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<li id="toc-Establishment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Establishment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Establishment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Establishment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rivalry_with_Assyria_and_expansion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rivalry_with_Assyria_and_expansion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Rivalry with Assyria and expansion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rivalry_with_Assyria_and_expansion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decline_and_end" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decline_and_end"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Decline and end</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decline_and_end-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kings_of_Yamhad" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kings_of_Yamhad"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Kings of Yamhad</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kings_of_Yamhad-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-People_and_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#People_and_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>People and culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-People_and_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span 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Available in 27 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-27" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">27 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%AB%E1%88%9D%E1%8A%BB%E1%8B%B5" title="ያምኻድ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ያምኻድ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B6" title="يمحاض – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="يمحاض" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BC%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Ямхад – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ямхад" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iamkhad" title="Iamkhad – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Iamkhad" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamchad" title="Jamchad – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Jamchad" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamkhad" title="Yamkhad – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Yamkhad" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B6" title="یمحاض – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="یمحاض" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamhad" title="Yamhad – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Yamhad" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iamkhad" title="Iamkhad – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Iamkhad" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%96%8C%EC%B9%B4%EB%93%9C" title="얌카드 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="얌카드" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamkhad" title="Yamkhad – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Yamkhad" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%97%D7%93" title="ימחד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ימחד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamchadas" title="Jamchadas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Jamchadas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamhad" title="Jamhad – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Jamhad" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A4%E3%83%A0%E3%83%8F%E3%83%89" title="ヤムハド – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヤムハド" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamkhad" title="Yamkhad – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Yamkhad" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B6" title="یمحاض – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="یمحاض" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamhad" title="Jamhad – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Jamhad" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iamade" title="Iamade – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Iamade" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BC%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Ямхад – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ямхад" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamhad" title="Jamhad – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Jamhad" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Јамхад – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Јамхад" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamkhad" title="Yamkhad – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Yamkhad" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamhad" title="Yamhad – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Yamhad" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamhad" title="Yamhad – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yamhad" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BC%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Ямхад – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ямхад" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B6" title="یمحاض – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="یمحاض" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q617218#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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.ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Yamhad</div><div class="ib-country-names">Halab</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">c. 1810 BC–c. 1517 BC</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Yamhad_and_Vassals.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Yamhad at its greatest extent c. 1752 BC"><img alt="Yamhad at its greatest extent c. 1752 BC" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Yamhad_and_Vassals.png/250px-Yamhad_and_Vassals.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Yamhad_and_Vassals.png/375px-Yamhad_and_Vassals.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Yamhad_and_Vassals.png/500px-Yamhad_and_Vassals.png 2x" data-file-width="1325" data-file-height="1052" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">Yamhad at its greatest extent c. 1752 BC</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Halab" class="mw-redirect" title="Halab">Halab</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Amorite_language" title="Amorite language">Amorite</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Hurrian_language" title="Hurrian language">Hurrian</a> (<small>among <a href="/wiki/Hurrians" title="Hurrians">Hurrians</a></small>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Canaanite_religion" title="Canaanite religion">ancient Levantine religion</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hadad" title="Hadad">Hadad</a> was the chief deity)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalley200244_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalley200244-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">Absolute monarchy</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/King" title="King">King</a>, <a href="/wiki/Great_King" class="mw-redirect" title="Great King">Great King</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAstour1981[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid1A0OgvXfHlQCpgPA7_7]_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAstour1981[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid1A0OgvXfHlQCpgPA7_7]-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamblin2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidbiyDDd0uKGMCpgPT253_257]_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamblin2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidbiyDDd0uKGMCpgPT253_257]-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• c. 1810 – c. 1780 BC </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sumu-Epuh" title="Sumu-Epuh">Sumu-Epuh</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• c. 1780 – c. 1764 BC </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Yarim-Lim_I" title="Yarim-Lim I">Yarim-Lim I</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• mid. 16th century BC – c. 1524 BC </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ilim-Ilimma_I" title="Ilim-Ilimma I">Ilim-Ilimma I</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Historical era</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Established </div></th><td class="infobox-data">c. 1810 BC</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Disestablished </div></th><td class="infobox-data">c. 1517 BC</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area</th></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">1750 BC est.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAstour1981[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid1A0OgvXfHlQCpgPA7_7]_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAstour1981[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid1A0OgvXfHlQCpgPA7_7]-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th><td class="infobox-data">43,000 km<sup>2</sup> (17,000 sq mi)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ebla" title="Ebla">Ebla</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Mitanni" title="Mitanni">Mitanni</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Mitanni" title="Mitanni"><img alt="Royal seal of Šauštatar of Mitanni" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Royal_seal_of_%C5%A0au%C5%A1tatar_of_Mitanni.svg/50px-Royal_seal_of_%C5%A0au%C5%A1tatar_of_Mitanni.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Royal_seal_of_%C5%A0au%C5%A1tatar_of_Mitanni.svg/75px-Royal_seal_of_%C5%A0au%C5%A1tatar_of_Mitanni.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Royal_seal_of_%C5%A0au%C5%A1tatar_of_Mitanni.svg/100px-Royal_seal_of_%C5%A0au%C5%A1tatar_of_Mitanni.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="240" /></a></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Today part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Yamhad</b> (<b>Yamḫad</b>) was an ancient <a href="/wiki/Semitic_languages" title="Semitic languages">Semitic-speaking</a> kingdom centered on Ḥalab (<a href="/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo">Aleppo</a>) in <a href="/wiki/Syria_(region)" title="Syria (region)">Syria</a>. The kingdom emerged at the end of the 19th century BC and was ruled by the <a href="/wiki/Yamhad_dynasty" title="Yamhad dynasty">Yamhad dynasty</a>, who counted on both military and diplomacy to expand their realm. From the beginning of its establishment, the kingdom withstood the aggressions of its neighbors <a href="/wiki/Mari,_Syria" title="Mari, Syria">Mari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qatna" title="Qatna">Qatna</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Old_Assyrian_Empire#Amorite_Period_in_Assyria.2C_1809.E2.80.931750_BC" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Assyrian Empire">Old Assyrian Empire</a>, and was turned into the most powerful Syrian kingdom of its era through the actions of its king <a href="/wiki/Yarim-Lim_I" title="Yarim-Lim I">Yarim-Lim I</a>. By the middle of the 18th century BC, most of Syria minus the south came under the authority of Yamhad, either as a direct possession or through vassalage, and for nearly a century and a half, Yamhad dominated northern, northwestern and eastern Syria, and had influence over small kingdoms in <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> at the borders of <a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Elam</a>. The kingdom was eventually destroyed by the <a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittites</a>, then annexed by <a href="/wiki/Mitanni" title="Mitanni">Mitanni</a> in the 16th century BC. </p><p>Yamhad's population was predominately <a href="/wiki/Amorite" class="mw-redirect" title="Amorite">Amorite</a>, and had a typical <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> Syrian culture. Yamhad was also inhabited by a substantial <a href="/wiki/Hurrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurrian">Hurrian</a> population that settled in the kingdom, adding the influence of their culture. Yamhad controlled a wide trading network, being a gateway between the eastern <a href="/wiki/Iranian_plateau" title="Iranian plateau">Iranian plateau</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Aegean_civilizations" class="mw-redirect" title="Aegean civilizations">Aegean</a> region in the west. Yamhad worshiped the traditional <a href="/wiki/Canaanite_religion" title="Canaanite religion">Northwest Semitic</a> deities, and the capital Halab was considered a holy city among the other Syrian cities as a center of worship for <a href="/wiki/Hadad" title="Hadad">Hadad</a>, who was regarded as the main deity of northern Syria. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yamhad&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Little of Halab has been excavated by archaeologists, as Halab was never abandoned during its long history and the modern city is situated above the ancient site.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPioske2015[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidIrKgBgAAQBAJpgPA188_188]_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPioske2015[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidIrKgBgAAQBAJpgPA188_188]-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, most of the knowledge about Yamhad comes from tablets discovered at <a href="/wiki/Alalakh" title="Alalakh">Alalakh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mari,_Syria" title="Mari, Syria">Mari</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrabbe2007[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidIvfTAwAAQBAJpgPA58_58]_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrabbe2007[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidIvfTAwAAQBAJpgPA58_58]-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Establishment">Establishment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yamhad&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Establishment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The name Yamhad was likely an Amorite tribal name and is used synonymously with Halab when referring to the kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAstour1981[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid1A0OgvXfHlQCpgPA7_7]_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAstour1981[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid1A0OgvXfHlQCpgPA7_7]-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHawkins2000[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid6TwiY96cunQCpgPA388_388]_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHawkins2000[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid6TwiY96cunQCpgPA388_388]-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPfälzner2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidP5q7DDqMbF0CpgPA781_781]_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPfälzner2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidP5q7DDqMbF0CpgPA781_781]-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city of Halab was a religious center in northern Syria, and was mentioned by the name Ha-lam,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArchi1994[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidhFRwonqqNCUCpgPA250_250]_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArchi1994[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidhFRwonqqNCUCpgPA250_250]-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as a vassal of the <a href="/wiki/Ebla" title="Ebla">Eblaite</a> empire, which controlled most of Syria in the middle of the third millennium BC.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamblin2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidbiyDDd0uKGMCpgPT240_242]_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamblin2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidbiyDDd0uKGMCpgPT240_242]-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Halab's fame as a <a href="/wiki/Holy_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy City">Holy City</a> contributed to its later prominence;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeliu2003[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidIN9_IRYKKUMCpgPA192_192]_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeliu2003[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidIN9_IRYKKUMCpgPA192_192]-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOldenburg1969[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidhM8UAAAAIAAJpgPA65_65]_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOldenburg1969[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidhM8UAAAAIAAJpgPA65_65]-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the main temple of the north Syrian storm god <a href="/wiki/Hadad" title="Hadad">Hadad</a> was located in the city,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryce2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidXno9AgAAQBAJpgPA111_111]_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryce2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidXno9AgAAQBAJpgPA111_111]-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was known as the "City of Hadad".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeliu2003[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidIN9_IRYKKUMCpgPA192_192]_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeliu2003[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidIN9_IRYKKUMCpgPA192_192]-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The name Halab as well as that of Yamhad appeared for the first time during the <a href="/wiki/Babylonia#First_Babylonian_dynasty_–_Amorite_dynasty,_1894–1595_BC" title="Babylonia">Old Babylonian</a> period,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHawkins2000[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid6TwiY96cunQCpgPA388_388]_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHawkins2000[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid6TwiY96cunQCpgPA388_388]-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when <a href="/wiki/Sumu-Epuh" title="Sumu-Epuh">Sumu-Epuh</a>, the first Yamhadite king, was attested in a seal from <a href="/wiki/Mari,_Syria" title="Mari, Syria">Mari</a> as the ruler of the land of Yamhad,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrayne1990[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidu2nUT_RtyQ8CpgPA780_780]_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrayne1990[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidu2nUT_RtyQ8CpgPA780_780]-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which included, in addition to Halab, the cities of <a href="/wiki/Alalakh" title="Alalakh">Alalakh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Umm_el-Marra" title="Umm el-Marra">Tuba</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1995[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid74JI2UlcU8ACpgPA10_10]_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1995[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid74JI2UlcU8ACpgPA10_10]-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwartz2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid2aq43z3at0wCpgPA376_376]_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwartz2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid2aq43z3at0wCpgPA376_376]-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sumu-Epuh consolidated the kingdom and faced <a href="/wiki/Yahdun-Lim" title="Yahdun-Lim">Yahdun-Lim</a> of Mari who had a <a href="/wiki/Royal_intermarriage" title="Royal intermarriage">dynastic alliance</a> with Yamhad to oppose Assyria,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiverani2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0d1JAgAAQBAJpgPA225_225],_226_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiverani2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0d1JAgAAQBAJpgPA225_225],_226-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but eventually campaigned in the north threatening the kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWossink2009[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidOy4xUpsa7DkCpgPA128_128]_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWossink2009[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidOy4xUpsa7DkCpgPA128_128]-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Yamhadite king supported the <a href="/wiki/Mari,_Syria#People.2C_language_and_government" title="Mari, Syria">Yaminite tribes</a> and formed an alliance with other Syrian states including <a href="/wiki/Urshu" title="Urshu">Urshu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khashshum" class="mw-redirect" title="Khashshum">Hassum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carchemish" title="Carchemish">Carchemish</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESasson1969[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidKYxxmRoTfsQCpgPA45_45]_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESasson1969[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidKYxxmRoTfsQCpgPA45_45]-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWu1994131_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWu1994131-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> against the Mariote king who defeated his enemies,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrayne1990[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidu2nUT_RtyQ8CpgPA606_606]_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrayne1990[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidu2nUT_RtyQ8CpgPA606_606]-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who was eventually killed by his own son Sumu-Yamam.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPitard2001[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid4DVHJRFW3mYCpgPA39_39]_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPitard2001[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid4DVHJRFW3mYCpgPA39_39]-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rivalry_with_Assyria_and_expansion">Rivalry with Assyria and expansion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yamhad&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Rivalry with Assyria and expansion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cuneiform_legal_tablet_in_case_from_Aleppo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Cuneiform_legal_tablet_in_case_from_Aleppo.jpg/160px-Cuneiform_legal_tablet_in_case_from_Aleppo.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Cuneiform_legal_tablet_in_case_from_Aleppo.jpg/240px-Cuneiform_legal_tablet_in_case_from_Aleppo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Cuneiform_legal_tablet_in_case_from_Aleppo.jpg/320px-Cuneiform_legal_tablet_in_case_from_Aleppo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="947" data-file-height="1511" /></a><figcaption>Legal case from <a href="/wiki/Niqmi-Epuh" title="Niqmi-Epuh">Niqmi-Epuh</a> of Yamhad, to the king of Alalakh.</figcaption></figure> <p>The rise of <a href="/wiki/Shamshi-Adad_I" title="Shamshi-Adad I">Shamshi-Adad I</a> of Assyria proved more dangerous to Yamhad than Mari. The Amorite king of Assyria was an ambitious conqueror with the aim to rule Mesopotamia and the Levant, and styled himself as "king of the world".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwartz2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0H0EpSm8aioCpgPA9_9]_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwartz2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0H0EpSm8aioCpgPA9_9]-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shamshi-Adad surrounded Yamhad by way of alliances with Charchemish, Hassum and Urshu to the north and by conquering Mari to the east, forcing <a href="/wiki/Zimri-Lim" title="Zimri-Lim">Zimri-Lim</a> the heir of Mari to flee. Sumu-Epuh welcomed Zimri-Lim and aimed to use him against Assyria since he was the legitimate heir of Mari.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPitard2001[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid4DVHJRFW3mYCpgPA39_39]_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPitard2001[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid4DVHJRFW3mYCpgPA39_39]-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shamshi-Adad's most dangerous alliance was with <a href="/wiki/Qatna" title="Qatna">Qatna</a>, whose king <a href="/wiki/Ishi-Addu" title="Ishi-Addu">Ishi-Addu</a> became Assyria's agent at Yamhad's borders and married his daughter to <a href="/wiki/Yasmah-Adad" title="Yasmah-Adad">Yasmah-Adad</a>, the son of the Assyrian king who was installed by his father as king of Mari.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiverani2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0d1JAgAAQBAJpgPA234_234]_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiverani2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0d1JAgAAQBAJpgPA234_234]-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sumu-Epuh was apparently killed during his fight with Shamshi-Adad and was succeeded by his son <a href="/wiki/Yarim-Lim_I" title="Yarim-Lim I">Yarim-Lim I</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryce2009[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidE1aF0hq1GR8CpgPA773_773]_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryce2009[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidE1aF0hq1GR8CpgPA773_773]-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who consolidated his father's kingdom and turned it into the most powerful kingdom in Syria and northern Mesopotamia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalley200244_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalley200244-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatthiae2003[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidkiWD_5PRQBUCpgPA383_383]_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthiae2003[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidkiWD_5PRQBUCpgPA383_383]-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPitard2001[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid4DVHJRFW3mYCpgPA40_40]_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPitard2001[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid4DVHJRFW3mYCpgPA40_40]-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yarim-Lim surrounded Shamshi-Adad by alliances with <a href="/wiki/Hammurabi" title="Hammurabi">Hammurabi</a> of Babylon and <a href="/wiki/Ibal-pi-el_II" title="Ibal-pi-el II">Ibal-pi-el II</a> of <a href="/wiki/Eshnunna" title="Eshnunna">Eshnunna</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamblin2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidbiyDDd0uKGMCpgPT254_259]_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamblin2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidbiyDDd0uKGMCpgPT254_259]-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> then in 1777 BC he advanced to the east conquering <a href="/wiki/Tuttul" title="Tuttul">Tuttul</a> and installing Zimri-Lim as governor of the city.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamblin2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidbiyDDd0uKGMCpgPT254_259]_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamblin2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidbiyDDd0uKGMCpgPT254_259]-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The death of the Assyrian king came a year later.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamblin2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidbiyDDd0uKGMCpgPT254_259]_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamblin2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidbiyDDd0uKGMCpgPT254_259]-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yarim-Lim then sent his army with Zimri-Lim, to restore his ancestors throne as an ally-vassal to Yamhad,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamblin2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidbiyDDd0uKGMCpgPT254_259]_27-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamblin2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidbiyDDd0uKGMCpgPT254_259]-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> cementing the relationship through a dynastic marriage between the new Mariote king and <a href="/wiki/Shibtu" title="Shibtu">Shibtu</a>, the daughter of Yarim-Lim.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECharpin2011[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidNvgz3NOuo5ECpgPA257_257]_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECharpin2011[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidNvgz3NOuo5ECpgPA257_257]-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatleft" style="width:30em; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>"There is no king who is mighty by himself. Ten or fifteen kings follow <a href="/wiki/Hammurabi" title="Hammurabi">Hammurabi</a> the ruler of <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a>, a like number of <a href="/wiki/Rim-Sin_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Rim-Sin I">Rim-Sin</a> of <a href="/wiki/Larsa" title="Larsa">Larsa</a>, a like number of Ibal-pi-el of <a href="/wiki/Eshnunna" title="Eshnunna">Eshnunna</a>, a like number of Amud-pi-el of <a href="/wiki/Qatna" title="Qatna">Qatanum</a>, but twenty follow Yarim-Lim of Yamhad." </p> </blockquote> <p style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">A tablet sent to Zimri-Lim of Mari, describing Yarim-Lim I authority.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalley200244_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalley200244-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></p> </div> <p>Yarim-Lim spent the next years of his reign expanding the kingdom, which reached <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mamma_(kingdom)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mamma (kingdom) (page does not exist)">Mamma</a> in the north.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDodd2007[httpswwwacademiaedu925021Strategies_for_Future_Success_Remembering_the_Hittites_during_the_Iron_Age_210]_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDodd2007[httpswwwacademiaedu925021Strategies_for_Future_Success_Remembering_the_Hittites_during_the_Iron_Age_210]-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Syrian city-states were subdued through alliances or force; Mamma, <a href="/wiki/Ebla" title="Ebla">Ebla</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ugarit" title="Ugarit">Ugarit</a> became vassals of Yamhad,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAstour1981[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid1A0OgvXfHlQCpgPA7_7]_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAstour1981[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid1A0OgvXfHlQCpgPA7_7]-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThuesen2000[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid8qvY8pxVxcwCpgPA61_61]_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThuesen2000[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid8qvY8pxVxcwCpgPA61_61]-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while <a href="/wiki/Qatna" title="Qatna">Qatna</a> remained independent but came to peace with Yamhad following the death of its ally, the late Shamshi-Adad I.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiverani2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0d1JAgAAQBAJpgPA234_234]_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiverani2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0d1JAgAAQBAJpgPA234_234]-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A sample of Yarim-Lim policy of diplomacy and war can be read in a tablet discovered at Mari, that was sent to the king of <a href="/wiki/Der_(Sumer)" title="Der (Sumer)">Dēr</a> in southern Mesopotamia, which included a declaration of war against Der and its neighbor <a href="/wiki/Diniktum" title="Diniktum">Diniktum</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESasson1969[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidKYxxmRoTfsQCpgPA2_2]_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESasson1969[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidKYxxmRoTfsQCpgPA2_2]-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the tablet mentions the stationing of 500 Yamhadite warships for twelve years in Diniktum, and the Yamhadite military support of Der for 15 years.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESasson1969[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidKYxxmRoTfsQCpgPA2_2]_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESasson1969[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidKYxxmRoTfsQCpgPA2_2]-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yarim-Lim's accomplishments elevated Yamhad into the status of a Great Kingdom and the Yamhadite king title became the <a href="/wiki/Great_King" class="mw-redirect" title="Great King">Great King</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAstour1981[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid1A0OgvXfHlQCpgPA7_7]_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAstour1981[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid1A0OgvXfHlQCpgPA7_7]-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiverani2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0d1JAgAAQBAJpgPA234_234]_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiverani2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0d1JAgAAQBAJpgPA234_234]-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Yarim-Lim I was succeeded by his son <a href="/wiki/Hammurabi_I" title="Hammurabi I">Hammurabi I</a> who had a peaceful reign.