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</a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relevance_today" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relevance_today"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Relevance today</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relevance_today-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Courtyard</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 42 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-42" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">42 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A1_(%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9)" title="فناء (عمارة) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فناء (عمارة)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C4%81i-ti%C3%A2%E2%81%BF" title="Lāi-tiâⁿ – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Lāi-tiâⁿ" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8A%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Вътрешен двор – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Вътрешен двор" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A1dvo%C5%99%C3%AD" title="Nádvoří – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Nádvoří" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagg%C3%A5rd" title="Baggård – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Baggård" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hof_(Architektur)" title="Hof (Architektur) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hof (Architektur)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cour" title="Cour – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cour" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korto" title="Korto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Korto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B7" title="حیاط – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="حیاط" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cour_d%27immeuble" title="Cour d'immeuble – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cour d'immeuble" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%88%EB%A7%88%EB%8B%B9" title="안마당 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="안마당" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korto_(arkitekturo)" title="Korto (arkitekturo) – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Korto (arkitekturo)" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelataran" title="Pelataran – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pelataran" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corte_(architectura)" title="Corte (architectura) – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Corte (architectura)" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortile" title="Cortile – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cortile" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%A6%D7%A8_%D7%A4%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%AA" title="חצר פנימית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חצר פנימית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakou" title="Lakou – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Lakou" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patio" title="Patio – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Patio" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udvar_(%C3%A9p%C3%ADt%C3%A9szet)" title="Udvar (építészet) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Udvar (építészet)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%82" title="അങ്കണം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അങ്കണം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binnenplaats_(bouw)" title="Binnenplaats (bouw) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Binnenplaats (bouw)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%BA%AD" title="中庭 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="中庭" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtiglio" title="Curtiglio – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Curtiglio" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borgg%C3%A5rd" title="Borggård – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Borggård" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B9%E0%A9%9C%E0%A8%BE" title="ਵਿਹੜਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਵਿਹੜਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%91%DA%BE%D8%A7" title="ویڑھا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ویڑھا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dziedziniec" title="Dziedziniec – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Dziedziniec" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%AA%E1%B1%9F_(%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%9D_%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%B2%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%9C)" title="ᱨᱟᱪᱟ (ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ) – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱨᱟᱪᱟ (ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ)" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtigghiu_(curtili)" title="Curtigghiu (curtili) – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Curtigghiu (curtili)" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courtyard" title="Courtyard – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Courtyard" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A1dvorie" title="Nádvorie – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Nádvorie" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dvori%C5%A1%C4%8De" title="Dvorišče – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Dvorišče" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B5" title="Двориште – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Двориште" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dvori%C5%A1te" title="Dvorište – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Dvorište" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sis%C3%A4piha" title="Sisäpiha – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sisäpiha" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borgg%C3%A5rd" title="Borggård – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Borggård" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="முற்றம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="முற்றம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avlu" title="Avlu – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Avlu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%80%27%D1%8F,_%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%82%D1%80%D1%96%D1%88%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Подвір'я, внутрішній дворик – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Подвір'я, внутрішній дворик" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortiu" title="Cortiu – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Cortiu" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%BA%AD" title="中庭 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="中庭" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Courtyards&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Courtyards">Courtyards</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Enclosed area, often by a building, that is open to the sky</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Courtyard_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Courtyard (disambiguation)">Courtyard (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:392px;max-width:392px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:390px;max-width:390px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:102px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Umayyad_Mosquee_panoramic.