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Energetski nivo - Wikipedia

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vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sakrij</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Početak</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Kvantna_mehanika_–_Osnovni_pojmovi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kvantna_mehanika_–_Osnovni_pojmovi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Kvantna mehanika – Osnovni pojmovi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kvantna_mehanika_–_Osnovni_pojmovi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Objašnjenje" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Objašnjenje"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Objašnjenje</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Objašnjenje-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hstorija" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hstorija"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Hstorija</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hstorija-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Atomi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Atomi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Atomi</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Atomi-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Uključi/isključi podsekciju Atomi</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Atomi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sopstveni_nivoi_energije" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sopstveni_nivoi_energije"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Sopstveni nivoi energije</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sopstveni_nivoi_energije-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nivo_energije_u_orbitalnom_stanju:_atom_/_ion_sa_jezgrom_+_jedan_elektron" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nivo_energije_u_orbitalnom_stanju:_atom_/_ion_sa_jezgrom_+_jedan_elektron"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Nivo energije u orbitalnom stanju: atom / ion sa jezgrom + jedan elektron</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nivo_energije_u_orbitalnom_stanju:_atom_/_ion_sa_jezgrom_+_jedan_elektron-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fino_razdvajanje_strukture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fino_razdvajanje_strukture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>Fino razdvajanje strukture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fino_razdvajanje_strukture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hiperfina_struktura" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hiperfina_struktura"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.3</span> <span>Hiperfina struktura</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hiperfina_struktura-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nivoi_energije_uslijed_vanjskih_polja" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nivoi_energije_uslijed_vanjskih_polja"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Nivoi energije uslijed vanjskih polja</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nivoi_energije_uslijed_vanjskih_polja-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Zeemanov_efekt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zeemanov_efekt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Zeemanov efekt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zeemanov_efekt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stark_efekt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stark_efekt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.2</span> <span>Stark efekt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stark_efekt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Molekule" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Molekule"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Molekule</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Molekule-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Uključi/isključi podsekciju Molekule</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Molekule-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dijagrami_nivoa_energije" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dijagrami_nivoa_energije"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Dijagrami nivoa energije</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dijagrami_nivoa_energije-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tranzicijski_nivoi_energije" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tranzicijski_nivoi_energije"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Tranzicijski nivoi energije</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tranzicijski_nivoi_energije-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kristalni_materijali" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kristalni_materijali"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Kristalni materijali</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kristalni_materijali-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Također_pogledajte" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Također_pogledajte"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Također pogledajte</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Također_pogledajte-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reference" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reference"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Reference</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reference-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Sadržaj" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Uključi/isključi sadržaj" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Uključi/isključi sadržaj</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Energetski nivo</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Idi na članak na drugom jeziku. Dostupno na 42 jezika" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-42" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">42 jezika</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%89_%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%A9" title="مستوى طاقة – arapski" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مستوى طاقة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arapski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nivel_enerx%C3%A9ticu" title="Nivel enerxéticu – asturijski" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Nivel enerxéticu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D1%9E%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Энергетычны ўзровень – bjeloruski" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Энергетычны ўзровень" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="bjeloruski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Енергетично ниво – bugarski" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Енергетично ниво" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bugarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nivell_d%27energia" title="Nivell d&#039;energia – katalonski" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Nivell d&#039;energia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5_%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Энергилле шай – čuvaški" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Энергилле шай" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="čuvaški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energiniveau" title="Energiniveau – danski" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Energiniveau" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energieniveau" title="Energieniveau – njemački" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Energieniveau" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="njemački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_level" title="Energy level – engleski" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Energy level" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engleski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energinivelo" title="Energinivelo – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Energinivelo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nivel_energ%C3%A9tico" title="Nivel energético – španski" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Nivel energético" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="španski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energiatase_(kvantf%C3%BC%C3%BCsika)" title="Energiatase (kvantfüüsika) – estonski" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Energiatase (kvantfüüsika)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B2_%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B1%DA%98%DB%8C" title="تراز انرژی – perzijski" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تراز انرژی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="perzijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niveau_d%27%C3%A9nergie" title="Niveau d&#039;énergie – francuski" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Niveau d&#039;énergie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francuski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leibh%C3%A9al_fuinnimh" title="Leibhéal fuinnimh – irski" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Leibhéal fuinnimh" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%AA_%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%A8%D7%92%D7%99%D7%94" title="רמת אנרגיה – hebrejski" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רמת אנרגיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebrejski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energijske_razine" title="Energijske razine – hrvatski" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Energijske razine" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="hrvatski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nivo_en%C3%A8jetik" title="Nivo enèjetik – haićanski kreolski" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Nivo enèjetik" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="haićanski kreolski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tingkat_energi" title="Tingkat energi – indonezijski" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tingkat energi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonezijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livello_energetico" title="Livello energetico – italijanski" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Livello energetico" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italijanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%83%8D%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AE%E3%83%BC%E6%BA%96%E4%BD%8D" title="エネルギー準位 – japanski" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="エネルギー準位" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D2%A3%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%96" title="Энергия деңгейі – kazaški" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Энергия деңгейі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazaški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%90%EB%84%88%EC%A7%80_%EC%A4%80%EC%9C%84" title="에너지 준위 – korejski" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="에너지 준위" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="korejski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Енергетско ниво – makedonski" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Енергетско ниво" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energieniveau" title="Energieniveau – nizozemski" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Energieniveau" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nizozemski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energiniv%C3%A5" title="Energinivå – norveški (Nynorsk)" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Energinivå" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norveški (Nynorsk)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%8A%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%B2" title="ਊਰਜਾ ਲੈਵਲ – pandžapski" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਊਰਜਾ ਲੈਵਲ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="pandžapski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poziom_energetyczny" title="Poziom energetyczny – poljski" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Poziom energetyczny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poljski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%ADvel_de_energia" title="Nível de energia – portugalski" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Nível de energia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nivel_de_energie" title="Nivel de energie – rumunski" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Nivel de energie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumunski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Энергетический уровень – ruski" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Энергетический уровень" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ruski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energetski_nivo" title="Energetski nivo – srpskohrvatski" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Energetski nivo" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="srpskohrvatski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_level" title="Energy level – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Energy level" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energijski_nivo" title="Energijski nivo – slovenski" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Energijski nivo" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovenski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nivelet_energjetike" title="Nivelet energjetike – albanski" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Nivelet energjetike" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B8" title="Енергетски нивои – srpski" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Енергетски нивои" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="srpski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energiniv%C3%A5" title="Energinivå – švedski" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Energinivå" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="švedski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="ஆற்றல் மட்டம் – tamilski" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஆற்றல் மட்டம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99" title="ระดับพลังงาน – tajlandski" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ระดับพลังงาน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tajlandski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enerji_seviyesi" title="Enerji seviyesi – turski" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Enerji seviyesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Енергетичний рівень – ukrajinski" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Енергетичний рівень" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrajinski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%83%BD%E7%BA%A7" title="能级 – kineski" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="能级" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="kineski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q669532#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Uredi međujezičke linkove" class="wbc-editpage">Uredi veze</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Imenski prostori"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Energetski_nivo" title="Prikaži stranicu sa sadržajem 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typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Bohr_Model.