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</div> <div class="control"> <button class="button is-small is-link">Go</button> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <ol class="breathe-horizontal" start="1"> <li class="arxiv-result"> <div class="is-marginless"> <p class="list-title is-inline-block"><a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2312.08336">arXiv:2312.08336</a> <span> [<a href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/2312.08336">pdf</a>] </span> </p> <div class="tags is-inline-block"> <span class="tag is-small is-link tooltip is-tooltip-top" data-tooltip="Plasma Physics">physics.plasm-ph</span> </div> </div> <p class="title is-5 mathjax"> An H Surface Plasma Source for the ESS Storage Ring </p> <p class="authors"> <span class="search-hit">Authors:</span> <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Dudnikov%2C+V">Vadim Dudnikov</a> </p> <p class="abstract mathjax"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Abstract</span>: <span class="abstract-short has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="2312.08336v1-abstract-short" style="display: inline;"> For H- charge exchange (stripping) injection to European Spallation Source (ESS) storage ring it is necessary to have H- ion source with a current of ~90 mA, pulses duration 3 ms, and repetition of 14 Hz (duty factor ~4%) extendable to repetition up to 28 Hz (df ~8%). Magnetron surface plasma H- source (SPS) with cesiation and active cathode and anode cooling is one of the possible solutions. Broo… <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('2312.08336v1-abstract-full').style.display = 'inline'; document.getElementById('2312.08336v1-abstract-short').style.display = 'none';">▽ More</a> </span> <span class="abstract-full has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="2312.08336v1-abstract-full" style="display: none;"> For H- charge exchange (stripping) injection to European Spallation Source (ESS) storage ring it is necessary to have H- ion source with a current of ~90 mA, pulses duration 3 ms, and repetition of 14 Hz (duty factor ~4%) extendable to repetition up to 28 Hz (df ~8%). Magnetron surface plasma H- source (SPS) with cesiation and active cathode and anode cooling is one of the possible solutions. Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) magnetron SPS can produce H- beam current of ~100 mA at ~2 kW discharge power and can operate up to a duty factor of ~1 % (average power ~14 W) without the active cooling. With active cathode and anode cooling it is possible to increase average discharge power up to 140 W(df 8%).For the delivery of the beam to Radio Frequency Quadrupole (RFQ) it is possible to use a short electrostatic Low Energy Beam Transport (LEBT) as in Spallation Neutron Source (SNS). <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('2312.08336v1-abstract-full').style.display = 'none'; document.getElementById('2312.08336v1-abstract-short').style.display = 'inline';">△ Less</a> </span> </p> <p class="is-size-7"><span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Submitted</span> 13 December, 2023; <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">originally announced</span> December 2023. </p> </li> <li class="arxiv-result"> <div class="is-marginless"> <p class="list-title is-inline-block"><a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2010.07390">arXiv:2010.07390</a> <span> [<a href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/2010.07390">pdf</a>] </span> </p> <div class="tags is-inline-block"> <span class="tag is-small is-link tooltip is-tooltip-top" data-tooltip="Plasma Physics">physics.plasm-ph</span> </div> </div> <p class="title is-5 mathjax"> Improvement of Converter Surface Plasma Sources </p> <p class="authors"> <span class="search-hit">Authors:</span> <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Dudnikov%2C+V">V. Dudnikov</a> </p> <p class="abstract mathjax"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Abstract</span>: <span class="abstract-short has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="2010.07390v1-abstract-short" style="display: inline;"> A large volume surface plasma source (SPS) with a biased converter was developed for the Los Alamos linear accelerator. A large gas-discharge chamber with a multipole magnetic wall and 2 heated cathodes can support a discharge generating plasma. A cooled converter with a diameter of 5 cm and a potential of up to -300 V bombarded by positive ions and emits secondary negative ions, accelerates them… <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('2010.07390v1-abstract-full').style.display = 'inline'; document.getElementById('2010.07390v1-abstract-short').style.display = 'none';">▽ More</a> </span> <span class="abstract-full has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="2010.07390v1-abstract-full" style="display: none;"> A large volume surface plasma source (SPS) with a biased converter was developed for the Los Alamos linear accelerator. A large gas-discharge chamber with a multipole magnetic wall and 2 heated cathodes can support a discharge generating plasma. A cooled converter with a diameter of 5 cm and a potential of up to -300 V bombarded by positive ions and emits secondary negative ions, accelerates them and focuses in an emission aperture with a diameter of 6.4 mm. From this SPS, up to 18 mA of H- ions are extracted at a duty cycle of up to 10%. The emitted H- beam current is attenuated through H- destruction in thick layer of gas and discharge plasma. The H- beam intensity and H- generation efficiency can be increased by decreasing the gas and plasma layer thickness between the converter surface and the emission aperture. It is possible to improve beam characteristics by making a small modification to the converted SPS. We propose to use a thin Penning discharge in front of the converter. The magnetic field for the Penning discharge is created by permanent magnets. Decreasing the plasma end gas layer between the converter and the emission aperture can decrease the H- beam loss and thus increase the extracted beam intensity up to 2 times <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('2010.07390v1-abstract-full').style.display = 'none'; document.getElementById('2010.07390v1-abstract-short').style.display = 'inline';">△ Less</a> </span> </p> <p class="is-size-7"><span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Submitted</span> 