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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 China </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mongols" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mongols"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Mongols </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mongols-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Japan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Korea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Korea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Korea </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Korea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 India </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Europe </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Europe-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Europe subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vikings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vikings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Vikings </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vikings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_Christianity_and_Feudalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_Christianity_and_Feudalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Early Christianity and Feudalism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_Christianity_and_Feudalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_East" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_East"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Middle East </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_East-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_World" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_World"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 New World </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-New_World-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle New World subsection </button> <ul id="toc-New_World-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Brazil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brazil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Brazil </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brazil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 New France </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 United States </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plaçage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plaçage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4 Plaçage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plaçage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Judaism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Judaism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 In Judaism </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_Judaism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle In Judaism subsection </button> <ul id="toc-In_Judaism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ancient_Judaism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_Judaism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Ancient Judaism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_Judaism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medieval_and_modern_Judaism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval_and_modern_Judaism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Medieval and modern Judaism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medieval_and_modern_Judaism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Concubinage_and_slavery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Concubinage_and_slavery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Concubinage and slavery </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Concubinage_and_slavery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.2 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.3 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Concubinage</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 45 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-45" aria-hidden="true" > 45 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%B2%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AC" title="معاشرة دون زواج – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="معاشرة دون زواج" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concubinato" title="Concubinato – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Concubinato" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE" title="উপপত্নী প্রথা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="উপপত্নী প্রথা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Канкубіна – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Канкубіна" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concubinat" title="Concubinat – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Concubinat" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konkubin%C3%A1t" title="Konkubinát – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Konkubinát" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varongo" title="Varongo – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Varongo" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serch" title="Serch – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Serch" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konkubinat" title="Konkubinat – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Konkubinat" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Παλλακεία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Παλλακεία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concubinato" title="Concubinato – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Concubinato" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konkubineco" title="Konkubineco – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Konkubineco" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohaidetza" title="Ohaidetza – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ohaidetza" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%85%E2%80%8C%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C" title="هم‌بالینی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هم‌بالینی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concubinage_(histoire)" title="Concubinage (histoire) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Concubinage (histoire)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concubinato" title="Concubinato – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Concubinato" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B6%95%EC%B2%A9" title="축첩 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="축첩" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B2" title="रखैल – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="रखैल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prile%C5%BEni%C5%A1tvo" title="Priležništvo – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Priležništvo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konkubinato" title="Konkubinato – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Konkubinato" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pergundikan" title="Pergundikan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pergundikan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concubinato" title="Concubinato – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Concubinato" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concubinatus" title="Concubinatus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Concubinatus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concubinaat" title="Concubinaat – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Concubinaat" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A6%BE" title="妾 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="妾" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konkubinat" title="Konkubinat – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Konkubinat" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konkubinat" title="Konkubinat – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Konkubinat" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8/%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A7" title="ਦਾਸ/ਦਾਸੀ ਸੰਬੰਧ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਦਾਸ/ਦਾਸੀ ਸੰਬੰਧ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%AA%DB%81" title="داشتہ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="داشتہ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D8%B5%D9%8A%D8%BA%D9%87_%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%A8_%DA%98%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF" title="د صيغه توب ژوند – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د صيغه توب ژوند" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konkubinat" title="Konkubinat – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Konkubinat" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concubinato" title="Concubinato – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Concubinato" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concubinaj" title="Concubinaj – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Concubinaj" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Конкубина – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Конкубина" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konkubinimi" title="Konkubinimi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Konkubinimi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concubinage" title="Concubinage – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Concubinage" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konkubinat" title="Konkubinat – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Konkubinat" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Конкубинат – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Конкубинат" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konkubinat" title="Konkubinat – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Konkubinat" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konkubinat" title="Konkubinat – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Konkubinat" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Concubine" redirects here. For the modern legal term, see <a href="/wiki/Concubinage_(law)" title="Concubinage (law)">Concubinage (law)</a>. 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class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#d5d5ff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Types</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;;display:block;margin-top:0.25em;"> <a href="/wiki/Genetic_genealogy" title="Genetic genealogy">Genetic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Adoption" title="Adoption">adoptive</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kinship" title="Kinship">Kinship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family" title="Family">Family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stepfamily" title="Stepfamily">Stepfamily</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parent" title="Parent">Parent</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Father" title="Father">Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother" title="Mother">Mother</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son" title="Son">Son</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daughter" title="Daughter">Daughter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grandparent" title="Grandparent">Grandparent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibling" title="Sibling">Sibling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brother" title="Brother">Brother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sister" title="Sister">Sister</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cousin" title="Cousin">Cousin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aunt" title="Aunt">Aunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncle" title="Uncle">Uncle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niece_and_nephew" title="Niece and nephew">Niece and nephew</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;"> By <a href="/wiki/Marriage" title="Marriage">marriage</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spouse" title="Spouse">Spouse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Husband" title="Husband">Husband</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wife" title="Wife">Wife</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_marriage" title="Open marriage">Open marriage</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy" title="Polygamy">Polygamy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polyandry" title="Polyandry">Polyandry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygyny" title="Polygyny">Polygyny</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Group_marriage" title="Group marriage">Group marriage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed-orientation_marriage" title="Mixed-orientation marriage">Mixed-orientation</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;"> Partner(s)</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none;margin-bottom:0;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Significant_other" title="Significant other">Significant other</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boyfriend" title="Boyfriend">Boyfriend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girlfriend" title="Girlfriend">Girlfriend</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cohabitation" title="Cohabitation">Cohabitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long-distance_relationship" title="Long-distance relationship">Long-distance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_relationship" title="Internet relationship">Online</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_relationship" title="Same-sex relationship">Same-sex</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queerplatonic_relationship" title="Queerplatonic relationship">Queerplatonic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friendship" title="Friendship">Friendship</a> (<a href="/wiki/Romantic_friendship" title="Romantic friendship">romantic</a> / <a href="/wiki/Cross-sex_friendship" title="Cross-sex friendship">cross-sex</a> / <a href="/wiki/Friend_zone" title="Friend zone">zone</a>)</li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:none;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;;display:block;margin-left:1.0em;margin-right:1.0em;border-bottom:1px solid #bbb;"> <a href="/wiki/Intimate_relationship" title="Intimate relationship">Intimate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sexual_partner" title="Sexual partner">sexual</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.15em; padding-bottom:0;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Casual_sex" title="Casual sex">Casual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monogamy" title="Monogamy">Monogamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-monogamy" title="Non-monogamy">Non-monogamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_monogamy" title="Mutual monogamy">Mutual monogamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyamory" title="Polyamory">Polyamory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyfidelity" title="Polyfidelity">Polyfidelity</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affair" title="Affair">Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicisbeo" title="Cicisbeo">Cicisbeo</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Concubinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courtesan" title="Courtesan">Courtesan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mistress_(lover)" title="Mistress (lover)">Mistress</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#d5d5ff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Activities</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_bonding" title="Human bonding">Bonding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courtship" title="Courtship">Courtship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dating" title="Dating">Dating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engagement" title="Engagement">Engagement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bachelor%27s_Day_(tradition)" title="Bachelor's Day (tradition)">Bachelor's Day</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_mating_strategies" title="Human mating strategies">Mating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meet_market" title="Meet market">Meet market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance_(love)" title="Romance (love)">Romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singles_event" title="Singles event">Singles event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedding" title="Wedding">Wedding</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#d5d5ff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Endings</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breakup" title="Breakup">Breakup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_separation" title="Legal separation">Legal</a>/<a href="/wiki/Marital_separation" title="Marital separation">marital separation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annulment" title="Annulment">Annulment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divorce" title="Divorce">Divorce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Widow" title="Widow">Widowhood</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#d5d5ff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Emotion" title="Emotion">Emotions and feelings</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affinity_(sociology)" title="Affinity (sociology)">Affinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attachment_in_adults" title="Attachment in adults">Attachment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intimate_relationship" title="Intimate relationship">Intimacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jealousy" title="Jealousy">Jealousy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limerence" title="Limerence">Limerence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love" title="Love">Love</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Platonic_love" title="Platonic love">Platonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unconditional_love" title="Unconditional love">Unconditional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passion_(emotion)" title="Passion (emotion)">Passion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_sexuality" title="Human sexuality">Sexuality</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#d5d5ff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Practices</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bride_price" title="Bride price">Bride price</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dower" title="Dower">dower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dowry" title="Dowry">dowry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bride_service" title="Bride service">service</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypergamy" title="Hypergamy">Hypergamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infidelity" title="Infidelity">Infidelity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_sexual_activity" title="Human sexual activity">Sexual activity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relational_transgression" title="Relational transgression">Transgression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_repression" title="Sexual repression">Repression</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#d5d5ff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Abuse" title="Abuse">Abuse</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Child_abuse" title="Child abuse">Child</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dating_violence" title="Dating violence">Dating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence" title="Domestic violence">Domestic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elder_abuse" title="Elder abuse">Elderly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcissistic_parent" title="Narcissistic parent">Narcissistic parent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Controlling_behavior_in_relationships" title="Controlling behavior in relationships">Controlling behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalking" title="Stalking">Stalking</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Close_relationships" title="Template:Close relationships"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Close_relationships" title="Template talk:Close relationships"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Close_relationships" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Close relationships"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Concubinage is an <a href="/wiki/Interpersonal_relationship" title="Interpersonal relationship">interpersonal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Intimate_relationship" title="Intimate relationship">sexual relationship</a> between two people in which the couple does not want to, or cannot, enter into a full marriage.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Oxford_Encyclopedia_of_Women_in_World_History2008-1">[1]</a> Concubinage and marriage are often regarded as similar, but mutually exclusive.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Oxford_Encyclopedia_of_Women_in_World_History2008467-2">[2]</a> In <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, until the 20th century, concubinage was a formal and institutionalized practice that upheld concubines' rights and obligations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodriguez2011203-3">[3]</a> A concubine could be freeborn or of slave origin, and her experience could vary tremendously according to her master's whim.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodriguez2011203-3">[3]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquests" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongol conquests">Mongol conquests</a>, both foreign royals<a href="#cite_note-:02-4">[4]</a> and captured women were taken as concubines.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> Concubinage was also common in <a href="/wiki/Meiji_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Meiji Japan">Meiji Japan</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Status_symbol" title="Status symbol">status symbol</a>.<a href="#cite_note-a05-6">[6]</a> Many Middle Eastern societies used concubinage for reproduction.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Oxford_Encyclopedia_of_Women_in_World_History2008469-7">[7]</a> The practice of a barren wife giving her husband a slave as a concubine is recorded in the <a href="/wiki/Code_of_Hammurabi" title="Code of Hammurabi">Code of Hammurabi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Oxford_Encyclopedia_of_Women_in_World_History2008469-7">[7]</a> The children of such relationships would be regarded as <a href="/wiki/Legitimacy_(family_law)" title="Legitimacy (family law)">legitimate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Oxford_Encyclopedia_of_Women_in_World_History2008469-7">[7]</a> Such concubinage was also widely practiced in the premodern Muslim world, and many of the rulers of the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> were born out of such relationships.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECortese2013-8">[8]</a> Throughout Africa, from Egypt to South Africa, slave concubinage resulted in <a href="/wiki/Miscegenation" title="Miscegenation">racially mixed</a> populations.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> The practice declined as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism" title="Abolitionism">abolition</a> of slavery.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECortese2013-8">[8]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">ancient Rome</a>, the practice of <a href="/wiki/Concubinatus" title="Concubinatus">concubinatus</a> was a monogamous relationship that was an alternative to marriage, usually because of the woman's lesser social status. Widowed or divorced men often took a concubina, the Latin term from which the English "concubine" is derived, rather than remarrying, so as to avoid complications of inheritance. After the Christianization of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>, Christian emperors improved the status of the concubine by granting concubines and their children the sorts of property and inheritance rights usually reserved for wives.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Oxford_Encyclopedia_of_Women_in_World_History2008471-10">[10]</a> In <a href="/wiki/European_colonies" class="mw-redirect" title="European colonies">European colonies</a> and American <a href="/wiki/Slave_plantation" title="Slave plantation">slave plantations</a>, single and married men entered into long-term sexual relationships with local women.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHistorical_Dictionary_of_Slavery_and_Abolition2014122-123-11">[11]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a>, concubinage created mixed-race <a href="/wiki/Indo_people" title="Indo people">Indian-European communities</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHagemannRoseDudink2020320-12">[12]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Judeo-Christian-Islamic" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Christian-Islamic">Judeo-Christian-Islamic</a> world, the term concubine has almost exclusively been applied to women, although a cohabiting male may also be called a concubine.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> In the 21st century, concubinage is used in some Western countries as a gender-neutral legal term to refer to <a href="/wiki/Cohabitation" title="Cohabitation">cohabitation</a> (including cohabitation between same-sex partners).<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology_and_usage">Etymology and usage</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Concubinage&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology and usage">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Concubinatus" title="Concubinatus">Concubinatus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Concubinage_(legal_term)" class="mw-redirect" title="Concubinage (legal term)">Concubinage (legal term)</a></div> The English terms "concubine" and "concubinage" appeared in the 14th century,<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> deriving from <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> terms in <a href="/wiki/Roman_society" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman society">Roman society</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roman_law" title="Roman law">law</a>. The term concubine (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1300), meaning "a paramour, a woman who cohabits with a man without being married to him", comes from the Latin concubina (<a href="/wiki/Feminine_(grammar)" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminine (grammar)">f.</a>) and concubinus (<a href="/wiki/Feminine_(grammar)" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminine (grammar)">m.</a>), terms that in Roman law meant "one who lives unmarried with a married man or woman". The Latin terms are derived from the verb from concumbere "to lie with, to lie together, to cohabit," an assimilation of "com", a prefix meaning "with, together" and "cubare", meaning "to lie down".<a href="#cite_note-Century-19">[19]</a> Concubine is a term used widely in historical and academic literature, and which varies considerably depending on the context.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> In the twenty-first century, it typically refers explicitly to extramarital affection, "either to a <a href="/wiki/Mistress_(lover)" title="Mistress (lover)">mistress</a> or to a <a href="/wiki/Sexual_slavery" title="Sexual slavery">sex slave</a>", without the same emphasis on the cohabiting aspect of the original meaning.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Oxford_Encyclopedia_of_Women_in_World_History2008467-468-21">[21]</a> Concubinage emerged as an English term in the late 14th century to mean the "state of being a concubine; act or practice of cohabiting in intimacy without legal marriage", and was derived from Latin by means of Old French,<a href="#cite_note-Century-19">[19]</a> where the term may in turn have been derived from the Latin <a href="/wiki/Concubinatus" title="Concubinatus">concubinatus</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStocquart1907304-22">[22]</a> an institution in ancient Rome that meant "a permanent cohabitation between persons to whose marriage there were no legal obstacles".<a href="#cite_note-Century-19">[19]</a> It has also been described more plainly as a long-term sexual relationship between a man and a woman who are not legally married.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_International_Encyclopedia_of_Anthropology1999-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Oxford_Encyclopedia_of_Women_in_World_History2008467-2">[2]</a> In pre-modern to modern law, concubinage has been used in certain jurisdictions to describe cohabitation, and in France, was formalized in 1999 as the French equivalent of a <a href="/wiki/Civil_union" title="Civil union">civil union</a>.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ettedgui-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> The US legal system also used to use the term in reference to cohabitation,<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> but the term never evolved further and is now considered outdated.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Concubinage&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Characteristics">edit</a>]</div> Forms of concubinage have existed in all cultures, though the prevalence of the practice and the rights and expectations of the persons involved have varied considerably, as have the rights of the offspring born from such relationships, a concubine's legal and social status, their role within a household and society's perceptions of the institution.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Oxford_Encyclopedia_of_Women_in_World_History2008467-2">[2]</a> A relationship of concubinage could take place voluntarily, with the parties involved agreeing not to enter into marriage, or involuntarily (i.e. through <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slavery</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Oxford_Encyclopedia_of_Women_in_World_History2008-1">[1]</a> In slave-owning societies, most concubines were slaves,<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> also called "slave-concubines".<a href="#cite_note-Lerner-30">[30]</a> This institutionalization of concubinage with female slaves dates back to <a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonian</a> times,<a href="#cite_note-Lerner-30">[30]</a> and has been practiced in patriarchal cultures throughout history.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodriguez2011203-3">[3]</a> Whatever the status and rights of the persons involved, they were typically inferior to those of a legitimate spouse, often with the rights of inheritance being limited or excluded.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Oxford_Encyclopedia_of_Women_in_World_History2008468,_472-31">[31]</a> Concubinage and marriage are often regarded as similar but mutually exclusive.