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Bohr_Model.svg/220px-Bohr_Model.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Bohr_Model.svg/330px-Bohr_Model.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Bohr_Model.svg/440px-Bohr_Model.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="340" data-file-height="290" /></a><figcaption>Energetski nivoi u <a href="/wiki/Bohrov_model_atoma" title="Bohrov model atoma">Bohrovom modelu</a> atoma</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r3595132">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:#f8f9fa;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar a{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-wraplinks a{white-space:normal}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding-bottom:0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding-top:0.2em;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding-top:0.4em;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.4em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile plainlist nowraplinks" style="width:19.0em;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Dio <a href="/wiki/Kategorija:Kvantna_mehanika" title="Kategorija:Kvantna mehanika">serije</a> članaka o</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Kvantna_mehanika" title="Kvantna mehanika">Kvantnoj mehanici</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle i\hbar {\frac {\partial }{\partial t}}|\psi (t)\rangle ={\hat {H}}|\psi (t)\rangle }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>i</mi> <mi class="MJX-variant">&#x210F;<!-- ℏ --></mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi mathvariant="normal">&#x2202;<!-- ∂ --></mi> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">&#x2202;<!-- ∂ --></mi> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <mi>&#x03C8;<!-- ψ --></mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>t</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">&#x27E9;<!-- ⟩ --></mo> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>H</mi> <mo stretchy="false">&#x005E;<!-- ^ --></mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <mi>&#x03C8;<!-- ψ --></mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>t</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">&#x27E9;<!-- ⟩ --></mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle i\hbar {\frac {\partial }{\partial t}}|\psi (t)\rangle ={\hat {H}}|\psi (t)\rangle }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0de8741a7d26ae98689c7b3339e97dfafea9fd26" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:21.692ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle i\hbar {\frac {\partial }{\partial t}}|\psi (t)\rangle ={\hat {H}}|\psi (t)\rangle }"></span><div class="sidebar-caption" style="font-size:90%;padding-top:0.4em;font-style:italic;"><a href="/wiki/Schr%C3%B6dingerova_jedna%C4%8Dina" title="Schrödingerova jednačina">Schrödingerova jednačina</a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above hlist nowrap" style="display:block;margin-bottom:0.4em;"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uvod_u_kvantnu_mehaniku&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Uvod u kvantnu mehaniku (stranica ne postoji)">Uvod</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rje%C4%8Dnik_elementarne_kvantne_mehanike&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Rječnik elementarne kvantne mehanike (stranica ne postoji)">Rječnik</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historija_kvantne_mehanike&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Historija kvantne mehanike (stranica ne postoji)">Historija</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spisak_ud%C5%BEbenika_iz_klasi%C4%8Dne_i_kvantne_mehanike&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Spisak udžbenika iz klasične i kvantne mehanike (stranica ne postoji)">Udžbenici</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;">Pozadina</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Klasi%C4%8Dna_mehanika" title="Klasična mehanika">Klasična mehanika</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stara_kvantna_teorija&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Stara kvantna teorija (stranica ne postoji)">Stara kvantna teorija</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bra%E2%80%93ket_notacija" title="Bra–ket notacija">Bra–ket notacija</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r3607149">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hamiltonian_(kvantna_mehanika)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Hamiltonian (kvantna mehanika) (stranica ne postoji)">Hamiltonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interferencija_talasa" title="Interferencija talasa">Interferencija</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;">Osnove</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r3607149"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bornovo_pravilo&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bornovo pravilo (stranica ne postoji)">Bornovo pravilo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Comptonova_talasna_du%C5%BEina&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Comptonova talasna dužina (stranica ne postoji)">Comptonova talasna dužina</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koherentnost_(fizika)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Koherentnost (fizika) (stranica ne postoji)">Koherentnost</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kvantna_dekoherentnost&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kvantna dekoherentnost (stranica ne postoji)">Dekoherentnost</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Komplementarnost_(fizika)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Komplementarnost (fizika) (stranica ne postoji)">Komplementarnost</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Energetski nivo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kvantno_sprezanje&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kvantno sprezanje (stranica ne postoji)">Sprezanje</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hamiltonian_(kvantna_mehanika)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Hamiltonian (kvantna mehanika) (stranica ne postoji)">Hamiltonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princip_neodre%C4%91enosti" title="Princip neodređenosti">Princip neodređenosti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osnovno_stanje" title="Osnovno stanje">Osnovno stanje</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amplituda_vjerovatno%C4%87e&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Amplituda vjerovatnoće (stranica ne postoji)">Amplituda vjerovatnoće</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raspodjela_vjerovatno%C4%87e&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Raspodjela vjerovatnoće (stranica ne postoji)">Raspodjela vjerovatnoće</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interferencija_talasa" title="Interferencija talasa">Interferencija</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mjerenje_u_kvantnoj_mehanici&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Mjerenje u kvantnoj mehanici (stranica ne postoji)">Mjerenje</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slabo_mjerenje&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Slabo mjerenje (stranica ne postoji)">Slabo mjerenje</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kvantna_nelokalnost&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kvantna nelokalnost (stranica ne postoji)">Nelokalnost</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posmatrano&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Posmatrano (stranica ne postoji)">Posmatrano</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Operator_(fizika)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Operator (fizika) (stranica ne postoji)">Operator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kvant" title="Kvant">Kvant</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kvantna_fluktuacija&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kvantna fluktuacija (stranica ne postoji)">Kvantna fluktuacija</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kvantni_broj" title="Kvantni broj">Kvantni broj</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kvantni_%C5%A1um&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kvantni šum (stranica ne postoji)">Kvantni šum</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kvantno_stanje&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kvantno stanje (stranica ne postoji)">Kvantno stanje</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kvantni_sistem" class="mw-redirect" title="Kvantni sistem">Kvantni sistem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kvantna_teleportacija" title="Kvantna teleportacija">Kvantna teleportacija</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qubit&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Qubit (stranica ne postoji)">Qubit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spin" title="Spin">Spin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kvantna_superpozicija&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kvantna superpozicija (stranica ne postoji)">Superpozicija</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kvantno_vakuumsko_stanje&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kvantno vakuumsko stanje (stranica ne postoji)">Kvantno vakuumsko stanje</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Simetrija_u_kvantnoj_mehanici&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Simetrija u kvantnoj mehanici (stranica ne postoji)">Simetrija</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prekid_simetrije&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Prekid simetrije (stranica ne postoji)">(Spontani) prekid simetrije</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kvantno_vakuumsko_stanje&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kvantno vakuumsko stanje (stranica ne postoji)">Vakuumsko stanje</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%A0irenje_talasa&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Širenje talasa (stranica ne postoji)">Širenje talasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talasna_funkcija" title="Talasna funkcija">Talasna funkcija</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kolaps_talasne_funkcije&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kolaps talasne funkcije (stranica ne postoji)">Kolaps talasne funkcije</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dualnost_talas%E2%80%93%C4%8Destica&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Dualnost talas–čestica (stranica ne postoji)">Dualnost talas–čestica</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Talas_materije&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Talas materije (stranica ne postoji)">Talas materije</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pravougaona_potencijalna_barijera&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Pravougaona potencijalna barijera (stranica ne postoji)">Pravougaona potencijalna barijera</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fockov_prostor&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Fockov prostor (stranica ne postoji)">Fockov prostor</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;">Efekti</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r3607149"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zeemanov_efekt&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Zeemanov efekt (stranica ne postoji)">Zeemanov efekt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Starkov_efekt&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Starkov efekt (stranica ne postoji)">Starkov efekt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aharonov%E2%80%93Bohmov_efekt&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Aharonov–Bohmov efekt (stranica ne postoji)">Aharonov–Bohmov efekt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landauova_kvantizacija&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Landauova kvantizacija (stranica ne postoji)">Landauova kvantizacija</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kvantni_Hallov_efekt&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kvantni Hallov efekt (stranica ne postoji)">Kvantni Hallov efekt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kvantni_Zenonov_efekt&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kvantni Zenonov efekt (stranica ne postoji)">Kvantni Zenonov efekt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunelski_efekt" title="Tunelski efekt">Tunelski efekt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fotoelektri%C4%8Dni_efekt" title="Fotoelektrični efekt">Fotoelektrični efekt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Casimirov_efekt&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Casimirov efekt (stranica ne postoji)">Casimirov efekt</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;">Eksperimenti</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r3607149"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bellov_test&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bellov test (stranica ne postoji)">Bellova nejednakost</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Davisson%E2%80%93Germerov_eksperiment&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Davisson–Germerov