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamblin2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidbiyDDd0uKGMCpgPT254_259]_27-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamblin2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidbiyDDd0uKGMCpgPT254_259]-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was able to force Charchemish into submission,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamblin2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidbiyDDd0uKGMCpgPT254_259]_27-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamblin2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidbiyDDd0uKGMCpgPT254_259]-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and sent troops to aid Hammurabi of Babylon against <a href="/wiki/Larsa" title="Larsa">Larsa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Elam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECharpin2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksideCO17x85ymgCpgPA102_102]_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECharpin2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksideCO17x85ymgCpgPA102_102]-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The alliance ended after the Babylonian king sacked Mari and destroyed it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiverani2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0d1JAgAAQBAJpgPA234_234]_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiverani2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0d1JAgAAQBAJpgPA234_234]-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Babylon did not attack Yamhad, however, and the relations between the two kingdoms remained peaceful in later years;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiverani2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0d1JAgAAQBAJpgPA234_234]_23-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiverani2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0d1JAgAAQBAJpgPA234_234]-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the power vacuum caused by Mari's fall opened the way for Hammurabi to extend Yamhad's hegemony over the upper <a href="/wiki/Khabur_(Euphrates)" title="Khabur (Euphrates)">Khabur</a> valley in the east, where the ruler of <a href="/wiki/Tell_Leilan" title="Tell Leilan">Shubat Enlil</a> became his vassal.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELauinger2015[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidxDq2CAAAQBAJpgPA6_6]_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELauinger2015[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidxDq2CAAAQBAJpgPA6_6]-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hammurabi I was succeeded by his son <a href="/wiki/Abba-El_I" title="Abba-El I">Abba-El I</a>, whose reign witnessed the rebellion of the city <a href="/wiki/Irridu" title="Irridu">Irridu</a>, which was under the authority of prince <a href="/wiki/Yarim-Lim_of_Alalakh" title="Yarim-Lim of Alalakh">Yarim-Lim</a>, Abba-El's brother.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamblin2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidbiyDDd0uKGMCpgPT255_260]_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamblin2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidbiyDDd0uKGMCpgPT255_260]-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The king responded to the rebellion by destroying Irridu, and compensating his brother by giving him the throne of Alalakh, thus creating a cadet branch of the dynasty.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamblin2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidbiyDDd0uKGMCpgPT255_260]_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamblin2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidbiyDDd0uKGMCpgPT255_260]-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decline_and_end">Decline and end</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yamhad&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Decline and end"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:God_Head_Djabul_Louvre_AO10831.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/God_Head_Djabul_Louvre_AO10831.jpg/160px-God_Head_Djabul_Louvre_AO10831.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/God_Head_Djabul_Louvre_AO10831.jpg/240px-God_Head_Djabul_Louvre_AO10831.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/God_Head_Djabul_Louvre_AO10831.jpg/320px-God_Head_Djabul_Louvre_AO10831.jpg 2x" data-file-width="861" data-file-height="1304" /></a><figcaption>God head, discovered near <a href="/wiki/Sabkhat_al-Jabbul" title="Sabkhat al-Jabbul">Jabbul</a> (c. 1600 BC).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClaire2017_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClaire2017-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The era of Abba-El I's successors is poorly documented,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamblin2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidbiyDDd0uKGMCpgPT255_260]_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamblin2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidbiyDDd0uKGMCpgPT255_260]-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and by the time of <a href="/wiki/Yarim-Lim_III" title="Yarim-Lim III">Yarim-Lim III</a> in the mid-17th century BC, the power of Yamhad declined due to internal dissent.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiseman1967121_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiseman1967121-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1995[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid74JI2UlcU8ACpgPA12_12]_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1995[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid74JI2UlcU8ACpgPA12_12]-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yarim-Lim III ruled a weakened kingdom, and although he imposed Yamhadite hegemony over Qatna,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamblin2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidbiyDDd0uKGMCpgPT255_260]_34-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamblin2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidbiyDDd0uKGMCpgPT255_260]-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the weakening was obvious as Alalakh had become all but independent under the self-declared king <a href="/wiki/Ammitakum" class="mw-redirect" title="Ammitakum">Ammitakum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiseman1967121_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiseman1967121-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In spite of this regression, the king of Yamhad remained the strongest king of the Syrian states, as he was referred to as a <a href="/wiki/Great_King" class="mw-redirect" title="Great King">Great King</a> by the Hittites,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPitard2001[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid4DVHJRFW3mYCpgPA40_40]_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPitard2001[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid4DVHJRFW3mYCpgPA40_40]-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the diplomatic equal of the Hittite king.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamblin2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidbiyDDd0uKGMCpgPT254_258]_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamblin2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidbiyDDd0uKGMCpgPT254_258]-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The rise of the <a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittite</a> kingdom in the north posed the biggest threat to Yamhad,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryce2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidXno9AgAAQBAJpgPA27_27]_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryce2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidXno9AgAAQBAJpgPA27_27]-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although Yarim-Lim III and his successor <a href="/wiki/Hammurabi_III" title="Hammurabi III">Hammurabi III</a> were able to withstand the aggressions of the Hittite king <a href="/wiki/Hattusili_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Hattusili I">Hattusili I</a> through alliances with the Hurrian principalities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamblin2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidbiyDDd0uKGMCpgPT255_260]_34-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamblin2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidbiyDDd0uKGMCpgPT255_260]-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hattusili chose not to attack Halab directly and began with conquering Yamhad's vassals and allies, starting with Alalakh in the second year of his Syrian campaigns c. 1650 BC (<a href="/wiki/Middle_chronology" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle chronology">Middle chronology</a>) or slightly later.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiverani2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0d1JAgAAQBAJpgPA260_260]_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiverani2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0d1JAgAAQBAJpgPA260_260]-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollon1995[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRTGc9YH-C38CpgPA97_97]_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollon1995[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRTGc9YH-C38CpgPA97_97]-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hattusili then turned to attack the Hurrians in <a href="/wiki/Urshu" title="Urshu">Urshu</a> northeast of Halab, and won in spite of military support from Halab and Carchemish for the Hurrians.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamblin2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidbiyDDd0uKGMCpgPT289_298],_299_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamblin2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidbiyDDd0uKGMCpgPT289_298],_299-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Hittite king then defeated Yamhad in the battle of Mount Atalur,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryce1999[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidAgg5-lpVI2MCpgPA83_83]_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryce1999[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidAgg5-lpVI2MCpgPA83_83]-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and sacked Hassum along with several other Hurrian cities in the sixth year of his Syrian wars.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiverani2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0d1JAgAAQBAJpgPA260_260]_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiverani2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0d1JAgAAQBAJpgPA260_260]-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After many campaigns, Hattusili I finally attacked Halab during the reign of Hammurabi III. The attack ended in a defeat, the wounding of the Hittite king and his later death c. 1620 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryce2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidXno9AgAAQBAJpgPA29_29]_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryce2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidXno9AgAAQBAJpgPA29_29]-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurney2004[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidazPl5Jzv930CpgPA107_107]_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurney2004[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidazPl5Jzv930CpgPA107_107]-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hattusili's campaigns considerably weakened Yamhad, causing it to decline in status: the monarch ceased to be styled a Great King.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryce1999[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidAgg5-lpVI2MCpgPA152_152]_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryce1999[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidAgg5-lpVI2MCpgPA152_152]-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hattusili was succeeded by his grandson <a href="/wiki/Mursili_I" title="Mursili I">Mursili I</a>, who conquered Halab c. 1600 BC and destroyed Yamhad as a major power in the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamblin2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidbiyDDd0uKGMCpgPT256_260]_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamblin2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidbiyDDd0uKGMCpgPT256_260]-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mursili then left for <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a> and sacked it, but was assassinated upon his return to his capital <a href="/wiki/Hattusa" title="Hattusa">Hattusa</a>, and his empire disintegrated.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidTb4mzSQ2nJoCpgPA3_3]_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidTb4mzSQ2nJoCpgPA3_3]-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Halab was rebuilt and the kingdom expanded to include Alalakh again.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryce1999[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidAgg5-lpVI2MCpgPA126_126]_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryce1999[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidAgg5-lpVI2MCpgPA126_126]-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The reestablished kingdom was ruled by kings of whom nothing but their names is known; the first is <a href="/wiki/Sarra-El" title="Sarra-El">Sarra-El</a>, who might have been the son of Yarim-Lim III.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAstour1969[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidCMR5C12GOF8CpgPA382_382]_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAstour1969[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidCMR5C12GOF8CpgPA382_382]-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The last king of the dynasty to rule as king of Halab was <a href="/wiki/Ilim-Ilimma_I" title="Ilim-Ilimma I">Ilim-Ilimma I</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrower1973[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidFF5-7JVj4jYCpgPA433_433]_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrower1973[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidFF5-7JVj4jYCpgPA433_433]-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whose reign ended c. 1524 when he was killed during a rebellion orchestrated by king <a href="/wiki/Parshatatar" class="mw-redirect" title="Parshatatar">Parshatatar</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mitanni" title="Mitanni">Mitanni</a> who annexed Halab.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollon1995[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRTGc9YH-C38CpgPA109_109]_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollon1995[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRTGc9YH-C38CpgPA109_109]-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAstour198992_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAstour198992-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ilim-Ilimma's son, <a href="/wiki/Idrimi" title="Idrimi">Idrimi</a>, fled to <a href="/wiki/Emar" title="Emar">Emar</a> then conquered Alalakh c. 1517 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollon1995[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRTGc9YH-C38CpgPA109_109]_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollon1995[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRTGc9YH-C38CpgPA109_109]-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAstour198992_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAstour198992-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Seven years following his conquest of Alalakh, Idrimi made peace with Mitanni and was acknowledged as a vassal,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPodany2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid_ez3ih5JgzUCpgPA136_136]_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPodany2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid_ez3ih5JgzUCpgPA136_136]-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and allowed to control Halab, though he had to relocate the dynasty's residence to Alalakh and relinquish the title of "King of Halab"; the use of the name Yamhad also ended.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAstour1981[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid1A0OgvXfHlQCpgPA9_9]_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAstour1981[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid1A0OgvXfHlQCpgPA9_9]-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kings_of_Yamhad">Kings of Yamhad</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yamhad&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Kings of Yamhad"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dates are estimated and given by the <a href="/wiki/Middle_chronology" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle chronology">Middle chronology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamblin2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidbiyDDd0uKGMCpgPT254_258]_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamblin2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidbiyDDd0uKGMCpgPT254_258]-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abba-El_I_seal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Abba-El_I_seal.jpg/220px-Abba-El_I_seal.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Abba-El_I_seal.jpg/330px-Abba-El_I_seal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Abba-El_I_seal.jpg/440px-Abba-El_I_seal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3136" data-file-height="1984" /></a><figcaption>Abba-El I seal.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Niqmi-Epuh_Seal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Niqmi-Epuh_Seal.jpg/220px-Niqmi-Epuh_Seal.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Niqmi-Epuh_Seal.jpg/330px-Niqmi-Epuh_Seal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Niqmi-Epuh_Seal.jpg/440px-Niqmi-Epuh_Seal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2952" data-file-height="1808" /></a><figcaption>Niqmi-Epuh seal.</figcaption></figure> <table class="nowraplinks" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" rules="all" style="background:#fbfbfb; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; font-size:90%; empty-cells:show; border-collapse:collapse"> <tbody><tr style="background:#f6e6ae;"> <th>King</th> <th>Reigned</th> <th>Title</th> <th>Relation to Previous King </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sumu-Epuh" title="Sumu-Epuh">Sumu-Epuh</a></td> <td>c. 1810 BC – c. 1780 BC</td> <td>King</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Yarim-Lim_I" title="Yarim-Lim I">Yarim-Lim I</a></td> <td>c. 1780 BC – c. 1764 BC</td> <td>Great King</td> <td>Son.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiverani2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0d1JAgAAQBAJpgPA234_234]_23-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiverani2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0d1JAgAAQBAJpgPA234_234]-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hammurabi_I" title="Hammurabi I">Hammurabi I</a></td> <td>c. 1764 BC – c. 1750 BC</td> <td>Great King</td> <td>Son.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrayne1990[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidu2nUT_RtyQ8CpgPA783_783]_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrayne1990[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidu2nUT_RtyQ8CpgPA783_783]-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Abba-El_I" title="Abba-El I">Abba-El I</a></td> <td>c. 1750 BC – c. 1720 BC</td> <td>Great King</td> <td>Son.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETeissier1996[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidoiSoxUE_Vn0CpgPA28_28]_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETeissier1996[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidoiSoxUE_Vn0CpgPA28_28]-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Yarim-Lim_II" title="Yarim-Lim II">Yarim-Lim II</a></td> <td>c. 1720 BC – c. 1700 BC</td> <td>Great King</td> <td>Son.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrayne1990[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidu2nUT_RtyQ8CpgPA788_788]_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrayne1990[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidu2nUT_RtyQ8CpgPA788_788]-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Niqmi-Epuh" title="Niqmi-Epuh">Niqmi-Epuh</a></td> <td>c. 1700 BC – c. 1675 BC</td> <td>Great King</td> <td>Son.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrayne1990[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidu2nUT_RtyQ8CpgPA792_792]_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrayne1990[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidu2nUT_RtyQ8CpgPA792_792]-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Irkabtum" title="Irkabtum">Irkabtum</a></td> <td>c. 1675 BC – Mid-17th century BC</td> <td>Great King</td> <td>Son.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETeissier1996[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidoiSoxUE_Vn0CpgPA26_26]_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETeissier1996[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidoiSoxUE_Vn0CpgPA26_26]-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hammurabi_II" title="Hammurabi II">Hammurabi II</a></td> <td>Mid-17th century BC</td> <td>Great King</td> <td>Possible brother.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Soldt2000106_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Soldt2000106-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Yarim-Lim_III" title="Yarim-Lim III">Yarim-Lim III</a></td> <td>Mid-17th century BC – c. 1625 BC</td> <td>Great King</td> <td>Brother of Irkabtum.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrayne1990[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidu2nUT_RtyQ8CpgPA795_795]_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrayne1990[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidu2nUT_RtyQ8CpgPA795_795]-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hammurabi_III" title="Hammurabi III">Hammurabi III</a></td> <td>c. 1625 BC – c. 1600 BC</td> <td>King</td> <td>Son.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Soldt2000107_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Soldt2000107-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sarra-El" title="Sarra-El">Sarra-El</a></td> <td>Early 16th century BC</td> <td>King</td> <td>Possible son of Yarim-Lim III.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAstour1969[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidCMR5C12GOF8CpgPA382_382]_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAstour1969[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidCMR5C12GOF8CpgPA382_382]-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Abba-El_II" title="Abba-El II">Abba-El II</a></td> <td>Mid-16th century BC</td> <td>King</td> <td>Son.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAstour1969[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidCMR5C12GOF8CpgPA382_382]_50-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAstour1969[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidCMR5C12GOF8CpgPA382_382]-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ilim-Ilimma_I" title="Ilim-Ilimma I">Ilim-Ilimma I</a></td> <td>c. 1524 – c. 1517 BC</td> <td>King</td> <td>Possible son.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAstour198919_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAstour198919-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="People_and_culture">People and culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yamhad&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: People and culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abba-El_II_seal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Abba-El_II_seal.jpg/220px-Abba-El_II_seal.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Abba-El_II_seal.jpg/330px-Abba-El_II_seal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Abba-El_II_seal.jpg/440px-Abba-El_II_seal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2664" data-file-height="1964" /></a><figcaption>Seal of Abba-El II: the Egyptian <a href="/wiki/Ankh" title="Ankh">ankh</a> was a replacement for the cup usually held by the deity.</figcaption></figure> <p>The people of Yamhad were Amorites and spoke the <a href="/wiki/Amorite_language" title="Amorite language">Amorite language</a>, and apart from a few Mesopotamian, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Egyptian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aegean_civilizations" class="mw-redirect" title="Aegean civilizations">Aegean</a> influences,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwartz2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0H0EpSm8aioCpgPA3_3]_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwartz2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0H0EpSm8aioCpgPA3_3]-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwartz2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0H0EpSm8aioCpgPA10_10]_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwartz2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0H0EpSm8aioCpgPA10_10]-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yamhad belonged mainly to middle Bronze Age Syrian culture.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiverani2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0d1JAgAAQBAJpgPA232_232]_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiverani2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0d1JAgAAQBAJpgPA232_232]-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This culture influenced the architecture and the functions of the temples, which were mainly cultic, while political authority was invested in the royal palace, in contrast to the important political role of the temples in Mesopotamia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiverani2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0d1JAgAAQBAJpgPA232_232]_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiverani2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0d1JAgAAQBAJpgPA232_232]-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since the capital Halab has not been excavated, the architecture of the kingdom is archaeologically best represented by the city of Alalakh,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeldman2007[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid_7kP_hNKHxICpgPA55_55]_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeldman2007[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid_7kP_hNKHxICpgPA55_55]-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was subordinate to Halab and ruled by a king belonging to the Yamhadite royal house.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Soldt2000109_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Soldt2000109-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Amorites in general built large palaces that bear architectural similarities to old Babylonian-era palaces. They were adorned with grand central courtyards, throne rooms, tiled floors, drainage systems and plastered walls, which suggest the employment of specialized labor.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurke2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid5H4fAgAAQBAJpgPT434_409]_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurke2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid5H4fAgAAQBAJpgPT434_409]-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Evidence exists for the presence of Minoan Aegean fresco artists who painted elaborate scenes on the walls of the palaces in Alalakh.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurke2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid5H4fAgAAQBAJpgPT434_409]_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurke2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid5H4fAgAAQBAJpgPT434_409]-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Yamhad had a distinctive Syrian iconography, which is clear in the seals of the kings that gave prominence to the Syrian gods. Egyptian influence was minimal and limited to the <a href="/wiki/Ankh" title="Ankh">ankh</a>, which cannot be interpreted as an emulation of Egyptian rituals but rather as merely a substitute for the cup held by the deity elsewhere.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETeissier1996[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidoiSoxUE_Vn0CpgPA38_38]_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETeissier1996[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidoiSoxUE_Vn0CpgPA38_38]-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yamhad had a special pattern of trim called the Yamhad style, which was favored in Mari during the reign of king Zimri-Lim, whose queen Shibtu was the daughter of Yarim-Lim I.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalley200251_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalley200251-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the fall of the <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hurrians" title="Hurrians">Hurrians</a> began to settle in the city and its surroundings,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOwen2000[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidqRtUqxkB7wkCpgPA618_618]_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwen2000[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidqRtUqxkB7wkCpgPA618_618]-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and by c. 1725 BC they constituted a sizable portion of the population.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENathanson2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidodCmAQAAQBAJpgPA72_72]_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENathanson2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidodCmAQAAQBAJpgPA72_72]-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The presence of a large Hurrian population brought Hurrian culture and religion to Halab, as evidenced by the existence of certain religious festivals that bear Hurrian names.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKupper1973[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidFF5-7JVj4jYCpgPA41_41]_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKupper1973[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidFF5-7JVj4jYCpgPA41_41]-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yamhad&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Halab's location has always been a factor in its prominence as an economic center.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZohar2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidledLAQAAQBAJpgPA95_95]_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZohar2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidledLAQAAQBAJpgPA95_95]-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yamhad's economy was based on trade with the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Plateau" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Plateau">Iranian Plateau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESicker2003[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidjcHDu8hwvyECpgPA32_32]_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESicker2003[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidjcHDu8hwvyECpgPA32_32]-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the city of <a href="/wiki/Emar" title="Emar">Emar</a> as its port on the <a href="/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates">Euphrates</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiverani2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0d1JAgAAQBAJpgPA234_234]_23-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiverani2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0d1JAgAAQBAJpgPA234_234]-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPruzsinszky2007[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid_7kP_hNKHxICpgPA23_23]_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPruzsinszky2007[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid_7kP_hNKHxICpgPA23_23]-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Alalakh with its proximity to the sea as its port on the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1995[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid74JI2UlcU8ACpgPA10_10]_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1995[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid74JI2UlcU8ACpgPA10_10]-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The actions of Yarim-Lim I and his alliance with Babylon proved vital for the kingdom's economy, for they secured the trade between Mesopotamia and northern Syria, with the king of Mari protecting the caravans crossing from the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a> to <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Koppen2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidakYorRIWPBECpgPA212_212]_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Koppen2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidakYorRIWPBECpgPA212_212]-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Emar attracted many Babylonian merchants, who lived in the city and had a lasting impact on the local scribal conventions. As late as the 14th century BC, texts of the so-called Syrian type from Emar preserve distinct Babylonian traits.