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Oxford_Encyclopedia_of_Women_in_World_History2008467-2">[2]</a> In the past, a couple may not have been able to marry because of differences in social class, ethnicity or religion,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Oxford_Encyclopedia_of_Women_in_World_History2008467-2">[2]</a> or a man might want to avoid the legal and financial complications of marriage.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Oxford_Encyclopedia_of_Women_in_World_History2008467-2">[2]</a> Practical impediments or social disincentives for a couple to marry could include differences in social rank status, an existing marriage and laws against <a href="/wiki/Bigamy" title="Bigamy">bigamy</a>, religious or professional prohibitions, or a lack of recognition by the appropriate authorities. The concubine in a concubinage tended to have a lower social status than the married party or home owner,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Oxford_Encyclopedia_of_Women_in_World_History2008468-32">[32]</a> and this was often the reason why concubinage was preferred to marriage.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodriguez2011203-3">[3]</a> A concubine could be an "alien" in a society that did not recognize marriages between foreigners and citizens. Alternatively, they might be a slave, or person from a poor family interested in a union with a man from the <a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">nobility</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWomen's_Studies_Encyclopedia1999290-33">[33]</a> In other cases, some social groups were forbidden to marry, such as Roman soldiers, and concubinage served as a viable alternative to marriage.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Oxford_Encyclopedia_of_Women_in_World_History2008470-34">[34]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Polygyny" title="Polygyny">polygynous</a> situations, the number of concubines there were permitted within an individual concubinage arrangement has varied greatly. In <a href="/wiki/Roman_law" title="Roman law">Roman law</a>, where monogamy was expected, the relationship was identical (and alternative) to marriage except for the lack of marital affection from both or one of the parties, which conferred rights related to property, inheritance and social rank.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> By contrast, in parts of Asia and the Middle East, powerful men kept as many concubines as they could financially support.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHistorical_Dictionary_of_Slavery_and_Abolition2014122-37">[37]</a> Some royal households had thousands of concubines. In such cases concubinage served as a <a href="/wiki/Status_symbol" title="Status symbol">status symbol</a> and for the production of sons.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Oxford_Encyclopedia_of_Women_in_World_History2008467-2">[2]</a> In societies that accepted polygyny, there were advantages to having a concubine over a mistress, as children from a concubine were legitimate, while children from a mistress would be considered "bastards".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalthall200813-38">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Categorization">Categorization</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Concubinage&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Categorization">edit</a>]</div> Scholars have made attempts to categorize patterns of concubinage practiced in the world. The International Encyclopedia of Anthropology gives four distinct forms of concubinage:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_International_Encyclopedia_of_Anthropology1999-23">[23]</a> <ul><li>Royal concubinage, where politics was connected to reproduction. Concubines became consorts to the ruler, fostered diplomatic relations, and perpetuated the <a href="/wiki/Royal_bloodline" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal bloodline">royal bloodline</a>. Imperial concubines could be selected from the general population or prisoners of war. Examples of this included <a href="/wiki/Imperial_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial China">imperial China</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman empire">Ottoman empire</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Kano" title="Sultanate of Kano">Sultanate of Kano</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_International_Encyclopedia_of_Anthropology1999-23">[23]</a></li> <li>Elite concubinage, which offered men the chance to increase social status and satisfy desires. Most such men already had wives. In East Asia this practice was justified by <a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a>. In the Muslim world, this concubinage resembled slavery.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_International_Encyclopedia_of_Anthropology1999-23">[23]</a></li> <li>Concubinage could be a form of common-law relationship that allowed a couple who did not wish to marry to live together. This was prevalent in medieval Europe and colonial Asia. In Europe, some families discouraged younger sons from marriage to prevent division of family wealth among many heirs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_International_Encyclopedia_of_Anthropology1999-23">[23]</a></li> <li>Concubinage could also function as a form of sexual enslavement of women in a patriarchal system. In such cases the children of the concubine could become permanently inferior to the children of the wife. Examples include <a href="/wiki/Mughal_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal India">Mughal India</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joseon_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseon Korea">Joseon Korea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_International_Encyclopedia_of_Anthropology1999-23">[23]</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Junius_P._Rodriguez" title="Junius P. Rodriguez">Junius P. Rodriguez</a> gives three cultural patterns of concubinage: Asian, Islamic and European.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodriguez2011203-3">[3]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Antiquity">Antiquity</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Concubinage&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Antiquity">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Concubinage&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Mesopotamia">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs expansion. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Concubinage&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. (September 2020)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> In <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>, it was customary for a sterile wife to give her husband a slave as a concubine to bear children. The status of such concubines was ambiguous; they normally could not be sold but they remained the slave of the wife.<a href="#cite_note-Orlando1-39">[39]</a> However, in the late Babylonian period, there are reports that concubines could be sold.<a href="#cite_note-Orlando1-39">[39]</a> <dl><dt>Old Assyrian Period (20th–18th centuries BC)</dt></dl> In general, marriage was monogamous.<a href="#cite_note-41">[a]</a> "If after two or three years of marriage the wife had not given birth to any children, the husband was allowed to buy a slave (who could also be chosen by the wife) in order to produce heirs. This woman, however, remained a slave and never gained the status of a second wife."<a href="#cite_note-CompanionToAssyria-85-40">[40]</a> <dl><dt>Middle Assyrian Period (14th–11th centuries BC)</dt></dl> In the Middle Assyrian Period, the main wife (assatu) wore a veil in the street, as could a concubine (esirtu) if she were accompanying the main wife, or if she were married.<a href="#cite_note-CompanionToAssyria-157-42">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-CompanionToAssyria-412-43">[42]</a> "If a man veils his concubine in public, by declaring 'she is my wife,' this woman shall be his wife."<a href="#cite_note-CompanionToAssyria-157-42">[41]</a> It was illegal for unmarried women, prostitutes and slave women to wear a veil in the street.<a href="#cite_note-CompanionToAssyria-157-42">[41]</a> "The children of a concubine were lower in rank than the descendants of a wife, but they could inherit if the marriage of the latter remained childless."<a href="#cite_note-CompanionToAssyria-157-42">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_Egypt">Ancient Egypt</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Concubinage&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Ancient Egypt">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Concubine-IMG_6346.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Concubine-IMG_6346.jpg/170px-Concubine-IMG_6346.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Concubine-IMG_6346.jpg/255px-Concubine-IMG_6346.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Concubine-IMG_6346.jpg/340px-Concubine-IMG_6346.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2882" data-file-height="4323" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ushabti" title="Ushabti">Ushabti</a> of a concubine, naked with jewelry underlying the breasts, pubis shaved with visible vulva, and wearing a heavy wig with erotic implications (painted wood, 2050–1710 BC)</figcaption></figure> While most <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptians" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Egyptians">Ancient Egyptians</a> were <a href="/wiki/Monogamy" title="Monogamy">monogamous</a>, a male <a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">pharaoh</a> would have had other, lesser wives and <a href="/wiki/Concubine" class="mw-redirect" title="Concubine">concubines</a> in addition to the <a href="/wiki/Great_Royal_Wife" title="Great Royal Wife">Great Royal Wife</a>. This arrangement would allow the pharaoh to enter into diplomatic marriages with the daughters of allies, as was the custom of ancient kings.<a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a> Concubinage was a common occupation for women in ancient Egypt, especially for talented women. A request for forty concubines by <a href="/wiki/Amenhotep_III" title="Amenhotep III">Amenhotep III</a> (c. 1386–1353 BC) to a man named <a href="/wiki/Milkilu" title="Milkilu">Milkilu</a>, Prince of Gezer states:<blockquote>"Behold, I have sent you Hanya, the commissioner of the archers, with merchandise in order to have beautiful concubines, i.e. weavers. Silver, gold, garments, all sort of precious stones, chairs of ebony, as well as all good things, worth 160 deben. In total: forty concubines—the price of every concubine is forty of silver. Therefore, send very beautiful concubines without blemish." – (Lewis, 146)<a href="#cite_note-:3-45">[44]</a></blockquote>Concubines would be kept in the pharaoh's <a href="/wiki/Harem" title="Harem">harem</a>. Amenhotep III kept his concubines in his palace at <a href="/wiki/Malkata" title="Malkata">Malkata</a>, which was one of the most opulent in the history of Egypt. The king was considered to be deserving of many women as long as he cared for his Great Royal Wife as well.<a href="#cite_note-:3-45">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_Greece">Ancient Greece</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Concubinage&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Ancient Greece">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pallake" title="Pallake">Pallake</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Hetaira" title="Hetaira">Hetaira</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Antakya_Archaeology_Museum_Theatrics_mosaic_sept_2019_6076.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Antakya_Archaeology_Museum_Theatrics_mosaic_sept_2019_6076.jpg/250px-Antakya_Archaeology_Museum_Theatrics_mosaic_sept_2019_6076.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Antakya_Archaeology_Museum_Theatrics_mosaic_sept_2019_6076.jpg/375px-Antakya_Archaeology_Museum_Theatrics_mosaic_sept_2019_6076.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Antakya_Archaeology_Museum_Theatrics_mosaic_sept_2019_6076.jpg/500px-Antakya_Archaeology_Museum_Theatrics_mosaic_sept_2019_6076.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8373" data-file-height="5533" /></a><figcaption>Mosaic (3rd century AD) depicting Glykera (left), the pallake of Polemon (center), and a household slave named Sosias (right) in a scene from the play <a href="/wiki/Perikeiromene" title="Perikeiromene">Perikeiromene</a> by <a href="/wiki/Menander" title="Menander">Menander</a>, first performed around 313 BC</figcaption></figure> In <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a>, the practice of keeping a concubine (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: παλλακίς pallakís) was common among the upper classes, and they were for the most part women who were slaves or foreigners, but occasional free born based on family arrangements (typically from poor families).<a href="#cite_note-BlundellBlundell1995-46">[45]</a> Children produced by slaves remained slaves and those by non-slave concubines varied over time; sometimes they had the possibility of citizenship.<a href="#cite_note-Wilson2006-47">[46]</a> The law prescribed that a man could kill another man caught attempting a relationship with his concubine.<a href="#cite_note-Davidson-48">[47]</a> By the mid fourth century, concubines could inherit property, but, like wives, they were treated as sexual property.<a href="#cite_note-MacLachlan2012-49">[48]</a> While references to the sexual exploitation of maidservants appear in literature, it was considered disgraceful for a man to keep such women under the same roof as his wife.<a href="#cite_note-50">[49]</a> <a href="/wiki/Apollodorus_of_Acharnae" title="Apollodorus of Acharnae">Apollodorus of Acharnae</a> said that <a href="/wiki/Hetaira" title="Hetaira">hetaera</a> were concubines when they had a permanent relationship with a single man, but nonetheless used the two terms interchangeably.<a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_Rome">Ancient Rome</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Concubinage&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Ancient Rome">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Concubinatus" title="Concubinatus">Concubinatus</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_ancient_Rome" title="Marriage in ancient Rome">Marriage in ancient Rome</a> and <a href="/wiki/Contubernium" title="Contubernium">Contubernium</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Epigrafe_funebre_per_m._vennius_rufus,_padre,_madre,_moglie_e_concubina,_da_Telese,_inv._3008.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Epigrafe_funebre_per_m._vennius_rufus%2C_padre%2C_madre%2C_moglie_e_concubina%2C_da_Telese%2C_inv._3008.jpg/220px-Epigrafe_funebre_per_m._vennius_rufus%2C_padre%2C_madre%2C_moglie_e_concubina%2C_da_Telese%2C_inv._3008.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Epigrafe_funebre_per_m._vennius_rufus%2C_padre%2C_madre%2C_moglie_e_concubina%2C_da_Telese%2C_inv._3008.jpg/330px-Epigrafe_funebre_per_m._vennius_rufus%2C_padre%2C_madre%2C_moglie_e_concubina%2C_da_Telese%2C_inv._3008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Epigrafe_funebre_per_m._vennius_rufus%2C_padre%2C_madre%2C_moglie_e_concubina%2C_da_Telese%2C_inv._3008.jpg/440px-Epigrafe_funebre_per_m._vennius_rufus%2C_padre%2C_madre%2C_moglie_e_concubina%2C_da_Telese%2C_inv._3008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2656" data-file-height="1836" /></a><figcaption>The concubina Fufia Chila is included in this family gravestone set up by Marcus Vennius Rufus to commemorate himself, his father and mother, and his late wife (<a href="/wiki/Corpus_Inscriptionum_Latinarum" title="Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum">CIL</a> IX 2265)</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Concubinatus" title="Concubinatus">Concubinatus</a> was a monogamous union recognized socially and to some extent legally as an alternative to <a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_ancient_Rome" title="Marriage in ancient Rome">marriage</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreggiari198158-52">[51]</a> Concubinage was practiced most often in couples when one partner, almost always the man, belonged to a higher social rank, especially the <a href="/wiki/Roman_senator" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman senator">senatorial order</a>, who were penalized for marrying below their class.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreggiari198159-53">[52]</a> The female partner was a concubina; the term <a href="/wiki/Concubinus" class="mw-redirect" title="Concubinus">concubinus</a> is used of men mainly in a same-sex union or to deprecate a relationship in which the woman was dominant.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGellérfi202089–100,_especially_pp._98–99-54">[53]</a> The use of the term concubina in epitaphs for family memorials indicates that the role was socially acceptable.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiefer201250-55">[54]</a> A man was not allowed to have both a concubina and a wife (uxor) at the same time, but a single tombstone might list multiple wives or concubinae serially.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreggiari198169–70,_citing_''[[Corpus_Inscriptionum_Latinarum|CIL]]''_VI_1906-56">[55]</a> By contrast, the pejorative <a href="/wiki/Paelex" class="mw-redirect" title="Paelex">paelex</a> referred to a concubine who was a sexual rival to a wife—in early Rome, most often a <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Rome#War_captives" title="Slavery in ancient Rome">war captive</a> and hence unwillingly—and by <a href="/wiki/Late_antiquity" title="Late antiquity">late antiquity</a> was loosely equivalent to "<a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_ancient_Rome" title="Prostitution in ancient Rome">prostitute</a>". However, in Latin literature concubinae are often disparaged as <a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_ancient_Rome#Master-slave_relations" title="Sexuality in ancient Rome">slaves kept as sexual luxuries</a> in the literal sense of "bedmate".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams2006413–414-57">[56]</a> The distinction is that the use of an enslaved woman was not concubinatus in the legal sense, which might involve a <a href="/wiki/Concubinatus#Testatio" title="Concubinatus">signed document</a>, though even an informal concubine had some legal protections that placed her among the more privileged slaves of the household.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGinn1991359–366-58">[57]</a> Concubines occupied an entire chapter, now fragmentary, in the 6th-century compilation of Roman law known as the <a href="/wiki/Digest_(Roman_law)" title="Digest (Roman law)">Digest</a>, but concubinatus was never a fully realized legal institution.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreggiari1981b60-59">[58]</a> It evolved in ad hoc response to <a href="/wiki/Lex_Julia#Augustus'_moral_legislation_(18–17_BC)" title="Lex Julia">Augustan moral legislation</a> that criminalized some forms of adultery and other consensual sexual behaviors among freeborn people (<a href="/wiki/Ingenui" title="Ingenui">ingenui</a>) outside marriage.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGinn1991333–375-60">[59]</a> Even Roman legal experts had trouble parsing the various forms of marriage, the status of a concubina, and whether an extramarital sexual relationship was adultery or permissible pleasure-seeking with a prostitute, <a href="/wiki/Infamia#The_infames" title="Infamia">professional entertainer</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Rome#Sexual_ethics_and_attitudes" title="Slavery in ancient Rome">slave</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreggiari1981b71–74-61">[60]</a> Roman emperors not infrequently took a concubina, often a freedwoman, rather than remarrying after the death of their wife to avoid the legal complications pertaining to <a href="/wiki/Inheritance_law_in_ancient_Rome" title="Inheritance law in ancient Rome">succession and inheritance</a>. <a href="/wiki/Caenis" title="Caenis">Caenis</a>, the freedwoman and secretary of <a href="/wiki/Antonia_Minor" title="Antonia Minor">Antonia Minor</a>, was <a href="/wiki/Vespasian" title="Vespasian">Vespasian</a>'s wife "in all but name", according to <a href="/wiki/Suetonius" title="Suetonius">Suetonius</a>, until her death in AD 74.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERawson1974288,_especially_n._30-62">[61]</a> <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Rome#Manumission" title="Slavery in ancient Rome">Roman manumission law</a> also allowed a slave-owner to free the slave and enter into concubinatus or a <a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_ancient_Rome" title="Marriage in ancient Rome">regular marriage</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreggiari198153-63">[62]</a> Epitaphs indicate that both partners in concubinatus might also be freedpersons,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERawson1974289-64">[63]</a> for reasons that are not entirely clear.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESandonScalso2020154_''et_passim''-65">[64]</a> A slave lacked the <a href="/wiki/Legal_personhood" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal personhood">legal personhood</a> to <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Rome#Marriage_and_family" title="Slavery in ancient Rome">marry under Roman law</a> or to contract concubinatus, but the heterosexual union of two slaves, or a <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_freedmen" title="Ancient Roman freedmen">freedperson</a> and a slave, might be recognized as an intention to marry when both partners gained the legal status that permitted them to do so. In this quasi-marital union, called <a href="/wiki/Contubernium" title="Contubernium">contubernium</a>, children seem often to have been desired, in contrast to <a href="/wiki/Concubinatus#Children" title="Concubinatus">concubinatus, in which children</a> more often were viewed as complications<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERawson1974291,_especially_n._44-66">[65]</a> and there was no intention to marry.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreggiari198158,_noting_that_intention_''(affectio_maritalis)'',_though_at_times_hard_to_determine,_was_the_basis_of_a_valid_marriage-67">[66]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Asia">Asia</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Concubinage&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Asia">edit</a>]</div> Concubinage was highly popular before the early 20th century all over <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a>. The main functions of concubinage for men was for pleasure and producing additional heirs, whereas for women the relationship could provide financial security. Children of concubines had lower rights in account to inheritance, which was regulated by the <a href="/wiki/Dishu_system" title="Dishu system">Dishu system</a>. In China and the Muslim world, the concubine of a king could achieve power, especially if her son also became a monarch.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHistorical_Dictionary_of_Slavery_and_Abolition2014122-37">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="China">China</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Concubinage&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: China">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Concubinage_in_China" title="Concubinage in China">Concubinage in China</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hua-Qing-Chi-Yang-Gui-Fei.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Hua-Qing-Chi-Yang-Gui-Fei.jpg/217px-Hua-Qing-Chi-Yang-Gui-Fei.jpg" decoding="async" width="217" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Hua-Qing-Chi-Yang-Gui-Fei.jpg/325px-Hua-Qing-Chi-Yang-Gui-Fei.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Hua-Qing-Chi-Yang-Gui-Fei.jpg/433px-Hua-Qing-Chi-Yang-Gui-Fei.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2560" /></a><figcaption>Statue of <a href="/wiki/Yang_Guifei" title="Yang Guifei">Yang Guifei</a> (719–756), the favoured concubine of Emperor <a href="/wiki/Tang_Xuanzong" class="mw-redirect" title="Tang Xuanzong">Tang Xuanzong</a> of China</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Fourth_Concubine_of_Hexing.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/The_Fourth_Concubine_of_Hexing.jpg/170px-The_Fourth_Concubine_of_Hexing.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/The_Fourth_Concubine_of_Hexing.jpg/255px-The_Fourth_Concubine_of_Hexing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/The_Fourth_Concubine_of_Hexing.jpg/340px-The_Fourth_Concubine_of_Hexing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="927" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of a concubine, by Chinese painter <a href="/wiki/Lam_Qua" title="Lam Qua">Lam Qua</a>, 1864</figcaption></figure> In China, successful men often had concubines until the practice was outlawed when the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a> came to power in 1949. The standard Chinese term translated as "concubine" was qiè 妾, a term that has been used since ancient times. Concubinage resembled marriage in that concubines were recognized sexual partners of a man and were expected to bear children for him. Unofficial concubines (<a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: 婢妾; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: bì qiè) were of lower status, and their children were considered illegitimate. The English term concubine is also used for what the Chinese refer to as pínfēi (<a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: 嬪妃), or "consorts of emperors", an official position often carrying a very high rank.<a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a> In premodern China it was illegal and socially disreputable for a man to have more than one wife at a time, but it was acceptable to have concubines.<a href="#cite_note-69">[68]</a> From the earliest times wealthy men purchased concubines and added them to their household in addition to their wife.<a href="#cite_note-Hinsch-70">[69]</a> The purchase of concubines was similar to the purchase of slaves, but concubines had a higher social status.<a href="#cite_note-Hinsch-70">[69]</a> In the earliest records a man could have as many concubines as he could afford to purchase. From the <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty#Eastern_Han" title="Han dynasty">Eastern Han</a> period (AD 25–220) onward, the number of concubines a man could have was limited by law. The higher rank and the more noble identity a man possessed, the more concubines he was permitted to have.<a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a> A concubine's treatment and situation was variable and was influenced by the social status of the male to whom she was attached, as well as the attitude of his wife. In the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Rites" title="Book of Rites">Book of Rites</a> chapter on "The Pattern of the Family" (<a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: 內則) it says, "If there were betrothal rites, she became a wife; and if she went without these, a concubine."<a href="#cite_note-72">[71]</a> Wives brought a <a href="/wiki/Dowry" title="Dowry">dowry</a> to a relationship, but concubines did not. A concubinage relationship could be entered into without the ceremonies used in marriages, and neither remarriage nor a return to her natal home in widowhood were allowed to a concubine.<a href="#cite_note-Ebrey_2002:_60-73">[72]</a> There are early records of concubines allegedly being buried alive with their masters to "keep them company in the afterlife".<a href="#cite_note-Concubines_of_Ancient_China3-74">[73]</a> The position of the concubine was generally inferior to that of the wife. Although a concubine could produce heirs, her children would be inferior in social status to a wife's children, although they were of higher status than illegitimate children. The child of a concubine had to show <a href="/wiki/Filial_piety" title="Filial piety">filial duty</a> to two women, their biological mother and their legal mother—the wife of their father.<a href="#cite_note-75">[74]</a> After the death of a concubine, her sons would make an offering to her, but these offerings were not continued by the concubine's grandsons, who only made offerings to their grandfather's wife.<a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a> Until the <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a> (960–1276), it was considered a serious breach of social ethics to promote a concubine to a wife.<a href="#cite_note-Ebrey_2002:_60-73">[72]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a> (1644–1911), the status of concubines improved. It became permissible to promote a concubine to wife, if the original wife had died and the concubine was the mother of the only surviving sons. Moreover, the prohibition against forcing a widow to remarry was extended to widowed concubines. During this period tablets for concubine-mothers seem to have been more commonly placed in family ancestral altars, and genealogies of some lineages listed concubine-mothers.<a href="#cite_note-Ebrey_2002:_60-73">[72]</a> Many of the concubines of the emperor of the Qing dynasty were freeborn women from prominent families.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodriguez2011203-3">[3]</a> Concubines of men of lower social status could be either freeborn or slave.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodriguez2011203-3">[3]</a> Imperial concubines, kept by emperors in the <a href="/wiki/Forbidden_City" title="Forbidden City">Forbidden City</a>, had <a href="/wiki/Ranks_of_imperial_consorts_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Ranks of imperial consorts in China">different ranks</a> and were traditionally guarded by <a href="/wiki/Eunuch" title="Eunuch">eunuchs</a> to ensure that they could not be impregnated by anyone but the emperor.<a href="#cite_note-Concubines_of_Ancient_China-77">[76]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming China</a> (1368–1644) there was an official system to select concubines for the emperor. The age of the candidates ranged mainly from 14 to 16. Virtues, behavior, character, appearance and body condition were the selection criteria.<a href="#cite_note-78">[77]</a> Despite the limitations imposed on Chinese concubines, there are several examples in history and literature of concubines who achieved great power and influence. Lady Yehenara, otherwise known as <a href="/wiki/Empress_Dowager_Cixi" title="Empress Dowager Cixi">Empress Dowager Cixi</a>, was one of the most successful concubines in Chinese history. Cixi first entered the court as a concubine to <a href="/wiki/Xianfeng_Emperor" title="Xianfeng Emperor">Xianfeng Emperor</a> and gave birth to his only surviving son, who later became <a href="/wiki/Tongzhi_Emperor" title="Tongzhi Emperor">Tongzhi Emperor</a>. She eventually became the <a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a> ruler of Qing China for 47 years after her husband's death.<a href="#cite_note-EmpressChina-79">[78]</a> An examination of concubinage features in one of the <a href="/wiki/Four_Great_Classical_Novels" class="mw-redirect" title="Four Great Classical Novels">Four Great Classical Novels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dream_of_the_Red_Chamber" title="Dream of the Red Chamber">Dream of the Red Chamber</a> (believed to be a <a href="/wiki/Autobiographical_novel" title="Autobiographical novel">semi-autobiographical</a> account of author <a href="/wiki/Cao_Xueqin" title="Cao Xueqin">Cao Xueqin</a>'s family life).