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Umayyad_Mosquee_panoramic.jpg/388px-Umayyad_Mosquee_panoramic.jpg" decoding="async" width="388" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Umayyad_Mosquee_panoramic.jpg/582px-Umayyad_Mosquee_panoramic.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Umayyad_Mosquee_panoramic.jpg/776px-Umayyad_Mosquee_panoramic.jpg 2x" data-file-width="9924" data-file-height="2615" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:174px;max-width:174px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:209px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Residenz5,_M%C3%BCnchen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Residenz5%2C_M%C3%BCnchen.jpg/172px-Residenz5%2C_M%C3%BCnchen.jpg" decoding="async" width="172" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Residenz5%2C_M%C3%BCnchen.jpg/258px-Residenz5%2C_M%C3%BCnchen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Residenz5%2C_M%C3%BCnchen.jpg/344px-Residenz5%2C_M%C3%BCnchen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1251" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:214px;max-width:214px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:209px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cour_Puget_2,_Palais_du_Louvre,_Paris_25_April_2012.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Cour_Puget_2%2C_Palais_du_Louvre%2C_Paris_25_April_2012.jpg/212px-Cour_Puget_2%2C_Palais_du_Louvre%2C_Paris_25_April_2012.jpg" decoding="async" width="212" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Cour_Puget_2%2C_Palais_du_Louvre%2C_Paris_25_April_2012.jpg/318px-Cour_Puget_2%2C_Palais_du_Louvre%2C_Paris_25_April_2012.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Cour_Puget_2%2C_Palais_du_Louvre%2C_Paris_25_April_2012.jpg/424px-Cour_Puget_2%2C_Palais_du_Louvre%2C_Paris_25_April_2012.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3775" data-file-height="3735" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:165px;max-width:165px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:108px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:H%C3%B4tel_de_Sully,_cour_int%C3%A9rieure.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/H%C3%B4tel_de_Sully%2C_cour_int%C3%A9rieure.jpg/163px-H%C3%B4tel_de_Sully%2C_cour_int%C3%A9rieure.jpg" decoding="async" width="163" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/H%C3%B4tel_de_Sully%2C_cour_int%C3%A9rieure.jpg/245px-H%C3%B4tel_de_Sully%2C_cour_int%C3%A9rieure.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/H%C3%B4tel_de_Sully%2C_cour_int%C3%A9rieure.jpg/326px-H%C3%B4tel_de_Sully%2C_cour_int%C3%A9rieure.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:223px;max-width:223px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:108px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arkadenhof_der_Universit%C3%A4t_Wien-1201-Bearbeitet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Arkadenhof_der_Universit%C3%A4t_Wien-1201-Bearbeitet.jpg/221px-Arkadenhof_der_Universit%C3%A4t_Wien-1201-Bearbeitet.jpg" decoding="async" width="221" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Arkadenhof_der_Universit%C3%A4t_Wien-1201-Bearbeitet.jpg/332px-Arkadenhof_der_Universit%C3%A4t_Wien-1201-Bearbeitet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Arkadenhof_der_Universit%C3%A4t_Wien-1201-Bearbeitet.jpg/442px-Arkadenhof_der_Universit%C3%A4t_Wien-1201-Bearbeitet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5065" data-file-height="2484" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Various examples of courtyards</div></div></div></div> <p>A <b>courtyard</b> or <b>court</b> is a circumscribed area, often surrounded by a <a href="/wiki/Building" title="Building">building</a> or complex, that is open to the sky. </p><p>Courtyards are common elements in both Western and Eastern building patterns and have been used by both ancient and contemporary architects as a typical and traditional building feature.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such spaces in <a href="/wiki/Inn" title="Inn">inns</a> and public buildings were often the primary meeting places for some purposes, leading to the other meanings of <a href="/wiki/Court_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Court (disambiguation)">court</a>. Both of the words <i>court</i> and <i>yard</i> derive from the same root, meaning an enclosed space. See <a href="/wiki/Yard_(land)" title="Yard (land)">yard</a> and <a href="/wiki/Garden" title="Garden">garden</a> for the relation of this set of words. In <a href="/wiki/Universities" class="mw-redirect" title="Universities">universities</a> courtyards are often known as <a href="/wiki/Quadrangle_(architecture)" title="Quadrangle (architecture)">quadrangles</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historic_use">Historic use</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Courtyard&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Historic use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lidzbark_Warmi%C5%84ski_zamek_dziedziniec(WLZ12).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Lidzbark_Warmi%C5%84ski_zamek_dziedziniec%28WLZ12%29.jpg/220px-Lidzbark_Warmi%C5%84ski_zamek_dziedziniec%28WLZ12%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Lidzbark_Warmi%C5%84ski_zamek_dziedziniec%28WLZ12%29.jpg/330px-Lidzbark_Warmi%C5%84ski_zamek_dziedziniec%28WLZ12%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Lidzbark_Warmi%C5%84ski_zamek_dziedziniec%28WLZ12%29.jpg/440px-Lidzbark_Warmi%C5%84ski_zamek_dziedziniec%28WLZ12%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="833" /></a><figcaption>Courtyard in the <a href="/wiki/Lidzbark_Castle" title="Lidzbark Castle">Lidzbark Castle</a>, Poland</figcaption></figure> <p>Courtyards—private open spaces surrounded by walls or buildings—have been in use in residential <a href="/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture">architecture</a> for almost as long as people have lived in constructed dwellings. The <a href="/wiki/Courtyard_house" title="Courtyard house">courtyard house</a> makes its first appearance <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 6400</span>–6000 BC (calibrated), in the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> <a href="/wiki/Yarmukian_Culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Yarmukian Culture">Yarmukian site</a> at Sha'ar HaGolan, in the central <a href="/wiki/Jordan_Valley_(Middle_East)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jordan Valley (Middle East)">Jordan Valley</a>, on the northern bank of the Yarmouk River, giving the site a special significance in architectural history.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Courtyards have historically been used for many purposes including cooking, sleeping, working, playing, gardening, and even places to keep animals. </p><p>Before courtyards, open <a href="/wiki/Fire" title="Fire">fires</a> were kept burning in a central place within a home, with only a small hole in the <a href="/wiki/Ceiling" title="Ceiling">ceiling</a> overhead to allow <a href="/wiki/Smoke" title="Smoke">smoke</a> to escape. Over time, these small openings were enlarged and eventually led to the development of the centralized open courtyard we know today. Courtyard homes have been designed and built throughout the world with many variations. </p><p>Courtyard homes are more prevalent in temperate climates, as an open central court can be an important aid to cooling house in warm weather.