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Koppen2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidakYorRIWPBECpgPA212_212]_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Koppen2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidakYorRIWPBECpgPA212_212]-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The markets of Yamhad became a source of copper, which was imported from the mountains (probably Anatolian) and Cyprus.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Koppen2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidakYorRIWPBECpgPA213_213]_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Koppen2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidakYorRIWPBECpgPA213_213]-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the Babylonian invasion of Mari had a negative impact on the trade between the two kingdoms,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Koppen2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidakYorRIWPBECpgPA212_212]_79-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Koppen2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidakYorRIWPBECpgPA212_212]-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as the road became dangerous because of the loss of Mari's protection to the caravans.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Koppen2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidakYorRIWPBECpgPA212_212]_79-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Koppen2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidakYorRIWPBECpgPA212_212]-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This led the Babylonian king <a href="/wiki/Samsu-iluna" title="Samsu-iluna">Samsu-iluna</a> to build many strongholds up the river valley, and to establish colonies of mercenaries known as the "Kassite Houses" to protect the middle Euphrates area.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Koppen2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidakYorRIWPBECpgPA212_212]_79-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Koppen2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidakYorRIWPBECpgPA212_212]-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those colonies later evolved into semi-independent polities that waged a war against the Babylonian king <a href="/wiki/Ammi-Saduqa" title="Ammi-Saduqa">Ammi-Saduqa</a> and caused the trade temporarily to stop.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Koppen2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidakYorRIWPBECpgPA212_212]_79-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Koppen2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidakYorRIWPBECpgPA212_212]-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion">Religion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yamhad&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Udgravning_(Citadellet_Aleppo).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Udgravning_%28Citadellet_Aleppo%29.jpg/220px-Udgravning_%28Citadellet_Aleppo%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Udgravning_%28Citadellet_Aleppo%29.jpg/330px-Udgravning_%28Citadellet_Aleppo%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Udgravning_%28Citadellet_Aleppo%29.jpg/440px-Udgravning_%28Citadellet_Aleppo%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1210" data-file-height="908" /></a><figcaption>Hadad Temple, <a href="/wiki/Aleppo_Citadel" class="mw-redirect" title="Aleppo Citadel">Aleppo Citadel</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The people of Yamhad practiced the <a href="/wiki/Canaanite_religion" title="Canaanite religion">Amorite religion</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoster2009[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidpR3RJwwCW2YCpgPA148_148]_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoster2009[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidpR3RJwwCW2YCpgPA148_148]-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and mainly worshiped the <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Semitic_languages" title="Northwest Semitic languages">Northwest Semitic</a> deities. The most important of these were <a href="/wiki/Dagon" title="Dagon">Dagon</a>, who was considered the father of the gods,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFleming2000[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidmN6pOFeouXICpgPA90_90]_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFleming2000[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidmN6pOFeouXICpgPA90_90]-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Hadad" title="Hadad">Hadad</a>, who was the most important deity and the head of the <a href="/wiki/Pantheon_(gods)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pantheon (gods)">pantheon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaracha2009[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidxTE7o8aKI7ICpgPA121_121]_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaracha2009[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidxTE7o8aKI7ICpgPA121_121]-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The kingdom was known as the "land of Hadad", who was famous as the Storm-God of Halab beginning in the middle of the 3rd millennium BC.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaracha2009[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidxTE7o8aKI7ICpgPA121_121]_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaracha2009[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidxTE7o8aKI7ICpgPA121_121]-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His main temple was located on the citadel hill in the center of the city and remained in use from the 24th century BC,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGonnella2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksids9_lGE6jHawCpgPA166_166]_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGonnella2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksids9_lGE6jHawCpgPA166_166]-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> until at least the 9th century BC.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGonnella2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidhs1YQ-RO7lwCpgPA114_114]_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGonnella2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidhs1YQ-RO7lwCpgPA114_114]-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The title "Beloved of Hadad" was one of the king's titles.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaracha2009[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidxTE7o8aKI7ICpgPA121_121]_83-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaracha2009[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidxTE7o8aKI7ICpgPA121_121]-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOldenburg1969[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidhM8UAAAAIAAJpgPA67_67]_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOldenburg1969[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidhM8UAAAAIAAJpgPA67_67]-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hadad was the kingdom's patron god, and all treaties were concluded in his name, which was also used to threaten other kingdoms,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOldenburg1969[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidhM8UAAAAIAAJpgPA160_160]_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOldenburg1969[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidhM8UAAAAIAAJpgPA160_160]-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and to declare wars.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreen2003[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidZGjcLBYTUUgCpgPA181_181]_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreen2003[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidZGjcLBYTUUgCpgPA181_181]-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the Hurrian presence grew, so did Hurrian religious influences and some of the Hurrian deities found a place in the Yamhadite pantheon.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKupper1973[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidFF5-7JVj4jYCpgPA41_41]_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKupper1973[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidFF5-7JVj4jYCpgPA41_41]-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> King Abba-El I mentioned receiving the support of the Hurrian goddess <a href="/wiki/Hebat" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebat">Hebat</a> in one of the Alalakh tablets (Hebat was the spouse of the Hurrian main deity <a href="/wiki/Teshub" title="Teshub">Teshub</a>, but in Abba-El I's tablet, she is associated with Hadad).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKupper1973[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidFF5-7JVj4jYCpgPA41_41]_75-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKupper1973[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidFF5-7JVj4jYCpgPA41_41]-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, the Hurrians started to identify Teshub with Hadad, who became Teshub the Storm-God of Halab.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreen2003[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidZGjcLBYTUUgCpgPA170_170]_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreen2003[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidZGjcLBYTUUgCpgPA170_170]-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beside the general gods, the kings had a "head god", that is, a deity who had an intimate connection for the worshiper. King Yarim-Lim I described Hadad as the god of the state, but the Mesopotamian deity <a href="/wiki/Sin_(mythology)" title="Sin (mythology)">Sin</a> as the god of his head. His son Hammurabi I did likewise.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Toorn1996[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidVSJWkrXfbLQCpgPA77_77],_[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidVSJWkrXfbLQCpgPA88_88]_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Toorn1996[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidVSJWkrXfbLQCpgPA77_77],_[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidVSJWkrXfbLQCpgPA88_88]-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yamhad&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Asia_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/42px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/56px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armi_(Syria)" title="Armi (Syria)">Armi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamhad_dynasty" title="Yamhad dynasty">Yamhad dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Aleppo" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Aleppo">List of rulers of Aleppo</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yamhad&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yamhad&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-3"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalley200244-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalley200244_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalley200244_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalley200244_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDalley2002">Dalley 2002</a>, p. 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAstour1981[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid1A0OgvXfHlQCpgPA7_7]-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAstour1981[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid1A0OgvXfHlQCpgPA7_7]_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAstour1981[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid1A0OgvXfHlQCpgPA7_7]_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAstour1981[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid1A0OgvXfHlQCpgPA7_7]_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAstour1981[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid1A0OgvXfHlQCpgPA7_7]_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAstour1981[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid1A0OgvXfHlQCpgPA7_7]_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAstour1981">Astour 1981</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1A0OgvXfHlQC&pg=PA7">7</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamblin2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidbiyDDd0uKGMCpgPT253_257]-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamblin2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidbiyDDd0uKGMCpgPT253_257]_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHamblin2006">Hamblin 2006</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=biyDDd0uKGMC&pg=PT253">257</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPioske2015[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidIrKgBgAAQBAJpgPA188_188]-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPioske2015[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidIrKgBgAAQBAJpgPA188_188]_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPioske2015">Pioske 2015</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IrKgBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA188">188</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrabbe2007[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidIvfTAwAAQBAJpgPA58_58]-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrabbe2007[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidIvfTAwAAQBAJpgPA58_58]_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrabbe2007">Grabbe 2007</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IvfTAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA58">58</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHawkins2000[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid6TwiY96cunQCpgPA388_388]-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHawkins2000[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid6TwiY96cunQCpgPA388_388]_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHawkins2000[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid6TwiY96cunQCpgPA388_388]_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHawkins2000">Hawkins 2000</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6TwiY96cunQC&pg=PA388">388</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPfälzner2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidP5q7DDqMbF0CpgPA781_781]-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPfälzner2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidP5q7DDqMbF0CpgPA781_781]_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPfälzner2012">Pfälzner 2012</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P5q7DDqMbF0C&pg=PA781">781</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArchi1994[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidhFRwonqqNCUCpgPA250_250]-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArchi1994[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidhFRwonqqNCUCpgPA250_250]_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFArchi1994">Archi 1994</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hFRwonqqNCUC&pg=PA250">250</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamblin2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidbiyDDd0uKGMCpgPT240_242]-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamblin2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidbiyDDd0uKGMCpgPT240_242]_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHamblin2006">Hamblin 2006</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=biyDDd0uKGMC&pg=PT240">242</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeliu2003[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidIN9_IRYKKUMCpgPA192_192]-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeliu2003[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidIN9_IRYKKUMCpgPA192_192]_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeliu2003[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidIN9_IRYKKUMCpgPA192_192]_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFeliu2003">Feliu 2003</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IN9_IRYKKUMC&pg=PA192">192</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOldenburg1969[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidhM8UAAAAIAAJpgPA65_65]-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOldenburg1969[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidhM8UAAAAIAAJpgPA65_65]_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOldenburg1969">Oldenburg 1969</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hM8UAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA65">65</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryce2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidXno9AgAAQBAJpgPA111_111]-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryce2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidXno9AgAAQBAJpgPA111_111]_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBryce2014">Bryce 2014</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Xno9AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA111">111</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrayne1990[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidu2nUT_RtyQ8CpgPA780_780]-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrayne1990[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidu2nUT_RtyQ8CpgPA780_780]_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrayne1990">Frayne 1990</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=u2nUT_RtyQ8C&pg=PA780">780</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1995[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid74JI2UlcU8ACpgPA10_10]-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1995[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid74JI2UlcU8ACpgPA10_10]_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1995[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid74JI2UlcU8ACpgPA10_10]_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiller1995">Miller 1995</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=74JI2UlcU8AC&pg=PA10">10</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwartz2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid2aq43z3at0wCpgPA376_376]-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwartz2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid2aq43z3at0wCpgPA376_376]_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchwartz2010">Schwartz 2010</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2aq43z3at0wC&pg=PA376">376</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELiverani2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0d1JAgAAQBAJpgPA225_225],_226-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiverani2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0d1JAgAAQBAJpgPA225_225],_226_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLiverani2013">Liverani 2013</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0d1JAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA225">225</a>, 226.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWossink2009[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidOy4xUpsa7DkCpgPA128_128]-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWossink2009[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidOy4xUpsa7DkCpgPA128_128]_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWossink2009">Wossink 2009</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Oy4xUpsa7DkC&pg=PA128">128</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESasson1969[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidKYxxmRoTfsQCpgPA45_45]-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESasson1969[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidKYxxmRoTfsQCpgPA45_45]_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSasson1969">Sasson 1969</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KYxxmRoTfsQC&pg=PA45">45</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWu1994131-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWu1994131_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWu1994">Wu 1994</a>, p. 131.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrayne1990[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidu2nUT_RtyQ8CpgPA606_606]-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrayne1990[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidu2nUT_RtyQ8CpgPA606_606]_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrayne1990">Frayne 1990</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=u2nUT_RtyQ8C&pg=PA606">606</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPitard2001[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid4DVHJRFW3mYCpgPA39_39]-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPitard2001[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid4DVHJRFW3mYCpgPA39_39]_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPitard2001[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid4DVHJRFW3mYCpgPA39_39]_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPitard2001">Pitard 2001</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4DVHJRFW3mYC&pg=PA39">39</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwartz2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0H0EpSm8aioCpgPA9_9]-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwartz2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0H0EpSm8aioCpgPA9_9]_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchwartz2013">Schwartz 2013</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0H0EpSm8aioC&pg=PA9">9</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELiverani2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0d1JAgAAQBAJpgPA234_234]-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiverani2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0d1JAgAAQBAJpgPA234_234]_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiverani2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0d1JAgAAQBAJpgPA234_234]_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiverani2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0d1JAgAAQBAJpgPA234_234]_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiverani2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0d1JAgAAQBAJpgPA234_234]_23-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiverani2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0d1JAgAAQBAJpgPA234_234]_23-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiverani2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0d1JAgAAQBAJpgPA234_234]_23-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiverani2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0d1JAgAAQBAJpgPA234_234]_23-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLiverani2013">Liverani 2013</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0d1JAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA234">234</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryce2009[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidE1aF0hq1GR8CpgPA773_773]-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryce2009[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidE1aF0hq1GR8CpgPA773_773]_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBryce2009">Bryce 2009</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E1aF0hq1GR8C&pg=PA773">773</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthiae2003[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidkiWD_5PRQBUCpgPA383_383]-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatthiae2003[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidkiWD_5PRQBUCpgPA383_383]_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMatthiae2003">Matthiae 2003</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kiWD_5PRQBUC&pg=PA383">383</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPitard2001[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid4DVHJRFW3mYCpgPA40_40]-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPitard2001[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid4DVHJRFW3mYCpgPA40_40]_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPitard2001[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid4DVHJRFW3mYCpgPA40_40]_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPitard2001">Pitard 2001</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4DVHJRFW3mYC&pg=PA40">40</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamblin2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidbiyDDd0uKGMCpgPT254_259]-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamblin2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidbiyDDd0uKGMCpgPT254_259]_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamblin2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidbiyDDd0uKGMCpgPT254_259]_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamblin2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidbiyDDd0uKGMCpgPT254_259]_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamblin2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidbiyDDd0uKGMCpgPT254_259]_27-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamblin2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidbiyDDd0uKGMCpgPT254_259]_27-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamblin2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidbiyDDd0uKGMCpgPT254_259]_27-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHamblin2006">Hamblin 2006</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=biyDDd0uKGMC&pg=PT254">259</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECharpin2011[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidNvgz3NOuo5ECpgPA257_257]-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECharpin2011[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidNvgz3NOuo5ECpgPA257_257]_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCharpin2011">Charpin 2011</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Nvgz3NOuo5EC&pg=PA257">257</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDodd2007[httpswwwacademiaedu925021Strategies_for_Future_Success_Remembering_the_Hittites_during_the_Iron_Age_210]-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDodd2007[httpswwwacademiaedu925021Strategies_for_Future_Success_Remembering_the_Hittites_during_the_Iron_Age_210]_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDodd2007">Dodd 2007</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/925021/Strategies_for_Future_Success_Remembering_the_Hittites_during_the_Iron_Age">210</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThuesen2000[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid8qvY8pxVxcwCpgPA61_61]-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThuesen2000[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid8qvY8pxVxcwCpgPA61_61]_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThuesen2000">Thuesen 2000</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8qvY8pxVxcwC&pg=PA61">61</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESasson1969[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidKYxxmRoTfsQCpgPA2_2]-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESasson1969[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidKYxxmRoTfsQCpgPA2_2]_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESasson1969[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidKYxxmRoTfsQCpgPA2_2]_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSasson1969">Sasson 1969</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KYxxmRoTfsQC&pg=PA2">2</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECharpin2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksideCO17x85ymgCpgPA102_102]-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECharpin2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksideCO17x85ymgCpgPA102_102]_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCharpin2010">Charpin 2010</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eCO17x85ymgC&pg=PA102">102</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELauinger2015[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidxDq2CAAAQBAJpgPA6_6]-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELauinger2015[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidxDq2CAAAQBAJpgPA6_6]_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLauinger2015">Lauinger 2015</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xDq2CAAAQBAJ&pg=PA6">6</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamblin2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidbiyDDd0uKGMCpgPT255_260]-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamblin2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidbiyDDd0uKGMCpgPT255_260]_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamblin2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidbiyDDd0uKGMCpgPT255_260]_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamblin2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidbiyDDd0uKGMCpgPT255_260]_34-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamblin2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidbiyDDd0uKGMCpgPT255_260]_34-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamblin2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidbiyDDd0uKGMCpgPT255_260]_34-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHamblin2006">Hamblin 2006</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=biyDDd0uKGMC&pg=PT255">260</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClaire2017-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClaire2017_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClaire2017">Claire 2017</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiseman1967121-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiseman1967121_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiseman1967121_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWiseman1967">Wiseman 1967</a>, p. 121.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1995[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid74JI2UlcU8ACpgPA12_12]-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1995[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid74JI2UlcU8ACpgPA12_12]_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiller1995">Miller 1995</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=74JI2UlcU8AC&pg=PA12">12</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamblin2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidbiyDDd0uKGMCpgPT254_258]-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamblin2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidbiyDDd0uKGMCpgPT254_258]_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamblin2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidbiyDDd0uKGMCpgPT254_258]_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHamblin2006">Hamblin 2006</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=biyDDd0uKGMC&pg=PT254">258</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryce2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidXno9AgAAQBAJpgPA27_27]-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryce2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidXno9AgAAQBAJpgPA27_27]_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBryce2014">Bryce 2014</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Xno9AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA27">27</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELiverani2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0d1JAgAAQBAJpgPA260_260]-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiverani2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0d1JAgAAQBAJpgPA260_260]_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiverani2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0d1JAgAAQBAJpgPA260_260]_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLiverani2013">Liverani 2013</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0d1JAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA260">260</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECollon1995[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRTGc9YH-C38CpgPA97_97]-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollon1995[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRTGc9YH-C38CpgPA97_97]_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCollon1995">Collon 1995</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RTGc9YH-C38C&pg=PA97">97</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamblin2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidbiyDDd0uKGMCpgPT289_298],_299-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamblin2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidbiyDDd0uKGMCpgPT289_298],_299_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHamblin2006">Hamblin 2006</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=biyDDd0uKGMC&pg=PT289">298</a>, 299.