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Русия – Уикипедия

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href="https://www.facebook.com/WikipediaBG" rel="nofollow"><span>Фейсбук страница</span></a></li><li id="n-Фейсбук-група" class="mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/groups/WikipediaBG" rel="nofollow"><span>Фейсбук група</span></a></li><li id="n-🎮-Дискорд" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%94%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4"><span>🎮 Дискорд</span></a></li><li id="n-Телеграм" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC"><span>Телеграм</span></a></li><li id="n-IRC" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F:IRC"><span>IRC</span></a></li><li id="n-GitHub" class="mw-list-item"><a href="https://github.com/wikimedia-bg" rel="nofollow"><span>GitHub</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Уикипедия" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-bg.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.3125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="Свободната енциклопедия" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-bg.svg" width="120" height="12" style="width: 7.5em; height: 0.75em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%A2%D1%8A%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Претърсване на Уикипедия [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Търсене</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Търсене в Уикипедия" aria-label="Търсене в Уикипедия" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Претърсване на Уикипедия [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Специални:Търсене"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Търсене</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Лични инструменти"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Облик"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page&#039;s font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Облик" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Облик</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&amp;utm_medium=sidebar&amp;utm_campaign=C13_bg.wikipedia.org&amp;uselang=bg" class=""><span>Направете дарение</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%A1%D1%8A%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0&amp;returnto=%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Насърчаваме Ви да си създадете сметка и да влезете, въпреки че не е задължително." class=""><span>Създаване на сметка</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5&amp;returnto=%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Препоръчваме Ви да влезете, въпреки, че не е задължително. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Влизане</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Допълнителни опции" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Лични инструменти" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Лични инструменти</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Потребителско меню" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&amp;utm_medium=sidebar&amp;utm_campaign=C13_bg.wikipedia.org&amp;uselang=bg"><span>Направете дарение</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%A1%D1%8A%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0&amp;returnto=%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Насърчаваме Ви да си създадете сметка и да влезете, въпреки че не е задължително."><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Създаване на сметка</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5&amp;returnto=%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Препоръчваме Ви да влезете, въпреки, че не е задължително. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Влизане</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Страници за излезли от системата редактори <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%89:%D0%92%D1%8A%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" aria-label="Научете повече за редактирането"><span>научете повече</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Списък на промените, направени от този IP адрес [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Приноси</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Дискусия относно редакциите от този адрес [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Беседа</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"><!-- CentralNotice --></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Сайт"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Съдържание" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Съдържание</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">преместване към страничната лента</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">скриване</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Начало</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Етимология_на_името" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Етимология_на_името"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Етимология на името</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Етимология_на_името-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-География" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#География"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>География</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-География-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Превключване на подраздел География</span> </button> <ul id="toc-География-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Разположение_и_граници" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Разположение_и_граници"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Разположение и граници</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Разположение_и_граници-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Релеф_и_води" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Релеф_и_води"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Релеф и води</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Релеф_и_води-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Климат" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Климат"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Климат</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Климат-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Флора_и_фауна" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Флора_и_фауна"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Флора и фауна</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Флора_и_фауна-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-История" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#История"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>История</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-История-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Превключване на подраздел История</span> </button> <ul id="toc-История-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ранна_история" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ранна_история"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Ранна история</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ранна_история-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Възходът_на_Москва" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Възходът_на_Москва"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Възходът на Москва</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Възходът_на_Москва-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Руска_империя" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Руска_империя"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Руска империя</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Руска_империя-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Съветска_Русия" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Съветска_Русия"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Съветска Русия</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Съветска_Русия-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Руска_федерация" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Руска_федерация"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Руска федерация</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Руска_федерация-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Трети_президентски_мандат_за_Путин_и_радикализация_на_руската_политика" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Трети_президентски_мандат_за_Путин_и_радикализация_на_руската_политика"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.1</span> <span>Трети президентски мандат за Путин и радикализация на руската политика</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Трети_президентски_мандат_за_Путин_и_радикализация_на_руската_политика-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Украинска_криза" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Украинска_криза"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.2</span> <span>Украинска криза</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Украинска_криза-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Демография" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Демография"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Демография</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Демография-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Превключване на подраздел Демография</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Демография-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Етнически_състав" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Етнически_състав"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Етнически състав</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Етнически_състав-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Градове" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Градове"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Градове</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Градове-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Вероизповедания" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Вероизповедания"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Вероизповедания</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Вероизповедания-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Езици" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Езици"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Езици</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Езици-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Здравеопазване" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Здравеопазване"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Здравеопазване</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Здравеопазване-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Образование" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Образование"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Образование</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Образование-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Превключване на подраздел Образование</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Образование-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Рейтингови_класации" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Рейтингови_класации"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Рейтингови класации</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Рейтингови_класации-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Русия_като_център_за_интернационално_обучение" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Русия_като_център_за_интернационално_обучение"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Русия като център за интернационално обучение</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Русия_като_център_за_интернационално_обучение-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Държавно_управление" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Държавно_управление"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Държавно управление</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Държавно_управление-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Превключване на подраздел Държавно управление</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Държавно_управление-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Държавно_устройство" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Държавно_устройство"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Държавно устройство</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Държавно_устройство-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Международни_отношения" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Международни_отношения"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Международни отношения</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Международни_отношения-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Въоръжени_сили" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Въоръжени_сили"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Въоръжени сили</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Въоръжени_сили-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Административно_деление" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Административно_деление"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Административно деление</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Административно_деление-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Икономика" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Икономика"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Икономика</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Икономика-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Транспорт" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Транспорт"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Транспорт</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Транспорт-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Превключване на подраздел Транспорт</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Транспорт-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Автомобилен_транспорт" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Автомобилен_транспорт"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Автомобилен транспорт</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Автомобилен_транспорт-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Железопътен_транспорт_и_метро" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Железопътен_транспорт_и_метро"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Железопътен транспорт и метро</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Железопътен_транспорт_и_метро-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Морски_и_речен_транспорт" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Морски_и_речен_транспорт"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Морски и речен транспорт</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Морски_и_речен_транспорт-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Въздушен_транспорт" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Въздушен_транспорт"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.4</span> <span>Въздушен транспорт</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Въздушен_транспорт-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Наука_и_технологии" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Наука_и_технологии"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Наука и технологии</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Наука_и_технологии-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Култура" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Култура"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Култура</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Култура-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Превключване на подраздел Култура</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Култура-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Спорт" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Спорт"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Спорт</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Спорт-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Информация_и_СМИ" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Информация_и_СМИ"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Информация и СМИ</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Информация_и_СМИ-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Бележки" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Бележки"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Бележки</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Бележки-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Източници" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Източници"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Източници</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Източници-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Вижте_също" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Вижте_също"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Вижте също</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Вижте_също-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Външни_препратки" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Външни_препратки"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>Външни препратки</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Външни_препратки-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Съдържание" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Скриване/показване на съдържанието" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Скриване/показване на съдържанието</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Русия</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Към статията на друг език. Налична на 320 езика" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-320" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">320 езика</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%82%D3%99%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Урыстәыла – абхазки" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Урыстәыла" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="абхазки" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia – ачешки" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Rusia" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="ачешки" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%B5" title="Урысые – адигейски" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Урысые" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="адигейски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгабзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="Избрана статия"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusland" title="Rusland – африканс" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Rusland" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="африканс" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russland" title="Russland – швейцарски немски" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Russland" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="швейцарски немски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-alt mw-list-item"><a href="https://alt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Россия – южноалтайски" lang="alt" hreflang="alt" data-title="Россия" data-language-autonym="Алтай тил" data-language-local-name="южноалтайски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Алтай тил</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%A9%E1%88%B2%E1%8B%AB" title="ሩሲያ – амхарски" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሩሲያ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="амхарски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia" title="Russia – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Russia" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangcah</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia – арагонски" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Rusia" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="арагонски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russland" title="Russland – староанглийски" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Russland" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="староанглийски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%E1%BB%8D%E1%B9%A3ia" title="Rọṣia – оболо" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Rọṣia" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="оболо" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Obolo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B8" title="रूस – ангика" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="रूस" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="ангика" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="Избрана статия"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="روسيا – арабски" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="روسيا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="арабски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%AA%DC%98%DC%A3%DC%9D%DC%90" title="ܪܘܣܝܐ – арамейски" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܪܘܣܝܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="арамейски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="روسيا – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="روسيا" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="روسيا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="روسيا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9B%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="ৰাছিয়া – асамски" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ৰাছিয়া" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="асамски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia – астурски" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Rusia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="астурски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-atj mw-list-item"><a href="https://atj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russie" title="Russie – атикамеку" lang="atj" hreflang="atj" data-title="Russie" data-language-autonym="Atikamekw" data-language-local-name="атикамеку" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Atikamekw</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Россия – аварски" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Россия" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="аварски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rossia" title="Rossia – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Rossia" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B8" title="रूस – авади" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="रूस" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="авади" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusiya" title="Rusiya – аймара" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Rusiya" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="аймара" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusiya" title="Rusiya – азербайджански" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Rusiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="азербайджански" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%87" title="روسیه – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="روسیه" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D3%99%D1%81%D3%99%D0%B9_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F%D2%BB%D1%8B" title="Рәсәй Федерацияһы – башкирски" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Рәсәй Федерацияһы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="башкирски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia – балийски" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Rusia" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="балийски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russland" title="Russland – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Russland" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ros%C4%97j%C4%97" title="Rosėjė – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Rosėjė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusya" title="Rusya – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Rusya" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Расія – беларуски" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Расія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="беларуски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%8F" title="Расея – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Расея" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruslan" title="Ruslan – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Ruslan" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B8" title="रूस – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="रूस" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasia" title="Rasia – бислама" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Rasia" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="бислама" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bislama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Rusia" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9B%E1%80%9E%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%81%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%91%E1%80%AE" title="ရသျားခမ်းထီ – Pa&#039;O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ရသျားခမ်းထီ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa&#039;O" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risila" title="Risila – бамбара" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Risila" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="бамбара" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bamanankan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="রাশিয়া – бенгалски" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="রাশিয়া" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="бенгалски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A8%E0%BD%B4%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%B4%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%B4%E0%BC%8D" title="ཨུ་རུ་སུ། – тибетски" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཨུ་རུ་སུ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="тибетски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="রাশিয়া – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="রাশিয়া" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia – бретонски" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Rusia" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="бретонски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusija" title="Rusija – босненски" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Rusija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="босненски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Rusia" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bug mw-list-item"><a href="https://bug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%A8%91%E1%A8%98%E1%A8%94%E1%A8%97%E1%A8%95" title="ᨑᨘᨔᨗᨕ – бугински" lang="bug" hreflang="bug" data-title="ᨑᨘᨔᨗᨕ" data-language-autonym="Basa Ugi" data-language-local-name="бугински" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Ugi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE_%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Оросой холбоото улас – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Оросой холбоото улас" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%BAssia" title="Rússia – каталонски" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Rússia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="каталонски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Rusia" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chavacano de Zamboanga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C3%B2%CC%A4-l%C3%B2%CC%A4-s%E1%B9%B3%CC%86" title="Ngò̤-lò̤-sṳ̆ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Ngò̤-lò̤-sṳ̆" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Росси – чеченски" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Росси" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="чеченски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusya" title="Rusya – себуански" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Rusya" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="себуански" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ch mw-list-item"><a href="https://ch.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia" title="Russia – чаморо" lang="ch" hreflang="ch" data-title="Russia" data-language-autonym="Chamoru" data-language-local-name="чаморо" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chamoru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%B2%E1%8F%82%E1%8E%A2" title="ᏲᏂᎢ – черокски" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏲᏂᎢ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="черокски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia" title="Russia – шайенски" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Russia" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="шайенски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tsetsêhestâhese</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%95%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="ڕووسیا – кюрдски (централен)" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڕووسیا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="кюрдски (централен)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia" title="Russia – корсикански" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Russia" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="корсикански" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusiye" title="Rusiye – кримскотатарски" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Rusiye" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="кримскотатарски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusko" title="Rusko – чешки" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Rusko" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="чешки" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusk%C3%B4" title="Ruskô – кашубски" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Ruskô" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="кашубски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%A1%D1%81%D1%97%EA%99%97" title="Рѡсїꙗ – църковнославянски" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Рѡсїꙗ" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="църковнославянски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%C3%A7%C3%A7%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B9%C4%95" title="Раççей Федерацийĕ – чувашки" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Раççей Федерацийĕ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="чувашки" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwsia" title="Rwsia – уелски" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Rwsia" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="уелски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusland" title="Rusland – датски" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Rusland" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="датски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia" title="Russia – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Russia" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russland" title="Russland – немски" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Russland" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="немски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-din mw-list-item"><a href="https://din.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruccia" title="Ruccia – динка" lang="din" hreflang="din" data-title="Ruccia" data-language-autonym="Thuɔŋjäŋ" data-language-local-name="динка" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Thuɔŋjäŋ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusya" title="Rusya – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Rusya" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusojska" title="Rusojska – долнолужишки" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Rusojska" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="долнолужишки" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia – Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Rusia" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kadazandusun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B8" title="रूस – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="रूस" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%83%DE%AB%DE%90%DE%A9%DE%88%DE%A8%DE%8D%DE%A7%DE%8C%DE%B0" title="ރޫސީވިލާތް – дивехи" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ރޫސީވިލާތް" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="дивехи" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dz mw-list-item"><a href="https://dz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A4%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A1%E0%BD%B1%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%95%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%8C%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A4%E0%BD%B1%E0%BD%93" title="ར་ཤི་ཡཱན་ཕེ་ཌི་རེ་ཤཱན – дзонгкха" lang="dz" hreflang="dz" data-title="ར་ཤི་ཡཱན་ཕེ་ཌི་རེ་ཤཱན" data-language-autonym="ཇོང་ཁ" data-language-local-name="дзонгкха" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ཇོང་ཁ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia" title="Russia – еве" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Russia" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="еве" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eʋegbe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A1%CF%89%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Ρωσία – гръцки" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ρωσία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="гръцки" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rossia" title="Rossia – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Rossia" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia" title="Russia – английски" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Russia" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="английски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusio" title="Rusio – есперанто" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Rusio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="есперанто" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia – испански" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Rusia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="испански" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venemaa" title="Venemaa – естонски" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Venemaa" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="естонски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Errusia" title="Errusia – баски" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Errusia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="баски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia" title="Russia – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Russia" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%87" title="روسیه – персийски" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="روسیه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="персийски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roosiya" title="Roosiya – фула" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Roosiya" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="фула" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fulfulde</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ven%C3%A4j%C3%A4" title="Venäjä – фински" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Venäjä" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="фински" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinnemaa" title="Vinnemaa – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Vinnemaa" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia – фиджийски" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Rusia" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="фиджийски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russland" title="Russland – фарьорски" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Russland" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="фарьорски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russie" title="Russie – френски" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Russie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="френски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia" title="Russia – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Russia" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruslun" title="Ruslun – северен фризийски" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Ruslun" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="северен фризийски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russie" title="Russie – фриулски" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Russie" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="фриулски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusl%C3%A2n" title="Ruslân – западнофризийски" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Ruslân" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="западнофризийски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_R%C3%BAis" title="An Rúis – ирландски" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Rúis" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="ирландски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusiya" title="Rusiya – гагаузки" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Rusiya" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="гагаузки" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagauz</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BE%85%E6%96%AF" title="俄羅斯 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="俄羅斯" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risi" title="Risi – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Risi" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Ruis" title="An Ruis – шотландски келтски" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="An Ruis" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="шотландски келтски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia – галисийски" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Rusia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="галисийски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%8A%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%87" title="رۊسيه – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="رۊسيه" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>گیلکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rr%C3%BAsia" title="Rrúsia – гуарани" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Rrúsia" data-language-autonym="Avañe&#039;ẽ" data-language-local-name="гуарани" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B8" title="रूस – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="रूस" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia – горонтало" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Rusia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="горонтало" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Hulontalo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8D%82%F0%90%8C%BF%F0%90%8D%83%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BB%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BD%F0%90%8C%B3" title="𐍂𐌿𐍃𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 – готически" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐍂𐌿𐍃𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="готически" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%B6%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%BE" title="રશિયા – гуджарати" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="રશિયા" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="гуджарати" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guw mw-list-item"><a href="https://guw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia" title="Russia – Gun" lang="guw" hreflang="guw" data-title="Russia" data-language-autonym="Gungbe" data-language-local-name="Gun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gungbe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_Roosh" title="Yn Roosh – манкски" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Yn Roosh" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="манкски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasha" title="Rasha – хауса" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Rasha" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="хауса" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C3%B2-l%C3%B2-s%E1%B9%B3%CC%82" title="Ngò-lò-sṳ̂ – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Ngò-lò-sṳ̂" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C5%ABsia" title="Rūsia – хавайски" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Rūsia" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="хавайски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%94" title="רוסיה – иврит" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רוסיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="иврит" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B8" title="रूस – хинди" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="रूस" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="хинди" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia" title="Russia – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Russia" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="Избрана статия"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusija" title="Rusija – хърватски" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Rusija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="хърватски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruska" title="Ruska – горнолужишки" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Ruska" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="горнолужишки" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risi" title="Risi – хаитянски креолски" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Risi" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="хаитянски креолски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oroszorsz%C3%A1g" title="Oroszország – унгарски" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Oroszország" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="унгарски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8C%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Ռուսաստան – арменски" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ռուսաստան" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="арменски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8C%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Ռուսիա – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Ռուսիա" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia" title="Russia – интерлингва" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Russia" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="интерлингва" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia – ибан" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Rusia" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="ибан" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia – индонезийски" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Rusia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="индонезийски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia" title="Russia – оксидентал" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Russia" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="оксидентал" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mpaghara_Russia" title="Mpaghara Russia – игбо" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Mpaghara Russia" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="игбо" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruusiq_(nuna)" title="Uruusiq (nuna) – инупиак" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Uruusiq (nuna)" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="инупиак" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Iñupiatun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia – илоко" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Rusia" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="илоко" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5" title="Эрсече – ингушетски" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Эрсече" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="ингушетски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia – идо" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Rusia" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="идо" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%BAssland" title="Rússland – исландски" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Rússland" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="исландски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia" title="Russia – италиански" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Russia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="италиански" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%90%85%E1%93%9B%E1%93%B4" title="ᐅᓛᓴ – инуктитут" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᐅᓛᓴ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="инуктитут" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B7%E3%82%A2" title="ロシア – японски" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ロシア" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="японски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosha" title="Rosha – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Rosha" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/rukygu%27e" title="rukygu&#039;e – ложбан" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="rukygu&#039;e" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="ложбан" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruslan" title="Ruslan – явански" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Ruslan" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="явански" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98" title="რუსეთი – грузински" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="რუსეთი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="грузински" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rossiya" title="Rossiya – каракалпашки" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Rossiya" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="каракалпашки" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusya" title="Rusya – кабилски" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Rusya" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="кабилски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Урысей – кабардски" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Урысей" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="кабардски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruusii" title="Ruusii – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Ruusii" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roshya" title="Roshya – туап" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Roshya" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="туап" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia – конгоански" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Rusia" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="конгоански" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Rusia" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racia" title="Racia – кикую" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Racia" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="кикую" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gĩkũyũ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Ресей – казахски" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ресей" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="казахски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%8A%E1%9E%B8" title="រុស្ស៊ី – кхмерски" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="រុស្ស៊ី" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="кхмерски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE" title="ರಷ್ಯಾ – каннада" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ರಷ್ಯಾ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="каннада" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%9F%AC%EC%8B%9C%EC%95%84" title="러시아 – корейски" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="러시아" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="корейски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BC%D1%83" title="Рочму – коми-пермякски" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Рочму" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="коми-пермякски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Перем коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Россия Федерация – карачай-балкарски" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Россия Федерация" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="карачай-балкарски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%97%D8%B3" title="روٗس – кашмирски" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="روٗس" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="кашмирски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russland" title="Russland – кьолнски" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Russland" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="кьолнски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%BBsya" title="Rûsya – кюрдски" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Rûsya" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="кюрдски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BC%D1%83" title="Рочму – коми" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Рочму" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="коми" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russi" title="Russi – корнуолски" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Russi" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="корнуолски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Орусия – киргизки" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Орусия" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="киргизки" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia" title="Russia – латински" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Russia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="латински" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia – ладино" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Rusia" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="ладино" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russland" title="Russland – люксембургски" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Russland" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="люксембургски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%8C%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Аьрасат – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Аьрасат" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Урусат – лезгински" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Урусат" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="лезгински" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Rusia" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwasha" title="Rwasha – ганда" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Rwasha" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="ганда" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Luganda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B3slandj" title="Róslandj – лимбургски" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Róslandj" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="лимбургски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B9scia" title="Rùscia – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Rùscia" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruscia" title="Ruscia – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Ruscia" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%BCssia" title="Rüssia – ломбардски" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Rüssia" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="ломбардски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rus%C3%AD" title="Rusí – лингала" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Rusí" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="лингала" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%94%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%8A%E0%BA%8D" title="ປະເທດລັດເຊຍ – лаоски" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ປະເທດລັດເຊຍ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="лаоски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusija" title="Rusija – литовски" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Rusija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="литовски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kr%C4%ABveja" title="Krīveja – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Krīveja" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latgaļu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="Добра статия"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krievija" title="Krievija – латвийски" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Krievija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="латвийски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia – мадурски" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Rusia" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="мадурски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Madhurâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B8" title="रूस – майтхили" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="रूस" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="майтхили" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Rusia" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Россия мастор – мокша" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Россия мастор" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="мокша" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosia" title="Rosia – малгашки" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Rosia" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="малгашки" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Россий – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Россий" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C5%ABhia" title="Rūhia – маорски" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Rūhia" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="маорски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia – минангкабау" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Rusia" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="минангкабау" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Русија – македонски" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Русија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="македонски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF" title="റഷ്യ – малаялам" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="റഷ്യ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="малаялам" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="Избрана статия"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Орос – монголски" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Орос" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="монголски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%8C%EA%AF%A5" title="ꯔꯁꯤꯌꯥ – манипурски" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯔꯁꯤꯌꯥ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="манипурски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mnw mw-list-item"><a href="https://mnw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BE%E1%80%AC" title="ရုရှာ – Mon" lang="mnw" hreflang="mnw" data-title="ရုရှာ" data-language-autonym="ဘာသာမန်" data-language-local-name="Mon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ဘာသာမန်</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="रशिया – марати" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="रशिया" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="марати" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Россий – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Россий" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia – малайски" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Rusia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="малайски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russja" title="Russja – малтийски" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Russja" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="малтийски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%BAssia" title="Rússia – мирандийски" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Rússia" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="мирандийски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BE%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6" title="ရုရှားနိုင်ငံ – бирмански" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ရုရှားနိုင်ငံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="бирмански" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Россия Мастор – ерзиа" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Россия Мастор" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="ерзиа" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%87" title="روسیه – мазандерански" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="روسیه" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="мазандерански" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia" title="Russia – неаполитански" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Russia" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="неаполитански" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russland" title="Russland – долнонемски" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Russland" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="долнонемски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruslaand" title="Ruslaand – долносаксонски" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Ruslaand" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="долносаксонски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8" title="रुस – непалски" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="रुस" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="непалски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8" title="रुस – неварски" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="रुस" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="неварски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nia mw-list-item"><a href="https://nia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia – ниас" lang="nia" hreflang="nia" data-title="Rusia" data-language-autonym="Li Niha" data-language-local-name="ниас" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Li Niha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusland" title="Rusland – нидерландски" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Rusland" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="нидерландски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russland" title="Russland – норвежки (нюношк)" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Russland" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="норвежки (нюношк)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="Избрана статия"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russland" title="Russland – норвежки (букмол)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Russland" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="норвежки (букмол)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Rusia" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nqo mw-list-item"><a href="https://nqo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DF%8C%DF%AC%DF%99%DF%8C%DF%AC%DF%9B%DF%8C%DF%AB" title="ߌ߬ߙߌ߬ߛߌ߫ – нко" lang="nqo" hreflang="nqo" data-title="ߌ߬ߙߌ߬ߛߌ߫" data-language-autonym="ߒߞߏ" data-language-local-name="нко" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ߒߞߏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russie" title="Russie – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Russie" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia" title="Russia – северен сото" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Russia" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="северен сото" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho sa Leboa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi%CA%BC%C3%A9%C3%A9%CA%BC_%C5%81ich%C3%AD%C3%AD%CA%BC%C3%AD_Bik%C3%A9yah" title="Biʼééʼ Łichííʼí Bikéyah – навахо" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Biʼééʼ Łichííʼí Bikéyah" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="навахо" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny mw-list-item"><a href="https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia" title="Russia – нянджа" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" data-title="Russia" data-language-autonym="Chi-Chewa" data-language-local-name="нянджа" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chi-Chewa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia" title="Russia – окситански" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Russia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="окситански" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ven%27a" title="Ven&#039;a – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Ven&#039;a" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raashiyaa" title="Raashiyaa – оромо" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Raashiyaa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="оромо" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%8B%E0%AC%B7%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%86" title="ଋଷିଆ – ория" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଋଷିଆ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="ория" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%C3%A6%D1%80%C3%A6%D1%81%D0%B5" title="Уæрæсе – осетински" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Уæрæсе" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="осетински" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%B8" title="ਰੂਸ – пенджабски" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਰੂਸ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="пенджабски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag mw-list-item"><a href="https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia – пангасинан" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" data-title="Rusia" data-language-autonym="Pangasinan" data-language-local-name="пангасинан" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangasinan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia – пампанга" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Rusia" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="пампанга" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia – папиаменто" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Rusia" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="папиаменто" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russie" title="Russie – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Russie" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcm mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rossia" title="Rossia – нигерийски пиджин" lang="pcm" hreflang="pcm" data-title="Rossia" data-language-autonym="Naijá" data-language-local-name="нигерийски пиджин" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Naijá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russland" title="Russland – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Russland" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deitsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russland" title="Russland – Palatine German" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Russland" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="Palatine German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pälzisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B8" title="रूस – пали" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="रूस" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="пали" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>पालि</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusha" title="Rusha – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Rusha" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norfuk / Pitkern</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosja" title="Rosja – полски" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Rosja" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="полски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia" title="Russia – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Russia" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3" title="روس – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="روس" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A1%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Ρουσία – Pontic" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt" data-title="Ρουσία" data-language-autonym="Ποντιακά" data-language-local-name="Pontic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ποντιακά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%87" title="روسیه – пущу" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="روسیه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="пущу" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="Избрана статия"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%BAssia" title="Rússia – португалски" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Rússia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="португалски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusya" title="Rusya – кечуа" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Rusya" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="кечуа" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia" title="Russia – реторомански" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Russia" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="реторомански" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusiya" title="Rusiya – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Rusiya" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Romani čhib</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rn mw-list-item"><a href="https://rn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uburusiya" title="Uburusiya – рунди" lang="rn" hreflang="rn" data-title="Uburusiya" data-language-autonym="Ikirundi" data-language-local-name="рунди" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikirundi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia – румънски" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Rusia" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="румънски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arusia" title="Arusia – арумънски" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Arusia" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="арумънски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russie" title="Russie – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Russie" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tarandíne</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Россия – руски" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Россия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="руски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Росія – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Росія" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uburusiya" title="Uburusiya – киняруанда" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Uburusiya" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="киняруанда" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="रास्या – санскрит" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="रास्या" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="санскрит" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D1%8B%D1%8B%D0%B9%D0%B0" title="Арассыыйа – саха" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Арассыыйа" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="саха" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%9F" title="ᱨᱟᱥᱤᱭᱟ – сантали" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱨᱟᱥᱤᱭᱟ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="сантали" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B9ssia" title="Rùssia – сардински" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Rùssia" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="сардински" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="Избрана статия"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia" title="Russia – сицилиански" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Russia" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="сицилиански" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roushie" title="Roushie – шотландски" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Roushie" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="шотландски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3" title="روس – синдхи" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="روس" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="синдхи" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruo%C5%A1%C5%A1a" title="Ruošša – северносаамски" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Ruošša" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="северносаамски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sg mw-list-item"><a href="https://sg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rus%C3%AFi" title="Rusïi – санго" lang="sg" hreflang="sg" data-title="Rusïi" data-language-autonym="Sängö" data-language-local-name="санго" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sängö</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusija" title="Rusija – сърбохърватски" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Rusija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="сърбохърватски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusya" title="Rusya – ташелхит" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Rusya" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="ташелхит" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B0%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9B%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%82%88%E1%80%9E%E1%80%BB%E1%82%83%E1%80%B8" title="မိူင်းရတ်ႈသျႃး – шан" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="မိူင်းရတ်ႈသျႃး" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="шан" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%94%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="රුසියාව – синхалски" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="රුසියාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="синхалски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia" title="Russia – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Russia" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusko" title="Rusko – словашки" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Rusko" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="словашки" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3" title="روس – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="روس" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusija" title="Rusija – словенски" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Rusija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="словенски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia – самоански" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Rusia" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="самоански" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruo%C5%A1%C5%A1%C3%A2" title="Ruoššâ – инари-саамски" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Ruoššâ" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="инари-саамски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhashiya" title="Rhashiya – шона" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Rhashiya" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="шона" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruushka" title="Ruushka – сомалийски" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Ruushka" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="сомалийски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia – албански" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Rusia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="албански" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Русија – сръбски" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Русија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="сръбски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-srn mw-list-item"><a href="https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusland" title="Rusland – сранан тонго" lang="srn" hreflang="srn" data-title="Rusland" data-language-autonym="Sranantongo" data-language-local-name="сранан тонго" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sranantongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRashiya" title="IRashiya – свати" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="IRashiya" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="свати" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>SiSwati</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashea" title="Rashea – сото" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Rashea" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="сото" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruslound" title="Ruslound – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Ruslound" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia – сундански" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Rusia" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="сундански" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryssland" title="Ryssland – шведски" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ryssland" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="шведски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urusi" title="Urusi – суахили" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Urusi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="суахили" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusyjo" title="Rusyjo – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Rusyjo" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia" title="Russia – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Russia" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE" title="உருசியா – тамилски" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="உருசியா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="тамилски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia" title="Russia – Tayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="Russia" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Tayal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tayal</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE" title="ರಷ್ಯಾ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ರಷ್ಯಾ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%B7%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE" title="రష్యా – телугу" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="రష్యా" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="телугу" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%BAsia" title="Rúsia – тетум" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Rúsia" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="тетум" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tetun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Русия – таджикски" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Русия" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="таджикски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="ประเทศรัสเซีย – тайски" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประเทศรัสเซีย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="тайски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ti mw-list-item"><a href="https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%A9%E1%88%B5%E1%8B%AB" title="ሩስያ – тигриня" lang="ti" hreflang="ti" data-title="ሩስያ" data-language-autonym="ትግርኛ" data-language-local-name="тигриня" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ትግርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russi%C3%BDa" title="Russiýa – туркменски" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Russiýa" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="туркменски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusya" title="Rusya – тагалог" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Rusya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="тагалог" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urusij%C9%99t" title="Urusijət – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Urusijət" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tn mw-list-item"><a href="https://tn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia" title="Russia – тсвана" lang="tn" hreflang="tn" data-title="Russia" data-language-autonym="Setswana" data-language-local-name="тсвана" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Setswana</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C5%ABsia" title="Lūsia – тонгански" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="Lūsia" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="тонгански" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lea faka-Tonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasia" title="Rasia – ток писин" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Rasia" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="ток писин" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusya" title="Rusya – турски" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Rusya" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="турски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia" title="Russia – тароко" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Russia" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="тароко" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seediq</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhaxiya" title="Rhaxiya – цонга" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Rhaxiya" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="цонга" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Xitsonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="Избрана статия"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Россия – татарски" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Россия" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="татарски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="Добра статия"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia" title="Russia – тумбука" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Russia" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="тумбука" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiTumbuka</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia" title="Russia – туи" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Russia" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="туи" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Twi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ty mw-list-item"><a href="https://ty.