14 October, 2020; <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">originally announced</span> October 2020. </p> </li> <li class="arxiv-result"> <div class="is-marginless"> <p class="list-title is-inline-block"><a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2003.07354">arXiv:2003.07354</a> <span> [<a href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/2003.07354">pdf</a>] </span> </p> <div class="tags is-inline-block"> <span class="tag is-small is-link tooltip is-tooltip-top" data-tooltip="Plasma Physics">physics.plasm-ph</span> </div> </div> <p class="title is-5 mathjax"> Electrohydrodynamic emitters of ion beams </p> <p class="authors"> <span class="search-hit">Authors:</span> <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Dudnikov%2C+V">Vadim Dudnikov</a> </p> <p class="abstract mathjax"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Abstract</span>: <span class="abstract-short has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="2003.07354v1-abstract-short" style="display: inline;"> Physical processes that determine the generation of ion beams with a high emission current density in electrohydrodynamic emitters are considered. Electrohydrodynamic effects, which are manifested in the features of ion emission, and the kinetics of ion interaction in high-density beams are discussed. The factors that determine the size of the emission zone, stability of emission at high and low c… <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('2003.07354v1-abstract-full').style.display = 'inline'; document.getElementById('2003.07354v1-abstract-short').style.display = 'none';">▽ More</a> </span> <span class="abstract-full has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="2003.07354v1-abstract-full" style="display: none;"> Physical processes that determine the generation of ion beams with a high emission current density in electrohydrodynamic emitters are considered. Electrohydrodynamic effects, which are manifested in the features of ion emission, and the kinetics of ion interaction in high-density beams are discussed. The factors that determine the size of the emission zone, stability of emission at high and low currents, cluster generation, increase in energy dispersion, and decrease in beam brightness are analyzed. The problems of the practical maintenance of the stable functioning of the EHD emitters are considered. The practical applications of EHD emitters are considered. <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('2003.07354v1-abstract-full').style.display = 'none'; document.getElementById('2003.07354v1-abstract-short').style.display = 'inline';">△ Less</a> </span> </p> <p class="is-size-7"><span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Submitted</span> 16 March, 2020; <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">originally announced</span> March 2020. </p> </li> <li class="arxiv-result"> <div class="is-marginless"> <p class="list-title is-inline-block"><a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1912.03401">arXiv:1912.03401</a> <span> [<a href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/1912.03401">pdf</a>] </span> </p> <div class="tags is-inline-block"> <span class="tag is-small is-link tooltip is-tooltip-top" data-tooltip="Plasma Physics">physics.plasm-ph</span> </div> </div> <p class="title is-5 mathjax"> Small anode ion source </p> <p class="authors"> <span class="search-hit">Authors:</span> <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Dudnikov%2C+V">V Dudnikov</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Dudnikova%2C+G">G Dudnikova</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Dudnikov%2C+A">A Dudnikov</a> </p> <p class="abstract mathjax"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Abstract</span>: <span class="abstract-short has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="1912.03401v1-abstract-short" style="display: inline;"> Ion source modification is proposed for efficient production of ion beam and extending of operating Lifetime. Ionization efficiency of the Bernas type ion source has been improved by using a small anode-thin rod, oriented along the magnetic field. The transverse electric field of small anode transport plasma by drift in crossed field to the emission slit. Optimization of the cathode material recyc… <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('1912.03401v1-abstract-full').style.display = 'inline'; document.getElementById('1912.03401v1-abstract-short').style.display = 'none';">▽ More</a> </span> <span class="abstract-full has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="1912.03401v1-abstract-full" style="display: none;"> Ion source modification is proposed for efficient production of ion beam and extending of operating Lifetime. Ionization efficiency of the Bernas type ion source has been improved by using a small anode-thin rod, oriented along the magnetic field. The transverse electric field of small anode transport plasma by drift in crossed field to the emission slit. Optimization of the cathode material recycling is used to increase the operating lifetime. Optimization of the wall potential is used for suppression of flakes formation. A three-electrode extraction system was optimized for low energy beam production and efficient space charge neutralization. An ion beam with emission current density up to 60 mA/cm2 has been extracted from discharge in BF3 gas. <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('1912.03401v1-abstract-full').style.display = 'none'; document.getElementById('1912.03401v1-abstract-short').style.display = 'inline';">△ Less</a> </span> </p> <p class="is-size-7"><span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Submitted</span> 6 December, 2019; <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">originally announced</span> December 2019. </p> <p class="comments is-size-7"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Comments:</span> <span class="has-text-grey-dark mathjax">7 pages, 7 figures</span> </p> </li> <li class="arxiv-result"> <div class="is-marginless"> <p class="list-title is-inline-block"><a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1808.06925">arXiv:1808.06925</a> <span> [<a href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/1808.06925">pdf</a>] </span> </p> <div class="tags is-inline-block"> <span class="tag is-small is-link tooltip