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryce1999[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidAgg5-lpVI2MCpgPA83_83]-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryce1999[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidAgg5-lpVI2MCpgPA83_83]_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBryce1999">Bryce 1999</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Agg5-lpVI2MC&pg=PA83">83</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryce2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidXno9AgAAQBAJpgPA29_29]-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryce2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidXno9AgAAQBAJpgPA29_29]_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBryce2014">Bryce 2014</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Xno9AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA29">29</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurney2004[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidazPl5Jzv930CpgPA107_107]-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurney2004[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidazPl5Jzv930CpgPA107_107]_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurney2004">Burney 2004</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=azPl5Jzv930C&pg=PA107">107</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryce1999[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidAgg5-lpVI2MCpgPA152_152]-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryce1999[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidAgg5-lpVI2MCpgPA152_152]_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBryce1999">Bryce 1999</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Agg5-lpVI2MC&pg=PA152">152</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamblin2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidbiyDDd0uKGMCpgPT256_260]-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamblin2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidbiyDDd0uKGMCpgPT256_260]_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHamblin2006">Hamblin 2006</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=biyDDd0uKGMC&pg=PT256">260</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidTb4mzSQ2nJoCpgPA3_3]-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidTb4mzSQ2nJoCpgPA3_3]_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPayne2012">Payne 2012</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Tb4mzSQ2nJoC&pg=PA3">3</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryce1999[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidAgg5-lpVI2MCpgPA126_126]-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryce1999[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidAgg5-lpVI2MCpgPA126_126]_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBryce1999">Bryce 1999</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Agg5-lpVI2MC&pg=PA126">126</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAstour1969[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidCMR5C12GOF8CpgPA382_382]-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAstour1969[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidCMR5C12GOF8CpgPA382_382]_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAstour1969[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidCMR5C12GOF8CpgPA382_382]_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAstour1969[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidCMR5C12GOF8CpgPA382_382]_50-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAstour1969">Astour 1969</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CMR5C12GOF8C&pg=PA382">382</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrower1973[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidFF5-7JVj4jYCpgPA433_433]-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrower1973[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidFF5-7JVj4jYCpgPA433_433]_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDrower1973">Drower 1973</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FF5-7JVj4jYC&pg=PA433">433</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECollon1995[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRTGc9YH-C38CpgPA109_109]-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollon1995[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRTGc9YH-C38CpgPA109_109]_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollon1995[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRTGc9YH-C38CpgPA109_109]_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCollon1995">Collon 1995</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RTGc9YH-C38C&pg=PA109">109</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAstour198992-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAstour198992_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAstour198992_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAstour1989">Astour 1989</a>, p. 92.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPodany2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid_ez3ih5JgzUCpgPA136_136]-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPodany2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid_ez3ih5JgzUCpgPA136_136]_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPodany2010">Podany 2010</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_ez3ih5JgzUC&pg=PA136">136</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAstour1981[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid1A0OgvXfHlQCpgPA9_9]-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAstour1981[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid1A0OgvXfHlQCpgPA9_9]_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAstour1981">Astour 1981</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1A0OgvXfHlQC&pg=PA9">9</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrayne1990[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidu2nUT_RtyQ8CpgPA783_783]-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrayne1990[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidu2nUT_RtyQ8CpgPA783_783]_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrayne1990">Frayne 1990</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=u2nUT_RtyQ8C&pg=PA783">783</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETeissier1996[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidoiSoxUE_Vn0CpgPA28_28]-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETeissier1996[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidoiSoxUE_Vn0CpgPA28_28]_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTeissier1996">Teissier 1996</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oiSoxUE_Vn0C&pg=PA28">28</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrayne1990[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidu2nUT_RtyQ8CpgPA788_788]-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrayne1990[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidu2nUT_RtyQ8CpgPA788_788]_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrayne1990">Frayne 1990</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=u2nUT_RtyQ8C&pg=PA788">788</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrayne1990[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidu2nUT_RtyQ8CpgPA792_792]-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrayne1990[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidu2nUT_RtyQ8CpgPA792_792]_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrayne1990">Frayne 1990</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=u2nUT_RtyQ8C&pg=PA792">792</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETeissier1996[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidoiSoxUE_Vn0CpgPA26_26]-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETeissier1996[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidoiSoxUE_Vn0CpgPA26_26]_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTeissier1996">Teissier 1996</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oiSoxUE_Vn0C&pg=PA26">26</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Soldt2000106-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Soldt2000106_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvan_Soldt2000">van Soldt 2000</a>, p. 106.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrayne1990[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidu2nUT_RtyQ8CpgPA795_795]-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrayne1990[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidu2nUT_RtyQ8CpgPA795_795]_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrayne1990">Frayne 1990</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=u2nUT_RtyQ8C&pg=PA795">795</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Soldt2000107-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Soldt2000107_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvan_Soldt2000">van Soldt 2000</a>, p. 107.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAstour198919-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAstour198919_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAstour1989">Astour 1989</a>, p. 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwartz2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0H0EpSm8aioCpgPA3_3]-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwartz2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0H0EpSm8aioCpgPA3_3]_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchwartz2013">Schwartz 2013</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0H0EpSm8aioC&pg=PA3">3</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwartz2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0H0EpSm8aioCpgPA10_10]-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwartz2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0H0EpSm8aioCpgPA10_10]_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchwartz2013">Schwartz 2013</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0H0EpSm8aioC&pg=PA10">10</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELiverani2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0d1JAgAAQBAJpgPA232_232]-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiverani2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0d1JAgAAQBAJpgPA232_232]_67-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiverani2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0d1JAgAAQBAJpgPA232_232]_67-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLiverani2013">Liverani 2013</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0d1JAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA232">232</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeldman2007[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid_7kP_hNKHxICpgPA55_55]-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeldman2007[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid_7kP_hNKHxICpgPA55_55]_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFeldman2007">Feldman 2007</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_7kP_hNKHxIC&pg=PA55">55</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Soldt2000109-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Soldt2000109_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvan_Soldt2000">van Soldt 2000</a>, p. 109.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurke2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid5H4fAgAAQBAJpgPT434_409]-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurke2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid5H4fAgAAQBAJpgPT434_409]_70-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurke2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid5H4fAgAAQBAJpgPT434_409]_70-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurke2013">Burke 2013</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5H4fAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT434">409</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETeissier1996[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidoiSoxUE_Vn0CpgPA38_38]-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETeissier1996[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidoiSoxUE_Vn0CpgPA38_38]_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTeissier1996">Teissier 1996</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oiSoxUE_Vn0C&pg=PA38">38</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalley200251-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalley200251_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDalley2002">Dalley 2002</a>, p. 51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwen2000[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidqRtUqxkB7wkCpgPA618_618]-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOwen2000[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidqRtUqxkB7wkCpgPA618_618]_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOwen2000">Owen 2000</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qRtUqxkB7wkC&pg=PA618">618</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENathanson2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidodCmAQAAQBAJpgPA72_72]-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENathanson2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidodCmAQAAQBAJpgPA72_72]_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNathanson2013">Nathanson 2013</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=odCmAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA72">72</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKupper1973[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidFF5-7JVj4jYCpgPA41_41]-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKupper1973[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidFF5-7JVj4jYCpgPA41_41]_75-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKupper1973[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidFF5-7JVj4jYCpgPA41_41]_75-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKupper1973[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidFF5-7JVj4jYCpgPA41_41]_75-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKupper1973">Kupper 1973</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FF5-7JVj4jYC&pg=PA41">41</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZohar2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidledLAQAAQBAJpgPA95_95]-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZohar2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidledLAQAAQBAJpgPA95_95]_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZohar2013">Zohar 2013</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ledLAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA95">95</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESicker2003[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidjcHDu8hwvyECpgPA32_32]-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESicker2003[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidjcHDu8hwvyECpgPA32_32]_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSicker2003">Sicker 2003</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jcHDu8hwvyEC&pg=PA32">32</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPruzsinszky2007[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid_7kP_hNKHxICpgPA23_23]-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPruzsinszky2007[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid_7kP_hNKHxICpgPA23_23]_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPruzsinszky2007">Pruzsinszky 2007</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_7kP_hNKHxIC&pg=PA23">23</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Koppen2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidakYorRIWPBECpgPA212_212]-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Koppen2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidakYorRIWPBECpgPA212_212]_79-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Koppen2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidakYorRIWPBECpgPA212_212]_79-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Koppen2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidakYorRIWPBECpgPA212_212]_79-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Koppen2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidakYorRIWPBECpgPA212_212]_79-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Koppen2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidakYorRIWPBECpgPA212_212]_79-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Koppen2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidakYorRIWPBECpgPA212_212]_79-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvan_Koppen2010">van Koppen 2010</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=akYorRIWPBEC&pg=PA212">212</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Koppen2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidakYorRIWPBECpgPA213_213]-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Koppen2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidakYorRIWPBECpgPA213_213]_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvan_Koppen2010">van Koppen 2010</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=akYorRIWPBEC&pg=PA213">213</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoster2009[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidpR3RJwwCW2YCpgPA148_148]-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoster2009[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidpR3RJwwCW2YCpgPA148_148]_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFoster2009">Foster 2009</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pR3RJwwCW2YC&pg=PA148">148</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFleming2000[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidmN6pOFeouXICpgPA90_90]-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFleming2000[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidmN6pOFeouXICpgPA90_90]_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFleming2000">Fleming 2000</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mN6pOFeouXIC&pg=PA90">90</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaracha2009[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidxTE7o8aKI7ICpgPA121_121]-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaracha2009[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidxTE7o8aKI7ICpgPA121_121]_83-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaracha2009[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidxTE7o8aKI7ICpgPA121_121]_83-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaracha2009[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidxTE7o8aKI7ICpgPA121_121]_83-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaracha2009">Taracha 2009</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xTE7o8aKI7IC&pg=PA121">121</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGonnella2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksids9_lGE6jHawCpgPA166_166]-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGonnella2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksids9_lGE6jHawCpgPA166_166]_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGonnella2006">Gonnella 2006</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=s9_lGE6jHawC&pg=PA166">166</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGonnella2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidhs1YQ-RO7lwCpgPA114_114]-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGonnella2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidhs1YQ-RO7lwCpgPA114_114]_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGonnella2010">Gonnella 2010</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hs1YQ-RO7lwC&pg=PA114">114</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOldenburg1969[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidhM8UAAAAIAAJpgPA67_67]-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOldenburg1969[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidhM8UAAAAIAAJpgPA67_67]_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOldenburg1969">Oldenburg 1969</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hM8UAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA67">67</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOldenburg1969[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidhM8UAAAAIAAJpgPA160_160]-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOldenburg1969[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidhM8UAAAAIAAJpgPA160_160]_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOldenburg1969">Oldenburg 1969</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hM8UAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA160">160</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreen2003[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidZGjcLBYTUUgCpgPA181_181]-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreen2003[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidZGjcLBYTUUgCpgPA181_181]_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGreen2003">Green 2003</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZGjcLBYTUUgC&pg=PA181">181</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreen2003[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidZGjcLBYTUUgCpgPA170_170]-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreen2003[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidZGjcLBYTUUgCpgPA170_170]_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGreen2003">Green 2003</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZGjcLBYTUUgC&pg=PA170">170</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Toorn1996[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidVSJWkrXfbLQCpgPA77_77],_[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidVSJWkrXfbLQCpgPA88_88]-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Toorn1996[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidVSJWkrXfbLQCpgPA77_77],_[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidVSJWkrXfbLQCpgPA88_88]_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvan_der_Toorn1996">van der Toorn 1996</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VSJWkrXfbLQC&pg=PA77">77</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VSJWkrXfbLQC&pg=PA88">88</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yamhad&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFArchi1994" class="citation journal cs1">Archi, Alfonso (1994). "Studies in the Pantheon of Ebla". <i>Orientalia</i>. <b>63</b> (3). Pontificium Institutum Biblicum. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/557711946">557711946</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Orientalia&rft.atitle=Studies+in+the+Pantheon+of+Ebla&rft.volume=63&rft.issue=3&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F557711946&rft.aulast=Archi&rft.aufirst=Alfonso&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYamhad" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAstour1969" class="citation book cs1">Astour, Michael.C (1969). "The Partition of the Confederacy of Mukiš-Nuḫiašše-Nii by Šuppiluliuma: A Study in Political Geography of the Amarna Age". <i>Orientalia</i>. Vol. 38. Pontificium Institutum Biblicum. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/557711946">557711946</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Partition+of+the+Confederacy+of+Muki%C5%A1-Nu%E1%B8%ABia%C5%A1%C5%A1e-Nii+by+%C5%A0uppiluliuma%3A+A+Study+in+Political+Geography+of+the+Amarna+Age&rft.btitle=Orientalia&rft.pub=Pontificium+Institutum+Biblicum&rft.date=1969&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F557711946&rft.aulast=Astour&rft.aufirst=Michael.C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYamhad" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAstour1981" class="citation book cs1">Astour, Michael C. (1981). "Ugarit and the Great Powers". In Young, Gordon Douglas (ed.). <i>Ugarit in Retrospect. Fifty years of Ugarit and Ugaritic: Proceedings of the symposium of the same title held at the University of Wisconsin at Madison, February 26, 1979, under the auspices of the Middle West Branch of the American Oriental Society and the Mid-West Region of the Society of Biblical Literature</i>. Eisenbrauns. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-931464-07-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-931464-07-2"><bdi>978-0-931464-07-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ugarit+and+the+Great+Powers&rft.btitle=Ugarit+in+Retrospect.+Fifty+years+of+Ugarit+and+Ugaritic%3A+Proceedings+of+the+symposium+of+the+same+title+held+at+the+University+of+Wisconsin+at+Madison%2C+February+26%2C+1979%2C+under+the+auspices+of+the+Middle+West+Branch+of+the+American+Oriental+Society+and+the+Mid-West+Region+of+the+Society+of+Biblical+Literature&rft.pub=Eisenbrauns&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-931464-07-2&rft.aulast=Astour&rft.aufirst=Michael+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYamhad" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAstour1989" class="citation book cs1">Astour, Michael C. 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Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-924010-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-924010-4"><bdi>978-0-19-924010-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kingdom+of+the+Hittites&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-19-924010-4&rft.aulast=Bryce&rft.aufirst=Trevor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYamhad" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBryce2009" class="citation book cs1">Bryce, Trevor (2009). <i>The Routledge Handbook of the Peoples and Places of Ancient Western Asia</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-15908-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-15908-6"><bdi>978-1-134-15908-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+Handbook+of+the+Peoples+and+Places+of+Ancient+Western+Asia&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-134-15908-6&rft.aulast=Bryce&rft.aufirst=Trevor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYamhad" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBryce2014" class="citation book cs1">Bryce, Trevor (2014). <i>Ancient Syria: A Three Thousand Year History</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-100292-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-100292-2"><bdi>978-0-19-100292-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Syria%3A+A+Three+Thousand+Year+History&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-19-100292-2&rft.aulast=Bryce&rft.aufirst=Trevor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYamhad" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurke2013" class="citation book cs1">Burke, Aaron A. (2013). "Introduction to the Levant During the Middle Bronze Age". In Steiner, Margreet L.; Killebrew, Ann E. (eds.). <i>The Oxford Handbook of the Archaeology of the Levant: c. 8000-332 BCE</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-166255-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-166255-3"><bdi>978-0-19-166255-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction+to+the+Levant+During+the+Middle+Bronze+Age&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+the+Archaeology+of+the+Levant%3A+c.+8000-332+BCE&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-19-166255-3&rft.aulast=Burke&rft.aufirst=Aaron+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYamhad" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurney2004" class="citation book cs1">Burney, Charles (2004). <i>Historical Dictionary of the Hittites</i>. Historical Dictionaries of Ancient Civilizations and Historical Eras. Vol. 14. 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University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-10159-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-10159-0"><bdi>978-0-226-10159-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Writing%2C+Law%2C+and+Kingship+in+Old+Babylonian+Mesopotamia&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-226-10159-0&rft.aulast=Charpin&rft.aufirst=Dominique&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYamhad" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharpin2011" class="citation book cs1">Charpin, Dominique (2011). "Patron and Client: Zimri-Lim and Asqudum the Diviner". In Radner, Karen; Robson, Eleanor (eds.). <i>The Oxford Handbook of Cuneiform Culture</i>. 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Gorgias Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-931956-02-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-931956-02-4"><bdi>978-1-931956-02-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mari+and+Karana%2C+Two+Old+Babylonian+Cities&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Gorgias+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-931956-02-4&rft.aulast=Dalley&rft.aufirst=Stephanie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYamhad" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDodd2007" class="citation journal cs1">Dodd, Lynn Swartz (2007). "Strategies for Future Success: Remembering the Hittites during the Iron Age". <i>Anatolian Studies</i>. <b>57</b>. 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Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-05426-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-05426-3"><bdi>978-1-139-05426-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Syria+c.+1550%E2%80%931400+B.C.&rft.btitle=Part+1%3A+The+Middle+East+and+the+Aegean+Region%2C+c.1800%E2%80%931380+BC&rft.series=The+Cambridge+Ancient+History+%28Second+Revised+Series%29&rft.edition=3&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-1-139-05426-3&rft.aulast=Drower&rft.aufirst=Margaret+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYamhad" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeldman2007" class="citation book cs1">Feldman, Marian H. (2007). 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Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-75084-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-75084-9"><bdi>978-1-134-75084-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ancient+Near+East%3A+History%2C+Society+and+Economy&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-134-75084-9&rft.aulast=Liverani&rft.aufirst=Mario&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYamhad" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatthiae2003" class="citation book cs1">Matthiae, Paolo (2003). "Ishtar of Ebla and Head of Aleppo: Notes on Terminology, Politics and Religion of Old Syrian Ebla". In Marrassini, Paolo (ed.). <i>Semitic and Assyriological Studies: Presented to Pelio Fronzaroli by Pupils and Colleagues</i>. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-447-04749-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-447-04749-4"><bdi>978-3-447-04749-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ishtar+of+Ebla+and+Head+of+Aleppo%3A+Notes+on+Terminology%2C+Politics+and+Religion+of+Old+Syrian+Ebla&rft.btitle=Semitic+and+Assyriological+Studies%3A+Presented+to+Pelio+Fronzaroli+by+Pupils+and+Colleagues&rft.pub=Otto+Harrassowitz+Verlag&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-3-447-04749-4&rft.aulast=Matthiae&rft.aufirst=Paolo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYamhad" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller1995" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Miller, Julie A. (1995). "Alalakh". In Ring, Trudy; Salkin, Robert M.; La Boda, Sharon (eds.). <i>International Dictionary of Historic Places</i>. Vol. 3 (Southern Europe). Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-884964-02-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-884964-02-2"><bdi>978-1-884964-02-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Alalakh&rft.btitle=International+Dictionary+of+Historic+Places&rft.pub=Fitzroy+Dearborn+Publishers&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-1-884964-02-2&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Julie+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYamhad" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNathanson2013" class="citation book cs1">Nathanson, Michael (2013). <i>Between Myth & Mandate: Geopolitics, Pseudohistory & the Hebrew Bible</i>. Author House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4918-2310-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4918-2310-1"><bdi>978-1-4918-2310-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Between+Myth+%26+Mandate%3A+Geopolitics%2C+Pseudohistory+%26+the+Hebrew+Bible&rft.pub=Author+House&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4918-2310-1&rft.aulast=Nathanson&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYamhad" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOldenburg1969" class="citation book cs1">Oldenburg, Ulf (1969). <i>The Conflict between El and Ba'al in Canaanite Religion</i>. Dissertationes ad Historiam Religionum Pertinentes. Vol. 3. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0419-4233">0419-4233</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/63449">63449</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Conflict+between+El+and+Ba%27al+in+Canaanite+Religion&rft.series=Dissertationes+ad+Historiam+Religionum+Pertinentes&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1969&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F63449&rft.issn=0419-4233&rft.aulast=Oldenburg&rft.aufirst=Ulf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYamhad" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOwen2000" class="citation book cs1">Owen, David I. (2000). "Hurrians". In Freedman, David Noel; Myers, Allen C. (eds.). <i>Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible</i>. Eerdmans Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-5356-503-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-5356-503-2"><bdi>978-90-5356-503-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hurrians&rft.btitle=Eerdmans+Dictionary+of+the+Bible&rft.pub=Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-90-5356-503-2&rft.aulast=Owen&rft.aufirst=David+I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYamhad" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPayne2012" class="citation book cs1">Payne, Annick (2012). <i>Iron Age Hieroglyphic Luwian Inscriptions</i>. Writings from the Ancient World. Vol. 29. Society of Biblical Literature. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58983-658-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58983-658-7"><bdi>978-1-58983-658-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iron+Age+Hieroglyphic+Luwian+Inscriptions&rft.series=Writings+from+the+Ancient+World&rft.pub=Society+of+Biblical+Literature&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-58983-658-7&rft.aulast=Payne&rft.aufirst=Annick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYamhad" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPfälzner2012" class="citation book cs1">Pfälzner, Peter (2012). "Levantine Kingdoms of the Late Bronze Age". In Potts, Daniel T. (ed.). <i>A Companion to the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East</i>. Vol. 1. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-6077-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-6077-6"><bdi>978-1-4443-6077-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Levantine+Kingdoms+of+the+Late+Bronze+Age&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+the+Archaeology+of+the+Ancient+Near+East&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4443-6077-6&rft.aulast=Pf%C3%A4lzner&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYamhad" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPioske2015" class="citation book cs1">Pioske, Daniel D. (2015). <i>David's Jerusalem: Between Memory and History</i>. Routledge Studies in Religion. Vol. 45. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-54891-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-54891-1"><bdi>978-1-317-54891-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=David%27s+Jerusalem%3A+Between+Memory+and+History&rft.series=Routledge+Studies+in+Religion&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-317-54891-1&rft.aulast=Pioske&rft.aufirst=Daniel+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYamhad" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPitard2001" class="citation book cs1">Pitard, Wayne T. (2001) [1998]. "Before Israel: Syria-Palestine in the Bronze Age". In Coogan, Michael David (ed.). <i>The Oxford History of the Biblical World</i> (revised ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-513937-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-513937-2"><bdi>978-0-19-513937-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Before+Israel%3A+Syria-Palestine+in+the+Bronze+Age&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+History+of+the+Biblical+World&rft.edition=revised&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-513937-2&rft.aulast=Pitard&rft.aufirst=Wayne+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYamhad" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPodany2010" class="citation book cs1">Podany, Amanda H. (2010). <i>Brotherhood of Kings: How International Relations Shaped the Ancient Near East</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-979875-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-979875-9"><bdi>978-0-19-979875-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brotherhood+of+Kings%3A+How+International+Relations+Shaped+the+Ancient+Near+East&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-19-979875-9&rft.aulast=Podany&rft.aufirst=Amanda+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYamhad" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPruzsinszky2007" class="citation book cs1">Pruzsinszky, Regine (2007). "Emar and the Transition from Hurrian to Hittite Power". In Heinz, Marlies; Feldman, Marian H. 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Eisenbrauns. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57506-135-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57506-135-1"><bdi>978-1-57506-135-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Emar+and+the+Transition+from+Hurrian+to+Hittite+Power&rft.btitle=Representations+of+Political+Power%3A+Case+Histories+from+Times+of+Change+and+Dissolving+Order+in+the+Ancient+Near+East&rft.pub=Eisenbrauns&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-57506-135-1&rft.aulast=Pruzsinszky&rft.aufirst=Regine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYamhad" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSasson1969" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Sasson, Jack M. (1969). <i>The Military Establishments at Mari</i>. Studia Pohl. Vol. 3: Dissertationes Scientificae de Rebus Orientis Antiqui. Pontifical Biblical Institute. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/32801">32801</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Military+Establishments+at+Mari&rft.series=Studia+Pohl&rft.pub=Pontifical+Biblical+Institute&rft.date=1969&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F32801&rft.aulast=Sasson&rft.aufirst=Jack+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYamhad" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwartz2010" class="citation book cs1">Schwartz, Glenn M. (2010). "Early Non-cuneiform Writing? Third-millennium BC Clay Cylinders from Umm el-Marra". In Melville, Sarah C.; <a href="/wiki/Alice_Slotsky" title="Alice Slotsky">Alice L., Slotsky</a> (eds.). <i>Opening the Tablet Box: Near Eastern Studies in Honor of Benjamin R. Foster</i>. Culture and History of the Ancient Near East. Vol. 42. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-18652-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-18652-1"><bdi>978-90-04-18652-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1566-2055">1566-2055</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Early+Non-cuneiform+Writing%3F+Third-millennium+BC+Clay+Cylinders+from+Umm+el-Marra&rft.btitle=Opening+the+Tablet+Box%3A+Near+Eastern+Studies+in+Honor+of+Benjamin+R.+Foster&rft.series=Culture+and+History+of+the+Ancient+Near+East&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2010&rft.issn=1566-2055&rft.isbn=978-90-04-18652-1&rft.aulast=Schwartz&rft.aufirst=Glenn+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYamhad" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwartz2013" class="citation book cs1">Schwartz, Glenn M. 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Metropolitan Museum of Art. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58839-475-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58839-475-0"><bdi>978-1-58839-475-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=An+Amorite+Global+Village%3A+Syrian-Mesopotamian+Relations+in+the+Second+Millennium+B.C&rft.btitle=Cultures+in+Contact%3A+From+Mesopotamia+to+the+Mediterranean+in+the+Second+Millennium+B.C&rft.pub=Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-58839-475-0&rft.aulast=Schwartz&rft.aufirst=Glenn+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYamhad" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSicker2003" class="citation book cs1">Sicker, Martin (2003). <i>The Rise and Fall of the Ancient Israelite States</i>. Praeger Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-98012-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-98012-2"><bdi>978-0-275-98012-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+and+Fall+of+the+Ancient+Israelite+States&rft.pub=Praeger+Publishers&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-275-98012-2&rft.aulast=Sicker&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYamhad" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaracha2009" class="citation book cs1">Taracha, Piotr (2009). <i>Religions of Second Millennium Anatolia</i>. Dresdner Beiträge zur Hethitologie. Vol. 27. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-447-05885-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-447-05885-8"><bdi>978-3-447-05885-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1619-0874">1619-0874</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religions+of+Second+Millennium+Anatolia&rft.series=Dresdner+Beitr%C3%A4ge+zur+Hethitologie&rft.pub=Otto+Harrassowitz+Verlag&rft.date=2009&rft.issn=1619-0874&rft.isbn=978-3-447-05885-8&rft.aulast=Taracha&rft.aufirst=Piotr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYamhad" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTeissier1996" class="citation book cs1">Teissier, Beatrice (1996) [1995]. <i>Egyptian Iconography on Syro-Palestinian Cylinder Seals of the Middle Bronze Age</i>. 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University Press Fribourg Switzerland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-525-53892-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-525-53892-0"><bdi>978-3-525-53892-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1422-4399">1422-4399</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Egyptian+Iconography+on+Syro-Palestinian+Cylinder+Seals+of+the+Middle+Bronze+Age&rft.series=Orbis+Biblicus+et+Orientalis-+Series+Archaeologica&rft.pub=University+Press+Fribourg+Switzerland&rft.date=1996&rft.issn=1422-4399&rft.isbn=978-3-525-53892-0&rft.aulast=Teissier&rft.aufirst=Beatrice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYamhad" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThuesen2000" class="citation book cs1">Thuesen, Ingolf (2000). "The City-State in Ancient Western Syria". In Hansen, Mogens Herman (ed.). <i>A Comparative Study of Thirty City-state Cultures: An Investigation</i>. Vol. 21. Kgl. Danske Videnskabernes Selskab. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-87-7876-177-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-87-7876-177-4"><bdi>978-87-7876-177-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+City-State+in+Ancient+Western+Syria&rft.btitle=A+Comparative+Study+of+Thirty+City-state+Cultures%3A+An+Investigation&rft.pub=Kgl.+Danske+Videnskabernes+Selskab&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-87-7876-177-4&rft.aulast=Thuesen&rft.aufirst=Ingolf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYamhad" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_der_Toorn1996" class="citation book cs1">van der Toorn, Karel (1996). <i>Family Religion in Babylonia, Ugarit and Israel: Continuity and Changes in the Forms of Religious Life</i>. Studies in the History of the Ancient Near East. Vol. 7. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-10410-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-10410-5"><bdi>978-90-04-10410-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0169-9024">0169-9024</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Family+Religion+in+Babylonia%2C+Ugarit+and+Israel%3A+Continuity+and+Changes+in+the+Forms+of+Religious+Life&rft.series=Studies+in+the+History+of+the+Ancient+Near+East&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1996&rft.issn=0169-9024&rft.isbn=978-90-04-10410-5&rft.aulast=van+der+Toorn&rft.aufirst=Karel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYamhad" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_Koppen2010" class="citation book cs1">van Koppen, Frans (2010) [2007]. "Aspects of Society and Economy in the later Old Babylonian Period". In Leick, Gwendolyn (ed.). <i>The Babylonian World</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-26128-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-26128-4"><bdi>978-1-134-26128-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Aspects+of+Society+and+Economy+in+the+later+Old+Babylonian+Period&rft.btitle=The+Babylonian+World&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-134-26128-4&rft.aulast=van+Koppen&rft.aufirst=Frans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYamhad" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_Soldt2000" class="citation journal cs1">van Soldt, Wilfred (2000). "Syrian Chronology in the Old and Early Middle Babylonian Period". <i>Akkadica</i>. <b>119</b>. Assyriological Center Georges Dossin. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1378-5087">1378-5087</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Akkadica&rft.atitle=Syrian+Chronology+in+the+Old+and+Early+Middle+Babylonian+Period&rft.volume=119&rft.date=2000&rft.issn=1378-5087&rft.aulast=van+Soldt&rft.aufirst=Wilfred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYamhad" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiseman1967" class="citation book cs1">Wiseman, Donald John (1967). "Alalakh". In Thomas, David Winton (ed.). <i>Archaeology and Old Testament study: jubilee volume of the Society for Old Testament Study, 1917–1967</i>. Clarendon Press. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/366758">366758</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Alalakh&rft.btitle=Archaeology+and+Old+Testament+study%3A+jubilee+volume+of+the+Society+for+Old+Testament+Study%2C+1917%E2%80%931967&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1967&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F366758&rft.aulast=Wiseman&rft.aufirst=Donald+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYamhad" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWossink2009" class="citation book cs1">Wossink, Arne (2009). <i>Challenging Climate Change: Competition and Cooperation Among Pastoralists and Agriculturalists in Northern Mesopotamia (c. 3000–1600 BC)</i>. Sidestone Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-8890-031-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-8890-031-0"><bdi>978-90-8890-031-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Challenging+Climate+Change%3A+Competition+and+Cooperation+Among+Pastoralists+and+Agriculturalists+in+Northern+Mesopotamia+%28c.+3000%E2%80%931600+BC%29&rft.pub=Sidestone+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-90-8890-031-0&rft.aulast=Wossink&rft.aufirst=Arne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYamhad" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWu1994" class="citation book cs1">Wu, Yuhong (1994). <i>A Political History of Eshnunna, Mari and Assyria during the Early Old Babylonian Period (from the End of Ur III to the Death of Šamši-Adad)</i>. Institute of History of Ancient Civilizations. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/69135570">69135570</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Political+History+of+Eshnunna%2C+Mari+and+Assyria+during+the+Early+Old+Babylonian+Period+%28from+the+End+of+Ur+III+to+the+Death+of+%C5%A0am%C5%A1i-Adad%29&rft.pub=Institute+of+History+of+Ancient+Civilizations&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F69135570&rft.aulast=Wu&rft.aufirst=Yuhong&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYamhad" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZohar2013" class="citation book cs1">Zohar, Zvi (2013). <i>Rabbinic Creativity in the Modern Middle East</i>. Kogod library of Judaic Studies. Vol. 11. Bloomsbury. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-3329-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-3329-8"><bdi>978-1-4411-3329-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rabbinic+Creativity+in+the+Modern+Middle+East&rft.series=Kogod+library+of+Judaic+Studies&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4411-3329-8&rft.aulast=Zohar&rft.aufirst=Zvi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYamhad" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yamhad&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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/></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Yamhad" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Yamhad">Yamhad</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.archaeology.org/0911/features/syria_aleppo_temple_storm_god_citadel.html">Hadad temple discovery.</a> Kay Kohlmeyer, an archaeologist at Berlin's University of Applied Sciences and the excavation co-director explain about the temple.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/syria_0039-7946_1987_num_64_3_7005">Ansari- ancient Halab.</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Syrian_history" title="Timeline of Syrian history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_Syria" title="List of years in Syria">Years in Syria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Prehistorical Syria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Levantine_corridor" title="Levantine corridor">Levantine corridor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natufian_culture" title="Natufian culture">Natufian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halaf_culture" title="Halaf culture">Halaf culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruk_period" title="Uruk period">Uruk period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Hureyra" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Hureyra">Abu Hureyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Aswad" title="Tell Aswad">Aswad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarmukian_culture" title="Yarmukian culture">Yarmukian culture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Syria">Ancient Syria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amorites" title="Amorites">Amorites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arameans" title="Arameans">Arameans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canaanites" class="mw-redirect" title="Canaanites">Canaanites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Assyrian_Empire" title="Middle Assyrian Empire">Middle Assyrian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebla" title="Ebla">Ebla</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Yamhad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatna" title="Qatna">Qatna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mari,_Syria" title="Mari, Syria">Mari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugarit" title="Ugarit">Ugarit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aram-Damascus" title="Aram-Damascus">Aram-Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syro-Hittite_states" title="Syro-Hittite states">Syro-Hittite states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eber-Nari" title="Eber-Nari">Achaemenid Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Seleucid Syria">Seleucid Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Syria" title="Roman Syria">Roman Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyrene_Empire" title="Palmyrene Empire">Palmyrene Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Syria">Byzantine Syria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval Syria">Medieval Syria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_the_Levant" title="Muslim conquest of the Levant">Muslim conquest</a> (636)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilad_al-Sham" title="Bilad al-Sham">Caliphal Syria <i><span style="font-size:85%;">(Bilad al-Sham)</span></i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulunid_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Tulunid dynasty">Tulunid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikhshidid_dynasty" title="Ikhshidid dynasty">Ikhshidid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zangid_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Zangid dynasty">Zangid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamdanid_dynasty" title="Hamdanid dynasty">Hamdanid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirdasid_dynasty" title="Mirdasid dynasty">Mirdasid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatimid Syria">Fatimid Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saljuqid_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Saljuqid Syria">Saljuqid Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusader_states" title="Crusader states">Crusader states</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Edessa" title="County of Edessa">County of Edessa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Antioch" title="Principality of Antioch">Principality of Antioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Tripoli" title="County of Tripoli">County of Tripoli</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayyubid Syria">Ayyubid Syria</a> (1174–1260)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamluk Syria">Mamluk Syria</a> (1260–1516)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Early modern Syria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Syria" title="Ottoman Syria">Ottoman Syria</a> (1516–1918)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Modern_history_of_Syria" title="Modern history of Syria">Modern Syria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Kingdom_of_Syria" title="Arab Kingdom of Syria">Arab kingdom</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haj_Fadel_Government" title="Haj Fadel Government">Haj Fadel Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Syria_and_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandate for Syria and Lebanon">French Mandate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Federation" title="Syrian Federation">Syrian Federation</a> (1922–25)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Syria_(1925%E2%80%931930)" title="State of Syria (1925–1930)">State of Syria</a> (1925–30)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Syrian_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandatory Syrian Republic">Mandatory Republic</a> (1930–46)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_First_Syrian_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent First Syrian Republic">independent First Republic</a> (1946–50)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Syrian_Republic" title="Second Syrian Republic">Second Republic</a> (1950–1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Civil war</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria"><img alt="Syria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Insigne_Syriae.svg/80px-Insigne_Syriae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Insigne_Syriae.svg/120px-Insigne_Syriae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Insigne_Syriae.svg/160px-Insigne_Syriae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="302" data-file-height="403" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Syria" title="Geography of Syria">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_Syria" title="Template:Borders of Syria">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Syria" title="List of cities in Syria">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Syria" title="Districts of Syria">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorates_of_Syria" title="Governorates of Syria">Governorates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Syria" title="List of rivers of Syria">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Syria" title="List of volcanoes in Syria">Volcanoes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Jazira,_Mesopotamia" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Jazira, Mesopotamia">Al-Jazira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Lebanon_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Lebanon Mountains">Anti-Lebanon Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates">Euphrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golan_Heights" title="Golan Heights">Golan Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hauran" title="Hauran">Hauran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Hermon" title="Mount Hermon">Hermon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orontes_River" title="Orontes River">Orontes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Desert" title="Syrian Desert">Syrian Desert</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syria_(region)" title="Syria (region)">Syria (region)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Syria" title="Southern Syria">Southern Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fertile_Crescent" title="Fertile Crescent">Fertile Crescent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Syria" title="Politics of Syria">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Syria" title="Constitution of Syria">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Syria" title="Corruption in Syria">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Syria" title="President of Syria">President</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Syria" title="List of presidents of Syria">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_Syria" title="Vice President of Syria">Vice President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_(Syria)" title="Council of Ministers (Syria)">Council of Ministers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Syria" title="Prime Minister of Syria">Prime Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Prime_Ministers_of_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Prime Ministers of Syria">list</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Syria" title="Elections in Syria">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Syria" title="Foreign relations of Syria">Foreign relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Golan_Heights#Territorial_claims" title="Golan Heights">Golan Heights claim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatay_Province#Turkish–Syrian_dispute" title="Hatay Province">Iskandaron</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_ministries_of_Syria" title="Government ministries of Syria">Government ministries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Syria" title="Human rights in Syria">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Syria">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Syria" title="Judiciary of Syria">Judiciary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High_Judicial_Council" title="High Judicial Council">High council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Constitutional_Court_of_Syria" title="Supreme Constitutional Court of Syria">Supreme Constitutional Court</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Council_of_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Council of Syria">Parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_People%27s_Council_of_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Speaker of the People's Council of Syria">Speakers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Syria" title="List of political parties in Syria">Political parties</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party" title="Ba'ath Party">Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party</a></span> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party_(Syrian-dominated_faction)" title="Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction)">national</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Syria_Region" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region">regional command</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/National_Progressive_Front_(Syria)" title="National Progressive Front (Syria)">National Progressive Front</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Popular_Front_for_Change_and_Liberation" title="Popular Front for Change and Liberation">Popular Front for Change and Liberation</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Status_of_the_Golan_Heights" class="mw-redirect" title="Status of the Golan Heights">Political status of the Golan Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_nationalism" title="Syrian nationalism">Nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syria_(region)" title="Syria (region)">Syria (region)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Syria" title="Terrorism in Syria">Terrorism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Military_of_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of Syria">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Army" title="Syrian Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Air_Force" title="Syrian Air Force">Air force</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Air_Defense_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Air Defense Force">air defense</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Navy" title="Syrian Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_General_Staff_(Syria)" title="Chief of the General Staff (Syria)">Chief of the General Staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="Syria and weapons of mass destruction">Weapons of mass destruction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Syria" title="Economy of Syria">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Syria" title="Agriculture in Syria">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Syria" title="Central Bank of Syria">Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Syria" title="List of companies of Syria">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industry_in_Syria" title="Industry in Syria">Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_rankings_of_Syria" title="International rankings of Syria">International rankings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_pound" title="Syrian pound">Pound <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus_Securities_Exchange" title="Damascus Securities Exchange">Securities Exchange <span style="font-size:85%;">(stock exchange)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Infrastructure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Syria#Energy_and_mineral_resources" title="Economy of Syria">Energy and mineral resources</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Syria" title="Petroleum industry in Syria">Petroleum industry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Syria" title="Telecommunications in Syria">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Syria" title="Transport in Syria">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Syria" title="Water supply and sanitation in Syria">Water supply and sanitation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Syria" title="Category:Society of Syria">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Censorship in Syria">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Syria" title="Demographics of Syria">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Syria" title="Education in Syria">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Syria" title="Health in Syria">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunger_in_Syria" title="Hunger in Syria">Hunger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrians" title="Syrians">People</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_diaspora" title="Syrian diaspora">diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refugees_of_the_Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Refugees of the Syrian Civil War">refugees <span style="font-size:85%;">(2011–present)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Syria" title="Women in Syria">women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Syria" title="Public holidays in Syria">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scouts_of_Syria" title="Scouts of Syria">Scouting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting_in_Syria" title="Squatting in Syria">Squatting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Syria" title="Culture of Syria">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_anthem_of_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="National anthem of Syria">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Syria" title="Coat of arms of Syria">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_cuisine" title="Syrian cuisine">Cuisine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Syrian_wine" title="Syrian wine">wine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Syrian_films" title="List of Syrian films">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Syria" title="Flag of Syria">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Syria" title="Mass media in Syria">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Organization_of_Radio_and_TV_(Syria)" title="General Organization of Radio and TV (Syria)">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Syria" title="Television in Syria">television</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Syria" title="Music of Syria">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Syria" title="Religion in Syria">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Syria" title="Smoking in Syria">Smoking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Syria" title="Outline of Syria">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Syria-related_articles" title="Index of Syria-related articles">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Syria" title="Category:Syria">Category</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Syria&#124;link=Syria_Aleppo" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Aleppo" title="Template:Aleppo"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Aleppo" title="Template talk:Aleppo"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Aleppo" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Aleppo"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Syria&#124;link=Syria_Aleppo" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria"><img alt="Syria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo">Aleppo</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Neighbourhoods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_City_of_Aleppo" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient City of Aleppo">Ancient City of Aleppo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bab_al-Nairab" title="Bab al-Nairab">Bab al-Nairab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Aleppo_Neighborhood" class="mw-redirect" title="New Aleppo Neighborhood">New Aleppo Neighborhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramouseh" title="Ramouseh">Ramouseh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salaheddine_District" title="Salaheddine District">Salaheddine District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Maqsood" title="Sheikh Maqsood">Sheikh Maqsood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historic landmarks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_City_of_Aleppo" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient City of Aleppo">Ancient City of Aleppo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citadel_of_Aleppo" title="Citadel of Aleppo">Citadel of Aleppo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Madina_Souq" title="Al-Madina Souq">Al-Madina Souq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Jdayde" title="Al-Jdayde">Al-Jdayde quarter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Synagogue_of_Aleppo" title="Central Synagogue of Aleppo">Central Synagogue of Aleppo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shibani_Church" title="Al-Shibani Church">Al-Shibani building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammam_Bab_al-Ahmar" title="Hammam Bab al-Ahmar">Hammam Bab al-Ahmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammam_al-Nahhasin" title="Hammam al-Nahhasin">Hammam al-Nahhasin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammam_Yalbugha" title="Hammam Yalbugha">Hammam Yalbugha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanqah_al-Farafira" title="Khanqah al-Farafira">Khanqah al-Farafira</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bimaristan_Arghun_al-Kamili&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bimaristan Arghun al-Kamili (page does not exist)">Bimaristan Arghun al-Kamili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beit_Junblatt" title="Beit Junblatt">Beit Junblatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beit_Ghazaleh" title="Beit Ghazaleh">Beit Ghazaleh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beit_Achiqbash" title="Beit Achiqbash">Beit Achiqbash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bab_al-Faraj_Clock_Tower" title="Bab al-Faraj Clock Tower">Bab al-Faraj Clock Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baron_Hotel" title="Baron Hotel">Baron Hotel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_railway_station" title="Aleppo railway station">Aleppo railway station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Rose" title="Villa Rose">Villa Rose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Serail_of_Aleppo" title="Grand Serail of Aleppo">Grand Serail of Aleppo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Madrasas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ahmadiyah_Madrasa" title="Al-Ahmadiyah Madrasa">Al-Ahmadiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Firdaws_Madrasa" title="Al-Firdaws Madrasa">Al-Firdaws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Halawiyah_Madrasa" title="Al-Halawiyah Madrasa">Al-Halawiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Kameliyah_Madrasa" title="Al-Kameliyah Madrasa">Al-Kameliyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Muqaddamiyah_Madrasa" title="Al-Muqaddamiyah Madrasa">Al-Muqaddamiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shadbakhtiyah_Madrasa" title="Al-Shadbakhtiyah Madrasa">Al-Shadbakhtiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Sharafiyah_Madrasa" title="Al-Sharafiyah Madrasa">Al-Sharafiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Sultaniyah_Madrasa" title="Al-Sultaniyah Madrasa">Al-Sultaniyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Turantaiyah_Madrasa" title="Al-Turantaiyah Madrasa">Al-Turantaiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Uthmaniyah_Madrasa_(Aleppo)" title="Al-Uthmaniyah Madrasa (Aleppo)">Al-Uthmaniyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Zahiriyah_Madrasa" title="Al-Zahiriyah Madrasa">Al-Zahiriyah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_mosques_in_Aleppo" title="List of mosques in Aleppo">Mosques</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shuaibiyah_Mosque" title="Al-Shuaibiyah Mosque">Al-Shuaibiyah Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_Aleppo" title="Great Mosque of Aleppo">Great Mosque of Aleppo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Nuqtah_Mosque" title="Al-Nuqtah Mosque">Al-Nuqtah Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaiqan_Mosque" title="Al-Qaiqan Mosque">Al-Qaiqan Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmandar_Mosque" title="Mahmandar Mosque">Mahmandar Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altun_Bogha_Mosque" title="Altun Bogha Mosque">Altun Bogha Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Sahibiyah_Mosque" title="Al-Sahibiyah Mosque">Al-Sahibiyah Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahsita_Mosque" title="Bahsita Mosque">Bahsita Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Tawashi_Mosque" title="Al-Tawashi Mosque">Al-Tawashi Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Otrush_Mosque" title="Al-Otrush Mosque">Al-Otrush Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Saffahiyah_Mosque" title="Al-Saffahiyah Mosque">Al-Saffahiyah Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khusruwiyah_Mosque" title="Khusruwiyah Mosque">Khusruwiyah Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Adiliyah_Mosque" title="Al-Adiliyah Mosque">Al-Adiliyah Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behramiyah_Mosque" title="Behramiyah Mosque">Behramiyah Mosque</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ar-Rahman_Mosque,_Aleppo" class="mw-redirect" title="Ar-Rahman Mosque, Aleppo">Ar-Rahman Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawhid_Mosque" title="Tawhid Mosque">Tawhid Mosque</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_churches_in_Aleppo" title="List of churches in Aleppo">Churches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Saint_Simeon_Stylites" title="Church of Saint Simeon Stylites">Church of Saint Simeon Stylites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forty_Martyrs_Cathedral" title="Forty Martyrs Cathedral">Forty Martyrs Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Dormition_of_Our_Lady" title="Church of the Dormition of Our Lady">Church of the Dormition of Our Lady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mar_Assia_al-Hakim_Church" title="Mar Assia al-Hakim Church">Mar Assia al-Hakim Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Saint_Elijah,_Aleppo" title="Cathedral of Saint Elijah, Aleppo">Saint Elijah Cathedral</a> (Maronite)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Syria" title="Catholic Church in Syria">Catholic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Saint_Francis_of_Assisi,_Aleppo" title="Church of Saint Francis of Assisi, Aleppo">Church of Saint Francis of Assisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Holy_Trinity,_Aleppo" title="Church of the Holy Trinity, Aleppo">Church of the Holy Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Saint_Joseph,_Aleppo" title="Cathedral of Saint Joseph, Aleppo">Cathedral of Saint Joseph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Holy_Cross,_Aleppo" title="Church of the Holy Cross, Aleppo">Church of the Holy Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Our_Lady_of_the_Assumption,_Aleppo" title="Cathedral of Our Lady of the Assumption, Aleppo">Cathedral of Our Lady of the Assumption</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church_in_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox Church in Syria">Eastern Orthodox</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Elijah_the_Prophet,_Aleppo" title="Cathedral of Elijah the Prophet, Aleppo">Cathedral of Elijah the Prophet</a> (Greek Orthodox)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Syria">Oriental Orthodox</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Holy_Mother_of_God_(Aleppo)" title="Church of the Holy Mother of God (Aleppo)">Church of the Holy Mother of God</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestantism in Syria">Protestant</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Church,_Aleppo" title="Emmanuel Church, Aleppo">Emmanuel Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethel_Church,_Aleppo" title="Bethel Church, Aleppo">Bethel Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs%27_Church,_Aleppo" title="Martyrs' Church, Aleppo">Martyrs' Church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historic gates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bab_al-Hadid" title="Bab al-Hadid">Bab al-Hadid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bab_al-Ahmar" title="Bab al-Ahmar">Bab al-Ahmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bab_al-Nairab" title="Bab al-Nairab">Bab al-Nairab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bab_al-Maqam" title="Bab al-Maqam">Bab al-Maqam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bab_Qinnasrin" title="Bab Qinnasrin">Bab Qinnasrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bab_Antakeya" title="Bab Antakeya">Bab Antakeya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bab_al-Jinan" title="Bab al-Jinan">Bab al-Jinan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bab_al-Faraj_(Aleppo)" title="Bab al-Faraj (Aleppo)">Bab al-Faraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bab_al-Nasr_(Aleppo)" title="Bab al-Nasr (Aleppo)">Bab al-Nasr</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture and <br />education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aleppo_Citadel_Amphitheatre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aleppo Citadel Amphitheatre (page does not exist)">Aleppo Citadel Amphitheatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_Citadel_Museum" title="Aleppo Citadel Museum">Aleppo Citadel Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Aleppo" title="National Library of Aleppo">National Library of Aleppo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Aleppo" title="National Museum of Aleppo">National Museum of Aleppo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_Centre_for_Culture_and_Arts" title="Aleppo Centre for Culture and Arts">Aleppo Centre for Culture and Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Aleppo" title="University of Aleppo">University of Aleppo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cordoba_Private_University" title="Cordoba Private University">Mamoun University for Science and Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shahba_University" title="Al-Shahba University">Al-Shahba University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_College" title="Aleppo College">Aleppo College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Amal" title="École Amal">École Amal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_School_of_Aleppo" title="International School of Aleppo">International School of Aleppo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyc%C3%A9e_fran%C3%A7ais_d%27Alep" title="Lycée français d'Alep">Lycée français d'Alep</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Entertainment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Sabil_Park" title="Al-Sabil Park">Al-Sabil Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_Public_Park" title="Aleppo Public Park">Aleppo Public Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Snoubari_Park" title="Al-Snoubari Park">Al-Snoubari Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Abdo" title="Abu Abdo">Abu Abdo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Club_d%27Alep" title="Club d'Alep">Club d'Alep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheraton_Aleppo_Hotel" title="Sheraton Aleppo Hotel">Sheraton Aleppo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahba_Mall" title="Shahba Mall">Shahba Mall</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Streets and squares</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hatab_Square" title="Al-Hatab Square">Al-Hatab Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farhat_Square" title="Farhat Square">Farhat Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabaa_Bahrat_Square,_Aleppo" title="Sabaa Bahrat Square, Aleppo">Sabaa Bahrat Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saadallah_al-Jabiri_Square" title="Saadallah al-Jabiri Square">Saadallah al-Jabiri Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Square,_Aleppo" title="Liberty Square, Aleppo">Liberty Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Faisal_Street" title="King Faisal Street">King Faisal Street</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Rahman_al-Kawakibi" title="Abd al-Rahman al-Kawakibi">Abd al-Rahman al-Kawakibi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ma%27arri" title="Al-Ma'arri">Al-Ma'arri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buhturi" title="Buhturi">Buhturi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harut_Sassounian" title="Harut Sassounian">Harut Sassounian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilarion_Capucci" title="Hilarion Capucci">Hilarion Capucci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Hananu" title="Ibrahim Hananu">Ibrahim Hananu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Seinfeld" title="Jerry Seinfeld">Jerry Seinfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Safra" title="Joseph Safra">Joseph Safra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levon_Ter-Petrossian" class="mw-redirect" title="Levon Ter-Petrossian">Levon Ter-Petrossian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louay_Kayali" title="Louay Kayali">Louay Kayali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moustapha_Akkad" title="Moustapha Akkad">Moustapha Akkad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Bey_Barmada" title="Mustafa Bey Barmada">Mustafa Bey Barmada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazim_al-Kudsi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazim al-Kudsi">Nazim al-Kudsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qustaki_al-Himsi" title="Qustaki al-Himsi">Qustaki al-Himsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronaldo_Mouchawar" title="Ronaldo Mouchawar">Ronaldo Mouchawar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rushdi_al-Kikhya" title="Rushdi al-Kikhya">Rushdi al-Kikhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_Abu-Riche" class="mw-redirect" title="Omar Abu-Riche">Omar Abu-Riche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_of_Aleppo" title="Paul of Aleppo">Paul of Aleppo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qustaki_al-Himsi" title="Qustaki al-Himsi">Qustaki al-Himsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saadallah_al-Jabiri" title="Saadallah al-Jabiri">Saadallah al-Jabiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabah_Fakhri" title="Sabah Fakhri">Sabah Fakhri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Maron" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Maron">Saint Maron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simeon_Stylites" title="Simeon Stylites">Simeon Stylites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queiq_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Queiq River">Queiq River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhahab_River" title="Dhahab River">Dhahab River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Simeon" title="Mount Simeon">Mount Simeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurd_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurd Mountains">Kurd Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Barsa" title="Mount Barsa">Mount Barsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_al-Hass" title="Mount al-Hass">Mount al-Hass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_plateau" title="Aleppo plateau">Aleppo plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limestone_Massif" title="Limestone Massif">Limestone Massif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabkhat_al-Jabbul" title="Sabkhat al-Jabbul">Sabkhat al-Jabbul</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sport</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Venues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/7_April_Stadium_(Aleppo)" title="7 April Stadium (Aleppo)">7 April Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ri%27ayet_al-Shabab_Stadium" title="Ri'ayet al-Shabab Stadium">Ri'ayet al-Shabab Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Assad_Sports_Arena" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Assad Sports Arena">Al-Assad Sports Arena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hamadaniah_Stadium" title="Al-Hamadaniah Stadium">Al-Hamadaniah Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ittihad_Stadium" title="Al-Ittihad Stadium">Al-Ittihad Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bassel_al-Assad_Swimming_Complex" title="Bassel al-Assad Swimming Complex">Bassel al-Assad Swimming Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_International_Stadium" title="Aleppo International Stadium">Aleppo International Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hamadaniah_Tennis_Complex" title="Al-Hamadaniah Tennis Complex">Al-Hamadaniah Tennis Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hamadaniah_Olympic_Swimming_and_Diving_Complex" title="Al-Hamadaniah Olympic Swimming and Diving Complex">Al-Hamadaniah Olympic Swimming and Diving Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hamadaniah_Sports_Arena" title="Al-Hamadaniah Sports Arena">Al-Hamadaniah Sports Arena</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Clubs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ittihad_SC_Aleppo" title="Al-Ittihad SC Aleppo">Al-Ittihad SC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hurriya_SC" title="Al-Hurriya SC">Al-Hurriya SC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Yarmouk_SC_(Syria)" title="Al-Yarmouk SC (Syria)">Al-Yarmouk SC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Herafyeen_SC" title="Al-Herafyeen SC">Al-Herafyeen SC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalaa_SC" title="Jalaa SC">Jalaa SC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ommal_Aleppo_SC" title="Ommal Aleppo SC">Ommal Aleppo SC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ouroube_SC" title="Ouroube SC">Ouroube SC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shorta_Aleppo_SC" title="Shorta Aleppo SC">Shorta Aleppo SC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Aleppo" title="Timeline of Aleppo">Historical timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Aleppo" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Aleppo">Rulers of Aleppo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armi_(Syria)" title="Armi (Syria)">Kingdom of Armi</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Yamhad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palistin" title="Palistin">Palistin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bit_Agusi" title="Bit Agusi">Bit Agusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_soap" title="Aleppo soap">Aleppo soap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead_Cities" title="Dead Cities">Dead Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Aleppo_(637)" title="Siege of Aleppo (637)">Siege of Aleppo (637)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_Codex" title="Aleppo Codex">Aleppo Codex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamdanid_dynasty" title="Hamdanid dynasty">Hamdanids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirdasid_dynasty" title="Mirdasid dynasty">Mirdasids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zengid_dynasty" title="Zengid dynasty">Zengids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1138_Aleppo_earthquake" title="1138 Aleppo earthquake">1138 Aleppo earthquake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Aleppo_(1260)" title="Siege of Aleppo (1260)">Siege of Aleppo (1260)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marj_Dabiq" title="Battle of Marj Dabiq">Battle of Marj Dabiq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_Eyalet" title="Aleppo Eyalet">Aleppo Eyalet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levant_Company" title="Levant Company">Levant Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_Aleppo_(1850)" title="Massacre of Aleppo (1850)">Massacre of Aleppo (1850)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Aleppo Vilayet">Aleppo Vilayet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qudud_Halabiya" title="Qudud Halabiya">Qudud Halabiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin%E2%80%93Baghdad_railway" title="Berlin–Baghdad railway">Baghdad Railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_International_Airport" title="Aleppo International Airport">Aleppo International Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Aleppo" title="State of Aleppo">State of Aleppo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(Syria)" title="People's Party (Syria)">People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1947_anti-Jewish_riots_in_Aleppo" title="1947 anti-Jewish riots in Aleppo">1947 Aleppo pogrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Railways#History" title="Syrian Railways">Chemins de Fer Syriens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_Artillery_School_massacre" title="Aleppo Artillery School massacre">Aleppo Artillery School massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Aleppo_(1980)" title="Siege of Aleppo (1980)">Siege of Aleppo (1980)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aleppo_(2012%E2%80%932016)" title="Battle of Aleppo (2012–2016)">Battle of Aleppo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February_2012_Aleppo_bombings" title="February 2012 Aleppo bombings">February 2012 bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_2012_Aleppo_bombing" title="March 2012 Aleppo bombing">March 2012 bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_2012_Aleppo_bombing" title="September 2012 Aleppo bombing">September 2012 bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_2012_Aleppo_bombings" title="October 2012 Aleppo bombings">October 2012 bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_University_bombings" title="Aleppo University bombings">University bombings</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Category:Aleppo" title="Category:Aleppo">Category:Aleppo</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ancient_states_and_regions_in_the_history_of_the_Levant" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ancient_states_and_regions_of_the_Levant" title="Template:Ancient states and regions of the Levant"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ancient_states_and_regions_of_the_Levant" title="Template talk:Ancient states and regions of the Levant"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient_states_and_regions_of_the_Levant" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient states and regions of the Levant"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ancient_states_and_regions_in_the_history_of_the_Levant" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Ancient states and regions in the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_ancient_Levant" title="History of the ancient Levant">history</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Copper_Age_state_societies" title="Copper Age state societies">Copper Age</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kish_civilization" title="Kish civilization">Kish civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Halaf" title="Tell Halaf">Tell Halaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chagar_Bazar" title="Chagar Bazar">Chagar Bazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamoukar" title="Hamoukar">Hamoukar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_es-Sultan" title="Tell es-Sultan">Jericho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byblos" title="Byblos">Byblos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebla" title="Ebla">Ebla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugarit" title="Ugarit">Ugarit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urkesh" title="Urkesh">Urkesh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alashiya" title="Alashiya">Alashiya</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Amorites" title="Amorites">Amorite states</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alalakh" title="Alalakh">Alalakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amurru_kingdom" title="Amurru kingdom">Amurru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andarig" title="Andarig">Andarig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apum" title="Apum">Apum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Babylonian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="First Babylonian Empire">First Babylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebla#Third_kingdom" title="Ebla">Third Ebla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekallatum" title="Ekallatum">Ekallatum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emar" title="Emar">Emar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurda" title="Kurda">Kurda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mari,_Syria#The_third_kingdom" title="Mari, Syria">Third Mari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alalakh" title="Alalakh">Mukish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyra" title="Palmyra">Palmyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatna" title="Qatna">Qatna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_eth-Thadeyn" title="Tell eth-Thadeyn">Shaddai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Taban" title="Tell Taban">Ṭābetu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Leilan#Shubat-Enlil" title="Tell Leilan">Kingdom of Upper Mesopotamia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Yamhad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zahiran" title="Zahiran">Zahiran</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amqu" title="Amqu">Amqu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aram_(region)" title="Aram (region)">Aram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barga_(kingdom)" title="Barga (kingdom)">Barga</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaanite city-states</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amalek" title="Amalek">Amalek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arqa" title="Arqa">Arqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arwad" title="Arwad">Arwad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascalon" title="Ascalon">Ascalon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Ashtara" title="Tell Ashtara">Aštartu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Gaza#Bronze_Age" title="History of Gaza">Azzati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashan" title="Bashan">Bashan</a>/<a href="/wiki/Hauran" title="Hauran">Hauran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beirut#History" title="Beirut">Beruta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byblos" title="Byblos">Gebal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus#Late_Bronze" title="Damascus">Dimasqu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gezer" title="Gezer">Gezer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibeon_(ancient_city)" title="Gibeon (ancient city)">Gibeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tel_Hazor" title="Tel Hazor">Hazor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_es-Sultan" title="Tell es-Sultan">Jericho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jerusalem" title="History of Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenites" title="Kenites">Kenites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamid_el-Loz" title="Kamid el-Loz">Kumidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tel_Lachish" title="Tel Lachish">Lakisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tel_Megiddo" title="Tel Megiddo">Megiddo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midian" title="Midian">Midian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadesh_(Syria)" title="Kadesh (Syria)">Qadesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shechem#Bronze_Age" title="Shechem">Shechem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidon" title="Sidon">Sidon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyre,_Lebanon" title="Tyre, Lebanon">Tyre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carchemish" title="Carchemish">Carchemish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittite Empire</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Hurrians" title="Hurrians">Hurrians</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urshu" title="Urshu">Urshu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuha%C5%A1%C5%A1e" title="Nuhašše">Nuhašše</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitanni" title="Mitanni">Mitanni</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Hadidi" title="Tell Hadidi">Tell Hadidi</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naziba" title="Naziba">Naziba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niya_Kingdom" title="Niya Kingdom">Niya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ib%27al" title="Ib'al">Ib'al Confederacy</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Eblaite_language" title="Eblaite language">Paleo-Syrian states</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armi_(Syria)" title="Armi (Syria)">Armi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Aleppo" title="Ancient Aleppo">Aleppo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armanum" title="Armanum">Armanum</a>/<a href="/wiki/Tall_Bazi" title="Tall Bazi">Tall Bazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebla" title="Ebla">Ebla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emar" title="Emar">Emar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Khana" title="Kingdom of Khana">Khana</a>/<a href="/wiki/Terqa" title="Terqa">Terqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mari,_Syria" title="Mari, Syria">Mari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Brak" title="Tell Brak">Nagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuttul" title="Tuttul">Tuttul</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Suhum" title="Suhum">Suhum</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BFApiru" title="ʿApiru">ʿApiru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahlamu" title="Ahlamu">Aḫlamū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suteans" title="Suteans">Suteans</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Amqu" title="Amqu">Amqu</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BFApiru" title="ʿApiru">ʿApiru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shasu" title="Shasu">Shasu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shutu" title="Shutu">Shutu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyra" title="Palmyra">Tadmor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunip" title="Tunip">Tunip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugarit" title="Ugarit">Ugarit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upu" title="Upu">Upu</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nuha%C5%A1%C5%A1e" title="Nuhašše">Nuhašše</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Niya_Kingdom" title="Niya Kingdom">Niya</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Arameans" title="Arameans">Aramaean states</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aram-Damascus" title="Aram-Damascus">Aram-Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aram_Rehob" title="Aram Rehob">Aram Rehob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bit-Adini" class="mw-redirect" title="Bit-Adini">Bit-Adini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bit_Agusi" title="Bit Agusi">Bit Agusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bit_Bahiani" title="Bit Bahiani">Bit Bahiani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geshur" title="Geshur">Geshur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hama,_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Hama, Syria">Hamath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam%27al" class="mw-redirect" title="Sam'al">Sam'al</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zobah" title="Zobah">Zobah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian Empire</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaan</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ammon" title="Ammon">Ammon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edom" title="Edom">Edom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(Samaria)" title="Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)">Israel (Samaria)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(united_monarchy)" title="Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)">Israel (united)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_es-Sultan" title="Tell es-Sultan">Jericho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah" title="Kingdom of