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, courtyard houses have been found in harsher climates as well for centuries. The comforts offered by a courtyard—air, light,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Privacy" title="Privacy">privacy</a>, security, and tranquility—are properties nearly universally desired in human housing. Almost all courtyards use natural elements.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comparison_throughout_the_world">Comparison throughout the world</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Courtyard&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Comparison throughout the world"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_Loves_Pyramids_-_Teotihuacan_-_Palace_of_Quetzalpapalotl_-_05.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Wiki_Loves_Pyramids_-_Teotihuacan_-_Palace_of_Quetzalpapalotl_-_05.jpg/220px-Wiki_Loves_Pyramids_-_Teotihuacan_-_Palace_of_Quetzalpapalotl_-_05.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Wiki_Loves_Pyramids_-_Teotihuacan_-_Palace_of_Quetzalpapalotl_-_05.jpg/330px-Wiki_Loves_Pyramids_-_Teotihuacan_-_Palace_of_Quetzalpapalotl_-_05.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Wiki_Loves_Pyramids_-_Teotihuacan_-_Palace_of_Quetzalpapalotl_-_05.jpg/440px-Wiki_Loves_Pyramids_-_Teotihuacan_-_Palace_of_Quetzalpapalotl_-_05.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3995" data-file-height="2008" /></a><figcaption>Courtyard in the <a href="/wiki/Quetzalpap%C3%A1lotl" title="Quetzalpapálotl">Quetzalpapálotl</a> ruin complex at <a href="/wiki/Teotihuacan" title="Teotihuacan">Teotihuacan</a>, 5th century AD.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spain_Andalusia_Granada_BW_2015-10-25_17-28-47.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Spain_Andalusia_Granada_BW_2015-10-25_17-28-47.jpg/220px-Spain_Andalusia_Granada_BW_2015-10-25_17-28-47.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="356" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Spain_Andalusia_Granada_BW_2015-10-25_17-28-47.jpg/330px-Spain_Andalusia_Granada_BW_2015-10-25_17-28-47.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Spain_Andalusia_Granada_BW_2015-10-25_17-28-47.jpg/440px-Spain_Andalusia_Granada_BW_2015-10-25_17-28-47.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2335" data-file-height="3775" /></a><figcaption>The Court of the Lions, <a href="/wiki/Alhambra" title="Alhambra">Alhambra</a>, Granada, <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_East">Middle East</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Courtyard&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Middle East"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Courtyards were widely used in the ancient <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Middle Eastern courtyard houses reflect the nomadic influences of the region. Instead of officially designating rooms for cooking, sleeping, etc., these activities were relocated throughout the year as appropriate to accommodate the changes in temperature and the position of the sun. Often the flat rooftops of these structures were used for sleeping in warm weather. In some Islamic cultures, private courtyards provided the only outdoor space for women to relax unobserved. Convective cooling through transition spaces between multiple-courtyard buildings in the Middle East has also been observed.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In c. 2000 BC <a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">Ur</a>, two-storey houses were constructed around an open square were built of fired brick. <a href="/wiki/Kitchen" title="Kitchen">Kitchen</a>, working, and public spaces were located on the ground floor, with private rooms located upstairs.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Courtyard&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The central uncovered area in a Roman <a href="/wiki/Domus" title="Domus">domus</a> was referred to as an <i><a href="/wiki/Atrium_(architecture)" title="Atrium (architecture)">atrium</a></i>. Today, we generally use the term <i>courtyard</i> to refer to such an area, reserving the word <i>atrium</i> to describe a glass-covered courtyard. Roman atrium houses were built side by side along the street. They were one-storey homes without windows that took in light from the entrance and from the central atrium. The hearth, which used to inhabit the centre of the home, was relocated, and the Roman atrium most often contained a central pool used to collect rainwater, called an <i><a href="/wiki/Impluvium" title="Impluvium">impluvium</a></i>. These homes frequently incorporated a second open-air area, the garden, which would be surrounded by Greek-style <a href="/wiki/Colonnade" title="Colonnade">colonnades</a>, forming a <a href="/wiki/Peristyle" title="Peristyle">peristyle</a>. This created a colonnaded walkway around the perimeter of the courtyard, which influenced monastic structures centuries later. </p><p>The medieval European farmhouse embodies what we think of today as one of the most archetypal examples of a courtyard house—four buildings arranged around a square courtyard with a steep roof covered by thatch. The central courtyard was used for working, gathering, and sometimes keeping small livestock. An elevated walkway frequently ran around two or three sides of the courtyards in the houses. Such structures afforded protection, and could even be made defensible. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="China">China</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Courtyard&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The traditional Chinese courtyard house, (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Siheyuan" title="Siheyuan">siheyuan</a>), is an arrangement of several individual houses around a square. Each house belongs to a different family member, and additional houses are created behind this arrangement to accommodate additional family members as needed. The Chinese courtyard is a place of privacy and tranquility, almost always incorporating a garden and water feature. In some cases, houses are constructed with multiple courtyards that increase in privacy as they recede from the street. Strangers would be received in the outermost courtyard, with the innermost ones being reserved for close friends and family members. </p><p>In a more contemporary version of the Chinese model, a courtyard can also can be used to separate a home into <a href="/wiki/Wing_(building)" title="Wing (building)">wings</a>; for example, one wing of the house may be for entertaining/dining, and the other wing may be for sleeping/family/privacy. This is exemplified by the <a href="/wiki/Hooper_House_(Baltimore,_Maryland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hooper House (Baltimore, Maryland)">Hooper House</a> in Baltimore, Maryland. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oak_Ridge_Apartments_(7345691882).