is-tooltip-top" data-tooltip="Plasma Physics">physics.plasm-ph</span> </div> <div class="is-inline-block" style="margin-left: 0.5rem"> <div class="tags has-addons"> <span class="tag is-dark is-size-7">doi</span> <span class="tag is-light is-size-7"><a class="" href="https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5083772">10.1063/1.5083772 <i class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></i></a></span> </div> </div> </div> <p class="title is-5 mathjax"> Negative ion radio frequency surface plasma source with solenoidal magnetic field </p> <p class="authors"> <span class="search-hit">Authors:</span> <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Dudnikov%2C+V">V. Dudnikov</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Johnson%2C+R+P">R. P. Johnson</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Han%2C+B">B. Han</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Kang%2C+Y">Y. Kang</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Murray%2C+S">S. Murray</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Pennisi%2C+T">T. Pennisi</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Piller%2C+C">C. Piller</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Stinson%2C+C">C. Stinson</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Stockli%2C+M">M. Stockli</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Welton%2C+R">R. Welton</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Dudnikova%2C+G">G. Dudnikova</a> </p> <p class="abstract mathjax"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Abstract</span>: <span class="abstract-short has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="1808.06925v1-abstract-short" style="display: inline;"> Pulsed and CW operation of negative ion radio frequency surface plasma source with a solenoidal magnetic field is described. Dependences of a beam current on RF power, extraction voltage, solenoid magnetic field, gas flow are presented. Compact design of RF SPS is presented. </span> <span class="abstract-full has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="1808.06925v1-abstract-full" style="display: none;"> Pulsed and CW operation of negative ion radio frequency surface plasma source with a solenoidal magnetic field is described. Dependences of a beam current on RF power, extraction voltage, solenoid magnetic field, gas flow are presented. Compact design of RF SPS is presented. <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('1808.06925v1-abstract-full').style.display = 'none'; document.getElementById('1808.06925v1-abstract-short').style.display = 'inline';">△ Less</a> </span> </p> <p class="is-size-7"><span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Submitted</span> 17 August, 2018; <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">originally announced</span> August 2018. </p> <p class="comments is-size-7"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Comments:</span> <span class="has-text-grey-dark mathjax">arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:1808.02829</span> </p> </li> <li class="arxiv-result"> <div class="is-marginless"> <p class="list-title is-inline-block"><a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1808.06003">arXiv:1808.06003</a> <span> [<a href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/1808.06003">pdf</a>] </span> </p> <div class="tags is-inline-block"> <span class="tag is-small is-link tooltip is-tooltip-top" data-tooltip="Plasma Physics">physics.plasm-ph</span> </div> <div class="is-inline-block" style="margin-left: 0.5rem"> <div class="tags has-addons"> <span class="tag is-dark is-size-7">doi</span> <span class="tag is-light is-size-7"><a class="" href="https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5053303">10.1063/1.5053303 <i class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></i></a></span> </div> </div> </div> <p class="title is-5 mathjax"> Carbon Film in Radio Frequency Surface Plasma Source with Cesiation </p> <p class="authors"> <span class="search-hit">Authors:</span> <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Dudnikov%2C+V">Vadim Dudnikov</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Han%2C+B">B. Han</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Murray%2C+S">S. Murray</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Pennisi%2C+T">T. Pennisi</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Stinson%2C+C">C. Stinson</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Stockli%2C+M">M. Stockli</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Welton%2C+R">R. Welton</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Dudnikov%2C+A">A. Dudnikov</a> </p> <p class="abstract mathjax"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Abstract</span>: <span class="abstract-short has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="1808.06003v1-abstract-short" style="display: inline;"> It is assumed that persistent cesiation in the SNS RF SPS is related to deposition of carbon film on the collar converter. The work function dependence for graphite with alkali deposition has no minimum typical for metals and semiconductors and the final work function is higher. For this reason, the probability of H- secondary emission from cesiated metal and semiconductors can be higher than from… <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('1808.06003v1-abstract-full').style.display = 'inline'; document.getElementById('1808.06003v1-abstract-short').style.display = 'none';">▽ More</a> </span> <span class="abstract-full has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="1808.06003v1-abstract-full" style="display: none;"> It is assumed that persistent cesiation in the SNS RF SPS is related to deposition of carbon film on the collar converter. The work function dependence for graphite with alkali deposition has no minimum typical for metals and semiconductors and the final work function is higher. For this reason, the probability of H- secondary emission from cesiated metal and semiconductors can be higher than from cesiated carbon films but the carbon film maintains cesiation longer and can operate with low cesium consumption. <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('1808.06003v1-abstract-full').style.display = 'none'; document.getElementById('1808.06003v1-abstract-short').style.display = 'inline';">△ Less</a> </span> </p> <p class="is-size-7"><span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Submitted</span> 