eksperiment (stranica ne postoji)">Davisson–Germer</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eksperiment_s_dvostrukim_prorezom&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Eksperiment s dvostrukim prorezom (stranica ne postoji)">Dvostruki prorez</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elitzur%E2%80%93Vaidmanov_ispitiva%C4%8D_bombi&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Elitzur–Vaidmanov ispitivač bombi (stranica ne postoji)">Elitzur–Vaidman</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franck%E2%80%93Hertzov_eksperiment&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Franck–Hertzov eksperiment (stranica ne postoji)">Franck–Hertz</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leggett%E2%80%93Gargova_nejednakost&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Leggett–Gargova nejednakost (stranica ne postoji)">Leggett–Gargova nejednakost</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mach%E2%80%93Zehnderov_interferometar&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Mach–Zehnderov interferometar (stranica ne postoji)">Mach–Zehnder</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Popperov_eksperiment&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Popperov eksperiment (stranica ne postoji)">Popper</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eksperiment_kvantne_gumice&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Eksperiment kvantne gumice (stranica ne postoji)">Kvantna gumica</a>&#160;(<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kvantna_gumica_odgo%C4%91enog_izbora&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kvantna gumica odgođenog izbora (stranica ne postoji)">odgođeni izbor</a>)</li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r3607149"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Schr%C3%B6dingerova_ma%C4%8Dka&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Schrödingerova mačka (stranica ne postoji)">Schrödingerova mačka</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stern%E2%80%93Gerlachov_eksperiment&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Stern–Gerlachov eksperiment (stranica ne postoji)">Stern&#8211;Gerlach</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wheelerov_eksperiment_odgo%C4%91enog_izbora&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Wheelerov eksperiment odgođenog izbora (stranica ne postoji)">Wheelerov odgođeni izbor</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;">Formulacije</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Matemati%C4%8Dka_formulacija_kvantne_mehanike&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Matematička formulacija kvantne mehanike (stranica ne postoji)">Pregled</a></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r3607149"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dinami%C4%8Dne_slike&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Dinamične slike (stranica ne postoji)">Dinamične slike</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Heisenbergova_slika&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Heisenbergova slika (stranica ne postoji)">Heisenberg</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Interakcijska_slika&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Interakcijska slika (stranica ne postoji)">Interakcija</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Schr%C3%B6dingerova_slika&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Schrödingerova slika (stranica ne postoji)">Schrödinger</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Matri%C4%8Dna_mehanika&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Matrična mehanika (stranica ne postoji)">Matrica</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Formulacija_faze-prostora&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Formulacija faze-prostora (stranica ne postoji)">Faza-prostor</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Formulacija_integrala_putanje&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Formulacija integrala putanje (stranica ne postoji)">Zbir-preko-historija (integral-putanje)</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;">Jednačine</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r3607149"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diracova_jedna%C4%8Dina&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Diracova jednačina (stranica ne postoji)">Dirac</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hellmann%E2%80%93Feynmanova_teorema&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Hellmann–Feynmanova teorema (stranica ne postoji)">Hellmann–Feynman</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Klein%E2%80%93Gordonova_jedna%C4%8Dina&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Klein–Gordonova jednačina (stranica ne postoji)">Klein–Gordon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lippmann%E2%80%93Schwingerova_jedna%C4%8Dina&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Lippmann–Schwingerova jednačina (stranica ne postoji)">Lippmann–Schwinger</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paulijeva_jedna%C4%8Dina&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Paulijeva jednačina (stranica ne postoji)">Pauli</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rydbergova_formula&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Rydbergova formula (stranica ne postoji)">Rydberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schr%C3%B6dingerova_jedna%C4%8Dina" title="Schrödingerova jednačina">Schrödinger</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Funkcionalna_integracija&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Funkcionalna integracija (stranica ne postoji)">Funkcionalna integracija</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;">Interpretacije</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interpretacije_kvantne_mehanike&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Interpretacije kvantne mehanike (stranica ne postoji)">Pregled</a></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r3607149"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kvantni_Bayesanizam&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kvantni Bayesanizam (stranica ne postoji)">Bayesanizam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dosljedne_historije&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Dosljedne historije (stranica ne postoji)">Dosljedne historije</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copenhagen_interpretacija&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Copenhagen interpretacija (stranica ne postoji)">Copenhagen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=De_Broglie%E2%80%93Bohmova_teorija&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="De Broglie–Bohmova teorija (stranica ne postoji)">de Broglie–Bohm</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interpretacija_ansambla&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Interpretacija ansambla (stranica ne postoji)">Ansambl</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Teorija_skrivene_varijable&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Teorija skrivene varijable (stranica ne postoji)">Skrivena varijabla</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interpretacija_mnogih_svjetova&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Interpretacija mnogih svjetova (stranica ne postoji)">Mnogi svjetovi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Teorija_objektivnog_kolapsa&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Teorija objektivnog kolapsa (stranica ne postoji)">Objektivni kolaps</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kvantna_logika&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kvantna logika (stranica ne postoji)">Kvantna logika</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Relacijska_kvantna_mehanika&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Relacijska kvantna mehanika (stranica ne postoji)">Relacijska</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transakcijska_interpretacija&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Transakcijska interpretacija (stranica ne postoji)">Transakcijska</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;">Napredne teme</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hipoteza_o_termalizaciji_vlastitog_stanja&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Hipoteza o termalizaciji vlastitog stanja (stranica ne postoji)">Hipoteza o termalizaciji vlastitog stanja</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kvantno_%C5%BEarenje&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kvantno žarenje (stranica ne postoji)">Kvantno žarenje</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kvantni_haos&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kvantni haos (stranica ne postoji)">Kvantni haos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kvantni_ra%C4%8Dunar" title="Kvantni računar">Kvantni računar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kvantna_geometrija&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kvantna geometrija (stranica ne postoji)">Kvantna geometrija</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Matrica_gusto%C4%87e&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Matrica gustoće (stranica ne postoji)">Matrica gustoće</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kvantna_teorija_polja&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kvantna teorija polja (stranica ne postoji)">Kvantna teorija polja</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frakcijska_kvantna_mehanika&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Frakcijska kvantna mehanika (stranica ne postoji)">Frakcijska kvantna mehanika</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kvantna_gravitacija&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kvantna gravitacija (stranica ne postoji)">Kvantna gravitacija</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kvantna_informacijska_nauka&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kvantna informacijska nauka (stranica ne postoji)">Kvantna informacijska nauka</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kvantno_ma%C5%A1insko_u%C4%8Denje&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kvantno mašinsko učenje (stranica ne postoji)">Kvantno mašinsko učenje</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Teorija_perturbacije_(kvantna_mehanika)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Teorija perturbacije (kvantna mehanika) (stranica ne postoji)">Teorija perturbacije (kvantna mehanika)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Relativisti%C4%8Dka_kvantna_mehanika&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Relativistička kvantna mehanika (stranica ne postoji)">Relativistička kvantna mehanika</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Teorija_raspr%C5%A1enja&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Teorija raspršenja (stranica ne postoji)">Teorija raspršenja</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Teorija_vakuumskog_superfluida&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Teorija vakuumskog superfluida (stranica ne postoji)">Teorija vakuumskog superfluida</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parametarska_fluorescencija&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Parametarska fluorescencija (stranica ne postoji)">Parametarska fluorescencija</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kvantna_statisti%C4%8Dka_mehanika&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kvantna statistička mehanika (stranica ne postoji)">Kvantna statistička mehanika</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;">Naučnici</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r3607149"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yakir_Aharonov&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Yakir Aharonov (stranica ne postoji)">Aharonov</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Stewart_Bell&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="John Stewart Bell (stranica ne postoji)">Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Blackett" title="Patrick Blackett">Blackett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Bloch" title="Felix Bloch">Bloch</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Bohm&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="David Bohm (stranica ne postoji)">Bohm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr">Bohr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Born" title="Max Born">Born</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyendra_Nath_Bose" title="Satyendra Nath Bose">Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Broglie" title="Louis de Broglie">de Broglie</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_John_Candlin&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="David John Candlin (stranica ne postoji)">Candlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Holly_Compton" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur Holly Compton">Compton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Dirac" title="Paul Dirac">Dirac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinton_Davisson" title="Clinton Davisson">Davisson</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Debye&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Peter Debye (stranica ne postoji)">Debye</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Ehrenfest&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Paul Ehrenfest (stranica ne postoji)">Ehrenfest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Einstein</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugh_Everett_III&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Hugh Everett III (stranica ne postoji)">Everett</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vladimir_Fock&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Vladimir Fock (stranica ne postoji)">Fock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">Fermi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman">Feynman</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roy_J._Glauber&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Roy J. Glauber (stranica ne postoji)">Glauber</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Gutzwiller&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Martin Gutzwiller (stranica ne postoji)">Gutzwiller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg">Heisenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hilbert" title="David