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Oak_Ridge_Apartments_%287345691882%29.jpg/220px-Oak_Ridge_Apartments_%287345691882%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Oak_Ridge_Apartments_%287345691882%29.jpg/330px-Oak_Ridge_Apartments_%287345691882%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Oak_Ridge_Apartments_%287345691882%29.jpg/440px-Oak_Ridge_Apartments_%287345691882%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2333" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Oak_Ridge_Apartments" title="Oak Ridge Apartments">Oak Ridge Apartments</a> in <a href="/wiki/Evanston,_Illinois" title="Evanston, Illinois">Evanston, Illinois</a> from 1914</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Courtyard&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A courtyard apartment building type appeared in <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a> in the early 1890s and flourished into the 1920s. They are characterized primarily by a low height, a structure along three sides of a rectangular or square lot, and an open court extending perpendicular to the street. The courtyards are generally deeper than they are wide, but many finer ones are wider than they are deep. Influenced by the privacy and domesticity of a <a href="/wiki/Single-family_detached_home" title="Single-family detached home">standalone house</a> as much as by strict <a href="/wiki/Building_code" title="Building code">health codes</a>, the architectural style provided outdoor access and ventilation unseen in earlier multi-unit housing in the United States. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relevance_today">Relevance today</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Courtyard&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Relevance today"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fort_Hall_Replica,_Courtyard,_Pocatello_ID.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Fort_Hall_Replica%2C_Courtyard%2C_Pocatello_ID.jpeg/180px-Fort_Hall_Replica%2C_Courtyard%2C_Pocatello_ID.jpeg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Fort_Hall_Replica%2C_Courtyard%2C_Pocatello_ID.jpeg/270px-Fort_Hall_Replica%2C_Courtyard%2C_Pocatello_ID.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Fort_Hall_Replica%2C_Courtyard%2C_Pocatello_ID.jpeg/360px-Fort_Hall_Replica%2C_Courtyard%2C_Pocatello_ID.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1984" data-file-height="1488" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Fort_Hall" title="Fort Hall">Fort Hall</a> replica, the courtyard, Pocatello, Idaho</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kaapelitehdas_inside_yard.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Kaapelitehdas_inside_yard.jpg/180px-Kaapelitehdas_inside_yard.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Kaapelitehdas_inside_yard.jpg/270px-Kaapelitehdas_inside_yard.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Kaapelitehdas_inside_yard.jpg/360px-Kaapelitehdas_inside_yard.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>The courtyard of <a href="/wiki/Kaapelitehdas" title="Kaapelitehdas">Kaapelitehdas</a> in <a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a>, Finland</figcaption></figure> <p>More and more, architects are investigating ways that courtyards can play a role in the development of today's homes and cities. In densely populated areas, a courtyard in a home can provide privacy for a family, a break from the frantic pace of everyday life, and a safe place for children to play. With space at a premium, architects are experimenting with courtyards as a way to provide outdoor space for small communities of people at a time. A courtyard surrounded by 12 houses, for example, would provide a shared park-like space for those families, who could take pride in ownership of the space. Though this might sound like a modern-day solution to an inner city problem, the grouping of houses around a shared courtyard was common practice among the <a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire">Incas</a> as far back as the 13th century<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a>, the floor plans of "marina style" houses often include a central <a href="/wiki/Patio" title="Patio">patio</a>, a miniature version of an open courtyard, sometimes covered with glass or a translucent material. Central patios provide natural light to common areas and space for potted outdoor plants. In Gilgit/Baltistan, Pakistan, courtyards were traditionally used for public gatherings where village related issues were discussed. These were different from jirgahs, which are a tradition of the tribal regions of Pakistan. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Courtyard&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 1215px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Palais_Bahia_(The_Bahia_Palace)_(7346181900).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bahia Palace, Marrakesh, Morocco"><img alt="Bahia Palace, Marrakesh, Morocco" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Palais_Bahia_%28The_Bahia_Palace%29_%287346181900%29.jpg/200px-Palais_Bahia_%28The_Bahia_Palace%29_%287346181900%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Palais_Bahia_%28The_Bahia_Palace%29_%287346181900%29.jpg/300px-Palais_Bahia_%28The_Bahia_Palace%29_%287346181900%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Palais_Bahia_%28The_Bahia_Palace%29_%287346181900%29.jpg/400px-Palais_Bahia_%28The_Bahia_Palace%29_%287346181900%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4179" data-file-height="2775" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bahia Palace, Marrakesh, Morocco</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Daisen-in3_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Daisen-in, a sub-temple of Daitoku-ji, one of the five most important Zen temples of Kyoto"><img alt="Daisen-in, a sub-temple of Daitoku-ji, one of the five most important Zen temples of Kyoto" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Daisen-in3_%281%29.jpg/200px-Daisen-in3_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Daisen-in3_%281%29.jpg/300px-Daisen-in3_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Daisen-in3_%281%29.jpg/400px-Daisen-in3_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="592" data-file-height="444" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Daisen-in" title="Daisen-in">Daisen-in</a>, a sub-temple of Daitoku-ji, one of the five most important Zen temples of Kyoto</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rome%27s_bikes_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A courtyard in Rome, Italy"><img alt="A courtyard in Rome, Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Rome%27s_bikes_03.jpg/182px-Rome%27s_bikes_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="182" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Rome%27s_bikes_03.jpg/274px-Rome%27s_bikes_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Rome%27s_bikes_03.jpg/365px-Rome%27s_bikes_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1752" data-file-height="1920" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A courtyard in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, Italy</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cloitre_Cordeliers.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Saint-Émilion's Romanesque ruins"><img alt="Saint-Émilion's Romanesque ruins" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Cloitre_Cordeliers.jpg/200px-Cloitre_Cordeliers.