Judah">Judah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moab" title="Moab">Moab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philistia" title="Philistia">Philistia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashdod_(ancient_city)" title="Ashdod (ancient city)">Ashdod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascalon" title="Ascalon">Ascalon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekron" title="Ekron">Ekron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gath_(city)" title="Gath (city)">Gath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaza_City" title="Gaza City">Gaza</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amrit" title="Amrit">Amrit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arwad" title="Arwad">Arwad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byblos" title="Byblos">Gebal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartus" title="Tartus">Tartus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyre,_Lebanon" title="Tyre, Lebanon">Tyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidon" title="Sidon">Sidon</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom of Egypt</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Arabs" title="History of the Arabs">Arabs</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Itureans" class="mw-redirect" title="Itureans">Itureans</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabataeans" title="Nabataeans">Nabataeans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qedarites" title="Qedarites">Qedarites</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Syro-Hittite_states" title="Syro-Hittite states">Luwian-Aramaean states</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carchemish" title="Carchemish">Carchemish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kummuh" title="Kummuh">Kummuh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luhuti" title="Luhuti">Luhuti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palistin" title="Palistin">Palistin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pattin" title="Pattin">Pattin</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">Classical Age</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a> (<a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a> - <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> - <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commagene" title="Commagene">Commagene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emesene_dynasty" title="Emesene dynasty">Emesene Dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghassanids" title="Ghassanids">Ghassanid Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasmonean_dynasty" title="Hasmonean dynasty">Hasmonean dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herodian_kingdom" title="Herodian kingdom">Herodian kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herodian_Tetrarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Herodian Tetrarchy">Herodian Tetrarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iturea" title="Iturea">Iturea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabataean_Kingdom" title="Nabataean Kingdom">Nabataean Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osroene" title="Osroene">Osroene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyrene_Empire" title="Palmyrene Empire">Palmyrene Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanukhids" title="Tanukhids">Tanukhid confederacy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amarna_letters" title="Amarna letters">Amarna letters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canaanite_and_Aramaic_inscriptions" title="Canaanite and Aramaic inscriptions">Canaanite and Aramaic inscriptions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Rulers_of_the_Ancient_Near_East" style="display:table;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Rulers_of_the_Ancient_Near_East" title="Template:Rulers of the Ancient Near East"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Rulers_of_the_Ancient_Near_East" title="Template talk:Rulers of the Ancient Near East"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Rulers_of_the_Ancient_Near_East" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Rulers of the Ancient Near East"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Rulers_of_the_Ancient_Near_East" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Rulers of the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Near_East" title="Ancient Near East">Ancient Near East</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-width:0;"><div style="padding:0"><div style="overflow:auto"> <table style="width:100%" class="wraplinks"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding:0; font-size:96.6%;"> <table class="wikitable" style="width:100%; margin:0; font-size:96.6%;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Territories/<br />dates<br /><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Egypt</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaan</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Ebla" title="Ebla">Ebla</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Mari,_Syria" title="Mari, Syria">Mari</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Kish_(Sumer)" title="Kish (Sumer)">Kish</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Assur" title="Assur">Assur</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Akshak" title="Akshak">Akshak</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Akkad_(city)" title="Akkad (city)">Akkad</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk">Uruk</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Adab_(city)" title="Adab (city)">Adab</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Umma" title="Umma">Umma</a><br /></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Lagash" title="Lagash">Lagash</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">Ur</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Elam</a> </th></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td rowspan="2">4000–3200 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="2" rowspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Naqada_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Naqada I">Naqada I</a></b><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Gerzeh_culture" title="Gerzeh culture">Naqada II</a></b><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gebel_el-Arak_Knife_ivory_handle_(front_top_part_detail).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gebel el-Arak Knife"><img alt="Gebel el-Arak Knife" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Gebel_el-Arak_Knife_ivory_handle_%28front_top_part_detail%29.jpg/50px-Gebel_el-Arak_Knife_ivory_handle_%28front_top_part_detail%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Gebel_el-Arak_Knife_ivory_handle_%28front_top_part_detail%29.jpg/75px-Gebel_el-Arak_Knife_ivory_handle_%28front_top_part_detail%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Gebel_el-Arak_Knife_ivory_handle_%28front_top_part_detail%29.jpg/100px-Gebel_el-Arak_Knife_ivory_handle_%28front_top_part_detail%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1582" data-file-height="1100" /></a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DCDCDC;" colspan="1" rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Egypt-Mesopotamia_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Egypt-Mesopotamia relations">Egypt-Mesopotamia relations</a> </td> <td colspan="9" style="text-align:center; background:#F5F5F5;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mesopotamia" title="History of Mesopotamia">Pre-Dynastic period</a> (4000–2900 BCE) </td> <td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;"><a href="/wiki/Susa" title="Susa">Susa I</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="9" rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;"><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Uruk_period" title="Uruk period">Uruk period</a></b><br />(4000–3100 BCE)<br /><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:White_Temple_ziggurat_in_Uruk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/White_Temple_ziggurat_in_Uruk.jpg/100px-White_Temple_ziggurat_in_Uruk.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/White_Temple_ziggurat_in_Uruk.jpg/150px-White_Temple_ziggurat_in_Uruk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/White_Temple_ziggurat_in_Uruk.jpg/200px-White_Temple_ziggurat_in_Uruk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1952" data-file-height="1158" /></a></span><br />(<a href="/wiki/Ziggurat" title="Ziggurat">Anu Ziggurat</a>, 4000 BCE)<br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rolzegel.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Rolzegel.JPG/100px-Rolzegel.JPG" decoding="async" width="100" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Rolzegel.JPG/150px-Rolzegel.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Rolzegel.JPG/200px-Rolzegel.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1726" data-file-height="714" /></a></span><br />(Anonymous "King-priests") </td> <td colspan="1" rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;"><a href="/wiki/Susa" title="Susa">Susa II</a><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Susa_II_King-Priest_with_bow_and_arrow.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Susa II Priest-King with bow and arrows"><img alt="Susa II Priest-King with bow and arrows" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Susa_II_King-Priest_with_bow_and_arrow.jpg/35px-Susa_II_King-Priest_with_bow_and_arrow.jpg" decoding="async" width="35" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Susa_II_King-Priest_with_bow_and_arrow.jpg/53px-Susa_II_King-Priest_with_bow_and_arrow.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Susa_II_King-Priest_with_bow_and_arrow.jpg/70px-Susa_II_King-Priest_with_bow_and_arrow.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1283" data-file-height="1663" /></a></span><br />(Uruk influence or control) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">3200–3100 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Naqada_III" title="Naqada III">Proto-Dynastic period</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/Naqada_III" title="Naqada III">Naqada III</a>)<br />Early or legendary kings: </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="1"><b><a href="/wiki/Upper_Egypt" title="Upper Egypt">Upper Egypt</a></b><br /><i><a href="/wiki/Finger_Snail" title="Finger Snail">Finger Snail</a></i> <i><a href="/wiki/Fish_(pharaoh)" title="Fish (pharaoh)">Fish</a></i> <i><a href="/wiki/Elephant_(pharaoh)" title="Elephant (pharaoh)">Pen-Abu</a></i> <i>Animal</i> <i><a href="/wiki/Stork_(Pharaoh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stork (Pharaoh)">Stork</a></i> <i><a href="/wiki/Canide_(Pharaoh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Canide (Pharaoh)">Canide</a></i> <i><a href="/wiki/Bull_(Pharaoh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bull (Pharaoh)">Bull</a></i> <i><a href="/wiki/Scorpion_I" title="Scorpion I">Scorpion I</a></i> <i><a href="/wiki/Crocodile_(pharaoh)" title="Crocodile (pharaoh)">Shendjw</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Iry-Hor" title="Iry-Hor">Iry-Hor</a> <a href="/wiki/Ka_(pharaoh)" title="Ka (pharaoh)">Ka</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Scorpion_II" title="Scorpion II">Scorpion II</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Narmer" title="Narmer">Narmer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Menes" title="Menes">Menes</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="1"><b><a href="/wiki/Lower_Egypt" title="Lower Egypt">Lower Egypt</a></b><br /><i><a href="/wiki/Hedju_Hor" title="Hedju Hor">Hedju Hor</a></i> <i><a href="/wiki/Ny-Hor" title="Ny-Hor">Ny-Hor</a></i> <i><a href="/wiki/Hsekiu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hsekiu">Hsekiu</a></i> <i><a href="/wiki/Khayu" class="mw-redirect" title="Khayu">Khayu</a></i> <i><a href="/wiki/Tiu_(pharaoh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiu (pharaoh)">Tiu</a></i> <i><a href="/wiki/Thesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Thesh">Thesh</a></i> <i><a href="/wiki/Neheb" class="mw-redirect" title="Neheb">Neheb</a></i> <i><a href="/wiki/Wazner" class="mw-redirect" title="Wazner">Wazner</a></i> <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nat-Hor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nat-Hor (page does not exist)">Nat-Hor</a></i> <i><a href="/wiki/Mekh" class="mw-redirect" title="Mekh">Mekh</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Double_Falcon" title="Double Falcon">Double Falcon</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Wash_(pharaoh)" title="Wash (pharaoh)">Wash</a></i><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">3100–2900 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" rowspan="1" colspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Early_Dynastic_Period_(Egypt)" title="Early Dynastic Period (Egypt)">Early Dynastic Period</a></b><br /><b><a href="/wiki/First_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="First Dynasty of Egypt">First Dynasty of Egypt</a></b><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Narmer_Palette_verso.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Narmer Palette"><img alt="Narmer Palette" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Narmer_Palette_verso.jpg/40px-Narmer_Palette_verso.jpg" decoding="async" width="40" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Narmer_Palette_verso.jpg/60px-Narmer_Palette_verso.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Narmer_Palette_verso.jpg/80px-Narmer_Palette_verso.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1611" data-file-height="2404" /></a><figcaption>Narmer Palette</figcaption></figure><br /><a href="/wiki/Narmer" title="Narmer">Narmer</a> <a href="/wiki/Menes" title="Menes">Menes</a> <a href="/wiki/Neithhotep" title="Neithhotep">Neithhotep</a><sup>♀</sup> (regent) <a href="/wiki/Hor-Aha" title="Hor-Aha">Hor-Aha</a> <a href="/wiki/Djer" title="Djer">Djer</a> <a href="/wiki/Djet" title="Djet">Djet</a> <a href="/wiki/Merneith" title="Merneith">Merneith</a><sup>♀</sup> (regent) <a href="/wiki/Den_(pharaoh)" title="Den (pharaoh)">Den</a> <a href="/wiki/Anedjib" title="Anedjib">Anedjib</a> <a href="/wiki/Semerkhet" title="Semerkhet">Semerkhet</a> <a href="/wiki/Qa%27a" title="Qa'a">Qa'a</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Sneferka" title="Sneferka">Sneferka</a></i> <i><a href="/wiki/Horus_Bird_(Pharaoh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Horus Bird (Pharaoh)">Horus Bird</a></i> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DCDCDC;" colspan="1" rowspan="13"><a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaanites</a> </td> <td colspan="9" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;"><b><a href="/wiki/Jemdet_Nasr_period" title="Jemdet Nasr period">Jemdet Nasr period</a></b><br />(3100–2900 BCE) </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" rowspan="7"><b><a href="/wiki/Proto-Elamite" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Elamite">Proto-Elamite</a></b><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Proto-Elamite" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Elamite">period</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/Susa" title="Susa">Susa III</a>)<br />(3100–2700 BCE) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">2900 BCE </td> <td rowspan="8" colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;"><b><a href="/wiki/Second_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Second Dynasty of Egypt">Second Dynasty of Egypt</a></b><br /><br /><a href="/wiki/Hotepsekhemwy" title="Hotepsekhemwy">Hotepsekhemwy</a> <a href="/wiki/Nebra_(Pharaoh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nebra (Pharaoh)">Nebra/Raneb</a> <a href="/wiki/Nynetjer" title="Nynetjer">Nynetjer</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Ba_(pharaoh)" title="Ba (pharaoh)">Ba</a></i> <i><a href="/wiki/Nubnefer" title="Nubnefer">Nubnefer</a></i> <i><a href="/wiki/Horus_Sa" title="Horus Sa">Horus Sa</a></i> <i><a href="/wiki/Weneg_(pharaoh)" title="Weneg (pharaoh)">Weneg-Nebty</a></i> <i><a href="/wiki/Wadjenes" title="Wadjenes">Wadjenes</a></i> <i><a href="/wiki/Senedj" title="Senedj">Senedj</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Seth-Peribsen" title="Seth-Peribsen">Seth-Peribsen</a> <a href="/wiki/Sekhemib-Perenmaat" title="Sekhemib-Perenmaat">Sekhemib-Perenmaat</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Neferkara_I" title="Neferkara I">Neferkara I</a></i> <i><a href="/wiki/Neferkasokar" title="Neferkasokar">Neferkasokar</a></i> <i><a href="/wiki/Hudjefa_I" title="Hudjefa I">Hudjefa I</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Khasekhemwy" title="Khasekhemwy">Khasekhemwy</a><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Khasekhemwy_statue_Ashmolean.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Khasekhemwy"><img alt="Khasekhemwy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Khasekhemwy_statue_Ashmolean.JPG/30px-Khasekhemwy_statue_Ashmolean.JPG" decoding="async" width="30" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Khasekhemwy_statue_Ashmolean.JPG/45px-Khasekhemwy_statue_Ashmolean.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Khasekhemwy_statue_Ashmolean.JPG/60px-Khasekhemwy_statue_Ashmolean.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4103" data-file-height="5203" /></a></span> </td> <td colspan="9" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#F5F5F5;"><a href="/wiki/Early_Dynastic_Period_(Mesopotamia)" title="Early Dynastic Period (Mesopotamia)">Early Dynastic Period I</a> (2900–2700 BCE) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" rowspan="3"><b><a href="/wiki/Ebla" title="Ebla">First Eblaite</a><br />Kingdom</b><br /> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" rowspan="3"><b><a href="/wiki/Mari,_Syria" title="Mari, Syria">First kingdom of Mari</a></b><br /> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DCDCDC;" colspan="7" rowspan="1"><b><a href="/wiki/Kish_(Sumer)" title="Kish (Sumer)">Kish</a> I dynasty</b><br /><i><a href="/wiki/Jushur" title="Jushur">Jushur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kullassina-bel" title="Kullassina-bel">Kullassina-bel</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Nangishlishma" title="Nangishlishma">Nangishlishma</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/En-tarah-ana" title="En-tarah-ana">En-tarah-ana</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Babum" title="Babum">Babum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Puannum" title="Puannum">Puannum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kalibum" title="Kalibum">Kalibum</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">2800 BCE <p><br /> </p> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DCDCDC;" colspan="2" rowspan="2"><i><a href="/wiki/Kalumum" title="Kalumum">Kalumum</a> <a href="/wiki/Zuqaqip" title="Zuqaqip">Zuqaqip</a> <a href="/wiki/Atab" title="Atab">Atab</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Mashda" title="Mashda">Mashda</a> <a href="/wiki/Arwium" title="Arwium">Arwium</a> <a href="/wiki/Etana" title="Etana">Etana</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Balih" title="Balih">Balih</a> <a href="/wiki/En-me-nuna" title="En-me-nuna">En-me-nuna</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Melem-Kish" title="Melem-Kish">Melem-Kish</a> <a href="/wiki/Barsal-nuna" title="Barsal-nuna">Barsal-nuna</a></i> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><b><a href="/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk">Uruk</a> I dynasty</b><br /><i><a href="/wiki/Mesh-ki-ang-gasher" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesh-ki-ang-gasher">Mesh-ki-ang-gasher</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><i><a href="/wiki/Enmerkar" title="Enmerkar">Enmerkar</a> ("conqueror of <a href="/wiki/Aratta" title="Aratta">Aratta</a>")</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4">2700 BCE </td> <td colspan="9" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#F5F5F5;"><a href="/wiki/Early_Dynastic_Period_(Mesopotamia)" title="Early Dynastic Period (Mesopotamia)">Early Dynastic Period II</a> (2700–2600 BCE) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" rowspan="3"> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" rowspan="3"> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DCDCDC;" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><i><a href="/wiki/Zamug" title="Zamug">Zamug</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tizqar" title="Tizqar">Tizqar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ilku" title="Ilku">Ilku</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Iltasadum" title="Iltasadum">Iltasadum</a></i> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><i><a href="/wiki/Lugalbanda" title="Lugalbanda">Lugalbanda</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Dumuzid,_the_Fisherman" class="mw-redirect" title="Dumuzid, the Fisherman">Dumuzid, the Fisherman</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DCDCDC;" colspan="8" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Enmebaragesi" title="Enmebaragesi">Enmebaragesi</a> ("made the land of Elam submit")<sup id="cite_ref-SKL_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SKL-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DCDCDC;" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Aga_of_Kish" title="Aga of Kish">Aga of Kish</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank_space.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/5px-Blank_space.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/8px-Blank_space.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/10px-Blank_space.png 2x" data-file-width="50" data-file-height="50" /></a></span><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ak_gal-ukkin_(detail).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Aga of Kish"><img alt="Aga of Kish" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Ak_gal-ukkin_%28detail%29.jpg/22px-Ak_gal-ukkin_%28detail%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="22" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Ak_gal-ukkin_%28detail%29.jpg/33px-Ak_gal-ukkin_%28detail%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Ak_gal-ukkin_%28detail%29.jpg/44px-Ak_gal-ukkin_%28detail%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="559" data-file-height="826" /></a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Gilgamesh" title="Gilgamesh">Gilgamesh</a><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank_space.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/10px-Blank_space.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/15px-Blank_space.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/20px-Blank_space.png 2x" data-file-width="50" data-file-height="50" /></a></span><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gilgamesh_on_a_seal_of_Mesannapeda,_2600_BCE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Gilgamesh_on_a_seal_of_Mesannapeda%2C_2600_BCE.jpg/30px-Gilgamesh_on_a_seal_of_Mesannapeda%2C_2600_BCE.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Gilgamesh_on_a_seal_of_Mesannapeda%2C_2600_BCE.jpg/45px-Gilgamesh_on_a_seal_of_Mesannapeda%2C_2600_BCE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Gilgamesh_on_a_seal_of_Mesannapeda%2C_2600_BCE.jpg/60px-Gilgamesh_on_a_seal_of_Mesannapeda%2C_2600_BCE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="612" data-file-height="595" /></a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" rowspan="5"><b><a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Old Elamite period</a></b><br />(2700–1500 BCE)<br /><br /><a href="/wiki/Indus-Mesopotamia_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus-Mesopotamia relations">Indus-Mesopotamia relations</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">2600 BCE </td> <td rowspan="3" colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;"><b><a href="/wiki/Third_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Third Dynasty of Egypt">Third Dynasty of Egypt</a></b><br /><br /><a href="/wiki/Djoser" title="Djoser">Djoser</a><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Saqqara,_Pyramid_of_Djoser_2,_Ancient_Egypt.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Saqqarah Djeser pyramid"><img alt="Saqqarah Djeser pyramid" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Saqqara%2C_Pyramid_of_Djoser_2%2C_Ancient_Egypt.jpg/50px-Saqqara%2C_Pyramid_of_Djoser_2%2C_Ancient_Egypt.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Saqqara%2C_Pyramid_of_Djoser_2%2C_Ancient_Egypt.jpg/75px-Saqqara%2C_Pyramid_of_Djoser_2%2C_Ancient_Egypt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Saqqara%2C_Pyramid_of_Djoser_2%2C_Ancient_Egypt.jpg/100px-Saqqara%2C_Pyramid_of_Djoser_2%2C_Ancient_Egypt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span><br />(First <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_pyramids" title="Egyptian pyramids">Egyptian pyramids</a>)<br /><a href="/wiki/Sekhemkhet" title="Sekhemkhet">Sekhemkhet</a> <a href="/wiki/Sanakht" title="Sanakht">Sanakht</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Nebka" title="Nebka">Nebka</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Khaba" title="Khaba">Khaba</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Qahedjet" title="Qahedjet">Qahedjet</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Huni" title="Huni">Huni</a> </td> <td colspan="9" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#F5F5F5;"><a href="/wiki/Early_Dynastic_Period_(Mesopotamia)" title="Early Dynastic Period (Mesopotamia)">Early Dynastic Period III</a> (2600–2340 BCE) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Sagisu" title="Sagisu">Sagisu</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abur-lim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abur-lim (page does not exist)">Abur-lim</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agur-lim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agur-lim (page does not exist)">Agur-lim</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibbi-Damu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ibbi-Damu (page does not exist)">Ibbi-Damu</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baba-Damu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baba-Damu (page does not exist)">Baba-Damu</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" rowspan="2"> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DCDCDC;" rowspan="2" colspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Kish_(Sumer)" title="Kish (Sumer)">Kish</a> II dynasty</b><br />(5 kings)<br /><a href="/wiki/Uhub" title="Uhub">Uhub</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Mesilim" title="Mesilim">Mesilim</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><i><a href="/wiki/Ur-Nungal" title="Ur-Nungal">Ur-Nungal</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Udul-kalama" title="Udul-kalama">Udulkalama</a><br /><a href="/wiki/La-ba%27shum" title="La-ba'shum">Labashum</a></i> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FAEBD7;" rowspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Lagash" title="Lagash">Lagash</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/En-hegal" title="En-hegal">En-hegal</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Lugalshaengur" title="Lugalshaengur">Lugal-<br />shaengur</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#ADD8E6;" rowspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Ur_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Ur I">Ur</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/A-Imdugud" title="A-Imdugud">A-Imdugud</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ur-Pabilsag" title="Ur-Pabilsag">Ur-Pabilsag</a><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank_space.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/5px-Blank_space.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/8px-Blank_space.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/10px-Blank_space.png 2x" data-file-width="50" data-file-height="50" /></a></span><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ur-Palbisag.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Ur-Palbisag.jpg/30px-Ur-Palbisag.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="48" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Ur-Palbisag.jpg/45px-Ur-Palbisag.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Ur-Palbisag.jpg/60px-Ur-Palbisag.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1385" data-file-height="2201" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Meskalamdug" title="Meskalamdug">Meskalamdug</a><br />(Queen <a href="/wiki/Puabi" title="Puabi">Puabi</a>)<br /><a href="/wiki/Akalamdug" title="Akalamdug">Akalamdug</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><i><a href="/wiki/En-nun-tarah-ana" title="En-nun-tarah-ana">Enun-dara-anna</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Mes-he" class="mw-redirect" title="Mes-he">Mes-he</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Melamanna" class="mw-redirect" title="Melamanna">Melamanna</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Lugal-kitun" title="Lugal-kitun">Lugal-kitun</a></i> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DCDCDC;" rowspan="1"><b><a href="/wiki/Adab_(city)" title="Adab (city)">Adab</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Nin-kisalsi" title="Nin-kisalsi">Nin-kisalsi</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Me-durba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Me-durba (page does not exist)">Me-durba</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Lugal-dalu" title="Lugal-dalu">Lugal-dalu</a> </td> <td colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" rowspan="1"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2575 BCE </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;"><b><a href="/wiki/Old_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Old Kingdom of Egypt">Old Kingdom of Egypt</a></b><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Fourth Dynasty of Egypt">Fourth Dynasty of Egypt</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Sneferu" title="Sneferu">Snefru</a> <a href="/wiki/Khufu" title="Khufu">Khufu</a><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kheops-Pyramid.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Kheops-Pyramid.jpg/50px-Kheops-Pyramid.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Kheops-Pyramid.jpg/75px-Kheops-Pyramid.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Kheops-Pyramid.jpg/100px-Kheops-Pyramid.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1581" data-file-height="971" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Djedefre" title="Djedefre">Djedefre</a> <a href="/wiki/Khafre" title="Khafre">Khafre</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Bikheris" title="Bikheris">Bikheris</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Menkaure" title="Menkaure">Menkaure</a> <a href="/wiki/Shepseskaf" title="Shepseskaf">Shepseskaf</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Thamphthis" title="Thamphthis">Thamphthis</a></i> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#ADD8E6;" colspan="8"><b><a href="/wiki/First_Dynasty_of_Ur" title="First Dynasty of Ur">Ur I dynasty</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Mesannepada" title="Mesannepada">Mesannepada</a><br />"King of Ur and Kish", victorious over Uruk </td></tr> <tr> <td>2500 BCE </td> <td rowspan="22" style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;"><a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicia</a> (2500-539 BCE) </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" rowspan="5"><b><a href="/wiki/The_second_kingdom_of_Mari" class="mw-redirect" title="The second kingdom of Mari">Second kingdom of Mari</a></b><br /><br /><a href="/wiki/Ikun-Shamash" title="Ikun-Shamash">Ikun-Shamash</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Iku-Shamagan" title="Iku-Shamagan">Iku-Shamagan</a><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Iku-Shamagan_-_Mari_-_Temple_of_Ninni-Zaza_(retouched).