<a href="#cite_note-80">[79]</a> Three generations of the Jia family are supported by one notable concubine of the emperor, <a href="/wiki/Jia_Yuanchun" class="mw-redirect" title="Jia Yuanchun">Jia Yuanchun</a>, the full elder sister of the male protagonist <a href="/wiki/Jia_Baoyu" title="Jia Baoyu">Jia Baoyu</a>. In contrast, their younger half-siblings by concubine Zhao, <a href="/wiki/Jia_Tanchun" title="Jia Tanchun">Jia Tanchun</a> and Jia Huan, develop distorted personalities because they are the children of a concubine.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Emperors' concubines and <a href="/wiki/Harems" class="mw-redirect" title="Harems">harems</a> are emphasized in 21st-century romantic novels written for female readers and set in ancient times. As a plot element, the children of concubines are depicted with a status much inferior to that in actual history.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The zhai dou (<a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: 宅斗，residential intrigue) and gong dou (<a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: 宫斗，harem intrigue) genres show concubines and wives, as well as their children, scheming secretly to gain power. <a href="/wiki/Empresses_in_the_Palace" title="Empresses in the Palace">Empresses in the Palace</a>, a gong dou type novel and TV drama, has had great success in 21st-century China.<a href="#cite_note-81">[80]</a> Hong Kong officially abolished the <a href="/wiki/Great_Qing_Legal_Code" title="Great Qing Legal Code">Great Qing Legal Code</a> in 1971, thereby making concubinage illegal. Casino magnate <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Ho" title="Stanley Ho">Stanley Ho</a> of Macau took his "second wife" as his official concubine in 1957, while his "third and fourth wives" retain no official status.<a href="#cite_note-82">[81]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mongols">Mongols</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Concubinage&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Mongols">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Wives_of_Genghis_Khan" title="Wives of Genghis Khan">Wives of Genghis Khan</a></div> Polygyny and concubinage were very common in Mongol society, especially for powerful Mongol men. <a href="/wiki/Genghis_Khan" title="Genghis Khan">Genghis Khan</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%96gedei_Khan" title="Ögedei Khan">Ögedei Khan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jochi" title="Jochi">Jochi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tolui" title="Tolui">Tolui</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kublai_Khan" title="Kublai Khan">Kublai Khan</a> (among others) all had many wives and concubines. Genghis Khan frequently acquired wives and concubines from empires and societies that he had conquered, these women were often princesses or queens that were <a href="/wiki/Bride_kidnapping" title="Bride kidnapping">taken captive</a> or gifted to him.<a href="#cite_note-:02-4">[4]</a> Genghis Khan's most famous concubine was <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B6ge_Khatun" title="Möge Khatun">Möge Khatun</a>, who, according to the Persian historian <a href="/wiki/Ata-Malik_Juvayni" title="Ata-Malik Juvayni">Ata-Malik Juvayni</a>, was "given to Chinggis Khan by a chief of the Bakrin tribe, and he loved her very much."<a href="#cite_note-83">[82]</a> After Genghis Khan died, Möge Khatun became a wife of Ögedei Khan. Ögedei also favored her as a wife, and she frequently accompanied him on his <a href="/wiki/Hunting" title="Hunting">hunting expeditions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-denicola-84">[83]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japan">Japan</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Concubinage&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Japan">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/%C5%8Coku" title="Ōoku">Ōoku</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Taik%C5%8D_gosai_rakut%C5%8D_y%C5%ABkan_no_zu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Taik%C5%8D_gosai_rakut%C5%8D_y%C5%ABkan_no_zu.jpg/220px-Taik%C5%8D_gosai_rakut%C5%8D_y%C5%ABkan_no_zu.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="338" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Taik%C5%8D_gosai_rakut%C5%8D_y%C5%ABkan_no_zu.jpg/330px-Taik%C5%8D_gosai_rakut%C5%8D_y%C5%ABkan_no_zu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Taik%C5%8D_gosai_rakut%C5%8D_y%C5%ABkan_no_zu.jpg/440px-Taik%C5%8D_gosai_rakut%C5%8D_y%C5%ABkan_no_zu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3895" data-file-height="5992" /></a><figcaption>16th-century <a href="/wiki/Samurai" title="Samurai">Samurai</a> <a href="/wiki/Toyotomi_Hideyoshi" title="Toyotomi Hideyoshi">Toyotomi Hideyoshi</a> with his wives and concubines</figcaption></figure> Before <a href="/wiki/Monogamy" title="Monogamy">monogamy</a> was legally imposed in the <a href="/wiki/Meiji_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Meiji period">Meiji period</a>, concubinage was common among the nobility.<a href="#cite_note-a05-6">[6]</a> Its purpose was to ensure male heirs. For example, the son of an <a href="/wiki/Imperial_House_of_Japan" title="Imperial House of Japan">Imperial</a> concubine often had a chance of becoming emperor. <a href="/wiki/Yanagihara_Naruko" class="mw-redirect" title="Yanagihara Naruko">Yanagihara Naruko</a>, a high-ranking concubine of <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Meiji" title="Emperor Meiji">Emperor Meiji</a>, gave birth to <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Taish%C5%8D" title="Emperor Taishō">Emperor Taishō</a>, who was later legally adopted by <a href="/wiki/Empress_Haruko" class="mw-redirect" title="Empress Haruko">Empress Haruko</a>, Emperor Meiji's formal wife. Even among merchant families, concubinage was occasionally used to ensure heirs. <a href="/wiki/Asako_Hirooka" class="mw-redirect" title="Asako Hirooka">Asako Hirooka</a>, an entrepreneur who was the daughter of a concubine, worked hard to help her husband's family survive after the <a href="/wiki/Meiji_Restoration" title="Meiji Restoration">Meiji Restoration</a>. She lost her fertility giving birth to her only daughter, Kameko; so her husband—with whom she got along well—took Asako's maid-servant as a concubine and fathered three daughters and a son with her. Kameko, as the child of the formal wife, married a noble man and matrilineally carried on the family name.<a href="#cite_note-85">[84]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Samurai" title="Samurai">samurai</a> could take concubines but their backgrounds were checked by higher-ranked samurai. In many cases, taking a concubine was akin to a marriage. Kidnapping a concubine, although common in fiction, would have been shameful, if not criminal. If the concubine was a commoner, a messenger was sent with betrothal money or a note for exemption of tax to ask for her parents' acceptance. Even though the woman would not be a legal wife, a situation normally considered a demotion, many wealthy merchants believed that being the concubine of a samurai was superior to being the legal wife of a commoner. When a merchant's daughter married a samurai, her family's money erased the samurai's debts, and the samurai's social status improved the standing of the merchant family. If a samurai's commoner concubine gave birth to a son, the son could inherit his father's social status. Concubines sometimes wielded significant influence. <a href="/wiki/Nene_(aristocrat)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nene (aristocrat)">Nene</a>, wife of Toyotomi Hideyoshi, was known to overrule her husband's decisions at times and <a href="/wiki/Yodo-dono" title="Yodo-dono">Yodo-dono</a>, his concubine, became the de facto master of Osaka castle and the Toyotomi clan after Hideyoshi's death. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Korea">Korea</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Concubinage&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Korea">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Joseon" title="Joseon">Joseon</a> monarchs had a harem which contained concubines of different ranks. <a href="/wiki/Empress_Myeongseong" title="Empress Myeongseong">Empress Myeongseong</a> managed to have sons, preventing sons of concubines from getting power. Children of concubines often had lower value in account of marriage. A daughter of concubine could not marry a wife-born son of the same class. For example, <a href="/wiki/Jang_Nok-su" title="Jang Nok-su">Jang Nok-su</a> was a concubine-born daughter of a mayor, who was initially married to a slave-servant, and later became a high-ranking concubine of <a href="/wiki/Yeonsangun" class="mw-redirect" title="Yeonsangun">Yeonsangun</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Joseon" title="Joseon">Joseon</a> dynasty established in 1392 debated whether the children of a free parent and a slave parent should be considered free or slave. The child of a scholar-official father and a slave-concubine mother was always free, although the child could not occupy government positions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodriguez2011392-86">[85]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="India">India</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Concubinage&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: India">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Savant_Singh_(Reigned_1748-1757)_and_Bani_Thani_in_the_Guise_of_Krishna_and_Radha_Cruising_on_Lake_Gundalao_LACMA_AC1999.264.1_(3_of_3).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Savant_Singh_%28Reigned_1748-1757%29_and_Bani_Thani_in_the_Guise_of_Krishna_and_Radha_Cruising_on_Lake_Gundalao_LACMA_AC1999.264.1_%283_of_3%29.jpg/220px-Savant_Singh_%28Reigned_1748-1757%29_and_Bani_Thani_in_the_Guise_of_Krishna_and_Radha_Cruising_on_Lake_Gundalao_LACMA_AC1999.264.1_%283_of_3%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Savant_Singh_%28Reigned_1748-1757%29_and_Bani_Thani_in_the_Guise_of_Krishna_and_Radha_Cruising_on_Lake_Gundalao_LACMA_AC1999.264.1_%283_of_3%29.jpg/330px-Savant_Singh_%28Reigned_1748-1757%29_and_Bani_Thani_in_the_Guise_of_Krishna_and_Radha_Cruising_on_Lake_Gundalao_LACMA_AC1999.264.1_%283_of_3%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Savant_Singh_%28Reigned_1748-1757%29_and_Bani_Thani_in_the_Guise_of_Krishna_and_Radha_Cruising_on_Lake_Gundalao_LACMA_AC1999.264.1_%283_of_3%29.jpg/440px-Savant_Singh_%28Reigned_1748-1757%29_and_Bani_Thani_in_the_Guise_of_Krishna_and_Radha_Cruising_on_Lake_Gundalao_LACMA_AC1999.264.1_%283_of_3%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1320" /></a><figcaption>Raja Savant Singh of <a href="/wiki/Kishangarh" title="Kishangarh">Kishangarh</a> (reigned 1748–1757) with his favourite concubine Bani Thani.</figcaption></figure> In Hindu society, concubinage was practiced with women with whom marriage was undesirable, such as a woman from a upper-caste or a Brahmin woman.<a href="#cite_note-Has41-87">[86]</a> Children born of concubinage followed the caste categorization of the mother.<a href="#cite_note-88">[87]</a> Before the <a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">Independence of India</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a>, the Bhil women were concubines for the <a href="/wiki/Koli_people" title="Koli people">Koli</a> <a href="/wiki/Tribal_chief" title="Tribal chief">landlords</a>.<a href="#cite_note-89">[88]</a> In medieval Rajasthan, the ruling <a href="/wiki/Rajput" title="Rajput">Rajput</a> family often had certain women called paswan, khawaas, pardayat. These women were kept by the ruler if their beauty had impressed him, but without formal marriage.<a href="#cite_note-politicsofmarriage-90">[89]</a> Sometimes they were given rights to income collected from a particular village, as queens did. Their children were socially accepted but did not receive a share in the ruling family's property and married others of the same status as them.<a href="#cite_note-politicsofmarriage-90">[89]</a> Concubinage was practiced in elite <a href="/wiki/Rajput" title="Rajput">Rajput</a> households between 16th and 20th centuries.<a href="#cite_note-91">[90]</a> Female slave-servants or slave-performers could be elevated to the rank of concubine (called khavas, pavas) if a ruler found them attractive. The entry into concubinage was marked by a ritual; however, this ritual differentiated from rituals marking marriage.<a href="#cite_note-92">[91]</a> Rajputs often took concubines from <a href="/wiki/Jat" class="mw-redirect" title="Jat">Jat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gujjar" class="mw-redirect" title="Gujjar">Gujjar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> but did not take concubines from the untouchable castes and refrained from taking <a href="/wiki/Charan" title="Charan">Charans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmins</a>, and other Rajputs.<a href="#cite_note-93">[92]</a> There are instances of wives eloping with their Rajput lovers and becoming their concubines.<a href="#cite_note-94">[93]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Europe">Europe</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Concubinage&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Europe">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vikings">Vikings</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Concubinage&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Vikings">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Polygyny" title="Polygyny">Polygyny</a> occurred among <a href="/wiki/Vikings" title="Vikings">Vikings</a>, and rich and powerful Viking men could have more than one wife as well as concubines. Viking men could <a href="/wiki/Bride_kidnapping" title="Bride kidnapping">capture women</a> and make them into their wives or concubines.<a href="#cite_note-viking-95">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[95]</a> Concubinage for Vikings was connected to slavery; the Vikings took both free women and slaves as concubines.<a href="#cite_note-viking-95">[94]</a> Researchers have suggested that Vikings may have originally started sailing and raiding due to a need to seek out women from foreign lands.<a href="#cite_note-97">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-:12-98">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-100">[99]</a> There are theories that polygynous relationships in Viking society could have led to a shortage of eligible women for the average male; polygyny increases <a href="/wiki/Male%E2%80%93male_competition" class="mw-redirect" title="Male–male competition">male–male competition</a> in society because it creates a pool of unmarried men willing to engage in risky status-elevating and sex-seeking behaviors.<a href="#cite_note-101">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[101]</a> Thus, the average Viking man could have been forced to perform riskier actions to gain wealth and power to be able to find suitable women.<a href="#cite_note-103">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[104]</a> The theory and concept was expressed in the 11th century by historian <a href="/wiki/Dudo_of_Saint-Quentin" title="Dudo of Saint-Quentin">Dudo of Saint-Quentin</a> in his semi imaginary History of The Normans.<a href="#cite_note-Wyatt2009-106">[105]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Annals_of_Ulster" title="Annals of Ulster">Annals of Ulster</a> depicts <a href="/wiki/Raptio" title="Raptio">raptio</a> and states that in 821 the Vikings plundered an Irish village and "carried off a great number of women into captivity".<a href="#cite_note-DolfiniCrellin2018-107">[106]</a> People taken captive during the Viking raids in Western Europe, such as Ireland, could be sold to <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_al-Andalus" title="Slavery in al-Andalus">Moorish Spain</a> via the <a href="/wiki/Dublin_slave_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Dublin slave trade">Dublin slave trade</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[107]</a> or transported to <a href="/wiki/Hedeby" title="Hedeby">Hedeby</a> or Brännö and from there via the <a href="/wiki/Volga_trade_route" title="Volga trade route">Volga trade route</a> to present day Russia, where slaves and furs were sold to Muslim merchants in exchange for Arab silver <a href="/wiki/Dirham" title="Dirham">dirham</a> and <a href="/wiki/Silk" title="Silk">silk</a>, which have been found in <a href="/wiki/Birka" title="Birka">Birka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wolin" title="Wolin">Wollin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a>;<a href="#cite_note-109">[108]</a> initially this trade route between Europe and the Abbasid Caliphate passed <a href="/wiki/Khazar_slave_trade" title="Khazar slave trade">via the Khazar Kaghanate</a>,<a href="#cite_note-110">[109]</a> but from the early 10th-century onward it went <a href="/wiki/Volga_Bulgarian_slave_trade" title="Volga Bulgarian slave trade">via Volga Bulgaria</a> and from there by caravan to <a href="/wiki/Khwarazm" title="Khwarazm">Khwarazm</a>, to the <a href="/wiki/Samanid_slave_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Samanid slave trade">Samanid slave market</a> in Central Asia and finally via Iran to <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate">the Abbasid Caliphate</a> in the Middle East<a href="#cite_note-111">[110]</a> were there was a great market for slave girls as concubines. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_Christianity_and_Feudalism">Early Christianity and Feudalism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Concubinage&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Early Christianity and Feudalism">edit</a>]</div> The Christian morals developed by <a href="/wiki/Patristics" title="Patristics">Patristic writers</a> largely promoted marriage as the only form of union between men and women. Both <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Saint Augustine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Saint Jerome</a> strongly condemned the institution of concubinage. <a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Emperor Justinian</a> in his great sixth-century code, the <a href="/wiki/Corpus_Juris_Civilis" title="Corpus Juris Civilis">Corpus Iurus Civilis</a>, granted to concubines and their children the sorts of property and inheritance rights usually reserved for wives.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Oxford_Encyclopedia_of_Women_in_World_History2008471-10">[10]</a> He brought the institution of concubinatus closer to marriage, but he also repeated the Christian injunction that concubinage must be permanent and monogamous.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Oxford_Encyclopedia_of_Women_in_World_History2008471-10">[10]</a> The two views, Christian condemnation and secular continuity with the Roman legal system, continued to be in conflict throughout the entire <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, until in the 14th and 15th centuries the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Church</a> outlawed concubinage in the territories under its control.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Oxford_Encyclopedia_of_Women_in_World_History2008471-10">[10]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Middle_East">Middle East</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Concubinage&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Middle East">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Concubinage_in_the_Muslim_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Concubinage in the Muslim world">Concubinage in the Muslim world</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_concubinage" title="Islamic views on concubinage">Islamic views on concubinage</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_concubinage_in_the_Muslim_world" title="History of concubinage in the Muslim world">History of concubinage in the Muslim world</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ma_malakat_aymanukum" class="mw-redirect" title="Ma malakat aymanukum">Ma malakat aymanukum</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Umm_walad" class="mw-redirect" title="Umm walad">Umm walad</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-POV plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-POV" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/45px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/68px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/90px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="354" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">neutrality</a> of this section is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NPOV_dispute" title="Wikipedia:NPOV dispute">disputed</a>. Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Concubinage##" title="Talk:Concubinage">talk page</a>. Please do not remove this message until <a href="/wiki/Template:POV#When_to_remove" title="Template:POV">conditions to do so are met</a>. (August 2014) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Self-contradictory plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="Exclamation mark with arrows pointing at each other" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Ambox_contradict.svg/38px-Ambox_contradict.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Ambox_contradict.svg/57px-Ambox_contradict.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Ambox_contradict.svg/76px-Ambox_contradict.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section appears to contradict itself on the permissibility of concubinage. Please see the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Concubinage" title="Talk:Concubinage">talk page</a> for more information. (May 2020)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Harem_Scene_with_Mothers_and_Daughters_in_Varying_Costumes,_One_of_274_Vintage_Photographs,_late_19th-early_20th_century.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Harem_Scene_with_Mothers_and_Daughters_in_Varying_Costumes%2C_One_of_274_Vintage_Photographs%2C_late_19th-early_20th_century.jpg/220px-Harem_Scene_with_Mothers_and_Daughters_in_Varying_Costumes%2C_One_of_274_Vintage_Photographs%2C_late_19th-early_20th_century.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Harem_Scene_with_Mothers_and_Daughters_in_Varying_Costumes%2C_One_of_274_Vintage_Photographs%2C_late_19th-early_20th_century.jpg/330px-Harem_Scene_with_Mothers_and_Daughters_in_Varying_Costumes%2C_One_of_274_Vintage_Photographs%2C_late_19th-early_20th_century.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Harem_Scene_with_Mothers_and_Daughters_in_Varying_Costumes%2C_One_of_274_Vintage_Photographs%2C_late_19th-early_20th_century.jpg/440px-Harem_Scene_with_Mothers_and_Daughters_in_Varying_Costumes%2C_One_of_274_Vintage_Photographs%2C_late_19th-early_20th_century.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1172" /></a><figcaption>"Harem Scene with Mothers and Daughters in Varying Costumes" (between 1875 and 1933)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tizian_123.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Tizian_123.jpg/170px-Tizian_123.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Tizian_123.jpg/255px-Tizian_123.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Tizian_123.jpg/340px-Tizian_123.jpg 2x" data-file-width="684" data-file-height="875" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hurrem_Sultan" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurrem Sultan">Hurrem Sultan</a> (Roxalena) was the "favorite concubine" of <a href="/wiki/Suleiman_the_Magnificent" title="Suleiman the Magnificent">Suleiman the Magnificent</a> and later his wife.<a href="#cite_note-RoxalenaHurrem-112">[111]</a> Suleiman became monogamous with her, breaking Ottoman custom.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeirce199359-113">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-RoxalenaHurrem-112">[111]</a></figcaption></figure> In the historic Muslim Arab world, "concubine" (surriyya) referred to the female slave (jāriya), whether Muslim or non-Muslim, with whom her master engages in sexual intercourse in addition to household or other services. Such relationships were common in <a href="/wiki/Pre-Islamic_Arabia" title="Pre-Islamic Arabia">pre-Islamic Arabia</a> and other pre-existing cultures of the wider region.<a href="#cite_note-concubinage-114">[113]</a> Islam introduced legal restrictions and discipline to the concubinage<a href="#cite_note-115">[114]</a> and encouraged manumission.<a href="#cite_note-116">[115]</a> Islam furthermore endorsed educating (instruction in Islam),<a href="#cite_note-brown1-117">[116]</a> freeing or marrying female slaves if they embrace Islam abandoning polytheism or infidelity.<a href="#cite_note-concubines-118">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[118]</a> Acknowledged children of concubines are generally declared as legitimate with or without wedlock, and the mother of a free child was considered free upon the death of her male enslaver. There is evidence that concubines had a higher rank than female slaves. <a href="/wiki/Abu_Hanifa" title="Abu Hanifa">Abu Hanifa</a> and others argued for modesty-like practices for the concubine, recommending that the concubine be established in the home and their chastity be protected and not to misuse them for sale or sharing with friends or kins.<a href="#cite_note-concubinage-114">[113]</a> While scholars exhorted masters to treat their slaves equally, a master was allowed to show favoritism towards a concubine.<a href="#cite_note-concubinage-114">[113]</a> Islamic scholars have disagreed on the exact interpretation. <a href="/wiki/Quran_23:6" class="mw-redirect" title="Quran 23:6">verse 23:6 in the Quran</a> is believed by some Islamic scholars to say that it is allowed to have sexual intercourse with concubines after marrying them, as Islam forbids sexual intercourse outside of marriage.<a href="#cite_note-120">[119]</a> Some scholars recommended holding a wedding banquet (<a href="/wiki/Walima" title="Walima">walima</a>) to celebrate the concubinage relationship; however, this is not required in teachings of Islam and is rather the self-preferred opinions of certain non-liberal Islamic scholars.<a href="#cite_note-concubinage-114">[113]</a> Even the Arabic term for concubine surriyya may have been derived from sarat meaning "eminence", indicating the concubine's higher status over other female slaves.<a href="#cite_note-concubinage-114">[113]</a> The Qur'an does not use the word "surriyya", but instead uses the expression "<a href="/wiki/Ma_malakat_aymanukum" class="mw-redirect" title="Ma malakat aymanukum">Ma malakat aymanukum</a>" (that which your right hands own), which occurs 15 times in the book.<a href="#cite_note-121">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[121]</a> Sayyid <a href="/wiki/Abul_Ala_Maududi" class="mw-redirect" title="Abul Ala Maududi">Abul Ala Maududi</a> explains that "two categories of women have been excluded from the general command of guarding the private parts: (a) wives, (b) women who are legally in one's possession".<a href="#cite_note-123">[122]</a> Some contend that concubinage was a pre-Islamic custom that was allowed to be practiced under Islam, with Jews and non-Muslim people to marry a concubine after teaching her, instructing her well and then giving her freedom.<a href="#cite_note-124">[123]</a> In the traditions of the Abrahamic religions, <a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a> had a concubine named <a href="/wiki/Hagar" title="Hagar">Hagar</a>, who was originally a slave of his wife <a href="/wiki/Sarah" title="Sarah">Sarah</a>.<a href="#cite_note-125">[124]</a> The story of Hagar would affect how concubinage was perceived in early Islamic history.<a href="#cite_note-OHCPT-126">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConcubines_and_Courtesans2017232-127">[126]</a> Sikainiga writes that one rationale for concubinage in Islam was that "it satisfied the sexual desire of the female slaves and thereby prevented the spread of immorality in the <a href="/wiki/Ummah" title="Ummah">Muslim community</a>."<a href="#cite_note-Sikainga_1996_p22-128">[127]</a> Most Islamic schools of thought restricted concubinage to a relationship where the female slave was required to be monogamous to her master,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBloomBlair200248-129">[128]</a> (though the master's monogamy to her is not required), but according to Sikainga, in reality this was not always practiced and female slaves were targeted by other men of the master's household.<a href="#cite_note-Sikainga_1996_p22-128">[127]</a> These opinions of Sikaingia are controversial and contested. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Odalisque_(Boston_Public_Library).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Odalisque_%28Boston_Public_Library%29.jpg/180px-Odalisque_%28Boston_Public_Library%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Odalisque_%28Boston_Public_Library%29.jpg/270px-Odalisque_%28Boston_Public_Library%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Odalisque_%28Boston_Public_Library%29.jpg/360px-Odalisque_%28Boston_Public_Library%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="864" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption> A "<a href="/wiki/Cariye" title="Cariye">cariye</a>" or <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> <a href="/wiki/Concubine" class="mw-redirect" title="Concubine">concubine</a>, painting by Gustav Richter (1823–1884)</figcaption></figure> In ancient times, two sources for concubines were permitted under an Islamic regime. Primarily, non-Muslim women taken as prisoners of war were made concubines as happened after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Trench" title="Battle of the Trench">Battle of the Trench</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Majlisi,_M._B._1966-130">[129]</a> or in numerous later Caliphates.<a href="#cite_note-131">[130]</a> It was encouraged to <a href="/wiki/Manumit" class="mw-redirect" title="Manumit">manumit</a> slave women who rejected their initial faith and converted to Islam, or to bring them into <a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_Islam" title="Marriage in Islam">formal marriage</a>. The expansion of various Muslim dynasties resulted in acquisitions of concubines, through purchase from the slave trade, gifts from other rulers, and captives of war. To have a large number of concubines became a symbol of status.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECortese2013-8">[8]</a> Almost all <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbasid caliph">Abbasid caliphs</a> were born to concubines.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConcubines_and_Courtesans20174-132">[131]</a> The custom to have concubines was common in all Islamic dynasties until the abolition of slavery in the 20th-century. Similarly, the sultans of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman empire">Ottoman empire</a> were often the son of a concubine.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECortese2013-8">[8]</a> As a result, some individual concubines came to exercise a degree of influence over Ottoman politics.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECortese2013-8">[8]</a> Some concubines developed social networks, and accumulated personal wealth, both of which allowed them to rise on social status.