17 August, 2018; <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">originally announced</span> August 2018. </p> </li> <li class="arxiv-result"> <div class="is-marginless"> <p class="list-title is-inline-block"><a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1808.06002">arXiv:1808.06002</a> <span> [<a href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/1808.06002">pdf</a>] </span> </p> <div class="tags is-inline-block"> <span class="tag is-small is-link tooltip is-tooltip-top" data-tooltip="Plasma Physics">physics.plasm-ph</span> </div> </div> <p class="title is-5 mathjax"> Development of charge-exchange injection at the Novosibirsk Institute of Nuclear Physics and around the World </p> <p class="authors"> <span class="search-hit">Authors:</span> <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Dudnikov%2C+V">Vadim Dudnikov</a> </p> <p class="abstract mathjax"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Abstract</span>: <span class="abstract-short has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="1808.06002v1-abstract-short" style="display: inline;"> The study of charge-exchange injection of protons into accelerators started in 1960 at the Institute of Nuclear Physics of the Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Science, as proposed by G. I. Budker in connection with the development of the program of the VAPP-4 proton-antiproton collider. Since the purpose was the accumulation of beams with a maximum intensity, and the record intensity of the… <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('1808.06002v1-abstract-full').style.display = 'inline'; document.getElementById('1808.06002v1-abstract-short').style.display = 'none';">▽ More</a> </span> <span class="abstract-full has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="1808.06002v1-abstract-full" style="display: none;"> The study of charge-exchange injection of protons into accelerators started in 1960 at the Institute of Nuclear Physics of the Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Science, as proposed by G. I. Budker in connection with the development of the program of the VAPP-4 proton-antiproton collider. Since the purpose was the accumulation of beams with a maximum intensity, and the record intensity of the H- ion beams received by that time was only 70 渭A, an important part of the program was the development of methods to produce intense beams of negative hydrogen ions. Charge-exchange injection of particles into accelerators and storage rings is an important application of the charge-exchange technology. Development of charge exchange injection with compensation of ionization energy loss by RF acceleration voltage up to the space charge limit is presented. Accumulation of coasting beam with space charge compensation with weak focusing and strong focusing is described. Accumulation of circulating beam in a storage ring with intensity above space charge limit is presented. Observation, explanation and damping of e-p instability (electron cloud effect) is discussed. Recent developments of charge exchange injection are discussed. Laser ionization of H- in charge exchange injection is reviewed. <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('1808.06002v1-abstract-full').style.display = 'none'; document.getElementById('1808.06002v1-abstract-short').style.display = 'inline';">△ Less</a> </span> </p> <p class="is-size-7"><span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Submitted</span> 17 August, 2018; <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">originally announced</span> August 2018. </p> </li> <li class="arxiv-result"> <div class="is-marginless"> <p class="list-title is-inline-block"><a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1808.06001">arXiv:1808.06001</a> <span> [<a href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/1808.06001">pdf</a>] </span> </p> <div class="tags is-inline-block"> <span class="tag is-small is-link tooltip is-tooltip-top" data-tooltip="Plasma Physics">physics.plasm-ph</span> </div> <div class="is-inline-block" style="margin-left: 0.5rem"> <div class="tags has-addons"> <span class="tag is-dark is-size-7">doi</span> <span class="tag is-light is-size-7"><a class="" href="https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5083773">10.1063/1.5083773 <i class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></i></a></span> </div> </div> </div> <p class="title is-5 mathjax"> Polarized Negative Ion Source with Multiply Sphericaly Focusing Surface Plasma Ionizer </p> <p class="authors"> <span class="search-hit">Authors:</span> <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Dudnikov%2C+V">V. Dudnikov</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Dudnikov%2C+A">A. Dudnikov</a> </p> <p class="abstract mathjax"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Abstract</span>: <span class="abstract-short has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="1808.06001v1-abstract-short" style="display: inline;"> It is proposed one universal H-/D- ion source design combining the most advanced developments in the field of polarized ion sources to provide high-current high-brightness ion beams with >90% polarization and improved lifetime, reliability, and power efficiency. The new source utilizes high-efficiency resonant charge-exchange ionization of polarized neutral atoms by negative ions generated by cesi… <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('1808.06001v1-abstract-full').style.display = 'inline'; document.getElementById('1808.06001v1-abstract-short').style.display = 'none';">▽ More</a> </span> <span class="abstract-full has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="1808.06001v1-abstract-full" style="display: none;"> It is proposed one universal H-/D- ion source design combining the most advanced developments in the field of polarized ion sources to provide high-current high-brightness ion beams with >90% polarization and improved lifetime, reliability, and power efficiency. The new source utilizes high-efficiency resonant charge-exchange ionization of polarized neutral atoms by negative ions generated by cesiated surface-plasma interactions via a multi-spherical negative ion focusing element. Multi-spherical focusing of the negative ions strongly suppresses the parasitic generation of unpolarized H-/D- ions. By incorporating new and novel designs for