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C5%ABtia" title="Rūtia – таитянски" lang="ty" hreflang="ty" data-title="Rūtia" data-language-autonym="Reo tahiti" data-language-local-name="таитянски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Reo tahiti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Россия – тувински" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Россия" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="тувински" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Россия – удмуртски" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Россия" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="удмуртски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%89%D9%8A%DB%95" title="روسىيە – уйгурски" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="روسىيە" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="уйгурски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Росія – украински" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Росія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="украински" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3" title="روس – урду" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="روس" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="урду" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rossiya" title="Rossiya – узбекски" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Rossiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="узбекски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ve mw-list-item"><a href="https://ve.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashia" title="Rashia – венда" lang="ve" hreflang="ve" data-title="Rashia" data-language-autonym="Tshivenda" data-language-local-name="венда" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tshivenda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B9sia" title="Rùsia – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Rùsia" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ven%C3%A4ma" title="Venäma – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Venäma" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nga" title="Nga – виетнамски" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nga" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="виетнамски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusland" title="Rusland – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Rusland" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rus%C3%A4n" title="Rusän – волапюк" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Rusän" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="волапюк" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%BBsseye" title="Rûsseye – валонски" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Rûsseye" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="валонски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusya" title="Rusya – варай" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Rusya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="варай" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riisi" title="Riisi – волоф" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Riisi" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="волоф" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF" title="俄罗斯 – ву китайски" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="俄罗斯" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="ву китайски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B8%D1%86%D3%99%D0%BD" title="Орсин Ниицән – калмик" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Орсин Ниицән" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="калмик" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Хальмг</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRashiya" title="IRashiya – кхоса" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="IRashiya" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="кхоса" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98" title="რუსეთი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="რუსეთი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%93" title="רוסלאנד – идиш" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="רוסלאנד" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="идиш" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%E1%BB%8D%CC%81s%C3%AD%C3%A0" title="Rọ́síà – йоруба" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Rọ́síà" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="йоруба" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngozlozswh" title="Ngozlozswh – зуанг" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Ngozlozswh" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="зуанг" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusland" title="Rusland – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Rusland" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%94%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%99%E2%B5%A2%E2%B4%B0" title="ⵔⵓⵙⵢⴰ – стандартен марокански тамазигт" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵔⵓⵙⵢⴰ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="стандартен марокански тамазигт" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF" title="俄罗斯 – китайски" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="俄罗斯" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="китайски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BE%85%E6%96%AF" title="俄羅斯 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="俄羅斯" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C5%8D%CD%98-se-a" title="Lō͘-se-a – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Lō͘-se-a" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BE%85%E6%96%AF" title="俄羅斯 – кантонски" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="俄羅斯" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="кантонски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRashiya" title="IRashiya – зулуски" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="IRashiya" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="зулуски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q159#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Редактиране на междуезиковите препратки" class="wbc-editpage">Редактиране</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Именни пространства"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Преглед на основната страница [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Статия</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0:%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F" rel="discussion" title="Беседа за страницата [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Беседа</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Промяна на езиковия вариант" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">български</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Прегледи"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F"><span>Преглед</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F&amp;veaction=edit" title="Редактиране на страницата [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Редактиране</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F&amp;action=edit" title="Редактиране на изходния код на страницата [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Редактиране на кода</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F&amp;action=history" title="Предишни версии на страницата [h]" accesskey="h"><span>История</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Инструменти" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Инструменти</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Инструменти</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">преместване към страничната лента</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">скриване</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Допълнителни опции" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Действия </div> 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href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F" hreflang="en"><span>Общомедия</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikinews mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikinews.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F" hreflang="bg"><span>Уикиновини</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikiquote.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F_%E2%80%94_%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8" hreflang="bg"><span>Уикицитат</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q159" title="Препратка към свързания обект от хранилището за данни [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Обект в Уикиданни</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Broom_icon.svg/60px-Broom_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Broom_icon.svg/80px-Broom_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">Тази статия <b>е <a href="/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%94%D1%8A%D0%BB%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Уикипедия:Дължина">твърде дълга</a> за удобно четене и навигация</b>. Прочитането на целия текст може да отнеме повече от 67 минути.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Моля, обсъдете на <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0:%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Беседа:Русия">беседата</a> <a href="/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%94%D1%8A%D0%BB%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0#Разделяне_на_статия" title="Уикипедия:Дължина">разделяне</a> на текста на отделни статии, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%95%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82#Лаконичност_на_изказа" title="Уикипедия:Енциклопедичност">по-лаконичен изказ</a> или добавяне на подраздели.</span><span class="hide-when-compact"></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r12144718">.mw-parser-output .infobox-lua{width:22em}.mw-parser-output .infobox-title,.mw-parser-output .infobox-above,.mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,.mw-parser-output .infobox-image,.mw-parser-output .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .infobox-data-only,.mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .infobox-above{font-size:125%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .infobox-data{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .infobox-navbar{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .infobox-italic-title{display:none}.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;margin:-5px 0;border:0;border-spacing:0 5px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox th.onlysubbox,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox td.onlysubbox{padding:0!important}</style><table class="infobox infobox-lua infobox_v2 vcard"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-above title flag" style="background-color:#eaecf0; border:1px solid #aaaaaa;">Руска федерация<div style="font-size: 76%; font-weight: normal">Российская Федерация</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-data-only"><div style="text-align:center; display:inline-block;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Flag_of_Russia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Знаме"><img alt="Знаме" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/105px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="105" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/158px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/210px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><div><a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Национално знаме на Русия">Знаме</a></div></div>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;<div style="text-align:center; display:inline-block;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Russian_Federation.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Герб"><img alt="Герб" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Russian_Federation.svg/59px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Russian_Federation.svg.png" decoding="async" width="59" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Russian_Federation.svg/89px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Russian_Federation.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Russian_Federation.svg/118px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Russian_Federation.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="437" data-file-height="517" /></a></span><div><a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Герб на Русия">Герб</a></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-data-only"><b>Химн:</b>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BD_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Химн на Русия">Държавен химн на Руската федерация (на руски: Государственный гимн Российской Федерации)</a><div style="display:table; margin:0 auto"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="82" data-mwtitle="National_Anthem_of_Russia_(2000),_instrumental,_one_verse.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/41/National_Anthem_of_Russia_%282000%29%2C_instrumental%2C_one_verse.ogg/National_Anthem_of_Russia_%282000%29%2C_instrumental%2C_one_verse.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source 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href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Russian_Federation_(orthographic_projection)_-_Annexed_Territories_disputed.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Русия на картата на света (зелено) Териториални претенции (светлозелено)[2]"><img alt="Русия на картата на света (зелено) Териториални претенции (светлозелено)[2]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Russian_Federation_%28orthographic_projection%29_-_Annexed_Territories_disputed.svg/250px-Russian_Federation_%28orthographic_projection%29_-_Annexed_Territories_disputed.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Russian_Federation_%28orthographic_projection%29_-_Annexed_Territories_disputed.svg/375px-Russian_Federation_%28orthographic_projection%29_-_Annexed_Territories_disputed.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Russian_Federation_%28orthographic_projection%29_-_Annexed_Territories_disputed.svg/500px-Russian_Federation_%28orthographic_projection%29_-_Annexed_Territories_disputed.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="536" data-file-height="537" /></a></span><div style="padding-top:0.3em">Русия на картата на света (зелено)<br />Териториални претенции (светлозелено)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" scope="colgroup" class="infobox-header" style="background:#F2F2F2; border:1px solid #aaaaaa;">География и население</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Площ</th><td class="infobox-data">17 125 191 km²<br />(<a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8A%D0%BA_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%89" title="Списък на страните по площ">на 1-во място</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Води</th><td class="infobox-data">13 (вкл. блатата)%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Климат</th><td class="infobox-data">разнообразен</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Столица</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Москва">Москва</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Най-голям град</th><td class="infobox-data">Москва</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Официален език</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Руски език">руски</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>б 1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Религия</th><td class="infobox-data">47,3% <a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Християнство">християнство</a><br />6,5% <a href="/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BC" title="Ислям">ислям</a><br />1,2% <a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BC" title="Неопаганизъм">неопаганизъм</a> и <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BC" title="Тенгризъм">тенгризъм</a><br />0,5% <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BC" title="Будизъм">будизъм</a><br />0,2% други<br />25% <a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Нерелигиозност">нерелигиозност</a><br />13% <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BC" title="Атеизъм">атеизъм</a><br />5,5% без отговор</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BC" title="Демоним">Демоним</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Руснаци">руснак</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Население (2024)</th><td class="infobox-data">146 150 789<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><br />(<a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8A%D0%BA_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%BE_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Списък на страните по население">на 9-о място</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Население (2020)</th><td class="infobox-data">146 745 098</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Гъстота на нас.</th><td class="infobox-data">8,55 души/km²<br />(<a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8A%D0%BA_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%BE_%D0%B3%D1%8A%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Списък на страните по гъстота на населението">на 181-во място</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Градско нас.</th><td class="infobox-data">73%<br />(<a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8A%D0%BA_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%BE_%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Списък на страните по урбанизация">на 49-о място</a>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" scope="colgroup" class="infobox-header" style="background:#F2F2F2; border:1px solid #aaaaaa;">Управление</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Форма</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BC" title="Федерализъм">федерална</a> <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Президентска република">президентска република</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Президент на Русия">Президент</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80_%D0%9F%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Владимир Путин">Владимир Путин</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8A%D1%80-%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Министър-председател на Русия">Министър-председател</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%88%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Михаил Мишустин">Михаил Мишустин</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Организации</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%9E%D0%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="ООН">ООН</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%93-20" title="Г-20">Г-20</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%95" class="mw-redirect" title="ОССЕ">ОССЕ</a>, <a href="/wiki/APEC" class="mw-redirect" title="APEC">APEC</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%A0%D0%98%D0%9A%D0%A1" title="БРИКС">БРИКС</a> и др.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82" title="Законодателна власт">Законодат. власт</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D1%81%D1%8A%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Федерално събрание на Русия">Федерално събрание</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Горна камара</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8A%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Съвет на федерацията">Съвет на федерацията</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Долна камара</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Държавна дума">Държавна дума</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" scope="colgroup" class="infobox-header" style="background:#F2F2F2; border:1px solid #aaaaaa;">История</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="История на Русия">Формиране</a></th><td class="infobox-data">&#160;</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81" title="Киевска Рус">Киевска Рус</a></th><td class="infobox-data">879 г.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>б 2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Североизточна Рус">Владимир-Суздал</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1157 г.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="Московско княжество">Московско княжество</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1263 г.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="Руско царство">Руско царство</a></th><td class="infobox-data">16 януари 1547 г.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Руска империя">Руска империя</a></th><td class="infobox-data">22 октомври 1721 г.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Руска република">Руска република</a></th><td class="infobox-data">14 септември 1917 г.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8A%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%81%D1%8A%D1%8E%D0%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="Съветски съюз">Съветски съюз</a></th><td class="infobox-data">30 декември 1922 г.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Руска федерация</th><td class="infobox-data">12 декември 1991 г.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Конституция</th><td class="infobox-data">12 декември 1993 г.</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" scope="colgroup" class="infobox-header" style="background:#F2F2F2; border:1px solid #aaaaaa;">Икономика</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B2%D1%8A%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%82" title="Брутен вътрешен продукт">БВП</a> (ППС, 2022)</th><td class="infobox-data">4,365 трлн. <a href="/wiki/%D0%A9%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Щатски долар">щ.д.</a><sup id="cite_ref-IMFWEORU_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMFWEORU-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><br />(<a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8A%D0%BA_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%BE_%D0%91%D0%92%D0%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="Списък на страните по БВП">на 6-о място</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">БВП на човек (ППС)</th><td class="infobox-data">30 013 щ.д.<sup id="cite_ref-IMFWEORU_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMFWEORU-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><br />(<a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8A%D0%BA_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%BE_%D0%91%D0%92%D0%9F_(%D0%BF%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82)_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D1%82_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Списък на страните по БВП (по паритета на покупателната способност) на глава от населението">на 58-о място</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">БВП (ном., 2022)</th><td class="infobox-data">1,829 трлн. щ.д.<sup id="cite_ref-IMFWEORU_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMFWEORU-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><br />(<a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8A%D0%BA_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%BE_%D0%91%D0%92%D0%9F_(%D0%BF%D0%BE_%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82)" title="Списък на страните по БВП (по номинална стойност)">на 11-то място</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">БВП на човек (ном.)</th><td class="infobox-data">12 575 щ.д.<sup id="cite_ref-IMFWEORU_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMFWEORU-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><br />(<a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8A%D0%BA_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%BE_%D0%91%D0%92%D0%9F_(%D0%BF%D0%BE_%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82)_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D1%82_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Списък на страните по БВП (по номинална стойност) на глава от населението">на 68-о място</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%87%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Индекс на човешкото развитие">ИЧР</a> (2019)</th><td class="infobox-data">0,824<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> (<span style="color:darkgreen">много висок</span>)<br />(<a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%BE_%D0%98%D0%A7%D0%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="Страни по ИЧР">на 52-ро място</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Коефициент на Джини">Джини</a> (2018)</th><td class="infobox-data">37,5<sup id="cite_ref-WBRUGini_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WBRUGini-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> (<span style="color:orange">среден</span>)<br />(<a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%BE_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Страни по Джини (страницата не съществува)">на 98-о място</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Прод. на живота</th><td class="infobox-data">65,5 години<br />(<a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8A%D0%BA_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%BE_%D1%81%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%8A%D0%BB%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Списък на страните по средна продължителност на живота">на 137-о място</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Детска смъртност</th><td class="infobox-data">7,2<br />(<a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8A%D0%BA_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%BE_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BC%D1%8A%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Списък на страните по детска смъртност (страницата не съществува)">на 140-о място</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Грамотност</th><td class="infobox-data">99,4%<br />(<a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8A%D0%BA_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%BE_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Списък на страните по грамотност на населението">на 12-о място</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Валута</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Руска рубла">Руска рубла</a> (<a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">RUB</a>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" scope="colgroup" class="infobox-header" style="background:#F2F2F2; border:1px solid #aaaaaa;">Други данни</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Часова зона</th><td class="infobox-data">от <a href="/wiki/UTC%2B2" title="UTC+2">UTC+2</a> до <a href="/wiki/UTC%2B12" title="UTC+12">+12</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Автомобилно движение</th><td class="infobox-data">дясно</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-1" title="ISO 3166-1">Код по ISO</a></th><td class="infobox-data">RU</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Интернет домейн</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/.ru" title=".ru">.ru</a>, <a href="/wiki/.su" title=".su">.su</a>, <a href="/wiki/.%D1%80%D1%84" title=".рф">.рф</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Телефонен код</th><td class="infobox-data">+7</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Радиопрефикс">ITU префикс</a></th><td class="infobox-data">R; UA – UI</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Официален сайт</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gov.ru/">gov.ru</a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-data-only" style="text-align:left; border-top:solid 1px #ccd2d9"><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Има още 27 официално признати езика в отделни области на Русия.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Прието е традиционно 862 г. да се счита за начало на руската държавност; в съвременен вид Руската федерация (като РСФСР) е образувана на 7 ноември 1917 г., а от 25 декември 1991 г. носи съвременното си название.</span> </li> </ol></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="background:#eaecf0; border:1px solid #aaaaaa;"><b class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Russia?uselang=bg">Русия</a></b> в <a href="/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%89%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Общомедия">Общомедия</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Русѝя</b> (на <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Руски език">руски</a>: <span lang="ru" dir="ltr" style="font-style:italic">Росси́я</span>) или <b>Ру̀ска федера̀ция</b> (на <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Руски език">руски</a>: <span lang="ru" dir="ltr" style="font-style:italic">Росси́йская Федера́ция</span>), съкратено <b>РФ</b><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> е държава в Европа и Азия, заемаща източната част (38,6&#160;%) на <a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="Европа">Европа</a> и северната част (30,7&#160;%) на <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Азия">Азия</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-БРЭ-том-0_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-БРЭ-том-0-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Тя е <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8A%D0%BA_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%89" title="Списък на страните по площ">най-голямата по територия държава в света</a>. Обхваща обширни земи в <a href="/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="Източна Европа">Източна Европа</a> и <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Северна Азия">Северна Азия</a>. Русия граничи с 18 държави – с 16 по суша (12 в Европа и 4 в Азия) и с 2 по вода (със <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%90%D0%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="САЩ">САЩ</a> при <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA" title="Берингов проток">Беринговия пролив</a> и с <a href="/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Япония">Япония</a> при <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%AE%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Южнокурилски пролив (страницата не съществува)">Южнокурилския пролив</a>). Общата дължина на държавните граници възлиза на 57 946 km.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Северната и източната ѝ граница представляват <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Северен ледовит океан">Северния ледовит</a> (19 240 km) и <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="Тихия океан">Тихия океан</a> (12 280 km). Има излаз на <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Каспийско море">Каспийско море</a> (920 km), <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Азовско море">Азовско море</a> (672 km), <a href="/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Черно море">Черно</a> (430 km), <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Балтийско море">Балтийско</a> (135 km), вкл. <a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2" title="Фински залив">Финския залив</a> (540 km). Със 17 098 242 km<sup>2</sup> Русия е най-голямата страна по територия в света, като покрива 1/8 от обитаемата площ на <a href="/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8F" title="Земя">Земята</a>. Използва 11 часови зони. Със 146 млн. души население тя е <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8A%D0%BA_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%BE_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Списък на страните по население">9-а страна по население</a>. Има редица от най-разнообразните природни среди и релефи. Притежава най-големите световни запаси от минерали и енергийни ресурси и е на първо място в света по добив на нефт и природен газ.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Русия е често определяна от Запада като енергийна суперсила.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Страната има най-обширните горски масиви в Европа и в света,<sup id="cite_ref-loc_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loc-16"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> а нейните езера съдържат приблизително 1/4 от световния запас на чиста, незаледена вода.<sup id="cite_ref-loc_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loc-16"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Историята на Русия започва с издигането на източните славяни като доминираща сила в Източна Европа между 3 и 8 век. За година на основаване се счита <a href="/wiki/862" title="862">862</a> г., когато варяжкият принц <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Рюрик">Рюрик</a> започва да властва над <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8F&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Новгородска земя (страницата не съществува)">Новгородската земя</a> (а наследниците му овладяват <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81" title="Киевска Рус">Киевска Рус</a>) и дава началото на династията на <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B8" title="Рюриковичи">Рюриковичите</a>, управлявали Русия през следващите 700 години. На територията на днешната Руска федерация в Европа са съществували още няколко големи държави, сред които важна роля са играли <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B6%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%91%D1%8A%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Волжка България">Волжка България</a> и <a href="/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="Златната орда">Златната орда</a>, а образуваното в началото на <a href="/wiki/15_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="15 век">15 век</a> <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Велико московско княжество">Велико московско княжество</a> обединява всички руски княжества. Към края на 18 век благодарение на мащабното колонизиране, присъединяване и завладяване, се появява <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="Руската империя">Руската империя</a>, разпростряла се на 3 континента – <a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="Европа">Европа</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Азия">Азия</a> и <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Северна Америка">Северна Америка</a>, и включвала стотици различни народи, култури и вероизповедания. </p><p>През <a href="/wiki/1917" title="1917">1917</a> г. в резултат от избухналата <a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_(1917)" title="Февруарска революция (1917)">Февруарска революция</a> в Руската империя е свалена монархията, а след <a href="/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Октомврийска революция">Октомврийска революция</a> е създаден <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="СССР">Съюзът на съветските социалистически републики</a> (СССР) – първата в света <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BC" title="Социализъм">социалистическа държава</a>, изиграла решаваща роля в победата на <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Декларация на Обединените нации">Съюзниците</a> през <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="Втората световна война">Втората световна война</a>. След края на войната между 2-те оформили се суперсили <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%90%D0%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="САЩ">САЩ</a> и СССР започва борба за световно политическо и военно надмощие, наречена <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Студена война">Студена война</a>. През 1991 г. след тежка икономическа криза Съветският съюз се разпада, а нейната основна част – <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%8A%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Руска съветска федеративна социалистическа република">Руската съветска федеративна социалистическа република</a> се отделя от съюза и става официално Руска федерация. </p><p>Руската федерация има смесен <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Полупрезидентска република">президентско-парламентарен</a> вид републиканска форма на държавно устройство, като президентът има много широки правомощия. Настоящ президент е <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80_%D0%9F%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Владимир Путин">Владимир Путин</a>. </p><p>Русия е на 6-о място в света по брутен вътрешен продукт (по паритета на покупателната способност) за 2017 г. (4,016 трлн. щ.д.),<sup id="cite_ref-IMFWEORU_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMFWEORU-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> разполага с <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8A%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8A%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Въоръжени сили на Руската федерация">5-те по численост</a> въоръжени сили в света и 3-тия по стойност военен бюджет след <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%90%D0%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="САЩ">САЩ</a> и <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Китай">Китай</a>. Тя е сред 10-те ядрени сили и притежава най-големия ядрен арсенал.<sup id="cite_ref-fas_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fas-17"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Русия е <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Велика сила">велика сила</a> – постоянен член на <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8A%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9E%D0%9E%D0%9D" title="Съвет за сигурност на ООН">Съвета за сигурност на ООН</a>, член на <a href="/wiki/%D0%93-8" class="mw-redirect" title="Г-8">Г-8</a> (изключена през март 2014 г. в отговор на анексирането на Крим<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>), <a href="/wiki/%D0%93-20" title="Г-20">Г-20</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%8A%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="Шанхайска организация за сътрудичество">Шанхайската организация за сътрудичество</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%82%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Световна търговска организация">Световната търговска организация</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D1%81%D1%8A%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Азиатско-тихоокеанско икономическо сътрудничество">Азиатско-тихоокеанското икономическо сътрудничество</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%89%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Евразийска икономическа общност">Евразийската икономическа общност</a> и водещ член на <a href="/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%9D%D0%94" class="mw-redirect" title="ОНД">Общността на независимите държави</a>. През 2022 г. напуска <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8A%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="Съвета на Европа">Съвета на Европа</a>. През 21 век отново заявява претенциите си да бъде суперсила.<sup id="cite_ref-Mayr2006_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mayr2006-20"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Coughlin2007_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coughlin2007-21"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> През 2022 г. е обявена за държава агресор и терорист от няколко държави. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Етимология_на_името"><span id=".D0.95.D1.82.D0.B8.D0.BC.D0.BE.D0.BB.D0.BE.D0.B3.D0.B8.D1.8F_.D0.BD.D0.B0_.D0.B8.D0.BC.D0.B5.D1.82.D0.BE"></span>Етимология на името</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=1" title="Редактиране на раздел: Етимология на името" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Етимология на името"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><div class="dablink noprint"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg/17px-Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg/26px-Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg/34px-Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span>&#160;<i>Основна статия&#58; <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81" title="Рус">Рус</a></i></div></dd></dl> <p>Името <i>Русия</i> произлиза от <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81" title="Киевска Рус">Рус</a> – средновековна държава, населена предимно с <a href="/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Източни славяни">източни славяни</a>. С това име страната става известна по-късно в историята, обикновено жителите ѝ я наричат „Русская земля“, което може да се преведе като „руска земя“ или „земя на Рус“. За да се разграничи от други държави, произлезли от нея, тя е обозначена с името <i>Киевска Рус</i> от съвременната историография. Самото име Рус идва от народа <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81" title="Рус">Рус</a> – група от <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%B3%D0%B8" title="Варяги">варягите</a> (евентуално <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B8" title="Свеи">шведските</a> <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B8" title="Викинги">викинги</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> които основават държавата <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81" title="Киевска Рус">Рус</a> (Русь). </p><p>Старата латинска версия на името Рус е Ruthenia, най-вече употребявано в западните и южните райони на Рус, които са били в непосредствена близост до католическа Европа. Сегашното име на страната, Русия (Россия), идва от <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="Византия">византийското</a> обозначение на Киевска Рус, Ρωσσία <i>Rossia</i> (произнасяно Росѝа) в съвременния гръцки език.<sup id="cite_ref-Milner-Gulland19971&amp;#32;–&amp;#32;4_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Milner-Gulland19971&amp;#32;–&amp;#32;4-24"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Обичайният начин за назоваване на гражданите на Русия е „руснаци“. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="География"><span id=".D0.93.D0.B5.D0.BE.D0.B3.D1.80.D0.B0.D1.84.D0.B8.D1.8F"></span>География</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=2" title="Редактиране на раздел: География" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: География"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><div class="dablink noprint"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg/17px-Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg/26px-Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg/34px-Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span>&#160;<i>Основна статия&#58; <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="География на Русия">География на Русия</a></i></div></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Разположение_и_граници"><span id=".D0.A0.D0.B0.D0.B7.D0.BF.D0.BE.D0.BB.D0.BE.D0.B6.D0.B5.D0.BD.D0.B8.D0.B5_.D0.B8_.D0.B3.D1.80.D0.B0.D0.BD.D0.B8.D1.86.D0.B8"></span>Разположение и граници</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=3" title="Редактиране на раздел: Разположение и граници" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Разположение и граници"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Russian_Federation_Relief_Map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Russian_Federation_Relief_Map.png/220px-Russian_Federation_Relief_Map.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Russian_Federation_Relief_Map.png/330px-Russian_Federation_Relief_Map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Russian_Federation_Relief_Map.png/440px-Russian_Federation_Relief_Map.png 2x" data-file-width="1896" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>Физическа карта на Русия</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Talkessel_von_Werchojansk.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Talkessel_von_Werchojansk.JPG/200px-Talkessel_von_Werchojansk.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Talkessel_von_Werchojansk.JPG/300px-Talkessel_von_Werchojansk.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Talkessel_von_Werchojansk.JPG/400px-Talkessel_von_Werchojansk.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Тайга край град <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA" title="Верхоянск">Верхоянск</a>, Източен Сибир</figcaption></figure> <p>Русия е най-голямата по площ държава в света със своите 17 098 242 km², почти два пъти по-голяма от <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8A%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%89%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Съединени американски щати">Съединените щати</a> и <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Китай">Китай</a> и 1,7 пъти по-голяма от <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Канада">Канада</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-United_Nations_Statistics_Division2007_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-United_Nations_Statistics_Division2007-25"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Заема източните области на <a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="Европа">Европа</a> и северната част на <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Азия">Азия</a> – от ексклава <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82" title="Калининградска област">Калининградска област</a> в <a href="/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="Централна Европа">Централна Европа</a> до <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8_%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Диомидови острови">Диомидовите острови</a> в <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA" title="Берингов проток">Беринговия проток</a> и от <a href="/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86_%D0%99%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%84" title="Земя на Франц Йосиф">Земята на Франц Йосиф</a> в <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Арктика">Арктика</a> до връх <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%8E%D0%B7%D1%8E" title="Базардюзю">Базардюзю</a> в <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7" title="Кавказ">Кавказ</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-National_Geographic_Society2009a_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-National_Geographic_Society2009a-26"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-National_Geographic_Society2009b_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-National_Geographic_Society2009b-27"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Общата дължина на сухоземните граници на Русия е 20 242 km, а на морските – 37 653 km.<sup id="cite_ref-CIA2010_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIA2010-28"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> На запад страната има сухоземна граница с <a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Норвегия">Норвегия</a> (196 km), <a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Финландия">Финландия</a> (1313 km), <a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Естония">Естония</a> (290 km), <a href="/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Латвия">Латвия</a> (292 km), <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81" title="Беларус">Беларус</a> (959 km) и <a href="/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Украйна">Украйна</a> (1576 km), както и излаз на <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Балтийско море">Балтийско море</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CIA2010_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIA2010-28"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> На брега на Балтийско море е разположена и ексклавната Калининградска област, която граничи по суша с <a href="/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Литва">Литва</a> (227 km) и <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%88%D0%B0" title="Полша">Полша</a> (432 km).<sup id="cite_ref-CIA2010_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIA2010-28"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>На югозапад Русия има излаз на <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Азовско море">Азовско</a> и <a href="/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Черно море">Черно море</a>, както и на голямото вътрешно езеро <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Каспийско море">Каспийско море</a>. По суша граничи с <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Грузия">Грузия</a> (723 km, включително с частично признатите държави <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Абхазия">Абхазия</a> и <a href="/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Южна Осетия">Южна Осетия</a>) и <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Азербайджан">Азербайджан</a> (284 km).<sup id="cite_ref-CIA2010_28-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIA2010-28"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Южната граница на страната в Азия е с <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Казахстан">Казахстан</a> (6846 km), <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Китай">Китай</a> (40 km в <a href="/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80" class="mw-redirect" title="Южен Сибир">Южен Сибир</a> и отделен участък от 3605 km в <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA" title="Далечен изток">Далечния изток</a>), <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Монголия">Монголия</a> (3441 km) и <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%8F" title="Северна Корея">Северна Корея</a> (18 km).<sup id="cite_ref-CIA2010_28-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIA2010-28"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>На изток Русия има излаз на <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B8_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Тихи океан">Тихия океан</a> и свързаните с него <a href="/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Японско море">Японско</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Охотско море">Охотско</a> и <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Берингово море">Берингово море</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mapsofworld.com2009_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mapsofworld.com2009-29"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> На североизток страната има дълга морска граница със <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8A%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%89%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Съединени американски щати">Съединените американски щати</a>, която преминава през Беринговия проток, отделящ руския полуостров <a href="/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Чукотка">Чукотка</a> от американския щат <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Аляска">Аляска</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DOALOS/OLA2002_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DOALOS/OLA2002-30"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> На север Русия граничи със <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Северен ледовит океан">Северния ледовит океан</a> и неговите <a href="/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Източносибирско море">Източносибирско море</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5_%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Море Лаптеви">Море Лаптеви</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Карско море">Карско</a> и <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="Баренцево море">Баренцево море</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mapsofworld.com2009_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mapsofworld.com2009-29"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Релеф_и_води"><span id=".D0.A0.D0.B5.D0.BB.D0.B5.D1.84_.D0.B8_.D0.B2.D0.BE.D0.B4.D0.B8"></span>Релеф и води</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=4" title="Редактиране на раздел: Релеф и води" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Релеф и води"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Volga_Ulyanovsk-oliv.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Volga_Ulyanovsk-oliv.jpg/200px-Volga_Ulyanovsk-oliv.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Volga_Ulyanovsk-oliv.jpg/300px-Volga_Ulyanovsk-oliv.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Volga_Ulyanovsk-oliv.jpg/400px-Volga_Ulyanovsk-oliv.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Източноевропейската равнина с река Волга край град <a href="/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA" title="Уляновск">Уляновск</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Основната част от територията на <a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="Европейска Русия">Европейска Русия</a> е заета от обширната <a href="/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Източноевропейска равнина">Източноевропейска равнина</a>, в централната част на която са сравнително високите <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D1%8A%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Валдайски възвишения (страницата не съществува)">Валдайски възвишения</a> с надморска височина до 350 m.<sup id="cite_ref-sci-lib.com2010_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sci-lib.com2010-31"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> По-голямата част от тази равнина попада във водосборната област на река <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Волга">Волга</a>, която се влива в Каспийско море и чиито основни притоци са <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_(%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Кама (река)">Кама</a> и <a href="/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BA%D0%B0_(%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ока (река)">Ока</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-UNEP/DEWA~Europe2010_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNEP/DEWA~Europe2010-32"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Дон">Дон</a>, другата голяма река в южната част на Европейска Русия, се влива в Азовско море.<sup id="cite_ref-АД_ГБУВПиС2010_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-АД_ГБУВПиС2010-33"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> В северната част на Източноевропейската равнина се намират <a href="/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE" title="Онежко езеро">Онежкото</a> и <a href="/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE" title="Ладожко езеро">Ладожкото езеро</a>, които се оттичат чрез река <a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Нева">Нева</a> в <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Балтийско море">Балтийско море</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopædia_Britannica2010a_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopædia_Britannica2010a-34"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Североизточните части на Европейска Русия са във водосборната област на Северния ледовит океан, като най-големите реки в този район са <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%94%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Северна Двина">Северна Двина</a> и <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0_(%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Печора (река)">Печора</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Котляков2010_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Котляков2010-35"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-знам.bg2008_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-знам.bg2008-36"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:%D0%AD%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81.jpg/200px-%D0%AD%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81.jpg/300px-%D0%AD%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81.jpg/400px-%D0%AD%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1785" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption>Връх Елбрус, най-високата точка на Русия</figcaption></figure> <p>В най-южната си част Европейска Русия достига до планинския хребет <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BC_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7" title="Голям Кавказ">Голям Кавказ</a>, където се намира и най-високият връх в страната – <a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81" title="Елбрус">Елбрус</a> (5642 m).<sup id="cite_ref-ProTown.ru2009_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ProTown.ru2009-37"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> За източна граница на Европа обикновено се приема планинската верига <a href="/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB_(%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0)" title="Урал (планина)">Урал</a> (1895 m), която пресича цяла Русия от север на юг и отделя европейската част на страната от обширния регион <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Сибир">Сибир</a>, който се отводнява чрез няколко главни речни системи към Северния ледовит океан.<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopædia_Britannica2010b_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopædia_Britannica2010b-38"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Източно от Урал се намира обширната <a href="/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Западносибирска равнина">Западносибирска равнина</a>, която се оттича главно чрез реките <a href="/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1" title="Об">Об</a> с главния си приток <a href="/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%88" title="Иртиш">Иртиш</a> и <a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Енисей">Енисей</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Гвоздецкий2010a_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Гвоздецкий2010a-39"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> На изток от нея е разположено <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Средносибирско плато">Средносибирското плато</a>, отделни части от което имат планински характер и достигат надморска височина 1701 m (платото <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Путорана">Путорана</a>), но на изток се спуска и преминава в <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%8F%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Централноякутска равнина (страницата не съществува)">Централноякутската равнина</a>, отводнявана от река <a href="/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Лена">Лена</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Гвоздецкий2010b_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Гвоздецкий2010b-40"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Vasyugan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Vasyugan.jpg/220px-Vasyugan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Vasyugan.jpg/330px-Vasyugan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Vasyugan.jpg/440px-Vasyugan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1452" data-file-height="870" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Западносибирска равнина">Западносибирска равнина</a></figcaption></figure> <p>В най-североизточната част на Сибир се намират <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Верхоянски хребет">Верхоянският хребет</a> (2389 m) и хребетът <a href="/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Черски">Черски</a> (3147 m), както и <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%AF%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Яно-индигирска низина (страницата не съществува)">Яно-индигирската</a> и <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Колимска низина">Колимската низина</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Гвоздецкий2010c_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Гвоздецкий2010c-41"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Най-големите реки в тази област са <a href="/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Индигирка">Индигирка</a> и <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Колима">Колима</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Гвоздецкий2010c_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Гвоздецкий2010c-41"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Южната част на Сибир има предимно планински релеф – от запад на изток там са разположени планините <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Алтай">Алтай</a> (4506 m), <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Саяни">Саяни</a> (3491 m), <a href="/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Яблонов хребет">Яблонов хребет</a> (1678 m), <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%82&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Становой хребет (страницата не съществува)">Становой хребет</a> (2482 m). Между тях се намира езерото <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Байкал">Байкал</a> – най-голямото по площ в страната и най-дълбокото в света,<sup id="cite_ref-United_States_Geological_Survey_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-United_States_Geological_Survey-42"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> съдържащо над 1/5 от всички повърхностни несолени води в света.<sup id="cite_ref-UNESCO_World_Heritage_Centre_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNESCO_World_Heritage_Centre-43"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> То се отводнява от река <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Ангара">Ангара</a>, приток на Енисей.<sup id="cite_ref-Магия_Байкала2013_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Магия_Байкала2013-44"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>На изток Сибир граничи с руския <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA" title="Далечен изток">Далечен изток</a>, като двата региона са разделени от главния вододел между Северния ледовит и Тихия океан, преминаващ по <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Колимски планини (страницата не съществува)">Колимските планини</a>, хребета <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B4%D0%B6%D1%83%D1%80" title="Джугджур">Джугджур</a> и Становой хребет. Източно от тях са крайбрежните низини по тихоокеанското крайбрежие и вулканичните планини на полуостров <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Камчатка">Камчатка</a>. Най-голямата река в тази област е <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Анадир">Анадир</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Академик2013_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Академик2013-45"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> В южната част на руския Далечен изток се намира басейнът на река <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%80" title="Амур">Амур</a> и планините <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Сихоте Алин">Сихоте Алин</a> (2090 m).<sup id="cite_ref-Академик2013_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Академик2013-45"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Федеральная_служба_геодезии_и_картографии_России2000_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Федеральная_служба_геодезии_и_картографии_России2000-46"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Климат"><span id=".D0.9A.D0.BB.D0.B8.D0.BC.D0.B0.D1.82"></span>Климат</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=5" title="Редактиране на раздел: Климат" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Климат"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Големите размери на Русия и отдалечеността на обширни части от нея от океаните определят континенталния характер на климата в по-голямата част от страната. Планинските масиви на юг пречат на притока на влажни въздушни маси от <a href="/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Индийски океан">Индийския</a> и <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B8_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Тихи океан">Тихия океан</a>, докато равнините на запад и север я откриват за <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Арктика">арктическо</a> и <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Атлантически океан">атлантическо</a> влияние.<sup id="cite_ref-Library_of_Congress2007_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Library_of_Congress2007-47"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B6" title="Валеж">Валежите</a> са относително ниски, по-значителни са по тихоокеанското крайбрежие и в <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7" title="Северен Кавказ">Северен Кавказ</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Library_of_Congress2007_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Library_of_Congress2007-47"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> В почти цялата страна зимните валежи са във вид на <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%B3" title="Сняг">сняг</a>, като дните със снежна покривка варират от 40 в някои части на <a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="Европейска Русия">Европейска Русия</a> до 250 в най-студените части на <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Сибир">Сибир</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Library_of_Congress2007_47-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Library_of_Congress2007-47"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Най-гъсто населените части на Русия – основната част от Европейска Русия и южните части на <a href="/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Западен Сибир">Западен Сибир</a> и <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA" title="Далечен изток">Далечния изток</a> – имат <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Влажен континентален климат (страницата не съществува)">влажен континентален климат</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Peel20071633&amp;#32;–&amp;#32;1644_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peel20071633&amp;#32;–&amp;#32;1644-48"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Той се характеризира с големи сезонни температурни разлики – студена зима и топло, в южните части на Европейска Русия и горещо лято.<sup id="cite_ref-Peel20071633&amp;#32;–&amp;#32;1644_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peel20071633&amp;#32;–&amp;#32;1644-48"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Валежите са относително равномерно разпределени през годината, с изключение на Далечния изток, където под влияние на <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Мусон">мусоните</a> зимата е значително по-суха от лятото.<sup id="cite_ref-Peel20071633&amp;#32;–&amp;#32;1644_48-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peel20071633&amp;#32;–&amp;#32;1644-48"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>В северните части на Европейска Русия и по-голямата част от Сибир и Далечния изток климатът е <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Субполярен климат">субполярен</a>, характеризира се с дълга и много студена зима и кратко и прохладно лято.<sup id="cite_ref-Peel20071633&amp;#32;–&amp;#32;1644_48-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peel20071633&amp;#32;–&amp;#32;1644-48"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Зимата е особено сурова в североизточната част на Сибир,<sup id="cite_ref-Peel20071633&amp;#32;–&amp;#32;1644_48-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peel20071633&amp;#32;–&amp;#32;1644-48"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> където са регистрирани най-ниските температури в <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%BE" title="Северно полукълбо">Северното полукълбо</a> – до −67,8&#160;°C, измерени при <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA" title="Верхоянск">Верхоянск</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Arizona_State_University2013_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arizona_State_University2013-49"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Под влияние на <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BC&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Азиатски максимум (страницата не съществува)">Азиатския максимум</a> валежите в източната част на <a href="/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80" class="mw-redirect" title="Южен Сибир">Южен Сибир</a> и средната част от тихоокеанското крайбрежие са силно ограничени – до 60 mm годишно.<sup id="cite_ref-Peel20071633&amp;#32;–&amp;#32;1644_48-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peel20071633&amp;#32;–&amp;#32;1644-48"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Крайбрежието на <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Северен ледовит океан">Северния ледовит океан</a> и руските острови в него имат <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Полярен климат">полярен климат</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Peel20071633&amp;#32;–&amp;#32;1644_48-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peel20071633&amp;#32;–&amp;#32;1644-48"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> На юг крайбрежието на <a href="/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Черно море">Черно море</a> има <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Влажен субтропичен климат">влажен субтропичен климат</a> с мека и влажна зима, а областите на север и северозапад от <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Каспийско море">Каспийско море</a>, както и някои райони в Южен Сибир, имат <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Студен степен климат">студен степен климат</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Peel20071633&amp;#32;–&amp;#32;1644_48-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peel20071633&amp;#32;–&amp;#32;1644-48"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Флора_и_фауна"><span id=".D0.A4.D0.BB.D0.BE.D1.80.D0.B0_.D0.B8_.D1.84.D0.B0.D1.83.D0.BD.D0.B0"></span>Флора и фауна</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=6" title="Редактиране на раздел: Флора и фауна" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Флора и фауна"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Russia_vegetation.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Russia_vegetation.png/450px-Russia_vegetation.png" decoding="async" width="450" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/Russia_vegetation.png 1.5x" data-file-width="533" data-file-height="163" /></a><figcaption><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r11651663">.mw-parser-output .div-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .div-columns dl,.mw-parser-output .div-columns ol,.mw-parser-output .div-columns ul,.mw-parser-output .div-columns table{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-columns dt,.mw-parser-output .div-columns dd,.mw-parser-output .div-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .div-columns h1,.mw-parser-output .div-columns h2,.mw-parser-output .div-columns h3,.mw-parser-output .div-columns h4,.mw-parser-output .div-columns h5,.mw-parser-output .div-columns h6{column-span:all}</style><div class="div-columns" style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r10917926">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#c0c0c0; color:black;">&#160;</span>&#160;Арктическа пустиня</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10917926"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#9fd6c9; color:black;">&#160;</span>&#160;Тундра</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10917926"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#a7bddb; color:black;">&#160;</span>&#160;Алпийска тундра</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10917926"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#006d64; color:white;">&#160;</span>&#160;Тайга</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10917926"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#3c9798; color:black;">&#160;</span>&#160;Планинска гора</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10917926"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#a4e05d; color:black;">&#160;</span>&#160;Широколистна гора</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10917926"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#f7ec6f; color:black;">&#160;</span>&#160;Степ</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10917926"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#9b8447; color:black;">&#160;</span>&#160;Полупустиня</div></div></figcaption></figure> <p>Територията на Русия формира североизточната част на биогеографското царство <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Палеарктика">Палеарктика</a>, като попада в няколко биогеографски региона.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC2014_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC2014-50"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Северната част от руските острови в Северния ледовит океан е заета от <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8F&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Арктическа пустиня (страницата не съществува)">арктически пустини</a>, почти напълно лишени от растителност и с бедна фауна – главно <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Китоподобни">китоподобни</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8" title="Перконоги">перконоги</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Бяла мечка">бели мечки</a> и птици от семейство <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Кайрови">Кайрови</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Некипелов200384&amp;#32;–&amp;#32;109_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Некипелов200384&amp;#32;–&amp;#32;109-51"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> По-южните острови и континенталното арктическо крайбрежие се намират в зоната на <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Тундра">тундрата</a> – на север растат предимно <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8A%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5" title="Мъхове">мъхове</a> и <a href="/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%B8" title="Лишеи">лишеи</a>, на юг се появява също тревиста и храстова растителност, а в най-южната ѝ част – дори групи дървета.<sup id="cite_ref-Некипелов200384&amp;#32;–&amp;#32;109_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Некипелов200384&amp;#32;–&amp;#32;109-51"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Освен <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Северен елен">северните елени</a>, типични за тундровата фауна са <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Полярна лисица">полярната лисица</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B2%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Овцебик">овцебикът</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Леминги (страницата не съществува)">лемингите</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Полярна сова">полярната сова</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Некипелов200384&amp;#32;–&amp;#32;109_51-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Некипелов200384&amp;#32;–&amp;#32;109-51"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Някои високопланински области във вътрешността на континента също са заети от тундри. </p><p>Южно от тундрата е разположен най-обширният биогеографски регион в Русия – <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Тайга">тайгата</a>, зона на <a href="/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="Иглолистна гора">иглолистни гори</a>, заемаща основната част от Сибир и Далечния изток и северните и североизточни части на Европейска Русия. Доминиращи дървесни видове в тайгата са <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BC%D1%8A%D1%80%D1%87" title="Смърч">смърчът</a> и <a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Ела">елата</a>, на по-сухи почви и <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Бор">борът</a>, като източно от <a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Енисей">Енисей</a>, където климатът е по-суров, смърчът е изместен от <a href="/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Лиственица">лиственицата</a>. В речните долини на тайгата има и широколистна растителност, а обширни области са заети от <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Блато">блата</a>. Характерни животни са <a href="/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Лос">лосът</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%8F%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Кафява мечка">кафявата мечка</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0" title="Росомаха">росомахата</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8A%D0%BB%D0%BA" title="Вълк">вълкът</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Ондатра">ондатрата</a>, както и традиционно ловуваните за кожи <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%80" title="Самур">самур</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Хермелин">хермелин</a> и <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Катерици">катерици</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Некипелов200384&amp;#32;–&amp;#32;109_51-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Некипелов200384&amp;#32;–&amp;#32;109-51"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>В Европейска Русия и Западен Сибир тайгата преминава на юг и югозапад в пояс от <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Смесена гора">смесени</a> и <a href="/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Широколистна гора">широколистни гори</a>, в които типични широколистни дървета са <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8A%D0%B1" title="Дъб">дъбът</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="Липа">липата</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Бреза">брезата</a> и <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Трепетлика">трепетликата</a>, а характерни животни – <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Сърни">сърните</a>, вълците, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Лисица">лисиците</a>, катериците и <a href="/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Златки">златките</a>. Особен характер имат смесените гори в южната част на Далечния изток, където преобладават източноазиатски видове смърч, ела, дъб и <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%82" title="Бряст">бряст</a> и характерна за региона фауна – <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%8A%D1%80" title="Сибирски тигър">сибирски тигър</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Петнист елен">петнист елен</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Хималайска мечка">хималайска мечка</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B5" title="Енотовидно куче">енотовидно куче</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Амурска котка">амурска котка</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Некипелов200384&amp;#32;–&amp;#32;109_51-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Некипелов200384&amp;#32;–&amp;#32;109-51"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>В южната част на Европейска Русия и отделни области в Южен Сибир широколистните гори преминават на юг в <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BF" title="Степ">степи</a> с предимно тревиста растителност, значителна част от които е превърната в обработваеми земи. Характерни за този регион животни са различни видове <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B8" title="Гризачи">гризачи</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B2%D1%8A%D0%BB%D0%BA&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Степен вълк (страницата не съществува)">степни вълци</a>, лисици, а в Сибир – и <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Манул">манули</a>. Низините край Каспийско море имат <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Полупустиня">полупустинен</a> характер, а флората и фауната на Черноморието има сходства със средиземноморската.