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Cloitre_Cordeliers.jpg/300px-Cloitre_Cordeliers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f9/Cloitre_Cordeliers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="399" data-file-height="215" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Saint-%C3%89milion" title="Saint-Émilion">Saint-Émilion</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Romanesque_architecture" title="Romanesque architecture">Romanesque</a> ruins</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mor_chowk,_City_Palace,_Udaipur.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="City Palace, Udaipur, India"><img alt="City Palace, Udaipur, India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Mor_chowk%2C_City_Palace%2C_Udaipur.jpg/200px-Mor_chowk%2C_City_Palace%2C_Udaipur.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Mor_chowk%2C_City_Palace%2C_Udaipur.jpg/300px-Mor_chowk%2C_City_Palace%2C_Udaipur.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Mor_chowk%2C_City_Palace%2C_Udaipur.jpg/400px-Mor_chowk%2C_City_Palace%2C_Udaipur.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/City_Palace,_Udaipur" title="City Palace, Udaipur">City Palace, Udaipur</a>, India</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tripoli_-_Karamanli-Haus,_1750.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tripoli, the Karamanli House"><img alt="Tripoli, the Karamanli House" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Tripoli_-_Karamanli-Haus%2C_1750.jpg/150px-Tripoli_-_Karamanli-Haus%2C_1750.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Tripoli_-_Karamanli-Haus%2C_1750.jpg/225px-Tripoli_-_Karamanli-Haus%2C_1750.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Tripoli_-_Karamanli-Haus%2C_1750.jpg/300px-Tripoli_-_Karamanli-Haus%2C_1750.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Tripoli, the Karamanli House</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:WLANL_-_E_V_E_-_Interior_of_ING_Building.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Interior of the ING Building, Edmonton, Canada"><img alt="Interior of the ING Building, Edmonton, Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/WLANL_-_E_V_E_-_Interior_of_ING_Building.jpg/150px-WLANL_-_E_V_E_-_Interior_of_ING_Building.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/WLANL_-_E_V_E_-_Interior_of_ING_Building.jpg/225px-WLANL_-_E_V_E_-_Interior_of_ING_Building.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/WLANL_-_E_V_E_-_Interior_of_ING_Building.jpg/300px-WLANL_-_E_V_E_-_Interior_of_ING_Building.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Interior of the <a href="/wiki/ING_Building" class="mw-redirect" title="ING Building">ING Building</a>, Edmonton, Canada</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rakibkhaaneh-4.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The courtyard and the pool in Rakib-khaaneh mansion in Isfahan, Iran"><img alt="The courtyard and the pool in Rakib-khaaneh mansion in Isfahan, Iran" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Rakibkhaaneh-4.jpg/200px-Rakibkhaaneh-4.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Rakibkhaaneh-4.jpg/300px-Rakibkhaaneh-4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Rakibkhaaneh-4.jpg/400px-Rakibkhaaneh-4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The courtyard and the pool in Rakib-khaaneh mansion in Isfahan, Iran</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Patio_central_asep.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Central patio in Buenos Aires, Antonio Ballvé Penitentiary Museum"><img alt="Central patio in Buenos Aires, Antonio Ballvé Penitentiary Museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Patio_central_asep.JPG/200px-Patio_central_asep.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Patio_central_asep.JPG/300px-Patio_central_asep.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Patio_central_asep.JPG/400px-Patio_central_asep.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3472" data-file-height="2270" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Central patio in <a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires" title="Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a>, Antonio Ballvé Penitentiary Museum</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Riad_du_Figuier_courtyard_-_Essaouira_188.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Courtyard in Essaouira, Morocco"><img alt="Courtyard in Essaouira, Morocco" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Riad_du_Figuier_courtyard_-_Essaouira_188.jpg/200px-Riad_du_Figuier_courtyard_-_Essaouira_188.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Riad_du_Figuier_courtyard_-_Essaouira_188.jpg/300px-Riad_du_Figuier_courtyard_-_Essaouira_188.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Riad_du_Figuier_courtyard_-_Essaouira_188.jpg/400px-Riad_du_Figuier_courtyard_-_Essaouira_188.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3216" data-file-height="2136" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Courtyard in Essaouira, Morocco</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1_Beit_Gazaleh_RCh_2010_DSC_1798.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Beit Ghazaleh, Aleppo, Syria"><img alt="Beit Ghazaleh, Aleppo, Syria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/1_Beit_Gazaleh_RCh_2010_DSC_1798.jpg/200px-1_Beit_Gazaleh_RCh_2010_DSC_1798.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/1_Beit_Gazaleh_RCh_2010_DSC_1798.jpg/300px-1_Beit_Gazaleh_RCh_2010_DSC_1798.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/1_Beit_Gazaleh_RCh_2010_DSC_1798.jpg/400px-1_Beit_Gazaleh_RCh_2010_DSC_1798.jpg 2x" data-file-width="902" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Beit Ghazaleh, Aleppo, Syria</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Abbey,_Sutton_Courtenay7.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Abbey, Sutton Courtenay, England"><img alt="The Abbey, Sutton Courtenay, England" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/The_Abbey%2C_Sutton_Courtenay7.jpg/200px-The_Abbey%2C_Sutton_Courtenay7.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/The_Abbey%2C_Sutton_Courtenay7.jpg/300px-The_Abbey%2C_Sutton_Courtenay7.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/The_Abbey%2C_Sutton_Courtenay7.jpg/400px-The_Abbey%2C_Sutton_Courtenay7.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/The_Abbey,_Sutton_Courtenay" title="The Abbey, Sutton Courtenay">The Abbey, Sutton Courtenay</a>, England</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Courtyard&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hakka_walled_village" title="Hakka walled village">Hakka walled village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaodong" title="Yaodong">Yaodong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsubo-niwa" title="Tsubo-niwa">Tsubo-niwa</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Courtyard&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCaves2004" class="citation book cs1">Caves, R. W. (2004). <i>Encyclopedia of the City</i>. Routledge. p. 149.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+City&rft.pages=149&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Caves&rft.aufirst=R.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACourtyard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Garfinkel Y. 1993. "The Yarmukian Culture in Israel". <i>Paléorient</i>, <b>19</b>.1:115 – 134.