the dissociator and plasma generator in parallel with the multi-spherical focusing the design can suppress adsorption and depolarization of particles from the polarized beam greatly improving performance over current concepts. <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('1808.06001v1-abstract-full').style.display = 'none'; document.getElementById('1808.06001v1-abstract-short').style.display = 'inline';">△ Less</a> </span> </p> <p class="is-size-7"><span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Submitted</span> 17 August, 2018; <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">originally announced</span> August 2018. </p> </li> <li class="arxiv-result"> <div class="is-marginless"> <p class="list-title is-inline-block"><a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1808.02829">arXiv:1808.02829</a> <span> [<a href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/1808.02829">pdf</a>] </span> </p> <div class="tags is-inline-block"> <span class="tag is-small is-link tooltip is-tooltip-top" data-tooltip="Plasma Physics">physics.plasm-ph</span> </div> </div> <p class="title is-5 mathjax"> RF Positive Ion Source with Solenoidal Magnetic Field </p> <p class="authors"> <span class="search-hit">Authors:</span> <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Dudnikov%2C+V">V. Dudnikov</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Johnson%2C+R+P">R. P. Johnson</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Han%2C+B">B. Han</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Kang%2C+Y">Y. Kang</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Murray%2C+S">S. Murray</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Pennisi%2C+T">T. Pennisi</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Piller%2C+C">C. Piller</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Stinson%2C+C">C. Stinson</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Stockli%2C+M">M. Stockli</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Welton%2C+R">R. Welton</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Dudnikova%2C+G">G. Dudnikova</a> </p> <p class="abstract mathjax"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Abstract</span>: <span class="abstract-short has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="1808.02829v1-abstract-short" style="display: inline;"> A positive ion source with RF discharge in solenoidal magnetic field is described. In this paper we present an overview of positive ion production in saddle antenna (helicon discharge) radio frequency (SA RF) ion sources. The efficiency of H+ ion production in recently developed RF sources with solenoidal antennas was improved to 2.9 mA/kW. About 24 kW of RF power is typically needed for 70 mA bea… <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('1808.02829v1-abstract-full').style.display = 'inline'; document.getElementById('1808.02829v1-abstract-short').style.display = 'none';">▽ More</a> </span> <span class="abstract-full has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="1808.02829v1-abstract-full" style="display: none;"> A positive ion source with RF discharge in solenoidal magnetic field is described. In this paper we present an overview of positive ion production in saddle antenna (helicon discharge) radio frequency (SA RF) ion sources. The efficiency of H+ ion production in recently developed RF sources with solenoidal antennas was improved to 2.9 mA/kW. About 24 kW of RF power is typically needed for 70 mA beam current production from a 7 mm emission aperture. This efficiency is relatively low because in the RF discharge with a solenoidal antenna, the plasma is generated near the coil and diffuses to the axis creating a nearly uniform plasma density distribution in all cross sections of the discharge chamber, when the plasma flow is necessary only near an emission aperture. The efficiency of the extracted ion generation was improved significantly by using a saddle antenna with solenoidal magnetic field. In the RF discharge with the saddle antenna the plasma is generated near the axis and the magnetic field suppress the plasma diffusion from the axis, creating a peaked plasma density distribution on the emission aperture. With the SA the efficiency of positive ion generation in the plasma has been improved up to ~100 mA/cm2 per kW of RF power at 13.56 MHz. Continuous wave (CW) operation of the RF source has been tested on the small ORNL SNS test stand. The general design of the CW RF source is based on the pulsed version. A compact design of ion source is presented. Some modifications were made to improve the cooling and to simplify the design. Features of SA RF discharges and ion generation are discussed. <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('1808.02829v1-abstract-full').style.display = 'none'; document.getElementById('1808.02829v1-abstract-short').style.display = 'inline';">△ Less</a> </span> </p> <p class="is-size-7"><span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Submitted</span> 8 August, 2018; <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">originally announced</span> August 2018. </p> </li> <li class="arxiv-result"> <div class="is-marginless"> <p class="list-title is-inline-block"><a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1806.03391">arXiv:1806.03391</a> <span> [<a href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/1806.03391">pdf</a>] </span> </p> <div class="tags is-inline-block"> <span class="tag is-small is-link tooltip is-tooltip-top" data-tooltip="Plasma Physics">physics.plasm-ph</span> <span class="tag is-small is-grey tooltip is-tooltip-top" data-tooltip="Accelerator Physics">physics.acc-ph</span> </div> </div> <p class="title is-5 mathjax"> Modern High Intensity H- Accelerator Sources </p> <p class="authors"> <span class="search-hit">Authors:</span> <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Dudnikov%2C+V">Vadim Dudnikov</a> </p> <p class="abstract mathjax"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Abstract</span>: <span class="abstract-short has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="1806.03391v1-abstract-short" style="display: inline;"> A review of modern high intensity H- ion sources for accelerators is presented. The cesiation effect, a significant enhancement of negative ion emission from gas discharges with decrease of co-extracted electron current below negative ion current, was observed