blow to the Home Rule movement. The elected Sinn Féin MPs were not content merely with home rule within the framework of the United Kingdom; they instead set up a revolutionary legislature, <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1il_%C3%89ireann" title="Dáil Éireann">Dáil Éireann</a>, and declared Ireland an independent republic. Britain passed a Fourth Home Rule Bill, the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Ireland_Act_1920" title="Government of Ireland Act 1920">Government of Ireland Act 1920</a>, aimed at creating separate parliaments for <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southern_Ireland_(1921%E2%80%9322)" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Ireland (1921–22)">Southern Ireland</a>. The former was established in 1921, and the territory continues to this day as part of the United Kingdom, but the latter never functioned. Following the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Irish_Treaty" title="Anglo-Irish Treaty">Anglo-Irish Treaty</a> that ended the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Irish_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Irish War">Anglo-Irish War</a>, twenty-six of Ireland's thirty-two <a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Ireland" title="Counties of Ireland">counties</a> became, in December 1922, the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Irish Free State</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Dominion" title="Dominion">dominion</a> within the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> which later evolved into the present <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_background">Historical background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_Home_Rule_movement&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Historical background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Under the <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Union_1800" class="mw-redirect" title="Act of Union 1800">Act of Union 1800</a>, the separate Kingdoms of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Kingdom of Ireland">Ireland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Great Britain</a> were merged on 1 January 1801 to form the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Throughout the 19th century, Irish opposition to the Union was strong, occasionally erupting in violent insurrection. In the 1830s and 1840s, attempts had been made under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Daniel_O%27Connell" title="Daniel O'Connell">Daniel O'Connell</a> and his <a href="/wiki/Repeal_Association" title="Repeal Association">Repeal Association</a> to repeal the Act of Union and restore the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Kingdom of Ireland">Kingdom of Ireland</a>, without breaking the monarchical connection with <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a> (i.e., <a href="/wiki/Personal_union" title="Personal union">personal union</a>). The movement collapsed when O'Connell called off a meeting at <a href="/wiki/Clontarf,_Dublin" title="Clontarf, Dublin">Clontarf, Dublin</a>, which had been banned by the authorities.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Until the 1870s, most Irish voters elected members of the main British political parties, the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(UK)" title="Liberal Party (UK)">Liberals</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservatives</a>, as their <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Member of Parliament">Members of Parliament</a> (MPs). The Conservatives, for example, won a majority in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_general_election,_1859_(Ireland)" class="mw-redirect" title="United Kingdom general election, 1859 (Ireland)">1859 general election in Ireland</a>. Conservatives and (after 1886) <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Unionist_Party" title="Liberal Unionist Party">Liberal Unionists</a> fiercely resisted any dilution of the Act of Union, and in 1891 formed the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Unionist_Alliance" title="Irish Unionist Alliance">Irish Unionist Alliance</a> to oppose home rule. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Different_concepts">Different concepts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_Home_Rule_movement&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Different concepts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Home_life_of_peasants_compared_to_the_middle_class_Wellcome_V0050345.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Home_life_of_peasants_compared_to_the_middle_class_Wellcome_V0050345.jpg/220px-Home_life_of_peasants_compared_to_the_middle_class_Wellcome_V0050345.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Home_life_of_peasants_compared_to_the_middle_class_Wellcome_V0050345.jpg/330px-Home_life_of_peasants_compared_to_the_middle_class_Wellcome_V0050345.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Home_life_of_peasants_compared_to_the_middle_class_Wellcome_V0050345.jpg/440px-Home_life_of_peasants_compared_to_the_middle_class_Wellcome_V0050345.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3096" data-file-height="2256" /></a><figcaption>Anti-Home Rule cartoon, 1891: it claims that Home Rule will bring economic benefits to <a href="/wiki/Middle_class" title="Middle class">middle class</a> "patriots", but ruin to the <a href="/wiki/Peasantry" class="mw-redirect" title="Peasantry">peasantry</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The term "Home Rule" (<a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a>: <i lang="ga">Rialtas Dúchais</i><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), first used in the 1860s, meant an Irish legislature with responsibility for domestic affairs. It was variously interpreted, from the 1870s was seen to be part of a federal system for the United Kingdom: a domestic Parliament for Ireland while the Imperial Parliament at <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Westminster" title="Palace of Westminster">Westminster</a> would continue to have responsibility for Imperial affairs. The Republican concept as represented by the <a href="/wiki/Fenian" title="Fenian">Fenians</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Republican_Brotherhood" title="Irish Republican Brotherhood">Irish Republican Brotherhood</a>, strove to achieve total separation from Great Britain, if necessary by physical force, and complete autonomy for Ireland. For a while they were prepared to co-operate with <a href="/wiki/Home_Rule_League" title="Home Rule League">Home Rulers</a> under the <a href="/wiki/New_Departure_(Ireland)" title="New Departure (Ireland)">"New Departure"</a>. In 1875 <a href="/wiki/John_O%27Connor_Power" title="John O'Connor Power">John O'Connor Power</a> told a New York audience that "[Ireland] has elected a body of representatives whose mission is simply – I almost said solely – but certainly whose mission is particularly to offer unrelenting hostility to every British Ministry while one link of the imperial chain remains to fetter the constitutional freedom of the Irish nation."