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErnest2011" class="citation web cs1">Ernest, Raha (2011-12-16). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/12990/">"The role of multiple courtyards in the promotion of convective cooling"</a>. <i>eprints.nottingham.ac.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-01-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=eprints.nottingham.ac.uk&rft.atitle=The+role+of+multiple+courtyards+in+the+promotion+of+convective+cooling&rft.date=2011-12-16&rft.aulast=Ernest&rft.aufirst=Raha&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feprints.nottingham.ac.uk%2F12990%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACourtyard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReynolds2002" class="citation book cs1">Reynolds, John S. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/46422024"><i>Courtyards: Aesthetic, Social, and Thermal Delight</i></a>. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. p. 26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-39884-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-471-39884-5"><bdi>0-471-39884-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/46422024">46422024</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Courtyards%3A+Aesthetic%2C+Social%2C+and+Thermal+Delight&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=26&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F46422024&rft.isbn=0-471-39884-5&rft.aulast=Reynolds&rft.aufirst=John+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F46422024&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACourtyard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReynolds2002" class="citation book cs1">Reynolds, John S. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/46422024"><i>Courtyards: Aesthetic, Social, and Thermal Delight</i></a>. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. p. 27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-39884-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-471-39884-5"><bdi>0-471-39884-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/46422024">46422024</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Courtyards%3A+Aesthetic%2C+Social%2C+and+Thermal+Delight&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F46422024&rft.isbn=0-471-39884-5&rft.aulast=Reynolds&rft.aufirst=John+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F46422024&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACourtyard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReynolds2002" class="citation book cs1">Reynolds, John S. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/46422024"><i>Courtyards: Aesthetic, Social, and Thermal Delight</i></a>. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. pp. IX. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-39884-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-471-39884-5"><bdi>0-471-39884-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/46422024">46422024</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Courtyards%3A+Aesthetic%2C+Social%2C+and+Thermal+Delight&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=IX&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F46422024&rft.isbn=0-471-39884-5&rft.aulast=Reynolds&rft.aufirst=John+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F46422024&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACourtyard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbdulkareem2016" class="citation journal cs1">Abdulkareem, Haval A. (2016-01-06). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.sbspro.2015.12.054">"Thermal Comfort through the Microclimates of the Courtyard. A Critical Review of the Middle-eastern Courtyard House as a Climatic Response"</a>. <i>Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences</i>. Urban Planning and Architectural Design for Sustainable Development (UPADSD). <b>216</b>: 662–674. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.sbspro.2015.12.054">10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.12.054</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1877-0428">1877-0428</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Procedia+-+Social+and+Behavioral+Sciences&rft.atitle=Thermal+Comfort+through+the+Microclimates+of+the+Courtyard.+A+Critical+Review+of+the+Middle-eastern+Courtyard+House+as+a+Climatic+Response&rft.volume=216&rft.pages=662-674&rft.date=2016-01-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.sbspro.2015.12.054&rft.issn=1877-0428&rft.aulast=Abdulkareem&rft.aufirst=Haval+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.sbspro.2015.12.054&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACourtyard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YvpfndOKwGgC&dq=false&pg=PA10">Tim McNeese (1999), <i>History of Civilization - The Ancient World</i>, Lorenz Educational Press, p. 10</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780787703875" title="Special:BookSources/9780787703875">9780787703875</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <ul><li><i>Atrium: Five Thousand Years of Open Courtyards</i>, by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Werner_Blaser&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Werner Blaser (page does not exist)">Werner Blaser</a> 1985, Wepf & Co.</li> <li><i>Atrium Buildings: Development and Design</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Saxon" title="Richard Saxon">Richard Saxon</a> 1983, The Architectural Press, London</li> <li><i>A History of Architecture</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Spiro_Kostof" title="Spiro Kostof">Spiro Kostof</a> 1995, The Oxford Press.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Courtyard&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Courtyards" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Courtyards">Courtyards</a> at Wikimedia Commons </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Room" title="Template:Room"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Room" title="Template talk:Room"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Room" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Room"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Rooms_and_spaces_of_a_house" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Room" title="Room">Rooms</a> and spaces of a <a href="/wiki/House" title="House">house</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Common_area" title="Common area">Shared rooms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bonus_room" title="Bonus room">Bonus room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_room" title="Common room">Common room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Den_(room)" title="Den (room)">Den</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dining_room" title="Dining room">Dining room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_room" title="Family room">Family room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garret" title="Garret">Garret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_room" title="Great room">Great room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_cinema" title="Home cinema">Home cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen" title="Kitchen">Kitchen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dirty_kitchen" title="Dirty