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConcubines_and_Courtesans20175-133">[132]</a> The practice declined with the abolition of slavery, starting in the 19th century <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECortese2013-8">[8]</a> and finally abolished in the Arabian Peninsula in the 1960s, with <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Slavery in Saudi Arabia">slavery in Saudi Arabia</a> being banned in 1962 and <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Oman" title="Slavery in Oman">slavery in Oman</a> in 1970. Ottoman sultans appeared to have preferred concubinage to marriage,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeirce199330-134">[133]</a> and for a time all royal children were born of concubines.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeirce199339-135">[134]</a> The consorts of Ottoman sultans were often neither Turkish, nor Muslim by birth.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeirce199337-136">[135]</a> Leslie Peirce argues that this was because a concubine would not have the political leverage that would be possessed by a princess or a daughter of the local elite.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeirce199339-135">[134]</a> Ottoman sultans also appeared to have only one son with each concubine; that is once a concubine gave birth to a son, the sultan would no longer have intercourse with her.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeirce199342-43-137">[136]</a> This limited the power of each son.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeirce199342-43-137">[136]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="New_World">New World</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Concubinage&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: New World">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Free_Woman_of_Color_with_daughter_NOLA_Collage.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Free_Woman_of_Color_with_daughter_NOLA_Collage.jpg/170px-Free_Woman_of_Color_with_daughter_NOLA_Collage.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Free_Woman_of_Color_with_daughter_NOLA_Collage.jpg/255px-Free_Woman_of_Color_with_daughter_NOLA_Collage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Free_Woman_of_Color_with_daughter_NOLA_Collage.jpg/340px-Free_Woman_of_Color_with_daughter_NOLA_Collage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="947" data-file-height="1148" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Free_people_of_color" title="Free people of color">Free woman of color</a> with her <a href="/wiki/Quadroon" title="Quadroon">quadroon</a> daughter; late 18th century collage painting, <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a></figcaption></figure> When <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_colonial_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in the colonial United States">slavery</a> became institutionalized in <a href="/wiki/Colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Colonial history of the United States">Colonial America</a>, white men, whether or not they were married, sometimes took enslaved women as concubines; children of such unions remained slaves.<a href="#cite_note-Matthaei-138">[137]</a> In the various <a href="/wiki/European_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="European colonization of the Americas">European colonies in the Caribbean</a>, white <a href="/wiki/Planter_class" title="Planter class">planters</a> took black and <a href="/wiki/Mulatto" title="Mulatto">mulatto</a> concubines,<a href="#cite_note-Jamaica-139">[138]</a> owing to the shortage of white women.<a href="#cite_note-Orlando3-140">[139]</a> The children of such unions were sometimes freed from slavery<a href="#cite_note-Jamaica-139">[138]</a> and even inherited from their father, though this was not the case for the majority of children born of such unions.<a href="#cite_note-Orlando3-140">[139]</a> These relationships appeared to have been socially accepted in the <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Jamaica" title="Colony of Jamaica">colony of Jamaica</a> and even attracted European emigrants to the island.<a href="#cite_note-Jamaica-139">[138]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brazil">Brazil</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Concubinage&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Brazil">edit</a>]</div> In <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Brazil" title="Colonial Brazil">colonial Brazil</a>, men were expected to marry women who were equal to them in status and wealth. Alternatively, some men practiced concubinage, an extra-marital sexual relationship.<a href="#cite_note-Higgins1-141">[140]</a> This sort of relationship was condemned by the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Council of Trent</a> threatened those who engaged in it with <a href="/wiki/Excommunication" title="Excommunication">excommunication</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Higgins1-141">[140]</a> Concubines constituted both female slaves and former slaves.<a href="#cite_note-Higgins2-142">[141]</a> One reason for taking non-white women as concubines was that free white men outnumbered free white women, although marriage between races was not illegal.<a href="#cite_note-Higgins2-142">[141]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_France">New France</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Concubinage&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: New France">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Concubinage_in_Canada" title="Concubinage in Canada">Concubinage in Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis" title="Métis">Métis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Libertine" title="Libertine">Libertine</a></div> Some French settlers in <a href="/wiki/New_France" title="New France">New France</a> were recorded to keep native women as "concubines," sometimes while being married to a white woman. This was particularly common in <a href="/wiki/French_Louisiana" title="French Louisiana">Louisiana</a>, but was discouraged by the clergy.<a href="#cite_note-143">[142]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Concubinage&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: United States">edit</a>]</div> Relationships with slaves in the United States and the Confederacy were sometimes euphemistically referred to as concubinary.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] From lifelong to single or serial sexual visitations, these relationships with enslaved people illustrate a radical power imbalance between a human owned as <a href="/wiki/Personal_property" title="Personal property">chattel</a>, and the legal owner of same. When personal ownership of slaves was enshrined in the law, an enslaved person had no legal power over their own <a href="/wiki/Legal_person" title="Legal person">legal</a> <a href="/wiki/Personhood" title="Personhood">personhood</a>, the legal control to which was held by another entity; therefore, a slave could never give real and legal <a href="/wiki/Consent" title="Consent">consent</a> in any aspect of their life. The inability to give any kind of consent when enslaved is in part due to the ability of a slave master to legally coerce acts and declarations including those of affection, attraction, and consent through rewards and punishments. Legally however, the concept of chattel slavery in the United States and Confederate States defined and enforced in the law owning the legal personhood of a slave; meaning that the proxy for legal consent was found with the slave's master, who was the sole source of consent in the law to the bodily integrity and all efforts of that slave except as regulated or limited by law. With slavery being recognized as a <a href="/wiki/Crimes_against_humanity" title="Crimes against humanity">crime against humanity</a> in the United States law, as well as in <a href="/wiki/Customary_international_law" title="Customary international law">international customary law</a>, the legal basis of slavery is repudiated for all time, as are any rights which owner-rapists had had to exercise any proxy consent, sexual or otherwise for their slaves.<a href="#cite_note-144">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-145">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-146">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-147">[146]</a> Free men in the United States sometimes took female slaves in relationships which they referred to as concubinage,<a href="#cite_note-Matthaei-138">[137]</a> although marriage between the races was prohibited by law in the colonies and the later United States. Many colonies and states also had laws against <a href="/wiki/Miscegenation" title="Miscegenation">miscegenation</a> or any interracial relations. From 1662 the Colony of Virginia, followed by others, incorporated into law the principle that children took their mother's status, i.e., the principle of <a href="/wiki/Partus_sequitur_ventrem" title="Partus sequitur ventrem">partus sequitur ventrem</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kolchin17-148">[147]</a> This led to generations of <a href="/wiki/Multiracial" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiracial">multiracial</a> slaves, some of whom were otherwise considered legally white (one-eighth or less African, equivalent to a great-grandparent) before the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>. In some cases, men had long-term relationships with enslaved women, giving them and their mixed-race children freedom and providing their children with apprenticeships, education and transfer of capital. A <a href="/wiki/Jefferson%E2%80%93Hemings_controversy" title="Jefferson–Hemings controversy">relationship</a> between <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sally_Hemings" title="Sally Hemings">Sally Hemings</a> is an example of this.<a href="#cite_note-Hemings-149">[148]</a> Such arrangements were more prevalent in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">American South</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Antebellum_South" title="Antebellum South">antebellum period</a>.<a href="#cite_note-150">[149]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plaçage">Plaçage</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Concubinage&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Plaçage">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pla%C3%A7age" title="Plaçage">Plaçage</a></div> In <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_France)" title="Louisiana (New France)">Louisiana</a> and former French territories, a formalized system of concubinage called plaçage developed. European men took enslaved or <a href="/wiki/Free_people_of_color" title="Free people of color">free women of color</a> as mistresses after making arrangements to give them a dowry, house or other transfer of property, and sometimes, if they were enslaved, offering freedom and education for their children.<a href="#cite_note-everyculture.com-151">[150]</a> A third class of <a href="/wiki/Free_people_of_color" title="Free people of color">free people of color</a> developed, especially in <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a>.<a href="#cite_note-everyculture.com-151">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-152">[151]</a> Many became educated, artisans and property owners. French-speaking and practicing <a href="/wiki/Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism">Catholicism</a>, these women combined French and African-American culture and created an elite between those of European descent and the slaves.<a href="#cite_note-everyculture.com-151">[150]</a> Today, descendants of the free people of color are generally called <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Creole_people" title="Louisiana Creole people">Louisiana Creole people</a>.<a href="#cite_note-everyculture.com-151">[150]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_Judaism">In Judaism</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Concubinage&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: In Judaism">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1-concubine-dore.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/1-concubine-dore.jpg/170px-1-concubine-dore.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/1-concubine-dore.jpg/255px-1-concubine-dore.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/1-concubine-dore.jpg/340px-1-concubine-dore.jpg 2x" data-file-width="343" data-file-height="439" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Israelite</a> discovers his concubine, dead on his doorstep – by <a href="/wiki/Gustave_Dor%C3%A9" title="Gustave Doré">Gustave Doré</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Pilegesh" title="Pilegesh">Pilegesh</a></div> In <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>, a concubine is a marital companion of inferior status to a wife.<a href="#cite_note-Concubine-153">[152]</a> Among the <a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Israelites</a>, men commonly acknowledged their concubines, and such women enjoyed the same rights in the house as legitimate wives.<a href="#cite_note-JewEncPil-154">[153]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_Judaism">Ancient Judaism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Concubinage&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Ancient Judaism">edit</a>]</div> The term concubine did not necessarily refer to women after the first wife. A man could have many wives and concubines. Legally, any children born to a concubine were considered to be the children of the wife she was under. The concubine may not have commanded the exact amount of respect as the wife. In the <a href="/wiki/Levitical" class="mw-redirect" title="Levitical">Levitical</a> rules on sexual relations, the Hebrew word that is commonly translated as "wife" is distinct from the Hebrew word that means "concubine". However, on at least one other occasion the term is used to refer to a woman who is not a wife – specifically, the handmaiden of Jacob's wife.<a href="#cite_note-155">[154]</a> In the Levitical code, sexual intercourse between a man and a wife of a different man was forbidden and punishable by death for both persons involved.<a href="#cite_note-156">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-157">[156]</a> Since it was regarded as the highest blessing to have many children, wives often gave their maids to their husbands if they were barren, as in the case of <a href="/wiki/Rachel" title="Rachel">Rachel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bilhah" title="Bilhah">Bilhah</a>. The children of the concubine often had equal rights with those of the wife;<a href="#cite_note-JewEncPil-154">[153]</a> for example, King <a href="/wiki/Abimelech_(Judges)" title="Abimelech (Judges)">Abimelech</a> was the son of <a href="/wiki/Gideon" title="Gideon">Gideon</a> and his concubine.<a href="#cite_note-158">[157]</a> Later biblical figures, such as Gideon and <a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a>, had concubines in addition to many childbearing wives. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Books_of_Kings" title="Books of Kings">Books of Kings</a> say that Solomon had 700 wives and 300 concubines.<a href="#cite_note-159">[158]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fiddlerandtaborer.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Fiddlerandtaborer.png/220px-Fiddlerandtaborer.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Fiddlerandtaborer.png/330px-Fiddlerandtaborer.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Fiddlerandtaborer.png/440px-Fiddlerandtaborer.png 2x" data-file-width="1003" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Illustration from the <a href="/wiki/Morgan_Bible" title="Morgan Bible">Morgan Bible</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Benjamite" class="mw-redirect" title="Benjamite">Benjamites</a> taking women of <a href="/wiki/Shiloh_(biblical_city)" title="Shiloh (biblical city)">Shiloh</a> as concubines</figcaption></figure> The account of the unnamed Levite in Judges 19–20<a href="#cite_note-160">[159]</a> shows that the taking of concubines was not the exclusive preserve of kings or patriarchs in Israel during the time of the Judges, and that the rape of a concubine was completely unacceptable to the Israelite nation and led to a <a href="/wiki/Civil_war" title="Civil war">civil war</a>. In the story, the Levite appears to be an ordinary member of the tribe, whose concubine was a woman from Bethlehem in Judah. This woman was unfaithful, and eventually abandoned him to return to her paternal household. However, after four months, the Levite, referred to as her husband, decided to travel to her father's house to persuade his concubine to return. She is amenable to returning with him, and the father-in-law is very welcoming. The father-in-law convinces the Levite to remain several additional days, until the party leaves behind schedule in the late evening. The group pass up a nearby non-Israelite town to arrive very late in the city of Gibeah, which is in the land of the Benjaminites. The group sit around the town square, waiting for a local to invite them in for the evening, as was the custom for travelers. A local old man invites them to stay in his home, offering them <a href="/wiki/Guest_right" class="mw-redirect" title="Guest right">guest right</a> by washing their feet and offering them food. A band of wicked townsmen attack the house and demand the host send out the Levite man so they can rape him. The host offers to send out his virgin daughter as well as the Levite's concubine for them to rape, to avoid breaking guest right towards the Levite. Eventually, to ensure his own safety and that of his host, the Levite gives the men his concubine, who is raped and abused through the night, until she is left collapsed against the front door at dawn. It is important to note that the Levite man chose to save himself from rape at the expense of his wife. In the morning, the Levite finds her when he tries to leave. When she fails to respond to her husband's order to get up (possibly because she is dead, although the language is unclear) the Levite places her on his donkey and continues home. Once home, he dismembers her body and distributes the 12 parts throughout the nation of Israel. The Israelites gather to learn why they were sent such grisly gifts, and are told by the Levite of the sadistic rape of his concubine. The crime is considered outrageous by the Israelite tribesmen, who then wreak total retribution on the men of Gibeah, as well as the surrounding tribe of Benjamin when they support the Gibeans, killing them without mercy and burning all their towns. The inhabitants of (the town of) Jabesh Gilead are then slaughtered as a punishment for not joining the 11 tribes in their war against the Benjaminites, and their 400 unmarried daughters given in <a href="/wiki/Forced_marriage" title="Forced marriage">forced marriage</a> to the 600 Benjamite survivors. Finally, the 200 Benjaminite survivors who still have no wives are granted a <a href="/wiki/Raptio" title="Raptio">mass marriage by abduction</a> by the other tribes. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medieval_and_modern_Judaism">Medieval and modern Judaism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Concubinage&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Medieval and modern Judaism">edit</a>]</div> In Judaism, concubines are referred to by the Hebrew term <a href="/wiki/Pilegesh" title="Pilegesh">pilegesh</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: פילגש). The term is a loanword from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> παλλακίς,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELieb1994274-161">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-162">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-163">[162]</a> meaning "a mistress staying in house". According to the <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Babylonian Talmud</a>,<a href="#cite_note-JewEncPil-154">[153]</a> the difference between a concubine and a legitimate wife was that the latter received a <a href="/wiki/Ketubah" title="Ketubah">ketubah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jewish_wedding" title="Jewish wedding">her marriage</a> (nissu'in) was preceded by an <a href="/wiki/Erusin" title="Erusin">erusin</a> ("formal betrothal"), which was not the case for a concubine.<a href="#cite_note-164">[163]</a> One opinion in the <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Talmud" title="Jerusalem Talmud">Jerusalem Talmud</a> argues that the concubine should also receive a marriage contract, but without a clause specifying a divorce settlement.<a href="#cite_note-JewEncPil-154">[153]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Rashi" title="Rashi">Rashi</a>, "wives with kiddushin and ketubbah, concubines with kiddushin but without ketubbah"; this reading is from the Jerusalem Talmud,<a href="#cite_note-Concubine-153">[152]</a> Certain Jewish thinkers, such as <a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a>, believed that concubines were strictly reserved for royal leadership and thus that a commoner may not have a concubine. Indeed, such thinkers argued that commoners may not engage in any type of <a href="/wiki/Human_sexuality" title="Human sexuality">sexual relations</a> outside of a marriage. Maimonides was not the first Jewish thinker to criticise concubinage. For example, <a href="/wiki/Leviticus_Rabbah" title="Leviticus Rabbah">Leviticus Rabbah</a> severely condemns the custom.<a href="#cite_note-165">[164]</a> Other Jewish thinkers, such as <a href="/wiki/Nahmanides" class="mw-redirect" title="Nahmanides">Nahmanides</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samuel_ben_Uri_Shraga_Phoebus" title="Samuel ben Uri Shraga Phoebus">Samuel ben Uri Shraga Phoebus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Emden" title="Jacob Emden">Jacob Emden</a>, strongly objected to the idea that concubines should be forbidden. Despite these prohibitions, concubinage remained widespread among Jewish households of the Ottoman empire and resembled the practice among the Muslim households.<a href="#cite_note-166">[165]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew" title="Modern Hebrew">Hebrew</a> of the contemporary <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">State of Israel</a>, pilegesh is often used as the equivalent of the English word "<a href="/wiki/Mistress_(lover)" title="Mistress (lover)">mistress</a>"—i.e., the female partner in extramarital relations—regardless of legal recognition. Attempts have been initiated to popularise pilegesh as a form of premarital, non-marital or extramarital relationship (which, according to the perspective of the enacting person(s), is permitted by <a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">Jewish law</a>).<a href="#cite_note-167">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-168">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-169">[168]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Concubinage_and_slavery">Concubinage and slavery</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Concubinage&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Concubinage and slavery">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">Slavery</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sexual_slavery" title="Sexual slavery">Sexual slavery</a></div> In some context, the institution of concubinage diverged from a free quasi-marital cohabitation to the extent that it was forbidden to a free woman to be involved in a concubinage and the institution was reserved only to slaves. This type of concubinage was practiced in patriarchal cultures throughout history.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodriguez2011203-3">[3]</a> Many societies automatically freed the concubine after she had a child. Among societies that did not legally require the manumission of concubines, it was usually done anyway.<a href="#cite_note-Orlando1-39">[39]</a> In slave-owning societies, most concubines were slaves, but not all.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHistorical_Dictionary_of_Slavery_and_Abolition2014122-37">[37]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute">dubious</a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Concubinage#"In_slave_owning_societies,_most_concubines_were_slaves"" title="Talk:Concubinage">discuss</a>] The feature of concubinage that made it attractive to certain men was that the concubine was dependent on the man; she could be sold or punished at the master's will.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHistorical_Dictionary_of_Slavery_and_Abolition2014122-37">[37]</a> According to Orlando Peterson, slaves taken as concubines would have had a higher level of material comfort than the <a href="/wiki/Plantation#Slavery" title="Plantation">slaves used in agriculture</a> or in mining.<a href="#cite_note-170">[169]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Concubinage&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Courtesan" title="Courtesan">Courtesan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy" title="Polygamy">Polygamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy_in_Christianity" title="Polygamy in Christianity">Polygamy in Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygyny" title="Polygyny">Polygyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicisbeo" title="Cicisbeo">Cicisbeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contubernium" title="Contubernium">Contubernium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common-law_marriage" title="Common-law marriage">Common-law marriage</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Concubinage&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Concubinage&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> During the Old Assyrian Period, Assyrian marriages were generally monogamous. But if a merchant had two homes, one in Anatolia and another in Assyria, he was allowed to have a wife in each city.<a href="#cite_note-CompanionToAssyria-85-40">[40]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Concubinage&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Oxford_Encyclopedia_of_Women_in_World_History2008-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThe_Oxford_Encyclopedia_of_Women_in_World_History2008_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThe_Oxford_Encyclopedia_of_Women_in_World_History2008_1-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFThe_Oxford_Encyclopedia_of_Women_in_World_History2008">The Oxford Encyclopedia of Women in World History 2008</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Oxford_Encyclopedia_of_Women_in_World_History2008467-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThe_Oxford_Encyclopedia_of_Women_in_World_History2008467_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThe_Oxford_Encyclopedia_of_Women_in_World_History2008467_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThe_Oxford_Encyclopedia_of_Women_in_World_History2008467_2-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThe_Oxford_Encyclopedia_of_Women_in_World_History2008467_2-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThe_Oxford_Encyclopedia_of_Women_in_World_History2008467_2-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThe_Oxford_Encyclopedia_of_Women_in_World_History2008467_2-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThe_Oxford_Encyclopedia_of_Women_in_World_History2008467_2-6">g</a> <a href="#CITEREFThe_Oxford_Encyclopedia_of_Women_in_World_History2008">The Oxford Encyclopedia of Women in World History 2008</a>, p. 467. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERodriguez2011203-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodriguez2011203_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodriguez2011203_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodriguez2011203_3-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodriguez2011203_3-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodriguez2011203_3-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodriguez2011203_3-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodriguez2011203_3-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodriguez2011203_3-7">h</a> <a href="#CITEREFRodriguez2011">Rodriguez 2011</a>, p. 203. </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:02_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_4-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBroadbridge2018">Broadbridge 2018</a>, pp. 74, 92 </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPeter_Jackson2014" class="citation book cs1">Peter Jackson (May 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kMCCBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT64">The Mongols and the West 1221–1410</a>. <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317878988" title="Special:BookSources/9781317878988"><bdi>9781317878988</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mongols+and+the+West+1221%E2%80%931410&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2014-05&rft.isbn=9781317878988&rft.au=Peter+Jackson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkMCCBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT64&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcubinage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-a05-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-a05_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-a05_6-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://departments.kings.edu/womens_history/concubin.html">"Concubinage in Asia"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170326034744/http://departments.kings.edu/womens_history/concubin.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2017. Retrieved 11 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Concubinage+in+Asia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdepartments.kings.edu%2Fwomens_history%2Fconcubin.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcubinage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Oxford_Encyclopedia_of_Women_in_World_History2008469-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThe_Oxford_Encyclopedia_of_Women_in_World_History2008469_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThe_Oxford_Encyclopedia_of_Women_in_World_History2008469_7-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThe_Oxford_Encyclopedia_of_Women_in_World_History2008469_7-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFThe_Oxford_Encyclopedia_of_Women_in_World_History2008">The Oxford Encyclopedia of Women in World History 2008</a>, p. 469. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECortese2013-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECortese2013_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECortese2013_8-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECortese2013_8-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECortese2013_8-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECortese2013_8-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECortese2013_8-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFCortese2013">Cortese 2013</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"slave labor/slavery". The Greenwood Encyclopedia of International Relations: S-Z. p. 1530.