<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Stewart_Parnell" title="Charles Stewart Parnell">Charles Stewart Parnell</a> sought through the "constitutional movement", as an interim measure a parliament in <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a> with limited legislative powers. For <a href="/wiki/Unionism_(Ireland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Unionism (Ireland)">Unionists</a>, Home Rule meant a Dublin parliament dominated by the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> to the detriment of Ireland's economic progress, a threat to their cultural identity as both British and Irish and possible discrimination against them as a religious minority.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In England the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(UK)" title="Liberal Party (UK)">Liberal Party</a> under <a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">William Ewart Gladstone</a> was fully committed to introducing Home Rule whereas the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservatives</a> tried to alleviate any need for it through "constructive unionism". This was chiefly embodied by the passing acts of parliament and enacting ministerial decisions viewed as addressing Ireland's problems and political demands during Conservative periods of government such as <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Balfour" title="Arthur Balfour">Balfour</a>'s decision as <a href="/wiki/Chief_Secretary_for_Ireland" title="Chief Secretary for Ireland">Chief Secretary for Ireland</a> to create the <a href="/wiki/Congested_Districts_Board_for_Ireland" title="Congested Districts Board for Ireland">Congested Districts Board</a>, his earlier push for the <a href="/wiki/Purchase_of_Land_(Ireland)_Act_1885" title="Purchase of Land (Ireland) Act 1885">1885 Purchase of Land Act</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Land_Acts_(Ireland)" title="Land Acts (Ireland)">1887 Land Law (Ireland) Act</a> which expanded the Liberal's <a href="/wiki/Land_Law_(Ireland)_Act_1881" title="Land Law (Ireland) Act 1881">1881 loan programme</a> for small farmers to purchase lands (the programme overall was in response to the <a href="/wiki/Plan_of_Campaign" title="Plan of Campaign">Plan of Campaign</a> by Irish MPs), or the later Conservative government's implementation of the <a href="/wiki/Local_Government_(Ireland)_Act_1898" title="Local Government (Ireland) Act 1898">Local Government (Ireland) Act of 1898</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_Stewart_Parnell_at_meeting.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Charles_Stewart_Parnell_at_meeting.jpg/170px-Charles_Stewart_Parnell_at_meeting.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Charles_Stewart_Parnell_at_meeting.jpg/255px-Charles_Stewart_Parnell_at_meeting.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Charles_Stewart_Parnell_at_meeting.jpg/340px-Charles_Stewart_Parnell_at_meeting.jpg 2x" data-file-width="429" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Charles_Stewart_Parnell" title="Charles Stewart Parnell">Charles Stewart Parnell</a> addressing a meeting</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Struggle_for_home_rule">Struggle for home rule</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_Home_Rule_movement&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Struggle for home rule"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Irish_Home_Rule_movement" title="Special:EditPage/Irish Home Rule movement">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2015</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Former Conservative barrister <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Butt" title="Isaac Butt">Isaac Butt</a> was instrumental in fostering links between Constitutional and Revolutionary nationalism through his representation of members of the <a href="/wiki/Fenian" title="Fenian">Fenian</a> Society in court. In May 1870, he established a new moderate nationalist movement, the <a href="/wiki/Home_Government_Association" title="Home Government Association">Irish Home Government Association</a>. In November 1873, under the chairmanship of <a href="/wiki/William_Shaw_(Irish_politician)" title="William Shaw (Irish politician)">William Shaw</a>, it reconstituted itself as the <a href="/wiki/Home_Rule_League" title="Home Rule League">Home Rule League</a>. The League's goal was limited self-government for Ireland as part of the United Kingdom. In the <a href="/wiki/1874_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1874 United Kingdom general election">1874 general election</a>, League-affiliated candidates won 53 seats in Parliament. </p><p>Butt died in 1879. In 1880, a radical young Protestant landowner, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Stewart_Parnell" title="Charles Stewart Parnell">Charles Stewart Parnell</a> became chairman, and in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_general_election,_1880_(Ireland)" class="mw-redirect" title="United Kingdom general election, 1880 (Ireland)">1880 general election</a>, the League won 63 seats. In 1882, Parnell turned the Home Rule League into the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Parliamentary_Party" title="Irish Parliamentary Party">Irish Parliamentary Party</a> (IPP), a formally organized party which became a major political force. The IPP came to dominate Irish politics, to the exclusion of the previous Liberal, Conservative, and Unionist parties that had existed there. In the <a href="/wiki/1885_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1885 United Kingdom general election">1885 general election</a>, the IPP won 85 out of the 103 Irish seats; another Home Rule MP was elected for <a href="/wiki/Liverpool_Scotland_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Liverpool Scotland (UK Parliament constituency)">Liverpool Scotland</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Adversary_Lords">Adversary Lords</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_Home_Rule_movement&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Adversary Lords"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Irish_Home_Rule_movement" title="Special:EditPage/Irish Home Rule movement">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2015</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gladstone_debate_on_Irish_Home_Rule_8th_April_1886_ILN.