for the first time by inserting into the discharge chamber a compound with one milligram of cesium on July 1, 1971 in the Institute of Nucl… <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('1806.03391v1-abstract-full').style.display = 'inline'; document.getElementById('1806.03391v1-abstract-short').style.display = 'none';">▽ More</a> </span> <span class="abstract-full has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="1806.03391v1-abstract-full" style="display: none;"> A review of modern high intensity H- ion sources for accelerators is presented. The cesiation effect, a significant enhancement of negative ion emission from gas discharges with decrease of co-extracted electron current below negative ion current, was observed for the first time by inserting into the discharge chamber a compound with one milligram of cesium on July 1, 1971 in the Institute of Nuclear Physics (INP), Novosibirsk, Russia. This observation became the basis for the development of surface plasma negative ion sources (SPS). The efficiency of negative ion generation was increased by the invention of geometrical focusing. The magnetron-planotron with geometrical focusing SPS is discussed. The converter SPS is reviewed. Semiplanotron SPS is discussed. Penning discharge SPS, RF pulsed and CW SPS are reviewed. The history of negative ion source development is reviewed. Large development projects, including the SPS for the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) and for the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) are being conducted. The development and fabrication of injectors with cesiated SPS has become a billion dollars scale industry. <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('1806.03391v1-abstract-full').style.display = 'none'; document.getElementById('1806.03391v1-abstract-short').style.display = 'inline';">△ Less</a> </span> </p> <p class="is-size-7"><span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Submitted</span> 8 June, 2018; <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">originally announced</span> June 2018. </p> </li> <li class="arxiv-result"> <div class="is-marginless"> <p class="list-title is-inline-block"><a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1806.03331">arXiv:1806.03331</a> <span> [<a href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/1806.03331">pdf</a>] </span> </p> <div class="tags is-inline-block"> <span class="tag is-small is-link tooltip is-tooltip-top" data-tooltip="Instrumentation and Detectors">physics.ins-det</span> <span class="tag is-small is-grey tooltip is-tooltip-top" data-tooltip="Plasma Physics">physics.plasm-ph</span> </div> <div class="is-inline-block" style="margin-left: 0.5rem"> <div class="tags has-addons"> <span class="tag is-dark is-size-7">doi</span> <span class="tag is-light is-size-7"><a class="" href="https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5083774">10.1063/1.5083774 <i class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></i></a></span> </div> </div> </div> <p class="title is-5 mathjax"> Ultracold Muonium Negative Ion Production </p> <p class="authors"> <span class="search-hit">Authors:</span> <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Dudnikov%2C+V">V. Dudnikov</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Dudnikov%2C+A">A. Dudnikov</a> </p> <p class="abstract mathjax"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Abstract</span>: <span class="abstract-short has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="1806.03331v1-abstract-short" style="display: inline;"> A new, efficient method to produce ultracold negative muon ions is proposed. The muonium atom is made up of an antimuon and an electron and is given the chemical symbol Mu. A second electron with binding energy or electron affinity of 0.75 eV makes the Mu- ion, which is in many ways almost identical to the H- ion that is used for charge-exchange injection into most proton particle accelerators. Mu… <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('1806.03331v1-abstract-full').style.display = 'inline'; document.getElementById('1806.03331v1-abstract-short').style.display = 'none';">▽ More</a> </span> <span class="abstract-full has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="1806.03331v1-abstract-full" style="display: none;"> A new, efficient method to produce ultracold negative muon ions is proposed. The muonium atom is made up of an antimuon and an electron and is given the chemical symbol Mu. A second electron with binding energy or electron affinity of 0.75 eV makes the Mu- ion, which is in many ways almost identical to the H- ion that is used for charge-exchange injection into most proton particle accelerators. Muonium negative ions were observed in 1987 by interactions of muons with a foil. Using the foil charge-exchange approach, the efficiency of transformation of muons to negative muonium ions has been very low ~10-4. However, by using a hot tungsten or palladium single crystal foil or aerogel treated by cesium deposition, the production efficiency can be improved up to 50%. The process described here has surface muons focused onto a tungsten or palladium single crystal foil or aerogel (that can be heated up to 2000 Celsius) and partially covered by a cesium layer to provide a minimal work function. The negative muon ions can be extracted by a DC electric field and further accelerated by a linac and stripped in a thin foil. Charge exchange with a. dense flow of positive or negative ions is proposed for conversion of slow muonium atoms into positive and negative muonium ions <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('1806.03331v1-abstract-full').style.display = 'none'; document.getElementById('1806.03331v1-abstract-short').style.display = 'inline';">△ Less</a> </span> </p> <p class="is-size-7"><span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Submitted</span> 8 June, 2018; <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">originally announced</span> June 2018. </p> </li> <li class="arxiv-result"> <div class="is-marginless"> <p class="list-title is-inline-block"><a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1504.07961">arXiv:1504.07961</a> <span> [<a href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/1504.07961">pdf</a>] </span> </p> <div class="tags is-inline-block"> <span class="tag is-small is-link tooltip is-tooltip-top" data-tooltip="Accelerator