<sup id="cite_ref-Некипелов200384&amp;#32;–&amp;#32;109_51-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Некипелов200384&amp;#32;–&amp;#32;109-51"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Русия има най-големите резерви на гори в света,<sup id="cite_ref-FAO2010_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAO2010-52"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> наричани „белите дробове на Европа“.<sup id="cite_ref-Walsh2003_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walsh2003-53"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> В страната живеят 266 вида бозайници и 780 вида птици. Към 1997 година общо 415 животински вида са включени в <a href="/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="Червена книга">Червената книга</a> на Руската федерация.<sup id="cite_ref-Merzliakova1997_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Merzliakova1997-54"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> В Русия има 41 <a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA" title="Национален парк">национални парка</a> и 101 <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Резерват">резервата</a> с обща площ около 335 хиляди km²,<sup id="cite_ref-Center_for_Russian_Nature_Conservation2013_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Center_for_Russian_Nature_Conservation2013-55"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> включително 41 <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Биосферен резерват">биосферни резервата</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-UNESCO2011_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNESCO2011-56"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="История"><span id=".D0.98.D1.81.D1.82.D0.BE.D1.80.D0.B8.D1.8F"></span>История</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=7" title="Редактиране на раздел: История" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: История"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><div class="dablink noprint"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg/17px-Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg/26px-Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg/34px-Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span>&#160;<i>Основна статия&#58; <a href="/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="История на Русия">История на Русия</a></i></div></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ранна_история"><span id=".D0.A0.D0.B0.D0.BD.D0.BD.D0.B0_.D0.B8.D1.81.D1.82.D0.BE.D1.80.D0.B8.D1.8F"></span>Ранна история</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=8" title="Редактиране на раздел: Ранна история" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Ранна история"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Най-ранните сведения за заселване на хора на територията на днешна Русия са от <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ранен палеолит (страницата не съществува)">ранния палеолит</a>, като по Черноморието има находки на възраст 1,5 милиона години,<sup id="cite_ref-Любин2008141&amp;#32;–&amp;#32;143_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Любин2008141&amp;#32;–&amp;#32;143-57"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> а <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_sapiens" class="mw-redirect" title="Homo sapiens">Homo sapiens</a></i> се появяват преди около 50 хиляди години.<sup id="cite_ref-Anikovich2007223&amp;#32;–&amp;#32;226_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anikovich2007223&amp;#32;–&amp;#32;226-58"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Според преобладаващото мнение, предшествениците на <a href="/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Индианци">индианците</a> се заселват в <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Америка">Америка</a> преди около 16 хиляди години, преминавайки през източните части на Русия.<sup id="cite_ref-Goebel20081497&amp;#32;–&amp;#32;1502_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goebel20081497&amp;#32;–&amp;#32;1502-59"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82" class="mw-redirect" title="Неолит">Неолитът</a> в южните части на страната настъпва в края на IV и началото на III хилядолетие пр.н.е. и постепенно се разпространява на север, но в обширни рядко населени части от Сибир ловът и риболовът остават основа на стопанството до Новото време.<sup id="cite_ref-Лурье1956_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Лурье1956-60"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>През неолитната и <a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82" class="mw-redirect" title="Халколит">халколитната</a> епоха на днешната територия на Русия се формират няколко от големите езикови групи в Евразия – <a href="/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Индоевропейски езици">индоевропейската</a> в европейските степи,<sup id="cite_ref-Gimbutas1985190_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gimbutas1985190-61"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Уралски езици">уралската</a> по средното течение на Волга и района на Урал<sup id="cite_ref-Kallio20062&amp;#32;–&amp;#32;25_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kallio20062&amp;#32;–&amp;#32;25-62"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> и <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Тюркски езици">тюркската</a> в Южен Сибир.<sup id="cite_ref-Róna-Tas199867&amp;#32;–&amp;#32;80_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Róna-Tas199867&amp;#32;–&amp;#32;80-63"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> През I хилядолетие пр.н.е. най-южните области влизат в контакт с цивилизациите в <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Средиземноморие">Средиземноморието</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BA_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA" title="Близък изток">Близкия изток</a> и <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Китай">Китай</a> и се появяват първите писмени сведения за конкретни народи – <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Скити">скитите</a> и по-късно <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Сармати">сарматите</a> в южната част на Европейска Русия,<sup id="cite_ref-Sinor199097_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sinor199097-64"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopædia_Britannica2014a_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopædia_Britannica2014a-65"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8" title="Енисейски киргизи">енисейските киргизи</a> и <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Динлин">динлин</a> в Южен Сибир,<sup id="cite_ref-Худяков2001_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Худяков2001-66"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lu1996111,&amp;#32;135&amp;#32;–&amp;#32;137_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lu1996111,&amp;#32;135&amp;#32;–&amp;#32;137-67"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%88%D1%8A%D0%BD&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Сушън (страницата не съществува)">сушън</a> в Далечния изток.<sup id="cite_ref-Нестеров1996205_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Нестеров1996205-68"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>През VI век пр.н.е. по черноморското и азовското крайбрежие са основани няколко <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%8A%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="Велика гръцка колонизация">гръцки колонии</a>, които стават основа на просъществувалото до края на IV век <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Боспорско царство">Боспорско царство</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Canadian_Institute_of_Ukrainian_Studies2001_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Canadian_Institute_of_Ukrainian_Studies2001-69"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> От края на III век пр.н.е. до края на I век част от Южен Сибир е част от държавата на <a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%83" title="Хунну">хунну</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Di_Cosmo2002_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Di_Cosmo2002-70"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> В края на I век от изток в Европейска Русия навлизат <a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Хуни">хуните</a>, които през следващите десетилетия установяват контрол над степите северно от Кавказ, където подчиняват ираноезичните <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Алани">алани</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Гмыря19959_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Гмыря19959-71"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> През V&#160;– VI век голяма част от Южен Сибир е под властта на хаганата <a href="/wiki/%D0%96%D0%BE%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Жоужан">Жоужан</a>, който изтласква към степите на Европейска Русия <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Савири">савирите</a> и някои <a href="/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8" title="Огузи">огузки</a> племена.<sup id="cite_ref-Kim131_–_132_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kim131_–_132-72"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Kievan_Rus_en.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Kievan_Rus_en.jpg/220px-Kievan_Rus_en.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Kievan_Rus_en.jpg/330px-Kievan_Rus_en.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Kievan_Rus_en.jpg/440px-Kievan_Rus_en.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1384" data-file-height="1368" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81" title="Киевска Рус">Киевска Рус</a> през 10 век</figcaption></figure> <p>В средата на VI век степните области в Европейска Русия влизат в границите на <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Аварски хаганат">Аварския каганат</a>, а тези в Сибир – на <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Тюркски каганат">Тюркския каганат</a>, който към края на века се разширява до Азовско море.<sup id="cite_ref-Pohl199818_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pohl199818-73"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Christian1998247&amp;#32;–&amp;#32;264_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Christian1998247&amp;#32;–&amp;#32;264-74"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> През VII век Тюркският каганат постепенно се разпада, като в Европа на негово място възниква просъществувалата за кратко <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%91%D1%8A%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="Велика България">Велика България</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Златарски1994140&amp;#32;–&amp;#32;141_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Златарски1994140&amp;#32;–&amp;#32;141-75"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> последвана от <a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82" class="mw-redirect" title="Хазарски хаганат">Хазарският каганат</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Noonan1999498_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Noonan1999498-76"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> По същото време по средното течение на Волга възниква <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B6%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%91%D1%8A%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Волжка България">Волжка България</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Bowersock1999354_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bowersock1999354-77"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> а малко по-късно в Сибир тюркските владения за завзети от <a href="/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B9%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82" class="mw-redirect" title="Уйгурски хаганат">Уйгурския</a> и <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Кимакския каганат (страницата не съществува)">Кимакския каганат</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Golden1990349_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Golden1990349-78"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Плетнёва1982190_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Плетнёва1982190-79"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> През VII век в Хазарския каганат навлизат <a href="/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Унгарци">унгарците</a>, които през следващото столетие се изселват на запад.<sup id="cite_ref-Library_of_Congress1989_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Library_of_Congress1989-80"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>В началото на IX век <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%B3%D0%B8" title="Варяги">варягите</a> и свързваната с тях етническа група <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81" title="Рус">рус</a> образуват <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Руски каганат">Руския каганат</a> – мрежа от укрепени пунктове в северната половина на днешна Европейска Русия, от които контролират местното <a href="/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%BE-%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Угро-фински езици">угро-финско</a>, а в най-западните области и <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Славяни">славянско</a> население.<sup id="cite_ref-Franklin199633&amp;#32;–&amp;#32;36_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Franklin199633&amp;#32;–&amp;#32;36-81"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dolukhanov1996187_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dolukhanov1996187-82"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> През 862 година властта в северозападната част на тази територия е поета от <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Рюрик">Рюрик</a> – <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B8" title="Рюриковичи">неговите потомци</a> управляват в Русия до края на XVI век, а тази година традиционно се смята за начало на руската държавност.<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopædia_Britannica2014b_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopædia_Britannica2014b-83"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> През 884 година наследникът на Рюрик <a href="/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B3" title="Олег">Олег</a> превзема <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2" title="Киев">Киев</a>, поставяйки началото на <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81" title="Киевска Рус">Киевска Рус</a>, държава с център в днешна северна <a href="/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Украйна">Украйна</a>, която обхваща и значителна част от северните области на днешна Европейска Русия.<sup id="cite_ref-Vernadsky197329_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vernadsky197329-84"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Около 988 година Киевска Рус приема <a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Християнство">християнството</a> с посредничеството на <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D1%8A%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="България">България</a>, от която възприема също <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%8A%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Старобългарски език">старобългарския език</a> и кирилската писменост,<sup id="cite_ref-Бодянский1843_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Бодянский1843-85"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> а първият духовен глава на Киевската църква и първите нейни епископи са българи по народност.<sup id="cite_ref-Благоев2004_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Благоев2004-86"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>В края на X век Хазарският каганат е унищожен от киевски и <a href="/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8" title="Огузи">огузки</a> нападения<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopaedia_Britannica2020_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopaedia_Britannica2020-87"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> и доминиращо място в степите на Европейска Русия заемат <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8" title="Печенеги">печенегите</a>, последвани от <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Кумани">куманите</a>. През XI&#160;– XII век Киевска Рус постепенно се децентрализира, като нейният велик княз остава номинален глава на система от <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A3%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Уделно княжество (страницата не съществува)">уделни княжества</a>, владения на членове на <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B8" title="Рюриковичи">Рюриковата династия</a>, намиращи се в сложна йерархия помежду си.<sup id="cite_ref-Pipes197442_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pipes197442-88"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Главните уделни княжества на територията на днешна Русия са <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8F&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Новгородска земя (страницата не съществува)">Новгородската земя</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Владимирско-Суздалско княжество">Владимирско-Суздалското</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Смоленско княжество (страницата не съществува)">Смоленското</a> и <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D1%8F%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Рязанско княжество (страницата не съществува)">Рязанското княжество</a>. </p><p>В първите години на XIII век в Южен Сибир и съседните части на днешна <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Монголия">Монголия</a> възниква <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Монголска империя">Монголската империя</a>, която за няколко десетилетия, водена от <a href="/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%81_%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Чингис хан">Чингис хан</a> и неговите наследници, подчинява огромни територии от <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Китай">Китай</a> до <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Средиземно море">Средиземно море</a> и <a href="/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="Централна Европа">Централна Европа</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Guzman1988568&amp;#32;–&amp;#32;570_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guzman1988568&amp;#32;–&amp;#32;570-89"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> През 1223 година <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83_%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Бату хан">Бату хан</a> навлиза в Източна Европа и разгромява куманите, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B2_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81" title="Монголско нашествие в Киевска Рус">разграбва Киевска Рус</a> и <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D1%8A%D0%B2_%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B6%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%91%D1%8A%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Монголско нашествие във Волжка България">напада Волжка България</a>. В последвалите войни, в които по някои оценки населението на Рус намалява наполовина,<sup id="cite_ref-Parallelsixty.com2010_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parallelsixty.com2010-90"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> куманите и Волжка България са изцяло подчинени от монголците, а повечето уделни княжества изпадат в зависимост от тях. Създадената от монголците <a href="/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Златна орда">Златна орда</a>, приела през XIV век <a href="/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BC" title="Ислям">исляма</a> за своя официална религия, е доминираща сила в Източна Европа през следващите няколко века, а зависимите от нея уделни княжества стават основата на бъдещата Русия.<sup id="cite_ref-Curtis1998a_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Curtis1998a-91"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Възходът_на_Москва"><span id=".D0.92.D1.8A.D0.B7.D1.85.D0.BE.D0.B4.D1.8A.D1.82_.D0.BD.D0.B0_.D0.9C.D0.BE.D1.81.D0.BA.D0.B2.D0.B0"></span>Възходът на Москва</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=9" title="Редактиране на раздел: Възходът на Москва" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Възходът на Москва"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><div class="dablink noprint"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg/17px-Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg/26px-Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg/34px-Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span>&#160;<i>Основни статии&#58; <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Велико московско княжество">Велико московско княжество</a> и <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="Руско царство">Руско царство</a></i></div></dd></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Muscovy_1300-1462.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Muscovy_1300-1462.png/220px-Muscovy_1300-1462.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Muscovy_1300-1462.png/330px-Muscovy_1300-1462.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Muscovy_1300-1462.png/440px-Muscovy_1300-1462.png 2x" data-file-width="3516" data-file-height="2934" /></a><figcaption>Териториално разширение на Московското княжество през 1300 – 1462 година</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Москва">Москва</a> води началото си от крепост, изградена около 1156 година от великия княз на Киевска Рус <a href="/wiki/%D0%AE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="Юрий Долгоруки">Юрий Долгоруки</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-moscow.org2016_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-moscow.org2016-92"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> През 1263 година градът става център на уделно княжество (на <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Руски език">руски</a>: <span lang="ru" dir="ltr" style="font-style:italic">удельное княжество</span>), владяно от семейството на владимирско-суздалските князе.<sup id="cite_ref-Кучкин2019_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Кучкин2019-93"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> През следващите десетилетия княжеството постепенно увеличава територията си, през 1325 година в Москва се премества митрополитът на Киев и Цяла Рус,<sup id="cite_ref-Школьник201931_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Школьник201931-94"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> а през 1362 година московският княз <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Дмитрий Донски">Дмитрий Донски</a> получава от Златната орда титлата на велик княз на Владимир и Суздал,<sup id="cite_ref-Мороз20191_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Мороз20191-95"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> която е запазена от наследниците му, утвърждавайки ги като най-влиятелните владетели в руския североизток. </p><p>През първата половина на XV век Великото московско княжество изпада в тежка криза, съпътствана с династични конфликти и активни интервенции на монголците. В същото време на запад се консолидира <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Велико литовско княжество">Великото литовско княжество</a>, което завзема западните части на днешна Русия и влиза в съюз с традиционния съперник на Москва – <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Велико тверско княжество (страницата не съществува)">Великото тверско княжество</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopædia_Britannica2016_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopædia_Britannica2016-96"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Москва постига обрат в средата на управлението на <a href="/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD_III" title="Иван III">Иван III</a>, когато отхвърля зависимостта си от монголците (1480) и завладява <a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Новгородска република">Новгородската република</a> (1477) и Твер (1485).<sup id="cite_ref-Curtis1996a_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Curtis1996a-97"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> В началото на XVI век московските велики князе подчиняват и останалите уделни княжества и се превръщат в единствената сила на изток от Литва и на север от монголците.<sup id="cite_ref-Curtis1996a_97-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Curtis1996a-97"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Засилването на Московското княжество е съпътсвано от засилваща се криза в Златната орда, която през 1395 година претърпява тежко поражение от войските на <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%80" title="Тимур">Тимур</a>, което я лишава от контрола върху северния клон на <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%8A%D1%82_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Път на коприната">Пътя на коприната</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Бартольд1963803_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Бартольд1963803-98"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> През следващите десетилетия, до средата на XV век, Златната орда се разпада на няколко по-малки мюсюлмански държави, контролиращи части от територията на днешна Русия – <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Казанско ханство">Казанско ханство</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Сибирско ханство">Сибирско ханство</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ногайска орда (страницата не съществува)">Ногайска орда</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Кримско ханство">Кримско ханство</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A3%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Узбекско ханство (страницата не съществува)">Узбекско ханство</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Почекаев2004_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Почекаев2004-99"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Ivan_IV_parsuna_3_N.Tagil.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Ivan_IV_parsuna_3_N.Tagil.jpg/200px-Ivan_IV_parsuna_3_N.Tagil.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Ivan_IV_parsuna_3_N.Tagil.jpg/300px-Ivan_IV_parsuna_3_N.Tagil.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c4/Ivan_IV_parsuna_3_N.Tagil.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="519" /></a><figcaption>Иван IV Грозни, първият руски цар, управлявал от 1533 до 1584 година</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD_IV" title="Иван IV">Иван IV</a>, наречен по-късно <i>Грозни</i> („Страшни“), става първият московски владетел, провъзгласил се официално за <a href="/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Цар">цар</a>, като символ на своите имперски претенции след завладяването на всички източни руски княжества.<sup id="cite_ref-Curtis1996a_97-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Curtis1996a-97"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Той централизира управлението, подчинява аристокрацията с жестоки репресии,<sup id="cite_ref-Curtis1996a_97-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Curtis1996a-97"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> кодифицира законодателството, създава <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%81%D1%8A%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Земски събор (страницата не съществува)">земски събори</a>, намалява влиянието на духовенството.<sup id="cite_ref-Zenkovsky195737_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zenkovsky195737-100"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Иван Грозни продължава руската експанзия, завземайки <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Казанско ханство">Казанското</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Астраханско ханство">Астраханското</a> и <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Сибирско ханство">Сибирското ханство</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Martin1995395_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martin1995395-101"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> но претърпява поражение в <a href="/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Ливонска война">Ливонската война</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Urban1983_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Urban1983-102"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> а в края на управлението му страната е съсипана от вътрешна нестабилност, външни нападения, болести и глад. </p><p>В годините след смъртта на Иван Грозни е прекъснато управлението на династията на <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B8" title="Рюриковичи">Рюриковичите</a> и Русия навлиза в продължителен период на вътрешна и външна нестабилност, наричан <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5" title="Смутно време">Смутното време</a>, чиято кулминация са <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%B2_%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F_(1601_%E2%80%93_1603)" title="Велик глад в Русия (1601 – 1603)">Великият глад</a>, унищожил през 1601 – 1603 година около една трета от населението, и завземането на Москва от войски на <a href="/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Жечпосполита">Жечпосполита</a> през 1610 година.<sup id="cite_ref-Curtis1996a_97-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Curtis1996a-97"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Въпреки тази криза, през следващите години страната постепенно се стабилизира, като за цар е избран боляринът <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BB_(%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Михаил (Русия)">Михаил Романов</a>, който успява да наложи <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Романови">своя династия</a>. Възползвайки се от <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%92%D1%8A%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%A5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Въстание на Богдан Хмелницки (страницата не съществува)">Въстанието на Богдан Хмелницки</a>, неговият наследник <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B9_(%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Алексей (Русия)">Алексей</a> завладява през 1667 година <a href="/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Левобрежна Украйна">Левобрежна Украйна</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Curtis1996a_97-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Curtis1996a-97"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> През този период започва колонизацията на <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Сибир">Сибир</a>, като московски предни постове достигат до река <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%80" title="Амур">Амур</a> и полуостров <a href="/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Чукотка">Чукотка</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Wood2011320_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wood2011320-103"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> а руски кораби откриват <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA" title="Берингов проток">Беринговия проток</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Fisher1981_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fisher1981-104"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Управлението на първите Романови е съпътствано и от масово <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="Крепостничество">закрепостяване</a> на селяните, както и от чести бунтове, най-мащабно сред които е <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%92%D1%8A%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BD&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Въстание на Степан Разин (страницата не съществува)">Въстанието на Степан Разин</a> през 1667 – 1671 година.<sup id="cite_ref-Skocpol1988_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Skocpol1988-105"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kotilaine2004264_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kotilaine2004264-106"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Curtis1996a_97-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Curtis1996a-97"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Руска_империя"><span id=".D0.A0.D1.83.D1.81.D0.BA.D0.B0_.D0.B8.D0.BC.D0.BF.D0.B5.D1.80.D0.B8.D1.8F"></span>Руска империя</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=10" title="Редактиране на раздел: Руска империя" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Руска империя"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><div class="dablink noprint"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg/17px-Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg/26px-Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg/34px-Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span>&#160;<i>Основна статия&#58; <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Руска империя">Руска империя</a></i></div></dd></dl> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Peter_de_Grote.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Peter_de_Grote.jpg/200px-Peter_de_Grote.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Peter_de_Grote.jpg/300px-Peter_de_Grote.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Peter_de_Grote.jpg/400px-Peter_de_Grote.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1687" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8A%D1%80_I_(%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Петър I (Русия)">Петър Велики</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Наследникът на Алексей Романов <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8A%D1%80_I_(%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Петър I (Русия)">Петър Велики</a>, управлявал от 1682 до 1725 година, извършва <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8A%D1%80_I" title="Реформи на Петър I">поредица от реформи</a>, насочени към модернизацията на страната по западноевропейски образец,<sup id="cite_ref-Hughes2000_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hughes2000-107"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> и я превръща във фактор на европейската сцена. Той побеждава <a href="/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Швеция">Швеция</a> във <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Велика северна война">Великата северна война</a>, осигурявайки на Русия достъп до <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Балтийско море">Балтийско море</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Solovyov2001a_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Solovyov2001a-108"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Solovyov2001b_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Solovyov2001b-109"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> където основава новата столица <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Санкт Петербург">Санкт Петербург</a>. През 1721 година Петър Велики се обявява за <a href="/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Император">император</a>. </p><p>Реформите на Петър започват да налагат Руската империя като един от най-важните политически и военни фактори в Европа.<sup id="cite_ref-Тимошина2015_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Тимошина2015-110"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> С участието си в тежки конфликти, като <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Война за полското наследство">Войната за полското наследство</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Война за австрийското наследство">Войната за австрийското наследство</a> и най-вече <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Седемгодишна война">Седемгодишната война</a>, руската армия натрупва опит и възможности, сравними с тези на водещите европейски въоръжени сили.<sup id="cite_ref-Prothero1909314&amp;#32;–&amp;#32;320_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prothero1909314&amp;#32;–&amp;#32;320-111"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Stone200670&amp;#32;–&amp;#32;72_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stone200670&amp;#32;–&amp;#32;72-112"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Кулминацията на този възход идва под управлението на <a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_II" title="Екатерина II">Екатерина Велика</a> (1762 – 1796), която разширява границите на Руската империя до централна Европа, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%96%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="Поделби на Жечпосполита">унищожавайки Жечпосполита</a>, а на юг отблъсква <a href="/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Османска империя">Османската империя</a> и утвърждава руските граници до <a href="/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Черно море">Черно море</a> и <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7" title="Кавказ">Кавказ</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Maranzani2020_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maranzani2020-113"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Военните успехи са постигнати за сметка на засилване на привилегиите на аристокрацията, разширяване на <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="Крепостничество">крепостничеството</a> и отнемане на привилегиите на <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Казаци">казачеството</a>, което предизвиква съпротива, най-явна в бунта на <a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD_%D0%9F%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Емелян Пугачов">Емелян Пугачов</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Forster1970165&amp;#32;–&amp;#32;172_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forster1970165&amp;#32;–&amp;#32;172-114"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Vasily_Surikov_-_Suvorov_Crossing_the_Alps_in_1799_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Vasily_Surikov_-_Suvorov_Crossing_the_Alps_in_1799_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-Vasily_Surikov_-_Suvorov_Crossing_the_Alps_in_1799_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Vasily_Surikov_-_Suvorov_Crossing_the_Alps_in_1799_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-Vasily_Surikov_-_Suvorov_Crossing_the_Alps_in_1799_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Vasily_Surikov_-_Suvorov_Crossing_the_Alps_in_1799_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-Vasily_Surikov_-_Suvorov_Crossing_the_Alps_in_1799_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4616" data-file-height="6197" /></a><figcaption>Водените от <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8A%D1%80_%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Александър Суворов">Александър Суворов</a> руски войски прекосяват <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BF%D0%B8" title="Алпи">италианските Алпи</a> по време на <a href="/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="Италиански поход">Италианския поход</a>, 1799</figcaption></figure> <p>Събитията след <a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Френска революция">Френската революция</a> от 1789 година въвличат Руската империя в европейските военни конфликти. През 1799 и 1804 – 1807 година Русия воюва срещу <a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Франция">Франция</a>, след това е неин съюзник, а през 1812 година френският император <a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD_I" title="Наполеон I">Наполеон I</a> предприема завършил катастрофално поход до Москва.<sup id="cite_ref-Curtis1996b_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Curtis1996b-115"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> През този период руски военни контингенти достигат до <a href="/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Италия">Италия</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Франция">Франция</a> и <a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F_(%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82)" class="mw-redirect" title="Нидерландия (област)">Нидерландия</a>, а в края на <a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Наполеонови войни">Наполеоновите войни</a> Руската империя е основен участник в победилата коалиция, която очертава следвоенния ред в Европа на <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81" title="Виенски конгрес">Виенския конгрес</a> (1815). Следващите години отбелязват кулминацията на външнополитическото влияние на Руската империя, която става гарант за стабилността на консервативните режими в Европа и на практика превръща <a href="/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Османска империя">Османската империя</a> в свой <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Протекторат">протекторат</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ozavci2021158&amp;#32;–&amp;#32;176_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ozavci2021158&amp;#32;–&amp;#32;176-116"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Офицерите, воювали срещу Наполеон в Западна Европа, донасят в Русия идеите на <a href="/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BC" title="Либерализъм">либерализма</a> и част от тях правят опит за ограничаване на властта на императора с неуспешното <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%B2%D1%8A%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="Декабристко въстание">Декабристко въстание</a> от 1825 година.<sup id="cite_ref-Grey1973_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grey1973-117"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Към края на консервативното управление на <a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9_I_(%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Николай I (Русия)">Николай I</a> (1825 – 1855) социалното и технологично изоставане на страната стават все по-видими и довеждат до унизителното ѝ поражение в <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Кримска война">Кримската война</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Vincent198137&amp;#32;–&amp;#32;49_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vincent198137&amp;#32;–&amp;#32;49-118"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Новият император <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8A%D1%80_II_(%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Александър II (Русия)">Александър II</a> (1855 – 1881) започва мащабни реформи, сред които е <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Премахване на крепостничеството">премахването на крепостничеството</a> през 1861 година.<sup id="cite_ref-Zenkovsky1961280&amp;#32;–&amp;#32;293_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zenkovsky1961280&amp;#32;–&amp;#32;293-119"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Тези реформи дават тласък на индустриализацията и модернизират армията, която провежда успешната <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0_(1877_%E2%80%93_1878)" title="Руско-турска война (1877 – 1878)">Руско-турска война</a> от 1877 – 1878 година, довела до изтласкването на Османската империя от голяма част от <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="Балкани">Балканите</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gunter2013231&amp;#32;–&amp;#32;233_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gunter2013231&amp;#32;–&amp;#32;233-120"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> През голяма част от XIX век и първите години на XX век Русия и <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Британска империя">Британската империя</a> се борят за влияние в <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%84%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Афганистан">Афганистан</a> и съседните територии на <a href="/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Централна Азия">Централна</a> и <a href="/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Южна Азия">Южна Азия</a>, като съперничеството им става известно като <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Голямата игра">Голямата игра</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Fromkin1980936&amp;#32;–&amp;#32;951_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fromkin1980936&amp;#32;–&amp;#32;951-121"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:The_Russian_Empire-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/The_Russian_Empire-en.svg/300px-The_Russian_Empire-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/The_Russian_Empire-en.svg/450px-The_Russian_Empire-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/The_Russian_Empire-en.svg/600px-The_Russian_Empire-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3121" data-file-height="1586" /></a><figcaption>Руската империя в края на <a href="/wiki/19_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="19 век">19 век</a></figcaption></figure> <p>В края на 19 век се вижда възхода на различни социалистически движения в Русия. Александър II е убит през 1881 от революционни терористи.<sup id="cite_ref-Frank1995641&amp;#32;–&amp;#32;643_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frank1995641&amp;#32;–&amp;#32;643-122"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Управлението на неговия син <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8A%D1%80_III_(%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Александър III (Русия)">Александър III</a> (1881 – 1894) е мирно, но съпътствано от възход на социалния консерватизъм и <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BC" title="Антисемитизъм">антисемитизма</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Taranovski1984207&amp;#32;–&amp;#32;219_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taranovski1984207&amp;#32;–&amp;#32;219-123"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Löwe2009_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Löwe2009-124"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> При управлението на последния император <a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9_II_(%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Николай II (Русия)">Николай II</a> (1894 – 1917) в страната избухват масови размирици, повод за които става унизителното поражение в <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D1%8F%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Руско-японска война">Руско-японската война</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Esthus1981396&amp;#32;–&amp;#32;411_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Esthus1981396&amp;#32;–&amp;#32;411-125"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Вълненията са потушени, но императорът е принуден да проведе значителни реформи с приемането на <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Конституция">конституция</a>, гарантираща <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Свобода на словото">свободата на словото</a> и <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%8A%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B0&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Свобода на събранията (страницата не съществува)">събранията</a>, легализирането на политическите партии и създаването на изборен парламент – <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Държавна дума на Руската империя">Държавна дума</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Doctorow197633&amp;#32;–&amp;#32;52_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Doctorow197633&amp;#32;–&amp;#32;52-126"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:19170704_Riot_on_Nevsky_prosp_Petrograd.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/19170704_Riot_on_Nevsky_prosp_Petrograd.jpg/220px-19170704_Riot_on_Nevsky_prosp_Petrograd.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/19170704_Riot_on_Nevsky_prosp_Petrograd.jpg/330px-19170704_Riot_on_Nevsky_prosp_Petrograd.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/19170704_Riot_on_Nevsky_prosp_Petrograd.jpg/440px-19170704_Riot_on_Nevsky_prosp_Petrograd.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1828" data-file-height="1188" /></a><figcaption>Петроград, 1917: сблъсъци между силите на Петроградския съвет и временното правителство няколко месеца след свалянето на царския режим</figcaption></figure> <p>През 1914 година Русия влиза в <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Първа световна война">Първата световна война</a> в подкрепа на своя съюзник <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Сърбия">Сърбия</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Williamson1988795&amp;#32;–&amp;#32;818_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williamson1988795&amp;#32;–&amp;#32;818-127"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> и през следващите години воюва на няколко фронта, изолирана от главните си съюзници в <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Антанта">Антантата</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Schmitt1924449&amp;#32;–&amp;#32;473_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schmitt1924449&amp;#32;–&amp;#32;473-128"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> С <a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8A%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%91%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Настъпление на Брусилов">настъплението на Брусилов</a> през 1916 година руската армия почти напълно унищожава войските на <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE-%D0%A3%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Австро-Унгария">Австро-Унгария</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Schindler200327&amp;#32;–&amp;#32;59_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schindler200327&amp;#32;–&amp;#32;59-129"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> но предвоенното социално напрежение се засилва от нарастващите разходи и тежките жертив във войната и корупцията на управляващия режим, предизвиквайки <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_(1917)" title="Руска революция (1917)">нова революция</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Curtis1998b_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Curtis1998b-130"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> В началото на 1917 година император <a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9_II_(%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Николай II (Русия)">Николай II</a> е <a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_(1917)" title="Февруарска революция (1917)">принуден да абдикира</a> и властта е поета от <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Временно руско правителство">Временно правителство</a>&#160;– неустойчива коалиция на разнородни политически партии.<sup id="cite_ref-Mosse1964408&amp;#32;–&amp;#32;419_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mosse1964408&amp;#32;–&amp;#32;419-131"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> На 14 септември (1 септември стар стил) Временното правителство обявява Русия за република, слагайки край на Руската империя.<sup id="cite_ref-Зацарин2016_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Зацарин2016-132"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Съветска_Русия"><span id=".D0.A1.D1.8A.D0.B2.D0.B5.D1.82.D1.81.D0.BA.D0.B0_.D0.A0.D1.83.D1.81.D0.B8.D1.8F"></span>Съветска Русия</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=11" title="Редактиране на раздел: Съветска Русия" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Съветска Русия"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><div class="dablink noprint"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg/17px-Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg/26px-Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg/34px-Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span>&#160;<i>Основни статии&#58; <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="СССР">СССР</a> и <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%A1%D0%A4%D0%A1%D0%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="РСФСР">РСФСР</a></i></div></dd></dl> <p>Възползвайки се от нестабилността на Временното правителство, на 7 ноември (25 октомври) 1917 година крайната партия на <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="Болшевики">болшевиките</a> извършва <a href="/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Октомврийска революция">въоръжен преврат</a> и установява контрол над столицата Санкт Петербург.<sup id="cite_ref-Llewellyn2018_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Llewellyn2018-133"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Макар да претърпяват тежко поражение в последвалите общи избори, през януари 1918 година болшевиките разпускат новоизбраното <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A3%D1%87%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D1%81%D1%8A%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_(%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Учредително събрание (Русия) (страницата не съществува)">Учредително събрание</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Curtis1998b_130-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Curtis1998b-130"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> поставяйки началото на продължила повече от пет години тежка <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B2_%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Гражданска война в Русия">Гражданска война</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mawdsley20073,&amp;#32;230_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mawdsley20073,&amp;#32;230-134"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Още през март 1918 година болшевишкото правителство сключва сепаративния <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82-%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Брест-Литовски мирен договор">Брест-Литовски мирен договор</a>, отказвайки се от обширни територии в Източна Европа и повече от половината от руския промишлен капацитет.<sup id="cite_ref-Figes2017_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Figes2017-135"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> От първоначалната си база в историческото ядро на Русия болшевиките постепенно надделяват военно над своите противници, които имат тежки разногласия и помежду си - сред тях има от консервативни <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BC&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Монархизъм (страницата не съществува)">монархисти</a> до крайнолеви <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BC" title="Социализъм">социалисти</a> и <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BC" title="Анархизъм">анархисти</a>, множество <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Националноосвободително движение (страницата не съществува)">националноосвободителни движения</a>, опитващи се да се освободят от руския контрол, както и военни контингенти на други държави, подкрепящи различни фракции.<sup id="cite_ref-Egorov2023_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Egorov2023-136"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> С успеха си в Гражданската война те си връщат контрола и над някои от загубените в началото територии - голяма част от <a href="/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Украйна">Украйна</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Задкавказие">Задкавказието</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="Средна Азия">Средна Азия</a> - които получават административна обособеност в рамките на създадената през 1922 година федерация <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8A%D1%8E%D0%B7_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%8A%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5_%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Съюз на съветските социалистически републики">Съюз на съветските социалистически републики</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sakwa1999140&amp;#32;–&amp;#32;143_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sakwa1999140&amp;#32;–&amp;#32;143-137"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Smoke_of_chimneys_is_the_breath_of_Soviet_Russia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Smoke_of_chimneys_is_the_breath_of_Soviet_Russia.jpg/220px-Smoke_of_chimneys_is_the_breath_of_Soviet_Russia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="301" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Smoke_of_chimneys_is_the_breath_of_Soviet_Russia.jpg/330px-Smoke_of_chimneys_is_the_breath_of_Soviet_Russia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Smoke_of_chimneys_is_the_breath_of_Soviet_Russia.jpg/440px-Smoke_of_chimneys_is_the_breath_of_Soviet_Russia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="1969" /></a><figcaption>Пропаганден плакат от епохата на индустриализацията. Лозунгът гласи: „Димът на комините – диханието на съветска Русия“.</figcaption></figure> <p>Още в хода на Гражданската война в страната е установена монополна политическа власт на болшевишката партия, която постепенно се слива с централизирания държавен апарат. След смъртта на <a href="/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="Ленин">Ленин</a> през 1924 г. <a href="/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%84_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Йосиф Сталин">Йосиф Сталин</a> е избран за генерален секретар на <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D1%8A%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%8A%D1%8E%D0%B7" title="Комунистическа партия на Съветския съюз">комунистическата партия</a> и бързо започва да концентрира властта в свои ръце. Той отменя <a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Нова икономическа политика">НЕП</a> на Ленин и инсталира изцяло <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Планова икономика">планова икономика</a>. <a href="/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Лев Троцки">Лев Троцки</a>, основен идеолог на теорията за световна революция, е изгонен от Съветския съюз през 1929 г. Продължаващата вътрешна борба в болшевишката партия кулминира в <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="Голямата чистка">Голямата чистка</a>, период на масови репресии от 1937 до 1938, в която са били екзекутирани стотици хиляди политически противници и офицери. Съветският съюз успява много бързо да наложи тоталитарна система на управление благодарение на напредъка на далекосъобщителните технологии като <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE" title="Радио">радиото</a> и <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Телевизия">телевизията</a>. От 1929 до края на сталиновото управление през системата от трудови лагери и колонии (<a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%A3%D0%9B%D0%90%D0%93" title="ГУЛАГ">ГУЛАГ</a>) преминават между 18 и 20 милиона души, а други 6 – 7 милиона са разселени,<sup id="cite_ref-ConquestGRZ_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ConquestGRZ-138"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> от които загиват между 1,03 и 1,6 милиона души (вкл. починалите от болести след освобождаването си).<sup id="cite_ref-Rosefielde7677_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rosefielde7677-139"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Под ръководството на Сталин страната за кратко време отбелязва изключително бърза реорганизация на икономическите дейности и се индустриализира с много високи темпове. Селското стопанство е <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Колективизация">колективизирано</a> и се трансформира от отрасъл с примитивен характер до централизиран и механизиран основен сектор от икономиката. Този процес е подсилен и чрез репресии срещу собствениците на частни стопанства, а сушата в Украйна става причина за катастрофални резултати в реорганизацията на земеделието там, довели до гладната смърт на няколко милиона души. Въпреки това СССР се трансформира от предимно аграрна икономика до голяма индустриална сила за кратък период от време. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:RIAN_archive_93172_Defenders_of_Leningrad.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/RIAN_archive_93172_Defenders_of_Leningrad.jpg/220px-RIAN_archive_93172_Defenders_of_Leningrad.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/RIAN_archive_93172_Defenders_of_Leningrad.jpg/330px-RIAN_archive_93172_Defenders_of_Leningrad.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/RIAN_archive_93172_Defenders_of_Leningrad.jpg/440px-RIAN_archive_93172_Defenders_of_Leningrad.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5348" data-file-height="3544" /></a><figcaption>Червеноармейци по време на отбраната на Ленинград</figcaption></figure> <p>След редица провалени опити за постигане на антихитлеристки пакт с <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_(%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2)" title="Великобритания (остров)">Великобритания</a> и <a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Франция">Франция</a>, руското правителство решава вместо това да си осигури <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82_%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF-%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="Пакт Рибентроп-Молотов">пакт за ненападение с Германия</a>. Докато <a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80" class="mw-redirect" title="Хитлер">Хитлер</a> завладява <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%88%D0%B0" title="Полша">Полша</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Франция">Франция</a> и други страни, които действат на един фронт в началото на Втората световна война, СССР се превъоръжава ударно и успява да си възвърне някои от бившите територии на Руската империя чрез <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_(1939)" title="Полска кампания (1939)">кампанията в Полша</a> и <a href="/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="Зимната война">Зимната война</a>. На <a href="/w/index.php?title=22_%D1%8E%D0%BD%D0%B8_1941&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="22 юни 1941 (страницата не съществува)">22 юни 1941</a> г. <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_(1933-1945)" class="mw-redirect" title="Германска империя (1933-1945)">нацистка Германия</a> изненадващо нахлува на територията на <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="СССР">СССР</a> с най-голямата и мащабна инвазия в човешката история, като по този начин се открива най-големия фронт на <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="Втората световна война">Втората световна война</a> – <a href="/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%84%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82_(%D0%92%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0)" title="Източен фронт (Втора световна война)">Източният</a>. <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%82%D0%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="Вермахта">Вермахта</a> постига огромен успех в началото на инвазията, като обкръжава и пленява близо 4 милиона съветски войници. Само за една година около 2,8 милиона от тях са екзекутирани или убити чрез гладуване, което е най-интензивният геноцид в историята на човечеството.<sup id="cite_ref-case_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-case-140"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Немската офанзива обаче е спряна в <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="Битка за Москва">битката за Москва</a>. Впоследствие нацистите претърпяват голямо поражение в <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Битка при Сталинград">битката за Сталинград</a> през зимата на 1942 – 43, след това в <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="Битката при Курск">битката при Курск</a> през лятото на 1943 година и не успяват да превземат <a href="/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="Ленинград">Ленинград</a> въпреки наложената му <a href="/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="Обсада на Ленинград">900-дневна обсада</a>. Под ръководство на <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="Сталин">Сталин</a> и командири като <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%96%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Георгий Жуков">Георги Жуков</a> и <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Константин Рокосовски">Константин Рокосовски</a>, както и благодарение на пропагандата, СССР тотално мобилизира промишлеността и населението си в борбата с окупационните сили и през 1944 година немците вече са в отстъпление. Съветските войски преминават през Европа (1944 – 45) и превземат <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Берлин">Берлин</a> през май <a href="/wiki/1945" title="1945">1945</a>, което слага край на Втората световна война в Европа. През август 1945 съветската армия изтласква японските войски от <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B6%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Манджурия">Манджурия</a> и Северна Корея, което допринася и за капитулацията на Япония. Последиците от т.нар. Велика отечествена война са над 26,6 милиона загинали цивилни и военни,<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> което представлява около една трета от всички жертви на Втората световна война. Около 85% от загиналите са били от РСФСР, а над 80% са били от руски произход. Въпреки почти пълното опустошение на европейска Русия, Украйна и Беларус, СССР излиза от войната като световна суперсила. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Gagarin_blommor384_123398a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Gagarin_blommor384_123398a.jpg/220px-Gagarin_blommor384_123398a.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Gagarin_blommor384_123398a.jpg/330px-Gagarin_blommor384_123398a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f9/Gagarin_blommor384_123398a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="384" data-file-height="256" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%D0%AE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Юрий Гагарин">Юрий Гагарин</a>, първият човек в Космоса</figcaption></figure> <p>След края на войната Източна Европа навлиза в сферата на влияние на СССР. Създава се комунистическа <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Германска демократична република">Източна Германия</a>, а в останалите източноевропейски страни (изкл. Финландия) комунистически правителства заместват управлявалите дотогава авторитарни монарси и десни автократични режими. Близката интеграция на тези страни довежда до създаването на икономически съюз – <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8A%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%89" title="Съвет за икономическа взаимопомощ">Съвет за икономическа взаимопомощ</a> (СИВ) през 1949. Същата година СССР взривява първата си <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Атомна бомба">атомна бомба</a> и консолидира комунистическите правителства в новосъздадените Китайска народна република и Северна Корея. Западните страни възприемат тези стъпки като заплашително нарастване на съветското влияние в световен мащаб и сформират военнополитическия блок <a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%90%D0%A2%D0%9E" title="НАТО">НАТО</a>, с което се поставя началото на <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="Студената война">Студената война</a>. Съветският съюз отговаря с формирането на военен съюз на <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80" class="mw-redirect" title="Варшавския договор">Варшавския договор</a> през 1955 г. Т. нар. „блоково противопоставяне“ започва – от една страна са водените от САЩ капиталистически държави, а от друга – водените от СССР комунистически държави. През целия период на Студената война двете суперсили се борят за влияние, инсталирайки диктаторски марионетни режими и поддържайки радикални и терористични групировки по целия свят. СССР застава на страната на арабските страни по време на <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%82" title="Арабско-израелски конфликт">Израелско-арабския конфликт</a>. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:RIAN_archive_417888_Leonid_Brezhnev_speaks_at_18th_Komsomol_Congress_opening.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/RIAN_archive_417888_Leonid_Brezhnev_speaks_at_18th_Komsomol_Congress_opening.jpg/225px-RIAN_archive_417888_Leonid_Brezhnev_speaks_at_18th_Komsomol_Congress_opening.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/RIAN_archive_417888_Leonid_Brezhnev_speaks_at_18th_Komsomol_Congress_opening.jpg/338px-RIAN_archive_417888_Leonid_Brezhnev_speaks_at_18th_Komsomol_Congress_opening.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/RIAN_archive_417888_Leonid_Brezhnev_speaks_at_18th_Komsomol_Congress_opening.jpg/450px-RIAN_archive_417888_Leonid_Brezhnev_speaks_at_18th_Komsomol_Congress_opening.jpg 2x" data-file-width="891" data-file-height="557" /></a><figcaption>Леонид Брежнев изнася реч при откриването на 18-ия конгрес на <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Комсомол">комсомола</a>, 1979</figcaption></figure> <p>От 1953 до 1964 г. СССР е управляван от <a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%A5%D1%80%D1%83%D1%88%D1%87%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Никита Хрушчов">Никита Хрушчов</a>, който осъжда култа към личността на Сталин и стартира политика на десталинизация. На 20-ия конгрес Хрушчов поставя въпроса за ексцесиите при управлението на Сталин в реч, озаглавена „<a href="/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%BC_%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8" title="За култа към личността и неговите последици">За култа към личността и неговите последици</a>“ (на <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Руски език">руски</a>: <span lang="ru" dir="ltr" style="font-style:italic">„О культе личности и его последствиях“</span>). Изнася се информация за големите репресии и многобройните концлагери. Започва разформироването на системата от трудови лагери, освобождаване на политически затворници и „разведряване“ във вътрешната политика, изразяващо се в умерено увеличаване на личните и граждански свободи. Хрушчов обявява амнистия и либерализация на съветското общество. В същото време напрежението в отношенията със Съединените щати се засилва многократно. През 1956 г. СССР смазва <a href="/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_(1956)" class="mw-redirect" title="Унгарска революция (1956)">опит за антиправителствено въстание</a> в Унгария чрез разполагане на десетки хиляди войници в тази страна. СССР продължава да влага огромни средства в мащабни проекти: „<a href="/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8F%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="Овладяване на целината">Овладяване на целината</a>“; развитие на атомните технологии с построяване на първата АЕЦ и първият атомен ледоразбивач в света; космическа програма с изпращането на <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA-1" title="Спутник-1">първия изкуствен спътник</a> и <a href="/wiki/%D0%AE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Юрий Гагарин">първия човек в Космоса</a>. През 1961 г. в Куба са разположени съветски ядрени ракети със среден обсег, което предизвиква <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Карибска криза">карибската ракетна криза</a>. Въпросът е разрешен след като Хрушчов се съгласява да изтегли ракетите си от Куба, но заплахата от трета световна война и ядрен конфликт не намалява. Съветският съюз скъсва връзките си с Китай, където <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BE_%D0%94%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="Мао Дзедун">Мао Дзедун</a> продължава отречената от социалистическия лагер сталинистка линия. През 1964 г. СССР бива оглавен от <a href="/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2" title="Леонид Брежнев">Леонид Брежнев</a>, чието управление става известно като ерата на застоя – период, когато икономическият растеж се забавя, но международното напрежение спада. Икономическият застой е породен от липса на модернизация на промишлеността, неефективно усвояване и разпределение на природнте суровини, бюрокрация и несъразмерно високи военни разходи. През 1979 г. <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B2_%D0%90%D1%84%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD_(1979-1989)" class="mw-redirect" title="Война в Афганистан (1979-1989)">съветски войски навлизат в Афганистан</a>. На международно ниво е заявено, че СССР влиза в <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%84%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Афганистан">Афганистан</a>, ръководейки се от принципите на „пролетарския интернационализъм“ и в отговор на нееднократните молби на ръководството на страната и лично от президента <a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Хафизула Амин">Хафизула Амин</a> за оказване на военна помощ в борбата с антиправителствените сили. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:RIAN_archive_848095_Signing_the_Agreement_to_eliminate_the_USSR_and_establish_the_Commonwealth_of_Independent_States.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/RIAN_archive_848095_Signing_the_Agreement_to_eliminate_the_USSR_and_establish_the_Commonwealth_of_Independent_States.jpg/220px-RIAN_archive_848095_Signing_the_Agreement_to_eliminate_the_USSR_and_establish_the_Commonwealth_of_Independent_States.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/RIAN_archive_848095_Signing_the_Agreement_to_eliminate_the_USSR_and_establish_the_Commonwealth_of_Independent_States.jpg/330px-RIAN_archive_848095_Signing_the_Agreement_to_eliminate_the_USSR_and_establish_the_Commonwealth_of_Independent_States.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/RIAN_archive_848095_Signing_the_Agreement_to_eliminate_the_USSR_and_establish_the_Commonwealth_of_Independent_States.jpg/440px-RIAN_archive_848095_Signing_the_Agreement_to_eliminate_the_USSR_and_establish_the_Commonwealth_of_Independent_States.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Държавните глави на Русия, Беларус и Украйна подписват <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Беловежко споразумение">Беловежкото споразумение</a> за разтуряне на СССР и създаване на ОНД</figcaption></figure> <p>През 1980-те ерозията на икономиката и обществото вече става видима. Оглавилият страната през 1982 г. <a href="/wiki/%D0%AE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Юрий Андропов">Юрий Андропов</a> опитва да се справи с корупцията в системата, уволнявайки десетки министри и правейки за пръв път публично достояние фактите около стагнацията и злоупотребите.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Михаил Горбачов">Михаил Горбачов</a> прави опит да реформира системата в края на 1980-те чрез серия от реформи, наречени „<a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Перестройка">перестройка</a>“, но те в крайна сметка отключват серия от неконтролируеми социално-икономически процеси. СССР започва да се разпада към 1990 година, а през 1991 г. на <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Прибалтийски републики">прибалтийските републики</a> е дадена независимост. На 17 март, след проведен референдум, огромното мнозинство от участващите граждани гласуват в полза на запазването на СССР и обновена федерация. През август 1991 г. обаче е <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%87_%D0%B2_%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0_(1991)" title="Августовски пуч в СССР (1991)">извършен държавен преврат</a> срещу Горбачов, който подкопава властта на КПСС и в крайна сметка довежда до пълния разпад на СССР. Съюзът официално престава да съществува на 25 декември 1991 г., когато и Руската съветска федеративна социалистическа република става независима под името Руска федерация. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Руска_федерация"><span id=".D0.A0.D1.83.D1.81.D0.BA.D0.B0_.D1.84.D0.B5.D0.B4.D0.B5.D1.80.D0.B0.D1.86.D0.B8.D1.8F"></span>Руска федерация</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=12" title="Редактиране на раздел: Руска федерация" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Руска федерация"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Според конституцията в състава на Руската федерация влизат 83 субекта, 46 от които се наричат области, 21 – републики, девет носят името край, три са градове от федерално значение, четири са автономни окръзи и един е автономна област. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Evstafiev-chechnya-palace-gunman.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Evstafiev-chechnya-palace-gunman.jpg/220px-Evstafiev-chechnya-palace-gunman.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Evstafiev-chechnya-palace-gunman.jpg/330px-Evstafiev-chechnya-palace-gunman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Evstafiev-chechnya-palace-gunman.jpg/440px-Evstafiev-chechnya-palace-gunman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="457" /></a><figcaption>Чеченската столица <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Грозни">Грозни</a> по време на Първата чеченска война, януари 1995</figcaption></figure> <p>За първи президент на Русия е избран <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%95%D0%BB%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Борис Елцин">Борис Елцин</a>. През септември <a href="/wiki/1993" title="1993">1993</a> г. с указ на президента е ликвидирана системата на съветите в Русия, а през декември е приета нова конституция. Икономическата либерализация е формирана около концепцията за т. нар. „шокова терапия, препоръчана от“ САЩ и <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="Международния валутен фонд">Международния валутен фонд</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Всичко това довежда до голяма икономическа криза, характеризираща се с 50% спад на БВП и промишленото производство между 1990 и 1995.