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Gladstone_debate_on_Irish_Home_Rule_8th_April_1886_ILN.jpg/220px-Gladstone_debate_on_Irish_Home_Rule_8th_April_1886_ILN.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Gladstone_debate_on_Irish_Home_Rule_8th_April_1886_ILN.jpg/330px-Gladstone_debate_on_Irish_Home_Rule_8th_April_1886_ILN.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Gladstone_debate_on_Irish_Home_Rule_8th_April_1886_ILN.jpg/440px-Gladstone_debate_on_Irish_Home_Rule_8th_April_1886_ILN.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="407" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a> at a debate on the Irish Home Rule Bill, 8 April 1886</figcaption></figure> <p>Two attempts were made by <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(UK)" title="Liberal Party (UK)">Liberals</a> under British Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">William Ewart Gladstone</a> to enact home rule bills. Gladstone, impressed by Parnell, had become personally committed to granting Irish home rule in 1885. With a three-hour <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Irish_Home_Rule_Speech" class="extiw" title="s:Irish Home Rule Speech">Irish Home Rule speech</a> Gladstone beseeched parliament to pass the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Ireland_Bill_1886" title="Government of Ireland Bill 1886">Government of Ireland Bill 1886</a>, and grant home rule to Ireland in honour rather than being compelled to do so one day in humiliation. The bill was defeated in the Commons by 30 votes. </p><p>The Bill led to <a href="/wiki/1886_Belfast_riots" title="1886 Belfast riots">serious riots in Belfast</a> during the summer and autumn of 1886 in which many were killed, and was the cause of a split in the Liberal Party. The <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Unionists" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal Unionists">Liberal Unionists</a> allied with <a href="/wiki/Lord_Salisbury" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Salisbury">Lord Salisbury</a>'s Conservatives on the issue of Home Rule until formally merging in 1912. The defeat of the bill caused Gladstone to lose office. </p><p>After returning to government after the <a href="/wiki/1892_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1892 United Kingdom general election">1892 general election</a> Gladstone, made a second attempt to introduce Irish Home Rule following Parnell's death with the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Ireland_Bill_1893" title="Government of Ireland Bill 1893">Government of Ireland Bill 1893</a>. This bill was drafted in secret and considered flawed.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (July 2024)">by whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> It was steered through <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">the Commons</a> by <a href="/wiki/William_O%27Brien" title="William O'Brien">William O'Brien</a>, with a majority of 30 votes, only to be defeated in the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative</a>'s pro-<a href="/wiki/Unionists_(Ireland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Unionists (Ireland)">unionist</a> majority controlled <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a>. </p><p>In 1894, the new Liberal leader <a href="/wiki/Lord_Rosebery" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Rosebery">Lord Rosebery</a> adopted the policy of promising Salisbury that the majority vote of English MPs would have a veto on any future Irish Home Rule Bills. The Nationalist movement divided in the 1890s. The Liberals lost the 1895 general election and their Conservative opponents remained in power until 1905. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Home_Rule_bills">Home Rule bills</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_Home_Rule_movement&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Home Rule bills"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Queensland_Figaro_and_Punch,_cover_16_March_1889.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Queensland_Figaro_and_Punch%2C_cover_16_March_1889.png/300px-Queensland_Figaro_and_Punch%2C_cover_16_March_1889.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="401" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Queensland_Figaro_and_Punch%2C_cover_16_March_1889.png/450px-Queensland_Figaro_and_Punch%2C_cover_16_March_1889.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Queensland_Figaro_and_Punch%2C_cover_16_March_1889.png/600px-Queensland_Figaro_and_Punch%2C_cover_16_March_1889.png 2x" data-file-width="749" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption><i>Queensland Figaro and Punch</i> cover, 16 March 1889, depicting <a href="/wiki/Irish_Australian" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Australian">Irish Australians</a> offering enthusiastic support to <a href="/wiki/Charles_Stewart_Parnell" title="Charles Stewart Parnell">Parnell</a>'s struggle for Home Rule.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Home_Rule_Club,_Kilkenny.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Home_Rule_Club%2C_Kilkenny.jpg/220px-Home_Rule_Club%2C_Kilkenny.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Home_Rule_Club%2C_Kilkenny.jpg/330px-Home_Rule_Club%2C_Kilkenny.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Home_Rule_Club%2C_Kilkenny.jpg/440px-Home_Rule_Club%2C_Kilkenny.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>The Home Rule Club, <a href="/wiki/Kilkenny" title="Kilkenny">Kilkenny</a>, founded in 1894</figcaption></figure> <p>The four Irish Home Rule <a href="/wiki/Bill_(proposed_law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bill (proposed law)">bills</a> introduced in the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">House of Commons of the United Kingdom</a> during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, were intended to grant self-government and national autonomy to the whole of Ireland within the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland</a> and reverse parts of the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1800" title="Acts of Union 1800">Acts of Union 1800</a>. Of the two that passed the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Westminster" title="Palace of Westminster">Parliament of the United Kingdom</a> the Third Bill, enacted as the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Ireland_Act_1914" title="Government of Ireland Act 1914">Government of Ireland Act 1914</a> and then suspended, while the Fourth Bill, enacted as the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Ireland_Act_1920" title="Government of Ireland Act 1920">Government of Ireland Act 1920</a> established two separate Home Rule territories in Ireland, of which the one was implemented by the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Parliament of Northern Ireland">Parliament of Northern Ireland</a>, but the second <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Southern_Ireland" title="Parliament of Southern Ireland">Parliament of Southern Ireland</a> was not implemented in the rest of Ireland. The bills were: </p> <ul><li>1886: <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Ireland_Bill_1886" title="Government of Ireland Bill 1886">First Irish Home Rule Bill</a> defeated in the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">House of Commons</a> and never introduced in the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a>.