Physics">physics.acc-ph</span> </div> </div> <p class="title is-5 mathjax"> MEIC Design Summary </p> <p class="authors"> <span class="search-hit">Authors:</span> <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Abeyratne%2C+S">S. Abeyratne</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Barber%2C+D">D. Barber</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Bogacz%2C+A">A. Bogacz</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Brindza%2C+P">P. Brindza</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Cai%2C+Y">Y. Cai</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Camsonne%2C+A">A. Camsonne</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Castilla%2C+A">A. Castilla</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Chevtsov%2C+P">P. Chevtsov</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Daly%2C+E">E. Daly</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Derbenev%2C+Y+S">Y. S. Derbenev</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Douglas%2C+D">D. Douglas</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Dudnikov%2C+V">V. Dudnikov</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Ent%2C+R">R. Ent</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Erdelyi%2C+B">B. Erdelyi</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Filatov%2C+Y">Y. Filatov</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Gaskell%2C+D">D. Gaskell</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Grames%2C+J">J. Grames</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Guo%2C+J">J. Guo</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Harwood%2C+L">L. Harwood</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Hutton%2C+A">A. Hutton</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Hyde%2C+C">C. Hyde</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Jordan%2C+K">K. Jordan</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Kimber%2C+A">A. Kimber</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Krafft%2C+G+A">G. A. Krafft</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Kondratenko%2C+A">A. Kondratenko</a> , et al. (30 additional authors not shown) </p> <p class="abstract mathjax"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Abstract</span>: <span class="abstract-short has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="1504.07961v1-abstract-short" style="display: inline;"> This document summarizes the design of Jefferson Lab's electron-ion collider, MEIC, as of January 20, 2015, and describes the facility whose cost was estimated for the United States Department of Energy Nuclear Sciences Advisory Committee EIC cost review of January 26-28, 2015. In particular, each of the main technical systems within the collider is presented to the level of the best current infor… <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('1504.07961v1-abstract-full').style.display = 'inline'; document.getElementById('1504.07961v1-abstract-short').style.display = 'none';">▽ More</a> </span> <span class="abstract-full has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="1504.07961v1-abstract-full" style="display: none;"> This document summarizes the design of Jefferson Lab's electron-ion collider, MEIC, as of January 20, 2015, and describes the facility whose cost was estimated for the United States Department of Energy Nuclear Sciences Advisory Committee EIC cost review of January 26-28, 2015. In particular, each of the main technical systems within the collider is presented to the level of the best current information. <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('1504.07961v1-abstract-full').style.display = 'none'; document.getElementById('1504.07961v1-abstract-short').style.display = 'inline';">△ Less</a> </span> </p> <p class="is-size-7"><span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Submitted</span> 29 April, 2015; <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">originally announced</span> April 2015. </p> </li> <li class="arxiv-result"> <div class="is-marginless"> <p class="list-title is-inline-block"><a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1301.6786">arXiv:1301.6786</a> <span> [<a href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/1301.6786">pdf</a>] </span> </p> <div class="tags is-inline-block"> <span class="tag is-small is-link tooltip is-tooltip-top" data-tooltip="Accelerator Physics">physics.acc-ph</span> </div> </div> <p class="title is-5 mathjax"> Lifetime of the Highly Efficient H- Ion Sources </p> <p class="authors"> <span class="search-hit">Authors:</span> <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Bollinger%2C+D+S">D. S. Bollinger</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Dudnikov%2C+V+G">V. G. Dudnikov</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Faircloth%2C+D+C">D. C. Faircloth</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Lawrie%2C+S+R">S. R. Lawrie</a> </p> <p class="abstract mathjax"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Abstract</span>: <span class="abstract-short has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="1301.6786v1-abstract-short" style="display: inline;"> Factors limiting the operating lifetime of Compact Surface Plasma Sources (CSPS) are analyzed and possible treatments for lifetime enhancement are considered. Noiseless discharges with lower gas and cesium densities are produced in experiments with modified discharge cells. With these discharge cells it is possible to increase the emission aperture and extract the same beam with a lower discharge… <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('1301.6786v1-abstract-full').style.display = 'inline'; document.getElementById('1301.6786v1-abstract-short').style.display = 'none';">▽ More</a> </span> <span class="abstract-full has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="1301.6786v1-abstract-full" style="display: none;"> Factors limiting the operating lifetime of Compact Surface Plasma Sources (CSPS) are analyzed and possible treatments for lifetime enhancement are considered. Noiseless discharges with lower gas and cesium densities are produced in experiments with modified discharge cells. With these discharge cells it is possible to increase the emission aperture and extract the same beam with a lower discharge current and with correspondingly increased source lifetime. A design of an advanced CSPS is