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=slave+labor%2Fslavery&rft.btitle=The+Greenwood+Encyclopedia+of+International+Relations%3A+S-Z&rft.pages=1530&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcubinage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Oxford_Encyclopedia_of_Women_in_World_History2008471-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThe_Oxford_Encyclopedia_of_Women_in_World_History2008471_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThe_Oxford_Encyclopedia_of_Women_in_World_History2008471_10-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThe_Oxford_Encyclopedia_of_Women_in_World_History2008471_10-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThe_Oxford_Encyclopedia_of_Women_in_World_History2008471_10-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFThe_Oxford_Encyclopedia_of_Women_in_World_History2008">The Oxford Encyclopedia of Women in World History 2008</a>, p. 471. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHistorical_Dictionary_of_Slavery_and_Abolition2014122-123-11"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHistorical_Dictionary_of_Slavery_and_Abolition2014122-123_11-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHistorical_Dictionary_of_Slavery_and_Abolition2014">Historical Dictionary of Slavery and Abolition 2014</a>, p. 122-123. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHagemannRoseDudink2020320-12"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHagemannRoseDudink2020320_12-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHagemannRoseDudink2020">Hagemann, Rose & Dudink 2020</a>, p. 320. </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/concubinage">"Concubinage"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 25 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Concubinage&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2Fconcubinage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcubinage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLong2006" class="citation book cs1">Long, Scott (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/reports/2006/us0506/10.htm#_Toc132691986">Family, unvalued : discrimination, denial, and the fate of binational same-sex couples under U.S. law</a>. New York: Human Rights Watch. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781564323361" title="Special:BookSources/9781564323361"><bdi>9781564323361</bdi></a>. Retrieved 29 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Family%2C+unvalued+%3A+discrimination%2C+denial%2C+and+the+fate+of+binational+same-sex+couples+under+U.S.+law.&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9781564323361&rft.aulast=Long&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Freports%2F2006%2Fus0506%2F10.htm%23_Toc132691986&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcubinage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalho1972" class="citation journal cs1">Halho, H.R. (1972). "The Law of Concubinage". South African Law Journal. 89: 321–332.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+African+Law+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Law+of+Concubinage&rft.volume=89&rft.pages=321-332&rft.date=1972&rft.aulast=Halho&rft.aufirst=H.R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcubinage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSoles_III2016" class="citation journal cs1">Soles III, Donald E. (2016). "Truisms & Tautologies: Ambivalent Conclusions regarding Same-Sex Marriage in Chapin v. France". Global Justice & Public Policy. 3: 149.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Global+Justice+%26+Public+Policy&rft.atitle=Truisms+%26+Tautologies%3A+Ambivalent+Conclusions+regarding+Same-Sex+Marriage+in+Chapin+v.+France&rft.volume=3&rft.pages=149&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Soles+III&rft.aufirst=Donald+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcubinage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/concubine">"Definition: concubine (n.)"</a>. Merriams-Webster. Retrieved 1 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Definition%3A+concubine+%28n.%29&rft.pub=Merriams-Webster&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fconcubine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcubinage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/concubinage">"Definition: concubinage (n.)"</a>. Merriams-Webster. Retrieved 1 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Definition%3A+concubinage+%28n.%29&rft.pub=Merriams-Webster&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fconcubinage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcubinage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Century-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Century_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Century_19-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Century_19-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/word/concubine">"Etymology: concubine (n.), concubinage (n.)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Century_Dictionary" title="Century Dictionary">Century Dictionary</a>. Retrieved 1 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Etymology%3A+concubine+%28n.%29%2C+concubinage+%28n.%29&rft.pub=Century+Dictionary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Fword%2Fconcubine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcubinage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/concubine">"Definition of 'concubine'"</a>. Collins Dictionary. Retrieved 1 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Definition+of+%27concubine%27&rft.pub=Collins+Dictionary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.collinsdictionary.com%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish%2Fconcubine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcubinage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Oxford_Encyclopedia_of_Women_in_World_History2008467-468-21"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThe_Oxford_Encyclopedia_of_Women_in_World_History2008467-468_21-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThe_Oxford_Encyclopedia_of_Women_in_World_History2008">The Oxford Encyclopedia of Women in World History 2008</a>, p. 467-468: "In twenty-first-century parlance, 'concubine' refers either to a mistress or to a sex slave." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStocquart1907304-22"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStocquart1907304_22-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStocquart1907">Stocquart 1907</a>, p. 304. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_International_Encyclopedia_of_Anthropology1999-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThe_International_Encyclopedia_of_Anthropology1999_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThe_International_Encyclopedia_of_Anthropology1999_23-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThe_International_Encyclopedia_of_Anthropology1999_23-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThe_International_Encyclopedia_of_Anthropology1999_23-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThe_International_Encyclopedia_of_Anthropology1999_23-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThe_International_Encyclopedia_of_Anthropology1999_23-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFThe_International_Encyclopedia_of_Anthropology1999">The International Encyclopedia of Anthropology 1999</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorrillo2005" class="citation journal cs1">Borrillo, Daniel (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openyls.law.yale.edu/bitstream/handle/20.500.13051/6926/08_17YaleJL_Feminism89_2005_.pdf">"Who is Breaking with Tradition? The Legal Recognition of Same-Sex Partnership in France and the Question of Modernity"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Yale_Journal_of_Law_and_Feminism" title="Yale Journal of Law and Feminism">Yale Journal of Law and Feminism</a>. 17: 91.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Yale+Journal+of+Law+and+Feminism&rft.atitle=Who+is+Breaking+with+Tradition%3F+The+Legal+Recognition+of+Same-Sex+Partnership+in+France+and+the+Question+of+Modernity&rft.volume=17&rft.pages=91&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Borrillo&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenyls.law.yale.edu%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F20.500.13051%2F6926%2F08_17YaleJL_Feminism89_2005_.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcubinage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ettedgui-25"><a href="#cite_ref-Ettedgui_25-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEttedgui2018" class="citation web cs1">Ettedgui, Sarah (20 September 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.loc.gov/law/2018/09/concubinage-and-the-law-in-france/">"Concubinage and the Law in France"</a>. Retrieved 27 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Concubinage+and+the+Law+in+France&rft.date=2018-09-20&rft.aulast=Ettedgui&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.loc.gov%2Flaw%2F2018%2F09%2Fconcubinage-and-the-law-in-france%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcubinage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> Article <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/codes/article_lc/LEGIARTI000006428571/2020-09-19">515-8</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Code" title="Napoleonic Code">Civil Code</a> defines "concubinage" as "a de facto union, characterized by a shared life and a character of stability and continuity, between two persons of different or same sex, who live as a couple" ("une union de fait, caractérisée par une vie commune présentant un caractère de stabilité et de continuité, entre deux personnes, de sexe différent ou de même sexe, qui vivent en couple"). See also <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concubinage_en_France" class="extiw" title="fr:Concubinage en France">Concubinage en France</a> (in French). </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> See, for instance, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cite.case.law/la/114/456/">Succession of Jahraus, 114 La. 456, 38 So. 417 (1905)</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cite.case.law/so/174/94/10027624/">Succession of Lannes, 174 So. 94, 187 La. 17 (1936)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWagnon2016" class="citation journal cs1">Wagnon, Brittanie (Summer 2016). "From Wedding Bells to Working Women:Unmasking the Sexism Resulting from "Illicit Concubinage" in Louisiana's Jurisprudence". Louisiana Law Review. 76 (4): 1414.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Louisiana+Law+Review&rft.atitle=From+Wedding+Bells+to+Working+Women%3AUnmasking+the+Sexism+Resulting+from+%22Illicit+Concubinage%22+in+Louisiana%27s+Jurisprudence&rft.ssn=summer&rft.volume=76&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1414&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Wagnon&rft.aufirst=Brittanie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcubinage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHistorical_Dictionary_of_Slavery_and_Abolition2014">Historical Dictionary of Slavery and Abolition 2014</a>, p. 122:In almost all slave-using societies, the highest prices are paid for beautiful young women. Some became high-priced prostitutes or companions, but most became concubines...Not all concubines were slaves but most were. </li> <li id="cite_note-Lerner-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lerner_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lerner_30-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLerner2008">Lerner 2008</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Oxford_Encyclopedia_of_Women_in_World_History2008468,_472-31"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThe_Oxford_Encyclopedia_of_Women_in_World_History2008468,_472_31-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThe_Oxford_Encyclopedia_of_Women_in_World_History2008">The Oxford Encyclopedia of Women in World History 2008</a>, pp. 468, 472. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Oxford_Encyclopedia_of_Women_in_World_History2008468-32"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThe_Oxford_Encyclopedia_of_Women_in_World_History2008468_32-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThe_Oxford_Encyclopedia_of_Women_in_World_History2008">The Oxford Encyclopedia of Women in World History 2008</a>, p. 468. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWomen's_Studies_Encyclopedia1999290-33"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWomen's_Studies_Encyclopedia1999290_33-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWomen's_Studies_Encyclopedia1999">Women's Studies Encyclopedia 1999</a>, p. 290. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Oxford_Encyclopedia_of_Women_in_World_History2008470-34"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThe_Oxford_Encyclopedia_of_Women_in_World_History2008470_34-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThe_Oxford_Encyclopedia_of_Women_in_World_History2008">The Oxford Encyclopedia of Women in World History 2008</a>, p. 470. </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStocquart1907">Stocquart 1907</a>, p. 309: "[marriage] seems to have had a double object, first, to establish between husband and wife, perfect equality of rank, of condition and of dignity, honor, dignitas; it is this which distinguishes it precisely from concubinatus, called as well inaequale conjugium." </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStocquart1907">Stocquart 1907</a>, p. 304: "Marriage implied the intention of the husband to have a legal wife, to raise her to his rank, to make her his equal, and the corresponding intent of the wife; this was called the affectio maritalis ('marital affection')." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHistorical_Dictionary_of_Slavery_and_Abolition2014122-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHistorical_Dictionary_of_Slavery_and_Abolition2014122_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHistorical_Dictionary_of_Slavery_and_Abolition2014122_37-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHistorical_Dictionary_of_Slavery_and_Abolition2014122_37-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHistorical_Dictionary_of_Slavery_and_Abolition2014122_37-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFHistorical_Dictionary_of_Slavery_and_Abolition2014">Historical Dictionary of Slavery and Abolition 2014</a>, p. 122. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalthall200813-38"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalthall200813_38-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWalthall2008">Walthall 2008</a>, p. 13. </li> <li id="cite_note-Orlando1-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Orlando1_39-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Orlando1_39-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Orlando1_39-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeterson" class="citation book cs1">Peterson, Orlando. Slavery and Social Death. <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. p. 230. <q>Many societies in addition to those advocating Islam automatically freed the concubine, especially after she had had a child. About a third of all non-Islamic societies fall into this category.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Slavery+and+Social+Death&rft.pages=230&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.aulast=Peterson&rft.aufirst=Orlando&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcubinage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CompanionToAssyria-85-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CompanionToAssyria-85_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CompanionToAssyria-85_40-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichel2017" class="citation cs2">Michel, Cécile (2017), "Chapter 4. Economy, Society, and Daily Life in the Old Assyrian Period", in Frahm, Eckart (ed.), A Companion to Assyria, Wiley-Blackwell, p. 85, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1444335934" title="Special:BookSources/978-1444335934"><bdi>978-1444335934</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+4.+Economy%2C+Society%2C+and+Daily+Life+in+the+Old+Assyrian+Period&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Assyria&rft.pages=85&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1444335934&rft.aulast=Michel&rft.aufirst=C%C3%A9cile&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcubinage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CompanionToAssyria-157-42">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CompanionToAssyria-157_42-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CompanionToAssyria-157_42-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CompanionToAssyria-157_42-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CompanionToAssyria-157_42-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacob2017" class="citation cs2">Jacob, Stefan (2017), "Chapter 7. Economy, Society, and Daily Life in the Middle Assyrian Period", in Frahm, Eckart (ed.), A Companion to Assyria, Wiley-Blackwell, pp. 157–58, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1444335934" title="Special:BookSources/978-1444335934"><bdi>978-1444335934</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+7.+Economy%2C+Society%2C+and+Daily+Life+in+the+Middle+Assyrian+Period&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Assyria&rft.pages=157-58&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1444335934&rft.aulast=Jacob&rft.aufirst=Stefan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcubinage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CompanionToAssyria-412-43"><a href="#cite_ref-CompanionToAssyria-412_43-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFales2017" class="citation cs2">Fales, Frederick Mario (2017), "Chapter 22. Assyrian Legal Traditions", in Frahm, Eckart (ed.), A Companion to Assyria, Wiley-Blackwell, pp. 412–13, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1444335934" title="Special:BookSources/978-1444335934"><bdi>978-1444335934</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+22.+Assyrian+Legal+Traditions&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Assyria&rft.pages=412-13&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1444335934&rft.aulast=Fales&rft.aufirst=Frederick+Mario&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcubinage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> Shaw, Garry J. The Pharaoh, Life at Court and on Campaign, Thames and Hudson, 2012, p. 48, 91–94. </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-45">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_45-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_45-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldhistory.org/article/623/women-in-ancient-egypt/">"Women in Ancient Egypt"</a>. <a href="/wiki/World_History_Encyclopedia" title="World History Encyclopedia">World History Encyclopedia</a>. Retrieved 17 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+History+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=Women+in+Ancient+Egypt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldhistory.org%2Farticle%2F623%2Fwomen-in-ancient-egypt%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcubinage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BlundellBlundell1995-46"><a href="#cite_ref-BlundellBlundell1995_46-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlundellBlundell1995" class="citation book cs1">Blundell, Sue; Blundell, Susan (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/womeninancientgr0000blun">Women in Ancient Greece</a>. Harvard University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/womeninancientgr0000blun/page/124">124</a>–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-95473-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-95473-1"><bdi>978-0-674-95473-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+in+Ancient+Greece&rft.pages=124-&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-674-95473-1&rft.aulast=Blundell&rft.aufirst=Sue&rft.au=Blundell%2C+Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwomeninancientgr0000blun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcubinage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wilson2006-47"><a href="#cite_ref-Wilson2006_47-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson2006" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, Nigel Guy (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-aFtPdh6-2QC&pg=PA158">Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece</a>. Psychology Press. pp. 158–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-97334-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-97334-2"><bdi>978-0-415-97334-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Ancient+Greece&rft.pages=158-&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-415-97334-2&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Nigel+Guy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-aFtPdh6-2QC%26pg%3DPA158&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcubinage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davidson-48"><a href="#cite_ref-Davidson_48-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavidson1998" class="citation book cs1">Davidson, James (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780312185596">Courtesans and Fishcakes: The Consuming Passions of Classical Athens</a>. Macmillan. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780312185596/page/98">98</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-18559-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-18559-6"><bdi>0-312-18559-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Courtesans+and+Fishcakes%3A+The+Consuming+Passions+of+Classical+Athens&rft.pages=98&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-312-18559-6&rft.aulast=Davidson&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780312185596&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcubinage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MacLachlan2012-49"><a href="#cite_ref-MacLachlan2012_49-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacLachlan2012" class="citation book cs1">MacLachlan, Bonnie (31 May 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vlsJBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT74">Women in Ancient Greece: A Sourcebook</a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 74–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-0964-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-0964-4"><bdi>978-1-4411-0964-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+in+Ancient+Greece%3A+A+Sourcebook&rft.pages=74-&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2012-05-31&rft.isbn=978-1-4411-0964-4&rft.aulast=MacLachlan&rft.aufirst=Bonnie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvlsJBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT74&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcubinage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavidson1998" class="citation book cs1">Davidson, James (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780312185596">Courtesans and Fishcakes: The Consuming Passions of Classical Athens</a>. Macmillan. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780312185596/page/98">98–99</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-18559-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-18559-6"><bdi>0-312-18559-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Courtesans+and+Fishcakes%3A+The+Consuming+Passions+of+Classical+Athens&rft.pages=98-99&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-312-18559-6&rft.aulast=Davidson&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780312185596&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcubinage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavidson1998" class="citation book cs1">Davidson, James (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780312185596">Courtesans and Fishcakes: The Consuming Passions of Classical Athens</a>. Macmillan. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780312185596/page/101">101</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-18559-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-18559-6"><bdi>0-312-18559-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Courtesans+and+Fishcakes%3A+The+Consuming+Passions+of+Classical+Athens&rft.pages=101&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-312-18559-6&rft.aulast=Davidson&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780312185596&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcubinage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETreggiari198158-52"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreggiari198158_52-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTreggiari1981">Treggiari 1981</a>, p. 58. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETreggiari198159-53"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreggiari198159_53-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTreggiari1981">Treggiari 1981</a>, p. 59. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGellérfi202089–100,_especially_pp._98–99-54"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGellérfi202089–100,_especially_pp._98–99_54-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGellérfi2020">Gellérfi 2020</a>, pp. 89–100, especially pp. 98–99. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiefer201250-55"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKiefer201250_55-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKiefer2012">Kiefer 2012</a>, p. 50. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETreggiari198169–70,_citing_''[[Corpus_Inscriptionum_Latinarum|CIL]]''_VI_1906-56"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreggiari198169–70,_citing_''[[Corpus_Inscriptionum_Latinarum|CIL]]''_VI_1906_56-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTreggiari1981">Treggiari 1981</a>, pp. 69–70, citing <a href="/wiki/Corpus_Inscriptionum_Latinarum" title="Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum">CIL</a> VI 1906. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams2006413–414-57"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams2006413–414_57-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilliams2006">Williams 2006</a>, pp. 413–414. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGinn1991359–366-58"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGinn1991359–366_58-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcGinn1991">McGinn 1991</a>, pp. 359–366. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETreggiari1981b60-59"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreggiari1981b60_59-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTreggiari1981b">Treggiari 1981b</a>, p. 60. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGinn1991333–375-60"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGinn1991333–375_60-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcGinn1991">McGinn 1991</a>, p. 333–375. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETreggiari1981b71–74-61"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreggiari1981b71–74_61-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTreggiari1981b">Treggiari 1981b</a>, p. 71–74. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERawson1974288,_especially_n._30-62"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERawson1974288,_especially_n._30_62-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRawson1974">Rawson 1974</a>, p. 288, especially n. 30. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETreggiari198153-63"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreggiari198153_63-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTreggiari1981">Treggiari 1981</a>, p. 53. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERawson1974289-64"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERawson1974289_64-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRawson1974">Rawson 1974</a>, p. 289. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESandonScalso2020154_''et_passim''-65"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESandonScalso2020154_''et_passim''_65-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSandonScalso2020">Sandon & Scalso 2020</a>, p. 154 et passim. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERawson1974291,_especially_n._44-66"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERawson1974291,_especially_n._44_66-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRawson1974">Rawson 1974</a>, p. 291, especially n. 44. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETreggiari198158,_noting_that_intention_''(affectio_maritalis)'',_though_at_times_hard_to_determine,_was_the_basis_of_a_valid_marriage-67"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreggiari198158,_noting_that_intention_''(affectio_maritalis)'',_though_at_times_hard_to_determine,_was_the_basis_of_a_valid_marriage_67-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTreggiari1981">Treggiari 1981</a>, p. 58, noting that intention (affectio maritalis), though at times hard to determine, was the basis of a valid marriage. </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> Patricia Buckley Ebrey (2002): Women and the Family in Chinese History. Oxford: Routledge, p. 39. </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> Ebrey 2002:39. </li> <li id="cite_note-Hinsch-70">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hinsch_70-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hinsch_70-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHinsch1990" class="citation book cs1">Hinsch, Bret (1990). Passions of the Cut Sleeve: The Male Homosexual Tradition in China. Berkley: University of California Press. p. 51.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Passions+of+the+Cut+Sleeve%3A+The+Male+Homosexual+Tradition+in+China&rft.place=Berkley&rft.pages=51&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Hinsch&rft.aufirst=Bret&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcubinage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> Shi Fengyi 史凤仪 (1987): Zhongguo gudai hunyin yu jiating 中国古代婚姻与家庭 Marriage and Family in Ancient China. Wuhan: Hubei Renmin Chubanshe, p. 74. </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ctext.org/liji/nei-ze#n9964">Nei Ze</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304051012/http://ctext.org/liji/nei-ze#n9964">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 11 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nei+Ze&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fctext.org%2Fliji%2Fnei-ze%23n9964&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcubinage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ebrey_2002:_60-73">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ebrey_2002:_60_73-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ebrey_2002:_60_73-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ebrey_2002:_60_73-2">c</a> Ebrey 2002: 60. </li> <li id="cite_note-Concubines_of_Ancient_China3-74"><a href="#cite_ref-Concubines_of_Ancient_China3_74-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.beijingmadeeasy.com/beijing-history/concubines-of-ancient-china">"Concubines of Ancient China"</a>. Beijing Made Easy. 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120608030129/http://www.beijingmadeeasy.com/beijing-history/concubines-of-ancient-china">Archived</a> from the original on 8 June 2012. Retrieved 13 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Beijing+Made+Easy&rft.atitle=Concubines+of+Ancient+China&rft.date=2012&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.beijingmadeeasy.com%2Fbeijing-history%2Fconcubines-of-ancient-china&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcubinage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> Ebrey 2002: 54. </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> Ebrey 2002: 42. </li> <li id="cite_note-Concubines_of_Ancient_China-77"><a href="#cite_ref-Concubines_of_Ancient_China_77-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.beijingmadeeasy.com/beijing-history/concubines-of-ancient-china">"Concubines of Ancient China"</a>. Beijing Made Easy. 