</li> <li>1893: <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Ireland_Bill_1893" title="Government of Ireland Bill 1893">Second Irish Home Rule Bill</a> passed the House of Commons, but defeated in the House of Lords.</li> <li>1912–14: <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Ireland_Act_1914" title="Government of Ireland Act 1914">Third Irish Home Rule Bill</a> passed under the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_Acts_1911_and_1949" title="Parliament Acts 1911 and 1949">Parliament Act</a> after House of Lords defeats, with <a href="/wiki/Royal_assent" title="Royal assent">royal assent</a> as the Government of Ireland Act 1914 but never came into force, due to the intervention of World War I (1914–18) and of the <a href="/wiki/Easter_Rising" title="Easter Rising">Easter Rising</a> in Dublin (1916).</li> <li>1920: <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Ireland_Act_1920" title="Government of Ireland Act 1920">Fourth Irish Home Rule Act</a> (replaced Third Act, passed and implemented as the Government of Ireland Act 1920) which established <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> as a Home Rule entity within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, and attempted to establish <a href="/wiki/Southern_Ireland_(1921%E2%80%9322)" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Ireland (1921–22)">Southern Ireland</a> as another but instead resulted in the <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Ireland" title="Partition of Ireland">partition of Ireland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Irish_Treaty" title="Anglo-Irish Treaty">Irish independence</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State_Constitution_Act_1922" title="Irish Free State Constitution Act 1922">Irish Free State Constitution Act 1922</a>.</li></ul> <p>In 1920 the unionist peer <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Spring_Rice,_2nd_Baron_Monteagle_of_Brandon" title="Thomas Spring Rice, 2nd Baron Monteagle of Brandon">Lord Monteagle of Brandon</a> proposed his own Dominion of Ireland Bill in the House of Lords, at the same time as the Government bill was passing through the house.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This bill would have given a united Ireland extensive home rule over all domestic matters as a dominion within the empire, with foreign affairs and defence remaining the responsibility of the Westminster government. Lord Monteagle's bill was defeated at second reading.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Home_Rule_in_sight">Home Rule in sight</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_Home_Rule_movement&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Home Rule in sight"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Great_Irish_Ventriloquist,_with_his_Performing_Parliamentary_Manikin_(3257199969).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/The_Great_Irish_Ventriloquist%2C_with_his_Performing_Parliamentary_Manikin_%283257199969%29.jpg/220px-The_Great_Irish_Ventriloquist%2C_with_his_Performing_Parliamentary_Manikin_%283257199969%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="336" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/The_Great_Irish_Ventriloquist%2C_with_his_Performing_Parliamentary_Manikin_%283257199969%29.jpg/330px-The_Great_Irish_Ventriloquist%2C_with_his_Performing_Parliamentary_Manikin_%283257199969%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/The_Great_Irish_Ventriloquist%2C_with_his_Performing_Parliamentary_Manikin_%283257199969%29.jpg/440px-The_Great_Irish_Ventriloquist%2C_with_his_Performing_Parliamentary_Manikin_%283257199969%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3448" data-file-height="5264" /></a><figcaption>1900s cartoon claiming that <a href="/wiki/John_Redmond" title="John Redmond">John Redmond</a> was controlling Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Henry_Campbell-Bannerman" title="Henry Campbell-Bannerman">Henry Campbell-Bannerman</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Following the 1895 general election, the Conservatives were in power for ten years. The significant <a href="/wiki/Local_Government_(Ireland)_Act_1898" title="Local Government (Ireland) Act 1898">Local Government (Ireland) Act 1898</a> (following the English Act of 1888) introduced for the first time the enfranchisement of local electors, bringing about a system of localised home rule in many areas. In the <a href="/wiki/1906_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1906 United Kingdom general election">1906 general election</a> the Liberals were returned with an overall majority, but Irish Home Rule was not on their agenda until after the second <a href="/wiki/December_1910_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="December 1910 United Kingdom general election">1910 general election</a> when the nationalist <a href="/wiki/Irish_Parliamentary_Party" title="Irish Parliamentary Party">Irish Parliamentary Party</a> under its leader <a href="/wiki/John_Redmond" title="John Redmond">John Redmond</a> held the balance of power in the House of Commons. Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/H._H._Asquith" title="H. H. Asquith">H. H. Asquith</a> came to an understanding with Redmond, that if he supported his move to break the power of the Lords, Asquith would then in return introduce a new Home Rule Bill. The <a href="/wiki/Parliament_Act_1911" title="Parliament Act 1911">Parliament Act 1911</a> forced the Lords to agree to a curtailment of their powers. Now their unlimited veto was replaced with a delaying one lasting only two years. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Home_rule_Ulster_hand.