presented. <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('1301.6786v1-abstract-full').style.display = 'none'; document.getElementById('1301.6786v1-abstract-short').style.display = 'inline';">△ Less</a> </span> </p> <p class="is-size-7"><span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Submitted</span> 28 January, 2013; <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">originally announced</span> January 2013. </p> <p class="comments is-size-7"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Comments:</span> <span class="has-text-grey-dark mathjax">4 pp. 3rd International Particle Accelerator Conference (IPAC 2012) 20-25 May 2012, New Orleans, Louisiana</span> </p> <p class="comments is-size-7"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Report number:</span> FERMILAB-CONF-12-248-AD </p> </li> <li class="arxiv-result"> <div class="is-marginless"> <p class="list-title is-inline-block"><a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1209.0757">arXiv:1209.0757</a> <span> [<a href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/1209.0757">pdf</a>] </span> </p> <div class="tags is-inline-block"> <span class="tag is-small is-link tooltip is-tooltip-top" data-tooltip="Accelerator Physics">physics.acc-ph</span> <span class="tag is-small is-grey tooltip is-tooltip-top" data-tooltip="High Energy Physics - Experiment">hep-ex</span> </div> </div> <p class="title is-5 mathjax"> Science Requirements and Conceptual Design for a Polarized Medium Energy Electron-Ion Collider at Jefferson Lab </p> <p class="authors"> <span class="search-hit">Authors:</span> <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Abeyratne%2C+S">S. Abeyratne</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Accardi%2C+A">A. Accardi</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Ahmed%2C+S">S. Ahmed</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Barber%2C+D">D. Barber</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Bisognano%2C+J">J. Bisognano</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Bogacz%2C+A">A. Bogacz</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Castilla%2C+A">A. Castilla</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Chevtsov%2C+P">P. Chevtsov</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Corneliussen%2C+S">S. Corneliussen</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Deconinck%2C+W">W. Deconinck</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Degtiarenko%2C+P">P. Degtiarenko</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Delayen%2C+J">J. Delayen</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Derbenev%2C+Y">Ya. Derbenev</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=DeSilva%2C+S">S. DeSilva</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Douglas%2C+D">D. Douglas</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Dudnikov%2C+V">V. Dudnikov</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Ent%2C+R">R. Ent</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Erdelyi%2C+B">B. Erdelyi</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Evtushenko%2C+P">P. Evtushenko</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Filatov%2C+Y">Yu. Filatov</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Gaskell%2C+D">D. Gaskell</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Geng%2C+R">R. Geng</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Guzey%2C+V">V. Guzey</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Horn%2C+T">T. Horn</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Hutton%2C+A">A. Hutton</a> , et al. (33 additional authors not shown) </p> <p class="abstract mathjax"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Abstract</span>: <span class="abstract-short has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="1209.0757v2-abstract-short" style="display: inline;"> This report presents a brief summary of the science opportunities and program of a polarized medium energy electron-ion collider at Jefferson Lab and a comprehensive description of the conceptual design of such a collider based on the CEBAF electron accelerator facility. </span> <span class="abstract-full has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="1209.0757v2-abstract-full" style="display: none;"> This report presents a brief summary of the science opportunities and program of a polarized medium energy electron-ion collider at Jefferson Lab and a comprehensive description of the conceptual design of such a collider based on the CEBAF electron accelerator facility. <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('1209.0757v2-abstract-full').style.display = 'none'; document.getElementById('1209.0757v2-abstract-short').style.display = 'inline';">△ Less</a> </span> </p> <p class="is-size-7"><span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Submitted</span> 5 September, 2012; <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">v1</span> submitted 4 September, 2012; <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">originally announced</span> September 2012. </p> <p class="comments is-size-7"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Comments:</span> <span class="has-text-grey-dark mathjax">160 pages, ~93 figures This work was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Nuclear Physics, under Contract No. DE-AC05-06OR23177, DE-AC02-06CH11357, DE-AC05-060R23177, and DESC0005823. The U.S. Government retains a non-exclusive, paid-up, irrevocable, world-wide license to publish or reproduce this manuscript for U.S. Government purposes</span> </p> <p class="comments is-size-7"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Report number:</span> JLAB-ACC-12-1619 </p> </li> </ol> <div class="is-hidden-tablet">  <span class="help" style="display: inline-block;"><a href="https://github.com/arXiv/arxiv-search/releases">Search v0.5.6 released 2020-02-24</a>  </span> </div> </div> </main> <footer> <div class="columns is-desktop" role="navigation" aria-label="Secondary">  <div class="column"> <div class="columns"> <div class="column"> <ul class="nav-spaced"> <li><a href="https://info.arxiv.org/about">About</a></li> <li><a href="https://info.arxiv.org/help">Help</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="column"> <ul class="nav-spaced"> <li> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512" class="icon filter-black" role="presentation"><title>contact 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