Hilbert">Hilbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascual_Jordan" title="Pascual Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans_Kramers&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Hans Kramers (stranica ne postoji)">Kramers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Pauli" title="Wolfgang Pauli">Pauli</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Willis_Lamb&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Willis Lamb (stranica ne postoji)">Lamb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lev_Landau" title="Lev Landau">Landau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_von_Laue" title="Max von Laue">Laue</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Moseley&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Henry Moseley (stranica ne postoji)">Moseley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Millikan" title="Robert Millikan">Millikan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heike_Kamerlingh_Onnes" title="Heike Kamerlingh Onnes">Onnes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck">Planck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isidor_Isaac_Rabi" title="Isidor Isaac Rabi">Rabi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=C._V._Raman&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="C. V. Raman (stranica ne postoji)">Raman</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Rydberg&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Johannes Rydberg (stranica ne postoji)">Rydberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erwin_Schr%C3%B6dinger" title="Erwin Schrödinger">Schrödinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Sommerfeld" title="Arnold Sommerfeld">Sommerfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_von_Neumann" title="John von Neumann">von Neumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Weyl" title="Hermann Weyl">Weyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Wien" title="Wilhelm Wien">Wien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Wigner" title="Eugene Wigner">Wigner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman">Zeeman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Zeilinger" title="Anton Zeilinger">Zeilinger</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samuel_Goudsmit&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Samuel Goudsmit (stranica ne postoji)">Goudsmit</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Uhlenbeck&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="George Uhlenbeck (stranica ne postoji)">Uhlenbeck</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yang_Chen-Ning&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Yang Chen-Ning (stranica ne postoji)">Yang</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;">Kategorije</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r3607149"><div class="hlist"> <div class="CategoryTreeTag" data-ct-options="{&quot;mode&quot;:0,&quot;hideprefix&quot;:20,&quot;showcount&quot;:false,&quot;namespaces&quot;:false,&quot;notranslations&quot;:false}"><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Kvantna_mehanika" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:Kvantna_mehanika" title="Kategorija:Kvantna mehanika">Kvantna mehanika</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-top:0.1em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r3312386">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-pogledaj"><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0ablon:Kvantna_mehanika" title="Šablon:Kvantna mehanika"><abbr title="Pogledaj šablon">p</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-razgovor"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Razgovor_o_%C5%A1ablonu:Kvantna_mehanika&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Razgovor o šablonu:Kvantna mehanika (stranica ne postoji)"><abbr title="Razgovor o šablonu">r</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-uredi"><a class="external text" href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C5%A0ablon:Kvantna_mehanika&amp;action=edit"><abbr title="Uredi šablon">u</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Energy_levels.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Energy_levels.svg/220px-Energy_levels.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Energy_levels.svg/330px-Energy_levels.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Energy_levels.svg/440px-Energy_levels.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="440" data-file-height="345" /></a><figcaption> Nivoi energije za <a href="/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron">elektrone</a> u <a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">atomu</a>: osnovno stanje i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pobu%C4%91eno_stanje&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Pobuđeno stanje (stranica ne postoji)">pobuđena stanja</a> .<br />Nakon apsorpcije <a href="/wiki/Energija" title="Energija">energije</a>, elektron može "skočiti" iz osnovnog stanja u pobuđeije energentsko stanje.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Energijski nivoi</b> su bliske <a href="/w/index.php?title=Diskretan&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Diskretan (stranica ne postoji)">diskretne</a> razine <a href="/wiki/Energija" title="Energija">energije</a> u nekom izoliranom sistemu (<a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">atoma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Molekula" title="Molekula">molekula</a>) ili u nekome sistemu <a href="/wiki/%C4%8Cestica" title="Čestica">čestica</a>. U <a href="/wiki/Fizika_%C4%8Dvrstog_stanja" title="Fizika čvrstog stanja">fizici čvrstoga stanja</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fermijev_plin&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Fermijev plin (stranica ne postoji)">Fermijev plinski</a> model slobodnih <a href="/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron">elektrona</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metalna_veza" title="Metalna veza">teorija elektronskih vrpci</a> u <a href="/wiki/Kristal" title="Kristal">kristalima</a>), <a href="/wiki/Gusto%C4%87a" title="Gustoća">gustoća</a> atoma i gustoća energijskih razina golema je, oko 10<sup>26</sup> atoma/<a href="/wiki/Kilogram" title="Kilogram">kg</a> ili oko 10<sup>28</sup> atoma/<a href="/wiki/Kubni_metar" title="Kubni metar">m³</a>. Kada se atomi počinju približavati i stvarati <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristalna_re%C5%A1etka&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kristalna rešetka (stranica ne postoji)">kristalnu rešetku</a>, energijske razine pojedinačnih atoma cijepaju se i spajaju u vrpce ili pojaseve dopuštenih energija. Nivoi energije u <a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">metalu</a> ili <a href="/w/index.php?title=Poluvodi%C4%8D&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Poluvodič (stranica ne postoji)">poluvodiču</a>,opisani su glavnim <a href="/wiki/Kvantni_brojevi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kvantni brojevi">kvantnim brojem</a> <i>n</i> i dvjema orijentacijama <a href="/wiki/Spin" title="Spin">spina</a> ("spin-gore" i "spin-dolje"), pri čemu je svaka <a href="/wiki/Orijentacija" class="mw-disambig" title="Orijentacija">orijentacija</a> zasebno stanje zbog <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paulijevo_pravilo&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Paulijevo pravilo (stranica ne postoji)">Paulijevog pravila</a>. Prema tome, <i>N</i> elektrona u metalu (<i>N</i> je paran) rasporedit će se na: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n={\frac {N}{2}}\ }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>n</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>N</mi> <mn>2</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> <mtext>&#xA0;</mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n={\frac {N}{2}}\ }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9e998ae588434c73ed196cab9e739e4246b7ab8a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:7.974ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n={\frac {N}{2}}\ }"></span></dd></dl> <p>energijskih nivoa, jer će u svakom od njih biti po dva elektrona. Dakle, broj stanja (elektrona) <i>N</i> dvostruko je veći od broja razina <i>n</i>: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle N=2\cdot n}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>N</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mo>&#x22C5;<!-- ⋅ --></mo> <mi>n</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle N=2\cdot n}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0479e25e069602cf03765ff87951f2986ae767fa" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:9.398ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle N=2\cdot n}"></span></dd></dl> <p>Čestice se u sistemu naseljavaju (razmještaju) po razinama kao razlučive klasičoma Maxwell-Boltzmannovom statistikom ili kao nerazlučive čestice u skladu s pravilima <a href="/wiki/Kvantna_mehanika" title="Kvantna mehanika">kvantnih statistika</a>: <a href="/wiki/Fermi-Diracova_statistika" class="mw-redirect" title="Fermi-Diracova statistika">Fermi-Diracovoj</a> i <a href="/wiki/Bose-Einsteinova_statistika" class="mw-redirect" title="Bose-Einsteinova statistika">Bose-Einsteinovoj</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kvantna_mehanika_–_Osnovni_pojmovi"><span id="Kvantna_mehanika_.E2.80.93_Osnovni_pojmovi"></span>Kvantna mehanika – Osnovni pojmovi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energetski_nivo&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=1" title="Uredi odlomak &quot;Kvantna mehanika – Osnovni pojmovi&quot;" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energetski_nivo&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Kvantna mehanika – Osnovni pojmovi"><span>uredi izvor</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Kvantna_mehanika" title="Kvantna mehanika">Kvantnomehanički</a> sistem ili <a href="/wiki/%C4%8Cestica" title="Čestica">čestica</a> koji je <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vezano_stanje&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Vezano stanje (stranica ne postoji)">vezan</a> – odnosno prostorno ograničen – može poprimiti samo određene diskretne vrijednosti energije, zvane <b>nivoi energije</b>. To je u suprotnosti sa <a href="/wiki/Klasi%C4%8Dna_mehanika" title="Klasična mehanika">klasičnim</a> česticama, koje mogu imati bilo koju količinu energije. Izraz se obično koristi za nivoe energije <a href="/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron">elektrona</a> u <a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">atomima</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ion" title="Ion">ionima</a> ili <a href="/wiki/Molekula" title="Molekula">molekulama</a>, koji su povezani električnim poljem <a href="/wiki/Atomsko_jezgro" title="Atomsko jezgro">jezgra</a>, ali se također može odnositi na energetske nivoe jezgara ili <a href="/w/index.php?title=Molekularne_vibracije&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Molekularne vibracije (stranica ne postoji)">vibracijske</a> ili rotacijske nivoe energije u molekulama. Kaže se da je energetski spektar sistema s takvim diskretnim nivoima energije <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kvantizacija_(fizika)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kvantizacija (fizika) (stranica ne postoji)">kvantiziran</a>. (Nivoi energije ne moraju biti jednaki) </p><p>U <a href="/wiki/Hemija" title="Hemija">hemiji</a> i <a href="/wiki/Atomska_fizika" title="Atomska fizika">atomskoj fizici</a>, elektronska ljuska ili glavni nivo energije mogu se smatrati <a href="/wiki/Orbita" class="mw-redirect" title="Orbita">orbitom</a> jednog ili više <a href="/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron">elektrona</a> oko <a href="/wiki/Atomsko_jezgro" title="Atomsko jezgro">atomskog jezgra</a>. Jezgru najbliža ljuska naziva se 1. ljuska (ili <i>K-ljuska</i>), nakon čega slijedi 2. ljuska (ili <i>L-ljuska</i>), a zatim 3. ljuska (ili <i>M-ljuska</i>), i tako dalje i dalje od jezgra. Ljuske odgovaraju <a href="/w/index.php?title=Glavni_kvantni_broj&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Glavni kvantni broj (stranica ne postoji)">glavnim kvantnim brojevima</a> (<i>n</i> = 1, 2, 3, 4&#160; ...) ili su abecedno označene slovima koja se koriste u <a href="/wiki/X-zrake" class="mw-redirect" title="X-zrake">rendgenskom zapisu</a> (K, L, M,&#160;N…). </p><p>Svaka ljuska može sadržavati samo fiksni broj elektrona: prva ljuska do dva elektrona, druga ljuska može ih sadržavati do osam (2 + 6) elektrona, treća ljuska može imati do 18 (2 + 6 + 10 ) i tako dalje. Općenita formula je da <i>n</i>-ta ljuska može u principu imati do 2 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kvadratni_broj&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kvadratni broj (stranica ne postoji)"><i>n</i><sup>2</sup></a>) elektrona (<i>n</i><sup>2</sup>).<sup id="cite_ref-madsci_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-madsci-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Budući da se elektroni <a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektrostati%C4%8Dko_polje&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Elektrostatičko polje (stranica ne postoji)">električno privlače</a> u jezgro, elektroni atoma će uglavnom zauzimati vanjske ljuske, samo ako je više unutrašnjih ljuski već u potpunosti popunili drugi elektroni. Međutim, ovo nije strog zahtjev: atomi mogu imati dvije ili čak tri nepotpune vanjske ljuske. (Pogledajte <a href="/w/index.php?title=Madelungovo_pravilo&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Madelungovo pravilo (stranica ne postoji)">Madelungovo pravilo</a> za više detalja.) Za objašnjenje zašto elektroni postoje u ovim ljuskama pogledajte <a href="/w/index.php?title=Konfiguracija_elektrona&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Konfiguracija elektrona (stranica ne postoji)">konfiguracija elektrona</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-corrosionsource.com_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-corrosionsource.com-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ako je <a href="/wiki/Potencijalna_energija" title="Potencijalna energija">potencijalna energija</a> postavljena na nulu na <a href="/wiki/Beskona%C4%8Dnost" title="Beskonačnost">beskonačnu</a> udaljenost od atomskog jezgra ili molekule, prema uobičajenoj konvenciji, tada <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vezano_stanje&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Vezano stanje (stranica ne postoji)">vezana elektronska stanja</a> imaju negativnu potencijalnu energiju. </p><p>Ako je atom, ion ili molekula na najnižem mogućem nivou energije, kaže se da su on i njegovi elektroni u <i><a href="/wiki/Osnovno_stanje" title="Osnovno stanje">osnovnom stanju</a></i>. Ako je na višem energetskom nivou, kaže se da je <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pobu%C4%91eno_stanje&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Pobuđeno stanje (stranica ne postoji)">pobuđeno</a></i>, ili su svi elektroni koji imaju veću energiju od osnovnog stanja <i>pobuđeni</i>. Ako je više kvantno mehaničkih <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kvantno_stanje&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kvantno stanje (stranica ne postoji)">stanja</a> u istoj energiji, nivoi energije su <i>degenerirani</i>. Tada se nazivaju <a href="/w/index.php?title=Degenerirani_nivo_energije&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Degenerirani nivo energije (stranica ne postoji)">degenerirani nivoi energije</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Objašnjenje"><span id="Obja.C5.A1njenje"></span>Objašnjenje</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energetski_nivo&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=2" title="Uredi odlomak &quot;Objašnjenje&quot;" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energetski_nivo&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Objašnjenje"><span>uredi izvor</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Hydrogen_Density_Plots.