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/88/Home_rule_Ulster_hand.png" decoding="async" width="196" height="270" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="270" /></a><figcaption>A sticker produced by Ulster loyalists to protest against Irish Home Rule <sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Home_Rule_Act_1914" class="mw-redirect" title="Home Rule Act 1914">Third Home Rule Bill</a> introduced in 1912 was as in 1886 and 1893 ferociously opposed by <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Unionist_Party" title="Ulster Unionist Party">Ulster unionists</a>, for whom Home Rule was synonymous with <a href="/wiki/Rome_Rule" title="Rome Rule">Rome Rule</a> as well as being indicative of economic decline and a threat to their cultural and industrial identity.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Edward_Carson" title="Edward Carson">Edward Carson</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_Craig,_1st_Viscount_Craigavon" title="James Craig, 1st Viscount Craigavon">James Craig</a>, leaders of the unionists, were instrumental in organising the <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Covenant" title="Ulster Covenant">Ulster Covenant</a> against the "coercion of Ulster", at which time Carson reviewed Orange and Unionist volunteers in various parts of Ulster. These were united into a single body known as the <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Volunteers" title="Ulster Volunteers">Ulster Volunteers</a> at the start of 1912.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was followed in the south by the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Volunteers" title="Irish Volunteers">Irish Volunteers</a> to restrain Ulster. Both Nationalists and Republicans, except for the <a href="/wiki/All-for-Ireland_League" title="All-for-Ireland League">All-for-Ireland Party</a>, brushed unionist concerns aside with "no concessions for Ulster", treating their threat as a bluff. The Act received <a href="/wiki/Royal_Assent" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Assent">Royal Assent</a> and was placed on the statute books on 18 September 1914, but under the <a href="/wiki/Suspensory_Act_1914" title="Suspensory Act 1914">Suspensory Act</a> was deferred for no longer than the duration of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> which had broken out in August. The widely held assumption at the time was that the war would be short lived. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Changed_realities">Changed realities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_Home_Rule_movement&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Changed realities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Home_Rule_Crisis" title="Home Rule Crisis">Home Rule Crisis</a></div> <p>With the participation of <a href="/wiki/Ireland_in_World_War_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Ireland in World War I">Ireland in the First World War</a>, the southern Irish Volunteers split into the larger <a href="/wiki/National_Volunteers" title="National Volunteers">National Volunteers</a> and followed Redmond's call to support the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Allied war effort</a> to ensure the future implementation of Home Rule by voluntarily enlisting in <a href="/wiki/Ireland_and_World_War_I#Regiments_garrisoned_in_Ireland" title="Ireland and World War I">Irish regiments</a> of the <a href="/wiki/10th_(Irish)_Division" title="10th (Irish) Division">10th (Irish) Division</a> or the <a href="/wiki/16th_(Irish)_Division" title="16th (Irish) Division">16th (Irish) Division</a> of Kitchener's <a href="/wiki/Kitchener%27s_Army" title="Kitchener's Army">New Service Army</a>. The men of the Ulster Volunteers joined the <a href="/wiki/36th_(Ulster)_Division" title="36th (Ulster) Division">36th (Ulster) Division</a>. Between 1914 and 1918 Irish regiments suffered severe losses. </p><p>A core element of the remaining Irish Volunteers who opposed the nationalist constitutional movement towards independence and the Irish support for the war effort, staged the <a href="/wiki/Easter_Rising" title="Easter Rising">Easter Rising</a> of 1916 in Dublin. Initially widely condemned in both Britain and Ireland, the <a href="/wiki/British_government" class="mw-redirect" title="British government">British government</a>'s mishandling of the aftermath of the Rising, including the rushed executions of its leaders by <a href="/wiki/John_Maxwell_(British_Army_officer)" title="John Maxwell (British Army officer)">General Maxwell</a>, led to a rise in popularity for an <a href="/wiki/Irish_republican" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish republican">Irish republican</a> movement named <a href="/wiki/Sinn_F%C3%A9in" title="Sinn Féin">Sinn Féin</a>, a small separatist party taken over by the survivors of the Easter Rising. Britain made two futile attempts to implement Home Rule, both of which failed because of Ulster unionists' protesting against its proposed implementation for the whole island of Ireland; first after the Rising and then at the end of the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Convention" title="Irish Convention">Irish Convention</a> of 1917–1918. With the collapse of the allied front during the <a href="/wiki/German_spring_offensive" title="German spring offensive">German spring offensive</a> and <a href="/wiki/Operation_Michael" title="Operation Michael">Operation Michael</a>, the British Army had a serious manpower shortage, and the Cabinet agreed on 5 April to enact Home Rule immediately, linked in with a "dual policy" of extending <a href="/wiki/Conscription_Crisis_of_1918" title="Conscription Crisis of 1918">conscription to Ireland</a>. This signalled the end of a political era,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which resulted in a swing of public opinion towards Sinn Féin and <a href="/wiki/Physical_force_Irish_republicanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical force Irish republicanism">physical force separatism</a>. Interest in Home Rule began to fade as a result. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Home_Rule_enacted">Home Rule enacted</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_Home_Rule_movement&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Home Rule enacted"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the end of the war in November 1918 Sinn Féin secured a majority of 73 Irish seats in the <a href="/wiki/1918_Irish_general_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1918 Irish general election">general election</a>, with 25 of these seats taken uncontested. The IPP was decimated, falling to only six seats; it disbanded soon afterward. </p><p>In January 1919 twenty-seven Sinn Féin MPs assembled in Dublin and proclaimed themselves unilaterally as an <a href="/wiki/First_D%C3%A1il" title="First Dáil">independent parliament</a> of an <a href="/wiki/Irish_Republic" title="Irish Republic">Irish Republic</a>. This was ignored by Britain. The <a href="/wiki/Irish_War_of_Independence" title="Irish War of Independence">Irish War of Independence</a> (1919–1921) ensued. </p><p>Britain went ahead with its commitment to implement Home Rule by passing a new Fourth Home Rule Bill, the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Ireland_Act_1920" title="Government of Ireland Act 1920">Government of Ireland Act 1920</a>, largely shaped by the <a href="/wiki/Walter_Long,_1st_Viscount_Long" title="Walter Long, 1st Viscount Long">Walter Long</a> Committee which followed findings contained in the report of the Irish Convention. Long, a firm unionist, felt free to shape Home Rule in Unionism's favour, and formalised <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Ireland" title="Partition of Ireland">dividing Ireland</a> (and <a href="/wiki/Ulster" title="Ulster">Ulster</a>) into <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southern_Ireland_(1921%E2%80%9322)" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Ireland (1921–22)">Southern Ireland</a>. The latter never functioned, but was replaced under the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Irish_Treaty" title="Anglo-Irish Treaty">Anglo-Irish Treaty</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Irish Free State</a> which later became the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Home Rule <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Parliament of Northern Ireland">Parliament of Northern Ireland</a> came into being in June 1921. At its inauguration, in <a href="/wiki/Belfast_City_Hall" title="Belfast City Hall">Belfast City Hall</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_V_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="George V of the United Kingdom">King George V</a> made a famous appeal drafted by Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">Lloyd George</a> for Anglo-Irish and north–south reconciliation. The Anglo-Irish Treaty had provided for Northern Ireland's Parliament to opt out of the new Free State, which was a foregone conclusion. The <a href="/wiki/Irish_Civil_War" title="Irish Civil War">Irish Civil War</a> (1922–1923) followed. </p><p>The Parliament of Northern Ireland continued in operation until 30 March 1972, when it was suspended in favour of direct rule by the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Office" title="Northern Ireland Office">Northern Ireland Office</a> during <a href="/wiki/The_Troubles" title="The Troubles">The Troubles</a>. It was subsequently abolished under the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Constitution_Act_1973" title="Northern Ireland Constitution Act 1973">Northern Ireland Constitution Act 1973</a>. Various versions of the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Assembly" title="Northern Ireland Assembly">Northern Ireland Assembly</a> re-established home rule in 1973–74, 1982–86, intermittently from 1998 to 2002, and from 2007 onward. The Assembly attempts to balance the interests of the unionist and republican factions through a "<a href="/wiki/Consociationalism" title="Consociationalism">power sharing</a>" agreement. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_Home_Rule_movement&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_issue_in_British_politics" title="Irish issue in British politics">Irish issue in British politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Carson" title="Edward Carson">Edward Carson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Craig,_1st_Viscount_Craigavon" title="James Craig, 1st Viscount Craigavon">James Craig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Stewart_Parnell" title="Charles Stewart Parnell">Charles Stewart Parnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Redmond" title="John Redmond">John Redmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dillon" title="John Dillon">John Dillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_O%27Connor_Power" title="John O'Connor Power">John O'Connor Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_O%27Brien" title="William O'Brien">William O'Brien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Heinrick" title="Hugh Heinrick">Hugh Heinrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalist_Anti-Repeal_Union" title="Loyalist Anti-Repeal Union">Loyalist Anti-Repeal Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Southern_Ireland" title="Parliament of Southern Ireland">Parliament of Southern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Parliament of Northern Ireland">Parliament of Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solemn_League_and_Covenant_(Ulster)" class="mw-redirect" title="Solemn League and Covenant (Ulster)">Solemn League and Covenant (Ulster)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unionists_(Ireland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Unionists (Ireland)">Unionists (Ireland)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devolution" title="Devolution">Devolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter_Rising" title="Easter Rising">Easter Rising</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Irish_Home_Rule_Speech" class="extiw" title="s:Irish Home Rule Speech">Gladstone's Irish Home Rule speech</a> (beseech in its favour)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_Government_(Ireland)_Act_1898" title="Local Government (Ireland) Act 1898">Local Government (Ireland) Act 1898</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="History of the Republic of Ireland">History of the Republic of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Ireland" title="Partition of Ireland">Partition of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(1801%E2%80%931923)" title="History of Ireland (1801–1923)">History of Ireland (1801–1923)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_Home_Rule_movement&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sticker found glued on the inside of the cover of <i>A History of the Siege of Londonderry ...