kitchen">dirty kitchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitchenette" title="Kitchenette">kitchenette</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Living_room" title="Living room">Living room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gynaeceum" title="Gynaeceum">Gynaeceum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harem" title="Harem">harem</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andron_(architecture)" title="Andron (architecture)">Andron</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Man_cave" title="Man cave">man cave</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recreation_room" title="Recreation room">Recreation room</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Billiard_room" title="Billiard room">billiard room</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrine" title="Shrine">Shrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Study_(room)" title="Study (room)">Study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunroom" title="Sunroom">Sunroom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Private rooms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bathroom" title="Bathroom">Bathroom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Toilet_(room)" title="Toilet (room)">toilet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedroom" title="Bedroom">Bedroom</a> / Guest room <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Closet" title="Closet">closet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedsit" title="Bedsit">Bedsit / Miniflat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boudoir" title="Boudoir">Boudoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_(room)" title="Cabinet (room)">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nursery_(room)" title="Nursery (room)">Nursery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spaces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atrium_(architecture)" title="Atrium (architecture)">Atrium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balcony" title="Balcony">Balcony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breezeway" title="Breezeway">Breezeway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversation_pit" title="Conversation pit">Conversation pit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cubby-hole" title="Cubby-hole">Cubby-hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deck_(building)" title="Deck (building)">Deck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elevator" title="Elevator">Elevator</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dumbwaiter" title="Dumbwaiter">dumbwaiter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entryway" class="mw-redirect" title="Entryway">Entryway</a>/<a href="/wiki/Genkan" title="Genkan">Genkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fireplace" title="Fireplace">Fireplace</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hearth" title="Hearth">hearth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lobby_(room)" title="Lobby (room)">Foyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hall" title="Hall">Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallway" title="Hallway">Hallway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inglenook" title="Inglenook">Inglenook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanai_(architecture)" title="Lanai (architecture)">Lanai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loft" title="Loft">Loft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loggia" title="Loggia">Loggia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overhang_(architecture)" title="Overhang (architecture)">Overhang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patio" title="Patio">Patio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porch" title="Porch">Porch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Screened_porch" title="Screened porch">screened</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleeping_porch" title="Sleeping porch">sleeping</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheelchair_ramp" title="Wheelchair ramp">Ramp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secret_passage" title="Secret passage">Secret passage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stairs" title="Stairs">Stairs</a>/<a href="/wiki/Staircase" title="Staircase">Staircase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrace_(building)" title="Terrace (building)">Terrace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veranda" title="Veranda">Veranda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vestibule_(architecture)" title="Vestibule (architecture)">Vestibule</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Technical_room" class="mw-redirect" title="Technical room">Technical</a>, <a href="/wiki/Utility_room" title="Utility room">utility</a><br /> and <a href="/wiki/Storage_room" title="Storage room">storage</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attic" title="Attic">Attic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basement" title="Basement">Basement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carport" title="Carport">Carport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloakroom" title="Cloakroom">Cloakroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Closet" title="Closet">Closet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crawl_space" title="Crawl space">Crawl space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_room" title="Electrical room">Electrical room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equipment_room" title="Equipment room">Equipment room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furnace_room" class="mw-redirect" title="Furnace room">Furnace room</a> / <a href="/wiki/Mechanical_room" title="Mechanical room">Boiler room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garage_(residential)" title="Garage (residential)">Garage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janitorial_closet" class="mw-redirect" title="Janitorial closet">Janitorial closet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larder" title="Larder">Larder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laundry_room" title="Laundry room">Laundry room</a> / <a href="/wiki/Utility_room" title="Utility room">Utility room</a> / <a href="/wiki/Storage_room" title="Storage room">Storage room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanical_room" title="Mechanical room">Mechanical room</a> / <a href="/wiki/Mechanical_floor" title="Mechanical floor">floor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantry" title="Pantry">Pantry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Root_cellar" title="Root cellar">Root cellar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-basement" title="Semi-basement">Semi-basement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storm_cellar" title="Storm cellar">Storm cellar</a> / <a href="/wiki/Safe_room" title="Safe room">Safe room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Studio" title="Studio">Studio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wardrobe" title="Wardrobe">Wardrobe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_cellar" title="Wine cellar">Wine cellar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiring_closet" title="Wiring closet">Wiring