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Hydrogen_Density_Plots.png/220px-Hydrogen_Density_Plots.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Hydrogen_Density_Plots.png/330px-Hydrogen_Density_Plots.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Hydrogen_Density_Plots.png/440px-Hydrogen_Density_Plots.png 2x" data-file-width="2200" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Talasna_funkcija" title="Talasna funkcija">Talasne funkcije</a> atoma <a href="/wiki/Vodik" title="Vodik">vodika</a>, što pokazuje vjerovatnoću pronalaska elektrona u prostoru oko jezgra. Svako stacionarno stanje definira određeni nivo energije atoma.</figcaption></figure> <p>Kvantizirani nivoi energije proizlaze iz odnosa između energije čestice i njene <a href="/wiki/Talasna_du%C5%BEina" title="Talasna dužina">talasne dužine</a>. Za ograničenu česticu poput <a href="/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron">elektrona</a> u <a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">atoma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Talasna_funkcija" title="Talasna funkcija">talasna funkcija</a> ima oblik <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stojnii_talas&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Stojnii talas (stranica ne postoji)">stojnii talas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Tipler_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tipler-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Mogu postojati samo <a href="/wiki/Stacionarno_stanje" title="Stacionarno stanje">stacionarna stanja</a> s energijama koje odgovaraju integralnom broju talasnih dužina; za ostala stanja talasi se razaraju, rezultirajući nultom <a href="/w/index.php?title=Amplituda_vjerovatno%C4%87e&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Amplituda vjerovatnoće (stranica ne postoji)">gustinom vjerovatnoće</a>. Osnovni primjeri koji matematički pokazuju kako dolazi do nivoa energije su <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%8Cestica_u_kutiji&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Čestica u kutiji (stranica ne postoji)">čestica u kutiji</a> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kvantni_harmonijski_oscilator&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kvantni harmonijski oscilator (stranica ne postoji)">kvantni harmonijski oscilator</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hstorija">Hstorija</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energetski_nivo&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=3" title="Uredi odlomak &quot;Hstorija&quot;" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energetski_nivo&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Hstorija"><span>uredi izvor</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Prvi dokaz kvantizacije u atomima bilo je posmatranje <a href="/w/index.php?title=Spektarska_linija&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Spektarska linija (stranica ne postoji)">spektarskih linija</a> u sunčevoj svjetlosti, početkom 1800-ih, što su pokušali <a href="/wiki/Joseph_von_Fraunhofer" title="Joseph von Fraunhofer">Joseph von Fraunhofer</a> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Hyde_Wollaston&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="William Hyde Wollaston (stranica ne postoji)">William Hyde Wollaston</a>. Pojam nivoa energije predložio je danski fizičar <a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr">Niels Bohr</a>, 1913., u <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bohrovoj_teoriji&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bohrovoj teoriji (stranica ne postoji)">Bohrovoj teoriji</a> atoma. Modernu kvantno-mehaničku teoriju koja daje objašnjenje ovih energetskih nivoa u smislu <a href="/w/index.php?title=Schr%C3%B6dingerova_jednad%C5%BEba&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Schrödingerova jednadžba (stranica ne postoji)">Schrödingerove jednadžbe</a> unaprijedili su <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Schr%C3%B6dinger" title="Erwin Schrödinger">Erwin Schrödinger</a> i <a href="/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg">Werner Heisenberg</a> 1926. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Atomi">Atomi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energetski_nivo&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=4" title="Uredi odlomak &quot;Atomi&quot;" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energetski_nivo&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Atomi"><span>uredi izvor</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sopstveni_nivoi_energije">Sopstveni nivoi energije</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energetski_nivo&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=5" title="Uredi odlomak &quot;Sopstveni nivoi energije&quot;" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energetski_nivo&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Sopstveni nivoi energije"><span>uredi izvor</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>U formulama za energiju elektrona na različitim nivoima datim u atomu ispod, nulta tačka za energiju se postavlja kada je dotični elektron u potpunosti napustio atom, tj. kada je elektronov <a href="/w/index.php?title=Glavni_kvantni_broj&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Glavni kvantni broj (stranica ne postoji)">glavni kvantni broj</a> <span class="texhtml"><i>n</i> = ∞</span>. Kada je elektron vezan za atom u bilo kojoj bližoj vrijednosti <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">n</span>, energija elektrona je niža i smatra se negativnom. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nivo_energije_u_orbitalnom_stanju:_atom_/_ion_sa_jezgrom_+_jedan_elektron"><span id="Nivo_energije_u_orbitalnom_stanju:_atom_.2F_ion_sa_jezgrom_.2B_jedan_elektron"></span>Nivo energije u orbitalnom stanju: atom / ion sa jezgrom + jedan elektron</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energetski_nivo&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=6" title="Uredi odlomak &quot;Nivo energije u orbitalnom stanju: atom / ion sa jezgrom + jedan elektron&quot;" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energetski_nivo&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Nivo energije u orbitalnom stanju: atom / ion sa jezgrom + jedan elektron"><span>uredi izvor</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pretpostavimo da postoji jedan elektron u datoj <a href="/w/index.php?title=Atomska_orbital&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Atomska orbital (stranica ne postoji)">atomskoj orbitali</a> u <a href="/wiki/Vodik" title="Vodik">vodikovom atomu (ionu)</a>. Energija njegovog stanja uglavnom se određuje elektrostatskom interakcijom (negativnog) elektrona sa (pozitivnom) jezgrom. Razine energije elektrona oko jezgra daju se kao: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E_{n}=-hcR_{\infty }{\frac {Z^{2}}{n^{2}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>E</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>n</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mo>&#x2212;<!-- − --></mo> <mi>h</mi> <mi>c</mi> <msub> <mi>R</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">&#x221E;<!-- ∞ --></mi> </mrow> </msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msup> <mi>Z</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <msup> <mi>n</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E_{n}=-hcR_{\infty }{\frac {Z^{2}}{n^{2}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/531e6b1c6b443dbea2ceb65a490f76da42a13e5a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.171ex; width:17.424ex; height:6.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E_{n}=-hcR_{\infty }{\frac {Z^{2}}{n^{2}}}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>(tipski, između 1 <a href="/wiki/Elektronvolt" title="Elektronvolt">eV</a> i 10<sup>3</sup> eV), gdje <span class="texhtml">R<sub>∞</sub></span> = <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rydbergova_konstanta&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Rydbergova konstanta (stranica ne postoji)">Rydbergova konstanta</a>, <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">Z</span> = <a href="/wiki/Atomski_broj" title="Atomski broj">atomski broj</a>, <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">n</span> = <a href="/w/index.php?title=Glavni_kvantni_broj&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Glavni kvantni broj (stranica ne postoji)">glavni kvantni broj</a>, <span class="texhtml"><i>h</i></span> = <a href="/wiki/Planckova_konstanta" title="Planckova konstanta">Planckova konstanta</a>, a <span class="texhtml"><i>c</i></span> = <a href="/wiki/Brzina_svjetlosti" title="Brzina svjetlosti">brzina svjetlosti</a>. Samo za atome (ione) slične vodiku, Rydbergovi nivoi ovise samo o glavnom kvantnom broju <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">n</span>. </p><p>Ova jednadžba dobija se kombiniranjem <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rydbergova_formula&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Rydbergova formula (stranica ne postoji)">Rydbergove formule</a> za bilo koji element sličan vodiku (prikazano dolje) sa <span class="texhtml"><i>E</i> = <i> h &#957; </i> = <i> h c / &#955; </i></span> pod pretpostavkom da je <a href="/w/index.php?title=Glavni_kvantni_broj&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Glavni kvantni broj (stranica ne postoji)">glavni kvantni broj</a> <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">n</span> gore = <span class="texhtml"><i>n</i><sub>1</sub></span> u Rydbergovoj formuli i <span class="texhtml"><i>n</i><sub>2</sub> = ∞</span>) (glavni kvantni broj nivoa energije s kojeg elektron silazi, kada emitira <a href="/wiki/Foton" title="Foton">foton</a>). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rydbergova_formula&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Rydbergova formula (stranica ne postoji)">Rydbergova formula</a> izvedena je iz empirijskih <a href="/w/index.php?title=Emisijski_spektar&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Emisijski spektar (stranica ne postoji)">spektroskopske emisije</a> podataka. </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{\lambda }}=RZ^{2}\left({\frac {1}{n_{1}^{2}}}-{\frac {1}{n_{2}^{2}}}\right)}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <mi>&#x03BB;<!-- λ --></mi> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mi>R</mi> <msup> <mi>Z</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <msubsup> <mi>n</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>&#x2212;<!-- − --></mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <msubsup> <mi>n</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> </mfrac> </mrow> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{\lambda }}=RZ^{2}\left({\frac {1}{n_{1}^{2}}}-{\frac {1}{n_{2}^{2}}}\right)}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/3bdf547164a8ba0c1b39b3033b6651cb7febd796" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.171ex; width:23.295ex; height:7.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{\lambda }}=RZ^{2}\left({\frac {1}{n_{1}^{2}}}-{\frac {1}{n_{2}^{2}}}\right)}"></span></dd></dl> <p>Ekvivalentna formula može se izvesti kvantnomehanički, iz vremenski neovisne <a href="/w/index.php?title=Schr%C3%B6dingerova_jednad%C5%BEb&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Schrödingerova jednadžb (stranica ne postoji)">Schrödingerove jednadžbe</a> sa kinetičkom energijom <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hamiltonov_operator&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Hamiltonov operator (stranica ne postoji)">Hamiltonovog operatora</a>, koristeći <a href="/wiki/Talasna_funkcija" title="Talasna funkcija">talasnu funkciju</a> kao <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sopstvena_funkcija&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Sopstvena funkcija (stranica ne postoji)">sopstvenu funkciju</a> za dobi,anje nivoa energije lastite vrijednosti, ali Rydbergova konstanta bi bila zamijenjena drugim temeljnim konstantama fizike. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fino_razdvajanje_strukture">Fino razdvajanje strukture</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energetski_nivo&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=7" title="Uredi odlomak &quot;Fino razdvajanje strukture&quot;" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energetski_nivo&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Fino razdvajanje strukture"><span>uredi izvor</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fina_struktura&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Fina struktura (stranica ne postoji)">Fina struktura</a> proizlazi iz relativističkih korekcija kinetičke energije, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sprega_spin-orbita&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Sprega spin-orbita (stranica ne postoji)">sprega spin-orbita</a> (elektrodinamička interakcija između elektrona <a href="/w/index.php?title=Spin_(fizika)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Spin (fizika) (stranica ne postoji)">spina</a> i kretanja i električnog polja jezgra) i Darwinovog pojma (interakcija termina kontakta <span class="serif-fonts" style="font-family: &#39;Georgia Pro&#39;, Georgia, &#39;DejaVu Serif&#39;, Times, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, FreeSerif, &#39;DejaVu Math TeX&#39;, &#39;URW Bookman L&#39;, serif;"> s</span> ljuske elektrona unutar jezgra). Oni utiču na nivoe tipskim redom veličine 10<sup>−3</sup> eV. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hiperfina_struktura">Hiperfina struktura</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energetski_nivo&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=8" title="Uredi odlomak &quot;Hiperfina struktura&quot;" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energetski_nivo&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Hiperfina struktura"><span>uredi izvor</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Glavni članak: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hiperfina_struktura&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Hiperfina struktura (stranica ne postoji)">Hiperfina struktura</a></div> <p>Ova, još finija struktura je posljedica <a href="/w/index.php?title=Spajanje_ugaonog_kretanja&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Spajanje ugaonog kretanja (stranica ne postoji)">spin-spin interakcija</a> elektronskog jezgra, što će rezultirati tipskom promjenom nivoa energije za tipski red veličine od 10 <sup> −4 </sup> eV. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nivoi_energije_uslijed_vanjskih_polja">Nivoi energije uslijed vanjskih polja</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energetski_nivo&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=9" title="Uredi odlomak &quot;Nivoi energije uslijed vanjskih polja&quot;" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energetski_nivo&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Nivoi energije uslijed vanjskih polja"><span>uredi izvor</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Zeemanov_efekt">Zeemanov efekt</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energetski_nivo&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=10" title="Uredi odlomak &quot;Zeemanov efekt&quot;" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energetski_nivo&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Zeemanov efekt"><span>uredi izvor</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Glavni članak: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zeemanov_efekt&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Zeemanov efekt (stranica ne postoji)">Zeemanov efekt</a></div> <p>Postoji energija interakcije povezana sa magnetnim dipolnim momentom, <span class="texhtml"><b>μ</b><sub><i>L</i></sub></span>, koja proizlazi iz elektronskog orbitalnog ugaonog momenta, <span class="texhtml"><i>L</i></span>, dati po: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle U=-{\boldsymbol {\mu }}_{L}\cdot \mathbf {B} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>U</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mo>&#x2212;<!-- − --></mo> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold-italic">&#x03BC;<!-- μ --></mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>L</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>&#x22C5;<!-- ⋅ --></mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">B</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle U=-{\boldsymbol {\mu }}_{L}\cdot \mathbf {B} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/dcdc95bb0c8afa9ceb24f76f7e7d2004d5515889" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:13.266ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle U=-{\boldsymbol {\mu }}_{L}\cdot \mathbf {B} }"></span></dd></dl> <p>sa </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle -{\boldsymbol {\mu }}_{L}={\dfrac {e\hbar }{2m}}\mathbf {L} =\mu _{B}\mathbf {L} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>&#x2212;<!-- − --></mo> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold-italic">&#x03BC;<!-- μ --></mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>L</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>e</mi> <mi class="MJX-variant">&#x210F;<!-- ℏ --></mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>2</mn> <mi>m</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mstyle> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">L</mi> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>&#x03BC;<!-- μ --></mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>B</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">L</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle -{\boldsymbol {\mu }}_{L}={\dfrac {e\hbar }{2m}}\mathbf {L} =\mu _{B}\mathbf {L} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/2ef1fe396a83fecb892b2258fee6ba41d9e1cb34" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:21.139ex; height:5.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle -{\boldsymbol {\mu }}_{L}={\dfrac {e\hbar }{2m}}\mathbf {L} =\mu _{B}\mathbf {L} }"></span>.</dd></dl> <p>Pored toga, uzima se u obzir magnetni moment koji proizlazi iz spina elektrona. </p><p>Zbog relativističkih efekata (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Diracova_jednad%C5%BEba&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Diracova jednadžba (stranica ne postoji)">Diracove jednadžbe</a>), postoji magnetni moment , <span class="texhtml"><b>μ</b><sub><i>S</i></sub></span>, koji proizilazi iz elekstronskog spina: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle -{\boldsymbol {\mu }}_{S}=-\mu _{B}g_{S}\mathbf {S} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>&#x2212;<!-- − --></mo> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold-italic">&#x03BC;<!-- μ --></mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>S</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mo>&#x2212;<!-- − --></mo> <msub> <mi>&#x03BC;<!-- μ --></mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>B</mi> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>g</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>S</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">S</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle -{\boldsymbol {\mu }}_{S}=-\mu _{B}g_{S}\mathbf {S} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/1b110c8bc71a81227bae30d33eb67d66b5b5536f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:16.421ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle -{\boldsymbol {\mu }}_{S}=-\mu _{B}g_{S}\mathbf {S} }"></span>,</dd></dl> <p>with <span class="texhtml"><i>g</i><sub><i>S</i></sub></span> elektrospinski <a href="/w/index.php?title=G-faktor_(fizika)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="G-faktor (fizika) (stranica ne postoji)">g-faktor</a> (oko 2), rezuiltirajući u ukupni magnetni moment, <span class="texhtml"><b>μ</b></span>, </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\mu }}={\boldsymbol {\mu }}_{L}+{\boldsymbol {\mu }}_{S}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold-italic">&#x03BC;<!-- μ --></mi> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold-italic">&#x03BC;<!-- μ --></mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>L</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold-italic">&#x03BC;<!-- μ --></mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>S</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\mu }}={\boldsymbol {\mu }}_{L}+{\boldsymbol {\mu }}_{S}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/98dd1a5d0427d9e2e0dee55273436efda545667d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:13.519ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\mu }}={\boldsymbol {\mu }}_{L}+{\boldsymbol {\mu }}_{S}}"></span>.</dd></dl> <p>Energija interakcije stoga postaje:<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle U_{B}=-{\boldsymbol {\mu }}\cdot \mathbf {B} =\mu _{B}B(M_{L}+g_{S}M_{S})}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>U</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>B</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mo>&#x2212;<!-- − --></mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold-italic">&#x03BC;<!-- μ --></mi> </mrow> <mo>&#x22C5;<!-- ⋅ --></mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">B</mi> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>&#x03BC;<!-- μ --></mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>B</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mi>B</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mi>M</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>L</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mi>g</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>S</mi> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>M</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>S</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle U_{B}=-{\boldsymbol {\mu }}\cdot \mathbf {B} =\mu _{B}B(M_{L}+g_{S}M_{S})}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/3760cd8e2d39d935c5f0c0796891adf1021da579" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:35.146ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle U_{B}=-{\boldsymbol {\mu }}\cdot \mathbf {B} =\mu _{B}B(M_{L}+g_{S}M_{S})}"></span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Stark_efekt">Stark efekt</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energetski_nivo&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=11" title="Uredi odlomak &quot;Stark efekt&quot;" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energetski_nivo&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Stark efekt"><span>uredi izvor</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Glavni članak: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stark_efekt&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Stark efekt (stranica ne postoji)">Stark efekt</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Molekule">Molekule</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energetski_nivo&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=12" title="Uredi odlomak &quot;Molekule&quot;" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energetski_nivo&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Molekule"><span>uredi izvor</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Hemijska_veza" title="Hemijska veza">Hemijska veza</a> između atoma je u obliku molekula jer oni čine situaciju stabilnijom za uključene atome, što obično znači da je zbir nivoa energije za uključene atome u molekuli niži nego da atomi nisu tako povezani. Kako se odvojeni atomi međusobno približavaju <a href="/wiki/Kovalentna_veza" title="Kovalentna veza">kovalentnom vezom</a>, njihove <a href="/wiki/Atomska_orbitala" title="Atomska orbitala">orbitale</a> međusobno utiču na energetske nivoe, da bi stvorile vezu i protuvezujuću <a href="/wiki/Molekulska_orbitala" title="Molekulska orbitala">molekulsku orbitalu</a>. Nivo energije <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vezna_molekulska_orbitala&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Vezna molekulska orbitala (stranica ne postoji)">vezanja orbitala</a> je niži, a nivo energije <a href="/w/index.php?title=Molekulske_orbitale_za_vezanje&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Molekulske orbitale za vezanje (stranica ne postoji)">orbitale za vezanje</a> je veći. Da bi veza u molekuli bila stabilna, kovalentno-vezujući elektroni zauzimaju nižu energetsku vezujuću orbitalu, što može biti označeno simbolima kao što su σ ili π, ovisno o situaciji. Odgovarajuće anti-vezujuće orbitale mogu se označiti dodavanjem zvjezdice da se dobiju σ* ili π* orbitale. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nevezuju%C4%87a_orbitala&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Nevezujuća orbitala (stranica ne postoji)">Nevezujuća orbitala</a> u molekuli je orbitala s elektronima u vanjskoj <a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektronski_omota%C4%8D&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Elektronski omotač (stranica ne postoji)">ljusci</a> koji ne sudjeluju u vezanju i njihov energetski nivo je jednak onome koji ima sastavni atom. Takve orbitale možemo označiti kao <b>n</b> orbitale. Elektroni u n orbitali su obično <a href="/wiki/Usamljeni_par" class="mw-redirect" title="Usamljeni par">usamljeni parovi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-chemguide_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chemguide-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>U polikatomskim molekulama uključeni su i različiti nivoi vibracija i rotacije. </p><p>Grubo rečeno, molekulsko energetsko stanje, tj. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Svojstveno_stanje&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Svojstveno stanje (stranica ne postoji)">svojstveno stanje</a> Hamiltonove molekule, zbir je elektronskih, vibracijskih, rotacijskih, nuklearnih i translacijskih komponenata, kao što su: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E=E_{\rm {electronic}}+E_{\rm {vibrational}}+E_{\rm {rotational}}+E_{\rm {nuclear}}+E_{\rm {translational}}\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>E</mi> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>E</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">l</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">c</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">t</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">o</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">c</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mi>E</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">v</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">b</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">t</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">o</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">l</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mi>E</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">o</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">t</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">t</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">o</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">l</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mi>E</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">u</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">c</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">l</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mi>E</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">t</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">l</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">t</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">o</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">l</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E=E_{\rm {electronic}}+E_{\rm {vibrational}}+E_{\rm {rotational}}+E_{\rm {nuclear}}+E_{\rm {translational}}\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/712f0728ae99da9790863c4c280d179c33fc1c8e" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:62.346ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E=E_{\rm {electronic}}+E_{\rm {vibrational}}+E_{\rm {rotational}}+E_{\rm {nuclear}}+E_{\rm {translational}}\,}"></span></dd></dl> <p>gdje <span class="texhtml"><i>E</i><sub>electronic</sub></span> = <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vlastita_vrijednost&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Vlastita vrijednost (stranica ne postoji)">vlastita vrijednost</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektronska_hamiltonovska_molekula&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Elektronska hamiltonovska molekula (stranica ne postoji)">elektronske hamiltonovske molekule</a> jednost <a href="/w/index.php?title=Potencijalna_energija_povr%C5%A1ine&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Potencijalna energija površine (stranica ne postoji)">potencijalne energije površine</a>) na <a href="/wiki/Molekularna_geometrija" title="Molekularna geometrija">ravnotežnoj geometriji molekule</a>. </p><p>Nivoi molekulske energije označeni su kao <a href="/w/index.php?title=Molekulski_izraz&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Molekulski izraz (stranica ne postoji)">molekulski izraz</a>. Specifične energije ovih komponenata variraju, u zavisnosti od specifičnog energetskog stanja i supstance. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dijagrami_nivoa_energije">Dijagrami nivoa energije</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energetski_nivo&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=13" title="Uredi odlomak &quot;Dijagrami nivoa energije&quot;" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energetski_nivo&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Dijagrami nivoa energije"><span>uredi izvor</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Postoje različiti tipovi dijagrama nivoa energije za veze između atoma u molekuli. Primjeri </p> <dl><dd><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molekulski_orbitni_dijagram&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Molekulski orbitni dijagram (stranica ne postoji)">Molekulski orbitni dijagrami</a></i>, <i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jablonskijev_dijagram&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Jablonskijev dijagram (stranica ne postoji)">Jablonskijev dijagram</a></i> i <i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Franck-Condonov_princip&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Franck-Condonov princip (stranica ne postoji)">Franck-Condonovi</a></i> dijagrami.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tranzicijski_nivoi_energije">Tranzicijski nivoi energije</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energetski_nivo&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=14" title="Uredi odlomak &quot;Tranzicijski nivoi energije&quot;" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energetski_nivo&amp;action=edit&amp;section=14" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Tranzicijski nivoi energije"><span>uredi izvor</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Atomic_Absorption_(hv_corrected).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Atomic_Absorption_%28hv_corrected%29.png/200px-Atomic_Absorption_%28hv_corrected%29.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Atomic_Absorption_%28hv_corrected%29.png/300px-Atomic_Absorption_%28hv_corrected%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6e/Atomic_Absorption_%28hv_corrected%29.png 2x" data-file-width="340" data-file-height="255" /></a><figcaption>Porast razina energije, od <span class="texhtml"><i>E</i><sub>1</sub></span> do <span class="texhtml"><i>E</i><sub>2</sub></span> porijeklom iz resulting apsorpcije jednog fotona predstavljenog crvenom izuvijanom strelicom i čija je energija <span class="texhtml"><i><a href="/wiki/Planckova_konstanta" title="Planckova konstanta">h</a> <a href="/wiki/Frekvencija" title="Frekvencija">&#957;</a></i></span></figcaption></figure><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Schematic_diagram_of_atomic_line_spontaneous_emission_(hv_corrected).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Schematic_diagram_of_atomic_line_spontaneous_emission_%28hv_corrected%29.png/200px-Schematic_diagram_of_atomic_line_spontaneous_emission_%28hv_corrected%29.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Schematic_diagram_of_atomic_line_spontaneous_emission_%28hv_corrected%29.png/300px-Schematic_diagram_of_atomic_line_spontaneous_emission_%28hv_corrected%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d9/Schematic_diagram_of_atomic_line_spontaneous_emission_%28hv_corrected%29.png 2x" data-file-width="339" data-file-height="190" /></a><figcaption>Opadanje nivoa energije, od <span class="texhtml"><i>E</i><sub>2</sub></span> do <span class="texhtml"><i>E</i><sub>1</sub></span>, što rezultira emisijom fotona predstavljenog crvenom izuvijanom strelicom, a čija je energija <span class="texhtml"><i><a href="/wiki/Planckova_konstanta" title="Planckova konstanta">h</a> <a href="/wiki/Frekvencija" title="Frekvencija">&#957;</a></i></span></figcaption></figure> <p>Elektroni u atomima i molekulama mogu mijenjati (praviti <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atomski_prijelaz_elektrona&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Atomski prijelaz elektrona (stranica ne postoji)">prelaze</a></i>u<i>) nivoe, emitirajući ili upijajući <a href="/wiki/Foton" title="Foton">foton</a> (<a href="/wiki/Elektromagnetno_zra%C4%8Denje" title="Elektromagnetno zračenje">elektromagnetnog zračenja</a>), čija energija mora biti tačno jednaka energetskoj razlici između dva nivoa.</i> </p><p>Elektroni se također mogu potpuno ukloniti iz hemijskih vrsta, kao što su <a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">atom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Molekula" title="Molekula">molekula</a> ili <a href="/wiki/Ion" title="Ion">ion</a>. Potpuno uklanjanje elektrona iz atoma može biti oblik <a href="/wiki/Ionizacija" title="Ionizacija">ionizacije</a>, koji efektivno premiješta elektron u <a href="/wiki/Atomska_orbitala" title="Atomska orbitala">orbitalu</a> sa beskonačnim <a href="/w/index.php?title=Glavni_kvantni_broj&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Glavni kvantni broj (stranica ne postoji)">glavnim kvantnim brojem</a>, u stvari tako daleko da praktično više nema efekta na preostali atom (ion). Za razne vrste atoma postoje 1., 2., 3. itd. <a href="/wiki/Energija_ionizacije" title="Energija ionizacije">energije jonizacije</a>, za uklanjanje 1., zatim 2., pa 3., itd. elektrona najviše energije iz atoma, izvorno u <a href="/wiki/Osnovno_stanje" title="Osnovno stanje">osnovnom stanju</a>. Također energija se može osloboditi u odgovarajućim suprotnim količinama, ponekad u obliku <a href="/w/index.php?title=Energija_fotona&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Energija fotona (stranica ne postoji)">energije fotona</a>, kada se elektroni dodaju pozitivno nabijenim ionima ili ponekad atomima. Molekule također mogu proći tranzicije u njihovom <a href="/w/index.php?title=Molekularne_vibracije&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Molekularne vibracije (stranica ne postoji)">vibracijskim</a> ili rotacijskim nivoima energije. Prijelazi energetskog nivoa također mogu biti neradijacijski, što znači da emisija ili apsorpcija fotona nisu uključeni. </p><p>Ako je atom, ion ili molekula na najnižem mogućem nivou energije, kaže se da su on i njegovi elektroni u <i><a href="/wiki/Osnovno_stanje" title="Osnovno stanje">osnovnom stanju</a></i>. Ako je na višem energetskom nivou, kaže se da je <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pobu%C4%91eno_stanje&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Pobuđeno stanje (stranica ne postoji)">pobuđeno</a></i>, ili su svi elektroni koji imaju veću energiju od osnovnog stanja <i>pobuđeni</i>. Takva vrsta može se pobuditi na viši nivo energije, pomoću <a href="/w/index.php?title=Apsorpcija_svetjlosti&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Apsorpcija svetjlosti (stranica ne postoji)">apsorpcije</a> fotona čija je energija jednaka energetskoj razlici između nivoa. Suprotno tome, pobuđena vrsta može preći na niži nivo energije spontanim emitiranjem fotona jednakog energetskoj razlici. Energija fotona jednaka je <a href="/wiki/Planckova_konstanta" title="Planckova konstanta">Planckovoj konstanti</a> (<span class="texhtml"><i>h</i></span>) puta njegove <a href="/wiki/Frekvencija" title="Frekvencija">frekvencija</a> (<span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;"> f</span>) i stoga je proporcionalna njegovoj frekvenciji, ili obrnuto od njegove <a href="/wiki/Talasna_du%C5%BEina" title="Talasna dužina">talasne dužine</a> (<span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">λ</span>): </p> <dl><dd><span class="texhtml">Δ<i>E</i> = <i>h f</i> = <i>h c / λ</i></span>,</dd></dl> <p>budući da je <span class="texhtml"><i>c</i></span>, brzina svjetlosti jednaka <span class="texhtml"><i>f λ</i></span>. </p><p>Shodno tome, mnogi tipovi <a href="/wiki/Spektroskopija" title="Spektroskopija">spektroskopije</a> temelje se na otkrivanju frekvencije ili talasne dužine emitovanih ili <a href="/wiki/Apsorpciona_spektroskopija" class="mw-redirect" title="Apsorpciona spektroskopija">apsorbovanih</a> fotona, kako bi pružile informacije o analiziranom materijalu, uključujući informacije o nivoima energije i elektronskoj strukturi materijala, dobijene analizom <a href="/wiki/Spektar" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Spektar">spektra</a>. </p><p>Za dizajniranje pobuđenog stanja, obično se koristi zvezdica. Prijelaz elektrona u vezi molekule iz osnovnog stanja u pobuđeno stanje može imati oznaku kao što je σ&#160; → 6nbsp;σ*, &#160; &#160;π* ili &#160; → &#160;π* što znači pobuđivanje elektrona iz a σnbsp; vezivanje za σnbsp; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Antibonding&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Antibonding (stranica ne postoji)">antibonding</a> orbitalu, od πnbsp; vezivanje za πnbsp; orbitalu za vezivanje, ili od n nevezivanja za πnbsp; orbitalu za vezivanje.<sup id="cite_ref-chemguide_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chemguide-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Obrnuti prijelaz elektrona za sve ove vrste pobuđenih molekula također se može vratiti u osnovno stanje, koje se može označiti kao σ* &#160; → &#160;σ, π* &#160; → &#160;π ili π* &#160; → &#160;n. </p><p>Tranzicija u nivou energije elektrona u molekuli može se kombinirati sa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vibracijskim_prijelazom&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Vibracijskim prijelazom (stranica ne postoji)">vibracijskim prijelazom</a> i nazvati <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vibronski_prijelaz&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Vibronski prijelaz (stranica ne postoji)">vibronski prijelaz</a>. Vibracijski i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rotacijski_prijelaz&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Rotacijski prijelaz (stranica ne postoji)">rotacijski prijelaz</a> mogu se kombinirati pomoću <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rotacijskog_spajanja&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Rotacijskog spajanja (stranica ne postoji)">rotacijskog spajanja</a>. U <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rovibronic_sprezanje&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Rovibronic sprezanje (stranica ne postoji)">rovibronic sprezanje</a>, prijelazi elektrona se istovremeno kombiniraju i sa vibracijskim i rotacijskim prijelazima. Fotoni koji učestvuju u prelazima mogu imati energiju različitih raspona u elektromagnetnom spektru, kao što su <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rendgen&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Rendgen (stranica ne postoji)">rendgen</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ultraljubi%C4%8Dasto&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ultraljubičasto (stranica ne postoji)">ultraljubičasto</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vidljivo_svetlo&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Vidljivo svetlo (stranica ne postoji)">vidljivo svetlo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Infracrveno" class="mw-redirect" title="Infracrveno">infracrveno</a> ili <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikrotalasna&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Mikrotalasna (stranica ne postoji)">mikrotalasna</a> zračenje, ovisno o vrsti prijelaza. Na vrlo općenit način, razlike u nivou energije između elektroničkih stanja su veće, razlike između nivoa vibracija su srednje, a razlike između nivoa rotacije su manje, iako se može preklapati. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Trabslacija_(fizika)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Trabslacija (fizika) (stranica ne postoji)">Translacijski</a> nivoi energije su praktično kontinuirani i mogu se izračunati kao kinetička energija korištenjem <a href="/wiki/Klasi%C4%8Dna_mehanika" title="Klasična mehanika">klasična mehanika</a>. </p><p>Viša <a href="/wiki/Temperatura" title="Temperatura">temperatura</a> dovodi do bržeg kretanja atoma i molekula fluida povećavajući njihovu translacijsku energiju i termički pobuđuje molekule do viših prosječnih amplituda vibracijskog i rotacijskog načina (pobuđuje molekule do viših internih nivoa energije). To znači da s porastom temperature translacijski, vibracijski i rotacijski doprinosi molekularnom <a href="/w/index.php?title=Toplotnom_kapacitetu&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Toplotnom kapacitetu (stranica ne postoji)">toplotnom kapacitetu</a> dopuštaju molekulima da apsorbiraju toplinu i zadržavaju više <a href="/w/index.php?title=Unutarnje_energije&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Unutarnje energije (stranica ne postoji)">unutarnje energije</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kondukcija_(toplina)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kondukcija (toplina) (stranica ne postoji)">Kondukcija toplote</a> obično se javlja dok se molekuli ili atomi sudaraju <a href="/w/index.php?title=Prenos_toplote&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Prenos toplote (stranica ne postoji)">prenos toplote</a> međusobno. Na čak i višim temperaturama, elektroni se mogu termički pobuditi na više energetske orbitale u atomima ili molekulima. Kasniji pad elektrona na niži nivo energije može osloboditi foton, uzrokujući moguće obojeni sjaj. </p><p>Elektron dalje od jezgre ima veću potencijalnu energiju od elektrona bliže jezgri, pa postaje manje vezan za jezgru, budući da je njegova potencijalna energija negativna i obrnuto ovisi o udaljenosti od jezgra. Obrnuti prijelazi elektrona za sve ove vrste pobuđenih molekula također se mogu vratiti u osnovno stanje, što se može označiti kao σ*&#160;→&#160;σ, π*&#160;→&#160;π, or π*&#160;→&#160;n. Tranzicija u nivou energije elektrona u molekuli može se kombinirati s <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vibracijska_tranzicija&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Vibracijska tranzicija (stranica ne postoji)">vibracijskim prijelazom</a> i nazvati <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vibronska_tranzicija&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Vibronska tranzicija (stranica ne postoji)">vibronska tranzicija</a>. Vibracijska i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rotacijska_tranzicija&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Rotacijska tranzicija (stranica ne postoji)">rotacijska tranzicija</a> mogu se kombinirati pomoću <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rotacijsko_spajanje&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Rotacijsko spajanje (stranica ne postoji)">rotacijskog spajanja</a>. U <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rovibronska_sprega&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Rovibronska sprega (stranica ne postoji)">rovinbronskoj sprezi</a>, tranzicija elektrona kombinira se istovremeno i sa vibracijskomm i rotacijskom tranzicijom. Fotoni koji učestvuju u tranzicijama mogu imati energiju različitih raspona u elektromagnetnom spektru, kao što su <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rendgen&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Rendgen (stranica ne postoji)">rendgen</a>, <a href="/wiki/UV-zrake" class="mw-redirect" title="UV-zrake">ultraljubičasto</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vidljivo_svjetlo&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Vidljivo svjetlo (stranica ne postoji)">vidljivo svjetlo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Infracrvena_svjetlost" class="mw-redirect" title="Infracrvena svjetlost">infracrveno</a> ili <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikrotalasn_zra%C4%8Denje&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Mikrotalasn zračenje (stranica ne postoji)">mikrotalasn zračenje</a>, ovisno o tipu tranzicije. Veoma općenito, razlike u nivou energije između elektronskih stanja su veće, razlike između nivoa vibracija su srednje, a razlike između nivoa rotacije su manje, iako se mogu preklapati. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Translacija_(fizika)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Translacija (fizika) (stranica ne postoji)">Translacijski</a> nivoi energije su praktično kontinuirani i mogu se izračunati kao kinetička energija korištenjem formula <a href="/wiki/Klasi%C4%8Dna_mehanika" title="Klasična mehanika">klasične mehanike</a>. </p><p>Viša <a href="/wiki/Temperatura" title="Temperatura">temperatura</a> dovodi do bržeg kretanja atoma i molekula fluida, povećavajući svoju translacijsku energiju i termički pobuđuje molekule na veće prosječne amplitude vibracijskog i rotacijskog načina (pobuđuje molekule na viši nivo unutrašnje energije). To znači da s porastom temperature translacijski, vibracijski i rotacijski doprinosi molekulskom <a href="/wiki/Toplotni_kapacitet" title="Toplotni kapacitet">toplotnom kapacitetu</a> dopuštaju molekulama da apsorbiraju toplotu i zadržavaju više <a href="/wiki/Unutra%C5%A1nja_energija" title="Unutrašnja energija">unutrašnje energije</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kondukcija&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kondukcija (stranica ne postoji)">Kondukcija</a> toplote obično se javlja dok se molekule ili atomi sudaraju, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Prenos_toplote&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Prenos toplote (stranica ne postoji)">prenoseći toplotu</a> međusobno. Čak i na višim temperaturama, elektroni se mogu termički pobuditi na više energetske orbitale u atomima ili molekulama. Kasniji pad elektrona na niži nivo energije može osloboditi <a href="/wiki/Foton" title="Foton">foton</a>, uzrokujući moguće obojeni sjaj. </p><p>Elektron dalje od jezgra ima veću potencijalnu energiju od elektrona bliže jezgru, pa postaje manje vezan za njega, budući da je njegova potencijalna energija negativna i obrnuto ovisi o udaljenosti od jezgra.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kristalni_materijali">Kristalni materijali</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energetski_nivo&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=15" title="Uredi odlomak &quot;Kristalni materijali&quot;" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energetski_nivo&amp;action=edit&amp;section=15" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Kristalni materijali"><span>uredi izvor</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Utvrđeno je da <a href="/wiki/Kristal" title="Kristal"> kristalni čvrsti materijal</a> ima <a href="/w/index.php?title=Energetski_opseg&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Energetski opseg (stranica ne postoji)">energetske opsege</a>, umjesto ili pored energetskih nivoa. Elektroni mogu preuzeti bilo koju energiju unutar nepopunjenog pojasa. U početku se čini da je ovo izuzetak od zahtjeva za nivoe energije. Međutim, kao što je prikazano u <a href="/w/index.php?title=Teorija_volumena&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Teorija volumena (stranica ne postoji)">teoriji volumena</a>, energetski pojasevi zapravo se sastoje od mnogih diskretnih energetskih nivoa, koji su preblizu da bi se razriješili. Unutar opsega, broj nivoa je reda broja atoma u kristalu, pa, iako su elektroni zapravo ograničeni na te energije, mogu poprimiti kontinuum vrijednosti. Važni nivoi energije u kristalu su pik <a href="/w/index.php?title=Opseg_valencije&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Opseg valencije (stranica ne postoji)">valencijskog opsega</a>, dno <a href="/w/index.php?title=Opseg_kondukcije&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Opseg kondukcije (stranica ne postoji)">provodnog opsega</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fermijev_nivo&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Fermijev nivo (stranica ne postoji)">Fermijev nivo</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nivo_vakuuma&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Nivo vakuuma (stranica ne postoji)">nivo vakuuma</a> i nivoi energije bilo kojeg <a href="/w/index.php?title=Defektno_stanje&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Defektno stanje (stranica ne postoji)">defektnog stanja</a> u kristalu. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Također_pogledajte"><span id="Tako.C4.91er_pogledajte"></span>Također pogledajte</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energetski_nivo&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=16" title="Uredi odlomak &quot;Također pogledajte&quot;" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energetski_nivo&amp;action=edit&amp;section=16" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Također pogledajte"><span>uredi izvor</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Teorija_perturbacije_(kvantna_mehanika)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Teorija perturbacije (kvantna mehanika) (stranica ne postoji)">Teorija perturbacije (kvantna mehanika)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ra%C4%8Dunarska_hemija&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Računarska hemija (stranica ne postoji)">Računarska hemija</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reference">Reference</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energetski_nivo&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=17" title="Uredi odlomak &quot;Reference&quot;" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energetski_nivo&amp;action=edit&amp;section=17" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Reference"><span>uredi izvor</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r3312388">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-madsci-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-madsci_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.madsci.org/posts/archives/1999-03/921736624.Ch.r.html">Re: Why do electron shells have set limits&#160;?</a> madsci.org, 17 March 1999, Dan Berger, Faculty Chemistry/Science, Bluffton College</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-corrosionsource.com-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-corrosionsource.com_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.corrosionsource.com/handbook/periodic/e_subshells.htm">Electron Subshells</a>. Corrosion Source. Retrieved on 1 December 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tipler-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tipler_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r3303350">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFTiplerMosca2004" class="citation book cs1">Tipler, Paul A.; Mosca, Gene (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/books/edition/Physics_for_Scientists_and_Engineers_Vol/R2Nuh3Ux1AwC?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;pg=PA1129&amp;dq=%22energy+level%22+%22standing+waves%22"><i>Physics for Scientists and Engineers, 5th Ed</i></a>. <b>2</b>. W. H. Freeman and Co. str.&#160;1129. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifikator)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Posebno:Knji%C5%BEni_izvori/0716708108" title="Posebno:Knjižni izvori/0716708108"><bdi>0716708108</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Physics+for+Scientists+and+Engineers%2C+5th+Ed.&amp;rft.pages=1129&amp;rft.pub=W.+H.+Freeman+and+Co.&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.isbn=0716708108&amp;rft.aulast=Tipler&amp;rft.aufirst=Paul+A.&amp;rft.au=Mosca%2C+Gene&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fbooks%2Fedition%2FPhysics_for_Scientists_and_Engineers_Vol%2FR2Nuh3Ux1AwC%3Fhl%3Den%26gbpv%3D1%26pg%3DPA1129%26dq%3D%2522energy%2Blevel%2522%2B%2522standing%2Bwaves%2522&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbs.wikipedia.org%3AEnergetski+nivo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chemguide-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-chemguide_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chemguide_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chemguide.co.uk/analysis/uvvisible/theory.html#top">UV-Visible Absorption Spectra</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chem.ucla.edu/~bacher/UV-vis/uv_vis_tetracyclone.html.html">Theory of Ultraviolet-Visible (UV-Vis) Spectroscopy</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r3303350"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100718111313/http://chemed.chem.wisc.edu/chempaths/GenChem-Textbook/Electron-Density-and-Potential-Energy-899.html">"Archived copy"</a>. Arhivirano s <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chemed.chem.wisc.edu/chempaths/GenChem-Textbook/Electron-Density-and-Potential-Energy-899.html">originala</a>, 18. 7. 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Pristupljeno 7. 10. 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Archived+copy&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchemed.chem.wisc.edu%2Fchempaths%2FGenChem-Textbook%2FElectron-Density-and-Potential-Energy-899.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbs.wikipedia.org%3AEnergetski+nivo" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 održavanje: arhivirana kopija u naslovu (<a href="/wiki/Kategorija:CS1_odr%C5%BEavanje:_arhivirana_kopija_u_naslovu" title="Kategorija:CS1 održavanje: arhivirana kopija u naslovu">link</a>)</span></span> </li> </ol></div></div></div><!--esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> --><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Preuzeto iz "<a dir="ltr" href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Energetski_nivo&amp;oldid=3497777">https://bs.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Energetski_nivo&amp;oldid=3497777</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Posebno:Kategorije" title="Posebno:Kategorije">Kategorije</a>: <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kategorija:Hemijska_svojstva&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kategorija:Hemijska svojstva (stranica ne postoji)">Hemijska svojstva</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:Atomska_fizika" title="Kategorija:Atomska fizika">Atomska fizika</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:Molekularna_fizika" title="Kategorija:Molekularna fizika">Molekularna fizika</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:Kvantna_hemija" title="Kategorija:Kvantna hemija">Kvantna hemija</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:Teorijska_hemija" title="Kategorija:Teorijska hemija">Teorijska hemija</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kategorija:Ra%C4%8Dunarska_hemija&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kategorija:Računarska hemija (stranica ne postoji)">Računarska hemija</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:Spektroskopija" title="Kategorija:Spektroskopija">Spektroskopija</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Sakrivena kategorija: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:CS1_odr%C5%BEavanje:_arhivirana_kopija_u_naslovu" title="Kategorija:CS1 održavanje: arhivirana kopija u naslovu">CS1 održavanje: arhivirana kopija u naslovu</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Ova stranica je posljednji put izmijenjena na datum 14 april 2023 u 14:39.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Tekst je dostupan pod <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/">slobodnom licencom Autorstvo-Dijeliti pod istim uvjetima</a>; mogu se primijeniti i dodatni uvjeti. 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