</i> as digitised by Internet Archive<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_Home_Rule_movement&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/event/Act-of-Union-United-Kingdom-1801">"Act of Union | United Kingdom [1801]"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170721122355/https://www.britannica.com/event/Act-of-Union-United-Kingdom-1801">Archived</a> from the original on 21 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Act+of+Union+%7C+United+Kingdom+%5B1801%5D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fevent%2FAct-of-Union-United-Kingdom-1801&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+Home+Rule+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDorney2011" class="citation web cs1">Dorney, John (8 October 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theirishstory.com/2011/10/08/today-in-irish-history-october-8-1843-the-repeal-meeting-at-clontarf-is-banned/">"Today in Irish History, The Repeal Meeting at Clontarf is Banned, 8 October 1843"</a>. <i>The Irish Story</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180511100625/http://www.theirishstory.com/2011/10/08/today-in-irish-history-october-8-1843-the-repeal-meeting-at-clontarf-is-banned/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 May 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Irish+Story&rft.atitle=Today+in+Irish+History%2C+The+Repeal+Meeting+at+Clontarf+is+Banned%2C+8+October+1843&rft.date=2011-10-08&rft.aulast=Dorney&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theirishstory.com%2F2011%2F10%2F08%2Ftoday-in-irish-history-october-8-1843-the-repeal-meeting-at-clontarf-is-banned%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+Home+Rule+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.museum.ie/Decorative-Arts-History/Exhibitions/Current-Exhibitions/Asgard/Ireland-and-the-Home-Rule-Crisis">"Asgard: From Gun-Running to Recent Conservation | Decorative Arts & History"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171226235443/https://www.museum.ie/Decorative-Arts-History/Exhibitions/Current-Exhibitions/Asgard/Ireland-and-the-Home-Rule-Crisis">Archived</a> from the original on 26 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Asgard%3A+From+Gun-Running+to+Recent+Conservation+%26%23124%3B+Decorative+Arts+%26+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.museum.ie%2FDecorative-Arts-History%2FExhibitions%2FCurrent-Exhibitions%2FAsgard%2FIreland-and-the-Home-Rule-Crisis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+Home+Rule+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The Condition of Ireland, Social, Political and Industrial", John O'Connor Power, lecture, as reported in <i>The Irish Canadian</i>, 20 October 1875.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Ulster Crisis: Resistance to Home Rule</i>, A. T. Q. Stewart</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Green Flag</i>, volume 2, Robert Kee, Penguin Books, London</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Carson; a biography</i> by Geoffrey Lewis</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Hansard</i> (House of Lords, 1 July 1920, vol 40 cc 1113–1162) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/lords/1920/jul/01/dominion-of-ireland-bill-hl">"Dominion of Ireland Bill. [H.L.]"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Hansard" title="Hansard">Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)</a></i>. 1 July 1920. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090702054946/http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/lords/1920/jul/01/dominion-of-ireland-bill-hl">Archived</a> from the original on 2 July 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 February</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Parliamentary+Debates+%28Hansard%29&rft.atitle=Dominion+of+Ireland+Bill.+%26%2391%3BH.L.%26%2393%3B&rft.date=1920-07-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.parliament.uk%2Fhistoric-hansard%2Flords%2F1920%2Fjul%2F01%2Fdominion-of-ireland-bill-hl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+Home+Rule+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraham1829" class="citation book cs1">Graham, Rev. John (1829). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ahistorysiegelo00grahgoog"><i>A History of the Siege of Londonderry and Defence of Enniskillen in 1688–9</i></a> (2nd ed.). Dublin: William Curry.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Siege+of+Londonderry+and+Defence+of+Enniskillen+in+1688%E2%80%939&rft.place=Dublin&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=William+Curry&rft.date=1829&rft.aulast=Graham&rft.aufirst=Rev.+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fahistorysiegelo00grahgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+Home+Rule+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBardon1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Bardon" title="Jonathan Bardon">Bardon, Jonathan</a> (1992). <i>A History of Ulster</i>. Blackstaff Press. pp. 402, 405. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0856404985" title="Special:BookSources/0856404985"><bdi>0856404985</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Ulster&rft.pages=402%2C+405&rft.pub=Blackstaff+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0856404985&rft.aulast=Bardon&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+Home+Rule+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/ATQ_Stewart" class="mw-redirect" title="ATQ Stewart">Stewart, A.T.Q.</a>, <i>The Ulster Crisis, Resistance to Home Rule, 1912–14</i>, p. 70, Faber and Faber (1967) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-571-08066-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-571-08066-9">0-571-08066-9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jackson, Alvin: Ch. 9, pp. 212–213</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historytoday.com/michael-morrogh/anglo-irish-treaty-1921">"The Anglo-Irish Treaty of 1921 | History Today"</a>. <i>www.historytoday.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180512114300/https://www.historytoday.com/michael-morrogh/anglo-irish-treaty-1921">Archived</a> from the original on 12 May 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.historytoday.com&rft.atitle=The+Anglo-Irish+Treaty+of+1921+%7C+History+Today&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historytoday.com%2Fmichael-morrogh%2Fanglo-irish-treaty-1921&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+Home+Rule+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_Home_Rule_movement&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em"> <ul><li>Government of Ireland Act 1914, available from the House of Lords Record Office</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas_Brassey,_2nd_Earl_Brassey1904" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Brassey,_2nd_Earl_Brassey" title="Thomas Brassey, 2nd Earl Brassey">Thomas Brassey, 2nd Earl Brassey</a> (1904). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Problems_of_Empire/The_Irish_Question" class="extiw" title="s:Problems of Empire/The Irish Question">The Irish Question: Extract from Address at Pokesdown, Bournemouth, November 8th, 1898.</a>". <i>Problems of Empire</i>: 49–51. <a href="/wiki/WDQ_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="WDQ (identifier)">Wikidata</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q107151188" class="extiw" title="d:Q107151188">Q107151188</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Problems+of+Empire&rft.atitle=The+Irish+Question%3A+Extract+from+Address+at+Pokesdown%2C+Bournemouth%2C+November+8th%2C+1898.