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120608030129/http://www.beijingmadeeasy.com/beijing-history/concubines-of-ancient-china">Archived</a> from the original on 8 June 2012. Retrieved 13 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Beijing+Made+Easy&rft.atitle=Concubines+of+Ancient+China&rft.date=2012&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.beijingmadeeasy.com%2Fbeijing-history%2Fconcubines-of-ancient-china&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcubinage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> Qiu Zhonglin(Chung-lin Ch'iu)邱仲麟:"Mingdai linxuan Houfei jiqi guizhi" 明代遴選後妃及其規制 (The Imperial Concubine Selection System during the Ming Dynasty). Mingdai Yanjiu 明代研究 (Ming Studies) 11.2008:58. </li> <li id="cite_note-EmpressChina-79"><a href="#cite_ref-EmpressChina_79-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeagrave,_Peggy_Seagrave1993" class="citation book cs1">Seagrave, Peggy Seagrave, Sterling (1993). Dragon lady: the life and legend of the last empress of China. 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Retrieved 20 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=China+Underground&rft.atitle=Dream+of+the+Red+Chamber&rft.date=2016-05-08&rft.au=China-Underground&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchina-underground.com%2F2016%2F05%2F08%2Fdream-of-the-red-chamber%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcubinage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.people.cn/102774/8067124.html">"Top 10 Chinese entertainment events in 2012 (7) – People's Daily Online"</a>. en.people.cn. Retrieved 23 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=en.people.cn&rft.atitle=Top+10+Chinese+entertainment+events+in+2012+%287%29+%E2%80%93+People%27s+Daily+Online&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.people.cn%2F102774%2F8067124.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcubinage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aiweibang.com/yuedu/101925130.html">"港台剧怀旧经典"</a>. aiweibang.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160923232525/http://www.aiweibang.com/yuedu/101925130.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 September 2016. Retrieved 5 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=aiweibang.com&rft.atitle=%E6%B8%AF%E5%8F%B0%E5%89%A7%E6%80%80%E6%97%A7%E7%BB%8F%E5%85%B8&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aiweibang.com%2Fyuedu%2F101925130.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcubinage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcClynn2015" class="citation book cs1">McClynn, Frank (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RBZpCQAAQBAJ&pg=PT117">Genghis Khan: His Conquests, His Empire, His Legacy</a>. Hachette Books. p. 117. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0306823961" title="Special:BookSources/978-0306823961"><bdi>978-0306823961</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genghis+Khan%3A+His+Conquests%2C+His+Empire%2C+His+Legacy&rft.pages=117&rft.pub=Hachette+Books&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0306823961&rft.aulast=McClynn&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRBZpCQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT117&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcubinage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-denicola-84"><a href="#cite_ref-denicola_84-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_Nicola2017" class="citation book cs1">De Nicola, Bruno (2017). Women in Mongol Iran: The Khatuns, 1206–1335. Edinburgh University Press. p. 68.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+in+Mongol+Iran%3A+The+Khatuns%2C+1206%E2%80%931335&rft.pages=68&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=De+Nicola&rft.aufirst=Bruno&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcubinage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFINC.2015" class="citation web cs1">INC., SANKEI DIGITAL (3 June 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sankei.com/west/news/150602/wst1506020001-n1.html">"【九転十起の女（２７）】女盛りもとうに過ぎ…夫とお手伝いの間に子供"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161019020813/http://www.sankei.com/west/news/150602/wst1506020001-n1.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 October 2016. Retrieved 11 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E3%80%90%E4%B9%9D%E8%BB%A2%E5%8D%81%E8%B5%B7%E3%81%AE%E5%A5%B3%EF%BC%88%EF%BC%92%EF%BC%97%EF%BC%89%E3%80%91%E5%A5%B3%E7%9B%9B%E3%82%8A%E3%82%82%E3%81%A8%E3%81%86%E3%81%AB%E9%81%8E%E3%81%8E%E2%80%A6%E5%A4%AB%E3%81%A8%E3%81%8A%E6%89%8B%E4%BC%9D%E3%81%84%E3%81%AE%E9%96%93%E3%81%AB%E5%AD%90%E4%BE%9B&rft.date=2015-06-03&rft.aulast=INC.&rft.aufirst=SANKEI+DIGITAL&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sankei.com%2Fwest%2Fnews%2F150602%2Fwst1506020001-n1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcubinage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERodriguez2011392-86"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodriguez2011392_86-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRodriguez2011">Rodriguez 2011</a>, p. 392. </li> <li id="cite_note-Has41-87"><a href="#cite_ref-Has41_87-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHassig2016">Hassig 2016</a>, p. 41"In some societies, ties of concubinage were made with women who would not be socially acceptable wives." </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_Parkin2020" class="citation book cs1">Robert Parkin (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gUcHEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA127">South Asia in Transition An Introduction to the Social Anthropology of a Subcontinent</a>. Lexington books. p. 127. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781793611796" title="Special:BookSources/9781793611796"><bdi>9781793611796</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=South+Asia+in+Transition+An+Introduction+to+the+Social+Anthropology+of+a+Subcontinent&rft.pages=127&rft.pub=Lexington+books&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9781793611796&rft.au=Robert+Parkin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgUcHEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA127&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcubinage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNath1960" class="citation book cs1">Nath, Y. V. S. (1960). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eXEbAAAAMAAJ">Bhils of Ratanmal: An Analysis of the Social Structure of a Western Indian Community</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_Delhi" title="New Delhi">New Delhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>: <a href="/wiki/Maharaja_Sayajirao_University_of_Baroda" title="Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda">Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda</a>. pp. 62: in Pipergota, a ruler is having a Dhanaki concubine for a number of years. But he does not live with her. He accepts no food from her. So his purity is unaffected and be remains a member of the higher society. Quite a few Bhilala land holders have Naika woman their concubines and in Baria, such relations are said to exist between the <a href="/wiki/Koli_people" title="Koli people">Koli</a> <a href="/wiki/Thakur_(title)" title="Thakur (title)">Thakurs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bhil" title="Bhil">Bhil</a> women.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bhils+of+Ratanmal%3A+An+Analysis+of+the+Social+Structure+of+a+Western+Indian+Community&rft.place=New+Delhi%2C+India%2C+Asia&rft.pages=62%3A+in+Pipergota%2C+a+ruler+is+having+a+Dhanaki+concubine+for+a+number+of+years.+But+he+does+not+live+with+her.+He+accepts+no+food+from+her.+So+his+purity+is+unaffected+and+be+remains+a+member+of+the+higher+society.+Quite+a+few+Bhilala+land+holders+have+Naika+woman+their+concubines+and+in+Baria%2C+such+relations+are+said+to+exist+between+the+Koli+people%7CKoli+Thakur+%28title%29%7CThakurs+and+Bhil+women.&rft.pub=Maharaja+Sayajirao+University+of+Baroda&rft.date=1960&rft.aulast=Nath&rft.aufirst=Y.+V.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeXEbAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcubinage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-politicsofmarriage-90">^ <a href="#cite_ref-politicsofmarriage_90-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-politicsofmarriage_90-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSabita_Singh2019" class="citation book cs1">Sabita Singh (2019). The Politics of Marriage in India: Gender and Alliance in Rajasthan. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 153–154.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Politics+of+Marriage+in+India%3A+Gender+and+Alliance+in+Rajasthan&rft.pages=153-154&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.au=Sabita+Singh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcubinage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSreenivasan" class="citation book cs1">Sreenivasan, Ramya. Indrani Chatterjee (ed.). Slavery and South Asian History. <a href="/wiki/Indiana_University_Press" title="Indiana University Press">Indiana University Press</a>. p. 136.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Slavery+and+South+Asian+History&rft.pages=136&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.aulast=Sreenivasan&rft.aufirst=Ramya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcubinage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSreenivasan" class="citation book cs1">Sreenivasan, Ramya. Indrani Chatterjee (ed.). Slavery and South Asian History. <a href="/wiki/Indiana_University_Press" title="Indiana University Press">Indiana University Press</a>. p. 144.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Slavery+and+South+Asian+History&rft.pages=144&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.aulast=Sreenivasan&rft.aufirst=Ramya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcubinage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh2019" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Sabita (27 May 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0bSmDwAAQBAJ">The Politics of Marriage in India: Gender and Alliance in Rajasthan</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 154. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-909828-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-909828-6"><bdi>978-0-19-909828-6</bdi></a>. <q>In medieval Rajasthan, there seems to have been different categories of concubines. The pardayat was given chuda (bangles) by the Rani almost accepting her as a co-wife. Also, the Rajputs could keep woman of any caste as pardayat but not a Charan, Brahmin, or a Rajput woman.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Politics+of+Marriage+in+India%3A+Gender+and+Alliance+in+Rajasthan&rft.pages=154&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2019-05-27&rft.isbn=978-0-19-909828-6&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Sabita&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0bSmDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcubinage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhanna" class="citation book cs1">Khanna, Priyanka. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44146726">Embodying Royal Concubinage: Some Aspects of Concubinage in Royal Rajput Household of Marwar, (Western Rajasthan) C. 16 Th–18 Th Centuries</a>. Indian History Congress. p. 338. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44146726">44146726</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Embodying+Royal+Concubinage%3A+Some+Aspects+of+Concubinage+in+Royal+Rajput+Household+of+Marwar%2C+%28Western+Rajasthan%29+C.+16+Th%E2%80%9318+Th+Centuries&rft.pages=338&rft.pub=Indian+History+Congress&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44146726%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Khanna&rft.aufirst=Priyanka&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44146726&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcubinage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-viking-95">^ <a href="#cite_ref-viking_95-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-viking_95-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarras1990" class="citation journal cs1">Karras, Ruth Mazo (1990). "Concubinage and Slavery in the Viking Age". 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Retrieved 19 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Maarif+ul+Quran&rft.au=Muhammad+Shafi%27+Deobandi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.islamicstudies.info%2Fquran%2Fmaarif%2Fmaarif.php%3Fsura%3D4%26verse%3D22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcubinage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.islamicstudies.info/quran/maarif/maarif.php?sura=2&verse=177">"Surah Al-Baqara 2:177-177 – Maariful Quran – Maarif ul Quran – Quran Translation and Commentary"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151119195319/http://www.islamicstudies.info/quran/maarif/maarif.php?sura=2&verse=177">Archived</a> from the original on 19 November 2015. Retrieved 11 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Surah+Al-Baqara+2%3A177-177+%E2%80%93+Maariful+Quran+%E2%80%93+Maarif+ul+Quran+%E2%80%93+Quran+Translation+and+Commentary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.islamicstudies.info%2Fquran%2Fmaarif%2Fmaarif.php%3Fsura%3D2%26verse%3D177&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcubinage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-brown1-117"><a href="#cite_ref-brown1_117-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2020" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Jonathan A.C. (2020). 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B. (1966). Hayat-ul-Qaloob Volume 2, Translated by Molvi Syed Basharat Hussain Sahib Kamil, Imamia Kutub Khana, Lahore, Pakistan </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> Murat Iyigun, "Lessons From the Ottoman Harem on Culture, Religion & Wars", University of Colorado, 2011 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEConcubines_and_Courtesans20174-132"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConcubines_and_Courtesans20174_132-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFConcubines_and_Courtesans2017">Concubines and Courtesans 2017</a>, p. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEConcubines_and_Courtesans20175-133"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConcubines_and_Courtesans20175_133-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFConcubines_and_Courtesans2017">Concubines and Courtesans 2017</a>, p. 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeirce199330-134"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeirce199330_134-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPeirce1993">Peirce 1993</a>, p. 30. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeirce199339-135">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeirce199339_135-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeirce199339_135-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPeirce1993">Peirce 1993</a>, p. 39. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeirce199337-136"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeirce199337_136-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPeirce1993">Peirce 1993</a>, p. 37. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeirce199342-43-137">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeirce199342-43_137-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeirce199342-43_137-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPeirce1993">Peirce 1993</a>, p. 42-43. </li> <li id="cite_note-Matthaei-138">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Matthaei_138-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Matthaei_138-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmottMatthaei1996" class="citation book cs1">Amott, Teresa L.; Matthaei, Julie A. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PQzmjgSObrEC&q=u.s.+slavery+concubine&pg=PA147">Race, Gender, and Work: A Multi-cultural Economic History of Women in the United States</a>. South End Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780896085374" title="Special:BookSources/9780896085374"><bdi>9780896085374</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Race%2C+Gender%2C+and+Work%3A+A+Multi-cultural+Economic+History+of+Women+in+the+United+States&rft.pub=South+End+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9780896085374&rft.aulast=Amott&rft.aufirst=Teresa+L.&rft.au=Matthaei%2C+Julie+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPQzmjgSObrEC%26q%3Du.s.%2Bslavery%2Bconcubine%26pg%3DPA147&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcubinage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jamaica-139">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jamaica_139-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jamaica_139-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jamaica_139-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Merril D. Sex and Sexuality in Early America. <a href="/wiki/NYU_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="NYU Press">NYU Press</a>. p. 173. <q>The dramatic growth of a free colored class from the first third of the eighteenth century onward is tangible proof of the extensiveness of the sexual links between white men and their black concubines.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sex+and+Sexuality+in+Early+America&rft.pages=173&rft.pub=NYU+Press&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Merril+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcubinage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Orlando3-140">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Orlando3_140-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Orlando3_140-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeterson" class="citation book cs1">Peterson, Orlando. 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"Licentious Liberty" in a Brazilian Gold-Mining Region: Slavery, Gender, and Social Control in Eighteenth-Century Sabara, Minas Gerais. pp. 117–18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22Licentious+Liberty%22+in+a+Brazilian+Gold-Mining+Region%3A+Slavery%2C+Gender%2C+and+Social+Control+in+Eighteenth-Century+Sabara%2C+Minas+Gerais&rft.pages=117-18&rft.aulast=Higgins&rft.aufirst=Kathleen+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcubinage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarahasan2008" class="citation thesis cs1">Karahasan, Devrim (July 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/7765/2008_Karahasan.pdf">Métissage in New France and Canada, 1508 to 1886</a> (PDF) (Thesis). <a href="/wiki/European_University_Institute" title="European University Institute">European University Institute</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2870%2F11337">10.2870/11337</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=M%C3%A9tissage+in+New+France+and+Canada%2C+1508+to+1886&rft.inst=European+University+Institute&rft.date=2008-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2870%2F11337&rft.aulast=Karahasan&rft.aufirst=Devrim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcadmus.eui.eu%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F1814%2F7765%2F2008_Karahasan.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcubinage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> "Sexual Relations Between Elite White Women and Enslaved Men in the Antebellum South: A Socio-Historical Analysis", J. M. Allain, Inquiries Journal, 2013, Vol. 5 No. 08, p. 1 </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> Foster, Thomas A. "Sexual Abuse of Black Men Under American Slavery". Journal of History and Sexuality 20, 3 (2011): 445–64. </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> Susan Bordo, "Are Mothers Persons?", Unbearable Weight: Feminism, Western Culture, and the Body, Berkeley and Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press, 2003, 71–97. </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> Rule 93. Rape and other forms of sexual violence are prohibited., 161 rules of customary international humanitarian law identified in volume I (rules) of the International Committee of the Red Cross's study on customary IHL, Cambridge University Press 2005. </li> <li id="cite_note-Kolchin17-148"><a href="#cite_ref-Kolchin17_148-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Peter_Kolchin" title="Peter Kolchin">Peter Kolchin</a>, American Slavery, 1619–1877, New York: Hill and Wang, 1993, p. 17 </li> <li id="cite_note-Hemings-149"><a href="#cite_ref-Hemings_149-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.monticello.org/plantation/hemingscontro/hemings-jefferson_contro.html">"Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemings: A Brief Account"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100430175449/http://www.monticello.org/plantation/hemingscontro/hemings-jefferson_contro.html">Archived</a> 30 April 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Monticello Website, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_Foundation" title="Thomas Jefferson Foundation">Thomas Jefferson Foundation</a>. Retrieved 22 June 2011. Quote: "Ten years later [referring to its 2000 report], TJF and most historians now believe that, years after his wife's death, Thomas Jefferson was the father of the six children of Sally Hemings mentioned in Jefferson's records, including Beverly, <a href="/wiki/Harriet_Hemings" title="Harriet Hemings">Harriet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madison_Hemings" title="Madison Hemings">Madison</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eston_Hemings" title="Eston Hemings">Eston Hemings</a>...Since then, a committee commissioned by the Thomas Jefferson Heritage Society, after reviewing essentially the same material, reached different conclusions, namely that Sally Hemings was only a minor figure in Thomas Jefferson's life and that it is very unlikely he fathered any of her children. This committee also suggested in its report, issued in April 2001 and revised in 2011, that Jefferson's younger brother Randolph (1755–1815) was more likely the father of at least some of Sally Hemings's children." </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part4/4p2956.html">"Antebellum slavery"</a>. PBS. Retrieved 21 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Antebellum+slavery&rft.pub=PBS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Faia%2Fpart4%2F4p2956.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcubinage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-everyculture.com-151">^ <a href="#cite_ref-everyculture.com_151-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-everyculture.com_151-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-everyculture.com_151-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-everyculture.com_151-3">d</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.everyculture.com/multi/Bu-Dr/Creoles.html">Helen Bush Caver and Mary T. Williams, "Creoles"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110813013942/http://www.everyculture.com/multi/Bu-Dr/Creoles.html">Archived</a> 13 August 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Multicultural America, Countries and Their Cultures Website. Retrieved 3 February 2009 </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> Peter Kolchin, American Slavery, 1619–1865, New York: Hill and Wang, 1993, pp. 82–83 </li> <li id="cite_note-Concubine-153">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Concubine_153-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Concubine_153-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/concubine">"Concubine"</a>. Jewish Virtual Library. Retrieved 14 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jewish+Virtual+Library&rft.atitle=Concubine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fconcubine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcubinage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-JewEncPil-154">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JewEncPil_154-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-JewEncPil_154-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-JewEncPil_154-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-JewEncPil_154-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaff2002–2011" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Staff (2002–2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=313&letter=P&search=Pilegesh">"PILEGESH (Hebrew; comp. Greek, παλλακίς)."</a>. Jewish Encyclopedia. JewishEncyclopedia.com. Retrieved 13 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=PILEGESH+%28Hebrew%3B+comp.+Greek%2C+%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%AF%CF%82%29.&rft.btitle=Jewish+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=JewishEncyclopedia.com&rft.date=2002%2F2011&rft.au=Staff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjewishencyclopedia.com%2Fview.jsp%3Fartid%3D313%26letter%3DP%26search%3DPilegesh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcubinage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Genesis%2030:4&version=nrsv">Genesis 30:4</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Leviticus%2020:10&version=nrsv">Leviticus 20:10</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Deuteronomy%2022:22&version=nrsv">Deuteronomy 22:22</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Judges%208:31&version=nrsv">Judges 8:31</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Kings%2011:1–3&version=nrsv">1 Kings 11:1–3</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Judges+19&version=nrvs">Judges 19</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Judges%2020&version=nrsv">Judges 20</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELieb1994274-161"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELieb1994274_161-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLieb1994">Lieb 1994</a>, p. 274. </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaphael1999" class="citation book cs1">Raphael, Marc Lee (1999). Agendas for the Study of Midrash in the Twenty-first Century. Department of Religion, College of William and Mary. p. 136. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/607184334">607184334</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Agendas+for+the+Study+of+Midrash+in+the+Twenty-first+Century&rft.pages=136&rft.pub=Department+of+Religion%2C+College+of+William+and+Mary&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F607184334&rft.aulast=Raphael&rft.aufirst=Marc+Lee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcubinage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicholas_Clapp2002" class="citation book cs1">Nicholas Clapp (2002). Sheba: Through the Desert in Search of the Legendary Queen. Houghton Mifflin. p. 297.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sheba%3A+Through+the+Desert+in+Search+of+the+Legendary+Queen&rft.pages=297&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=2002&rft.au=Nicholas+Clapp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcubinage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/12148-pilegesh">"PILEGESH (Hebrew; comp. Greek, παλλακίς)"</a>. Jewish Virtual Library.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jewish+Virtual+Library&rft.atitle=PILEGESH+%28Hebrew%3B+comp.+Greek%2C+%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%AF%CF%82%29.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishencyclopedia.com%2Farticles%2F12148-pilegesh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcubinage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> Leviticus Rabbah, 25 </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_Foster2009" class="citation book cs1">William Foster (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cfhGEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT30">Gender, Mastery and Slavery From European to Atlantic World Frontiers</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Publishing" title="Bloomsbury Publishing">Bloomsbury Publishing</a>. p. 30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781350307438" title="Special:BookSources/9781350307438"><bdi>9781350307438</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gender%2C+Mastery+and+Slavery+From+European+to+Atlantic+World+Frontiers&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781350307438&rft.au=William+Foster&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcfhGEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcubinage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWagner2006" class="citation news cs1">Wagner, Matthew (16 March 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jpost.com/Jewish-World/Jewish-Features/Kosher-sex-without-marriage">"Kosher sex without marriage"</a>. The Jerusalem Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140503230106/http://www.jpost.com/Jewish-World/Jewish-Features/Kosher-sex-without-marriage">Archived</a> from the original on 3 May 2014. Retrieved 13 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jerusalem+Post&rft.atitle=Kosher+sex+without+marriage&rft.date=2006-03-16&rft.aulast=Wagner&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpost.com%2FJewish-World%2FJewish-Features%2FKosher-sex-without-marriage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcubinage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> Adam Dickter, "ISO: Kosher Concubine", New York Jewish Week, December 2006 </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-4826676.html">Suzanne Glass, "The Concubine Connection"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130103033314/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-4826676.html">Archived</a> 3 January 2013 at <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a>, The Independent, London 20 October 1996 </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeterson" class="citation book cs1">Peterson, Orlando. Slavery and Social Death. <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. p. 173. <q>It should be obvious that if slaves were acquired as secondary wives, concubines, or homosexual lovers, their material comfort (if not their peace of mind) generally would have been better than those acquired to perform agricultural or mining jobs.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Slavery+and+Social+Death&rft.pages=173&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.aulast=Peterson&rft.aufirst=Orlando&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcubinage" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Concubinage&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndreeva2007" class="citation journal cs1">Andreeva, Elena (2007). "Russia and Iran in the great game: travelogues and Orientalism". Routledge Studies in Middle Eastern History. 8. Psychology Press: 162–63. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415771535" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415771535"><bdi>978-0415771535</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Routledge+Studies+in+Middle+Eastern+History&rft.atitle=Russia+and+Iran+in+the+great+game%3A+travelogues+and+Orientalism&rft.volume=8&rft.pages=162-63&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0415771535&rft.aulast=Andreeva&rft.aufirst=Elena&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcubinage" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBloomBlair2002" class="citation book cs1">Bloom, Jonathan; Blair, Sheila (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780300094220">Islam: A Thousand Years of Faith and Power</a>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-09422-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-09422-1"><bdi>0-300-09422-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam%3A+A+Thousand+Years+of+Faith+and+Power&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-300-09422-1&rft.aulast=Bloom&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft.au=Blair%2C+Sheila&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780300094220&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcubinage" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBroadbridge2018" class="citation book cs1">Broadbridge, Anne F. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RHOFDwAAQBAJ">Women and the Making of the Mongol Empire</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-63662-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-63662-9"><bdi>978-1-108-63662-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+and+the+Making+of+the+Mongol+Empire&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-108-63662-9&rft.aulast=Broadbridge&rft.aufirst=Anne+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRHOFDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcubinage" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCortese2013" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Cortese, Delia (2013). "Concubinage". In Natana J. DeLong-Bas (ed.). 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Retrieved 15 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Yale+Law+Journal&rft.atitle=Marriage+in+Roman+law&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=303-27&rft.date=1907-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F785389&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F785389%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Stocquart&rft.aufirst=Emile&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.law.yale.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1887%26context%3Dylj&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcubinage" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_International_Encyclopedia_of_Anthropology1999" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Tran, Lisa (2018). "Concubinage". In Callan, Hillary (ed.). The International Encyclopedia of Anthropology. <a href="/wiki/Wiley_(publisher)" title="Wiley (publisher)">Wiley</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9781118924396.wbiea1331">10.1002/9781118924396.wbiea1331</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:240237467">240237467</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Concubinage&rft.btitle=The+International+Encyclopedia+of+Anthropology&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F9781118924396.wbiea1331&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A240237467%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Tran&rft.aufirst=Lisa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcubinage" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWomen's_Studies_Encyclopedia1999" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Tierny, Helen, ed. (1999). "Concubinage". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DkPFL6XcKeQC">Women's Studies Encyclopedia</a>. <a href="/wiki/Greenwood_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Greenwood Press">Greenwood Press</a>. pp. 290–91. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313296208" title="Special:BookSources/9780313296208"><bdi>9780313296208</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Concubinage&rft.btitle=Women%27s+Studies+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=290-91&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780313296208&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDkPFL6XcKeQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcubinage" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTreggiari1981" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Susan_Treggiari" title="Susan Treggiari">Treggiari, Susan</a> (1981). "Contubernales". <a href="/wiki/Phoenix_(classics_journal)" title="Phoenix (classics journal)">Phoenix</a>. 35 (1). CAC: 42–69. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1087137">10.2307/1087137</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1087137">1087137</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Phoenix&rft.atitle=Contubernales&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=42-69&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1087137&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1087137%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Treggiari&rft.aufirst=Susan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcubinage" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTreggiari1981b" class="citation journal cs1">Treggiari, Susan (1981b). "Concubinae". <a href="/wiki/Papers_of_the_British_School_at_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Papers of the British School at Rome">Papers of the British School at Rome</a>. 49: 59–81.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Papers+of+the+British+School+at+Rome&rft.atitle=Concubinae&rft.volume=49&rft.pages=59-81&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Treggiari&rft.aufirst=Susan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcubinage" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalthall2008" class="citation book cs1">Walthall, Annue (2008). Servants of the Dynasty Palace Women in World History. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Servants+of+the+Dynasty+Palace+Women+in+World+History&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Walthall&rft.aufirst=Annue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcubinage" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2006" class="citation journal cs1">Williams, Kathryn F. (2006). "Pliny and the Murder of Larcius Macedo". Classical Journal. 101 (4): 409–424.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Classical+Journal&rft.atitle=Pliny+and+the+Murder+of+Larcius+Macedo&rft.volume=101&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=409-424&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Kathryn+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcubinage" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Concubinage&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrimal1986" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Grimal" title="Pierre Grimal">Grimal, Pierre</a> (1986) [1967]. Love in Ancient Rome. University of Oklahoma Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0806120140" title="Special:BookSources/978-0806120140"><bdi>978-0806120140</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Love+in+Ancient+Rome&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0806120140&rft.aulast=Grimal&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcubinage" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKiefer,_O.2012" class="citation book cs1">Kiefer, O. (2012). Sexual Life in Ancient Rome. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1136181986" title="Special:BookSources/978-1136181986"><bdi>978-1136181986</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sexual+Life+in+Ancient+Rome&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1136181986&rft.au=Kiefer%2C+O.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcubinage" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;align-items:baseline;padding:0.2em 0;column-gap:1em;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{display:flex;align-items:baseline;margin:0.15em 0;min-height:24px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-logo{width:22px;line-height:22px;margin:0 0.2em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-link{margin:0 0.2em;text-align:left}@media screen and (max-width:960px){.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{flex-flow:column wrap;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{flex:0 1}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{flex:1;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{flex:0 0 20em;min-width:20em}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.portal-bar{margin-top:-1px}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header">Concubinage at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Imperial_concubines" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Imperial concubines">Media</a> from Commons</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/21px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/32px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/42px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188790" class="extiw" title="d:Q188790">Data</a> from Wikidata</li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Types_of_marriages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Types_of_marriages" title="Template:Types of marriages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Types_of_marriages" title="Template talk:Types of marriages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Types_of_marriages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Types of marriages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Types_of_marriages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Types_of_marriages" title="Types of marriages">Types of marriages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legal scenarios</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_marriage" title="Civil marriage">Civil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covenant_marriage" title="Covenant marriage">Covenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Customary_law" title="Customary law">Customary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nikah_%27urfi" title="Nikah 'urfi">Nikah 'urfi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pla%C3%A7age" title="Plaçage">Plaçage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fleet_Marriage" class="mw-redirect" title="Fleet Marriage">Fleet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monogamy" title="Monogamy">Monogamy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serial_monogamy" class="mw-redirect" title="Serial monogamy">Serial monogamy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage" title="Marriage">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remarriage" title="Remarriage">Remarriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">Same-sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporary_marriage" class="mw-redirect" title="Temporary marriage">Temporary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hollywood_marriage" title="Hollywood marriage">Hollywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikah_mut%27ah" title="Nikah mut'ah">Nikah mut'ah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedlease" title="Wedlease">Wedlease</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voidable_marriage" title="Voidable marriage">Voidable</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Putative_marriage" title="Putative marriage">Putative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Void_marriage" title="Void marriage">Void</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_marriage" title="Jewish views on marriage">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_marriage" title="Christian views on marriage">Christian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Marriage in the Catholic Church">Catholic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Josephite_marriage" title="Josephite marriage">Josephite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Marriage in the Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celestial_marriage" title="Celestial marriage">Mormon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaker_wedding" title="Quaker wedding">Quaker</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerical_marriage" title="Clerical marriage">Clerical marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_marital_jurisprudence" title="Islamic marital jurisprudence">Islamic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_Islam" title="Marriage in Islam">Marriage in Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misyar_marriage" title="Misyar marriage">Misyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikah_mut%27ah" title="Nikah mut'ah">Nikah mut'ah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikah_%27urfi" title="Nikah 'urfi">Nikah 'urfi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levirate_marriage" title="Levirate marriage">Levirate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yibbum" title="Yibbum">Yibbum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_marriage" title="Natural marriage">Natural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientology_and_marriage" title="Scientology and marriage">Scientology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-uniting_marriage" title="Self-uniting marriage">Self-uniting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Widow_conservation" title="Widow conservation">Widow conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_wedding" title="Hindu wedding">Hindu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_Hinduism" title="Marriage in Hinduism">Vivaaha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_marriage" title="Brahma marriage">Brahma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daiva_marriage" title="Daiva marriage">Daiva</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arshaa_marriage&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arshaa marriage (page does not exist)">Arsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prajapatya_marriage" class="mw-redirect" title="Prajapatya marriage">Prajapatya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandharva_marriage" title="Gandharva marriage">Gandharva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asura_marriage" title="Asura marriage">Asura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rakshasa_marriage" class="mw-redirect" title="Rakshasa marriage">Rakshasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paishacha_marriage" title="Paishacha marriage">Paishacha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayyavazhi_wedding" title="Ayyavazhi wedding">Ayyavazhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_wedding_ceremony" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedic wedding ceremony">Vedic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogic_marriage" title="Yogic marriage">Yogic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manus_marriage" title="Manus marriage">Manus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Age</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marriageable_age" title="Marriageable age">Marriageable age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_marriage" title="Child marriage">Child</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teen_marriage" class="mw-redirect" title="Teen marriage">Teen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arranged_marriage" title="Arranged marriage">Arranged</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sister_exchange" title="Sister exchange">Sister exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_marriage" class="mw-redirect" title="Flash marriage">Flash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_marriage" title="Forced marriage">Forced</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bride_kidnapping" title="Bride kidnapping">Abduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raptio" title="Raptio">Raptio</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heqin" title="Heqin">Heqin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miai" title="Miai">Miai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shotgun_wedding" title="Shotgun wedding">Shotgun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongyangxi" title="Tongyangxi">Tongyangxi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ceremonial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Betrothal" class="mw-redirect" title="Betrothal">Betrothal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handfasting" title="Handfasting">Handfasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystery_of_Crowning" title="Mystery of Crowning">Mystery of Crowning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedding" title="Wedding">Wedding</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Las_Vegas_weddings" title="Las Vegas weddings">Las Vegas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proxy_marriage" title="Proxy marriage">Proxy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Circumstantial basis</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Death</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Posthumous_marriage" title="Posthumous marriage">Posthumous</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Posthumous_marriage_in_France" title="Posthumous marriage in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posthumous_marriage_in_Germany" title="Posthumous marriage in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_ghost_marriage" title="Chinese ghost marriage">Chinese ghost marriage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Widow_inheritance" title="Widow inheritance">Widow inheritance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_marriage_in_South_Sudan" title="Ghost marriage in South Sudan">Ghost marriage in South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levirate_marriage" title="Levirate marriage">Levirate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yibbum" title="Yibbum">Yibbum</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Financial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boston_marriage" title="Boston marriage">Boston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_marriage" class="mw-redirect" title="Flash marriage">Flash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypergamy" title="Hypergamy">Hypergamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naked_marriage_in_China" title="Naked marriage in China">Naked</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shared_earning/shared_parenting_marriage" title="Shared earning/shared parenting marriage">Peer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongyangxi" title="Tongyangxi">Tongyangxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_marriage" class="mw-redirect" title="Trial marriage">Trial</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Marriage_of_convenience" title="Marriage of convenience">Convenience</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lavender_marriage" title="Lavender marriage">Lavender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sham_marriage" title="Sham marriage">Sham</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Green_card_marriage" class="mw-redirect" title="Green card marriage">Green card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_Allowance_for_Housing" title="Basic Allowance for Housing">Marriage allowance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predatory_marriage" title="Predatory marriage">Predatory</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exchange_of_women" title="Exchange of women">Exchange</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Watta_satta" title="Watta satta">Watta satta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heqin" title="Heqin">Heqin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_marriage" title="Love marriage">Love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sologamy" title="Sologamy">Sologamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed-orientation_marriage" title="Mixed-orientation marriage">Mixed-orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sororate_marriage" title="Sororate marriage">Sororate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/De_facto_marriage" class="mw-redirect" title="De facto marriage">De facto</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common-law_marriage" title="Common-law marriage">Common-law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pla%C3%A7age" title="Plaçage">Plaçage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Endogamy" title="Endogamy">Endogamy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consanguine_marriage" title="Consanguine marriage">Consanguine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avunculate_marriage" title="Avunculate marriage">Avunculate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cousin_marriage" title="Cousin marriage">Cousin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cousin_marriage_in_the_Middle_East" title="Cousin marriage in the Middle East">Middle Eastern</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-surname_marriage" title="Same-surname marriage">Same-surname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homogamy_(sociology)" title="Homogamy (sociology)">Homogamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_intermarriage" title="Royal intermarriage">Royal intermarriage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Exogamy" title="Exogamy">Exogamy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human%E2%80%93animal_marriage" title="Human–animal marriage">Human–animal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypergamy" title="Hypergamy">Hypergamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-caste_marriage" title="Inter-caste marriage">Inter-caste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interethnic_marriage" title="Interethnic marriage">Interethnic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnational_marriage" title="Transnational marriage">International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interracial_marriage" title="Interracial marriage">Interracial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interfaith_marriage" title="Interfaith marriage">Interfaith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morganatic_marriage" title="Morganatic marriage">Morganatic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-<a href="/wiki/Monogamy" title="Monogamy">monogamous</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Concubinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_marriage" title="Group marriage">Group</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Group_marriage" title="Group marriage">Line</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_marriage" title="Open marriage">Open</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plural_marriage" class="mw-redirect" title="Plural marriage">Plural</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bigamy" title="Bigamy">Bigamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy" title="Polygamy">Polygamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyandry" title="Polyandry">Polyandry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygyny" title="Polygyny">Polygyny</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sexless_marriage" title="Sexless marriage">Sexless</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mariage_blanc" title="Mariage blanc">Mariage blanc</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dishu_system" title="Dishu system">Dishu system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mail-order_bride" title="Mail-order bride">Mail-order bride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_pre-Islamic_Arabia" title="Marriage in pre-Islamic Arabia">Marriage in pre-Islamic Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walking_marriage" class="mw-redirect" title="Walking marriage">Walking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Types_of_marriage" title="Category:Types of marriage">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Interpersonal_relationships" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Interpersonal_relationships" title="Template:Interpersonal relationships"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Interpersonal_relationships" title="Template talk:Interpersonal relationships"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Interpersonal_relationships" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Interpersonal relationships"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Interpersonal_relationships" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Interpersonal_relationship" title="Interpersonal relationship">Interpersonal relationships</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Romance_(love)" title="Romance (love)">Romantic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boyfriend" title="Boyfriend">Boyfriend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girlfriend" title="Girlfriend">Girlfriend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cohabitation" title="Cohabitation">Cohabitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Significant_other" title="Significant other">Significant other</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_partnership" title="Domestic partnership">Domestic partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_relationship" title="Same-sex relationship">Same-sex relationship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monogamy" title="Monogamy">Monogamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage" title="Marriage">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Husband" title="Husband">Husband</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wife" title="Wife">Wife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soulmate" title="Soulmate">Soulmate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Widow" title="Widow">Widowhood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Non-monogamy" title="Non-monogamy">Non-monogamy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Open_relationship" title="Open relationship">Open relationship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_marriage" title="Open marriage">Open marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyamory" title="Polyamory">Polyamory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyfidelity" title="Polyfidelity">Polyfidelity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy" title="Polygamy">Polygamy</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Concubinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mistress_(lover)" title="Mistress (lover)">Mistress</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Casual_sex" title="Casual sex">Casual sex</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Casual_dating" title="Casual dating">Casual dating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friends_with_benefits_relationships" class="mw-redirect" title="Friends with benefits relationships">Friends with benefits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enjo_k%C5%8Dsai" title="Enjo kōsai">Enjo kōsai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_partner" title="Sexual partner">Sexual partner</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/One-night_stand" title="One-night stand">One-night stand</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courtesan" title="Courtesan">Courtesan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gigolo" title="Gigolo">Gigolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_dating" title="Sugar dating">Sugar dating</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-romantic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acquaintance" class="mw-redirect" title="Acquaintance">Acquaintance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enemy" title="Enemy">Enemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friendship" title="Friendship">Friendship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinship" title="Kinship">Kinship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Family" title="Family">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibling" title="Sibling">Siblings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platonic_love" title="Platonic love">Platonic love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queerplatonic_relationship" title="Queerplatonic relationship">Queerplatonic relationship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stranger" title="Stranger">Stranger</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Familiar_stranger" title="Familiar stranger">Familiar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consequential_stranger" class="mw-redirect" title="Consequential stranger">Consequential</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sycophancy" title="Sycophancy">Sycophancy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cicisbeo" title="Cicisbeo">Cicisbeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seraglio_(harem)" class="mw-redirect" title="Seraglio (harem)">Seraglio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pla%C3%A7age" title="Plaçage">Plaçage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_%C3%A0_la_fa%C3%A7on_du_pays" title="Marriage à la façon du pays">Marriage à la façon du pays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_mistress" title="Royal mistress">Royal mistress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Favourite" title="Favourite">Royal favorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%C3%AEtresse-en-titre" title="Maîtresse-en-titre">Maîtresse-en-titre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_friendship" title="Romantic friendship">Romantic friendship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_bonding" title="Human bonding">Bonding</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Courtship" title="Courtship">Courtship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dating" title="Dating">Dating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance_(love)" title="Romance (love)">Romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_mating_strategies" title="Human mating strategies">Mating</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breakup" title="Breakup">Breakup</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annulment" title="Annulment">Annulment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divorce" title="Divorce">Divorce</a></li> <li>Separation <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legal_separation" title="Legal separation">Legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marital_separation" title="Marital separation">Marital</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meet_market" title="Meet market">Meet market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singles_event" title="Singles event">Singles event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedding" title="Wedding">Wedding</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Emotions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affinity_(sociology)" title="Affinity (sociology)">Affinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attachment_in_adults" title="Attachment in adults">Attachment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compersion" class="mw-redirect" title="Compersion">Compersion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intimate_relationship" title="Intimate relationship">Intimacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jealousy" title="Jealousy">Jealousy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limerence" title="Limerence">Limerence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love" title="Love">Love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passion_(emotion)" title="Passion (emotion)">Passion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unconditional_love" title="Unconditional love">Unconditional love</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Practices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bride_price" title="Bride price">Bride