<sup id="cite_ref-OECD_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OECD-144"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Приватизацията до голяма степен измества контрола на предприятията от държавните агенции към частни лица с вътрешни връзки в държавната система. Много от новобогаташите и бизнесмените взимат милиарди в брой и ги реализират извън страната в огромни капитали.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Депресията на държавата и икономиката довеждат до разпад на социалните услуги; раждаемостта се срива, а смъртността се повишава в пъти. Зараждат се масов алкохолизъм и наркомания, в резултат на които годишно умират хиляди хора. Милиони хора са захвърлени в бедност, от ниво на 1,5% бедност в края на съветската ера (1989) до 39 – 49% в средата на 1993.<sup id="cite_ref-worldbank_147-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-worldbank-147"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> През 90-те години се вижда крайна корупция и беззаконие, възход на престъпни банди и насилие.<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Зараждат се и конфликти, породени от ислямски фундаментализъм в <a href="/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="Чечня">Чечня</a> и <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Дагестан">Дагестан</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%B8_%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2-%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0_2010_(2).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%B8_%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2-%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0_2010_%282%29.JPG/220px-%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%B8_%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2-%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0_2010_%282%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%B8_%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2-%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0_2010_%282%29.JPG/330px-%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%B8_%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2-%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0_2010_%282%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%B8_%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2-%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0_2010_%282%29.JPG/440px-%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%B8_%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2-%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0_2010_%282%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Строящи се небостъргачи в <a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Екатеринбург">Екатеринбург</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Русия поема отговорността за уреждането на външния дълг на СССР въпреки че населението на Русия е 60% от това на СССР по време на неговото разтрогване.<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Високият бюджетен дефицит причинява тежка финансова криза с хиперинфлация през 1998.<sup id="cite_ref-OECD_144-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OECD-144"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> В условията на тежката икономическа криза и конфликтът в Чечня, на 31 декември 1999 президентът Елцин подава оставка. Тогавашният министър-председател <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80_%D0%9F%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Владимир Путин">Владимир Путин</a> се кандидатира за президент и спечелва изборите през 2000 година. Путин дава началото на <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0_%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Втора чеченска война">Втората чеченска война</a>, която се увенчава с успех за руската армия и чеченските терористични групи са смазани, а на Чеченска република Ичкерия е сложен край и тя се връща в състава на федерацията. В рамките на два последователни мандата Путин поддържа много висок икономически растеж и връща Русия на световната икономическа и дипломатическа сцена. Западът критикува управлението му заради ограничаването на гражданските свободи,<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> но вътре в страната той се радва на голяма популярност заради икономическото възстановяване, увеличаване на доходите и намаляването на престъпността.<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> След края на президентския мандат на <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B2" title="Дмитрий Медведев">Дмитрий Медведев</a>, Путин отново става президент през 2012 година. </p><p>На 22 август 2012 Русия става член на <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D1%82%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="Световната търговска организация">Световната търговска организация</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Трети_президентски_мандат_за_Путин_и_радикализация_на_руската_политика"><span id=".D0.A2.D1.80.D0.B5.D1.82.D0.B8_.D0.BF.D1.80.D0.B5.D0.B7.D0.B8.D0.B4.D0.B5.D0.BD.D1.82.D1.81.D0.BA.D0.B8_.D0.BC.D0.B0.D0.BD.D0.B4.D0.B0.D1.82_.D0.B7.D0.B0_.D0.9F.D1.83.D1.82.D0.B8.D0.BD_.D0.B8_.D1.80.D0.B0.D0.B4.D0.B8.D0.BA.D0.B0.D0.BB.D0.B8.D0.B7.D0.B0.D1.86.D0.B8.D1.8F_.D0.BD.D0.B0_.D1.80.D1.83.D1.81.D0.BA.D0.B0.D1.82.D0.B0_.D0.BF.D0.BE.D0.BB.D0.B8.D1.82.D0.B8.D0.BA.D0.B0"></span>Трети президентски мандат за Путин и радикализация на руската политика</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=13" title="Редактиране на раздел: Трети президентски мандат за Путин и радикализация на руската политика" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Трети президентски мандат за Путин и радикализация на руската политика"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Съпътстващите президентските избори <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8_(2011_%E2%80%93_2012)" title="Руски протести (2011 – 2012)">в Русия протести от 2012 – 2013</a> не успяват да възпрепятстват избирането на Путин за президент, който дори успява да получи в някои избирателни райони над 146%<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> при общи резултати подкрепа от 63,6%, като заради водената националистическа и агресивна политика и кампания до 82% са готови да подкрепят Путин.<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:2016-05-09._%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8B_%D0%B2_%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B5_093.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/2016-05-09._%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8B_%D0%B2_%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B5_093.jpg/220px-2016-05-09._%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8B_%D0%B2_%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B5_093.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/2016-05-09._%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8B_%D0%B2_%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B5_093.jpg/330px-2016-05-09._%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8B_%D0%B2_%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B5_093.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/2016-05-09._%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8B_%D0%B2_%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B5_093.jpg/440px-2016-05-09._%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8B_%D0%B2_%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B5_093.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Донецка народна република">Донецка народна република</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_(9_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B9)" title="Ден на победата (9 май)">9 май</a> 2016</figcaption></figure> <p>През март 2014, Русия, след навлизане на нейни въоръжени войски в АР Крим (Украйна), провежда незаконен според Конституцията на Украйна референдум, който с голямо мнозинство гласува присъединяване към Руската федерация на Крим и следователно отделяне от Украйна. Към началото на април 2014 Русия има разположени около 40 000 войски, включително моторизирани и въздушни, по източната граница на Украйна, като според анализатори това предхожда атакуване на Източните региони на Украйна. Страните от НАТО са въвели основно икономически и ограничени санкции към Русия заради нейните действия, като на 3 април 2014 РФ оттегля военното си аташе от НАТО. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Украинска_криза"><span id=".D0.A3.D0.BA.D1.80.D0.B0.D0.B8.D0.BD.D1.81.D0.BA.D0.B0_.D0.BA.D1.80.D0.B8.D0.B7.D0.B0"></span>Украинска криза</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=14" title="Редактиране на раздел: Украинска криза" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F&amp;action=edit&amp;section=14" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Украинска криза"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Макар термините украинска криза, анексиране/присъединяване на <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC" title="Крим">Крим</a> и <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Севастопол">Севастопол</a>, нова <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Студена война">студена война</a> и т.н. да изглеждат вече наложени, според някои анализатори става дума за <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Неконвенционална война (страницата не съществува)">неконвенционална война</a> (подготвяна поне от 2008 година насам) на Русия срещу Украйна, както и започването на действия по Четвърта световна война (Третата според тях е Студената война от втората половина до 1990-те години) на Русия и „Руския свят“ срещу англосаксонските държави.<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Според <a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%A4%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%8F%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Франсис Фукуяма">Франсис Фукуяма</a> обаче „Русия се бори за възстановяването на своето национално достойнство, а кризата около Украйна няма никакво отражение над територии извън бившия СССР“,<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> този вид трактовка отговаря на търсенията на новия евразийски и панславистки национализъм в Русия, ползващ и термина Нова Русия и който непрекъснато търси исторически и други основания, които да разширяват границите на днешната Руска федерация и Русия сама по себе си.<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> В района на Крим и Севастопол се намира най-голямата военноморска база на Русия с излаз на Черно море. Това е и една от основните причини Русия да се опитва да запази този район. </p><p>През 2022 Руската федерация <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Руско нападение над Украйна">поднови агресията си срещу Украйна</a>, размразявайки <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Руско-украинска война">руско-украинския конфликт</a>. Подновената война бързо се превръща в най-кървавият военнен конфликт в Европа след края на <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Втора световна война">Втората световна война.</a> <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80_%D0%9F%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Владимир Путин">Президентът на Руската федерация</a> оправдава нападението срещу Украйна с безпочвени твърдения за присъствие на неонацисти в Украйна. В резултат на руската агресия, близо 1/6 от Украйна (украинските области <a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82" title="Херсонска област">Херсон</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82" title="Запорожка област">Запорожие</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82" title="Донецка област">Донецк</a> и <a href="/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82" title="Луганска област">Луганск</a>, в допълнение на <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC_%D0%BE%D1%82_%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Анексиране на Крим от Русия">анексираният</a> през <a href="/wiki/2014" title="2014">2014</a> <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC" title="Автономна република Крим">Крим</a>) е под руска окупация, с последващото им анексиране. Световната общност осъжда окупацията и последващото анексиране. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Демография"><span id=".D0.94.D0.B5.D0.BC.D0.BE.D0.B3.D1.80.D0.B0.D1.84.D0.B8.D1.8F"></span>Демография</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=15" title="Редактиране на раздел: Демография" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F&amp;action=edit&amp;section=15" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Демография"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><div class="dablink noprint"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg/17px-Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg/26px-Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg/34px-Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span>&#160;<i>Основни статии&#58; <a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Население на Русия">Население на Русия</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8_%D0%B2_%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Народи в Русия (страницата не съществува)">Народи в Русия</a> и <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Руснаци">Руснаци</a></i></div></dd></dl> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:%D0%97%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_Cosmos_%D0%BD%D0%B0_Geek_Picnic_2018_SPb.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/%D0%97%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_Cosmos_%D0%BD%D0%B0_Geek_Picnic_2018_SPb.jpg/250px-%D0%97%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_Cosmos_%D0%BD%D0%B0_Geek_Picnic_2018_SPb.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/%D0%97%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_Cosmos_%D0%BD%D0%B0_Geek_Picnic_2018_SPb.jpg/375px-%D0%97%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_Cosmos_%D0%BD%D0%B0_Geek_Picnic_2018_SPb.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/%D0%97%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_Cosmos_%D0%BD%D0%B0_Geek_Picnic_2018_SPb.jpg/500px-%D0%97%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_Cosmos_%D0%BD%D0%B0_Geek_Picnic_2018_SPb.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="1826" /></a><figcaption>Младите руснаци</figcaption></figure> <p>Населението на Руската федерация възлиза на около 146 700 000 жители. <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D1%8A%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Гъстота на населението">Гъстотата на населението</a> е 9 души/km², като по този показател е една от най-слабо населените страни в света. Населението е предимно градско. Повечето от близо 150-те милиона руснаци произхождат от групата на т. нар. <a href="/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Източни славяни">източни славяни</a>. </p><p>Възрастова структура (2008 г.): </p> <ul><li>0 – 14 г. – 14,6% (мъже 10 557 858/жени 10 033 254);</li> <li>15 – 64 г. – 71,2% (мъже 48 187 807/жени 52 045 102);</li> <li>65 г. и повече: – 14,1% (мъже 6 162 400/жени 13 695 673).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Етнически_състав"><span id=".D0.95.D1.82.D0.BD.D0.B8.D1.87.D0.B5.D1.81.D0.BA.D0.B8_.D1.81.D1.8A.D1.81.D1.82.D0.B0.D0.B2"></span>Етнически състав</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=16" title="Редактиране на раздел: Етнически състав" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F&amp;action=edit&amp;section=16" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Етнически състав"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Siberian-eskimo-Nabogatova-.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Siberian-eskimo-Nabogatova-.PNG/250px-Siberian-eskimo-Nabogatova-.PNG" decoding="async" width="250" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Siberian-eskimo-Nabogatova-.PNG/375px-Siberian-eskimo-Nabogatova-.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/47/Siberian-eskimo-Nabogatova-.PNG 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="294" /></a><figcaption>Юпикска жена, държаща бивни от морж. Юпиките са един от ескимоските народи, населяващи далечните североизточни части на Русия</figcaption></figure> <p>Според преброяването от 2010 година, 81&#160;% от населението на Русия се състои от етнически <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Руснаци">руснаци</a>. Над 160 етнически групи живеят в границите на Русия.<sup id="cite_ref-ethnicgroups_158-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ethnicgroups-158"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> По население Русия се нарежда на осмо място в света и на първо в Европа, макар и гъстотата на населението да е много ниска. Около 75% от населението живее в градските райони. </p><p>Населението на Русия е 148 689 000 души през 1991, малко преди разпадането на СССР. В средата на 1990-те спадът е много рязък.<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Смъртността се повишава неколкократно, а раждаемостта спада. През 2009 Русия отбелязва годишен ръст на населението за първи път от петнадесет години, с общ ръст от 10 500.<sup id="cite_ref-gks_160-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gks-160"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Същата година 279 906 имигранти от страните от ОНД пристигат да работят в Русия. Броят на руските емигранти постоянно намалява – от 359 000 през 2000 година те са намалели до 32 000 годишно заради подобряването в стандарта на живот. Около 116 милиона етнически руснаци живеят в Русия и около 20 милиона живеят в други бивши републики на СССР,<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> най-вече в <a href="/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Украйна">Украйна</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Казахстан">Казахстан</a> и <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81" title="Беларус">Беларус</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Процентът на раждаемост е по-висок от този в повечето европейски страни (12,6 раждания на всеки 1000 души към 2010, сравнено с 9,90 на 1000 за ЕС),<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> но процентът на смъртност също е значително по-висок (14,3 на 1000 за Русия срещу 10,28 на 1000 за ЕС).<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> През 2011 година населението нараства със 191 000 души.<sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Правителството прилага редица програми, предназначени за повишаване на раждаемостта и привличане на повече мигранти. Месечните плащания на правителството за подпомагане на деца се удвояват до 55 щ.д., а от 2007 година насам всяка жена получава еднократна помощ от 9200 щ.д. за второ дете.<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Градове"><span id=".D0.93.D1.80.D0.B0.D0.B4.D0.BE.D0.B2.D0.B5"></span>Градове</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=17" title="Редактиране на раздел: Градове" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F&amp;action=edit&amp;section=17" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Градове"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="infobox" style="text-align:center; width:97%; margin-right:10px; font-size:90%"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="21"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD:%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5-%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8-%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Шаблон:Градове-основни-Русия"><span title="Преглед на шаблона">преглед</span></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a class="external text" href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%3A%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5-%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8-%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1"><span title="Беседа на шаблона (страницата не съществува)" style="color:#ba0000">беседа</span></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD:%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5-%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8-%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F&amp;action=edit"><span title="Редактиране на шаблона">редактиране</span></a></li></ul></div> <p><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Москва"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Moscow_City_-_2009-08.jpg/135px-Moscow_City_-_2009-08.jpg" decoding="async" width="135" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Moscow_City_-_2009-08.jpg/203px-Moscow_City_-_2009-08.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Moscow_City_-_2009-08.jpg/270px-Moscow_City_-_2009-08.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Москва">Москва</a><br /><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Санкт Петербург"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Catedral_de_San_Isaac_%2836%29.JPG/135px-Catedral_de_San_Isaac_%2836%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="135" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Catedral_de_San_Isaac_%2836%29.JPG/203px-Catedral_de_San_Isaac_%2836%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Catedral_de_San_Isaac_%2836%29.JPG/270px-Catedral_de_San_Isaac_%2836%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2362" data-file-height="1772" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Санкт Петербург">Санкт Петербург</a><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA" title="Новосибирск"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3_%D1%81_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0.jpg/135px-%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3_%D1%81_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0.jpg" decoding="async" width="135" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3_%D1%81_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0.jpg/203px-%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3_%D1%81_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3_%D1%81_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0.jpg/270px-%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3_%D1%81_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0.jpg 2x" data-file-width="807" data-file-height="485" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA" title="Новосибирск">Новосибирск</a><br /><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Екатеринбург"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Yekaterinburg-city.jpg/135px-Yekaterinburg-city.jpg" decoding="async" width="135" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Yekaterinburg-city.jpg/203px-Yekaterinburg-city.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Yekaterinburg-city.jpg/270px-Yekaterinburg-city.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="1866" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Екатеринбург">Екатеринбург</a> </p> </th> <th align="center" style="background:#f5f5f5;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8A%D0%BA_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5_%D0%B2_%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%BE_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="Списък на градовете в Русия по население">Място</a> </th> <th align="center" style="background:#f5f5f5;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8A%D0%BA_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5_%D0%B2_%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%BE_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="Списък на градовете в Русия по население">Главен град</a> </th> <th align="center" style="background:#f5f5f5;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8A%D0%B7%D0%B8_%D0%B2_%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Федерални окръзи в Русия">Федерален субект</a> </th> <th align="center" style="background:#f5f5f5;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8A%D0%BA_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5_%D0%B2_%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%BE_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="Списък на градовете в Русия по население">Насел.</a> </th> <th rowspan="21"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD:%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5-%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8-%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Шаблон:Градове-основни-Русия"><span title="Преглед на шаблона">преглед</span></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a class="external text" href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%3A%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5-%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8-%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1"><span title="Беседа на шаблона (страницата не съществува)" style="color:#ba0000">беседа</span></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD:%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5-%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8-%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F&amp;action=edit"><span title="Редактиране на шаблона">редактиране</span></a></li></ul></div> <p><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Нижни Новгород"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/NN_Spit_from_Fedorovskogo_Embankment_08-2016_img2.jpg/135px-NN_Spit_from_Fedorovskogo_Embankment_08-2016_img2.jpg" decoding="async" width="135" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/NN_Spit_from_Fedorovskogo_Embankment_08-2016_img2.jpg/203px-NN_Spit_from_Fedorovskogo_Embankment_08-2016_img2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/NN_Spit_from_Fedorovskogo_Embankment_08-2016_img2.jpg/270px-NN_Spit_from_Fedorovskogo_Embankment_08-2016_img2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5429" data-file-height="3054" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Нижни Новгород">Нижни Новгород</a><br /><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Самара"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D1%88%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B5-%D0%BF%D1%80._%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0.jpg/135px-%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D1%88%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B5-%D0%BF%D1%80._%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0.jpg" decoding="async" width="135" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D1%88%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B5-%D0%BF%D1%80._%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0.jpg/203px-%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D1%88%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B5-%D0%BF%D1%80._%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D1%88%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B5-%D0%BF%D1%80._%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0.jpg/270px-%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D1%88%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B5-%D0%BF%D1%80._%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Самара">Самара</a><br /><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Казан"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80_%28%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B8_%D1%8E%D0%B6%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B0%29.JPG/135px-%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80_%28%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B8_%D1%8E%D0%B6%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B0%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="135" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80_%28%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B8_%D1%8E%D0%B6%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B0%29.JPG/203px-%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80_%28%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B8_%D1%8E%D0%B6%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B0%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80_%28%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B8_%D1%8E%D0%B6%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B0%29.JPG/270px-%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80_%28%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B8_%D1%8E%D0%B6%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B0%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD_(%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F)" class="mw-redirect" title="Казан (Русия)">Казан</a><br /><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA" title="Омск"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/%D0%97%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8B%2C_%D0%9E%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA.JPG/135px-%D0%97%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8B%2C_%D0%9E%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA.JPG" decoding="async" width="135" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/%D0%97%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8B%2C_%D0%9E%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA.JPG/203px-%D0%97%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8B%2C_%D0%9E%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/%D0%97%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8B%2C_%D0%9E%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA.JPG/270px-%D0%97%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8B%2C_%D0%9E%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA" title="Омск">Омск</a> </p> </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;">1</td> <td align="left"><b><a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Москва">Москва</a></b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Москва">Москва</a></td> <td>11 514 300 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;">2</td> <td align="left"><b><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Санкт Петербург">Санкт Петербург</a></b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Санкт Петербург">Санкт Петербург</a></td> <td>4 848 700 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;">3</td> <td align="left"><b><a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA" title="Новосибирск">Новосибирск</a></b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82" title="Новосибирска област">Новосибирска</a></td> <td>1 473 700 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;">4</td> <td align="left"><b><a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Екатеринбург">Екатеринбург</a></b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82" title="Свердловска област">Свердловска</a></td> <td>1 350 100 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;">5</td> <td align="left"><b><a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Нижни Новгород">Нижни Новгород</a></b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82" class="mw-redirect" title="Нижниновгородска област">Нижниновгородска</a></td> <td>1 250 600 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;">6</td> <td align="left"><b><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Самара">Самара</a></b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82" title="Самарска област">Самарска</a></td> <td>1 164 900 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;">7</td> <td align="left"><b><a href="/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA" title="Омск">Омск</a></b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82" title="Омска област">Омска</a></td> <td>1 154 000 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;">8</td> <td align="left"><b><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD_(%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F)" class="mw-redirect" title="Казан (Русия)">Казан</a></b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Татарстан">Татарстан</a></td> <td>1 143 600 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;">9</td> <td align="left"><b><a href="/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA" title="Челябинск">Челябинск</a></b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82" title="Челябинска област">Челябинска</a></td> <td>1 130 300 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;">10</td> <td align="left"><b><a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Ростов на Дон">Ростов на Дон</a></b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82" title="Ростовска област">Ростовска</a></td> <td>1 089 900 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;">11</td> <td align="left"><b><a href="/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%84%D0%B0" title="Уфа">Уфа</a></b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Башкортостан">Башкортостан</a></td> <td>1 062 300 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;">12</td> <td align="left"><b><a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Волгоград">Волгоград</a></b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82" title="Волгоградска област">Волгоградска</a></td> <td>1 021 200 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;">13</td> <td align="left"><b><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC_(%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4)" class="mw-redirect" title="Перм (град)">Перм</a></b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Пермски край">Пермски край</a></td> <td>991 500 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;">14</td> <td align="left"><b><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%8F%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA" title="Красноярск">Красноярск</a></b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%8F%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Красноярски край">Красноярски край</a></td> <td>973 900 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;">15</td> <td align="left"><b><a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B6" title="Воронеж">Воронеж</a></b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82" title="Воронежка област">Воронежка</a></td> <td>890 000 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;">16</td> <td align="left"><b><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Саратов">Саратов</a></b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82" title="Саратовска област">Саратовска</a></td> <td>837 800 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;">17</td> <td align="left"><b><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Краснодар">Краснодар</a></b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Краснодарски край">Краснодарски край</a></td> <td>744 900 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;">18</td> <td align="left"><b><a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Толиати">Толиати</a></b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82" title="Самарска област">Самарска</a></td> <td>719 500 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;">19</td> <td align="left"><b><a href="/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA" title="Ижевск">Ижевск</a></b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Удмуртия">Удмуртия</a></td> <td>628 100 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;">20</td> <td align="left"><b><a href="/wiki/%D0%AF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8A%D0%BB" title="Ярославъл">Ярославъл</a></b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%AF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82" title="Ярославска област">Ярославълска</a></td> <td>613 800 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="11" align="center" style="background:#f5f5f5;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Госкомстат (страницата не съществува)">Росстат (2009)</a><sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="clear:both"></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Вероизповедания"><span id=".D0.92.D0.B5.D1.80.D0.BE.D0.B8.D0.B7.D0.BF.D0.BE.D0.B2.D0.B5.D0.B4.D0.B0.D0.BD.D0.B8.D1.8F"></span>Вероизповедания</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=18" title="Редактиране на раздел: Вероизповедания" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F&amp;action=edit&amp;section=18" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Вероизповедания"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><div class="dablink noprint"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg/17px-Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg/26px-Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg/34px-Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span>&#160;<i>Основна статия&#58; <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B2_%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Религия в Русия (страницата не съществува)">Религия в Русия</a></i><br /></div></dd></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:A_Church_in_Pereslavl-Zalessky.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/A_Church_in_Pereslavl-Zalessky.jpg/170px-A_Church_in_Pereslavl-Zalessky.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/A_Church_in_Pereslavl-Zalessky.jpg/255px-A_Church_in_Pereslavl-Zalessky.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/A_Church_in_Pereslavl-Zalessky.jpg/340px-A_Church_in_Pereslavl-Zalessky.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Църква в Переславъл-Залески</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Православие">Православното християнство</a>, ислямът, будизмът и юдаизмът са традиционни религии в Русия, част от историческото наследство на Русия.<sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%86%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="Руската православна църква">Руската православна църква</a> е най-голямата <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Автокефалия">автокефална</a> църква в Русия, а и в света. </p><p><a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Великден">Великден</a> е най-популярният религиозен празник в Руската федерация. Празнуват го над 90% от всички руски граждани (източноправославни), включително голям брой нерелигиозни. Повече от три четвърти от руснаците празнуват Великден с традиционните козунаци, боядисани яйца и традиционното руско ястие (на <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Руски език">руски</a>: <i>Па́сха</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> или преведено на <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D1%8A%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Български език">български</a> „Великден“. </p><p>От покръстването на Киевска Рус през 10 век руското православие е доминиращата религия в страната. Над 100 милиона граждани се смятат за руски православни християни.<sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 95% от регистрираните православни енории принадлежат на Руската православна църква, има редица по-малки православни църкви.<sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-171"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Въпреки това по-голямата част на православните вярващи не ходят на църква редовно. Също съществуват малки християнски деноминации, като католици, както и различни протестантски църкви. Русия е известна с красивите си и скъпи църкви, със златни и разноцветни куполи. Един от символите на Русия и руската архитектура е катедралата „Св. Василий Блажени“, построена през 1561 г. до Червения площад. </p><p>Мюсюлманите в Русия са между 7 и 9 милиона. Там има около 2&#160;– 3 милиона временни мюсюлмани&#160;– мигранти от територията на бившия СССР.<sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Повечето мюсюлмани живеят в Татарстан и в Кавказ. </p><p>Будизмът е традиционен за три региона на Руската федерация: <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Бурятия">Бурятия</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Тува">Тува</a> и <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Калмикия">Калмикия</a>, както и за някои жители на сибирски и далекоизточни региони, като <a href="/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Чукотка">Чукотка</a> и <a href="/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Якутия">Якутия</a>. Славяните са предимно православни християни, тюркскоговорещите са предимно мюсюлмани, а монголските народи са будисти.<sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Езици"><span id=".D0.95.D0.B7.D0.B8.D1.86.D0.B8"></span>Езици</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=19" title="Редактиране на раздел: Езици" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F&amp;action=edit&amp;section=19" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Езици"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><div class="dablink noprint"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg/17px-Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg/26px-Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg/34px-Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span>&#160;<i>Основни статии&#58; <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%95%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8_%D0%B2_%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Езици в Русия (страницата не съществува)">Езици в Русия</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Руски език">Руски език</a> и <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Славяни">Славяни</a></i><br /></div></dd></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Russian_language_status_and_proficiency_in_the_World.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Russian_language_status_and_proficiency_in_the_World.svg/220px-Russian_language_status_and_proficiency_in_the_World.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Russian_language_status_and_proficiency_in_the_World.svg/330px-Russian_language_status_and_proficiency_in_the_World.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Russian_language_status_and_proficiency_in_the_World.svg/440px-Russian_language_status_and_proficiency_in_the_World.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="936" data-file-height="377" /></a><figcaption>Държави, в които се говори <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Руски език">руски език</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Живущите в Русия 160 етнически групи говорят около 100 езика. Според преброяването от 2002 г., 142,6 млн. души говорят на руски, следвани от татарски с 5,3 милиона и украински с 1,8 милиона говорещи.<sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Руският е единственият официален език на държавата, но Конституцията дава право на федералните републики да направят родния си език втори официален, непосредствено след руския.<sup id="cite_ref-Article_68,_§2_175-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Article_68,_§2-175"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Руският език е бил официален език на СССР.<sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-176"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Руският език е географски най-широко разпространения език на <a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Евразия">Евразия</a> и най-широко разпространеният <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="Славянски език">славянски език</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-177" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-177"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Той принадлежи към индоевропейското езиково семейство и е един от живите членове на източните славянски езици, а другите два са <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="Беларуски">беларуски</a> и <a href="/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Украински език">украински</a>. Писмените извори на Стария Източен славянски (Стария руски) се датират от 10 век насам.<sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-178"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Руският езиков център твърди, че една четвърт от световната научна литература е публикувана на руски език.<sup id="cite_ref-179" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-179"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Също така се прилага като средство за кодиране и съхраняване на универсално познание, 60 – 70% от цялата световна информация се публикува на английски и руски език. Руският е един от шестте официални езика на <a href="/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%9E%D0%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="ООН">ООН</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-180" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-180"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> За поддържането в чужбина, разпространението и поощряването на ученето му се грижат някои руски организации, най-голямата от които е Россотрудничество. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Здравеопазване"><span id=".D0.97.D0.B4.D1.80.D0.B0.D0.B2.D0.B5.D0.BE.D0.BF.D0.B0.D0.B7.D0.B2.D0.B0.D0.BD.D0.B5"></span>Здравеопазване</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=20" title="Редактиране на раздел: Здравеопазване" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F&amp;action=edit&amp;section=20" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Здравеопазване"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><div class="dablink noprint"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg/17px-Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg/26px-Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg/34px-Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span>&#160;<i>Основна статия&#58; <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%97%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%B2_%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Здравеопазване в Русия (страницата не съществува)">Здравеопазване в Русия</a></i><br /></div></dd></dl> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%B7_%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8B_%E2%84%961._%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%B7_%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8B_%E2%84%961._%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA.jpg/200px-%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%B7_%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8B_%E2%84%961._%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%B7_%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8B_%E2%84%961._%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA.jpg/300px-%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%B7_%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8B_%E2%84%961._%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%B7_%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8B_%E2%84%961._%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA.jpg/400px-%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%B7_%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8B_%E2%84%961._%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Операционна зала в градската болница на <a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BA" title="Норилск">Норилск</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Руската конституция гарантира безплатно и универсално здравеопазване за всички граждани.<sup id="cite_ref-181" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-181"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> На практика обаче безплатно здравеопазване е частично ограничено поради задължителна регистрация.<sup id="cite_ref-182" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-182"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Въпреки че Русия има повече лекари, болници и здравни работници от почти всяка друга страна в света на глава от населението,<sup id="cite_ref-183" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-183"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> след разпадането на СССР здравето на руското население е намаляло значително като резултат от социални и икономически промени в начина на живот;<sup id="cite_ref-184" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-184"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> тенденцията е обърната, само през последните години, средната продължителност на живота се е увеличила с 2,4 години за мъжете и 1,4 години за жените между 2006 и 2009 г. </p><p>Считано от 2009 г. средната продължителност на живота в Русия е 62,77 години за мъжете и 74,67 години за жените.<sup id="cite_ref-185" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-185"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Най-големият фактор, който допринася за относително ниската продължителност на живота при мъжете е висока смъртност сред мъжете в трудоспособна възраст от предотвратими причини (например отравяне с <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Алкохол">алкохол</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Пушене">пушене</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%8A%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%88%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Пътнотранспортно произшествие">пътнотранспортни произшествия</a>). Голямата разлика между двата пола в продължителността на живота е в резултат на високите жертви по време на <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="Втората световна война">Втората световна война</a>. Неравновесието между половете остава и до днес и има 0,859 мъже на всяка жена. </p><p>През <a href="/wiki/2014" title="2014">2014</a> г. Русия изнася лекарства за 15 млрд. рубли.<sup id="cite_ref-186" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-186"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Попада и сред челната петица на производителките на медицински изотопи.<sup id="cite_ref-187" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-187"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Образование"><span id=".D0.9E.D0.B1.D1.80.D0.B0.D0.B7.D0.BE.D0.B2.D0.B0.D0.BD.D0.B8.D0.B5"></span>Образование</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=21" title="Редактиране на раздел: Образование" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F&amp;action=edit&amp;section=21" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Образование"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><div class="dablink noprint"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg/17px-Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg/26px-Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg/34px-Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span>&#160;<i>Основна статия&#58; <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B2_%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Образование в Русия (страницата не съществува)">Образование в Русия</a></i><br /></div></dd></dl> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Moscow_State_University_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Moscow_State_University_crop.jpg/273px-Moscow_State_University_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="273" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Moscow_State_University_crop.jpg/410px-Moscow_State_University_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Moscow_State_University_crop.jpg/546px-Moscow_State_University_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3500" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Главната сграда на <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B4%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Московски държавен университет">Московския държавен университет</a>.</figcaption></figure><p> Русия има безплатна образователна система. Конституцията гарантира това право на всички граждани.<sup id="cite_ref-188" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-188"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Субсидирането на висшите училища е силно конкурентно.<sup id="cite_ref-189" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-189"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>От <a href="/wiki/1990" title="1990">1990</a> г. е въведено 11-годишно средно образование. Средното и висшето образование в държавните училища е безплатно. През <a href="/wiki/2010" title="2010">2010</a> г. руското образование е обявено за едно от най-добрите в развитите страни.<sup id="cite_ref-190" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-190"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p> През 2004 г. държавните разходи за образование възлизат на 3,6% от БВП, което представлява 13% от консолидирания държавен бюджет.<sup id="cite_ref-191" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-191"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Правителството отпуска финансиране, за да се плащат таксите за обучение в рамките на установената квота или броя на студентите за всяка държавна институция. В институциите за висше образование, на студентите им се плаща стипендия и осигуряват безплатни жилища.<sup id="cite_ref-192" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-192"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Imperial_Academy_of_Arts_in_SPB.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Imperial_Academy_of_Arts_in_SPB.jpg/300px-Imperial_Academy_of_Arts_in_SPB.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Imperial_Academy_of_Arts_in_SPB.jpg/450px-Imperial_Academy_of_Arts_in_SPB.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Imperial_Academy_of_Arts_in_SPB.jpg/600px-Imperial_Academy_of_Arts_in_SPB.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="2119" /></a><figcaption>Националната художествена академия на Русия в Санкт Петербург</figcaption></figure><p>Най-старите и най-големите руски университети са <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82" class="mw-redirect" title="Московския държавен университет">Московския държавен университет</a> и <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B4%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Санктпетербургски държавен университет">Санктпетербургския държавен университет</a>. През <a href="/wiki/2000" title="2000">2000</a> г., с цел създаване на по-добро висше образование и изследователски институции с подобен мащаб в руските региони, правителството стартира програма за създаване на федерални университети, най-вече чрез сливане на съществуващите големи регионални университети и изследователски институти, като им предоставя специално финансиране. Тези нови институции включват Южния федерален университет, Сибирския федерален университет, Казано-Волжки федерален университет, Североизточен федерален университет и Далекоизточен федерален университет. </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Рейтингови_класации"><span id=".D0.A0.D0.B5.D0.B9.D1.82.D0.B8.D0.BD.D0.B3.D0.BE.D0.B2.D0.B8_.D0.BA.D0.BB.D0.B0.D1.81.D0.B0.D1.86.D0.B8.D0.B8"></span>Рейтингови класации</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=22" title="Редактиране на раздел: Рейтингови класации" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F&amp;action=edit&amp;section=22" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Рейтингови класации"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Far_Eastern_Federal_University,_Vladivostok,_Russia.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Far_Eastern_Federal_University%2C_Vladivostok%2C_Russia.jpeg/220px-Far_Eastern_Federal_University%2C_Vladivostok%2C_Russia.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Far_Eastern_Federal_University%2C_Vladivostok%2C_Russia.jpeg/330px-Far_Eastern_Federal_University%2C_Vladivostok%2C_Russia.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Far_Eastern_Federal_University%2C_Vladivostok%2C_Russia.jpeg/440px-Far_Eastern_Federal_University%2C_Vladivostok%2C_Russia.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1640" data-file-height="1269" /></a><figcaption>Кампусът на <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Далекоизточен федерален университет">Далекоизточния федерален университет</a> във <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA" title="Владивосток">Владивосток</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Руските университети се намират на челните места в редица световни проучвания. На изследване, показващо най-добрите университети в страните от БРИКС, Русия в челната стотица е представена от седем университета. Първи между тях е <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B4%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Московски държавен университет">Московският държавен университет</a>, класиран на пето място.<sup id="cite_ref-bulgarian.ruvr.ru_193-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bulgarian.ruvr.ru-193"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> През <a href="/wiki/2015" title="2015">2015</a> г. Московският университет заема 25-о място според американския изследователски център <i>Times Higher Education</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-rusofili.bg_194-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rusofili.bg-194"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-www.timeshighereducation.co.uk_195-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-www.timeshighereducation.co.uk-195"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Две години по-рано през <a href="/wiki/2013" title="2013">2013</a> г. МГУ се намира в групата на университетите на 250-266-о място,<sup id="cite_ref-rusofili.bg_194-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rusofili.bg-194"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> след което през <a href="/wiki/2014" title="2014">2014</a> заема 196-а позиция,<sup id="cite_ref-196" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-196"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> през същата година се нарежда и на 8-о място сред най-добрите университети в Европа.<sup id="cite_ref-197" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-197"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>195<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B4%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Санктпетербургски държавен университет">Санктпетербургският университет</a> влиза в челната стотица през 2015, заемайки 81-80-о място.<sup id="cite_ref-www.timeshighereducation.co.uk_195-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-www.timeshighereducation.co.uk-195"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> В Русия се реализира т.нар. „Проект 5 – 100“, насочен към повишаване на международния авторитет на руските университети. Същността му се състои в това, че до <a href="/wiki/2020" title="2020">2020</a> г. пет руски университета трябва да са в стоте най-добрите висши учебни заведения в света.<sup id="cite_ref-bulgarian.ruvr.ru_193-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bulgarian.ruvr.ru-193"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Русия_като_център_за_интернационално_обучение"><span id=".D0.A0.D1.83.D1.81.D0.B8.D1.8F_.D0.BA.D0.B0.D1.82.D0.BE_.D1.86.D0.B5.D0.BD.D1.82.D1.8A.D1.80_.D0.B7.D0.B0_.D0.B8.D0.BD.D1.82.D0.B5.D1.80.D0.BD.D0.B0.D1.86.D0.B8.D0.BE.D0.BD.D0.B0.D0.BB.D0.BD.D0.BE_.D0.BE.D0.B1.D1.83.D1.87.D0.B5.D0.BD.D0.B8.D0.B5"></span>Русия като център за интернационално обучение</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=23" title="Редактиране на раздел: Русия като център за интернационално обучение" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F&amp;action=edit&amp;section=23" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Русия като център за интернационално обучение"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:RUDN.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/RUDN.jpg/260px-RUDN.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/RUDN.jpg/390px-RUDN.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/RUDN.jpg/520px-RUDN.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B1%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="Руски университет за дружба на народите">РУДН</a> в <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Москва">Москва</a> – едно от най-престижните висши учебни заведения в страната, известен с интернационалната си среда – в него учат студенти от 146 страни в света.</figcaption></figure> <p>Към руското образование сериозен интерес от страна на чуждестранните студенти има още през времената на Съветския съюз, като се набляга на високата подготовка и възможностите за професионално развитие.<sup id="cite_ref-198" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-198"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup title="Необходим е благонадежден източник">[<i><a href="/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%91%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Уикипедия:Благонадеждни източници">неблагонадежден източник</a></i>]</sup> </p><p>През 50-те и 60-те години Съветският съюз решава да окаже културна помощ на страните, получили свобода от <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Колония">колониална зависимост</a>, поради което е създаден и <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B1%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="Руски университет за дружба на народите">Руският университет на дружбата на народите (РУДН)</a> за подготовка на високо квалифицирани национални кадри за страните от <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Азия">Азия</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Африка">Африка</a> и <a href="/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Латинска Америка">Латинска Америка</a> и възпитание в дух на дружба между нациите.<sup id="cite_ref-199" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-199"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Освен това университетът дава възможност на младежи от по-бедните семейства да получат образование. <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B4%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%82_%D0%BF%D0%BE_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Московски държавен институт по международни отношения">Московският държавен институт по международни отношения</a> е един от най-престижните и е подготвял дипломатите на повечето страни от Източна Европа и руската сфера на влияние, стоейки на челните позиции. </p><p>През <a href="/wiki/2008" title="2008">2008</a> в Русия е приет закон за създаване на държавни квоти за университетите, според които за сметка на държавния бюджет могат да учат не повече от 10 000 чуждестранни студенти. През <a href="/wiki/2015" title="2015">2015</a> г. броят на чужденците, учещи в Русия, се покачва с 14,4% спрямо предходната година и числото им достига 186 000,<sup id="cite_ref-www.vedomosti.ru_200-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-www.vedomosti.ru-200"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>198<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> като най-големият им брой е от бившите съветски републики, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Китай">Китай</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Индия">Индия</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Малайзия">Малайзия</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Виетнам">Виетнам</a>, някои африкански страни и др.<sup id="cite_ref-www.vedomosti.ru_200-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-www.vedomosti.ru-200"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>198<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Държавно_управление"><span id=".D0.94.D1.8A.D1.80.D0.B6.D0.B0.D0.B2.D0.BD.D0.BE_.D1.83.D0.BF.D1.80.D0.B0.D0.B2.D0.BB.D0.B5.D0.BD.D0.B8.D0.B5"></span>Държавно управление</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=24" title="Редактиране на раздел: Държавно управление" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F&amp;action=edit&amp;section=24" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Държавно управление"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Държавно_устройство"><span id=".D0.94.D1.8A.D1.80.D0.B6.D0.B0.D0.B2.D0.BD.D0.BE_.D1.83.D1.81.D1.82.D1.80.D0.BE.D0.B9.D1.81.D1.82.D0.B2.D0.BE"></span>Държавно устройство</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=25" title="Редактиране на раздел: Държавно устройство" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F&amp;action=edit&amp;section=25" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Държавно устройство"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><div class="dablink noprint"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg/17px-Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg/26px-Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg/34px-Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span>&#160;<i>Основна статия&#58; <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Държавно устройство на Русия">Държавно устройство на Русия</a></i></div></dd></dl> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Vladimir_Putin_12023.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Vladimir_Putin_12023.jpg/250px-Vladimir_Putin_12023.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="332" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Vladimir_Putin_12023.jpg/375px-Vladimir_Putin_12023.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Vladimir_Putin_12023.jpg/500px-Vladimir_Putin_12023.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1749" data-file-height="2322" /></a><figcaption>Владимир Путин</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Dmitry_Medvedev_official_large_photo_-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Dmitry_Medvedev_official_large_photo_-1.jpg/250px-Dmitry_Medvedev_official_large_photo_-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="286" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Dmitry_Medvedev_official_large_photo_-1.jpg/375px-Dmitry_Medvedev_official_large_photo_-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Dmitry_Medvedev_official_large_photo_-1.jpg/500px-Dmitry_Medvedev_official_large_photo_-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2489" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Дмитрий Медведев</figcaption></figure> <p>Държавното устройство на Руската федерация се определя от Конституцията, която е приета през <a href="/wiki/1993" title="1993">1993</a> г. </p><p>Според Конституцията на Русия страната е <a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Федерация">федерация</a> и е <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Полупрезидентска република">полупрезидентска република</a>, при която държавен глава е <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Президент на Русия">президентът на Руската федерация</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-201" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-201"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>199<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> избиран на 6 г. с всеобщо тайно гласуване, който е върховен главнокомандващ на <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8A%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8A%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="Въоръжени сили на Русия">Въоръжените сили</a>. Министър-председателят е главата на правителството. Правителството включва министър-председателя, неговите заместници, министри и избрани други лица; всички се назначават от президента по препоръка на министър-председателя (като за назначаването им се изисква съгласието на Държавната дума). </p><p>Руската федерация, съгласно с политически изказвания на нейните президенти Путин и Медведев и други политици с високи постове, е от <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Президентска република">президентски вид</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-202" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-202"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>200<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-203" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-203"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>201<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-204" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-204"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>202<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-205" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-205"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>203<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-206" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-206"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>204<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-207" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-207"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>205<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-208" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-208"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>206<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-209" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-209"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>207<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-210" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-210"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>208<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Макар и с много широки пълномощия на президента, тя е <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Полупрезидентска република">президентско-парламентарна</a> република по мнението на председателя на Конституционния съд на РФ и съавтор на действащата конституция Валерий Зоркин,<sup id="cite_ref-211" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-211"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>209<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-212" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-212"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>210<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> както и на много други учени. </p><p>Водещи и парламентарно представени политически партии са: управляващата „<a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Единна Русия">Единна Русия</a>“, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Комунистическа партия на Руската федерация">Комунистическата партия</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Либерално-демократическа партия на Русия">Либерално-демократическата партия</a> и „<a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Справедлива Русия">Справедлива Русия</a>“. </p><p>Представителен и законодателен орган на Руската Федерация е двукамарното Федерално събрание на Руската федерация, което се състои от Съвет на федерацията и Държавна дума. В Съвета на федерацията влизат по двама представители от всеки регион на Русия. Половината от депутатите в Държавната дума се избират по едномандатни окръзи по мажоритарната система, другата половина – по партийни списъци на основата на пропорционалната система. Напоследък мажоритарните елементи бяха премахнати. Членовете на Федералното събрание се избират веднъж на 4 години. </p><p>Изпълнителната власт се осъществява от правителството на Руската федерация. Председателят на правителството се назначава от президента със съгласието на Държавната дума. </p><p>Законодателните събрания (парламенти) в регионите се избират по смесена система. </p><p>От <a href="/wiki/12_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B8" title="12 декември">12 декември</a> <a href="/wiki/2004" title="2004">2004</a> година <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80_%D0%9F%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Владимир Путин">Владимир Путин</a> подписва закон за утвърждаването на главите на субектите на РФ от регионалните парламенти по предложение на президента на Руската федерация. </p><p>Законът заменя всенародните губернаторски избори с процедурата „даване на пълномощия от висшето длъжностно лице на РФ“. Законът допуска разпускане на регионалните парламенти в случай на неприемане от него на кандидатурата, предложена от президента. </p><p>Губернаторите се назначават за срок от 5 години и могат да заемат своя пост неограничен брой пъти. </p><p>Западните наблюдатели повдигат въпроса колко голяма част от политическата система на Русия, отговаря на западните либерални и демократични идеали. Политолозите често се оплакват от трудности при класифицирането на политическата система в Русия. Според <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2_%D0%A3%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%82&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Стив Уайт (страницата не съществува)">Стив Уайт</a> по време на председателството на Путин, Русия ясно показа, че нямат никакво намерение за създаване на „второто издание“ на американска или британска политическа система, а по-скоро система, която е близо до собствени традиции на Русия и обстоятелства.<sup id="cite_ref-213" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-213"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>211<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Международни_отношения"><span id=".D0.9C.D0.B5.D0.B6.D0.B4.D1.83.D0.BD.D0.B0.D1.80.D0.BE.D0.B4.D0.BD.D0.B8_.D0.BE.D1.82.D0.BD.D0.BE.D1.88.D0.B5.D0.BD.D0.B8.D1.8F"></span>Международни отношения</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=26" title="Редактиране на раздел: Международни отношения" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F&amp;action=edit&amp;section=26" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Международни отношения"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><div class="dablink noprint"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg/17px-Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg/26px-Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg/34px-Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span>&#160;<i>Основна статия&#58; <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Международни отношения на Русия (страницата не съществува)">Международни отношения на Русия</a></i><br /></div></dd></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:World_leaders_at_the_32nd_G8_Summit,_Strelna,_Russia_-_20060716.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/World_leaders_at_the_32nd_G8_Summit%2C_Strelna%2C_Russia_-_20060716.jpg/220px-World_leaders_at_the_32nd_G8_Summit%2C_Strelna%2C_Russia_-_20060716.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/World_leaders_at_the_32nd_G8_Summit%2C_Strelna%2C_Russia_-_20060716.jpg/330px-World_leaders_at_the_32nd_G8_Summit%2C_Strelna%2C_Russia_-_20060716.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/World_leaders_at_the_32nd_G8_Summit%2C_Strelna%2C_Russia_-_20060716.jpg/440px-World_leaders_at_the_32nd_G8_Summit%2C_Strelna%2C_Russia_-_20060716.jpg 2x" data-file-width="515" data-file-height="343" /></a><figcaption>Лидерите на <a href="/wiki/%D0%938" title="Г8">Г8</a> по време на 32-рата среща в Санкт Петербург, 2006</figcaption></figure> <p>Руската федерация е призната от международното право като <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Континуитет">наследник</a> на бившия <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="СССР">Съветски съюз</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-uk_214-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uk-214"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>212<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Русия продължава да изпълнява международните ангажименти на СССР, и е заела постоянното място на СССР в <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8A%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9E%D0%9E%D0%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="Съвета за сигурност на ООН">Съвета за сигурност на ООН</a>, членството в други <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="Международни организации">международни организации</a>, правата и задълженията по международни договори, както и имуществото и дълговете. Русия има многостранна външна политика. Считано от 2009 г., поддържа дипломатически отношения със 191 страни и разполага със 144 посолства. Външната политика се определя от председателя и се изпълнява от Министерството на външните работи на Русия.<sup id="cite_ref-215" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-215"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>213<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Като наследник на бивша суперсила, геополитическият статут на Русия е често обсъждан, особено по отношение на еднополюсни и многополюсни виждания за глобалната политическа система. За Русия е общоприето да бъде велика сила, през последните години се характеризира с редица световни лидери,<sup id="cite_ref-216" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-216"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>214<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-217" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-217"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>215<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> учени,<sup id="cite_ref-218" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-218"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>216<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> коментатори и политици,<sup id="cite_ref-219" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-219"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>217<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> се възстановява като потенциална суперсила.<sup id="cite_ref-220" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-220"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>218<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-221" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-221"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>219<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-222" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-222"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>220<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Countries-SCO.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Countries-SCO.png/220px-Countries-SCO.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Countries-SCO.png/330px-Countries-SCO.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Countries-SCO.png/440px-Countries-SCO.png 2x" data-file-width="551" data-file-height="599" /></a><figcaption>Държавите членки, наблюдатели и партньори на Шанхайската организация за сътрудничество</figcaption></figure> <p>Важен аспект на отношенията на Русия със Запада са критиките от западните правителства към политическата система на Русия, незачитането на човешките права и липсата на свобода за средствата за масово осведомяване. Организациите <i><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%88%D1%8A%D0%BD%D1%8A%D0%BB" title="Амнести Интернешънъл">Амнести Интернешънъл</a></i> и <i><a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8E%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%82%D1%81_%D0%A3%D0%BE%D1%87" title="Хюман Райтс Уоч">Хюман Райтс Уоч</a></i> наблюдават процесите в Русия и се борят за политическите права и гражданските свободи.