&rft.pages=49-51&rft.date=1904&rft.au=Thomas+Brassey%2C+2nd+Earl+Brassey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+Home+Rule+movement" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></li> <li>Hennessey, Thomas: <i>Dividing Ireland</i>, World War 1 and Partition, (1998), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-17420-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-17420-1">0-415-17420-1</a></li> <li>Irish Government Bill 1893, available from the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords Record Office</a></li> <li>Jackson, Alvin: <i>Home Rule, an Irish History 1800–2000</i>, Phoenix Press (2003), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7538-1767-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-7538-1767-5">0-7538-1767-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Kee" title="Robert Kee">Kee, Robert</a>: <i>The Green Flag: A History of Irish Nationalism</i>,(2000 edition, first published 1972), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-029165-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-029165-2">0-14-029165-2</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKendle1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Kendle" title="John Kendle">Kendle, John</a> (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt80mhv"><i>Ireland and the Federal Solution</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/McGill%E2%80%93Queen%27s_University_Press" title="McGill–Queen's University Press">McGill–Queen's University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0773506764" title="Special:BookSources/0773506764"><bdi>0773506764</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt80mhv">j.ctt80mhv</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ireland+and+the+Federal+Solution&rft.pub=McGill%E2%80%93Queen%27s+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt80mhv%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=0773506764&rft.aulast=Kendle&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt80mhv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+Home+Rule+movement" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Lewis, Geoffrey: <i>Carson, the Man who divided Ireland</i> (2005),<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85285-454-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-85285-454-5">1-85285-454-5</a></li> <li>Loughlin, James <i>Gladstone, Home Rule and the Ulster Question, 1882–1893</i>, Dublin: (1986)</li> <li>MacDonagh, Michael: <i>The Home Rule Movement</i>, Talbot Press, Dublin (1920)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArthur_Patchett_Martin1889" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Patchett_Martin" title="Arthur Patchett Martin">Arthur Patchett Martin</a> (1889). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Australia_and_the_Empire/Australia_and_Irish_Home_Rule" class="extiw" title="s:Australia and the Empire/Australia and Irish Home Rule">Australia and Irish Home Rule</a>". <i>Australia and the Empire</i>: 115–134. <a href="/wiki/WDQ_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="WDQ (identifier)">Wikidata</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q107340700" class="extiw" title="d:Q107340700">Q107340700</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Australia+and+the+Empire&rft.atitle=Australia+and+Irish+Home+Rule&rft.pages=115-134&rft.date=1889&rft.au=Arthur+Patchett+Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+Home+Rule+movement" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>O'Connor Power, John, <i>The Anglo-Irish Quarrel: A Plea for Peace</i>, a reprint of recent articles in the <i>Manchester Guardian</i>, revised by the author (London, 1886)</li> <li>O'Donnell, F. Hugh, 'A History of the Irish Parliamentary Party', 2 vols (London, 1910)</li> <li>Rodner, W. S.: "Leaguers, Covenanters, Moderates: British Support for Ulster, 1913–14" pages 68–85 from <i>Éire-Ireland</i>, Volume 17, Issue #3, 1982.</li> <li>Smith, Jeremy: "Bluff, Bluster and Brinkmanship: Andrew Bonar Law and the Third Home Rule Bill" pages 161–174 from <i>Historical Journal</i>, Volume 36, Issue #1, (1993)</li> <li>Stanford, Jane, "That Irishman: The Life and Times of John O'Connor Power", History Press Ireland, 2011, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84588-698-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84588-698-1">978-1-84588-698-1</a></li> <li>Turner, Edward Raymond (1917). "Opposition to Home Rule". American Political Science Review. 11 (3): 448–460.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_Home_Rule_movement&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.proni.gov.uk/ulstercovenant/">Ulster Covenant – Public Record Office of Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.belfastsomme.com/uvf.htm">History of the 1912 UVF</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050328085847/http://www.belfastsomme.com/uvf.htm">Archived</a> 28 March 2005 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/">CAIN – University of Ulster Conflict Archive</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070530181849/http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/">Archived</a> 30 May 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080126090638/http://whitewolf.newcastle.edu.au/words/authors/K/KiplingRudyard/verse/p1/ulster.html"><i>Ulster, 1912</i> (Kipling) at Words (etext library)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Geo5/10-11/67/contents">Text of the Government of Ireland Act 1920 (repealed 2.12.1999)</a> as in force today (including any amendments) within the United Kingdom, from <a href="/wiki/Legislation.gov.uk" title="Legislation.gov.uk">legislation.gov.uk</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/issues/politics/docs/goi231220.htm#1">Text of the Act as applied in Northern Ireland in 1956</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061221035944/http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/issues/politics/docs/goi231220.htm#1">Archived</a> 21 December 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bailii.org/nie/legis/num_act/1920/192000067.html">Text of the Act as originally enacted in 1920</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Free_Access_to_Law_Movement" title="Free Access to Law Movement">BAILII</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101003090140/http://www.parliamentaryyearbook.co.uk/other/House-of-Lords-Library.html">House of Lords Library – Record Office, for Texts of Irish Government bills</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.taoiseach.gov.ie/eng/index.asp?docID=2517">Department of the Taoiseach</a> – Irish Soldiers in the First World War.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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