price</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dower" title="Dower">Dower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dowry" title="Dowry">Dowry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_digger" title="Gold digger">Gold digging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypergamy" title="Hypergamy">Hypergamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infidelity" title="Infidelity">Infidelity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relationship_anarchy" title="Relationship anarchy">Relationship anarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_repression" title="Sexual repression">Repression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_sexual_activity" title="Human sexual activity">Sexual activity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relational_transgression" title="Relational transgression">Transgression</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Abuse" title="Abuse">Abuse</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Child_abuse" title="Child abuse">Child abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dating_violence" title="Dating violence">Dating violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence" title="Domestic violence">Domestic violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elder_abuse" title="Elder abuse">Elder abuse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Feminism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Feminism" title="Template:Feminism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Feminism" title="Template talk:Feminism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Feminism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Feminism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Feminism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">Feminism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_feminism" title="History of feminism">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_feminism" title="Timeline of feminism">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First-wave_feminism" title="First-wave feminism">First-wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-wave_feminism" title="Second-wave feminism">Second-wave</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_second-wave_feminism" title="Timeline of second-wave feminism">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third-wave_feminism" title="Third-wave feminism">Third-wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth-wave_feminism" title="Fourth-wave feminism">Fourth-wave</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bicycling_and_feminism" title="Bicycling and feminism">Bicycling and feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_history" title="Feminist history">Feminist history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_history" title="Women's history">Women's history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_women%27s_legal_rights_(other_than_voting)" title="Timeline of women's legal rights (other than voting)">Timeline of women's legal rights (other than voting)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage" title="Women's suffrage">Women's suffrage</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_women%27s_suffrage" title="Timeline of women's suffrage">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Australia" title="Women's suffrage in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Canada" title="Women's suffrage in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Japan" title="Women's suffrage in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Kuwait" title="Women's suffrage in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_first_women%27s_suffrage_in_majority-Muslim_countries" title="Timeline of first women's suffrage in majority-Muslim countries">Majority-Muslim countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_New_Zealand" title="Women's suffrage in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Switzerland" title="Women's suffrage in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Women's suffrage in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Wales" title="Women's suffrage in Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Timeline of women's suffrage in the United States">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_women%27s_suffrage_movement" title="African-American women's suffrage movement">African-American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_states_of_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in states of the United States">States of</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Utah" title="Women's suffrage in Utah">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Virginia" title="Women's suffrage in Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Wyoming" title="Women's suffrage in Wyoming">Wyoming</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Feminist_movements_and_ideologies" title="Feminist movements and ideologies">Movements and ideologies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Analytical_feminism" title="Analytical feminism">Analytical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcha-feminism" title="Anarcha-feminism">Anarchist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-abortion_feminism" title="Anti-abortion feminism">Anti-abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantifa" title="Fantifa">Anti-fascist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atheist_feminism" title="Atheist feminism">Atheist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carceral_feminism" title="Carceral feminism">Carceral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choice_feminism" title="Choice feminism">Choice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_variants_of_feminism" title="Conservative variants of feminism">Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_feminism" title="Cultural feminism">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberfeminism" title="Cyberfeminism">Cyber</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_HCI" title="Feminist HCI">HCI</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Difference_feminism" title="Difference feminism">Difference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecofeminism" title="Ecofeminism">Eco</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_ecofeminism" title="Vegetarian ecofeminism">Vegetarian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equality_feminism" title="Equality feminism">Equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenic_feminism" title="Eugenic feminism">Eugenic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fat_feminism" title="Fat feminism">Fat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender-critical_feminism" title="Gender-critical feminism">Gender-critical or trans-exclusionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_feminism" title="Global feminism">Global</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_feminism" title="Hip hop feminism">Hip hop</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_activism_in_hip_hop" title="Feminist activism in hip hop">Activism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualist_feminism" title="Individualist feminism">Individualist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_feminism" title="Labor feminism">Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_feminism" title="Lesbian feminism">Lesbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_feminism" title="Liberal feminism">Liberal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Equity_feminism" title="Equity feminism">Equity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipstick_feminism" title="Lipstick feminism">Lipstick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Materialist_feminism" title="Materialist feminism">Materialist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maternal_feminism" title="Maternal feminism">Maternal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neofeminism" title="Neofeminism">Neo-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_feminism" title="New feminism">New</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postfeminism" title="Postfeminism">Post-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postcolonial_feminism" title="Postcolonial feminism">Postcolonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodern_feminism" title="Postmodern feminism">Postmodern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-structural_feminism" title="Post-structural feminism">Post-structural</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_post-structuralist_feminism" class="mw-redirect" title="French post-structuralist feminism">French</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_feminism" title="Radical feminism">Radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionary_feminism" title="Reactionary feminism">Reactionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_separatism" title="Feminist separatism">Separatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex-positive_feminism" title="Sex-positive feminism">Sex-positive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_feminism" title="Social feminism">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_feminism" title="Socialist feminism">Socialist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_feminism" title="Marxist feminism">Marxist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standpoint_feminism" title="Standpoint feminism">Standpoint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_feminism" title="State feminism">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfeminism" title="Transfeminism">Trans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnational_feminism" title="Transnational feminism">Transnational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victim_feminism" title="Victim feminism">Victim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Womanism" title="Womanism">Womanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africana_womanism" title="Africana womanism">Africana</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_liberation_movement" title="Women's liberation movement">Women's liberation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theology" title="Feminist theology">Religious</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atheist_feminism" title="Atheist feminism">Atheist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_feminism" title="Buddhist feminism">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_feminism" title="Christian feminism">Christian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_feminism" title="Mormon feminism">Mormon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_feminism" title="New feminism">New</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Womanist_theology" title="Womanist theology">Womanist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_feminist_theology" title="Asian feminist theology">Asian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goddess_movement" title="Goddess movement">Neopagan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dianic_Wicca" title="Dianic Wicca">Dianic Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reclaiming_(Neopaganism)" title="Reclaiming (Neopaganism)">Reclaiming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecofeminism#Spiritual_Ecofeminism/Cultural_Ecofeminism" title="Ecofeminism">Ecofeminist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_India#Hindu_community" title="Feminism in India">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_feminism" title="Islamic feminism">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_feminism" title="Jewish feminism">Jewish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Jewish_feminism" title="Orthodox Jewish feminism">Orthodox</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_feminism" title="Sikh feminism">Sikh</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ethnic and racial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_feminism" title="Black feminism">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicana_feminism" title="Chicana feminism">Chicana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_feminism" title="Indigenous feminism">Indigenous</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jineology" title="Jineology">Kurdish (Jineology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_feminism" title="Native American feminism">Native American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_feminism" title="Sámi feminism">Sámi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_feminism" title="Jewish feminism">Jewish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_feminism" title="Mizrahi feminism">Mizrahi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_feminism" title="Romani feminism">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_feminism" title="White feminism">White</a></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antinaturalism_(politics)" title="Antinaturalism (politics)">Antinaturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choice_feminism" title="Choice feminism">Choice feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_labor" title="Cognitive labor">Cognitive labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complementarianism" title="Complementarianism">Complementarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_literature" title="Feminist literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_children%27s_literature" title="Feminist children's literature">Children's literature</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_(politics)" title="Diversity (politics)">Diversity (politics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity,_equity,_and_inclusion" title="Diversity, equity, and inclusion">Diversity, equity, and inclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_effects_on_society" title="Feminist effects on society">Effects on society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_and_equality" title="Feminism and equality">Equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_education" title="Female education">Female education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_genital_mutilation" title="Female genital mutilation">Female genital mutilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Femicide" title="Femicide">Femicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Femonationalism" title="Femonationalism">Femonationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_culture" title="Feminism in culture">Feminism in culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_movement" title="Feminist movement">Feminist movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_women%27s_suffrage_movement" title="African-American women's suffrage movement">African-American women's suffrage movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_art_movement" title="Feminist art movement">Art movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_activism_in_hip_hop" title="Feminist activism in hip hop">In hip hop</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_on_striptease" title="Feminist views on striptease">Feminist stripper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_opportunity" title="Equal opportunity">Formal equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_equality" title="Gender equality">Gender equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_quota" title="Gender quota">Gender quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girl_power" title="Girl power">Girl power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honor_killing" title="Honor killing">Honor killing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideal_womanhood" title="Ideal womanhood">Ideal womanhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invisible_labor" title="Invisible labor">Invisible labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internalized_sexism" title="Internalized sexism">Internalized sexism</a></li> <li>International <a href="/wiki/International_Day_of_the_Girl_Child" title="International Day of the Girl Child">Girl's Day</a> and <a href="/wiki/International_Women%27s_Day" title="International Women's Day">Women's Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_language_reform" title="Feminist language reform">Language reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_capitalism" title="Feminist capitalism">Feminist capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender-blind" title="Gender-blind">Gender-blind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Likeability_trap" title="Likeability trap">Likeability trap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Male_privilege" title="Male privilege">Male privilege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matriarchal_religion" title="Matriarchal religion">Matriarchal religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_and_media" title="Feminism and media">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Men_in_feminism" title="Men in feminism">Men in feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misogyny" title="Misogyny">Misogyny</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transmisogyny" title="Transmisogyny">Trans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_on_the_Oedipus_complex" title="Feminist views on the Oedipus complex">Oedipus complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antifeminism" title="Antifeminism">Opposition to feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pro-feminism" title="Pro-feminism">Pro-feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protofeminism" title="Protofeminism">Protofeminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purplewashing" title="Purplewashing">Purplewashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_and_racism" title="Feminism and racism">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_justice" title="Reproductive justice">Reproductive justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_workers%27_rights" title="Sex workers' rights">Sex workers' rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment" title="Sexual harassment">Sexual harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_objectification" title="Sexual objectification">Sexual objectification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substantive_equality" title="Substantive equality">Substantive equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_masculinity" title="Toxic masculinity">Toxic masculinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmisogyny" title="Transmisogyny">Transmisogyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triple_oppression" title="Triple oppression">Triple oppression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_women" title="Violence against women">Violence against women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_women" title="War on women">War on women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_empowerment" title="Women's empowerment">Women's empowerment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women-only_space" title="Women-only space">Women-only space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_health" title="Women's health">Women's health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights" title="Women's rights">Women's rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_workforce" title="Women in the workforce">Women in the workforce</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theory" title="Feminist theory">Theory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Complementarianism" title="Complementarianism">Complementarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_studies" title="Gender studies">Gender studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_mainstreaming" title="Gender mainstreaming">Gender mainstreaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gynocentrism" title="Gynocentrism">Gynocentrism</a></li> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matriarchy_in_feminist_thought" class="mw-redirect" title="Matriarchy in feminist thought">Matriarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_studies" title="Women's studies">Women's studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Men%27s_studies" title="Men's studies">Men's studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyriarchy" title="Kyriarchy">Kyriarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchy" title="Patriarchy">Patriarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89criture_f%C3%A9minine" title="Écriture féminine">Écriture féminine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_economics" title="Feminist economics">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_post-structuralist_discourse_analysis" title="Feminist post-structuralist discourse analysis">Post-structuralist discourse analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_method" title="Feminist method">Method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_on_the_Oedipus_complex" title="Feminist views on the Oedipus complex">Oedipus complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_political_theory" title="Feminist political theory">Political theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theology" title="Feminist theology">Theology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thealogy" title="Thealogy">Thealogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Womanist_theology" title="Womanist theology">Womanist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_sexology" title="Feminist sexology">Sexology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_sociology" title="Feminist sociology">Sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_rhetoric" title="Feminist rhetoric">Rhetoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_legal_theory" title="Feminist legal theory">Legal theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_art" title="Feminist art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_art_criticism" title="Feminist art criticism">Art criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_literary_criticism" title="Feminist literary criticism">Literary criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_film_theory" title="Feminist film theory">Film theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_biology" title="Feminist biology">Biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_political_ecology" title="Feminist political ecology">Political ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_and_modern_architecture" title="Feminism and modern architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_anthropology" title="Feminist anthropology">Anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_archaeology" title="Feminist archaeology">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_school_of_criminology" title="Feminist school of criminology">Criminology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_pathways_perspective" title="Feminist pathways perspective">Pathways perspective</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_geography" title="Feminist geography">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_pedagogy" title="Feminist pedagogy">Pedagogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_philosophy" title="Feminist philosophy">Philosophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_aesthetics" title="Feminist aesthetics">Aesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_empiricism" title="Feminist empiricism">Empiricism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_epistemology" title="Feminist epistemology">Epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_ethics" title="Feminist ethics">Ethics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_justice_ethics" title="Feminist justice ethics">Justice ethics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_existentialism" title="Feminist existentialism">Existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_metaphysics" title="Feminist metaphysics">Metaphysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_philosophy_of_science" title="Feminist philosophy of science">Science</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_pornography" title="Feminist pornography">Pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_psychology" title="Feminist psychology">Psychology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_therapy" title="Feminist therapy">Therapy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seriality_(gender_studies)" title="Seriality (gender studies)">Seriality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_international_relations" title="Feminism in international relations">International relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_existentialism" title="Feminist existentialism">Existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_revisionist_mythology" title="Feminist revisionist mythology">Revisionist mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_technoscience" title="Feminist technoscience">Technoscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_science_fiction" title="Feminist science fiction">Science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theory_in_composition_studies" title="Feminist theory in composition studies">Composition studies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_feminism" title="African feminism">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Egypt" title="Feminism in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Ghana" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Mali" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Senegal" title="Feminism in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_South_Africa" title="Feminism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Australia" title="Feminism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Bangladesh" title="Feminism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Canada" title="Feminism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_China" title="Feminism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Denmark" title="Women in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Finland" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_France" title="Feminism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Germany" title="Feminism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Greece" title="Feminism in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_India" title="Feminism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Indonesia" title="Feminism in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Feminism in the Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Israel" title="Feminism in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Italy" title="Feminism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Japan" title="Feminism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Latin_America" title="Feminism in Latin America">Latin America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Argentina" title="Feminism in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Brazil" title="Feminism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Chile" title="Feminism in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Haiti" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Honduras" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Mexico" title="Feminism in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Paraguay" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Women in Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Lebanon" title="Women in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Malaysia" title="Feminism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Nepal" title="Feminism in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_the_Netherlands" title="Feminism in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_New_Zealand" title="Feminism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Northern_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Norway" title="Feminism in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Pakistan" title="Feminism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Poland" title="Feminism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Russia" title="Feminism in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Feminism in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_South_Korea" title="Feminism in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Sweden" title="Feminism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Syria" title="Women in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Taiwan" title="Feminism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Thailand" title="Feminism in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Vietnam" title="Women in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Ukraine" title="Women in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Feminism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_the_United_States" title="Feminism in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_the_United_States" title="History of women in the United States">History of women</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_feminists" title="List of feminists">People</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feminist_art_critics" title="List of feminist art critics">Art critics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ecofeminist_authors" title="List of ecofeminist authors">Ecofeminist authors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feminist_economists" title="List of feminist economists">Economists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_feminists" title="List of Jewish feminists">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Muslim_feminists" title="List of Muslim feminists">Muslim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feminist_philosophers" title="List of feminist philosophers">Philosophers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feminist_poets" title="List of feminist poets">Poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feminist_rhetoricians" title="List of feminist rhetoricians">Rhetoricians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_suffragists_and_suffragettes" title="List of suffragists and suffragettes">Suffragists and suffragettes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_women%27s_rights_activists" title="List of women's rights activists">Women's rights activists</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_variants_of_feminism" title="Conservative variants of feminism">Conservative feminisms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feminist_literature" title="List of feminist literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_feminist_literature" title="List of American feminist literature">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feminist_comic_books" title="List of feminist comic books">Comic books</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feminist_parties" title="List of feminist parties">Parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_women%27s_studies_journals" title="List of women's studies journals">Women's studies journals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCUM_Manifesto" title="SCUM Manifesto">SCUM Manifesto</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_peacekeeping" title="Women in peacekeeping">Women in peacekeeping</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Feminism_symbol.svg/16px-Feminism_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Feminism_symbol.svg/24px-Feminism_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, 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