<sup id="cite_ref-223" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-223"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>221<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-224" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-224"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>222<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Freedom_House" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom House">Freedom House</a></i>, международна организация, финансирана от <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%90%D0%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="САЩ">САЩ</a>, определя Русия като „несвободна“ поради „фалшифициране на изборите“ и „липса на дебат“.<sup id="cite_ref-225" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-225"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>223<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Руските власти отхвърлят тези твърдения и особено критикуват <i>Freedom House</i>. Руското министерство на външните работи нарече „нагласен“ доклада на „Свобода в света“ за 2006 г., като посочи, че въпросите за човешките права са били превърнати в политическо оръжие, по-специално от Съединените щати. Министерството също така твърди, че организации като <i>Freedom House</i> и <i>Хюман Райтс Уоч</i> основават изводите си на „изолирани факти“, които могат да бъдат намерени във всяка страна.<sup id="cite_ref-226" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-226"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>224<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Русия е един от петте постоянни члена на Съвета за сигурност на ООН и играе важна роля в поддържането на международния мир и сигурност. Общото събрание на ООН временно отстрани Русия от Съвета по правата на човека на ООН във връзка със съобщенията за „груби и системни нарушения и злоупотреби с правата на човека" от страна на нахлулите в Украйна руски войски. Русия участва в Четворката за Близкия изток и на шестстранните преговори със <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%8F" title="Северна Корея">Северна Корея</a>. Русия е била член на Г8 (големите осем) от 1997 до 2014 г., но след изключването на Русия през 2014 г. форматът се променя на Групата на седемте, съкратено Г7. Русия обикновено заема водеща роля в регионалните организации, например страните от <a href="/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%9D%D0%94" class="mw-redirect" title="ОНД">ОНД</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%89%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Евразийска икономическа общност">ЕАИО</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Организация на Договора за колективна сигурност">ОДКБ</a> и <a href="/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%8A%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="Шанхайска организация за сътрудичество">ШОС</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-227" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-227"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>225<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Владимир Путин е пледирал за стратегическо партньорство с тясна интеграция в различни размери, включително установяване на общи пространства между <a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D0%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="ЕС">ЕС</a> и Русия.<sup id="cite_ref-228" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-228"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>226<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> След разпадането на СССР, Руската федерация е разработила по-приветливи, макар и променливи отношения с <a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%90%D0%A2%D0%9E" title="НАТО">НАТО</a>. <a href="/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B4%D1%83_%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B8_%D0%9D%D0%90%D0%A2%D0%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="Отношения между Русия и НАТО">Съветът НАТО-Русия</a> е създаден през 2002 г., за да позволи на 26-те съюзници и Руската федерация да работят заедно като равноправни партньори и да търсят възможности за съвместно сътрудничество.<sup id="cite_ref-229" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-229"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>227<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Русия поддържа силни и позитивни отношения със страните от <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%A0%D0%98%D0%9A%D0%A1" title="БРИКС">БРИКС</a>. През последните години страната се стреми да укрепи <a href="/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B4%D1%83_%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B8_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="Отношения между Русия и Китай">връзките си с Китай</a> чрез подписване на договор за приятелство, износ на оръжия и военни технологии, както и изграждането на Транс-сибирски нефтопровод, който да покрива китайските енергийни нужди.<sup id="cite_ref-230" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-230"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>228<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Въоръжени_сили"><span id=".D0.92.D1.8A.D0.BE.D1.80.D1.8A.D0.B6.D0.B5.D0.BD.D0.B8_.D1.81.D0.B8.D0.BB.D0.B8"></span>Въоръжени сили</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=27" title="Редактиране на раздел: Въоръжени сили" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F&amp;action=edit&amp;section=27" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Въоръжени сили"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Sukhoi_T-50_Maksimov.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Sukhoi_T-50_Maksimov.jpg/260px-Sukhoi_T-50_Maksimov.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Sukhoi_T-50_Maksimov.jpg/390px-Sukhoi_T-50_Maksimov.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Sukhoi_T-50_Maksimov.jpg/520px-Sukhoi_T-50_Maksimov.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1023" data-file-height="683" /></a><figcaption>Руският <a href="/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Изтребител">изтребител</a> от пето поколение <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%90%D0%9A_%D0%A4%D0%90/%D0%A2-50" class="mw-redirect" title="ПАК ФА/Т-50">Т-50</a></figcaption></figure> <dl><dd><div class="dablink noprint"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg/17px-Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg/26px-Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg/34px-Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span>&#160;<i>Основна статия&#58; <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8A%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8A%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Въоръжени сили на Руската федерация">Въоръжени сили на Руската федерация</a></i></div></dd></dl> <p>Въоръжените сили на Руската федерация отговарят за отбраната на страната и провеждане на операции зад граница. Те са разпределени в три клона – <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%8A%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Сухопътни войски на Руската федерация (страницата не съществува)">сухопътни войски</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%84%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Военноморски флот на Русия">военноморски флот</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8A%D0%B7%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Военновъздушни сили на Русия">военновъздушни сили</a>, допълнени от самостоятелните <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%8F%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Стратегически ядрени сили на Руската федерация">стратегически ракетни войски</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%92%D1%8A%D0%B7%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Въздушно-космически отбранителни сили на Руската федерация (страницата не съществува)">въздушно-космически отбранителни сили</a> и <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8A%D0%B7%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Въздушно-десантни войски на Руската федерация">въздушно-десантни войски</a>. Руската армия е наследник на <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8A%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8A%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="Въоръжени сили на СССР">въоръжените сили на СССР</a>, които до разпада му са най-многочислените<sup id="cite_ref-231" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-231"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>229<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> и едни от най-високотехнологичните в света.<sup id="cite_ref-232" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-232"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>230<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Върховен главнокомандващ е президентът на Русия, а Министерството на отбраната управлява дейностите на <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%89%D0%B0%D0%B1" title="Генерален щаб">генералния щаб</a> и неговите отдели.<sup id="cite_ref-233" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-233"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>231<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Редовният числен състав възлиза на 766 000 души, което прави руските въоръжени сили петите по големина в света. Към тях се добавят и между два и 20 милиона резервисти и 474 000 служещи в полувоенни формирования.<sup id="cite_ref-IISS_234-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IISS-234"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>232<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Административно_деление"><span id=".D0.90.D0.B4.D0.BC.D0.B8.D0.BD.D0.B8.D1.81.D1.82.D1.80.D0.B0.D1.82.D0.B8.D0.B2.D0.BD.D0.BE_.D0.B4.D0.B5.D0.BB.D0.B5.D0.BD.D0.B8.D0.B5"></span>Административно деление</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=28" title="Редактиране на раздел: Административно деление" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F&amp;action=edit&amp;section=28" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Административно деление"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><div class="dablink noprint"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg/17px-Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg/26px-Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg/34px-Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span>&#160;<i>Основна статия&#58; <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Административно деление на Русия">Административно деление на Русия</a></i></div></dd></dl> <p>Русия е държава с <a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Федерация">федеративно</a> устройство. В състава ѝ влизат 1066 <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Град">града</a> и 2070 населени места от градски тип (<a href="/wiki/1994" title="1994">1994</a>). <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Столица">Столицата</a> е <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Москва">Москва</a>. В състава на Руската федерация влизат 83 равноправни юридически субекта: </p> <ul><li>22 <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B2_%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Републики в Руската федерация">републики</a>;</li> <li>9 края;</li> <li>46 <a href="/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%B2_%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Области в Руската федерация">области</a>;</li> <li>една автономна област;</li> <li>4 автономни окръга;</li> <li>3 града с федерално значение (Москва, Санкт Петербург, Севастопол).</li></ul> <div role="img" class="noresize" style="width: 1100px; line-height: 1; text-align: center; background-color: #ffffff; position: relative;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:RussiaContourMap.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/RussiaContourMap.png/1100px-RussiaContourMap.png" decoding="async" width="1100" height="392" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/RussiaContourMap.png/1650px-RussiaContourMap.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/RussiaContourMap.png/2200px-RussiaContourMap.png 2x" data-file-width="3347" data-file-height="1193" /></a></span> <div style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: 10px;"><div style="position: absolute; left:177.5px; top: 332px;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82" title="Астраханска област">1</a></div></div> <div style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: 10px;"><div style="position: absolute; left:134px; top: 246.5px;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82" title="Владимирска област">2</a></div></div> <div style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: 10px;"><div style="position: absolute; left:155.5px; top: 306px;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82" title="Волгоградска област">3</a></div></div> <div style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: 10px;"><div style="position: absolute; left:129px; top: 294.5px;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82" title="Воронежка област">4</a></div></div> <div style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: 10px;"><div style="position: absolute; left:139.5px; top: 235.5px;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82" title="Ивановска област">5</a></div></div> <div style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: 10px;"><div style="position: absolute; left:96px; top: 262px;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82" title="Калужка област">6</a></div></div> <div style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: 10px;"><div style="position: absolute; left:431.5px; top: 257px;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82" title="Кемеровска област">7</a></div></div> <div style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: 10px;"><div style="position: absolute; left:150.5px; top: 221px;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82" title="Костромска област">8</a></div></div> <div style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: 10px;"><div style="position: absolute; left:89px; top: 205px;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82" title="Ленинградска област">9</a></div></div> <div style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: 10px;"><div style="position: absolute; left:119px; top: 277px;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82" title="Липецка област">10</a></div></div> <div style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: 10px;"><div style="position: absolute; left:109px; top: 246px;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82" title="Московска област">11</a></div></div> <div style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: 10px;"><div style="position: absolute; left:153.5px; top: 240px;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82" title="Нижегородска област">12</a></div></div> <div style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: 10px;"><div style="position: absolute; left:75.5px; top: 223.5px;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82" title="Новгородска област">13</a></div></div> <div style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: 10px;"><div style="position: absolute; left:102px; top: 276px;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82" title="Орловска област">14</a></div></div> <div style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: 10px;"><div style="position: absolute; left:153px; top: 272.5px;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82" title="Пензенска област">15</a></div></div> <div style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: 10px;"><div style="position: absolute; left:131px; top: 322px;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82" title="Ростовска област">16</a></div></div> <div style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: 10px;"><div style="position: absolute; left:130px; top: 261px;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8F%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82" title="Рязанска област">17</a></div></div> <div style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: 10px;"><div style="position: absolute; left:191.5px; top: 272px;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82" title="Самарска област">18</a></div></div> <div style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: 10px;"><div style="position: absolute; left:264px; top: 218.5px;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82" title="Свердловска област">19</a></div></div> <div style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: 10px;"><div style="position: absolute; left:135px; top: 277px;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82" title="Тамбовска област">20</a></div></div> <div style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: 10px;"><div style="position: absolute; left:109px; top: 265.5px;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82" title="Тулска област">21</a></div></div> <div style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: 10px;"><div style="position: absolute; left:173px; top: 265.5px;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82" title="Уляновска област">22</a></div></div> <div style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: 10px;"><div style="position: absolute; left:260px; top: 256.5px;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82" title="Челябинска област">23</a></div></div> <div style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: 10px;"><div style="position: absolute; left:120px; top: 227px;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%AF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82" title="Ярославска област">24</a></div></div> <div style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: 10px;"><div style="position: absolute; left:103px; top: 205.5px;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82" title="Вологодска област">Вологодска обл.</a></div></div> <div style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: 10px;"><div style="position: absolute; left:116.5px; top: 176px;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82" title="Архангелска област">Архангелска<br />обл.</a></div></div> <div style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: 10px;"><div style="position: absolute; left:68.5px; top: 126.5px;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82" title="Мурманска област">Мурманска обл.</a></div></div> <div style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: 10px;"><div style="position: absolute; left:4px; top: 228.5px;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82" title="Псковска област">Псковска обл.</a></div></div> <div style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: 10px;"><div style="position: absolute; left:34px; top: 256.5px;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82" title="Смоленска област">Смоленска<br />обл.</a></div></div> <div style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: 10px;"><div style="position: absolute; left:36.5px; top: 277px;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82" title="Брянска област">Брянска обл.</a></div></div> <div style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: 10px;"><div style="position: absolute; left:51px; top: 287px;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82" title="Курска област">Курска обл.</a></div></div> <div style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: 10px;"><div style="position: absolute; left:60px; top: 297px;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82" title="Белгородска област">Белгородска<br />обл.</a></div></div> <div style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: 10px;"><div style="position: absolute; left:169px; top: 286px;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82" title="Саратовска област">25</a></div></div> <div style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: 10px;"><div style="position: absolute; left:89px; top: 234.5px;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82" title="Тверска област">26</a></div></div> <div style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: 10px;"><div style="position: absolute; left:186.5px; top: 223px;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82" title="Кировска област">27</a></div></div> <div style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: 10px;"><div style="position: absolute; left:214px; top: 277px;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82" title="Оренбургска област">28</a></div></div> <div style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: 10px;"><div style="position: absolute; left:285px; top: 250.5px;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82" title="Курганска област">29</a></div></div> <div style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: 10px;"><div style="position: absolute; left:304px; top: 232px;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8E%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82" title="Тюменска област">30</a></div></div> <div style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: 10px;"><div style="position: absolute; left:337.5px; top: 246.5px;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82" title="Омска област">31</a></div></div> <div style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: 10px;"><div style="position: absolute; left:381.5px; top: 249.5px;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82" title="Новосибирска област">32</a></div></div> <div style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: 10px;"><div style="position: absolute; left:368px; top: 222px;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82" title="Томска област">Томска област</a></div></div> <div style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: 10px;"><div style="position: absolute; left:539px; top: 225px;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82" title="Иркутска област">Иркутска област</a></div></div> <div style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: 10px;"><div style="position: absolute; left:658.5px; top: 256px;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82" title="Амурска област">Амурска област</a></div></div> <div style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: 10px;"><div style="position: absolute; left:825px; top: 179px;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82" title="Магаданска област">Магаданска област</a></div></div> <div style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: 10px;"><div style="position: absolute; left:789px; top: 305px;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82" title="Сахалинска област">Сахалинска област</a></div></div> <div style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: 10px;"><div style="position: absolute; left:6.5px; top: 260.5px;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82" title="Калининградска област">33</a></div></div> <div style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: 10px;"><div style="position: absolute; left:879px; top: 237px;"><i><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Камчатски край">Камчатски край</a></i></div></div> <div style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: 10px;"><div style="position: absolute; left:764px; top: 222px;"><i><a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Хабаровски край">Хабаровски край</a></i></div></div> <div style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: 10px;"><div style="position: absolute; left:741.5px; top: 347px;"><i><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Приморски край">Приморски край</a></i></div></div> <div style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: 10px;"><div style="position: absolute; left:599px; top: 292px;"><i><a href="/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Забайкалски край">Забайкалски край</a></i></div></div> <div style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: 10px;"><div style="position: absolute; left:454px; top: 172px;"><i><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%8F%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Красноярски край">Красноярски край</a></i></div></div> <div style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: 10px;"><div style="position: absolute; left:358.5px; top: 278px;"><i><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Алтайски край">Алтайски край</a></i></div></div> <div style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: 10px;"><div style="position: absolute; left:231.5px; top: 218.5px;"><i><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Пермски край">34</a></i></div></div> <div style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: 10px;"><div style="position: absolute; left:121.5px; top: 341.5px;"><i><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Краснодарски край">35</a></i></div></div> <div style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: 10px;"><div style="position: absolute; left:146.5px; top: 348px;"><i><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Ставрополски край">36</a></i></div></div> <div style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: 10px;"><div style="position: absolute; left:194.5px; top: 133.5px;"><i><a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8A%D0%B3" title="Ненецки автономен окръг">Ненецки АО</a></i></div></div> <div style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: 10px;"><div style="position: absolute; left:309px; top: 154.5px;"><i><a href="/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE-%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8A%D0%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="Ямало-ненецки автономен окръг">Ямало-ненецки АО</a></i></div></div> <div style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: 10px;"><div style="position: absolute; left:285px; top: 189.5px;"><i><a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8-%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8A%D0%B3_-_%D0%AE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="Ханти-Мансийски автономен окръг - Югра">Ханти-мансийски АО</a></i></div></div> <div style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: 10px;"><div style="position: absolute; left:899px; top: 142px;"><i><a href="/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8A%D0%B3" title="Чукотски автономен окръг">Чукотски автономен окръг</a></i></div></div> <div style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: 10px;"><div style="position: absolute; left:159px; top: 337px;"><b><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Калмикия">КМ</a></b></div></div> <div style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: 10px;"><div style="position: absolute; left:112.5px; top: 356.5px;"><b><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%8F" title="Адигея">АД</a>—</b></div></div> <div style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: 10px;"><div style="position: absolute; left:133px; top: 360.5px;"><b><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE-%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Карачаево-Черкезия">КЧ</a></b></div></div> <div style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: 10px;"><div style="position: absolute; left:146.5px; top: 358.5px;"><b><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Кабардино-Балкария">КБ</a></b></div></div> <div style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: 10px;"><div style="position: absolute; left:143px; top: 373.5px;"><b><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Северна Осетия">СО</a></b></div></div> <div style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: 10px;"><div style="position: absolute; left:155px; top: 366.5px;"><b><a href="/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Ингушетия">ИН</a></b></div></div> <div style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: 10px;"><div style="position: absolute; left:170px; top: 363.5px;"><b>———<a href="/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="Чеченска република">Чеченска република</a></b> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Flag_of_the_Chechen_Republic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Flag_of_the_Chechen_Republic.svg/19px-Flag_of_the_Chechen_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Flag_of_the_Chechen_Republic.svg/29px-Flag_of_the_Chechen_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Flag_of_the_Chechen_Republic.svg/38px-Flag_of_the_Chechen_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></div></div> <div style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: 10px;"><div style="position: absolute; left:176.5px; top: 377.5px;"><b>——<a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Дагестан">Дагестан</a></b> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Flag_of_Dagestan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_Dagestan.svg/20px-Flag_of_Dagestan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_Dagestan.svg/30px-Flag_of_Dagestan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_Dagestan.svg/40px-Flag_of_Dagestan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div></div> <div style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: 10px;"><div style="position: absolute; left:421.5px; top: 299px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Flag_of_Altai_Republic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Altai_Republic.svg/22px-Flag_of_Altai_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Altai_Republic.svg/33px-Flag_of_Altai_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Altai_Republic.svg/44px-Flag_of_Altai_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span><br /><b><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9_(%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0)" class="mw-redirect" title="Алтай (република)">Алтай</a></b></div></div> <div style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: 10px;"><div style="position: absolute; left:169px; top: 250.5px;"><b><a href="/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Чувашия">ЧВ</a></b></div></div> <div style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: 10px;"><div style="position: absolute; left:176px; top: 240px;"><b><a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%95%D0%BB" title="Марий Ел">МЕ</a></b></div></div> <div style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: 10px;"><div style="position: absolute; left:152px; top: 259px;"><b><a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Мордовия">МО</a></b></div></div> <div style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: 10px;"><div style="position: absolute; left:194px; top: 252px;"><b><a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Татарстан">ТТ</a></b></div></div> <div style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: 10px;"><div style="position: absolute; left:205px; top: 235px;"><b><a href="/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Удмуртия">УД</a></b></div></div> <div style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: 10px;"><div style="position: absolute; left:228px; top: 261.5px;"><b><a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Башкортостан">БШ</a></b></div></div> <div style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: 10px;"><div style="position: absolute; left:218px; top: 159px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Flag_of_Komi.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Flag_of_Komi.svg/22px-Flag_of_Komi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Flag_of_Komi.svg/33px-Flag_of_Komi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Flag_of_Komi.svg/44px-Flag_of_Komi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span><br /><b><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8" title="Коми">Коми</a></b></div></div> <div style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: 10px;"><div style="position: absolute; left:448.5px; top: 266px;"><b><a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Хакасия">ХА</a></b></div></div> <div style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: 10px;"><div style="position: absolute; left:480.5px; top: 278.5px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Flag_of_Tuva.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Tuva.svg/20px-Flag_of_Tuva.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Tuva.svg/30px-Flag_of_Tuva.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Tuva.svg/40px-Flag_of_Tuva.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><br /><b><a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Тува">Тува</a></b></div></div> <div style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: 10px;"><div style="position: absolute; left:579px; top: 251px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Flag_of_Buryatia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Flag_of_Buryatia.svg/20px-Flag_of_Buryatia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Flag_of_Buryatia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Buryatia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Flag_of_Buryatia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Buryatia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></a></span><br /><b><a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Бурятия">Бурятия</a></b></div></div> <div style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: 10px;"><div style="position: absolute; left:686.5px; top: 152px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Flag_of_Sakha.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Flag_of_Sakha.svg/20px-Flag_of_Sakha.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Flag_of_Sakha.svg/30px-Flag_of_Sakha.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Flag_of_Sakha.svg/40px-Flag_of_Sakha.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="256" /></a></span><br /><b><a href="/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Якутия">Якутия</a></b></div></div> <div style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: 10px;"><div style="position: absolute; left:666.5px; top: 318.5px;"><b><a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82" title="Еврейска автономна област">Еврейска АО</a></b></div></div> <div style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: 10px;"><div style="position: absolute; left:26.5px; top: 167px;"><b><a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Република Карелия">Карелия</a></b> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Flag_of_Karelia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Flag_of_Karelia.svg/20px-Flag_of_Karelia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Flag_of_Karelia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Karelia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Flag_of_Karelia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Karelia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div></div> <div style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: 10px;"><div style="position: absolute; left:939px; top: 59.5px;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Източносибирско море"><span style="font-style: italic; color: #48A3B5;">Източносибирско море</span></a></div></div> <div style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: 10px;"><div style="position: absolute; left:616.5px; top: 39.5px;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5_%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Море Лаптеви"><span style="font-style: italic; color: #48A3B5;">Море Лаптеви</span></a></div></div> <div style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: 10px;"><div style="position: absolute; left:335px; top: 36px;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Карско море"><span style="font-style: italic; color: #48A3B5;">Карско море</span></a></div></div> <div style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: 10px;"><div style="position: absolute; left:107px; top: 74.5px;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Баренцово море"><span style="font-style: italic; color: #48A3B5;">Баренцово море</span></a></div></div> <div style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: 10px;"><div style="position: absolute; left:866.5px; top: 327px;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B8_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Тихи океан"><span style="font-style: italic; color: #48A3B5;">Тихи океан</span></a></div></div> <div style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: 10px;"><div style="position: absolute; left:1019px; top: 191px;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Берингово море"><span style="font-style: italic; color: #48A3B5;">Берингово море</span></a></div></div> <div style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: 10px;"><div style="position: absolute; left:801.5px; top: 260.5px;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Охотско море"><span style="font-style: italic; color: #48A3B5;">Охотско море</span></a></div></div> </div> <p>Следните републики, области и краеве са отбелязани с буквени и цифрови съкращения: </p> <table> <tbody><tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; font-size:smaller"> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Flag_of_Adygea.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Flag_of_Adygea.svg/20px-Flag_of_Adygea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Flag_of_Adygea.svg/30px-Flag_of_Adygea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Flag_of_Adygea.svg/40px-Flag_of_Adygea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a></span> Адигея – АД</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Flag_of_Kabardino-Balkaria.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Flag_of_Kabardino-Balkaria.svg/20px-Flag_of_Kabardino-Balkaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Flag_of_Kabardino-Balkaria.svg/30px-Flag_of_Kabardino-Balkaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Flag_of_Kabardino-Balkaria.svg/40px-Flag_of_Kabardino-Balkaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span> Кабардино-Балкария – КБ</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Flag_of_Mordovia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Mordovia.svg/20px-Flag_of_Mordovia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Mordovia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Mordovia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Mordovia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Mordovia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></span> Мордовия – МО</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Flag_of_Kalmykia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Kalmykia.svg/20px-Flag_of_Kalmykia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Kalmykia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Kalmykia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Kalmykia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Kalmykia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="320" /></a></span> Калмикия – КМ</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Flag_of_North_Ossetia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Flag_of_North_Ossetia.svg/20px-Flag_of_North_Ossetia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Flag_of_North_Ossetia.svg/30px-Flag_of_North_Ossetia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Flag_of_North_Ossetia.svg/40px-Flag_of_North_Ossetia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></a></span> Северна Осетия – СО</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Flag_of_Udmurtia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Udmurtia.svg/20px-Flag_of_Udmurtia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Udmurtia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Udmurtia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Udmurtia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Udmurtia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="540" data-file-height="270" /></a></span> Удмуртия – УД</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Flag_of_Chuvashia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Flag_of_Chuvashia.svg/20px-Flag_of_Chuvashia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Flag_of_Chuvashia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Chuvashia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Flag_of_Chuvashia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Chuvashia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="320" /></a></span> Чувашия – ЧВ</li></ul> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; font-size:smaller"> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Flag_of_Bashkortostan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Flag_of_Bashkortostan.svg/20px-Flag_of_Bashkortostan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Flag_of_Bashkortostan.svg/30px-Flag_of_Bashkortostan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Flag_of_Bashkortostan.svg/40px-Flag_of_Bashkortostan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> Башкортостан – БШ</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Flag_of_Ingushetia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Ingushetia.svg/20px-Flag_of_Ingushetia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Ingushetia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Ingushetia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Ingushetia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Ingushetia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span> Ингушетия – ИН</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Flag_of_Karachay-Cherkessia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Karachay-Cherkessia.svg/20px-Flag_of_Karachay-Cherkessia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Karachay-Cherkessia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Karachay-Cherkessia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Karachay-Cherkessia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Karachay-Cherkessia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> Карачаево-Черкезия – КЧ</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Flag_of_Mari_El.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Flag_of_Mari_El.svg/20px-Flag_of_Mari_El.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Flag_of_Mari_El.svg/30px-Flag_of_Mari_El.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Flag_of_Mari_El.svg/40px-Flag_of_Mari_El.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> Марий Ел – МЕ</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Flag_of_Tatarstan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Flag_of_Tatarstan.svg/20px-Flag_of_Tatarstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Flag_of_Tatarstan.svg/30px-Flag_of_Tatarstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Flag_of_Tatarstan.svg/40px-Flag_of_Tatarstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></a></span> Татарстан – ТТ</li> <li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Flag_of_Khakassia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Khakassia.svg/20px-Flag_of_Khakassia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Khakassia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Khakassia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Khakassia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Khakassia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> Хакасия – ХА</li> <li>1. Астраханска обл.</li></ul> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; font-size:smaller"> <ul><li>2. Владимирска</li> <li>3. Волгоградска</li> <li>4. Воронежка</li> <li>5. Ивановска</li> <li>6. Калужка</li> <li>7. Кемеровска</li> <li>8. Костромска</li></ul> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; font-size:smaller"> <ul><li>9. Ленинградска</li> <li>10. Липецка</li> <li>11. Московска</li> <li>12. Нижегородска</li> <li>13. Новгородска</li> <li>14. Орловска</li> <li>15. Пензенска</li></ul> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; font-size:smaller"> <ul><li>16. Ростовска</li> <li>17. Рязанска</li> <li>18. Самарска</li> <li>19. Свердловска</li> <li>20. Тамбовска</li> <li>21. Тулска</li> <li>22. Уляновска</li></ul> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; font-size:smaller"> <ul><li>23. Челябинска</li> <li>24. Ярославска</li> <li>25. Саратовска</li> <li>26. Тверска</li> <li>27. Кировска</li> <li>28. Оренбургска</li> <li>29. Курганска</li></ul> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; font-size:smaller"> <ul><li>30. Тюменска</li> <li>31. Омска</li> <li>32. Новосибирска</li> <li>33. Калининградска</li> <li>34. Пермски</li> <li>35. Краснодарски</li> <li>36. Ставрополски</li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>На <a href="/wiki/13_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="13 май">13 май</a> <a href="/wiki/2000" title="2000">2000</a> г. с указ № 849 на президента на Руската федерация са създадени 7 <a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8A%D0%B7%D0%B8_%D0%B2_%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Федерални окръзи в Русия">федерални окръга</a>, които обединяват юридическите субекти от състава на федерацията. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Икономика"><span id=".D0.98.D0.BA.D0.BE.D0.BD.D0.BE.D0.BC.D0.B8.D0.BA.D0.B0"></span>Икономика</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=29" title="Редактиране на раздел: Икономика" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F&amp;action=edit&amp;section=29" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Икономика"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><div class="dablink noprint"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg/17px-Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg/26px-Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg/34px-Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span>&#160;<i>Основна статия&#58; <a href="/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Икономика на Русия">Икономика на Русия</a></i></div></dd></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Russia_Export_Treemap.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Russia_Export_Treemap.png/220px-Russia_Export_Treemap.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Russia_Export_Treemap.png/330px-Russia_Export_Treemap.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Russia_Export_Treemap.png/440px-Russia_Export_Treemap.png 2x" data-file-width="854" data-file-height="667" /></a><figcaption>Мозайка на руския износ за 2012 г.</figcaption></figure><p> Русия има <a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BC" title="Етатизъм">етатистка</a> <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Смесена икономика">смесена икономика</a> с висока концентрация на блага в правителството. След разпада на Съветския съюз започва преход от сравнително затворен планов модел към глобално ориентирана пазарна икономика.<sup id="cite_ref-CIA_overview_235-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIA_overview-235"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>233<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> В първите години на този преход очакването е, че страната ще наследи силните социални програми на СССР и ще се превърне във високоразвита икономика. Нито едно от тези очаквания не се сбъдва. Управлението на ключови държавни компании е поето от малък, добре свързан елит,<sup id="cite_ref-CSwealth_236-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CSwealth-236"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>234<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> а най-големите предприятия в областта на енергетиката, тежката промишленост, телекомуникациите и транспорта остават в държавни ръце. Този преходен период се отличава с <a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Хиперинфлация">хиперинфлация</a>, възлизаща на 2500% през 1992 година, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Корупция">корупция</a>, слаби институции, обширна <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Сива икономика">сива икономика</a> и <a href="/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8A%D0%BF%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Организирана престъпност">организирана престъпност</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-237" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-237"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>235<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> В периода 1998 – 2008 година се наблюдава значителен икономически растеж, основан на приходите от петрол и газ. Брутният вътрешен продукт нараства средно със 7% годишно,<sup id="cite_ref-CIA_overview_235-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIA_overview-235"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>233<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> благодарение на реформаторска данъчна и фискална политика, насочена срещу олигарсите. В този период отслабва влиянието на местната власт, увеличават се приходите на федералното правителство, поддържа се висока фискална дисциплина, а данъчната реформа значително стимулира развитието на малкия и среден бизнес.<sup id="cite_ref-238" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-238"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>236<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Въпреки това икономиката продължава да страда от ширещата се корупция, липсата на защита за правата върху собствеността и вмешателство на държавата в частния сектор.<sup id="cite_ref-CIA_overview_235-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIA_overview-235"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>233<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> С настъпването на <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0_(2008-2011)" class="mw-redirect" title="Световна финансова криза (2008-2011)">световната финансова криза</a> досегашният модел на увеличение на доходите и големи инвестиционни проекти спира да бъде ефективен. Въпреки лекото възстановяване на растежа благодарение на повишения износ през 2013 година, липсата на широки структурни реформи подкопава доверието както на инвеститорите, така и на потребителите, и значително забавя ръста на икономиката.<sup id="cite_ref-239" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-239"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>237<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Regional_GDP_per_capita_map_of_Russia.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Regional_GDP_per_capita_map_of_Russia.png/275px-Regional_GDP_per_capita_map_of_Russia.png" decoding="async" width="275" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Regional_GDP_per_capita_map_of_Russia.png/413px-Regional_GDP_per_capita_map_of_Russia.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Regional_GDP_per_capita_map_of_Russia.png/550px-Regional_GDP_per_capita_map_of_Russia.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1212" /></a><figcaption>Федералните субекти на Руската федерация според БВП на глава от населението (2009)</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="Световната банка">Световната банка</a> определя Русия като държава с висок доход на населението,<sup id="cite_ref-WB2013_240-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WB2013-240"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>238<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> чийто <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B2%D1%8A%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%82" title="Брутен вътрешен продукт">брутен вътрешен продукт</a> (<a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Паритет на покупателната способност">ППС</a>) се равнява на 2,55 трилиона щатски долара – седмият най-голям в света и вторият в Европа.<sup id="cite_ref-241" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-241"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>239<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Общото богатство на страната се равнява на 1,2 трилиона щатски долара.<sup id="cite_ref-CSwealth_236-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CSwealth-236"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>234<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Номиналният БВП на глава от населението за 2012 година е 14 178 щ.д.,<sup id="cite_ref-242" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-242"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>240<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> а за 2013 неговата ППС стойност е 24 140 щ.д.<sup id="cite_ref-243" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-243"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>241<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Разпределението му вътре в страната обаче е изключително неравномерно: по данни на ООН от 2009 година този показател варира от 3494 щ.д. в Ингушетия до 57 175 щ.д. в <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8E%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82" title="Тюменска област">Тюменска област</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-244" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-244"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>242<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Последователната фискална политика през годините довежда до много нисък <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B4%D1%8A%D0%BB%D0%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="Публичен дълг">публичен дълг</a> (7,9% от БВП)<sup id="cite_ref-245" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-245"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>243<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> и <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81" title="Платежен баланс">излишък по текущата сметка</a> в размер на 74,8 млрд. щ.д., четвъртият най-голям в света.<sup id="cite_ref-246" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-246"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>244<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Работна сила">Работната сила</a> възлиза на 75 290 000 души.<sup id="cite_ref-247" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-247"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>245<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> По-голямата част от нея е заета в сектора на услугите (62,5%), следван от индустрията (27,8%) и селското стопанство (9,7%).<sup id="cite_ref-248" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-248"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>246<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Русия е част от <a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%81%D1%8A%D1%8E%D0%B7" title="Евразийски съюз">Евразийския икономически съюз</a> и се присъединява към <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%82%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Световна търговска организация">Световната търговска организация</a> през 2011 година.<sup id="cite_ref-ECTP_249-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ECTP-249"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>247<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Moscow_Business_Center_5073-84.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Moscow_Business_Center_5073-84.jpg/347px-Moscow_Business_Center_5073-84.jpg" decoding="async" width="347" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Moscow_Business_Center_5073-84.jpg/521px-Moscow_Business_Center_5073-84.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Moscow_Business_Center_5073-84.jpg/694px-Moscow_Business_Center_5073-84.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5125" data-file-height="3889" /></a><figcaption>Модерният квартал „<a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Москва Сити">Москва-Сити</a>“ – зона на делова активност, обединяваща апартаменти, офиси, търговски центрове и т.н. Един от символите на просперитета на руската икономика</figcaption></figure> <p>От края на 2014 г. Русия навлиза в период на рецесия, обусловен от ниските цени на петрола и икономическото ембарго, последвани от падане на националната валута. Руското правителство обявява 2-годишен план за излизане от кризата,<sup id="cite_ref-250" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-250"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>248<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> както и цялостен план за намаляване на зависимостта на руската икономика от износа на горива до 2035 г.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_251-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-251"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>249<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> В същото време Русия започва и стратегическо сближаване с бързо развиващите се азиатски икономики на <a href="/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Индия">Индия</a><sup id="cite_ref-252" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-252"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>250<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> и <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Китай">Китай</a> в сферата на икономиката, отбраната<sup id="cite_ref-253" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-253"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>251<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> и инфраструктурата чрез съвместни проекти и сделки. През 2015 г. на форум в <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Санкт Петербург">Санкт Петербург</a> биват подписани 29 договора на обща стойност 1 трлн. щатски долара за инвестиции на КНР в Русия.<sup id="cite_ref-254" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-254"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>252<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> РФ планира до <a href="/wiki/2018" title="2018">2018</a> г. да създаде мегапроекра „<i>Сила Сибири</i>“ на стойност 55 млрд. щатски долара за пренос на природен газ към Китай, заедно с общ фонд на стойност 2 млрд. щатски долара за селскостопански проекти в двете страни, а огромният икономически проект „Пътят на коприната“, движен от КНР и Русия, е насочен към създаването на транспортен, енергиен и търговски коридор между страните от Централна и Южна Азия и Европа. Националната валута на Руската федерация е <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Руска рубла">руската рубла</a>. </p><p> През последните години Русия многократно е била описвана в медиите като енергийна суперсила.<sup id="cite_ref-255" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-255"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>253<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-256" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-256"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>254<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Страната има най-много запаси на природен газ в света,<sup id="cite_ref-257" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-257"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>255<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> и има осмият по големина доказан запас от петрол.<sup id="cite_ref-258" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-258"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>256<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Русия е най-големият в света износител<sup id="cite_ref-259" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-259"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>257<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> и вторият най-голям производител на природен газ,<sup id="cite_ref-260" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-260"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>258<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> като в същото време и най-големия износител и <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8A%D0%BA_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%89%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="Списък на държавите произвеждащи петрол">производител на петрол</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-261" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-261"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>259<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> През 2012 тези два ресурса осигуряват 52% от приходите във федералния бюджет и съставят 70% от общия износ, като се планира до 2035 г. процентите да паднат като част от плана за диверсификация на иконокиката.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_251-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-251"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>249<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Държавните компании „<i><a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%84%D1%82" title="Роснефт">Роснефт</a></i>“ и „<i><a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Газпром">Газпром</a></i>“ контролират по-голямата част от находищата и са главните износители, а руските „<i><a href="/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BB" title="Лукойл">Лукойл</a></i>“, „<i><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%84%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B7" title="Сургутнефтегаз">Сургутнефтегаз</a></i>“ и чуждите „<i><a href="/wiki/Shell" class="mw-redirect" title="Shell">Shell</a></i>“, „<i><a href="/wiki/ExxonMobil" class="mw-redirect" title="ExxonMobil">ExxonMobil</a></i>“ и „<i><a href="/wiki/British_Petroleum" class="mw-redirect" title="British Petroleum">British Petroleum</a></i>“ притежават малки дялове в добива и износа.<sup id="cite_ref-262" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-262"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>260<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Lada_Vesta_Concept.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Lada_Vesta_Concept.JPG/246px-Lada_Vesta_Concept.JPG" decoding="async" width="246" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Lada_Vesta_Concept.JPG/369px-Lada_Vesta_Concept.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Lada_Vesta_Concept.JPG/492px-Lada_Vesta_Concept.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1992" data-file-height="1346" /></a><figcaption>Автомобилът от малък клас на <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%92%D0%90%D0%97" title="АвтоВАЗ">АвтоВАЗ</a> Lada Vesta</figcaption></figure> <p>Освен нефт и газ, Русия изнася метали, <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Дървесина">дървесина</a>, химикали и разнообразна гражданска и военна продукция.<sup id="cite_ref-263" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-263"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>261<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> В това число влизат злато, торове, зърнени култури, турбини, ядрени реактори, техника, оптически и медицински инструменти, автомобили, пътнически самолети, железопътни вагони, кораби, електроника, пластмаси и други. Започва активно да се развива и в производство на високо качествено LTE оборудване и високи технологии, водеща роля където има именно държавната корпорация „<i><a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%85" title="Ростех">Ростех</a></i>“,<sup id="cite_ref-264" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-264"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>262<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> а при автомобилостроенето – концерните „<i><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%92%D0%90%D0%97" title="АвтоВАЗ">АвтоВАЗ</a></i>“ и „<i><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%90%D0%9C%D0%90%D0%97" title="КАМАЗ">Камаз</a></i>“. През 2011 г. делът на промишлеността в БВП е 36,9%, в последните години Русия е и един от най-големите производители на пшеница<sup id="cite_ref-265" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-265"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>263<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> и въобще на земеделска продукция.<sup id="cite_ref-266" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-266"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>264<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Най-големите индивидуални външнотърговски партньори в износа са <a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Нидерландия">Нидерландия</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Китай">Китай</a> и <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Германия">Германия</a> и някои страни от <a href="/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%89%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5_%D0%B4%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Общност на независимите държави">ОНД</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-267" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-267"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>265<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> а 41% от цялата външна търговия се осъществява с <a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%8A%D1%8E%D0%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="Европейския съюз">Европейския съюз</a>. По-голямата част от членките на ЕС са нетни вносители на руски стоки (най-вече горива и минерали), докато няколко страни, сред които <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Германия">Германия</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Франция">Франция</a> и <a href="/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Италия">Италия</a>, са нетни износители на стоки към руския пазар, а в международен план сред най-големите вносители влизат и <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Китай">Китай</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Украйна">Украйна</a> и <a href="/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Япония">Япония</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_Trade_268-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_Trade-268"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>266<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> От своя страна Русия внася машини, компютри, дрехи, автомобили и лекарства,<sup id="cite_ref-269" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-269"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>267<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> и е вторият най-голям автомобилен пазар в Европа след Германия.<sup id="cite_ref-270" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-270"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>268<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Заедно с това страната има задълбочени инвестиционни взаимоотношения с ЕС – около 75% от директните чуждестранни инвестиции в икономиката идват от страни-членки на ЕС,<sup id="cite_ref-ECTP_249-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ECTP-249"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>247<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> а Кипър и Великобритания са сред най-големите получатели на руски инвестиции. През 2012 година Русия е осмият най-голям инвеститор в световен мащаб.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_Trade_268-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_Trade-268"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>266<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Транспорт"><span id=".D0.A2.D1.80.D0.B0.D0.BD.D1.81.D0.BF.D0.BE.D1.80.D1.82"></span>Транспорт</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=30" title="Редактиране на раздел: Транспорт" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F&amp;action=edit&amp;section=30" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Транспорт"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Автомобилен_транспорт"><span id=".D0.90.D0.B2.D1.82.D0.BE.D0.BC.D0.BE.D0.B1.D0.B8.D0.BB.D0.B5.D0.BD_.D1.82.D1.80.D0.B0.D0.BD.D1.81.D0.BF.D0.BE.D1.80.D1.82"></span>Автомобилен транспорт</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=31" title="Редактиране на раздел: Автомобилен транспорт" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F&amp;action=edit&amp;section=31" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Автомобилен транспорт"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:MKAD-Yaroslavka_interchange.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/MKAD-Yaroslavka_interchange.JPG/257px-MKAD-Yaroslavka_interchange.JPG" decoding="async" width="257" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/MKAD-Yaroslavka_interchange.JPG/386px-MKAD-Yaroslavka_interchange.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/MKAD-Yaroslavka_interchange.JPG/514px-MKAD-Yaroslavka_interchange.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Москва">Москва</a> – мястото на пресичане на магистралите МКАД<sup id="cite_ref-271" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-271"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>269<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> и М8</figcaption></figure> <p>Русия има <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%B2_%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Транспорт в Русия">обширна и добре развита транспортна мрежа</a>. Пътната мрежа се състои от 1 283 387 km пътища, от които почти 928 000 (вкл. над 39 000 km магистрали) са асфалтирани.<sup id="cite_ref-272" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-272"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>270<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Дължината на пътищата от федерално значение е 50 000 km. По дължина на автомобилните пътища Русия превъзхожда всички европейски страни освен Франция и заема 7-о място в света. По съотношение с броя на населението плътността на автомобилните пътища е около 5,3 km на хиляда жители. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:%D0%9A%D0%90%D0%94_(%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82-%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/%D0%9A%D0%90%D0%94_%28%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82-%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%29.JPG/220px-%D0%9A%D0%90%D0%94_%28%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82-%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/%D0%9A%D0%90%D0%94_%28%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82-%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%29.JPG/330px-%D0%9A%D0%90%D0%94_%28%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82-%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/%D0%9A%D0%90%D0%94_%28%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82-%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%29.JPG/440px-%D0%9A%D0%90%D0%94_%28%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82-%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2288" data-file-height="1712" /></a><figcaption>КАД<sup id="cite_ref-273" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-273"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>271<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> близо до <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Санкт Петербург">Санкт Петербург</a></figcaption></figure> <p>В Русия се наблюдава активен ръст на автомобилизацията на населението. Ако през <a href="/wiki/2000" title="2000">2000</a> г. броят на леките автомобили е 20 млн., то през <a href="/wiki/2010" title="2010">2010</a> г. броят им пораства до 34 млн. Общото количество на официално регистрираните автомобили за 2010 г. достига 40 млн., от които камиони са 5,4 млн. Нивото на автомобилизация в РФ за <a href="/wiki/2009" title="2009">2009</a> г. е 270 автомобила на 1000 жители. </p><p>Броят на пътнотранспортните произшествия (ПТП) е около 200 хиляди годишно, в които умират около 27 хиляди души, загубите от ПТП съставляват около 2,5% от БВП. Броят на загиналите на 100 хиляди автомобила се явява едно от най-ниските в страните от <a href="/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%89%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5_%D0%B4%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Общност на независимите държави">ОНД</a> и в последните години пада: от <a href="/wiki/2004" title="2004">2004</a> до <a href="/wiki/2011" title="2011">2011</a> г. числото на загинали в ПТП пада с 19% процента при ръст на автопарка за същия период с 35%. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Железопътен_транспорт_и_метро"><span id=".D0.96.D0.B5.D0.BB.D0.B5.D0.B7.D0.BE.D0.BF.D1.8A.D1.82.D0.B5.D0.BD_.D1.82.D1.80.D0.B0.D0.BD.D1.81.D0.BF.D0.BE.D1.80.D1.82_.D0.B8_.D0.BC.D0.B5.D1.82.D1.80.D0.BE"></span>Железопътен транспорт и метро</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=32" title="Редактиране на раздел: Железопътен транспорт и метро" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F&amp;action=edit&amp;section=32" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Железопътен транспорт и метро"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:%D0%AD%D0%92%D0%A12-02.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/%D0%AD%D0%92%D0%A12-02.JPG/220px-%D0%AD%D0%92%D0%A12-02.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/%D0%AD%D0%92%D0%A12-02.JPG/330px-%D0%AD%D0%92%D0%A12-02.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/%D0%AD%D0%92%D0%A12-02.JPG/440px-%D0%AD%D0%92%D0%A12-02.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="2878" /></a><figcaption>Високоскоростният влак Сапсан</figcaption></figure> <p>Железопътните линии са с обща дължина от 87 157 km, на второ място в света след САЩ, като над 44 000 km от тях са електрифицирани.<sup id="cite_ref-274" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-274"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>272<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Държавната железопътна компания („<i>Российские железные дороги</i>“) е една от най-големите в света с над 1,2 милиона служители, и е монополист в жп-транспорта. Тя генерира над 3,6% от брутния вътрешен продукт и поддържа 39% от общия трафик на товари и повече от 42% на пътническия трафик.<sup id="cite_ref-rzd_275-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rzd-275"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>273<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> През 2013 е обявена програма на стойност 13 млрд. щ.д. за модернизация и ремонт на инфраструктурата.<sup id="cite_ref-276" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-276"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>274<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> През 2014 г. Китай и Русия започват строежа на железница, която да свързва мегаполисите Пекин и Москва, а стойността на проекта е 242 млн. щатски долара.<sup id="cite_ref-277" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-277"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>275<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Седем руски града – <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Москва">Москва</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Санкт Петербург">Санкт Петербург</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Нижни Новгород">Нижни Новгород</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA" title="Новосибирск">Новосибирск</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Самара">Самара</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Екатеринбург">Екатеринбург</a> и <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD_(%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F)" class="mw-redirect" title="Казан (Русия)">Казан</a>, имат подземно метро, а <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Волгоград">Волгоград</a> разполага с метротрам. <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE" title="Московско метро">Московското метро</a> е едно от най-натоварените в света с над 6,7 млн. пътници дневно (2012). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Морски_и_речен_транспорт"><span id=".D0.9C.D0.BE.D1.80.D1.81.D0.BA.D0.B8_.D0.B8_.D1.80.D0.B5.D1.87.D0.B5.D0.BD_.D1.82.D1.80.D0.B0.D0.BD.D1.81.D0.BF.D0.BE.D1.80.D1.82"></span>Морски и речен транспорт</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=33" title="Редактиране на раздел: Морски и речен транспорт" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F&amp;action=edit&amp;section=33" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Морски и речен транспорт"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Krasnoameyskiy_district_of_Volgograd_002.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Krasnoameyskiy_district_of_Volgograd_002.jpg/220px-Krasnoameyskiy_district_of_Volgograd_002.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Krasnoameyskiy_district_of_Volgograd_002.jpg/330px-Krasnoameyskiy_district_of_Volgograd_002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Krasnoameyskiy_district_of_Volgograd_002.jpg/440px-Krasnoameyskiy_district_of_Volgograd_002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="594" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Волго-Донският канал близо до <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Волгоград">Волгоград</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Руската федерация има големи морски пристанища на <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Азовско море">Азовско</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Черно море">Черно</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Каспийско море">Каспийско</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Балтийско море">Балтийско</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%BE_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Бяло море">Бяло</a> и <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Баренцово море">Баренцово море</a>, както и на <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Северен ледовит океан">Северния ледовит</a> и <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B8_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Тихи океан">Тихия океан</a>. Много от тези пристанища обслужват търговски флот от 1143 кораба, в това число 642 товарни и 244 петролни танкера.<sup id="cite_ref-278" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-278"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>276<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> На морския транспорт принадлежи главна роля в междудържавния стокооборот, неговата важност се определя и от положението на Русия, която има излаз на 12 морета и три океана и дължина на морската граница 42 000 km. Общият стокооборот на 63-те руски морски порта в 2007 г. съставлява 451 млн. <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Тон">t</a>, основна роля в който имат нефтът и нефтените продукти. През Северния ледовит океан е най-краткият морски път между Европейска Русия и Далечния изток. </p><p>Речният транспорт играе голяма роля в стопанството на Русия. Дължината на вътрешните водни плавателни пътища е 200 000 km. Речният транспорт има 3,9% от общия стокооборот, като през 2006 г. той съставлява 58 млрд. t.km. Основен за Русия се явява Волго-Камският речен басейн, на който принадлежи 40% от стокооборота на речния флот. </p><p>Други важни плавателни реки в европейските части на Русия са Северна Двина, Сухона, Онега, Свир, Нева, а в азиатската част – Об, Енисей, Лена, Амур. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Въздушен_транспорт"><span id=".D0.92.D1.8A.D0.B7.D0.B4.D1.83.D1.88.D0.B5.D0.BD_.D1.82.D1.80.D0.B0.D0.BD.D1.81.D0.BF.D0.BE.D1.80.D1.82"></span>Въздушен транспорт</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=34" title="Редактиране на раздел: Въздушен транспорт" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F&amp;action=edit&amp;section=34" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Въздушен транспорт"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Air-to-air_photo_of_a_Sukhoi_Superjet_100_(RA-97004)_over_Italy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Air-to-air_photo_of_a_Sukhoi_Superjet_100_%28RA-97004%29_over_Italy.jpg/275px-Air-to-air_photo_of_a_Sukhoi_Superjet_100_%28RA-97004%29_over_Italy.jpg" decoding="async" width="275" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Air-to-air_photo_of_a_Sukhoi_Superjet_100_%28RA-97004%29_over_Italy.jpg/413px-Air-to-air_photo_of_a_Sukhoi_Superjet_100_%28RA-97004%29_over_Italy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Air-to-air_photo_of_a_Sukhoi_Superjet_100_%28RA-97004%29_over_Italy.jpg/550px-Air-to-air_photo_of_a_Sukhoi_Superjet_100_%28RA-97004%29_over_Italy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2666" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sukhoi_Superjet_100" class="mw-redirect" title="Sukhoi Superjet 100">Sukhoi Superjet 100</a>, руски пътнически самолет, използван от Аерофлот и чужди авиокомпании</figcaption></figure> <p>Въздушният транспорт се възползва от 1218 летища,<sup id="cite_ref-279" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-279"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>277<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> най-натоварените от които са <a href="/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="Шереметиево">Шереметиево</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE_(%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%89%D0%B5)" class="mw-redirect" title="Домодедово (летище)">Домодедово</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%92%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Внуково (страницата не съществува)">Внуково</a> в <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Москва">Москва</a> и <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9F%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Пулково (страницата не съществува)">Пулково</a> в <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Санкт Петербург">Санкт Петербург</a>. Общата дължина на пистите надхвърля 600 000 km.<sup id="cite_ref-280" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-280"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>278<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Националният авиопревозвач, <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82" title="Аерофлот">Аерофлот</a>, има редовни полети до 120 дестинации в над 50 страни и е член на <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=SkyTeam&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="SkyTeam (страницата не съществува)">SkyTeam</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-281" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-281"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>279<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Освен нея има и още 46 авиокомпании, частна или държавна собственост. С летища разполагат още 18 града – <a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Екатеринбург">Екатеринбург</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA" title="Новосибирск">Новосибирск</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%84%D0%B0" title="Уфа">Уфа</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%8F%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA" title="Красноярск">Красноярск</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B8" title="Сочи">Сочи</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Самара">Самара</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Ростов на Дон">Ростов на Дон</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA" title="Хабаровск">Хабаровск</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA" title="Владивосток">Владивосток</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA" title="Иркутск">Иркутск</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Калининград">Калининград</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Казан">Казан</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%82" title="Сургут">Сургут</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8E%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Тюмен">Тюмен</a> и курортът <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Минералние води">Минералние води</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Наука_и_технологии"><span id=".D0.9D.D0.B0.D1.83.D0.BA.D0.B0_.D0.B8_.D1.82.D0.B5.D1.85.D0.BD.D0.BE.D0.BB.D0.BE.D0.B3.D0.B8.D0.B8"></span>Наука и технологии</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=35" title="Редактиране на раздел: Наука и технологии" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F&amp;action=edit&amp;section=35" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Наука и технологии"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><div class="dablink noprint"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg/17px-Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg/26px-Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg/34px-Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span>&#160;<i>Основна статия&#58; <a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B8_%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%B2_%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Наука и технологии в Русия">Наука и технологии в Русия</a></i></div></dd></dl> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:ISS-29_Soyuz_TMA-02M_and_Progress_M-10M_against_Aurora_Australis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/ISS-29_Soyuz_TMA-02M_and_Progress_M-10M_against_Aurora_Australis.jpg/266px-ISS-29_Soyuz_TMA-02M_and_Progress_M-10M_against_Aurora_Australis.jpg" decoding="async" width="266" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/ISS-29_Soyuz_TMA-02M_and_Progress_M-10M_against_Aurora_Australis.jpg/399px-ISS-29_Soyuz_TMA-02M_and_Progress_M-10M_against_Aurora_Australis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/ISS-29_Soyuz_TMA-02M_and_Progress_M-10M_against_Aurora_Australis.jpg/532px-ISS-29_Soyuz_TMA-02M_and_Progress_M-10M_against_Aurora_Australis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4256" data-file-height="2832" /></a><figcaption>Руски космически кораби <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81_(%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1)" title="Прогрес (космически кораб)">„Прогрес“</a> и „<a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%8E%D0%B7" title="Союз">Союз</a>“, използвани за снабдяване и транспорт до МКС</figcaption></figure> <p>Русия е една от държавите с най-голям научно-технически потенциал в света. Страната има 451 000 изследователи и най-големият брой учени в света, а 25% от завършилите висше образование са с дипломи по инженерни или научни специалности.<sup id="cite_ref-282" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-282"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>280<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Водещата научна институция е основаната през 1728 година <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5" title="Руска академия на науките">Руска академия на науките</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Nature_283-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nature-283"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>281<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> в която работят над 45 000 изследователи в 436 института из цялата страна.<sup id="cite_ref-Nature2_284-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nature2-284"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>282<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> В съветската епоха тя получава силно държавно финансиране, но през 1990-те запада заради намалените финансови средства и емигрирането на специалисти и учени в други страни. Намаляването на ролята на Русия в световната наука продължава и в следващите години – между 2005 и 2010, публикуваните от руски учени статии и изследвания възлизат на 127 000. Това са 2,6% от всички публикувани изследвания в световен мащаб, сравнено с 2,9% от Индия и 8,4% от Китай.<sup id="cite_ref-285" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-285"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>283<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Между 1996 и 2008, делът на руските научни публикации е намалял с 24%, сравнено с намаление от 22% за Япония и 20% за САЩ.<sup id="cite_ref-286" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-286"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>284<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Основен проблем е нежеланието на РАН да предприеме структурни реформи, което принуждава правителството да увеличи средствата за научни изследвания в университетите и да организира конкурси за финансиране на модернизация, стипендии за екипи от учени, и други.<sup id="cite_ref-Nature_283-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nature-283"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>281<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> През септември 2013 е предприета и реформа на РАН, според която бюджетът ѝ от 1,9 млрд. щ.д., имотите ѝ из страната и назначаването на директори ще бъдат управлявани от специализирана държавна агенция.<sup id="cite_ref-Nature2_284-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nature2-284"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>282<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Набелязани са и пет основни направления на развитие: енергийна ефективност, <a href="/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Информационни и комуникационни технологии">информационни и комуникационни технологии</a>, космически технологии, <a href="/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Ядрена енергетика">ядрена енергетика</a> и <a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="Фармацевтика">фармацевтика</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-287" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-287"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>285<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Днес Руската федерация заема място на водеща космическа сила в света. Космически изстрелвания се осъществяват от четири основни <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Космодрум">космодрума</a> – <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA" title="Плесецк">Плесецк</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%80" title="Байконур">Байконур</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Домбаровски">Домбаровски</a> и <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%AF%D1%80" title="Капустин Яр">Капустин Яр</a>, а в процес на изграждане е т.нар. <a href="/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Източен космодрум">Източен космодрум</a>. Страната е първа по брой космически изстрелвания на година – през 2011 в орбита са изстреляни 31 руски ракети,<sup id="cite_ref-288" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-288"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>286<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> а през 2012 Русия изпраща в орбита 15 частни товара – повече от <a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%8A%D1%8E%D0%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="Европейския съюз">Европейския съюз</a> (12), Китай (5) и САЩ (3).<sup id="cite_ref-289" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-289"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>287<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Роскосмос">Роскосмос</a></i> е държавната космическа агенция на страната, и единствената в света, която предлага <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BC" title="Космически туризъм">туристически полети в Космоса</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-290" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-290"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>288<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Тя управлява и дейностите в руския модул на <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="Международната космическа станция">Международната космическа станция</a> (МКС), нейна е и разработката <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%9B%D0%9E%D0%9D%D0%90%D0%A1%D0%A1" title="ГЛОНАСС">ГЛОНАСС</a>. Страната има и богато наследство от космически постижения. <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%A6%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Константин Циолковски">Константин Циолковски</a> създава ракетното уравнение, на което се основава голяма част от аерокосмическото инженерство.<sup id="cite_ref-291" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-291"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>289<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Русия първа изпраща в Космоса <a href="/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%8A%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Изкуствен спътник">изкуствен спътник</a> (1957), първите живи същества след околосветски полет (кучетата <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B8_%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Белка и Стрелка">Белка и Стрелка</a>), човек (<a href="/wiki/%D0%AE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Юрий Гагарин">Юрий Гагарин</a>, 1961) и <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Космическа станция">космическа станция</a> (1971), и първа достига повърхността на <a href="/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="Луната">Луната</a> (1959), <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0_(%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0)" title="Венера (планета)">Венера</a> (1966) и <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81_(%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0)" class="mw-redirect" title="Марс (планета)">Марс</a> (1971). <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%85" title="Ростех">Ростех</a> е държавната компания, която отговаря за производството и износа на високо технологична военна и цивилна техника, като сред дейностите ѝ се числят <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Автомобилна промишленост">автомобилостроене</a>, авиостроене, строителство, оптика, фармация, медицинска техника и т.н. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Култура"><span id=".D0.9A.D1.83.D0.BB.D1.82.D1.83.D1.80.D0.B0"></span>Култура</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=36" title="Редактиране на раздел: Култура" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F&amp;action=edit&amp;section=36" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Култура"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><div class="dablink noprint"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg/17px-Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg/26px-Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg/34px-Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span>&#160;<i>Основна статия&#58; <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Култура на Русия">Култура на Русия</a></i></div></dd></dl> <p>Руската култура се свързва с държавата Русия, и най-често (но невинаги) с етническите <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Руснаци">руснаци</a>. Русия има огромен принос към световното културно наследство чрез своите постижения в <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Руска литература">литературата</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Microsoft_Encarta_Online_Encyclopedia_2007_292-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Microsoft_Encarta_Online_Encyclopedia_2007-292"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>290<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> философията, класическата музика,<sup id="cite_ref-Russia::Music_293-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Russia::Music-293"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>291<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Руска архитектура (страницата не съществува)">архитектурата</a>, изобразителните изкуства, балета и <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Руско филмово изкуство (страницата не съществува)">киното</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-film_294-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-film-294"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>292<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Ранната руска култура се свързва с <a href="/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Източни славяни">източните славяни</a> и <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B8" title="Викинги">викинги</a> (варяги), техният специфичен начин на живот в гъстите гори на североизточна Европа и езическите им обичаи и бит. В края на 10 век Киевска Рус възприема православното християнство, което довежда до сливане на славянското и византийско наследство и предопределя развитието на руската култура през следващото хилядолетие.<sup id="cite_ref-Curtis_295-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Curtis-295"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>293<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> След <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="Падане на Константинопол">падането на Константинопол</a> през 1453 година Русия остава най-голямата (и единствена) православна държава в света, развивайки се по свой собствен модел, различен от този в Европа, за което спомага и популярната идея за Москва като <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC" title="Трети Рим">Трети Рим</a>. С управлението на Петър Велики навлиза и западноевропейско влияние. Изграждането на социалистически строй през 20 век се свързва с развитието на <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D1%8A%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%8A%D1%8E%D0%B7&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Култура на Съветския съюз (страницата не съществува)">съветска култура</a>, в която водеща роля има Руската съветска федеративна социалистическа република. Днес руската култура е известна по целия свят. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Kaliningrad_05-2017_img07_Fishery_Village.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Изглед от Калининград"><img alt="Изглед от Калининград" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Kaliningrad_05-2017_img07_Fishery_Village.jpg/200px-Kaliningrad_05-2017_img07_Fishery_Village.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Kaliningrad_05-2017_img07_Fishery_Village.jpg/300px-Kaliningrad_05-2017_img07_Fishery_Village.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Kaliningrad_05-2017_img07_Fishery_Village.jpg/400px-Kaliningrad_05-2017_img07_Fishery_Village.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5342" data-file-height="3005" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Изглед от Калининград</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%A1%D1%8E%D1%8E%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5,_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D1%81_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%B8.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Джамията „Кол Шариф“ в Казан"><img alt="Джамията „Кол Шариф“ в Казан" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%A1%D1%8E%D1%8E%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5%2C_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D1%81_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%B8.JPG/200px-%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%A1%D1%8E%D1%8E%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5%2C_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D1%81_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%B8.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%A1%D1%8E%D1%8E%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5%2C_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D1%81_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%B8.JPG/300px-%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%A1%D1%8E%D1%8E%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5%2C_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D1%81_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%B8.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%A1%D1%8E%D1%8E%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5%2C_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D1%81_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%B8.JPG/400px-%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%A1%D1%8E%D1%8E%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5%2C_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D1%81_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%B8.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="3216" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Джамията „Кол Шариф“ в Казан</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Dmitry_Medvedev_in_Buryatia_August_2009-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Монаси в Иволгински дацан, будистки манастир в Бурятия"><img alt="Монаси в Иволгински дацан, будистки манастир в Бурятия" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Dmitry_Medvedev_in_Buryatia_August_2009-1.jpg/200px-Dmitry_Medvedev_in_Buryatia_August_2009-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Dmitry_Medvedev_in_Buryatia_August_2009-1.jpg/300px-Dmitry_Medvedev_in_Buryatia_August_2009-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Dmitry_Medvedev_in_Buryatia_August_2009-1.jpg/400px-Dmitry_Medvedev_in_Buryatia_August_2009-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="434" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Монаси в <a href="/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Иволгински дацан">Иволгински дацан</a>, будистки манастир в Бурятия</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Khanty_in_front_of_Chum_near_Lake_Numto.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ханти, полуномадски народ от руския север"><img alt="Ханти, полуномадски народ от руския север" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Khanty_in_front_of_Chum_near_Lake_Numto.jpg/200px-Khanty_in_front_of_Chum_near_Lake_Numto.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Khanty_in_front_of_Chum_near_Lake_Numto.jpg/300px-Khanty_in_front_of_Chum_near_Lake_Numto.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Khanty_in_front_of_Chum_near_Lake_Numto.jpg/400px-Khanty_in_front_of_Chum_near_Lake_Numto.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="684" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Ханти">Ханти</a>, полуномадски народ от руския север</div> </li> </ul> <p>В Русия живеят над 120 различни етнически групи, които говорят на много различни езици.<sup id="cite_ref-britannica_296-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica-296"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>294<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> От тях водещи са <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Руски език">руският</a> (официален), <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Татарски език">татарският</a> и <a href="/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Украински език">украинският</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-297" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-297"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>295<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Етническите руски републики имат правото да считат езика на местната етническа група като „съофициален“.<sup id="cite_ref-Article_68,_§2_175-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Article_68,_§2-175"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Руският език е най-разпространеният по географски признак език в Евразия, и най-говореният славянски език.<sup id="cite_ref-toronto_298-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-toronto-298"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>296<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Той е един от шестте официални езика на <a href="/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%9E%D0%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="ООН">ООН</a>, на него се публикуват над една четвърт от всички научни материали в света, а 60 до 70% от цялата информация в печатното и онлайн пространство се публикува на английски или руски език.<sup id="cite_ref-299" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-299"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>297<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Паралелно с него през вековете се развива една от най-обширните и богати литературни традиции.<sup id="cite_ref-Microsoft_Encarta_Online_Encyclopedia_2007_292-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Microsoft_Encarta_Online_Encyclopedia_2007-292"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>290<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Руската поезия има редица ярки представители, като <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8A%D1%80_%D0%9F%D1%83%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Александър Пушкин">Александър Пушкин</a><sup id="cite_ref-300" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-300"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>298<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> и <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Михаил Лермонтов">Михаил Лермонтов</a>. Деветнайсети век се отличава с творбите на <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Антон Чехов">Антон Чехов</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Николай Гогол">Николай Гогол</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2" title="Иван Тургенев">Иван Тургенев</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B9" title="Лев Толстой">Лев Толстой</a> и <a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%8C%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%94%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Фьодор Достоевски">Фьодор Достоевски</a>; Толстой и Достоевски често са определяни от литературните критици като най-великите писатели в историята.<sup id="cite_ref-301" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-301"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>299<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-302" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-302"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>300<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Русия е дала на света и 18 нобелови лауреати, 5 от които <a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Нобелова награда за литература">за литература</a> (<a href="/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%91%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Иван Бунин">Бунин</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Борис Пастернак">Пастернак</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D0%A8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Михаил Шолохов">Шолохов</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8A%D1%80_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Александър Солженицин">Солженицин</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%84_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Йосиф Бродски">Бродски</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Спорт"><span id=".D0.A1.D0.BF.D0.BE.D1.80.D1.82"></span>Спорт</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=37" title="Редактиране на раздел: Спорт" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F&amp;action=edit&amp;section=37" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Спорт"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><div class="dablink noprint"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg/17px-Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg/26px-Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg/34px-Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span>&#160;<i>Основни статии&#58; <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%B2_%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Спорт в Русия (страницата не съществува)">Спорт в Русия</a> и <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Русия на олимпийските игри (страницата не съществува)">Русия на олимпийските игри</a></i><br /></div></dd></dl> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:2018_World_Cup_Round_of_16_-_Russia_v_Spain.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/2018_World_Cup_Round_of_16_-_Russia_v_Spain.jpg/250px-2018_World_Cup_Round_of_16_-_Russia_v_Spain.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/2018_World_Cup_Round_of_16_-_Russia_v_Spain.jpg/375px-2018_World_Cup_Round_of_16_-_Russia_v_Spain.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/2018_World_Cup_Round_of_16_-_Russia_v_Spain.jpg/500px-2018_World_Cup_Round_of_16_-_Russia_v_Spain.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1152" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D0%BE_%D1%84%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB_2018" title="Световно първенство по футбол 2018">Световно първенство по футбол 2018</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Още от съветски времена спортът е силен източник на национална гордост за Русия.<sup id="cite_ref-EBSports_303-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EBSports-303"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>301<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> СССР участва на летни олимпийски игри за пръв път през 1952 и на зимни през 1956 година. Особено силни са съветските отбори по <a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4" title="Хокей на лед">хокей на лед</a>, където страната печели десетки олимпийски и световни титли, <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Волейбол">волейбол</a> и <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Баскетбол">баскетбол</a>. Съветските гимнастици, лекоатлети, щангисти, борци и боксьори са сред най-добрите в света, и след разпада на Съветския съюз руските спортисти продължават да доминират международните съревнования в тези спортове.<sup id="cite_ref-EBSports_303-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EBSports-303"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>301<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Русия е домакин на <a href="/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B8_2014" title="Зимни олимпийски игри 2014">зимните олимпийски игри в Сочи</a> през 2014 година и от 1994 година насам има 521 медала от зимни и летни олимпиади.<sup id="cite_ref-304" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-304"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>302<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Страната наследява и 1347 медала на Руската империя, СССР и обединения отбор на ОНД, но във <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%BE_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%BE%D1%82_%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Вечна класация по медали от олимпийски игри">вечната класация по медали</a> те се считат отделно от руските. </p><p>Както в повечето страни по света, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Футбол">футболът</a> е изключително популярен. В основата на дългогодишните руски футболни традиции е легендарният вратар <a href="/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%AF%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Лев Яшин">Лев Яшин</a>, чието представяне на олимпийските игри през 1956 носи злато на съветския футболен отбор. Днес в Русия има три професионални дивизии, а популярността на спорта сред жените нараства.<sup id="cite_ref-EBSports_303-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EBSports-303"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>301<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Най-силното първенство е <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="Руска Премиер Лига">руската Премиер лига</a>, в която играят някои от най-силните клубове в Европа.<sup id="cite_ref-305" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-305"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>303<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Сред тях са <a href="/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82_(%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3)" class="mw-redirect" title="Зенит (Санкт Петербург)">Зенит Санкт Петербург</a> (14-и по коефициент на континента и носител на <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A3%D0%95%D0%A4%D0%90_2007/08" title="Купа на УЕФА 2007/08">Купата на УЕФА 2008</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-306" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-306"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>304<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> и <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%A4%D0%9A_%D0%A6%D0%A1%D0%9A%D0%90_(%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0)" title="ПФК ЦСКА (Москва)">ПФК ЦСКА Москва</a> (34-ти по коефициент и носител на <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A3%D0%95%D0%A4%D0%90_2004/05" title="Купа на УЕФА 2004/05">Купата на УЕФА 2005</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-307" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-307"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>305<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Русия ще бъде домакин и на <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D0%BE_%D1%84%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB_2018" title="Световно първенство по футбол 2018">Световното първенство по футбол през 2018</a> г.<sup id="cite_ref-308" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-308"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>306<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Finland-Russia_IHWC_2012_Simifinal_19.05.2012,_Helsinki_(Alexander_Semin).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Finland-Russia_IHWC_2012_Simifinal_19.05.2012%2C_Helsinki_%28Alexander_Semin%29.JPG/220px-Finland-Russia_IHWC_2012_Simifinal_19.05.2012%2C_Helsinki_%28Alexander_Semin%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Finland-Russia_IHWC_2012_Simifinal_19.05.2012%2C_Helsinki_%28Alexander_Semin%29.JPG/330px-Finland-Russia_IHWC_2012_Simifinal_19.05.2012%2C_Helsinki_%28Alexander_Semin%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Finland-Russia_IHWC_2012_Simifinal_19.05.2012%2C_Helsinki_%28Alexander_Semin%29.JPG/440px-Finland-Russia_IHWC_2012_Simifinal_19.05.2012%2C_Helsinki_%28Alexander_Semin%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3088" data-file-height="2056" /></a><figcaption>Националният отбор по хокей (в червено-синьо) на финала на Световното първенство по хокей на лед през 2012 срещу отбора на Финландия</figcaption></figure> <p>Макар и хокеят на лед да се появява в Русия едва в съветско време, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%BF%D0%BE_%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Национален отбор по хокей на лед на СССР (страницата не съществува)">националният отбор</a> скоро става лидер в международните съревнования. Между 1951 и 1991 година СССР печели над 20 световни титли. Успехът му се дължи на съветската система за развитие на играчите и треньора <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Анатолий Тарасов">Анатолий Тарасов</a>, който разработва иновативни техники на подаване, станали характерни за съветския отбор. Вратарят <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2_%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8F%D0%BA" title="Владислав Третяк">Владислав Третяк</a> и защитникът <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%92%D1%8F%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Вячеслав Фетисов (страницата не съществува)">Вячеслав Фетисов</a> са двама от най-добрите съветски хокеисти. Днешната професионална хокейна лига на Русия се радва на голяма популярност, но много от на-добрите руски играчи са част от отбори в <a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Национална хокейна лига">Националната хокейна лига</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EBSports_303-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EBSports-303"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>301<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Руският <a href="/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Шахмат">шахмат</a> е с челни позиции на международно ниво. Първият руски световен шампион е <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8A%D1%80_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Александър Алехин">Александър Алехин</a>, който напуска страната след революцията през 1917. В последвалите години Съветският съюз произвежда най-добрите шахматисти, като създава школи, които намират и обучават талантливи деца. Най-добрите от тях получават държавна подкрепа и стават първите професионални шахматни състезатели във време, когато в западните страни никой не се занимава професионално и срещу възнаграждение в този спорт. От 1948 година насам гросмайсторите <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Михаил Ботвиник">Михаил Ботвиник</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%A1%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Василий Смислов">Василий Смислов</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Борис Спаски">Борис Спаски</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Анатолий Карпов">Анатолий Карпов</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Гари Каспаров">Гари Каспаров</a> и <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Владимир Крамник">Владимир Крамник</a> държат световната титла почти без прекъсване. В този период световни шампиони стават и три жени – <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9B%D1%8E%D0%B4%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Людмила Руденко (страницата не съществува)">Людмила Руденко</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%86%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Олга Рубцова (страницата не съществува)">Олга Рубцова</a> и <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Елизавета Бикова (страницата не съществува)">Елизавета Бикова</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EBSports_303-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EBSports-303"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>301<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Информация_и_СМИ"><span id=".D0.98.D0.BD.D1.84.D0.BE.D1.80.D0.BC.D0.B0.D1.86.D0.B8.D1.8F_.D0.B8_.D0.A1.D0.9C.D0.98"></span>Информация и СМИ</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=38" title="Редактиране на раздел: Информация и СМИ" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F&amp;action=edit&amp;section=38" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Информация и СМИ"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:%D0%97%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8B_%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/%D0%97%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8B_%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F.JPG/260px-%D0%97%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8B_%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F.JPG" decoding="async" width="260" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/%D0%97%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8B_%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F.JPG/390px-%D0%97%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8B_%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/%D0%97%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8B_%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F.JPG/520px-%D0%97%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8B_%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Главната редакция на „<a href="/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Известия">Известия</a>“</figcaption></figure> <p>Първите периодически издания се появяват в началото на XVIII век, макар че широко разпространение печатните средства за масова информация получават само в края на XIX век. При това, ако за края на XIX – началото на XX в. била характерна относителна свобода на печата, то съветският период се характеризира с по-жестока политическа цензура и по-висока степен на контрола над печата от страни на властите. Радикалните движения за осигуряване на свобода на словото стават в хода на демократическите реформи в края на 80-те години. В този период има и съществен ръст на количеството на периодически издания и достатъчно ясно са отбелязвани принадлежността на всяко издание към определена политическа или обществена органицазия. </p><p>Към края на <a href="/wiki/2000" title="2000">2000</a> г. в Русия се издават повече от 170 ежедневници – както централни, така и местни – с общ тираж около 4,8 млн. екземпляра, а също и повече от 425 неежедневни вестници и списания с общ тираж около 7,8 млн. екземпкяра. Водещите национални вестници са „<i><a href="/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Известия">Известия</a></i>“, „<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8A&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Коммерсантъ (страницата не съществува)">Коммерсантъ</a></i>“, „<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B4%D0%B0&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Комсомольская правда (страницата не съществува)">Комсомольская правда</a></i>“, „<i>Московский комсомолец</i>“, „<i>Независимая газета</i>“, „<i>Новая газета</i>“, „<i>Новый взгляд</i>“, „<i>Парламентская газета</i>“, „<i>Правда</i>“, „<i>Российская газета</i>“. </p><p>Националната телевизия на РФ е <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="Първи канал">Първи канал</a>. Други популярни телевизии са „Россия-1“, „Россия-24“, „НТВ“ и петербургският Пети канал. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Бележки"><span id=".D0.91.D0.B5.D0.BB.D0.B5.D0.B6.D0.BA.D0.B8"></span>Бележки</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=39" title="Редактиране на раздел: Бележки" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F&amp;action=edit&amp;section=39" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Бележки"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFTaylorMarch_22,_2014" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Taylor, Adam. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2014/03/22/crimea-has-joined-the-ranks-of-the-worlds-gray-areas-here-are-the-others-on-that-list/">Crimea has joined the ranks of the world's 'gray areas.' Here are the others on that list.</a>&#32;//&#32; &#32;The Washington Post,&#32;March 22, 2014.&#32;Посетен на March 27, 2014.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Кримският полуостров за който Русия има претенции и е де факто <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC_%D0%BE%D1%82_%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Анексиране на Крим от Русия">администриран</a> от Русия, е <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_68/262_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%89%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE_%D1%81%D1%8A%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9E%D0%9E%D0%9D" title="Резолюция 68/262 на Общото събрание на ООН">признат</a> като територия на <a href="/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Украйна">Украйна</a> от мнозинството страни членки на ООН.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gks.ru/wps/wcm/connect/rosstat_main/rosstat/ru/statistics/population/demography/">www.gks.ru</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IMFWEORU-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEORU_6-0"><sup><i><b>а</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEORU_6-1"><sup><i><b>б</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEORU_6-2"><sup><i><b>в</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEORU_6-3"><sup><i><b>г</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEORU_6-4"><sup><i><b>д</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREF&#91;&#91;Международен_валутен_фонд&#93;&#93;" class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2019/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=62&amp;pr.y=11&amp;sy=2017&amp;ey=2021&amp;scsm=1&amp;ssd=1&amp;sort=country&amp;ds=.&amp;br=1&amp;c=922&amp;s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC&amp;grp=0&amp;a=">World Economic Outlook Database, April 2019</a>&#32;//&#32; &#32;<a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Международен валутен фонд">Международен валутен фонд</a>.&#32;Посетен на 30 май 2019.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREF&#91;&#91;Програма_на_ООН_за_развитие&#93;&#93;" class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdr.undp.org/en/indicators/137506">Human Development Index (HDI)</a>&#32;//&#32; &#32;<a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9E%D0%9E%D0%9D_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Програма на ООН за развитие">Програма на ООН за развитие</a>.&#32;Посетен на 17 януари 2020.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WBRUGini-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-WBRUGini_8-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREF&#91;&#91;Световна_банка&#93;&#93;" class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=RU">GINI index (World Bank estimate)</a>&#32;//&#32; data.worldbank.org. &#32;<a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Световна банка">Световна банка</a>.&#32;Посетен на 16 февруари 2019.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Съгласно чл. 1, т. 2 от <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Конституция на Русия">Конституцията</a> на страната наименованията <i>Руска федерация</i> и <i>Русия</i> са равнозначни.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-БРЭ-том-0-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-БРЭ-том-0_10-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFИздателство_„Руска_енциклопедия“2004" class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bigenc.ru/rf">Руска федерация</a>&#32;//&#32; Голяма руска енциклопедия <i>(в 36 тома)</i>.&#32;Т. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bigenc.ru/rf">1. Ру̀ска федера̀ция</a>. &#32;Москва,&#32;Издателство „Руска енциклопедия“,&#32;2004.&#32;<a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8/5852703265" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 5-85270-326-5</a>.&#32;с.&#160;1005.&#32;Посетен на 23 септември 2018.<span class="cite-lang">&#32;<small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на руски)</small></span></cite> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210531064528/https://bigenc.ru/rf">Архив на оригинала от</a> 2021-05-31 в <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i><span style="color:blue; font-size:0.8em; cursor:help;" title="На руски език"><b>(</b>(ru)<b>)</b></span></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wolframalpha.com/input/?i=russia+border+length">Информация за дължината на границите от</a> <a href="/wiki/Wolfram_Alpha" title="Wolfram Alpha">Wolfram Alpha</a>, посетен на 17 октомври 2010 г.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREF26_декември_2007" class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761569000_4/Russia.html">"Russia"</a>&#32;//&#32; Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2007. &#32;26 декември 2007.</cite> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091028092554/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761569000_4/Russia.html">Архив на оригинала от</a> 2009-10-28 в <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFThefirstpost.co.uk16_октомври_2006" class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090124223425/http://www.thefirstpost.co.uk/4883,opinion,beware-russia-energy-superpower">First Post; Beware Russia Energy Superpower, 12 октомври 2006</a>&#32;//&#32; &#32;Thefirstpost.co.uk,&#32;16 октомври 2006.&#32; Архивиран от <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thefirstpost.co.uk/4883,opinion,beware-russia-energy-superpower">оригинала</a>&#32;на 2009-01-24.&#32;Посетен на 27 април 2010.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">CNN, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/europe/12/12/russia.oil/index.html">„Russia; A superpower rises again“</a> by Simon Hooper, December 2006</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">CNN; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edition.cnn.com/2007/WORLD/europe/06/18/chance.intro/">„Eye on Russia: Russia's resurgence“</a><sup class="noprint plainlinks Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap">[<i><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot"><abbr title="Поставено от InternetArchiveBot&#160;– ноември 2024">неработеща препратка</abbr></a></i>]</sup> by Matthew Chance, June 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-loc-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-loc_16-0"><sup><i><b>а</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-loc_16-1"><sup><i><b>б</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFLibrary_of_Congress" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Library of Congress. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://countrystudies.us/russia/23.htm">Topography and drainage</a>&#32;//&#32; &#32;Посетен на 26 декември 2007.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fas-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-fas_17-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFFederation_of_American_Scientists" class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fas.org/nuke/guide/summary.htm">Status of Nuclear Powers and Their Nuclear Capabilities</a>&#32;//&#32; &#32;Federation of American Scientists.&#32;Посетен на 27 декември 2007.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vesti.bg/izkliuchiha-rusiia-ot-g-8-6008320">Статия във vesti.bg</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://profit.bg/svetat/rusiya-e-vremenno-izklyuchena-ot-g8/">Статия в profit.bg</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mayr2006-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Mayr2006_20-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMayr2006">Mayr 2006</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Coughlin2007-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Coughlin2007_21-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCoughlin2007">Coughlin 2007</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFEtymonline.com" class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=Russia">Online Etymology Dictionary</a>&#32;//&#32; &#32;Etymonline.com.&#32;Посетен на <a href="/wiki/2_%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B8" title="2 ноември">2 ноември</a> <a href="/wiki/2011" title="2011">2011</a>.<span class="cite-lang">&#32;<small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFThefreedictionary.com" class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thefreedictionary.com/rus">Rus – definition of Rus by the Free Online Dictionary, Thesaurus and Encyclopedia</a>&#32;//&#32; &#32;Thefreedictionary.com.&#32;Посетен на 2 ноември 2011.<span class="cite-lang">&#32;<small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Milner-Gulland19971&amp;#32;–&amp;#32;4-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Milner-Gulland19971&amp;#32;–&amp;#32;4_24-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMilner-Gulland1997">Milner-Gulland 1997</a>, с. 1&#160;– 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-United_Nations_Statistics_Division2007-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-United_Nations_Statistics_Division2007_25-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFUnited_Nations_Statistics_Division2007">United Nations Statistics Division 2007</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-National_Geographic_Society2009a-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-National_Geographic_Society2009a_26-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNational_Geographic_Society2009a">National Geographic Society 2009a</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-National_Geographic_Society2009b-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-National_Geographic_Society2009b_27-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNational_Geographic_Society2009b">National Geographic Society 2009b</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CIA2010-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-CIA2010_28-0"><sup><i><b>а</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA2010_28-1"><sup><i><b>б</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA2010_28-2"><sup><i><b>в</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA2010_28-3"><sup><i><b>г</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA2010_28-4"><sup><i><b>д</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCIA2010">CIA 2010</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mapsofworld.com2009-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Mapsofworld.com2009_29-0"><sup><i><b>а</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mapsofworld.com2009_29-1"><sup><i><b>б</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMapsofworld.com2009">Mapsofworld.com 2009</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DOALOS/OLA2002-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-DOALOS/OLA2002_30-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDOALOS/OLA2002">DOALOS/OLA 2002</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sci-lib.com2010-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-sci-lib.com2010_31-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFsci-lib.com2010">sci-lib.com 2010</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UNEP/DEWA~Europe2010-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-UNEP/DEWA~Europe2010_32-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFUNEP/DEWA~Europe2010">UNEP/DEWA~Europe 2010</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-АД_ГБУВПиС2010-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-АД_ГБУВПиС2010_33-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFАД_ГБУВПиС2010">АД ГБУВПиС 2010</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Encyclopædia_Britannica2010a-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopædia_Britannica2010a_34-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEncyclopædia_Britannica2010a">Encyclopædia Britannica 2010a</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Котляков2010-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Котляков2010_35-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFКотляков2010">Котляков 2010</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-знам.bg2008-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-знам.bg2008_36-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFзнам.bg2008">знам.bg 2008</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ProTown.ru2009-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-ProTown.ru2009_37-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFProTown.ru2009">ProTown.ru 2009</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Encyclopædia_Britannica2010b-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopædia_Britannica2010b_38-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEncyclopædia_Britannica2010b">Encyclopædia Britannica 2010b</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Гвоздецкий2010a-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Гвоздецкий2010a_39-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFГвоздецкий2010a">Гвоздецкий 2010a</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Гвоздецкий2010b-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Гвоздецкий2010b_40-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFГвоздецкий2010b">Гвоздецкий 2010b</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Гвоздецкий2010c-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Гвоздецкий2010c_41-0"><sup><i><b>а</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Гвоздецкий2010c_41-1"><sup><i><b>б</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFГвоздецкий2010c">Гвоздецкий 2010c</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-United_States_Geological_Survey-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-United_States_Geological_Survey_42-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFUnited_States_Geological_Survey">United States Geological Survey </a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UNESCO_World_Heritage_Centre-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-UNESCO_World_Heritage_Centre_43-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFUNESCO_World_Heritage_Centre">UNESCO World Heritage Centre </a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Магия_Байкала2013-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Магия_Байкала2013_44-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFМагия_Байкала2013">Магия Байкала 2013</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Академик2013-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Академик2013_45-0"><sup><i><b>а</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Академик2013_45-1"><sup><i><b>б</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFАкадемик2013">Академик 2013</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Федеральная_служба_геодезии_и_картографии_России2000-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Федеральная_служба_геодезии_и_картографии_России2000_46-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFФедеральная_служба_геодезии_и_картографии_России2000">Федеральная служба геодезии и картографии России 2000</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Library_of_Congress2007-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Library_of_Congress2007_47-0"><sup><i><b>а</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Library_of_Congress2007_47-1"><sup><i><b>б</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Library_of_Congress2007_47-2"><sup><i><b>в</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLibrary_of_Congress2007">Library of Congress 2007</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Peel20071633&amp;#32;–&amp;#32;1644-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Peel20071633&amp;#32;–&amp;#32;1644_48-0"><sup><i><b>а</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peel20071633&amp;#32;–&amp;#32;1644_48-1"><sup><i><b>б</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peel20071633&amp;#32;–&amp;#32;1644_48-2"><sup><i><b>в</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peel20071633&amp;#32;–&amp;#32;1644_48-3"><sup><i><b>г</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peel20071633&amp;#32;–&amp;#32;1644_48-4"><sup><i><b>д</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peel20071633&amp;#32;–&amp;#32;1644_48-5"><sup><i><b>е</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peel20071633&amp;#32;–&amp;#32;1644_48-6"><sup><i><b>ж</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peel20071633&amp;#32;–&amp;#32;1644_48-7"><sup><i><b>з</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPeel2007">Peel 2007</a>, с. 1633&#160;– 1644.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Arizona_State_University2013-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Arizona_State_University2013_49-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFArizona_State_University2013">Arizona State University 2013</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC2014-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-BBC2014_50-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBBC2014">BBC 2014</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Некипелов200384&amp;#32;–&amp;#32;109-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Некипелов200384&amp;#32;–&amp;#32;109_51-0"><sup><i><b>а</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Некипелов200384&amp;#32;–&amp;#32;109_51-1"><sup><i><b>б</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Некипелов200384&amp;#32;–&amp;#32;109_51-2"><sup><i><b>в</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Некипелов200384&amp;#32;–&amp;#32;109_51-3"><sup><i><b>г</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Некипелов200384&amp;#32;–&amp;#32;109_51-4"><sup><i><b>д</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Некипелов200384&amp;#32;–&amp;#32;109_51-5"><sup><i><b>е</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFНекипелов2003">Некипелов 2003</a>, с. 84&#160;– 109.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FAO2010-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FAO2010_52-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFAO2010">FAO 2010</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Walsh2003-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Walsh2003_53-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWalsh2003">Walsh 2003</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Merzliakova1997-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Merzliakova1997_54-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMerzliakova1997">Merzliakova 1997</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Center_for_Russian_Nature_Conservation2013-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Center_for_Russian_Nature_Conservation2013_55-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCenter_for_Russian_Nature_Conservation2013">Center for Russian Nature Conservation 2013</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UNESCO2011-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-UNESCO2011_56-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFUNESCO2011">UNESCO 2011</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Любин2008141&amp;#32;–&amp;#32;143-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Любин2008141&amp;#32;–&amp;#32;143_57-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFЛюбин2008">Любин 2008</a>, с. 141&#160;– 143.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Anikovich2007223&amp;#32;–&amp;#32;226-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Anikovich2007223&amp;#32;–&amp;#32;226_58-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnikovich2007">Anikovich 2007</a>, с. 223&#160;– 226.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Goebel20081497&amp;#32;–&amp;#32;1502-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Goebel20081497&amp;#32;–&amp;#32;1502_59-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoebel2008">Goebel 2008</a>, с. 1497&#160;– 1502.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Лурье1956-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Лурье1956_60-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFЛурье1956">Лурье 1956</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gimbutas1985190-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Gimbutas1985190_61-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGimbutas1985">Gimbutas 1985</a>, с. 190.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kallio20062&amp;#32;–&amp;#32;25-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Kallio20062&amp;#32;–&amp;#32;25_62-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKallio2006">Kallio 2006</a>, с. 2&#160;– 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Róna-Tas199867&amp;#32;–&amp;#32;80-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Róna-Tas199867&amp;#32;–&amp;#32;80_63-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRóna-Tas1998">Róna-Tas 1998</a>, с. 67&#160;– 80.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sinor199097-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Sinor199097_64-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSinor1990">Sinor 1990</a>, с. 97.</span> </li> <li 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href="#cite_ref-Schindler200327&amp;#32;–&amp;#32;59_129-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchindler2003">Schindler 2003</a>, с. 27&#160;– 59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Curtis1998b-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Curtis1998b_130-0"><sup><i><b>а</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Curtis1998b_130-1"><sup><i><b>б</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCurtis1998b">Curtis 1998b</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mosse1964408&amp;#32;–&amp;#32;419-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Mosse1964408&amp;#32;–&amp;#32;419_131-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMosse1964">Mosse 1964</a>, с. 408&#160;– 419.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Зацарин2016-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Зацарин2016_132-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFЗацарин2016">Зацарин 2016</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Llewellyn2018-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Llewellyn2018_133-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLlewellyn2018">Llewellyn 2018</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mawdsley20073,&amp;#32;230-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Mawdsley20073,&amp;#32;230_134-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMawdsley2007">Mawdsley 2007</a>, с. 3, 230.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Figes2017-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Figes2017_135-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFiges2017">Figes 2017</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Egorov2023-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Egorov2023_136-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEgorov2023">Egorov 2023</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sakwa1999140&amp;#32;–&amp;#32;143-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Sakwa1999140&amp;#32;–&amp;#32;143_137-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSakwa1999">Sakwa 1999</a>, с. 140&#160;– 143.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ConquestGRZ-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-ConquestGRZ_138-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert Conquest in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sovietinfo.tripod.com/CNQ-Victims_Stalinism.pdf">„Victims of Stalinism: A Comment.“</a> <i>Europe-Asia Studies</i>, Vol. 49, No. 7 (Nov., 1997), pp. 1317 – 1319 states: „We are all inclined to accept the Zemskov totals (even if not as complete) with their 14 million intake to Gulag 'camps' alone, to which must be added 4 – 5 million going to Gulag 'colonies', to say nothing of the 3.5 million already in, or sent to, 'labor settlements'. However taken, these are surely 'high' figures.“</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rosefielde7677-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Rosefielde7677_139-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Steven Rosefielde. <i>Red Holocaust</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Routledge&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Routledge (страницата не съществува)">Routledge</a>, 2009. <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8/0415777577" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-415-77757-7</a> pg. 67 <i>„...more complete archival data increases camp deaths by 19.4 percent to 1,258,537“</i>; pg 77: <i>„The best archivally based estimate of Gulag excess deaths at present is 1.6 million from 1929 to 1953.“ </i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-case-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-case_140-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gendercide.org/case_soviet.html">Case Study: Soviet Prisoners-of-War (POWs), 1941 – 42</a>&#32;//&#32; Gendercide Watch. &#32;Посетен на 22 юли 2007.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-141">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lib.ru/MEMUARY/1939-1945/KRIWOSHEEW/poteri.txt#w02.htm-186">G. I. Krivosheev Rossiia i SSSR v voinakh XX veka: Poteri vooruzhennykh sil; statisticheskoe issledovanie OLMA-Press, 2001 ISBN 5-224-01515-4 Table 115</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-142">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Голяма руска енциклопедия">Голяма руска енциклопедия</a>, 2005 т. 1, стр. 742.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-143">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREF21_декември_1993" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Sciolino, E. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080919021034/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F0CEED91F39F932A15751C1A965958260">U.S. is abandoning 'shock therapy' for the Russians</a>&#32;//&#32; The New York Times. &#32;21 декември 1993.&#32; Архивиран от <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F0CEED91F39F932A15751C1A965958260">оригинала</a>&#32;на 2008-09-19.&#32;Посетен на 20 януари 2008.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OECD-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-OECD_144-0"><sup><i><b>а</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OECD_144-1"><sup><i><b>б</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFOrganisation_for_Economic_Co-operation_and_Development_(OECD)" class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/7/50/2452793.pdf">Russian Federation&#32;(PDF)</a>&#32;//&#32; &#32;Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD).&#32;Посетен на 24 февруари 2008.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-145">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFLibrary_of_Congress" class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.is/rP1U">Russia: Economic Conditions in Mid-1996</a>&#32;//&#32; &#32;Library of Congress.&#32; Архивиран от <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+ru0119)">оригинала</a>&#32;на 22 септември 2012.&#32;Посетен на 4 март 2011.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-146">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20071122013031/http://www.businessweek.com:80/1999/99_48/b3657252.htm">Russia: Clawing Its Way Back to Life (int'l edition)</a>&#32;//&#32; BusinessWeek. &#32; Архивиран от <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.businessweek.com/1999/99_48/b3657252.htm">оригинала</a>&#32;на 2007-11-22.&#32;Посетен на 27 декември 2007.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-worldbank-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-worldbank_147-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFThe_World_Bank1998" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Branko Milanovic. Income, Inequality, and Poverty During the Transformation from Planned to Market Economy. &#32;The World Bank,&#32;1998.&#32;с.&#160;186 – 189.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-148">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREF19_октомври_2006" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Jason Bush. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081220105050/http://www.businessweek.com/globalbiz/content/oct2006/gb20061019_110749_page_2.htm">What's Behind Russia's Crime Wave?</a>&#32;//&#32; <i>BusinessWeek Journal</i>. &#32;19 октомври 2006.&#32; Архивиран от <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.businessweek.com/globalbiz/content/oct2006/gb20061019_110749_page_2.htm">оригинала</a>&#32;на 2008-12-20.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-149">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFPravda.ru" class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.pravda.ru/russia/economics/22-08-2006/84038-paris-club-0">Russia pays off USSR's entire debt, sets to become crediting country</a>&#32;//&#32; &#32;Pravda.ru.&#32;Посетен на 27 декември 2007.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-150">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="book" style="font-style:normal">Aslund A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304030126/http://www.iie.com/publications/papers/aslund0108.pdf">Russia's Capitalist Revolution&#32;(PDF)</a>&#32;//&#32; &#32; Архивиран от <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iie.com/publications/papers/aslund0108.pdf">оригинала</a>&#32;на 2016-03-04.&#32;Посетен на 28 март 2008.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-151">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFUCLA_International_Institute" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Treisman, D. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041111074502/http://www.international.ucla.edu/article.asp?parentid=16294">Is Russia's Experiment with Democracy Over?</a>&#32;//&#32; &#32;UCLA International Institute.&#32; Архивиран от <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.international.ucla.edu/article.asp?parentid=16294">оригинала</a>&#32;на 2004-11-11.&#32;Посетен на 31 декември 2007.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-152">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREF4_декември_2007" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Stone, N. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100525073652/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/columnists/guest_contributors/article2994651.ece">No wonder they like Putin</a>&#32;//&#32; The Times. &#32;UK,&#32;4 декември 2007.&#32; Архивиран от <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/columnists/guest_contributors/article2994651.ece">оригинала</a>&#32;на 2010-05-25.&#32;Посетен на 31 декември 2007.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-153">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gawker.com/5864945/putin-clings-to-victory-as-russias-voter-turnout-exceeds-146">Putin Clings to Victory as Russia's Voter Turnout Exceeds 146%</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-154">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rbth.com/news/2014/08/13/some_82_percent_of_russians_ready_to_support_putin_in_next_election_-_po_38954.html">Some 82 percent of Russians ready to support Putin in next election – poll</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-155">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Андрей Иларионов, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dnevnik.bg/analizi/2014/06/22/2326259_chetvurtata_svetovna_voina/">Четвъртата световна война</a>, в. Дневник, 22 юни 2014</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-156">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vesti.bg/analizi-i-komentari/analiz/fukuiama-niama-nova-studena-vojna-6014963"><i>Фукуяма: Няма нова Студена война</i>. Източник: Дойче веле</a>, vesti.bg, 17 юни 2014</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-157">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cont.ws/post/54071">Славяно-евразийство</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ethnicgroups-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-ethnicgroups_158-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus_nac_02.php">Ethnic groups in Russia</a>, 2002 census, Demoscope Weekly. Посетен на 5 февруари 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-159">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFLibrary_of_Congress" class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://countrystudies.us/russia/29.htm">Demographics</a>&#32;//&#32; &#32;Library of Congress.&#32;Посетен на 16 януари 2008.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gks-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-gks_160-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/2010/demo/dem-sit-09.doc">Демографска статистика за Русия</a> от <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Росстат (страницата не съществува)">Росстат</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-161">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article728982.ece">Putin tries to lure millions of Russian expats home</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100525073623/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article728982.ece">Архив на оригинала от</a> 2010-05-25 в <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Times Online. 9 февруари 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-162">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=YLeAxHLmgR8C&amp;pg=PA15">Migrant resettlement in the Russian federation: reconstructing 'homes' and 'homelands'</a> by Moya Flynn (1994). p.15. <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8/1843311178" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 1-84331-117-8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-163">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFThe_World_Factbook" class="book" style="font-style:normal">The World Factbook. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130309174328/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2054rank.html">Rank Order—Birth rate</a>&#32;//&#32; &#32;Central Intelligence Agency.&#32; Архивиран от <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2054rank.html">оригинала</a>&#32;на 2013-03-09.&#32;Посетен на 25 април 2009.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-164">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFThe_World_Factbook" class="book" style="font-style:normal">The World Factbook. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180705071857/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2066rank.html">Rank Order—Death rate</a>&#32;//&#32; &#32;Central Intelligence Agency.&#32; Архивиран от <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2066rank.html">оригинала</a>&#32;на 2018-07-05.&#32;Посетен на 25 април 2009.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-165">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation reference">&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101213134234/http://www.gks.ru/wps/wcm/connect/rosstat/rosstatsite/main/population/demography/">www.gks.ru</a>,&#32;архив&#32;на <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gks.ru/wps/wcm/connect/rosstat/rosstatsite/main/population/demography/">оригинала</a>&#32;от 13 декември 2010<span class="printonly">,&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101213134234/http://www.gks.ru/wps/wcm/connect/rosstat/rosstatsite/main/population/demography/">https://web.archive.org/web/20101213134234/http://www.gks.ru/wps/wcm/connect/rosstat/rosstatsite/main/population/demography/</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">,&#32;посетен на 13 декември 2010</span></span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=www.gks.ru&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20101213134234%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.gks.ru%2Fwps%2Fwcm%2Fconnect%2Frosstat%2Frosstatsite%2Fmain%2Fpopulation%2Fdemography%2F&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-166">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREF&#91;&#91;Library_of_Congress&#93;&#93;—Federal_Research_DivisionОктомври_2006" class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20050226190624/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Russia.pdf">Country Profile: Russia&#32;(PDF)</a>&#32;//&#32; &#32;<a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>—Federal Research Division,&#32;Октомври&#32;2006.&#32; Архивиран от <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Russia.pdf">оригинала</a>&#32;на 26 февруари 2005.&#32;Посетен на 27 декември 2007.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-167">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gks.ru">www.gks.ru</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-168">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREF2002" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Bell, I. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/?id=EPP3ti4hysUC&amp;pg=PA47">Eastern Europe, Russia and Central Asia</a>. &#32;2002.&#32;<a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8/9781857431377" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-1-85743-137-7</a>.&#32;Посетен на 27 декември 2007.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-169">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFInterfax-Religion" class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.interfax-religion.com/?act=news&amp;div=8400">Interfax-Religion</a>&#32;//&#32; &#32;Interfax-Religion.&#32;Посетен на 2 ноември 2011.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-170">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2007/90196.htm">Russia</a>&#32;//&#32; &#32;Посетен на 8 април 2008.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-171">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFDecember_2006" class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.religare.ru/2_36302.html"><span style="color:blue; font-size:0.8em; cursor:help;" title="На руски език"><b>(</b>(ru)<b>)</b></span> Сведения о религиозных организациях, зарегистрированных в Российской федерации По данным Федеральной регистрационной службы</a>&#32;//&#32; &#32;December 2006.&#32;Посетен на 27 декември 2007.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-172">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20071121232919/http://www.ft.com:80/cms/s/0/3f3fba2c-474f-11da-b8e5-00000e2511c8.html">Russia's Islamic rebirth adds tension</a>&#32;//&#32; Financial Times. &#32; Архивиран от <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/3f3fba2c-474f-11da-b8e5-00000e2511c8.html">оригинала</a>&#32;на 2007-11-21.&#32;Посетен на 27 декември 2007.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-173">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFEncyclopædia_Britannica_Online2007" class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/513251/Russia">Russia::Religion</a>&#32;//&#32; &#32;Encyclopædia Britannica Online,&#32;2007.&#32;Посетен на 27 декември 2007.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-174">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREF&#91;&#91;Rosstat&#93;&#93;" class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110719233704/http://www.perepis2002.ru/index.html?id=87">Russian Census of 2002</a>&#32;//&#32; 4.3. Population by nationalities and knowledge of Russian; 4.4. Spreading of knowledge of languages (except Russian). &#32;<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rosstat&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Rosstat (страницата не съществува)">Rosstat</a>.&#32; Архивиран от <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perepis2002.ru/index.html?id=87">оригинала</a>&#32;на 2011-07-19.&#32;Посетен на 16 януари 2008.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Article_68,_§2-175"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Article_68,_§2_175-0"><sup><i><b>а</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Article_68,_§2_175-1"><sup><i><b>б</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.constitution.ru/en/10003000-04.htm">The Constitution of the Russian Federation</a>&#32;//&#32; (Article 68, §2). &#32;Посетен на 27 декември 2007.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-176">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREF&#91;&#91;Government_of_the_Soviet_Union&#93;&#93;24_април_1990" class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160508201331/http://legal-ussr.narod.ru/data01/tex10935.htm">ЗАКОН СССР ОТ 24.04.1990 О ЯЗЫКАХ НАРОДОВ СССР</a>&#32;//&#32; &#32;<a href="/w/index.php?title=Government_of_the_Soviet_Union&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Government of the Soviet Union (страницата не съществува)">Government of the Soviet Union</a>,&#32;24 април 1990.&#32; Архивиран от <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legal-ussr.narod.ru/data01/tex10935.htm">оригинала</a>&#32;на 2016-05-08.&#32;Посетен на 24 октомври 2010.<span class="cite-lang">&#32;<small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на руски)</small></span></cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-177">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFUniversity_of_Toronto" class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111102222825/http://learn.utoronto.ca/Page625.aspx">Russian</a>&#32;//&#32; &#32;University of Toronto.&#32; Архивиран от <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://learn.utoronto.ca/Page625.aspx">оригинала</a>&#32;на 2011-11-02.&#32;Посетен на 27 декември 2007.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-178">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.foreigntranslations.com/languages/russian-translation/russian-language-history/?page-content.cfm/page/russian-language">Russian Language History</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130727003320/http://www.foreigntranslations.com/languages/russian-translation/russian-language-history/?page-content.cfm/page/russian-language">Архив на оригинала от</a> 2013-07-27 в <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. foreigntranslations.com</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-179">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFRussian_Language_Centre,_Moscow_State_University" class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mgu-russian.com/en/learn/courses/online-russian-course/">Russian language course</a>&#32;//&#32; &#32;Russian Language Centre, Moscow State University.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-180">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFPoser5_май_2004" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Poser, Bill. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://itre.cis.upenn.edu/~myl/languagelog/archives/000854.html">The languages of the UN</a>&#32;//&#32; &#32;Itre.cis.upenn.edu,&#32;5 май 2004.&#32;Посетен на 29 октомври 2010.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-181">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.constitution.ru/en/10003000-03.htm">The Constitution of the Russian Federation</a>&#32;//&#32; Article 41. &#32;Посетен на 27 декември 2007.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-182">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newsru.com/russia/06jun2007/lukin.html">Russian ombudsman about propiska restrictions in modern Russia</a>&#32;//&#32; &#32;Посетен на 23 юли 2008.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-183">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFjustlanded.com" class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.justlande/refd.com/english/Russia/Articles/Health/Healthcare-in-Russia">Healthcare in Russia – Don’t Play Russian Roulette</a>&#32;//&#32; &#32;justlanded.com.&#32;Посетен на 3 октомври 2010.</cite><sup class="noprint plainlinks Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap">[<i><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot"><abbr title="Поставено от InternetArchiveBot&#160;– февруари 2021">неработеща препратка</abbr></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-184">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFАприл_2002" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Leonard, W R. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111028215742/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3659/is_200204/ai_n9037764/">Declining growth status of indigenous Siberian children in post-Soviet Russia</a>&#32;//&#32; Human Biology. &#32;Април&#32;2002.&#32; Архивиран от <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3659/is_200204/ai_n9037764/">оригинала</a>&#32;на 2011-10-28.&#32;Посетен на 27 декември 2007.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-185">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/population/demo/demo26.xls">Russian life expectancy figures</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rosstat&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Rosstat (страницата не съществува)">Rosstat</a>. Посетен на 21 август 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-186">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bg.rbth.com/economics/2015/08/11/koy-i-kde-iznasya-ruski-lekarstva_382925">Кой и къде изнася руските лекарства</a>?</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-187">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bg.rbth.com/society/2014/08/03/iadreni_ucheni_tlaskat_meditzinata_17973">Ядрени учени тласкат медицината</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-188">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">David Johnson, ed., <i>Politics, Modernisation and Educational Reform in Russia: From Past to Present</i> (2010)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-189">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="book" style="font-style:normal">Smolentseva, A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100827051359/http://www.bc.edu/research/cihe.html">Bridging the Gap Between Higher and Secondary Education in Russia</a>&#32;//&#32; &#32; Архивиран от <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bc.edu/research/cihe.html">оригинала</a>&#32;на 2010-08-27.&#32;Посетен на 27 декември 2007.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-190">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151016215744/http://psypress.ru/articles/26005.shtml">psypress.ru</a>&#32;//&#32; &#32; Архивиран от <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://psypress.ru/articles/26005.shtml">оригинала</a>&#32;на 2015-10-16.&#32;Посетен на 2015-09-13.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-191">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0015/001547/154743e.pdf">Education for All by 2015: will we make it? EFA global monitoring report, 2008&#32;(PDF)</a>&#32;//&#32; &#32;Посетен на 27 април 2010.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-192">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFState_University_Higher_School_of_Economics" class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hse.ru/en/rus-ed.html">Higher education structure</a>&#32;//&#32; &#32;State University Higher School of Economics.&#32;Посетен на 27 декември 2007.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bulgarian.ruvr.ru-193"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-bulgarian.ruvr.ru_193-0"><sup><i><b>а</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bulgarian.ruvr.ru_193-1"><sup><i><b>б</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation reference">&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150802185208/http://bulgarian.ruvr.ru/2014_12_07/Rejting-na-universitetite-v-stranite-ot-BRIKS-Kitaj-izprevari-Rusija-6863/">bulgarian.ruvr.ru</a>,&#32;архив&#32;на <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bulgarian.ruvr.ru/2014_12_07/Rejting-na-universitetite-v-stranite-ot-BRIKS-Kitaj-izprevari-Rusija-6863/">оригинала</a>&#32;от 2 август 2015<span class="printonly">,&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150802185208/http://bulgarian.ruvr.ru/2014_12_07/Rejting-na-universitetite-v-stranite-ot-BRIKS-Kitaj-izprevari-Rusija-6863/">https://web.archive.org/web/20150802185208/http://bulgarian.ruvr.ru/2014_12_07/Rejting-na-universitetite-v-stranite-ot-BRIKS-Kitaj-izprevari-Rusija-6863/</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">,&#32;посетен на 23 август 2015</span></span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=bulgarian.ruvr.ru&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20150802185208%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fbulgarian.ruvr.ru%2F2014_12_07%2FRejting-na-universitetite-v-stranite-ot-BRIKS-Kitaj-izprevari-Rusija-6863%2F&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rusofili.bg-194"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-rusofili.bg_194-0"><sup><i><b>а</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rusofili.bg_194-1"><sup><i><b>б</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rusofili.bg/рейтингът-на-мгу-се-покачи-рязко-в-клас/">rusofili.bg</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-www.timeshighereducation.co.uk-195"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-www.timeshighereducation.co.uk_195-0"><sup><i><b>а</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-www.timeshighereducation.co.uk_195-1"><sup><i><b>б</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150906091203/https://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/world-university-rankings/2015/reputation-ranking#/sort/0/direction/asc">www.timeshighereducation.co.uk</a>&#32;//&#32; &#32; Архивиран от <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/world-university-rankings/2015/reputation-ranking#/sort/0/direction/asc">оригинала</a>&#32;на 2015-09-06.&#32;Посетен на 2015-08-23.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-196">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160723175527/http://offnews.bg/news/Свят-_12/Топ-400-на-университетите-в-света-класация_397206.html">offnews.bg</a>&#32;//&#32; &#32; Архивиран от <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://offnews.bg/news/Свят-_12/Топ-400-на-университетите-в-света-класация_397206.html">оригинала</a>&#32;на 2016-07-23.&#32;Посетен на 2016-01-24.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-197">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://profit.bg/news/Naj-dobrite-universiteti-v-Evropa/nid-125934.html">profit.bg</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-198">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://travele.co.id/pendidikan-rusia-menawarkan-peluang-pengembangan-profesional/">Pendidikan di rusia</a></cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-199">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120223150702/http://www.embrusscambodia.mid.ru/rudn.html">www.embrusscambodia.mid.ru</a>&#32;//&#32; &#32; Архивиран от <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.embrusscambodia.mid.ru/rudn.html">оригинала</a>&#32;на 2012-02-23.&#32;Посетен на 2015-08-23.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-www.vedomosti.ru-200"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-www.vedomosti.ru_200-0"><sup><i><b>а</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-www.vedomosti.ru_200-1"><sup><i><b>б</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vedomosti.ru/management/articles/2015/02/19/student-stupenka-k-rejtingu#/galleries/140737492100710/normal/1">www.vedomosti.ru</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-201">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.constitution.ru/en/10003000-05.htm">The Constitution of the Russian Federation</a>&#32;//&#32; (Article 80, §1). &#32;Посетен на 27 декември 2007.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-202">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kremlin.ru/text/appears/2007/09/143437.shtml">Изявление на В. В. Путин на официална закуска, дадена от премиера на Австралия Джон Ховард</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-203">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kremlin.ru/text/appears/2008/11/209396.shtml">Среща на Д. А. Медведев с представители на регионалните средства за масова информация</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-204">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kremlin.ru/text/appears/2008/09/206080.shtml">Интервю на Д. А. Медведев за италианския ТВ-канал РАИ</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-205">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kremlin.ru/text/appears/2008/11/209249.shtml">Среща на Д. А. Медведев с представители на Съвета за международни отношения</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-206">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gazeta.ru/politics/2008/03/25_a_2676697.shtml">„Русия е президентска република“</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-207">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://regnum.ru/news/1084105.html">„Русия остава президентска република – държавната Дума одобри поправки в Конституцията“</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-208">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation reference">&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070808171056/http://prime-tass.ru/news/show.asp?id=723525&amp;ct=news">С. Миронов е уверен, че Русия трябва да остане президентска република</a>,&#32;архив&#32;на <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://prime-tass.ru/news/show.asp?id=723525&amp;ct=news">оригинала</a>&#32;от 8 август 2007<span class="printonly">,&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070808171056/http://prime-tass.ru/news/show.asp?id=723525&amp;ct=news">https://web.archive.org/web/20070808171056/http://prime-tass.ru/news/show.asp?id=723525&amp;ct=news</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">,&#32;посетен на 8 август 2007</span></span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=%D0%A1.+%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D0%B5+%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%2C+%D1%87%D0%B5+%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D1%82%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%B1%D0%B2%D0%B0+%D0%B4%D0%B0+%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0+%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20070808171056%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fprime-tass.ru%2Fnews%2Fshow.asp%3Fid%3D723525%26ct%3Dnews&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-209">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation reference">&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080616031911/http://www.budgetrf.ru/Publications/Education/msu/econ_bac_management/publicadministration/2004/pa2004_s03_/pa2004_s03_250.htm">Конституционна модернизация</a>,&#32;архив&#32;на <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://budgetrf.ru/Publications/Education/msu/econ_bac_management/publicadministration/2004/pa2004_s03_/pa2004_s03_250.htm">оригинала</a>&#32;от 16 юни 2008<span class="printonly">,&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080616031911/http://www.budgetrf.ru/Publications/Education/msu/econ_bac_management/publicadministration/2004/pa2004_s03_/pa2004_s03_250.htm">https://web.archive.org/web/20080616031911/http://www.budgetrf.ru/Publications/Education/msu/econ_bac_management/publicadministration/2004/pa2004_s03_/pa2004_s03_250.htm</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">,&#32;посетен на 24 март 2012</span></span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20080616031911%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.budgetrf.ru%2FPublications%2FEducation%2Fmsu%2Fecon_bac_management%2Fpublicadministration%2F2004%2Fpa2004_s03_%2Fpa2004_s03_250.htm&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-210">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://yabloko.ru/Publ/2005/2005_02/050207_ehom_melnikov.html">Ще стане ли Русия парламентарна република?</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-211">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation reference">&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110716070414/http://www.ksrf.ru/News/Speech/Pages/ViewItem.aspx?ParamId=11">Доклад на председателя на Конституционния съд на Руската федерация Валерий Зоркин на юбилейна конференция в РАН на 10 декември 2003 г. „Конституция на Русия“</a>,&#32;архив&#32;на <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ksrf.ru/News/Speech/Pages/ViewItem.aspx?ParamId=11">оригинала</a>&#32;от 16 юли 2011<span class="printonly">,&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110716070414/http://www.ksrf.ru/News/Speech/Pages/ViewItem.aspx?ParamId=11">https://web.archive.org/web/20110716070414/http://www.ksrf.ru/News/Speech/Pages/ViewItem.aspx?ParamId=11</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">,&#32;посетен на 16 юли 2011</span></span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8F+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D1%81%D1%8A%D0%B4+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0+%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%97%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D1%8E%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%B2+%D0%A0%D0%90%D0%9D+%D0%BD%D0%B0+10+%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B8+2003+%D0%B3.+%E2%80%9E%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F%E2%80%9C&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20110716070414%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.ksrf.ru%2FNews%2FSpeech%2FPages%2FViewItem.aspx%3FParamId%3D11&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-212">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation reference">&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110716070429/http://www.ksrf.ru/News/Speech/Pages/ViewItem.aspx?ParamId=6">Тезиси от доклада на председателя на Конституционния съд на Руската федерация Валерий Зоркин на конференция на 29 октомври 2003 г.</a>,&#32;архив&#32;на <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ksrf.ru/News/Speech/Pages/ViewItem.aspx?ParamId=6">оригинала</a>&#32;от 16 юли 2011<span class="printonly">,&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110716070429/http://www.ksrf.ru/News/Speech/Pages/ViewItem.aspx?ParamId=6">https://web.archive.org/web/20110716070429/http://www.ksrf.ru/News/Speech/Pages/ViewItem.aspx?ParamId=6</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">,&#32;посетен на 16 юли 2011</span></span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8+%D0%BE%D1%82+%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8F+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D1%81%D1%8A%D0%B4+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0+%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%97%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%BD%D0%B0+29+%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B8+2003+%D0%B3.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20110716070429%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.ksrf.ru%2FNews%2FSpeech%2FPages%2FViewItem.aspx%3FParamId%3D6&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-213">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFWhite2010" class="book" style="font-style:normal">White, Stephen. Classifying Russia's Politics&#32;//&#32; Developments in Russian Politics 7. &#32;New York,&#32;Palgrave Macmillan,&#32;2010.&#32;<a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8/9780230224490" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-230-22449-0</a>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-uk-214"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-uk_214-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFForeign_&amp;_Commonwealth_Office_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091016040108/http://www.fco.gov.uk/en/travel-and-living-abroad/travel-advice-by-country/country-profile/europe/russia/">Country Profile: Russia</a>&#32;//&#32; &#32;Foreign &amp; Commonwealth Office of the United Kingdom.&#32; Архивиран от <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fco.gov.uk/en/travel-and-living-abroad/travel-advice-by-country/country-profile/europe/russia/">оригинала</a>&#32;на 2009-10-16.&#32;Посетен на 27 декември 2007.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-215">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFRussia_In_Global_Affairs" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Kosachev. K. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200217133702/https://eng.globalaffairs.ru/number/n_3372">Russian Foreign Policy Vertical</a>&#32;//&#32; &#32;Russia In Global Affairs.&#32; Архивиран от <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eng.globalaffairs.ru/number/n_3372">оригинала</a>&#32;на 2020-02-17.&#32;Посетен на 27 декември 2007.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-216">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://articles.latimes.com/2009/sep/11/world/fg-russia-chavez11">Venezuela's President Hugo Chavez recognizes independence of breakaway Georgia republics</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171011194451/http://articles.latimes.com/2009/sep/11/world/fg-russia-chavez11">Архив на оригинала от</a> 2017-10-11 в <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. by Megan K. Stack. 9 септември 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-217">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://freevideo.rt.com/video/1759">Netanyahu declares Russia as superpower</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110430182020/http://freevideo.rt.com/video/1759">Архив на оригинала от</a> 2011-04-30 в <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Russia Today News 15 февруари 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-218">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://georgiandaily.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=6527">Superpower Reborn</a> by Ronald Steel. New York Times, 24 август 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-219">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-9079543725663390621">Russia is a Superpower CNN, US Senators telling the truth</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120204145419/http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-9079543725663390621">Архив на оригинала от</a> 2012-02-04 в <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. CNN News 30 август 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-220">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=eC6HdSYZhRgC">Russia in the 21st Century The Prodigal Superpower</a> by Steven Rosefielde, Cambridge University Press, 2004</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-221">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://atlanticreview.org/archives/1160-Is-Russia-a-Superpower-Cold-War-II.html">Is Russia a Superpower? Cold War II?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170730094430/http://atlanticreview.org/archives/1160-Is-Russia-a-Superpower-Cold-War-II.html">Архив на оригинала от</a> 2017-07-30 в <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Atlantic Review, 25 август 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-222">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/0,1518,584631,00.html">What's Looming in Ukraine Is more Threatening than Georgia</a> <a href="/wiki/Der_Spiegel" class="mw-redirect" title="Der Spiegel">Der Spiegel</a>, 16 октомври 2008. Quote: „Nikonov: Russia is not a superpower and won't be one for the foreseeable future. But Russia is a great power. It was one, it is one and it will continue to be one.“</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-223">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFAmnesty_International" class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20091227084033/http://www.amnesty.org:80/en/region/russia/report-2009">Amnesty International report on Russia</a>&#32;//&#32; &#32;Amnesty International.&#32; Архивиран от <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amnesty.org/en/region/russia/report-2009">оригинала</a>&#32;на 2009-12-27.&#32;Посетен на 11 юли 2010.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-224">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Human Rights Watch on Russia and Chechnya <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/en/video/2008/04/06/russia-trial">HTW.org</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-225">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFFreedom_House10_май_2004" class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111223050816/http://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=22&amp;year=2009&amp;country=7689">Annual report Russia</a>&#32;//&#32; &#32;Freedom House,&#32;10 май 2004.&#32; Архивиран от <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=22&amp;year=2009&amp;country=7689">оригинала</a>&#32;на 2011-12-23.&#32;Посетен на 27 април 2010.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-226">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFNewsru.com" class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newsru.com/russia/21jun2006/fh.html">In Russian: МИД России назвал доклад Freedom House „дубиной“ в руках Вашингтона</a>&#32;//&#32; &#32;Newsru.com.&#32;Посетен на 27 април 2010.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-227">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/int/sco.htm">The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation</a> at Globalsecurity.org 27 април 2005</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-228">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFRIA_Novosti" class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rian.ru/politics/20041125/743119.html">Interview of official Ambassador of Russian Foreign Ministry on relations with the EU</a>&#32;//&#32; &#32;RIA Novosti.&#32;Посетен на 30 юли 2008.</cite> <span style="color:blue; font-size:0.8em; cursor:help;" title="На руски език"><b>(</b>(ru)<b>)</b></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-229">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFNATO" class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070411124719/http://www.nato.int/issues/nato-russia/topic.html">NATO-Russia relations</a>&#32;//&#32; &#32;NATO.&#32; Архивиран от <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nato.int/issues/nato-russia/topic.html">оригинала</a>&#32;на 2007-04-11.&#32;Посетен на 27 декември 2007.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-230">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFPage26_септември_2010" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Page, Jeremy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100927223945/http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704082104575515543164948682.html">Russian Oil Route Will Open to China</a>&#32;//&#32; &#32;<a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a>,&#32;26 септември 2010.&#32; Архивиран от <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704082104575515543164948682.html">оригинала</a>&#32;на 2010-09-27.&#32;Посетен на 28 септември 2010.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-231">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREF&#91;&#91;Библиотека_на_Конгреса&#93;&#93;1989" class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+su0462)">Armed Forces and Defense Organization</a>&#32;//&#32; &#32;<a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Библиотека на Конгреса">Библиотека на Конгреса</a>,&#32;1989.&#32;Посетен на 5 октомври 2014.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-232">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREF&#91;&#91;Библиотека_на_Конгреса&#93;&#93;1989" class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+su0495)">Military Economics</a>&#32;//&#32; &#32;<a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Библиотека на Конгреса">Библиотека на Конгреса</a>,&#32;1989.&#32;Посетен на 5 октомври 2014.&#32;<i>As a result, the Soviet Union has produced <b>some of the world's most advanced armaments...</b></i></cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-233">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFМинистерство_на_отбраната_на_Руската_федерация" class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://structure.mil.ru/structure/structuremorf.htm">Структура Минобороны России</a>&#32;//&#32; &#32;Министерство на отбраната на Руската федерация.&#32;Посетен на 5 октомври 2014.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IISS-234"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-IISS_234-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">IISS 2012, стр. 192 – 203</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CIA_overview-235"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_overview_235-0"><sup><i><b>а</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_overview_235-1"><sup><i><b>б</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_overview_235-2"><sup><i><b>в</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREF&#91;&#91;CIA_World_Factbook&#93;&#93;" class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180608012937/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2116.html#rs">Economy overview field listing</a>&#32;//&#32; &#32;<a href="/wiki/CIA_World_Factbook" title="CIA World Factbook">CIA World Factbook</a>.&#32; Архивиран от <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2116.html#rs">оригинала</a>&#32;на 2018-06-08.&#32;Посетен на 6 септември 2014.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CSwealth-236"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-CSwealth_236-0"><sup><i><b>а</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CSwealth_236-1"><sup><i><b>б</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFCredit_Suisse2013" class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150214155424/https://publications.credit-suisse.com/tasks/render/file/?fileID=BCDB1364-A105-0560-1332EC9100FF5C83">Credit Suisse Global Wealth Report 2013, стр. 53</a>&#32;//&#32; &#32;Credit Suisse,&#32;2013.&#32; Архивиран от <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publications.credit-suisse.com/tasks/render/file/?fileID=BCDB1364-A105-0560-1332EC9100FF5C83">оригинала</a>&#32;на 2015-02-14.&#32;Посетен на 9 септември 2014.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-237"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-237">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Библиотека на Конгреса 2007, стр. 8 – 9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-238">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFPeterson_Institute_for_International_Economics2008" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Anders Aslund. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160322111033/http://www.iie.com/publications/papers/paper.cfm?ResearchID=974">An Assessment of Putin's Economic Policy</a>&#32;//&#32; &#32;Peterson Institute for International Economics,&#32;2008.&#32; Архивиран от <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iie.com/publications/papers/paper.cfm?ResearchID=974">оригинала</a>&#32;на 2016-03-22.&#32;Посетен на 9 септември 2014.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-239">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFСветовна_банка8_април_2014" class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/russia/overview">Russia Overview</a>&#32;//&#32; &#32;Световна банка,&#32;8 април 2014.&#32;Посетен на 9 септември 2014.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WB2013-240"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-WB2013_240-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFWorld_Bank" class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.worldbank.org/about/country-classifications/country-and-lending-groups#High_income">Country and Lending Groups</a>&#32;//&#32; &#32;World Bank.&#32;Посетен на 1 юли 2013.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-241">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREF&#91;&#91;CIA_World_Factbook&#93;&#93;" class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140803212633/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2001rank.html?countryName=Russia&amp;countryCode=rs&amp;regionCode=cas&amp;rank=7#rs">COUNTRY COMPARISON:: GDP (PURCHASING POWER PARITY)</a>&#32;//&#32; &#32;<a href="/wiki/CIA_World_Factbook" title="CIA World Factbook">CIA World Factbook</a>.&#32; Архивиран от <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2001rank.html?countryname=Russia&amp;countrycode=rs&amp;regionCode=cas&amp;rank=7#rs">оригинала</a>&#32;на 2014-08-03.&#32;Посетен на 6 септември 2014.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-242">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFUNData" class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.un.org/Data.aspx?d=SNAAMA&amp;f=grID:101;currID:USD;pcFlag:true;crID:643;yr:2012&amp;c=2,3,5,6&amp;s=_crEngNameOrderBy:asc,yr:desc&amp;v=1">Per capita GDP at current prices – US dollars</a>&#32;//&#32; &#32;UNData.&#32;Посетен на 9 септември 2014.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-243"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-243">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREF&#91;&#91;Световна_банка&#93;&#93;" class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.PP.CD?order=wbapi_data_value_2013+wbapi_data_value+wbapi_data_value-last&amp;sort=desc">GDP per capita, PPP (current international $)</a>&#32;//&#32; &#32;<a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Световна банка">Световна банка</a>.&#32;Посетен на 9 септември 2014.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-244"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-244">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFПрограма_за_развитие_на_ООН2011" class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160318114713/http://www.undp.ru/documents/nhdr2011eng.pdf">National Human Development Report for the Russian Federation 2011, стр. 138 – 139</a>&#32;//&#32; &#32;Програма за развитие на ООН,&#32;2011.&#32; Архивиран от <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.undp.ru/documents/nhdr2011eng.pdf">оригинала</a>&#32;на 2016-03-18.&#32;Посетен на 9 септември 2014.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-245"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-245">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREF&#91;&#91;CIA_World_Factbook&#93;&#93;" class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140803233024/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2186rank.html?countryname=Russia&amp;countrycode=rs&amp;regionCode=cas&amp;rank=151#rs">Country Comparison: Public Debt</a>&#32;//&#32; &#32;<a href="/wiki/CIA_World_Factbook" title="CIA World Factbook">CIA World Factbook</a>.&#32; Архивиран от <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2186rank.html?countryname=Russia&amp;countrycode=rs&amp;regionCode=cas&amp;rank=151#rs">оригинала</a>&#32;на 2014-08-03.&#32;Посетен на 9 септември 2014.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-246"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-246">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREF&#91;&#91;CIA_World_Factbook&#93;&#93;" class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140803213103/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2187rank.html?countryname=Russia&amp;countrycode=rs&amp;regionCode=cas&amp;rank=4#rs">Country Comparison: Current Account Balance</a>&#32;//&#32; &#32;<a href="/wiki/CIA_World_Factbook" title="CIA World Factbook">CIA World Factbook</a>.&#32; Архивиран от <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2187rank.html?countryname=Russia&amp;countrycode=rs&amp;regionCode=cas&amp;rank=4#rs">оригинала</a>&#32;на 2014-08-03.&#32;Посетен на 9 септември 2014.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-247"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-247">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFCIA_World_Factbook" class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140804000337/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2095rank.html?countryname=Russia&amp;countrycode=rs&amp;regionCode=cas&amp;rank=8#rs">Country Comparison: Labor Force</a>&#32;//&#32; &#32;CIA World Factbook.&#32; Архивиран от <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2095rank.html?countryname=Russia&amp;countrycode=rs&amp;regionCode=cas&amp;rank=8#rs">оригинала</a>&#32;на 2014-08-04.&#32;Посетен на 9 септември 2014.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-248"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-248">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREF&#91;&#91;CIA_World_Factbook&#93;&#93;2012" class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150905114307/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2048.html#rs">Labor Force – by Occupation Field Listing</a>&#32;//&#32; &#32;<a href="/wiki/CIA_World_Factbook" title="CIA World Factbook">CIA World Factbook</a>,&#32;2012.&#32; Архивиран от <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2048.html#rs">оригинала</a>&#32;на 2015-09-05.&#32;Посетен на 9 септември 2014.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ECTP-249"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-ECTP_249-0"><sup><i><b>а</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ECTP_249-1"><sup><i><b>б</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREF&#91;&#91;Европейска_комисия&#93;&#93;" class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20131206012153/http://ec.europa.eu/trade/policy/countries-and-regions/countries/russia/">Russia – Trade picture</a>&#32;//&#32; &#32;<a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Европейска комисия">Европейска комисия</a>.&#32; Архивиран от <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ec.europa.eu/trade/policy/countries-and-regions/countries/russia/">оригинала</a>&#32;на 2013-12-06.&#32;Посетен на 21 септември 2014.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-250"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-250">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation reference">&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150821101958/http://bulgarian.ruvr.ru/news/2015_01_28/Antikrizisnijat-plan-na-ruskoto-pravitelstvo-8276/">bulgarian.ruvr.ru</a>,&#32;архив&#32;на <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bulgarian.ruvr.ru/news/2015_01_28/Antikrizisnijat-plan-na-ruskoto-pravitelstvo-8276/">оригинала</a>&#32;от 21 август 2015<span class="printonly">,&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150821101958/http://bulgarian.ruvr.ru/news/2015_01_28/Antikrizisnijat-plan-na-ruskoto-pravitelstvo-8276/">https://web.archive.org/web/20150821101958/http://bulgarian.ruvr.ru/news/2015_01_28/Antikrizisnijat-plan-na-ruskoto-pravitelstvo-8276/</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">,&#32;посетен на 20 август 2015</span></span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=bulgarian.ruvr.ru&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20150821101958%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fbulgarian.ruvr.ru%2Fnews%2F2015_01_28%2FAntikrizisnijat-plan-na-ruskoto-pravitelstvo-8276%2F&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-251"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_251-0"><sup><i><b>а</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_251-1"><sup><i><b>б</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation reference">&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150821005058/http://bulgarian.ruvr.ru/news/2015_01_23/Sled-20-godini-Rusija-shhe-namali-neftenata-si-zavisimost-1671/">bulgarian.ruvr.ru</a>,&#32;архив&#32;на <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bulgarian.ruvr.ru/news/2015_01_23/Sled-20-godini-Rusija-shhe-namali-neftenata-si-zavisimost-1671/">оригинала</a>&#32;от 21 август 2015<span class="printonly">,&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150821005058/http://bulgarian.ruvr.ru/news/2015_01_23/Sled-20-godini-Rusija-shhe-namali-neftenata-si-zavisimost-1671/">https://web.archive.org/web/20150821005058/http://bulgarian.ruvr.ru/news/2015_01_23/Sled-20-godini-Rusija-shhe-namali-neftenata-si-zavisimost-1671/</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">,&#32;посетен на 20 август 2015</span></span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=bulgarian.ruvr.ru&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20150821005058%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fbulgarian.ruvr.ru%2Fnews%2F2015_01_23%2FSled-20-godini-Rusija-shhe-namali-neftenata-si-zavisimost-1671%2F&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-252"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-252">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation reference">&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150806210717/http://bulgarian.ruvr.ru/2014_12_12/Rusija-Indija-strategichesko-partnorstvo-5420/">bulgarian.ruvr.ru</a>,&#32;архив&#32;на <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bulgarian.ruvr.ru/2014_12_12/Rusija-Indija-strategichesko-partnorstvo-5420/">оригинала</a>&#32;от 6 август 2015<span class="printonly">,&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150806210717/http://bulgarian.ruvr.ru/2014_12_12/Rusija-Indija-strategichesko-partnorstvo-5420/">https://web.archive.org/web/20150806210717/http://bulgarian.ruvr.ru/2014_12_12/Rusija-Indija-strategichesko-partnorstvo-5420/</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">,&#32;посетен на 20 август 2015</span></span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=bulgarian.ruvr.ru&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20150806210717%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fbulgarian.ruvr.ru%2F2014_12_12%2FRusija-Indija-strategichesko-partnorstvo-5420%2F&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-253"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-253">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation reference">&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150820182758/http://bulgarian.ruvr.ru/news/2015_01_21/Indija-shhe-obzavede-svoja-helikopteronosach-s-ruska-tehnika-5183/">bulgarian.ruvr.ru</a>,&#32;архив&#32;на <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bulgarian.ruvr.ru/news/2015_01_21/Indija-shhe-obzavede-svoja-helikopteronosach-s-ruska-tehnika-5183/">оригинала</a>&#32;от 20 август 2015<span class="printonly">,&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150820182758/http://bulgarian.ruvr.ru/news/2015_01_21/Indija-shhe-obzavede-svoja-helikopteronosach-s-ruska-tehnika-5183/">https://web.archive.org/web/20150820182758/http://bulgarian.ruvr.ru/news/2015_01_21/Indija-shhe-obzavede-svoja-helikopteronosach-s-ruska-tehnika-5183/</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">,&#32;посетен на 20 август 2015</span></span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=bulgarian.ruvr.ru&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20150820182758%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fbulgarian.ruvr.ru%2Fnews%2F2015_01_21%2FIndija-shhe-obzavede-svoja-helikopteronosach-s-ruska-tehnika-5183%2F&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-254"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-254">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.blitz.bg/news/article/344043">www.blitz.bg</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-255"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-255">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFGronholt-Pedersen&#91;&#91;22_септември&#93;&#93;_&#91;&#91;2010&#93;&#93;" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Gronholt-Pedersen, Jacob. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20100924041848/http://online.wsj.com:80/article/SB10001424052748704129204575505373365685564.html">Russia, China in Deal On Refinery, Not Gas</a>&#32;//&#32; Wall Street. &#32;Wall Street Journal,&#32;<a href="/wiki/22_%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B8" title="22 септември">22 септември</a> <a href="/wiki/2010" title="2010">2010</a>.&#32; Архивиран от <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704129204575505373365685564.html">оригинала</a>&#32;на 2010-09-24.&#32;Посетен на <a href="/wiki/25_%D1%8E%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="25 юли">25 юли</a> 2014.<span class="cite-lang">&#32;<small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-256"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-256">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFWinfrey&#91;&#91;6_януари&#93;&#93;_2010" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Winfrey, Graham. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.businessinsider.com/why-russia-is-about-to-change-the-world-2010-1">Did A New Pipeline Just Make Russia The Most Important Energy Superpower By Far?</a>&#32;//&#32; &#32;Business Insider,&#32;<a href="/wiki/6_%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8" title="6 януари">6 януари</a> 2010.&#32;Посетен на 25 юли 2014.<span class="cite-lang">&#32;<small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-257"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-257">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFThe_World_Factbook&#91;&#91;1_януари&#93;&#93;_&#91;&#91;2013&#93;&#93;" class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170307234405/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2253rank.html">Country Comparison:: Natural gas – proved reserves</a>&#32;//&#32; Central Intelligence Agency. &#32;The World Factbook,&#32;<a href="/wiki/1_%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8" title="1 януари">1 януари</a> <a href="/wiki/2013" title="2013">2013</a>.&#32; Архивиран от <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2253rank.html">оригинала</a>&#32;на 2017-03-07.&#32;Посетен на 25 юли 2014.<span class="cite-lang">&#32;<small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-258"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-258">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFThe_World_Factbook1_януари_2013" class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130615184739/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2244rank.html">Country Comparison:: Oil – proved reserves</a>&#32;//&#32; Central Intelligence Agency. &#32;The World Factbook,&#32;1 януари 2013.&#32; Архивиран от <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2244rank.html">оригинала</a>&#32;на 2013-06-15.&#32;Посетен на <a href="/wiki/3_%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8" title="3 февруари">3 февруари</a> 2014.<span class="cite-lang">&#32;<small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-259"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-259">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFCIA_World_Factbook2013" class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181124005928/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2251rank.html">Country Comparison:: Natural gas – exports</a>&#32;//&#32; Central Intelligence Agency. &#32;CIA World Factbook,&#32;2013.&#32; Архивиран от <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2251rank.html">оригинала</a>&#32;на 2018-11-24.&#32;Посетен на 3 февруари 2014.<span class="cite-lang">&#32;<small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-260"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-260">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFCIA_World_Factbook2013" class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160315051210/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2249rank.html">Country Comparison:: Natural gas – production</a>&#32;//&#32; Central Intelligence Agency. &#32;CIA World Factbook,&#32;2013.&#32; Архивиран от <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2249rank.html">оригинала</a>&#32;на 2016-03-15.&#32;Посетен на 3 февруари 2014.<span class="cite-lang">&#32;<small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-261"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-261">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://omrpublic.iea.org/omrarchive/18jan12sup.pdf">International Energy Agency – Oil Market Report 18 January 2012</a>&#32;//&#32; &#32;Посетен на <a href="/wiki/20_%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8" title="20 февруари">20 февруари</a> <a href="/wiki/2012" title="2012">2012</a>.<span class="cite-lang">&#32;<small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-262"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-262">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFUS_Energy_Information_Administration12_март_2014" class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eia.gov/countries/cab.cfm?fips=RS">Russia – Overview</a>&#32;//&#32; &#32;US Energy Information Administration,&#32;12 март 2014.&#32;Посетен на 9 септември 2014.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-263"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-263">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREF&#91;&#91;CIA_World_Factbook&#93;&#93;" class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150626172345/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2049.html#rs">Exports – Commodities Field Listing</a>&#32;//&#32; &#32;<a href="/wiki/CIA_World_Factbook" title="CIA World Factbook">CIA World Factbook</a>.&#32; Архивиран от <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2049.html#rs">оригинала</a>&#32;на 2015-06-26.&#32;Посетен на 21 септември 2014.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-264"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-264">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMIT_Observatory_of_Economic_Complexity2012" class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141012093556/http://atlas.media.mit.edu/explore/embed/tree_map/hs/export/rus/all/show/2012/">Products exported by Russia</a>&#32;//&#32; &#32;MIT Observatory of Economic Complexity,&#32;2012.&#32; Архивиран от <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://atlas.media.mit.edu/explore/embed/tree_map/hs/export/rus/all/show/2012/">оригинала</a>&#32;на 2014-10-12.&#32;Посетен на 21 септември 2014.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-265"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-265">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://agro.bg/topical/article20403.html">agro.bg</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-266"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-266">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://profit.bg/news/Naj-golemite-proizvoditeli-na-zemedelska-produktsiya-v-sveta/nid-93205.html">profit.bg</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-267"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-267">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREF&#91;&#91;CIA_World_Factbook&#93;&#93;" class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181206230311/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2050.html#rs">Exports – Partners Field Listing</a>&#32;//&#32; &#32;<a href="/wiki/CIA_World_Factbook" title="CIA World Factbook">CIA World Factbook</a>.&#32; Архивиран от <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2050.html#rs">оригинала</a>&#32;на 2018-12-06.&#32;Посетен на 21 септември 2014.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC_Trade-268"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-BBC_Trade_268-0"><sup><i><b>а</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBC_Trade_268-1"><sup><i><b>б</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBBC_News4_март_2014" class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-26436291">Russia's trade ties with Europe</a>&#32;//&#32; &#32;BBC News,&#32;4 март 2014.&#32;Посетен на 21 септември 2014.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-269"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-269">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMIT_Observatory_of_Economic_Complexity2012" class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141012013931/http://atlas.media.mit.edu/explore/tree_map/hs/import/rus/all/show/2012/">Products imported by Russia</a>&#32;//&#32; &#32;MIT Observatory of Economic Complexity,&#32;2012.&#32; Архивиран от <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://atlas.media.mit.edu/explore/tree_map/hs/import/rus/all/show/2012/">оригинала</a>&#32;на 2014-10-12.&#32;Посетен на 21 септември 2014.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-270"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-270">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBloomberg22_август_2014" class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-08-22/gm-cuts-russia-car-production-amid-shrinking-auto-market.html">GM Cuts Russia Car Production Amid Shrinking Auto Market</a>&#32;//&#32; &#32;Bloomberg,&#32;22 август 2014.&#32;Посетен на 21 септември 2014.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-271"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-271">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Московская кольцевая автомобильная дорога</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-272"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-272">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREF&#91;&#91;CIA_World_Factbook&#93;&#93;" class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181105214809/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2085.html#rs">Roadways Field Listing</a>&#32;//&#32; &#32;<a href="/wiki/CIA_World_Factbook" title="CIA World Factbook">CIA World Factbook</a>.&#32; Архивиран от <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2085.html#rs">оригинала</a>&#32;на 2018-11-05.&#32;Посетен на 21 септември 2014.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-273"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-273">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Кольцевая автомобильная дорога</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-274"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-274">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFInvest.gov.ru" class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110426092402/http://invest.gov.ru/en/government_support/sectors/infrastructure/">Invest in Russia–Infrastructure</a>&#32;//&#32; &#32;Invest.gov.ru.&#32; Архивиран от <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://invest.gov.ru/en/government_support/sectors/infrastructure/">оригинала</a>&#32;на 2011-04-26.&#32;Посетен на 27 април 2010.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rzd-275"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-rzd_275-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFEng.rzd.ru" class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091204130526/http://eng.rzd.ru/isvp/public/rzdeng?STRUCTURE_ID=4">Russian Railways</a>&#32;//&#32; &#32;Eng.rzd.ru.&#32; Архивиран от <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eng.rzd.ru/isvp/public/rzdeng?STRUCTURE_ID=4">оригинала</a>&#32;на 2009-12-04.&#32;Посетен на 2 януари 2010.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-276"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-276">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFReuters27_февруари_2013" class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319034031/http://uk.reuters.com/article/2013/09/27/russia-investment-infrastructure-reuters-idUKL5N0HG0JF20130927">REUTERS SUMMIT-Russia's roads, trains, planes frustrate business</a>&#32;//&#32; &#32;Reuters,&#32;27 февруари 2013.&#32; Архивиран от <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uk.reuters.com/article/2013/09/27/russia-investment-infrastructure-reuters-idUKL5N0HG0JF20130927">оригинала</a>&#32;на 2015-03-19.&#32;Посетен на 21 септември 2014.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-277"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-277">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation reference">&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150820231848/http://bulgarian.ruvr.ru/news/2015_01_22/Kitaj-shhe-postroi-skorostna-zheleznica-do-Moskva-za-242-miliarda-0705/">bulgarian.ruvr.ru</a>,&#32;архив&#32;на <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bulgarian.ruvr.ru/news/2015_01_22/Kitaj-shhe-postroi-skorostna-zheleznica-do-Moskva-za-242-miliarda-0705/">оригинала</a>&#32;от 20 август 2015<span class="printonly">,&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150820231848/http://bulgarian.ruvr.ru/news/2015_01_22/Kitaj-shhe-postroi-skorostna-zheleznica-do-Moskva-za-242-miliarda-0705/">https://web.archive.org/web/20150820231848/http://bulgarian.ruvr.ru/news/2015_01_22/Kitaj-shhe-postroi-skorostna-zheleznica-do-Moskva-za-242-miliarda-0705/</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">,&#32;посетен на 20 август 2015</span></span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=bulgarian.ruvr.ru&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20150820231848%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fbulgarian.ruvr.ru%2Fnews%2F2015_01_22%2FKitaj-shhe-postroi-skorostna-zheleznica-do-Moskva-za-242-miliarda-0705%2F&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-278"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-278">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREF&#91;&#91;CIA_World_Factbook&#93;&#93;" class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140625145330/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2108.html#rs">Merchant Marine Field Listing</a>&#32;//&#32; &#32;<a href="/wiki/CIA_World_Factbook" title="CIA World Factbook">CIA World Factbook</a>.&#32; Архивиран от <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2108.html#rs">оригинала</a>&#32;на 2014-06-25.&#32;Посетен на 21 септември 2014.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-279"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-279">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREF&#91;&#91;CIA_World_Factbook&#93;&#93;" class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140625161845/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2053.html#rs">архивно копие</a>&#32;//&#32; &#32;<a href="/wiki/CIA_World_Factbook" title="CIA World Factbook">CIA World Factbook</a>.&#32; Архивиран от <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2053.html#rs">оригинала</a>&#32;на 2014-06-25.&#32;Посетен на 21 септември 2014.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-280"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-280">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFGlobal-economics.ru" class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://global-economics.ru/transportnaya-sistema-rossiyiskoyi-federatscii.html">Transport system of Russia</a>&#32;//&#32; &#32;Global-economics.ru.&#32;Посетен на 3 октомври 2010.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-281"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-281">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSkyTeam" class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20140327220946/http://www.skyteam.com:80/About-us/Our-members/Aeroflot/">Aeroflot</a>&#32;//&#32; &#32;SkyTeam.&#32; Архивиран от <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.skyteam.com/About-us/Our-members/Aeroflot/">оригинала</a>&#32;на 2014-03-27.&#32;Посетен на 21 септември 2014.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-282"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-282">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREF&#91;&#91;ОИСР&#93;&#93;2010" class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oecd.org/sti/inno/46665671.pdf">OECD SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND INDUSTRY OUTLOOK 2010</a>&#32;//&#32; &#32;<a href="/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%98%D0%A1%D0%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="ОИСР">ОИСР</a>,&#32;2010.&#32;Посетен на 3 ноември 2013.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nature-283"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Nature_283-0"><sup><i><b>а</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nature_283-1"><sup><i><b>б</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREF&#91;&#91;Nature&#93;&#93;27_април_2010" class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/news/2010/100427/full/4641257a.html">Russia to boost university science</a>&#32;//&#32; &#32;<a href="/wiki/Nature" class="mw-redirect" title="Nature">Nature</a>,&#32;27 април 2010.&#32;Посетен на 3 ноември 2013.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nature2-284"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Nature2_284-0"><sup><i><b>а</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nature2_284-1"><sup><i><b>б</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREF&#91;&#91;Nature&#93;&#93;19_септември_2013" class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/news/vote-seals-fate-of-russian-academy-of-sciences-1.13785">Vote seals fate of Russian Academy of Sciences</a>&#32;//&#32; &#32;<a href="/wiki/Nature" class="mw-redirect" title="Nature">Nature</a>,&#32;19 септември 2013.&#32;Посетен на 1 ноември 2013.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-285"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-285">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFPhysics_World26_януари_2010" class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20130612170749/http://physicsworld.com/cws/article/news/2010/jan/26/russian-science-in-a-state-of-decline">Russian science in a state of 'decline'</a>&#32;//&#32; &#32;Physics World,&#32;26 януари 2010.&#32; Архивиран от <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://physicsworld.com/cws/article/news/2010/jan/26/russian-science-in-a-state-of-decline">оригинала</a>&#32;на 2013-06-12.&#32;Посетен на 3 ноември 2013.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-286"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-286">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREF&#91;&#91;Royal_Society&#93;&#93;2011" class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20110409075050/http://royalsociety.org/uploadedFiles/Royal_Society_Content/Influencing_Policy/Reports/2011-03-28-Knowledge-networks-nations.pdf">Knowledge, networks and nations: Global scientific collaboration in the 21st century</a>&#32;//&#32; &#32;<a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a>,&#32;2011.&#32;с.&#160;16.&#32; Архивиран от <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://royalsociety.org/uploadedFiles/Royal_Society_Content/Influencing_Policy/Reports/2011-03-28-Knowledge-networks-nations.pdf">оригинала</a>&#32;на 9 април 2011.&#32;Посетен на 3 ноември 2013.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-287"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-287">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREF&#91;&#91;РИА_Новости&#93;&#93;11_октомври_2009" class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.ria.ru/russia/20091011/156428675.html">Medvedev outlines priorities for Russian economy's modernization</a>&#32;//&#32; &#32;<a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%98%D0%90_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8" title="РИА Новости">РИА Новости</a>,&#32;11 октомври 2009.&#32;Посетен на 3 ноември 2013.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-288"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-288">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREF&#91;&#91;Wired_(списание)&#93;&#93;16_април_2012" class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wired.com/dangerroom/2012/04/china-rocket-launches/">China Now Tops U.S. in Space Launches</a>&#32;//&#32; &#32;<a href="/wiki/Wired_(%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5)" title="Wired (списание)">Wired (списание)</a>,&#32;16 април 2012.&#32;Посетен на 3 ноември 2013.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-289"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-289">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREF18_март_2013" class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.popularmechanics.com/science/space/rockets/8-countries-angling-to-dominate-the-launch-business-15222860">8 Countries Angling to Dominate the Launch Business</a>&#32;//&#32; &#32;18 март 2013.&#32;Посетен на 3 ноември 2013.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-290"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-290">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREF&#91;&#91;Ей_Би_Си&#93;&#93;3_октомври_2012" class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://abcnews.go.com/Technology/space-tourist-sarah-brightman-buys-seat-russian-soyuz/story?id=17384120">Singer Sarah Brightman Outbids NASA for Space Tourist's Seat</a>&#32;//&#32; &#32;<a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B9_%D0%91%D0%B8_%D0%A1%D0%B8" title="Ей Би Си">Ей Би Си</a>,&#32;3 октомври 2012.&#32;Посетен на 3 ноември 2013.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-291"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-291">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREF&#91;&#91;NASA&#93;&#93;2010" class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131020222832/http://www.nasa.gov/audience/foreducators/rocketry/home/konstantin-tsiolkovsky.html">Konstantin E. Tsiolkovsky</a>&#32;//&#32; &#32;<a href="/wiki/NASA" class="mw-redirect" title="NASA">NASA</a>,&#32;2010.&#32; Архивиран от <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/audience/foreducators/rocketry/home/konstantin-tsiolkovsky.html">оригинала</a>&#32;на 2013-10-20.&#32;Посетен на 3 ноември 2013.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Microsoft_Encarta_Online_Encyclopedia_2007-292"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Microsoft_Encarta_Online_Encyclopedia_2007_292-0"><sup><i><b>а</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Microsoft_Encarta_Online_Encyclopedia_2007_292-1"><sup><i><b>б</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMicrosoft_Encarta_Online_Encyclopedia_2007" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090820090445/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761564269/Russian_Literature.html">Russian Literature</a>&#32;//&#32; &#32; Архивиран от <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761564269/Russian_Literature.html">оригинала</a>&#32;на 2009-08-20.&#32;Посетен на 7 януари 2008.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Russia::Music-293"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Russia::Music_293-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFEncyclopædia_Britannica" class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/513251/Russia/38636/Music">Russia::Music</a>&#32;//&#32; &#32;Encyclopædia Britannica.&#32;Посетен на 5 октомври 2009.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-film-294"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-film_294-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFEncyclopædia_Britannica2007" class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/513251/Russia">Russia:Motion pictures</a>&#32;//&#32; &#32;Encyclopædia Britannica,&#32;2007.&#32;Посетен на 27 декември 2007.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Curtis-295"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Curtis_295-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFexcerpted_from_Glenn_E._Curtis_(ed.)1998" class="book" style="font-style:normal">excerpted from Glenn E. Curtis (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927230631/http://www.shsu.edu/~his_ncp/Kievan.html">Russia: A Country Study: Kievan Rus' and Mongol Periods</a>&#32;//&#32; &#32;Washington, DC: Federal Research Division of the Library of Congress,&#32;1998.&#32; Архивиран от <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shsu.edu/~his_ncp/Kievan.html">оригинала</a>&#32;на 2007-09-27.&#32;Посетен на 20 юли 2007.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-britannica-296"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-britannica_296-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFEncyclopædia_Britannica" class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/513251/Russia">Russia</a>&#32;//&#32; &#32;Encyclopædia Britannica.&#32;Посетен на 4 ноември 2015.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-297"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-297">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFFederal_State_Statistics_Service" class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110719233704/http://www.perepis2002.ru/index.html?id=87">Russian Census of 2002</a>&#32;//&#32; 4.3. Population by nationalities and knowledge of Russian; 4.4. Spreading of knowledge of languages (except Russian). &#32;Federal State Statistics Service.&#32; Архивиран от <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perepis2002.ru/index.html?id=87">оригинала</a>&#32;на 2011-07-19.&#32;Посетен на 16 януари 2008.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-toronto-298"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-toronto_298-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFUniversity_of_Toronto" class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070106002617/http://learn.utoronto.ca/Page625.aspx">Russian</a>&#32;//&#32; &#32;University of Toronto.&#32; Архивиран от <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://learn.utoronto.ca/Page625.aspx">оригинала</a>&#32;на 2007-01-06.&#32;Посетен на 27 декември 2007.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-299"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-299">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFRussian_Language_Centre,_Moscow_State_University" class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mgu-russian.com/en/learn/courses/online-russian-course/">Russian language course</a>&#32;//&#32; &#32;Russian Language Centre, Moscow State University.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-300"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-300">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFOxford_Paperbacks2001" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Kelly, C. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/russianliteratur00kell_0">Russian Literature: A Very Short Introduction (Very Short Introductions) (Paperback)</a>. &#32;Oxford Paperbacks,&#32;2001.&#32;<a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8/0192801449" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-19-280144-9</a>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-301"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-301">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFEncyclopædia_Britannica" class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/513793/Russian-literature">Russian literature; Leo Tolstoy</a>&#32;//&#32; &#32;Encyclopædia Britannica.&#32;Посетен на 11 април 2008.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-302"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-302">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREF6_септември_1971" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Otto Friedrich. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090513092326/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,943893,00.html?promoid=googlep">Freaking-Out with Fyodor</a>&#32;//&#32; Time Magazine. &#32;6 септември 1971.&#32; Архивиран от <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,943893,00.html?promoid=googlep">оригинала</a>&#32;на 2009-05-13.&#32;Посетен на 10 април 2008.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EBSports-303"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-EBSports_303-0"><sup><i><b>а</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EBSports_303-1"><sup><i><b>б</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EBSports_303-2"><sup><i><b>в</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EBSports_303-3"><sup><i><b>г</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EBSports_303-4"><sup><i><b>д</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFEncyclopaedia_Britannica_Online" class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/513251/Russia/38650/Sports-and-recreation">Russia: Sports and Recreation</a>&#32;//&#32; &#32;Encyclopaedia Britannica Online.&#32;Посетен на 10 април 2015.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-304"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-304">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREF&#91;&#91;Международен_олимпийски_комитет&#93;&#93;" class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.olympic.org/russian-federation">Russian Federation</a>&#32;//&#32; &#32;<a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Международен олимпийски комитет">Международен олимпийски комитет</a>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-305"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-305">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREF&#91;&#91;UEFA&#93;&#93;" class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20150102023546/http://www.uefa.com/memberassociations/uefarankings/club/">UEFA rankings for club competitions</a>&#32;//&#32; &#32;<a href="/wiki/UEFA" class="mw-redirect" title="UEFA">UEFA</a>.&#32; Архивиран от <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uefa.com/memberassociations/uefarankings/club/">оригинала</a>&#32;на 2015-01-02.&#32;Посетен на 10 април 2015.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-306"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-306">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREF&#91;&#91;UEFA&#93;&#93;" class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uefa.com/teamsandplayers/teams/club=52826/profile/index.html">FC Zenit</a>&#32;//&#32; &#32;<a href="/wiki/UEFA" class="mw-redirect" title="UEFA">UEFA</a>.&#32;Посетен на 10 април 2015.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-307"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-307">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREF&#91;&#91;UEFA&#93;&#93;" class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uefa.com/teamsandplayers/teams/club=54266/profile/index.html">PFC CSKA Moscow</a>&#32;//&#32; &#32;<a href="/wiki/UEFA" class="mw-redirect" title="UEFA">UEFA</a>.&#32;Посетен на 10 април 2015.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-308"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-308">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREF&#91;&#91;FIFA&#93;&#93;" class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20150106010830/http://www.fifa.com/aboutfifa/organisation/news/newsid=2494723/index.html">Ethics: Executive Committee unanimously supports recommendation to publish report on 2018/2022 FIFA World Cup™ bidding process</a>&#32;//&#32; &#32;<a href="/wiki/FIFA" class="mw-redirect" title="FIFA">FIFA</a>.&#32; Архивиран от <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fifa.com/aboutfifa/organisation/news/newsid=2494723/index.html">оригинала</a>&#32;на 2015-01-06.&#32;Посетен на 10 април 2015.</cite></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Източници"><span id=".D0.98.D0.B7.D1.82.D0.BE.D1.87.D0.BD.D0.B8.D1.86.D0.B8"></span>Източници</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=40" title="Редактиране на раздел: Източници" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F&amp;action=edit&amp;section=40" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Източници"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="references" style="-moz-column-count: 2; column-count: 2;"> <ul><li><cite id="CITEREFАД_ГБУВПиС2010" class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.ph/20120629003544/http://www.adgbu.ru/info/borders.html">Азово-Донское государственное бассейновое управление водных путей и судоходства</a>&#32;//&#32; &#32;АД ГБУВПиС,&#32;2010.&#32; Архивиран от <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adgbu.ru/info/borders.html">оригинала</a>&#32;на 2012-06-29.&#32;Посетен на 20 юни 2010.<span class="cite-lang">&#32;<small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на руски)</small></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFАкадемик2013" class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/bse/129105/">СССР. Физико-географические (природные) страны</a>&#32;//&#32; dic.academic.ru. &#32;Академик,&#32;2013.&#32;Посетен на 21 ноември 2013.<span class="cite-lang">&#32;<small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на руски)</small></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFБартольд1963" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Бартольд, В. Сочинения т.2 ч.1. &#32;Москва,&#32;1963.