closet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workshop" title="Workshop">Workshop</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Great_house" title="Great house">Great house</a> areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antechamber" class="mw-redirect" title="Antechamber">Antechamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballroom" title="Ballroom">Ballroom</a></li> <li>Kitchen-related <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Butler%27s_pantry" class="mw-redirect" title="Butler's pantry">butler's pantry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buttery_(room)" title="Buttery (room)">buttery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saucery" title="Saucery">saucery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scullery" title="Scullery">scullery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spicery" title="Spicery">spicery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Still_room" title="Still room">still room</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatory_(greenhouse)" title="Conservatory (greenhouse)">Conservatory</a> / <a href="/wiki/Orangery" title="Orangery">Orangery</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Courtyard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drawing_room" title="Drawing room">Drawing room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_chamber" title="Great chamber">Great chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_hall" title="Great hall">Great hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library" title="Library">Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_gallery" title="Long gallery">Long gallery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumber_room" title="Lumber room">Lumber room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parlour" title="Parlour">Parlour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sauna" title="Sauna">Sauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servants%27_hall" title="Servants' hall">Servants' hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servants%27_quarters" title="Servants' quarters">Servants' quarters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_room" title="Smoking room">Smoking room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_(room)" title="Solar (room)">Solar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_room" title="State room">State room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swimming_pool" title="Swimming pool">Swimming pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turret_(architecture)" title="Turret (architecture)">Turret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Undercroft" title="Undercroft">Undercroft</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Furniture" title="Furniture">Furniture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hidden_compartment" title="Hidden compartment">Hidden room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House" title="House">House</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_plan" title="House plan">house plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_house_styles" title="List of house styles">styles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_house_types" title="List of house types">types</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-family_residential" class="mw-redirect" title="Multi-family residential">Multi-family residential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_suite" title="Secondary suite">Secondary suite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duplex_(building)" title="Duplex (building)">Duplex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terraced_house" title="Terraced house">Terraced</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-family_detached_home" title="Single-family detached home">Detached</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-detached" title="Semi-detached">Semi-detached</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Townhouse" title="Townhouse">Townhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Studio_apartment" title="Studio apartment">Studio apartment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture">Architectural</a><br />elements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arch" title="Arch">Arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balconet" title="Balconet">Balconet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baluster" title="Baluster">Baluster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belt_course" title="Belt course">Belt course</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bressummer" title="Bressummer">Bressummer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceiling" title="Ceiling">Ceiling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimney" title="Chimney">Chimney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonnade" title="Colonnade">Colonnade</a> / <a href="/wiki/Portico" title="Portico">Portico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Column" title="Column">Column</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornice" title="Cornice">Cornice</a> / <a href="/wiki/Eaves" title="Eaves">Eaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dome" title="Dome">Dome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Door" title="Door">Door</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ell_(architecture)" title="Ell (architecture)">Ell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floor" title="Floor">Floor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundation_(engineering)" title="Foundation (engineering)">Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gable" title="Gable">Gable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gate" title="Gate">Gate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal_(architecture)" title="Portal (architecture)">Portal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lighting" title="Lighting">Lighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ornament_(art)" title="Ornament (art)">Ornament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plumbing" title="Plumbing">Plumbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quoin" title="Quoin">Quoins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roof" title="Roof">Roof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roof_lantern" title="Roof lantern">Roof lantern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sill_plate" title="Sill plate">Sill plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architectural_style" title="Architectural style">Style</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_architectural_styles" title="List of architectural styles">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skylight" title="Skylight">Skylight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Threshold_(architecture)" title="Threshold (architecture)">Threshold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transom_(architecture)" title="Transom (architecture)">Transom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vault_(architecture)" title="Vault (architecture)">Vault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wall" title="Wall">Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Window" title="Window">Window</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Backyard" 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