<span class="cite-lang">&#32;<small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на руски)</small></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFБлагоев2004" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Благоев, Горан. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.euro2001.net/index.shtml?page=statia&amp;file=issues/1_2004/stat_9.html">Българският дух в руското православие</a>&#32;//&#32; &#32;Европа 2001,&#32;2004.&#32;Посетен на 5 април 2010.</cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFБодянский1843" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Бодянский, Осип. О древнейшем свидетельстве, что церковно-книжный язык есть славяно-булгарский&#32;//&#32; <i>Журнал Министерства народного просвещения</i>&#32;(6). &#32;1843.<span class="cite-lang">&#32;<small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на руски)</small></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFГарант-Интернет2001" class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.constitution.ru/en/10003000-02.htm">Конституция Российской федерации</a>&#32;//&#32; &#32;Гарант-Интернет,&#32;2001.&#32;Посетен на 5 април 2010.<span class="cite-lang">&#32;<small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на руски)</small></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFГвоздецкий2010a" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Гвоздецкий, Н. А&#32;и др. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tapemark.narod.ru/geograf/2_1.html">Западно-Сибирская равнина. Общая характеристика</a>&#32;//&#32; Физическая география СССР. &#32;tapemark.narod.ru,&#32;2010a.&#32;Посетен на 29 август 2010.<span class="cite-lang">&#32;<small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на руски)</small></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFГвоздецкий2010b" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Гвоздецкий, Н. А&#32;и др. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tapemark.narod.ru/geograf/3_1.html">Средняя Сибирь. Общая характеристика</a>&#32;//&#32; Физическая география СССР. &#32;tapemark.narod.ru,&#32;2010b.&#32;Посетен на 29 август 2010.<span class="cite-lang">&#32;<small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на руски)</small></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFГвоздецкий2010c" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Гвоздецкий, Н. А&#32;и др. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tapemark.narod.ru/geograf/5_1.html">Северо-Восточная Сибирь. Общая характеристика</a>&#32;//&#32; Физическая география СССР. &#32;tapemark.narod.ru,&#32;2010c.&#32;Посетен на 29 август 2010.<span class="cite-lang">&#32;<small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на руски)</small></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFГмыря1995" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Гмыря, Л. Б. Страна гуннов у Каспийских ворот. Прикаспийский Дагестан в эпоху Великого переселения народов. &#32;Махачкала,&#32;1995.<span class="cite-lang">&#32;<small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на руски)</small></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFЗацарин2016" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Зацарин, Иван. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://histrf.ru/read/articles/imitatsiia-ghosudarstviennosti-k-99-lietiiu-riespubliki-v-rossii">Имитация государственности. К годовщине республики в России</a>&#32;//&#32; histrf.ru. &#32;histrf.ru,&#32;2016.&#32;Посетен на 2024-06-08.<span class="cite-lang">&#32;<small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на руски)</small></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFЗлатарски1994" class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D0%97%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Васил Златарски">Златарски, Васил</a>. <a href="/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%91%D1%8A%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7_%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="История на Българската държава през Средните векове">История на Българската държава през Средните векове</a>, т.1, ч.1.&#32;Второ фототипно издание. &#32;София,&#32;Академично издателство „Марин Дринов“,&#32;1994,&#32;[1918].&#32;<a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8/9544302980" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 954-430-298-0</a>.</cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFзнам.bg2008" class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.znam.bg/com/action/showArticle;jsessionid=8ADC2E12507ABE989917CDA968E3B805?encID=1&amp;article=1627948912">Печора</a>&#32;//&#32; &#32;знам.bg,&#32;2008.&#32;Посетен на 20 юни 2010.</cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFКотляков2010" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Котляков, В. М. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://slovari.yandex.ru/dict/geography/article/geo/geo3/geo-4202.htm">Северная Двина</a>&#32;//&#32; Словарь современных географических названий. &#32;Яндекс,&#32;2010.&#32;Посетен на 20 юни 2010.<span class="cite-lang">&#32;<small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на руски)</small></span></cite><sup class="noprint plainlinks Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap">[<i><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot"><abbr title="Поставено от InternetArchiveBot&#160;– март 2021">неработеща препратка</abbr></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFКучкин2019" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Кучкин, В. А. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170811144149/https://bigenc.ru/domestic_history/text/2234036">Московское великое княжество</a>&#32;//&#32; bigenc.ru. &#32;bigenc.ru,&#32;2019.&#32; Архивиран от <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bigenc.ru/domestic_history/text/2234036">оригинала</a>&#32;на 2017-08-11.&#32;Посетен на 2020-10-17.<span class="cite-lang">&#32;<small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на руски)</small></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFЛурье1956" class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bibliotekar.ru/hist1-1/55.htm">Неолит в Восточной Европе, в Средней и Северной Азии</a>&#32;//&#32;Лурье, И.&#32;и др. Всемирная история. Том 1. &#32;Москва,&#32;Госдарственное издательство политической литературы,&#32;1956.<span class="cite-lang">&#32;<small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на руски)</small></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFЛюбин2008" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Любин, В. П. Новый этап в изучении ранней преистории Кавказа&#32;//&#32; Труды II (XVIII) Всероссийского археологического съезда в Суздале в 2008 году. Т. I. &#32;Москва,&#32;ИА РАН,&#32;2008.<span class="cite-lang">&#32;<small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на руски)</small></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFМагия_Байкала2013" class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.magicbaikal.ru/objects/angara/index.htm">Река Ангара</a>&#32;//&#32; magicbaikal.ru. &#32;Магия Байкала,&#32;2013.&#32;Посетен на 15 февруари 2013.<span class="cite-lang">&#32;<small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на руски)</small></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFМороз2019" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Мороз, Виктор. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.bg/books?id=cceaDwAAQBAJ&amp;dq=дмитрий+донской+1362&amp;hl=bg&amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s">Дмитрий Донской. Эпоха перемен</a>. &#32;Litres,&#32;2019.&#32;<a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8/9785041740429" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 9785041740429</a>.<span class="cite-lang">&#32;<small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на руски)</small></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFНекипелов2003" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Некипелов, А. Д.&#32;и др. Новая Российская Энциклопедия, т. 1. &#32;Москва,&#32;Энциклопедия,&#32;2003.&#32;<a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8/5948020037" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 5-94802-003-7</a>.<span class="cite-lang">&#32;<small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на руски)</small></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFНестеров1996" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Нестеров, С. П. Талаканская группа памятников раннего железного века в Западном Приамурье // Новейшие археологические и этнографические открытия в Сибири. &#32;Новосибирск,&#32;1996.<span class="cite-lang">&#32;<small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на руски)</small></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFПлетнёва1982" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Плетнёва, С. А. Кочевники Средневековья: поиски исторических закономерностей. &#32;Москва,&#32;Наука,&#32;1982.<span class="cite-lang">&#32;<small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на руски)</small></span></cite></li></ul> <p><cite id="CITEREFПочекаев2004" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Почекаев, Р. Ю. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120326071531/http://www.kyrgyz.ru/?page=285">Суд и правосудие в Золотой Орде</a>&#32;//&#32; Правоведение. &#32;kyrgyz.ru,&#32;2004.&#32; Архивиран от <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kyrgyz.ru/?page=285">оригинала</a>&#32;на 2012-03-26.&#32;Посетен на 2012-03-26.<span class="cite-lang">&#32;<small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на руски)</small></span></cite> </p> <ul><li><cite id="CITEREFТимошина2015" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Тимошина, Т. М. Экономическая история России. &#32;Москва,&#32;Юстицинформ,&#32;2015.<span class="cite-lang">&#32;<small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на руски)</small></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFФедеральная_служба_геодезии_и_картографии_России2000" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Атлас мира. &#32;Федеральная служба геодезии и картографии России,&#32;2000.&#32;<a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8/9785855760958" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 9785855760958</a>.<span class="cite-lang">&#32;<small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на руски)</small></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFХудяков2001" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Худяков, Ю. С. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141219033019/http://www.kyrgyz.ru/?page=67">Проблемы истории древних кыргызов (первоначальное расселение)</a>&#32;//&#32; <i>Этнографическое обозрение</i>&#32;5. &#32;2001.&#32; Архивиран от <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kyrgyz.ru/?page=67">оригинала</a>&#32;на 2014-12-19.&#32;Посетен на 2014-01-10.<span class="cite-lang">&#32;<small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на руски)</small></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFШкольник2019" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Школьник, Юлия. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.bg/books?id=jIG0DwAAQBAJ&amp;dq=митрополит+москва+1325&amp;hl=bg&amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s">История России. Панорама нужных знаний</a>. &#32;Litres,&#32;2019.&#32;<a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8/9785041927417" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 9785041927417</a>.<span class="cite-lang">&#32;<small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на руски)</small></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFAnikovich2007" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Anikovich, M. V.&#32;et al. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120204022140/http://www.sciencemag.org/content/315/5809/223.abstract">Early Upper Paleolithic in Eastern Europe and Implications for the Dispersal of Modern Humans</a>&#32;//&#32; <i>Science</i>&#32;315&#32;(5809). &#32;2007.&#32;DOI:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1133376">10.1126/science.1133376</a>.&#32;p.&#160;223 – 226.&#32; Архивиран от <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/content/315/5809/223.abstract">оригинала</a>&#32;на 2012-02-04.<span class="cite-lang">&#32;<small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFArizona_State_University2013" class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303182454/http://wmo.asu.edu/northern-hemisphere-lowest-temperature">Northern Hemisphere: Lowest Temperature</a>&#32;//&#32; wmo.asu.edu. &#32;Arizona State University,&#32;2013.&#32; Архивиран от <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wmo.asu.edu/northern-hemisphere-lowest-temperature">оригинала</a>&#32;на 2016-03-03.&#32;Посетен на 22 ноември 2013.<span class="cite-lang">&#32;<small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFBBC2014" class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20131031162809/http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/ecozones/Palearctic_ecozone">Palearctic ecozone</a>&#32;//&#32; bbc.co.uk. &#32;BBC,&#32;2014.&#32; Архивиран от <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/ecozones/Palearctic_ecozone">оригинала</a>&#32;на 2013-10-31.&#32;Посетен на 1 януари 2014.<span class="cite-lang">&#32;<small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFBowersock1999" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Bowersock, Glen Warren&#32;et al. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lateantiquitygui00bowe">Late Antiquity: A Guide to the Postclassical World</a>. &#32;Harvard University Press,&#32;1999.&#32;<a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8/9780674511736" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 9780674511736</a>.<span class="cite-lang">&#32;<small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFCanadian_Institute_of_Ukrainian_Studies2001" class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages\B\O\BosporanKingdom.htm">Bosporan Kingdom</a>&#32;//&#32; encyclopediaofukraine.com. &#32;Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies,&#32;2001.&#32;Посетен на 10 януари 2014.<span class="cite-lang">&#32;<small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFCenter_for_Russian_Nature_Conservation2013" class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wild-russia.org/">Protected Areas, Nature Conservation, Zapovedniks and National Parks</a>&#32;//&#32; wild-russia.org. &#32;Center for Russian Nature Conservation,&#32;2013.&#32;Посетен на 29 ноември 2013.<span class="cite-lang">&#32;<small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFChristian1998" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Christian, David. A history of Russia, Central Asia and Mongolia, Vol. 1: Inner Eurasia from prehistory to the Mongol Empire. &#32;Blackwell,&#32;1998.<span class="cite-lang">&#32;<small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFCIA2010" class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110604195034/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2001rank.html">Country Comparison:: GDP (purchasing power parity)</a>&#32;//&#32; CIA – The World Factbook. &#32;CIA,&#32;2010.&#32; Архивиран от <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2001rank.html">оригинала</a>&#32;на 2011-06-04.&#32;Посетен на 5 април 2010.<span class="cite-lang">&#32;<small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFCoughlin2007" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Coughlin, Con. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/personal-view/3639160/Russia-on-the-march-again.html">Russia on the march – again</a>&#32;//&#32; &#32;Telegraph,&#32;2007.&#32;Посетен на 5 март 2010.<span class="cite-lang">&#32;<small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFCurtis1996a" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Curtis, Glenn E. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://countrystudies.us/russia/3.htm">Muscovy</a>&#32;//&#32; countrystudies.us. &#32;Library of Congress,&#32;1996a.&#32;Посетен на 2021-01-16.<span class="cite-lang">&#32;<small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFCurtis1996b" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Curtis, Glenn E. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://countrystudies.us/russia/5.htm">Ruling the Empire</a>&#32;//&#32; countrystudies.us. &#32;Library of Congress,&#32;1996b.&#32;Посетен на 2022-11-12.<span class="cite-lang">&#32;<small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFCurtis1998a" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Curtis, Glenn E. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927230631/http://www.shsu.edu/~his_ncp/Kievan.html">Kievan Rus' and Mongol Periods</a>&#32;//&#32; shsu.edu. &#32;shsu.edu,&#32;1998a.&#32; Архивиран от <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shsu.edu/~his_ncp/Kievan.html">оригинала</a>&#32;на 2007-09-27.&#32;Посетен на 2007-07-20.<span class="cite-lang">&#32;<small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFCurtis1998b" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Curtis, Glenn E. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://countrystudies.us/russia/8.htm">Russia – Revolutions and Civil War</a>&#32;//&#32; &#32;Federal Research Division of the Library of Congress,&#32;1998b.&#32;Посетен на 2021-06-25.<span class="cite-lang">&#32;<small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFDi_Cosmo2002" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Di Cosmo, Nicola. Ancient China and its Enemies: The Rise of Nomadic Power in East Asian History. &#32;Cambridge University Press,&#32;2002.&#32;<a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8/0521770645" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0521770645</a>.<span class="cite-lang">&#32;<small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFDOALOS/OLA2002" class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20020527001202/http://www.un.org:80/Depts/los/LEGISLATIONANDTREATIES/PDFFILES/TREATIES/USA-RUS1990MB.PDF">Agreement between the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics on the maritime boundary, 1 юни 1990&#32;(PDF)</a>&#32;//&#32; &#32;DOALOS/OLA,&#32;2002.&#32; Архивиран от <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.un.org/Depts/los/LEGISLATIONANDTREATIES/PDFFILES/TREATIES/USA-RUS1990MB.PDF">оригинала</a>&#32;на 2002-05-27.&#32;Посетен на 19 април 2010.<span class="cite-lang">&#32;<small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFDoctorow1976" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Doctorow, Gilbert S. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_russian-review_1976-01_35_1/page/33">The Fundamental State Laws of 23 April 1906</a>&#32;//&#32; <i>The Russian Review</i>&#32;35. &#32;1976.&#32;DOI:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/127655">10.2307/127655</a>.&#32;p.&#160;33 – 52.<span class="cite-lang">&#32;<small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFDolukhanov1996" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Dolukhanov, P.M. The Early Slavs: Eastern Europe and the Initial Settlement to Kievan Rus. &#32;London,&#32;Longman,&#32;1996.<span class="cite-lang">&#32;<small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFEgorov2023" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Egorov, Boris. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rbth.com/history/336048-russian-civil-war">All you need to know about the Russian Civil War</a>&#32;//&#32; rbth.com. &#32;rbth.com,&#32;2023.&#32;Посетен на 2024-06-08.<span class="cite-lang">&#32;<small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFEncyclopædia_Britannica2010a" class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/411013/Neva-River">Neva River</a>&#32;//&#32; Encyclopædia Britannica Online. &#32;Encyclopædia Britannica,&#32;2010a.&#32;Посетен на 20 юни 2010.<span class="cite-lang">&#32;<small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFEncyclopædia_Britannica2010b" class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/619028/Ural-Mountains">Ural Mountains</a>&#32;//&#32; Encyclopædia Britannica Online. &#32;Encyclopædia Britannica,&#32;2010b.&#32;Посетен на 28 август 2010.<span class="cite-lang">&#32;<small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFEncyclopædia_Britannica2014a" class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/524377/Sarmatian">Sarmatian</a>&#32;//&#32; Encyclopædia Britannica Online. &#32;Encyclopædia Britannica,&#32;2014a.&#32;Посетен на 10 януари 2014.<span class="cite-lang">&#32;<small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFEncyclopædia_Britannica2014b" class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/512998/Rurik-Dynasty">Rurik Dynasty</a>&#32;//&#32; Encyclopædia Britannica Online. &#32;Encyclopædia Britannica,&#32;2014b.&#32;Посетен на 7 февруари 2014.<span class="cite-lang">&#32;<small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFEncyclopædia_Britannica2016" class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/grand-duchy-of-Lithuania">Grand duchy of Lithuania</a>&#32;//&#32; Encyclopædia Britannica Online. &#32;Encyclopædia Britannica,&#32;2016.&#32;Посетен на 2021-01-16.<span class="cite-lang">&#32;<small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFEncyclopædia_Britannica2020" class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Khazar">Khazar</a>&#32;//&#32; Encyclopædia Britannica Online. &#32;Encyclopædia Britannica,&#32;2020.&#32;Посетен на 2020-04-08.<span class="cite-lang">&#32;<small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFEsthusOctober_1981" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Esthus, Raymond A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_russian-review_1981-10_40_4/page/396">Nicholas II and the Russo-Japanese War</a>&#32;//&#32; <i>The Russian Review</i>&#32;40. &#32;October 1981.&#32;DOI:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/129919">10.2307/129919</a>.&#32;p.&#160;396 – 411.<span class="cite-lang">&#32;<small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFFAO2010" class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/docrep/013/i1757e/i1757e.pdf">Global Forest Resources Assesment 2010. Main Report&#32;(PDF)</a>&#32;//&#32; fao.org. &#32;FAO,&#32;2010.&#32;Посетен на 29 ноември 2013.<span class="cite-lang">&#32;<small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFFiges2017-10-25" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Figes, Orlando. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210415111202/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/history-magazine/article/russian-revolution-history-lenin">From Tsar to U.S.S.R.: Russia's Chaotic Year of Revolution</a>&#32;//&#32; National Geographic. &#32;2017-10-25.&#32; Архивиран от <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/history-magazine/article/russian-revolution-history-lenin">оригинала</a>&#32;на 2021-04-15.&#32;Посетен на 2021-11-27.<span class="cite-lang">&#32;<small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFFisher1981" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Fisher, R .H. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/voyageofsemendez0000unse">The Voyage of Semen Dezhnev in 1648: Bering's precursor</a>. &#32;London,&#32;Hakluyt Society,&#32;1981.&#32;<a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8/9780904180077" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-904180-07-7</a>.<span class="cite-lang">&#32;<small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFForster1970" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Forster, Robert. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/preconditionsofr0000fors">Preconditions of Revolution in Early Modern Europe</a>. &#32;Baltimore,&#32;Johns Hopkins,&#32;1970.&#32;<a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8/9780801811760" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 9780801811760</a>.<span class="cite-lang">&#32;<small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFFrank1995" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Frank, Goodwin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_slavic-and-east-european-journal_winter-1995_39_4/page/641">Review: [Untitled</a>]&#32;//&#32; <i>The Slavic and East European Journal</i>&#32;39&#32;(4). &#32;1995.&#32;DOI:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/309128">10.2307/309128</a>.&#32;p.&#160;641 – 643.<span class="cite-lang">&#32;<small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFFranklin1996" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Franklin, Simon&#32;et al. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/emergenceofrus750000fran">The Emergence of Rus 750 – 1200</a>. &#32;London,&#32;Longman,&#32;1996.&#32;<a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8/058249091X" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-582-49091-X</a>.<span class="cite-lang">&#32;<small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFFromkin1980" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Fromkin, David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_foreign-affairs_spring-1980_58_4/page/936">The Great Game in Asia</a>&#32;//&#32; <i>Foreign Affairs</i>&#32;58. &#32;1980.&#32;DOI:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20040512">10.2307/20040512</a>.&#32;p.&#160;936 – 951.<span class="cite-lang">&#32;<small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFGrey1973-09-09" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Grey, Ian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historytoday.com/archive/decembrists-russia’s-first-revolutionaries">The Decembrists: Russia's First Revolutionaries</a>&#32;//&#32; <i>History Today</i>&#32;23&#32;(9). &#32;1973-09-09.<span class="cite-lang">&#32;<small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFGunterMarch_2013" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Gunter, Michael M. War and Diplomacy: The Russo-Turkish War of 1877 – 1878 and the Treaty of Berlin&#32;//&#32; <i>Journal of World History</i>&#32;24. &#32;University of Hawaiʻi Press,&#32;March 2013.&#32;DOI:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jwh.2013.0031">10.1353/jwh.2013.0031</a>.&#32;p.&#160;231 – 233.<span class="cite-lang">&#32;<small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFInfolio" class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.infoliolib.info/rlit/pvl/pvl1.html">Повесть временных лет</a>&#32;//&#32; &#32;Infolio.&#32;Посетен на 24 юни 2008.<span class="cite-lang">&#32;<small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на руски)</small></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFGimbutasSpring/Summer_1985" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Gimbutas, Marija. Primary and Secondary Homeland of the Indo-Europeans: comments on Gamkrelidze-Ivanov articles&#32;//&#32; <i>Journal of Indo-European Studies</i>&#32;13&#32;(1&amp;2). &#32;Spring/Summer&#32;1985.&#32;p.&#160;185 – 201.<span class="cite-lang">&#32;<small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFGoebel2008" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Goebel, Ted&#32;et al. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110613043429/http://www.centerfirstamericans.com/cfsa-publications/Science2008.pdf">The Late Pleistocene dispersal of modern humans in the Americas&#32;(PDF)</a>&#32;//&#32; <i>Science</i>&#32;319&#32;(5869). &#32;2008.&#32;DOI:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1153569">10.1126/science.1153569</a>.&#32;p.&#160;1497 – 1502.&#32; Архивиран от <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.centerfirstamericans.com/cfsa-publications/Science2008.pdf">оригинала</a>&#32;на 2011-06-13.&#32;Посетен на 5 февруари 2010.<span class="cite-lang">&#32;<small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFGolden1990" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Golden, Peter. B. Chapter 13 – The Karakhanids and Early Islam&#32;//&#32;Sinor, Denis. The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia, Cambridge University Press. &#32;1990.<span class="cite-lang">&#32;<small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFGuzman1988" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Guzman, Gregory G. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_historian_1988-08_50_4/page/568">Were the barbarians a negative or positive factor in ancient and medieval history?</a>&#32;//&#32; <i>The Historian</i>&#32;50. &#32;1988.&#32;p.&#160;568 – 570.<span class="cite-lang">&#32;<small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFHughes2000" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Hughes, Lindsey. Russia in the Age of Peter the Great. &#32;Yale University Press,&#32;2000.&#32;<a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8/9780300082661" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-300-08266-1</a>.<span class="cite-lang">&#32;<small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFKallio2006" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Kallio, Petri. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kotikielenseura.fi/virittaja/hakemistot/jutut/2006_2.pdf">Suomen kantakielten absoluuttista kronologiaa</a>&#32;//&#32; <i>Virittäjä</i>&#32;1. &#32;2006.&#32;с.&#160;2 – 25.<span class="cite-lang">&#32;<small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на фински)</small></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFKim2013" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Kim, Hyun Jin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hunsromebirthofe0000kimh">The Huns, Rome and the Birth of Europe</a>. &#32;Cambridge University Press,&#32;2013.&#32;<a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8/9781107009066" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 9781107009066</a>.<span class="cite-lang">&#32;<small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFKotilaine2004" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Kotilaine, Jarmo&#32;et al. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780415307512">Modernizing Muscovy: Reform and Social Change in Seventeenth-Century Russia</a>. &#32;Routledge,&#32;2004.&#32;<a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8/0415307511" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-415-30751-1</a>.<span class="cite-lang">&#32;<small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFLlewellyn2018" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Llewellyn, Jennifer&#32;et al. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://alphahistory.com/russianrevolution/october-revolution/">The October Revolution</a>&#32;//&#32; alphahistory.com. &#32;Alpha History,&#32;2018.&#32;Посетен на 2024-06-08.<span class="cite-lang">&#32;<small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFLibrary_of_Congress1989" class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.is/xqxM">Hungary. Early History</a>&#32;//&#32; lcweb2.loc.gov. &#32;Library of Congress,&#32;1989.&#32; Архивиран от <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+hu0013)">оригинала</a>&#32;на 5 декември 2012.&#32;Посетен на 7 февруари 2014.<span class="cite-lang">&#32;<small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFLibrary_of_Congress2007" class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://countrystudies.us/russia/24.htm">Climate</a>&#32;//&#32; &#32;Library of Congress,&#32;2007.&#32;Посетен на 26 декември 2007.<span class="cite-lang">&#32;<small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFLöwe2009" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Löwe, Heinz-Dietrich. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uni-heidelberg.de/fakultaeten/philosophie/zegk/sog/loewe_artikel_the_reign.html">The Pogroms of the Early Eighties: Political Crisis and Popular Resentment</a>&#32;//&#32; The Reign of Alexander III: From Pogroms to Counter-Reforms. &#32;uni-heidelberg.de,&#32;2009.&#32;Посетен на 2023-03-19.<span class="cite-lang">&#32;<small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFLu1996" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Lu, Simian. A History of Ethnic Groups in China. &#32;Beijing,&#32;Oriental Press,&#32;1996.<span class="cite-lang">&#32;<small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFMapsofworld.com2009" class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mapsofworld.com/world-ocean-map.htm">World Ocean Map</a>&#32;//&#32; &#32;Mapsofworld.com,&#32;2009.&#32;Посетен на 19 април 2010.<span class="cite-lang">&#32;<small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFMaranzani2020" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Maranzani, Barbara. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.history.com/news/8-things-you-didnt-know-about-catherine-the-great">8 Things You Didn’t Know About Catherine the Great</a>&#32;//&#32; history.com. &#32;history.com,&#32;2020.&#32;Посетен на 2021-05-08.<span class="cite-lang">&#32;<small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFMartin1995" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Martin, Janet. Medieval Russia, 980 – 1584. &#32;Cambridge University Press,&#32;1995.&#32;ISBN 052136832.<span class="cite-lang">&#32;<small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFMawdsley2007" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Mawdsley, Evan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/russiancivilwar00evan">The Russian Civil War</a>. &#32;New York,&#32;Pegasus,&#32;2007.&#32;<a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8/9781681770093" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-1-681-77009-3</a>.<span class="cite-lang">&#32;<small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFMayr2006" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Mayr, Walter&#32;et al. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spiegel.de/international/spiegel/0,1518,426393,00.html">A Former Superpower Rises Again</a>&#32;//&#32; &#32;Spiegel Online,&#32;2006.&#32;Посетен на 5 април 2010.<span class="cite-lang">&#32;<small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFMerzliakova1_ноември_1997" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Merzliakova, I. A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.ph/20160428185844/http://enrin.grida.no/biodiv/biodiv/national/russia/state/00440.htm">List of animals of the Red Data Book of Russian Federation</a>&#32;//&#32; &#32;UNEP/GRID–Arendal,&#32;1 ноември 1997.&#32; Архивиран от <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://enrin.grida.no/biodiv/biodiv/national/russia/state/00440.htm">оригинала</a>&#32;на 2016-04-28.&#32;Посетен на 27 април 2010.<span class="cite-lang">&#32;<small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFMilner-Gulland1997" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Milner-Gulland, R. R. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/?id=BgJjHFwmj2UC&amp;pg=PA1">The Russians: The People of Europe</a>. &#32;Blackwell Publishing,&#32;1997.&#32;<a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8/0631218491" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-631-21849-1</a>.<span class="cite-lang">&#32;<small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFmoscow.org2016" class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://moscow.org/moscow/">История Москвы</a>&#32;//&#32; moscow.org. &#32;moscow.org,&#32;2016.&#32;Посетен на 2020-10-17.<span class="cite-lang">&#32;<small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на руски)</small></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFMosseApril_1964" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Mosse, W. E. Interlude: The Russian Provisional Government 1917&#32;//&#32; <i>Soviet Studies (Europe-Asia Studies)</i>&#32;15. &#32;Taylor &amp; Francis,&#32;April 1964.&#32;p.&#160;408&#160;– 419.<span class="cite-lang">&#32;<small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFmsnbc2008" class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/24443419/">Russians weigh an enigma with Putin’s protégé</a>&#32;//&#32; &#32;msnbc,&#32;2008.&#32;Посетен на 5 април 2010.<span class="cite-lang">&#32;<small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFNational_Geographic_Society2009a" class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://maps.nationalgeographic.com/maps/atlas/europe-geopolitical.html">Europe Geopolitical Map</a>&#32;//&#32; Atlas Explorer. &#32;National Geographic Society,&#32;2009a.&#32;Посетен на 19 април 2010.<span class="cite-lang">&#32;<small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFNational_Geographic_Society2009b" class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://maps.nationalgeographic.com/maps/atlas/asia-geopolitical.html">Asia Geopolitical Map</a>&#32;//&#32; Atlas Explorer. &#32;National Geographic Society,&#32;2009b.&#32;Посетен на 19 април 2010.<span class="cite-lang">&#32;<small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFNoonan1999" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Noonan, Thomas S. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com.au/books?id=u-SsbHs5zTAC&amp;pg=PA508">The New Cambridge Medieval History: Volume 3, C.900-c.1024</a>. &#32;Cambridge University Press,&#32;1999.&#32;<a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8/9780521364478" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-521-36447-8</a>.<span class="cite-lang">&#32;<small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFOzavci2021" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Ozavci, Ozan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20221112140041/https://academic.oup.com/book/39829/chapter/339962977">Dangerous Gifts: Imperialism, Security, and Civil Wars in the Levant, 1798 – 1864 Dangerous Gifts: Imperialism, Security, and Civil Wars in the Levant, 1798 – 1864</a>. &#32;Oxford University Press,&#32;2021.&#32;<a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8/9780191888441" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 9780191888441</a>.&#32;p.&#160;158 – 176.&#32; Архивиран от <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/book/39829/chapter/339962977">оригинала</a>&#32;на 2022-11-12.<span class="cite-lang">&#32;<small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFParallelsixty.com2010" class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180201064748/http://www.parallelsixty.com/history-russia.shtml">History of Russia from Early Slavs history and Kievan Rus to Romanovs dynasty</a>&#32;//&#32; Parallelsixty.com. &#32;Parallelsixty.com,&#32;2010.&#32; Архивиран от <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parallelsixty.com/history-russia.shtml">оригинала</a>&#32;на 2018-02-01.&#32;Посетен на 2010-04-27.<span class="cite-lang">&#32;<small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFPeel2007" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Peel, M. C.&#32;et al. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/11/1633/2007/hess-11-1633-2007.pdf">Updated world map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification</a>&#32;//&#32; <i>Hydrology and Earth System Sciences</i>&#32;11. &#32;2007.&#32;p.&#160;1633 – 1644.<span class="cite-lang">&#32;<small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFPipes1974" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Pipes, Richard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/russiaunderoldre00pipe">Russia under the old regime</a>. &#32;New York,&#32;Charles Scribner's Sons,&#32;1974.&#32;<a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8/0684148269" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-684-14826-9</a>.<span class="cite-lang">&#32;<small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFPohl1998" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Pohl, Walter. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kroraina.com/bulgar/pohl_etnicity.html">Conceptions of Ethnicity in Early Medieval Studies</a>&#32;//&#32;Little, Lester K.&#32;et al. Debating the Middle Ages: Issues and Readings. &#32;Blackwell,&#32;1998.&#32;p.&#160;13 – 24.<span class="cite-lang">&#32;<small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFProthero1909" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Prothero, G. W.&#32;et al. The Cambridge Modern History. Vol. 6. &#32;Cambridge,&#32;Cambridge University Press,&#32;1909.<span class="cite-lang">&#32;<small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFProTown.ru2009" class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110106182806/http://protown.ru/information/hide/4351.html">Самая высокая гора в России</a>&#32;//&#32; &#32;ProTown.ru,&#32;2009.&#32; Архивиран от <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://protown.ru/information/hide/4351.html">оригинала</a>&#32;на 2011-01-06.&#32;Посетен на 28 август 2010.<span class="cite-lang">&#32;<small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на руски)</small></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFRIA_Novosti2009" class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.rian.ru/mlitary_news/20090820/155866985.html">Russian state defense order for 2010 planned at $35 bln</a>&#32;//&#32; &#32;RIA Novosti,&#32;2009.&#32;Посетен на 5 април 2010.<span class="cite-lang">&#32;<small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFRóna-Tas1998" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Róna-Tas, András. The Reconstruction of Proto-Turkic and the Genetic Question&#32;//&#32;Johanson, Lars&#32;et al. The Turkic Languages. &#32;Taylor &amp; Francis,&#32;1998.&#32;<a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8/9780415082006" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 9780415082006</a>.<span class="cite-lang">&#32;<small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFSakwa1999" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Sakwa, Richard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/risefallofsoviet0000sakw">The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Union, 1917–1991</a>. &#32;Routledge,&#32;1999.&#32;<a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8/9780415122900" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-415-12290-0</a>.<span class="cite-lang">&#32;<small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFSchindler2003" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Schindler, John. Steamrollered in Galicia: The Austro-Hungarian Army and the Brusilov Offensive, 1916.&#32;//&#32; <i>War in History</i>&#32;10. &#32;2003.&#32;DOI:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1191/0968344503wh260oa">10.1191/0968344503wh260oa</a>.&#32;p.&#160;27&#160;– 59.<span class="cite-lang">&#32;<small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFSchmittApril_1924" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Schmitt, Bernadotte E. Triple Alliance and Triple Entente, 1902&#160;– 1914&#32;//&#32; <i>The American Historical Review</i>&#32;29. &#32;Oxford University Press,&#32;April 1924.&#32;DOI:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1836520">10.2307/1836520</a>.&#32;p.&#160;449&#160;– 473.<span class="cite-lang">&#32;<small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFsci-lib.com2010" class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bse.sci-lib.com/article006812.html">Восточно-Европейская равнина</a>&#32;//&#32; Большая Советская Энциклопедия. &#32;sci-lib.com,&#32;2010.&#32;Посетен на 20 юни 2010.<span class="cite-lang">&#32;<small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на руски)</small></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFSinor1990" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Sinor, Denis. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/?id=ST6TRNuWmHsC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;dq=cambridge+inner+asia">The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia</a>. &#32;Cambridge University Press,&#32;1990.&#32;<a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8/9780521243049" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 9780521243049</a>.<span class="cite-lang">&#32;<small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFSkocpol1988" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Skocpol, Theda. States and Social Revolutions: A Comparative Analysis of France, Russia, and China. &#32;Cambridge University Press,&#32;1988.<span class="cite-lang">&#32;<small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFSolovyov2001a" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Solovyov, S. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://militera.lib.ru/common/solovyev1/09_01.html">History of Russia from the Earliest Times</a>.&#32;Т. 9, ch.1. &#32;AST,&#32;2001a.&#32;<a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8/5170021429" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 5-17-002142-9</a>.&#32;Посетен на 27 декември 2001.<span class="cite-lang">&#32;<small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFSolovyov2001" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Solovyov, S. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://militera.lib.ru/common/solovyev1/15_01.html">History of Russia from the Earliest Times</a>.&#32;Т. 15, ch.1. &#32;AST,&#32;2001.<span class="cite-lang">&#32;<small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFStone2006" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Stone, David R. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/militaryhistoryo0000ston">A Military History of Russia: From Ivan the Terrible to the War in Chechnya</a>. &#32;Praeger Security International,&#32;2006.&#32;<a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8/0275985024" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-275-98502-4</a>.<span class="cite-lang">&#32;<small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFTaranovski1984" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Taranovski, Theodore. Alexander III and his Bureaucracy: The Limitations on Autocratic Power&#32;//&#32; <i>Canadian Slavonic Papers</i>&#32;26&#32;(2/3). &#32;1984.&#32;DOI:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00085006.1984.11091776">10.1080/00085006.1984.11091776</a>.&#32;p.&#160;207 – 219.<span class="cite-lang">&#32;<small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFUNEP/DEWA~Europe2010" class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100406024821/http://www.grid.unep.ch/product/publication/freshwater_europe/volga.php">Volga River Basin</a>&#32;//&#32; Freshwater in Europe. &#32;UNEP/DEWA~Europe,&#32;2010.&#32; Архивиран от <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.grid.unep.ch/product/publication/freshwater_europe/volga.php">оригинала</a>&#32;на 2010-04-06.&#32;Посетен на 20 юни 2010.<span class="cite-lang">&#32;<small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFUNESCO2011" class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20111223120451/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/natural-sciences/environment/ecological-sciences/biosphere-reserves/europe-north-america/russian-federation/">Russian Federation</a>&#32;//&#32; unesco.org. &#32;UNESCO,&#32;2011.&#32; Архивиран от <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unesco.org/new/en/natural-sciences/environment/ecological-sciences/biosphere-reserves/europe-north-america/russian-federation/">оригинала</a>&#32;на 2011-12-23.&#32;Посетен на 29 ноември 2013.<span class="cite-lang">&#32;<small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFUNESCO_World_Heritage_Centre" class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/754">Lake Baikal</a>&#32;//&#32; &#32;UNESCO World Heritage Centre.&#32;Посетен на 26 декември 2007.<span class="cite-lang">&#32;<small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFUnited_Nations_Statistics_Division2007" class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2007/Table03.pdf">Demographic Yearbook—Table 3: Population by sex, rate of population increase, surface area and density&#32;(PDF)</a>&#32;//&#32; &#32;United Nations Statistics Division,&#32;2007.&#32;Посетен на 26 август 2009.<span class="cite-lang">&#32;<small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States_Geological_Survey" class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://marine.usgs.gov/fact-sheets/baikal/">Lake Baikal—A Touchstone for Global Change and Rift Studies</a>&#32;//&#32; &#32;United States Geological Survey.&#32;Посетен на 26 декември 2007.<span class="cite-lang">&#32;<small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFUrban1983" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Urban, William. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120808094814/http://www.lituanus.org/1983_3/83_3_02.htm">The Origin of the Livonian War, 1558</a>&#32;//&#32; <i>Lithuanian Quarterly Journal of Arts and Sciences</i>&#32;29&#32;(3). &#32;1983.&#32; Архивиран от <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lituanus.org/1983_3/83_3_02.htm">оригинала</a>&#32;на 2012-08-08.<span class="cite-lang">&#32;<small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFVernadsky1973" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Vernadsky, George. Kievan Russia. &#32;Yale University Press,&#32;1973.&#32;<a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8/9780300016475" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 9780300016475</a>.<span class="cite-lang">&#32;<small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFVincent1981" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Vincent, J. R. The Parliamentary Dimension of the Crimean War&#32;//&#32; <i>Transactions of the Royal Historical Society</i>&#32;31. &#32;Cambridge University Press,&#32;1981.&#32;DOI:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3679044">10.2307/3679044</a>.&#32;p.&#160;37 – 49.<span class="cite-lang">&#32;<small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFWalsh19_септември_2003" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Walsh, N. P. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2003/sep/19/environment.russia">It's Europe's lungs and home to many rare species. But to Russia it's £100bn of wood</a>&#32;//&#32; &#32;Guardian,&#32;19 септември 2003.&#32;Посетен на 26 декември 2007.<span class="cite-lang">&#32;<small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFWilliamson_Jr.1988" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Williamson Jr., Samuel R. The Origins of World War I&#32;//&#32; <i>The Journal of Interdisciplinary History</i>&#32;18. &#32;The MIT Press,&#32;1988.&#32;DOI:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/204825">10.2307/204825</a>.&#32;p.&#160;795&#160;– 818.<span class="cite-lang">&#32;<small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFWood2011" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Wood, Alan. Russia's Frozen Frontier: A History of Siberia and the Russian Far East 1581 – 1991. &#32;2011.&#32;<a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8/9780340971246" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-340-97124-6</a>.<span class="cite-lang">&#32;<small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFZenkovsky10_1957" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Zenkovsky, Serge A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_russian-review_1957-10_16_4/page/37">The Russian Church Schism: Its Background and Repercussions</a>&#32;//&#32; <i>Russian Review</i>&#32;16&#32;(4). &#32;Blackwell Publishing,&#32;10&#32;1957.&#32;DOI:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/125748">10.2307/125748</a>.&#32;p.&#160;37.&#32;Посетен на 2007-07-23.<span class="cite-lang">&#32;<small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFZenkovskyOctober_1961" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Zenkovsky, Serge A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_russian-review_1961-10_20_4/page/280">The Emancipation of the Serfs in Retrospect</a>&#32;//&#32; <i>The Russian Review</i>&#32;20. &#32;Wiley,&#32;October 1961.&#32;DOI:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/126692">10.2307/126692</a>.&#32;p.&#160;280 – 293.<span class="cite-lang">&#32;<small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Вижте_също"><span id=".D0.92.D0.B8.D0.B6.D1.82.D0.B5_.D1.81.D1.8A.D1.89.D0.BE"></span>Вижте също</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a 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transparent;border:none;">п</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a class="external text" href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0:%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0"><abbr title="Беседа на шаблона" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">б</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD:%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0&amp;action=edit"><abbr title="Редактиране на шаблона" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">р</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div style="font-size:110%;"> <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8A%D0%BA_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5_%D0%B2_%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="Списък на страните в Европа">Страни и територии</a> в <a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="Европа">Европа</a></div></th></tr><tr style="height:2px;"><td></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="vertical-align: top;;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8A%D0%BA_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5_%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B4%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Списък на международно признатите суверенни държави">Държави</a></th><td class="navbox-list nowraplinks navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Австрия">Австрия</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Азербайджан">Азербайджан</a><sup>5</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Албания">Албания</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Андора">Андора</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Армения">Армения</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81" title="Беларус">Беларус</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Белгия">Белгия</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B8_%D0%A5%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Босна и Херцеговина">Босна и Херцеговина</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D1%8A%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="България">България</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Ватикан">Ватикан</a><sup>6</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Германия">Германия</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Грузия">Грузия</a><sup>5</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D1%8A%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Гърция">Гърция</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Дания">Дания</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Естония">Естония</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Испания">Испания</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%98%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="Република Ирландия">Ирландия</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Исландия">Исландия</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Италия">Италия</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Казахстан">Казахстан</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BF%D1%8A%D1%80" title="Република Кипър">Кипър</a><sup>5, 6</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Латвия">Латвия</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Литва">Литва</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%85%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%89%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD" title="Лихтенщайн">Лихтенщайн</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8E%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Люксембург">Люксембург</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Малта">Малта</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Молдова">Молдова</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Монако">Монако</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Нидерландия">Нидерландия</a><sup>4</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Норвегия">Норвегия</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B8_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%98%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Обединено кралство Великобритания и Северна Ирландия">Обединено кралство</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%88%D0%B0" title="Полша">Полша</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Португалия">Португалия</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%8A%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Румъния">Румъния</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Русия</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Сан Марино">Сан Марино</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Северна Македония">Северна Македония</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Словакия">Словакия</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Словения">Словения</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Суверенен Малтийски орден">Суверенен Малтийски орден</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Сърбия">Сърбия</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Турция">Турция</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Украйна">Украйна</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Унгария">Унгария</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Финландия">Финландия</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Франция">Франция</a><sup>2, 3, 4</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Хърватия">Хърватия</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Черна гора">Черна гора</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Чехия">Чехия</a><sup>6</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Швейцария">Швейцария</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Швеция">Швеция</a></li></ul></div></td><td class="navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:0.01%;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px;"><div> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Blank_map_of_Europe_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Blank_map_of_Europe_cropped.svg/100px-Blank_map_of_Europe_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Blank_map_of_Europe_cropped.svg/150px-Blank_map_of_Europe_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Blank_map_of_Europe_cropped.svg/200px-Blank_map_of_Europe_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="593" data-file-height="606" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px;"><td></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="vertical-align: top;;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8A%D0%BA_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8_%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="Списък на зависими територии">Зависими територии</a></th><td class="navbox-list nowraplinks navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;background:#EDEDFF;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%B8_%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Акротири и Декелия">Акротири и Декелия</a><sup>5</sup> <small>(<a href="/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="Обединено кралство">Обединено кралство</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Гибралтар">Гибралтар</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="Обединено кралство">Обединено кралство</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="Гърнси">Гърнси</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="Обединено кралство">Обединено кралство</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D1%8A%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Джърси">Джърси</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="Обединено кралство">Обединено кралство</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD_(%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2)" title="Ман (остров)">Ман</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="Обединено кралство">Обединено кралство</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8C%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Фарьорски острови">Фарьорски острови</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Дания">Дания</a>)</small></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px;"><td></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="vertical-align: top;;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%B4%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Непризнати държави">Непризнати държави</a></th><td class="navbox-list nowraplinks navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;background:#EDEDFF;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Косово">Косово</a><sup>6</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Приднестровие">Приднестровие</a><sup>6</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D1%8A%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Севернокипърска турска република">Северен Кипър</a><sup>5, 6</sup></li></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px;"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <small><sup>1</sup>Частично в <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Азия">Азия</a> &#160;&#160;&#160; <sup>2</sup>Частично в <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Африка">Африка</a> &#160;&#160;&#160; <sup>3</sup>Частично в <a href="/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Южна Америка">Южна Америка</a> &#160;&#160;&#160; <sup>4</sup>Частично в <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Северна Америка">Северна Америка</a> &#160;&#160;&#160; <sup>5</sup>Категоризирана предимно в Азия &#160;&#160;&#160; <sup>6</sup>Частично призната</small></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <table cellspacing="0" class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:2px;"><table cellspacing="0" class="collapsible collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD:%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Шаблон:Азия"><abbr title="Преглед на шаблона" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">п</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a class="external text" href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0:%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F"><abbr title="Беседа на шаблона" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">б</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD:%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F&amp;action=edit"><abbr title="Редактиране на шаблона" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">р</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div style="font-size:110%;"> Страни и територии в <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Азия">Азия</a></div></th></tr><tr style="height:2px;"><td></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="vertical-align: top;;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8A%D0%BA_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5_%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B4%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Списък на международно признатите суверенни държави">Държави</a></th><td class="navbox-list nowraplinks navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"> <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Азербайджан">Азербайджан</a><sup>4</sup><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Армения">Армения</a><sup>4</sup><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%84%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Афганистан">Афганистан</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%88" title="Бангладеш">Бангладеш</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD" title="Бахрейн">Бахрейн</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Бруней">Бруней</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Бутан">Бутан</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Виетнам">Виетнам</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Грузия">Грузия</a><sup>4</sup><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Египет">Египет</a><sup>2</sup><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Израел">Израел</a><sup>6</sup><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Източен Тимор">Източен Тимор</a><sup>5</sup><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Индия">Индия</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Индонезия">Индонезия</a><sup>3</sup><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Ирак">Ирак</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Иран">Иран</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/%D0%99%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Йемен">Йемен</a><sup>2</sup><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Йордания">Йордания</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Казахстан">Казахстан</a><sup>1</sup><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0" title="Камбоджа">Камбоджа</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Катар">Катар</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BF%D1%8A%D1%80" title="Република Кипър">Кипър</a><sup>4, 6</sup><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Киргизстан">Киргизстан</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="Китайска народна република">Китай</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%82" title="Кувейт">Кувейт</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Лаос">Лаос</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Ливан">Ливан</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Малайзия">Малайзия</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Малдиви">Малдиви</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Мианмар">Мианмар</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Монголия">Монголия</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Непал">Непал</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Обединени арабски емирства">ОАЕ</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Оман">Оман</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Пакистан">Пакистан</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B0_-_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="Папуа - Нова Гвинея">Папуа - Нова Гвинея</a><sup>5</sup><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Русия</a><sup>1, 4</sup><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Саудитска Арабия">Саудитска Арабия</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%8F" title="Северна Корея">Северна Корея</a><sup>6</sup><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%80" title="Сингапур">Сингапур</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Сирия">Сирия</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Таджикистан">Таджикистан</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Тайланд">Тайланд</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Туркменистан">Туркменистан</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Турция">Турция</a><sup>1, 4</sup><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Узбекистан">Узбекистан</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Филипини">Филипини</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Шри Ланка">Шри Ланка</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%8F" title="Южна Корея">Южна Корея</a><sup>6</sup><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Япония">Япония</a></div></td><td class="navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:0.01%;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px;"><div> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Asia_countries-gray.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Asia_countries-gray.svg/100px-Asia_countries-gray.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Asia_countries-gray.svg/150px-Asia_countries-gray.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Asia_countries-gray.svg/200px-Asia_countries-gray.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="799" data-file-height="520" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px;"><td></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="vertical-align: top;;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8A%D0%BA_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8_%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="Списък на зависими територии">Зависими територии</a></th><td class="navbox-list nowraplinks navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;background:#EDEDFF;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"> <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%B8_%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Акротири и Декелия">Акротири и Декелия</a><sup>4</sup> <small>(<a href="/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="Обединено кралство">Обединено кралство</a>)</small><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8_%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Кокосови острови">Кокосови острови</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Австралия">Австралия</a>)</small><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_(%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2)" class="mw-redirect" title="Рождество (остров)">Рождество</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Австралия">Австралия</a>)</small></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px;"><td></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="vertical-align: top;;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%B4%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Непризнати държави">Непризнати държави</a></th><td class="navbox-list nowraplinks navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;background:#EDEDFF;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"> <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Абхазия">Абхазия</a><sup>4, 6</sup><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%85" title="Нагорни Карабах">Нагорни Карабах</a><sup>4</sup><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Палестинска автономия">Палестина</a><sup>6</sup><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D1%8A%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Севернокипърска турска република">Северен Кипър</a><sup>4, 6</sup><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9_(%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD)" title="Република Китай (Тайван)">Тайван</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Южна Осетия">Южна Осетия</a><sup>4, 6</sup></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px;"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#ededff;;"><div> <small><sup>1</sup>&#160;Частично в <a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="Европа">Европа</a> &#160;&#160;&#160; <sup>2</sup>&#160;Частично в <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Африка">Африка</a> &#160;&#160;&#160; <sup>3</sup>&#160;Частично в <a href="/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Океания">Океания</a> &#160;&#160;&#160; <sup>4</sup>&#160;Понякога категоризирана в Европа &#160;&#160;&#160; <sup>5</sup>&#160;Понякога категоризирана в Океания &#160;&#160;&#160;</small></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <table cellspacing="0" class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:2px;"><table cellspacing="0" class="hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD:%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%89%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5_%D0%B4%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Шаблон:Общност на независимите държави"><abbr title="Преглед на шаблона" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">п</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a class="external text" href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0:%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%89%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5_%D0%B4%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8"><abbr title="Беседа на шаблона" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">б</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD:%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%89%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5_%D0%B4%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8&amp;action=edit"><abbr title="Редактиране на шаблона" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">р</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div style="font-size:110%;"> Страни от <a href="/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%89%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5_%D0%B4%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Общност на независимите държави">Общността на независимите държави</a> (ОНД)</div></th></tr><tr style="height:2px;"><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list nowraplinks navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Азербайджан">Азербайджан</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Армения">Армения</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81" title="Беларус">Беларус</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Казахстан">Казахстан</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Киргизстан">Киргизстан</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Молдова">Молдова</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Русия</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Таджикистан">Таджикистан</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Туркменистан">Туркменистан</a></i><sup>1, 2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Узбекистан">Узбекистан</a></li></ul></div></td><td class="navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:0.01%;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px;"><div> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Flag_of_the_CIS.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_the_CIS.svg/50px-Flag_of_the_CIS.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_the_CIS.svg/75px-Flag_of_the_CIS.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_the_CIS.svg/100px-Flag_of_the_CIS.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px;"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <small><sup>1</sup> не е ратифицирала устава на ОНД &#160;&#160;&#160; <sup>2</sup> от 2005 е само асоцииран член &#160;&#160;&#160;</small></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <table cellspacing="0" class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:2px;"><table cellspacing="0" class="collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD:%D0%91%D0%A0%D0%98%D0%9A%D0%A1" title="Шаблон:БРИКС"><abbr title="Преглед на шаблона" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">п</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a class="external text" href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%3A%D0%91%D0%A0%D0%98%D0%9A%D0%A1&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1"><abbr title="Беседа на шаблона (страницата не съществува)" style="color:#ba0000;;;background:none transparent;border:none;">б</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD:%D0%91%D0%A0%D0%98%D0%9A%D0%A1&amp;action=edit"><abbr title="Редактиране на шаблона" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">р</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div style="font-size:110%;"> <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%A0%D0%98%D0%9A%D0%A1" title="БРИКС">БРИКС</a></div></th></tr><tr style="height:2px;"><td></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Водещи държави</th><td class="navbox-list nowraplinks navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Бразилия">Бразилия</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Русия</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Индия">Индия</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Китай">Китай</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%AE%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Република Южна Африка">Южна Африка</a></li></ul></div></td><td class="navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:0.01%;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px;"><div> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Infobrics.org_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Infobrics.org_logo.svg/100px-Infobrics.org_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Infobrics.org_logo.svg/150px-Infobrics.org_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Infobrics.org_logo.svg/200px-Infobrics.org_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="86" data-file-height="34" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px;"><td></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%88%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%A0%D0%98%D0%9A%D0%A1" title="Разширяване на БРИКС">Добавени държави</a></th><td class="navbox-list nowraplinks navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Аржентина">Аржентина</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Египет">Египет</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Етиопия">Етиопия</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Иран">Иран</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Саудитска Арабия">Саудитска Арабия</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Обединени арабски емирства">Емиратите</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px;"><td></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Свързани статии</th><td class="navbox-list nowraplinks navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BC" title="Антиамериканизъм">Антиамериканизъм</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Многополярност (страницата не съществува)">Многополярност</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%A0%D0%98%D0%9A%D0%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="Нова банка за развитие на БРИКС">Банка за развитие на БРИКС</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A7%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%A0%D0%98%D0%9A%D0%A1&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Членове на банката на БРИКС (страницата не съществува)">Членове на банката на БРИКС</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%91%D0%A0%D0%98%D0%9A%D0%A1_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="БРИКС Кабел (страницата не съществува)">БРИКС Кабел</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9D%D0%9A%D0%98_%D0%91%D0%A0%D0%98%D0%9A%D0%A1&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="НКИ БРИКС (страницата не съществува)">НКИ 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style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Европейска комисия">Европейска комисия</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <table cellspacing="0" class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:2px;"><table cellspacing="0" class="hlist hlist-big plainlinks navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Нормативен контрол<span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159#identifiers" title="Редактиране в Уикиданни"><img alt="Редактиране в Уикиданни" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" 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