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Iku-Shamagan"><img alt="Iku-Shamagan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Iku-Shamagan_-_Mari_-_Temple_of_Ninni-Zaza_%28retouched%29.jpg/30px-Iku-Shamagan_-_Mari_-_Temple_of_Ninni-Zaza_%28retouched%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="52" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Iku-Shamagan_-_Mari_-_Temple_of_Ninni-Zaza_%28retouched%29.jpg/45px-Iku-Shamagan_-_Mari_-_Temple_of_Ninni-Zaza_%28retouched%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Iku-Shamagan_-_Mari_-_Temple_of_Ninni-Zaza_%28retouched%29.jpg/60px-Iku-Shamagan_-_Mari_-_Temple_of_Ninni-Zaza_%28retouched%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1202" data-file-height="2102" /></a></span><br /><br /><br /><a href="/wiki/Ansud" title="Ansud">Ansud</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Sa%27umu" class="mw-redirect" title="Sa'umu">Sa'umu</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ishtup-Ishar" title="Ishtup-Ishar">Ishtup-Ishar</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ikun-Mari" title="Ikun-Mari">Ikun-Mari</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Iblul-Il" title="Iblul-Il">Iblul-Il</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nizi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nizi (page does not exist)">Nizi</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DCDCDC;" rowspan="3"><b>Kish III dynasty</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Ku-Baba" class="mw-redirect" title="Ku-Baba">Ku-Baba</a><sup>♀</sup> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" rowspan="3"><b><a href="/wiki/Akshak" title="Akshak">Akshak dynasty</a></b><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unzi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Unzi (page does not exist)">Unzi</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Undalulu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Undalulu (page does not exist)">Undalulu</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" rowspan="3"><b><a href="/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk">Uruk</a> II dynasty</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Enshakushanna" title="Enshakushanna">Ensha-<br />kushanna</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DCDCDC;" rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Mug-si" title="Mug-si">Mug-si</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" rowspan="1"><b><a href="/wiki/Umma" title="Umma">Umma</a> I dynasty</b><br /><br /><a href="/wiki/Pabilgagaltuku" title="Pabilgagaltuku">Pabilgagaltuku</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FAEBD7;" rowspan="3"><b><a href="/wiki/Lagash" title="Lagash">Lagash</a> I dynasty</b><br /><br /><a href="/wiki/Ur-Nanshe" title="Ur-Nanshe">Ur-Nanshe</a><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ur-Nanshe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Ur-Nanshe.jpg/30px-Ur-Nanshe.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="42" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Ur-Nanshe.jpg/45px-Ur-Nanshe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Ur-Nanshe.jpg/60px-Ur-Nanshe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="663" data-file-height="918" /></a></span><br /><br /><a href="/wiki/Akurgal" title="Akurgal">Akurgal</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#ADD8E6;" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/A%27annepada" title="A'annepada">A'annepada</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Meskiagnun" title="Meskiagnun">Meskiagnun</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Elulu" title="Elulu">Elulu</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Balulu" title="Balulu">Balulu</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" rowspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Awan_dynasty" title="Awan dynasty">Awan dynasty</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Peli_(king_of_Awan)" title="Peli (king of Awan)">Peli</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Tata_(king_of_Awan)" title="Tata (king of Awan)">Tata</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ukku-Tanhish" title="Ukku-Tanhish">Ukkutahesh</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Hishutash" title="Hishutash">Hishur</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">2450 BCE </td> <td rowspan="4" colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;"><b><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Fifth Dynasty of Egypt">Fifth Dynasty of Egypt</a></b><br /><br /><a href="/wiki/Userkaf" title="Userkaf">Userkaf</a> <a href="/wiki/Sahure" title="Sahure">Sahure</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferirkare_Kakai" title="Neferirkare Kakai">Neferirkare Kakai</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferefre" title="Neferefre">Neferefre</a> <a href="/wiki/Shepseskare" title="Shepseskare">Shepseskare</a> <a href="/wiki/Nyuserre_Ini" title="Nyuserre Ini">Nyuserre Ini</a> <a href="/wiki/Menkauhor_Kaiu" title="Menkauhor Kaiu">Menkauhor Kaiu</a> <a href="/wiki/Djedkare_Isesi" title="Djedkare Isesi">Djedkare Isesi</a> <a href="/wiki/Unas" title="Unas">Unas</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" rowspan="2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enar-Damu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Enar-Damu (page does not exist)">Enar-Damu</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ishar-Malik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ishar-Malik (page does not exist)">Ishar-Malik</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Ush,_king_of_Umma" title="Ush, king of Umma">Ush</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Enakalle" title="Enakalle">Enakalle</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;"><a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Elamite</a> invasions<br />(3 kings)<sup id="cite_ref-SKL_96-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SKL-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Shushun-Tarana" title="Shushun-Tarana">Shushun-<br />tarana</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Napi-Ilhush" title="Napi-Ilhush">Napilhush</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2425 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;"><a href="/wiki/Kun-Damu" title="Kun-Damu">Kun-Damu</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FAEBD7;" colspan="8"><a href="/wiki/Eannatum" title="Eannatum">Eannatum</a><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank_space.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/5px-Blank_space.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/8px-Blank_space.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/10px-Blank_space.png 2x" data-file-width="50" data-file-height="50" /></a></span><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P1130735_Louvre_st%C3%A8le_des_Vautours_rwk.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/P1130735_Louvre_st%C3%A8le_des_Vautours_rwk.JPG/30px-P1130735_Louvre_st%C3%A8le_des_Vautours_rwk.JPG" decoding="async" width="30" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/P1130735_Louvre_st%C3%A8le_des_Vautours_rwk.JPG/45px-P1130735_Louvre_st%C3%A8le_des_Vautours_rwk.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/P1130735_Louvre_st%C3%A8le_des_Vautours_rwk.JPG/60px-P1130735_Louvre_st%C3%A8le_des_Vautours_rwk.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2600" data-file-height="2595" /></a></span><br />(King of Lagash, Sumer, Akkad, conqueror of Elam) </td></tr> <tr> <td>2400 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adub-Damu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adub-Damu (page does not exist)">Adub-Damu</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Igrish-Halam" title="Igrish-Halam">Igrish-Halam</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Irkab-Damu" title="Irkab-Damu">Irkab-Damu</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DCDCDC;"><b><a href="/wiki/Kish_(Sumer)" title="Kish (Sumer)">Kish</a> IV dynasty</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Puzur-Suen" title="Puzur-Suen">Puzur-Suen</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ur-Zababa" title="Ur-Zababa">Ur-Zababa</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Urur (page does not exist)">Urur</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;"><a href="/wiki/Lugal-kinishe-dudu" title="Lugal-kinishe-dudu">Lugal-kinishe-dudu</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Lugal-kisalsi" title="Lugal-kisalsi">Lugal-kisalsi</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DCDCDC;"><a href="/wiki/E-iginimpa%27e" title="E-iginimpa'e">E-iginimpa'e</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Meskigal" title="Meskigal">Meskigal</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;"><a href="/wiki/Ur-Lumma" title="Ur-Lumma">Ur-Lumma</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Il,_king_of_Umma" title="Il, king of Umma">Il</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Gishakidu" title="Gishakidu">Gishakidu</a><br />(Queen <a href="/wiki/Bara-irnun" title="Bara-irnun">Bara-irnun</a>) </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FAEBD7;"><a href="/wiki/Enannatum_I" title="Enannatum I">Enannatum</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Entemena" title="Entemena">Entemena</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Enannatum_II" title="Enannatum II">Enannatum II</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Enentarzi" title="Enentarzi">Enentarzi</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#ADD8E6;"><b><a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">Ur</a> II dynasty</b><br />Nanni<br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesh-ki-ang-Nanna_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mesh-ki-ang-Nanna II (page does not exist)">Mesh-ki-ang-Nanna II</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;"><a href="/wiki/Kikku-Siwe-Temti" title="Kikku-Siwe-Temti">Kiku-siwe-tempti</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2380 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="2" rowspan="6"><b><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Sixth Dynasty of Egypt">Sixth Dynasty of Egypt</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Teti" title="Teti">Teti</a> <a href="/wiki/Userkare" title="Userkare">Userkare</a> <a href="/wiki/Pepi_I_Meryre" title="Pepi I Meryre">Pepi I</a> <a href="/wiki/Merenre_Nemtyemsaf_I" title="Merenre Nemtyemsaf I">Merenre Nemtyemsaf I</a> <a href="/wiki/Pepi_II_Neferkare" title="Pepi II Neferkare">Pepi II</a> <a href="/wiki/Merenre_Nemtyemsaf_II" title="Merenre Nemtyemsaf II">Merenre Nemtyemsaf II</a> <a href="/wiki/Netjerkare_Siptah" title="Netjerkare Siptah">Netjerkare Siptah</a><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kneeling_Statuette_of_Pepy_I,_ca._2338-2298_B.C.E.,_39.121.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kneeling statuette of Pepy I"><img alt="Kneeling statuette of Pepy I" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Kneeling_Statuette_of_Pepy_I%2C_ca._2338-2298_B.C.E.%2C_39.121.jpg/30px-Kneeling_Statuette_of_Pepy_I%2C_ca._2338-2298_B.C.E.%2C_39.121.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Kneeling_Statuette_of_Pepy_I%2C_ca._2338-2298_B.C.E.%2C_39.121.jpg/45px-Kneeling_Statuette_of_Pepy_I%2C_ca._2338-2298_B.C.E.%2C_39.121.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Kneeling_Statuette_of_Pepy_I%2C_ca._2338-2298_B.C.E.%2C_39.121.jpg/60px-Kneeling_Statuette_of_Pepy_I%2C_ca._2338-2298_B.C.E.%2C_39.121.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1148" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DCDCDC;" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><b><a href="/wiki/Adab_(city)" title="Adab (city)">Adab</a> dynasty</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Lugalannemundu" class="mw-redirect" title="Lugalannemundu">Lugalannemundu</a><br />"King of the four quarters of the world" </td></tr> <tr> <td>2370 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Isar-Damu" title="Isar-Damu">Isar-Damu</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" rowspan="2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enna-Dagan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Enna-Dagan (page does not exist)">Enna-Dagan</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ikun-Ishar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ikun-Ishar (page does not exist)">Ikun-Ishar</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ishqi-Mari" title="Ishqi-Mari">Ishqi-Mari</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" colspan="4" rowspan="1">Invasion by <a href="/wiki/Mari,_Syria" title="Mari, Syria">Mari</a><br />Anbu, Anba, Bazi, Zizi of Mari, Limer, Sharrum-iter<sup id="cite_ref-SKL_96-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SKL-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Ukush" title="Ukush">Ukush</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FAEBD7;" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Lugalanda" title="Lugalanda">Lugalanda</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Urukagina" title="Urukagina">Urukagina</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Luh-ishan" title="Luh-ishan">Luh-ishan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2350 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Puzur-Nirah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Puzur-Nirah (page does not exist)">Puzur-Nirah</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ishu-Il&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ishu-Il (page does not exist)">Ishu-Il</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shu-Sin_(Akshak)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shu-Sin (Akshak) (page does not exist)">Shu-Sin</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="5"><b><a href="/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk">Uruk</a> III dynasty</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Lugal-zage-si" title="Lugal-zage-si">Lugalzagesi</a><br />(Governor of Umma, King of all Sumer) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">2340 BCE </td> <td> </td> <td colspan="10" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#F5F5F5;"><b><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian Period</a> (2340–2150 BCE)</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#C0C0C0;" colspan="9"><b><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian Empire</a></b><br /><br /><a href="/wiki/Sargon_of_Akkad" title="Sargon of Akkad">Sargon of Akkad</a> <a href="/wiki/Rimush" title="Rimush">Rimush</a> <a href="/wiki/Manishtushu" title="Manishtushu">Manishtushu</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#C0C0C0;" colspan="1" rowspan="3"><b>Akkadian Governors:</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Eshpum" title="Eshpum">Eshpum</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ilshu-rabi" title="Ilshu-rabi">Ilshu-rabi</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Epirmupi" title="Epirmupi">Epirmupi</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ili-ishmani" title="Ili-ishmani">Ili-ishmani</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2250 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#C0C0C0;" colspan="7"><a href="/wiki/Naram-Sin_of_Akkad" title="Naram-Sin of Akkad">Naram-Sin</a><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank_space.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/5px-Blank_space.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/8px-Blank_space.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/10px-Blank_space.png 2x" data-file-width="50" data-file-height="50" /></a></span><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Relief_of_Naram-Sin_(portrait).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Relief_of_Naram-Sin_%28portrait%29.jpg/25px-Relief_of_Naram-Sin_%28portrait%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="25" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Relief_of_Naram-Sin_%28portrait%29.jpg/38px-Relief_of_Naram-Sin_%28portrait%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Relief_of_Naram-Sin_%28portrait%29.jpg/50px-Relief_of_Naram-Sin_%28portrait%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1567" data-file-height="2300" /></a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#C0C0C0;" rowspan="2" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Lugal-ushumgal" title="Lugal-ushumgal">Lugal-ushumgal</a><br />(vassal of the Akkadians) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">2200 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="2" rowspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/First_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="First Intermediate Period of Egypt">First Intermediate Period</a></b><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Seventh_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Seventh Dynasty of Egypt">Seventh Dynasty of Egypt</a></b><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Eighth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Eighth Dynasty of Egypt">Eighth Dynasty of Egypt</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Menkare" title="Menkare">Menkare</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferkare_II" title="Neferkare II">Neferkare II</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferkare_Neby" title="Neferkare Neby">Neferkare Neby</a> <a href="/wiki/Djedkare_Shemai" title="Djedkare Shemai">Djedkare Shemai</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferkare_Khendu" title="Neferkare Khendu">Neferkare Khendu</a> <a href="/wiki/Merenhor" title="Merenhor">Merenhor</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferkamin" title="Neferkamin">Neferkamin</a> <a href="/wiki/Nikare" title="Nikare">Nikare</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferkare_Tereru" title="Neferkare Tereru">Neferkare Tereru</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferkahor" title="Neferkahor">Neferkahor</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferkare_Pepiseneb" title="Neferkare Pepiseneb">Neferkare Pepiseneb</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferkamin_Anu" title="Neferkamin Anu">Neferkamin Anu</a> <a href="/wiki/Qakare_Ibi" title="Qakare Ibi">Qakare Ibi</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferkaure" title="Neferkaure">Neferkaure</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferkauhor" title="Neferkauhor">Neferkauhor</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferirkare" title="Neferirkare">Neferirkare</a> </td> <td colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" rowspan="6"><b>Second <a href="/wiki/Ebla" title="Ebla">Eblaite</a><br />Kingdom</b> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" rowspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Mari,_Syria" title="Mari, Syria">Third kingdom of Mari</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/Shakkanakku" title="Shakkanakku">Shakkanakku</a><br />dynasty)<br /><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ididish&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ididish (page does not exist)">Ididish</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shu-Dagan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shu-Dagan (page does not exist)">Shu-Dagan</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ishma-Dagan" title="Ishma-Dagan">Ishma-Dagan</a><br />(Vassals of the Akkadians) </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#C0C0C0;" colspan="5"><br /><a href="/wiki/Shar-Kali-Sharri" title="Shar-Kali-Sharri">Shar-Kali-Sharri</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#C0C0C0;" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Igigi_of_Akkad" title="Igigi of Akkad">Igigi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imi" title="Imi">Imi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nanum_of_Akkad" title="Nanum of Akkad">Nanum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ilulu" title="Ilulu">Ilulu</a> (3 years)<br /><a href="/wiki/Dudu_of_Akkad" title="Dudu of Akkad">Dudu</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Shu-turul" title="Shu-turul">Shu-turul</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" rowspan="1"><b><a href="/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk">Uruk</a> IV dynasty</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Ur-nigin" title="Ur-nigin">Ur-nigin</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ur-gigir" title="Ur-gigir">Ur-gigir</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#C0C0C0;" colspan="2"> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FAEBD7;" rowspan="1" colspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Lagash" title="Lagash">Lagash</a> II dynasty</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Puzer-Mama" title="Puzer-Mama">Puzer-Mama</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ur-Ningirsu_I" title="Ur-Ningirsu I">Ur-Ningirsu I</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Pirig-me" title="Pirig-me">Pirig-me</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lu-Baba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lu-Baba (page does not exist)">Lu-Baba</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lu-gula&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lu-gula (page does not exist)">Lu-gula</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaku_of_Lagash&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kaku of Lagash (page does not exist)">Ka-ku</a><br /> </td> <td colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" rowspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Hishep-Ratep" class="mw-redirect" title="Hishep-Ratep">Hishep-Ratep</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Helu_(Awan)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Helu (Awan) (page does not exist)">Helu</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Khita" title="Khita">Khita</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Puzur-Inshushinak" title="Puzur-Inshushinak">Puzur-Inshushinak</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">2150 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="2" rowspan="3"><b><a href="/wiki/Ninth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Ninth Dynasty of Egypt">Ninth Dynasty of Egypt</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Meryibre_Khety" title="Meryibre Khety">Meryibre Khety</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferkare,_ninth_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Neferkare, ninth dynasty">Neferkare VII</a> <a href="/wiki/Nebkaure_Khety" title="Nebkaure Khety">Nebkaure Khety</a> <a href="/wiki/Setut" title="Setut">Setut</a> </td> <td colspan="8" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#F5F5F5;"><b><a href="/wiki/Third_Dynasty_of_Ur" title="Third Dynasty of Ur">Ur III period</a> (2150–2000 BCE)</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/N%C3%BBr-M%C3%AAr" title="Nûr-Mêr">Nûr-Mêr</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ishtup-Ilum" title="Ishtup-Ilum">Ishtup-Ilum</a><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ishtup-Ilum_statue_(head).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Ishtup-Ilum_statue_%28head%29.jpg/25px-Ishtup-Ilum_statue_%28head%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="25" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Ishtup-Ilum_statue_%28head%29.jpg/38px-Ishtup-Ilum_statue_%28head%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Ishtup-Ilum_statue_%28head%29.jpg/50px-Ishtup-Ilum_statue_%28head%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="568" data-file-height="810" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Ishgum-Addu" title="Ishgum-Addu">Ishgum-Addu</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Apil-kin" title="Apil-kin">Apil-kin</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#A9A9A9;" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><b><a href="/wiki/Gutian_dynasty_of_Sumer" class="mw-redirect" title="Gutian dynasty of Sumer">Gutian dynasty</a></b><br />(21 kings)<br /><br /><a href="/wiki/La-erabum" title="La-erabum">La-erabum</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Si%27um" title="Si'um">Si'um</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" rowspan="1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuda_(Uruk)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kuda (Uruk) (page does not exist)">Kuda (Uruk)</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Puzur-ili&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Puzur-ili (page does not exist)">Puzur-ili</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ur-Utu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ur-Utu (page does not exist)">Ur-Utu</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#A9A9A9;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"> </td> <td colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE; rowspan=2"><b><a href="/wiki/Umma" title="Umma">Umma</a> II dynasty</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Lugalannatum" title="Lugalannatum">Lugalannatum</a><br />(vassal of the Gutians) </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FAEBD7;" rowspan="2" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Ur-Baba" title="Ur-Baba">Ur-Baba</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Gudea" title="Gudea">Gudea</a><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gudea_of_Lagash_Girsu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Gudea_of_Lagash_Girsu.jpg/30px-Gudea_of_Lagash_Girsu.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Gudea_of_Lagash_Girsu.jpg/45px-Gudea_of_Lagash_Girsu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Gudea_of_Lagash_Girsu.jpg/60px-Gudea_of_Lagash_Girsu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2600" data-file-height="3900" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><br /><a href="/wiki/Ur-Ningirsu" title="Ur-Ningirsu">Ur-Ningirsu</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ur-gar" title="Ur-gar">Ur-gar</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Nam-mahani" title="Nam-mahani">Nam-mahani</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#A9A9A9;" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><br /><a href="/wiki/Tirigan" title="Tirigan">Tirigan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2125 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="2" rowspan="3"><b><a href="/wiki/Tenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Tenth Dynasty of Egypt">Tenth Dynasty of Egypt</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Meryhathor" title="Meryhathor">Meryhathor</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferkare_VIII" title="Neferkare VIII">Neferkare VIII</a> <a href="/wiki/Wahkare_Khety" title="Wahkare Khety">Wahkare Khety</a> <a href="/wiki/Merikare" title="Merikare">Merykare</a> <p><br /> </p> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="7"><b><a href="/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk">Uruk</a> V dynasty</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Utu-hengal" title="Utu-hengal">Utu-hengal</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2100 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" rowspan="1">(Vassals of UR III) </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Iddi-ilum" title="Iddi-ilum">Iddi-ilum</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ili-Ishar" title="Ili-Ishar">Ili-Ishar</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Tura-Dagan" title="Tura-Dagan">Tura-Dagan</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Puzur-Ishtar" title="Puzur-Ishtar">Puzur-Ishtar</a><br />(Vassals of Ur III)<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#ADD8E6;" colspan="8" rowspan="1"><b><a href="/wiki/Third_dynasty_of_Ur" class="mw-redirect" title="Third dynasty of Ur">Ur III dynasty</a></b><br />"Kings of Ur, Sumer and Akkad"<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank_space.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/5px-Blank_space.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/8px-Blank_space.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/10px-Blank_space.png 2x" data-file-width="50" data-file-height="50" /></a></span><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:King_Ur-Nammu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/King_Ur-Nammu.jpg/35px-King_Ur-Nammu.jpg" decoding="async" width="35" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/King_Ur-Nammu.jpg/53px-King_Ur-Nammu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/King_Ur-Nammu.jpg/70px-King_Ur-Nammu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="734" data-file-height="632" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Ur-Nammu" title="Ur-Nammu">Ur-Nammu</a> <a href="/wiki/Shulgi" title="Shulgi">Shulgi</a> <a href="/wiki/Amar-Sin" title="Amar-Sin">Amar-Sin</a> <a href="/wiki/Shu-Sin" title="Shu-Sin">Shu-Sin</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4">2025-1763 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#D2B48C;" colspan="7" rowspan="1"><b><a href="/wiki/Amorites" title="Amorites">Amorite</a> invasions</b> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#ADD8E6;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Ibbi-Sin" title="Ibbi-Sin">Ibbi-Sin</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" colspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Proto-Elamite" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Elamite">Elamite</a> invasions</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Kindattu" title="Kindattu">Kindattu</a> (<a href="/wiki/Shimashki_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Shimashki Dynasty">Shimashki Dynasty</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="2" rowspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Middle Kingdom of Egypt">Middle Kingdom of Egypt</a></b><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Eleventh_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt">Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Mentuhotep_I" title="Mentuhotep I">Mentuhotep I</a> <a href="/wiki/Intef_I" title="Intef I">Intef I</a> <a href="/wiki/Intef_II" title="Intef II">Intef II</a> <a href="/wiki/Intef_III" title="Intef III">Intef III</a> <a href="/wiki/Mentuhotep_II" title="Mentuhotep II">Mentuhotep II</a> <a href="/wiki/Mentuhotep_III" title="Mentuhotep III">Mentuhotep III</a> <a href="/wiki/Mentuhotep_IV" title="Mentuhotep IV">Mentuhotep IV</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#D2B48C;" rowspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Ebla" title="Ebla">Third Eblaite</a><br />Kingdom</b><br /> (<a href="/wiki/Amorites" title="Amorites">Amorites</a>)<br /><a href="/wiki/Ibbit-Lim" title="Ibbit-Lim">Ibbit-Lim</a><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ibbit-Lim.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Ibbit-Lim.png/30px-Ibbit-Lim.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Ibbit-Lim.png/45px-Ibbit-Lim.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Ibbit-Lim.png/60px-Ibbit-Lim.png 2x" data-file-width="343" data-file-height="345" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Immeya" title="Immeya">Immeya</a> <a href="/wiki/Indilimma" title="Indilimma">Indilimma</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#D2B48C;" rowspan="2">(<a href="/wiki/Amorites" title="Amorites">Amorite</a> <a href="/wiki/Shakkanakku" title="Shakkanakku">Shakkanakkus</a>)<br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hitial-Erra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hitial-Erra (page does not exist)">Hitial-Erra</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Hanun-Dagan" title="Hanun-Dagan">Hanun-Dagan</a><br />(...)<br /><br /><br /><b>Lim Dynasty</b><br /><b>of <a href="/wiki/Mari,_Syria" title="Mari, Syria">Mari</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/Amorites" title="Amorites">Amorites</a>)<br /><a href="/wiki/Yaggid-Lim" title="Yaggid-Lim">Yaggid-Lim</a> <a href="/wiki/Yahdun-Lim" title="Yahdun-Lim">Yahdun-Lim</a> <a href="/wiki/Yasmah-Adad" title="Yasmah-Adad">Yasmah-Adad</a> <a href="/wiki/Zimri-Lim" title="Zimri-Lim">Zimri-Lim</a> (Queen <a href="/wiki/Shibtu" title="Shibtu">Shibtu</a>) </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#AFEEEE;" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Old_Assyrian_period" title="Old Assyrian period">Old Assyria</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Puzur-Ashur_I" title="Puzur-Ashur I">Puzur-Ashur I</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Shalim-ahum" title="Shalim-ahum">Shalim-ahum</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ilu-shuma" title="Ilu-shuma">Ilu-shuma</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Erishum_I" title="Erishum I">Erishum I</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ikunum" title="Ikunum">Ikunum</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Sargon_I" title="Sargon I">Sargon I</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Puzur-Ashur_II" title="Puzur-Ashur II">Puzur-Ashur II</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Naram-Sin_of_Assyria" title="Naram-Sin of Assyria">Naram-Sin</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Erishum_II" title="Erishum II">Erishum II</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#D2B48C;" colspan="6" rowspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Isin-Larsa_period" title="Isin-Larsa period">Isin-Larsa period</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/Amorites" title="Amorites">Amorites</a>)<br /><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Image_from_page_25_of_%22Ancient_seals_of_the_Near_East%22_(1940).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Image_from_page_25_of_%22Ancient_seals_of_the_Near_East%22_%281940%29.jpg/30px-Image_from_page_25_of_%22Ancient_seals_of_the_Near_East%22_%281940%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Image_from_page_25_of_%22Ancient_seals_of_the_Near_East%22_%281940%29.jpg/45px-Image_from_page_25_of_%22Ancient_seals_of_the_Near_East%22_%281940%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Image_from_page_25_of_%22Ancient_seals_of_the_Near_East%22_%281940%29.jpg/60px-Image_from_page_25_of_%22Ancient_seals_of_the_Near_East%22_%281940%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1072" data-file-height="1558" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><b><a href="/wiki/Dynasty_of_Isin" title="Dynasty of Isin">Dynasty of Isin</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Ishbi-Erra" title="Ishbi-Erra">Ishbi-Erra</a> <a href="/wiki/Shu-Ilishu" title="Shu-Ilishu">Shu-Ilishu</a> <a href="/wiki/Iddin-Dagan" title="Iddin-Dagan">Iddin-Dagan</a> <a href="/wiki/Ishme-Dagan" title="Ishme-Dagan">Ishme-Dagan</a> <a href="/wiki/Lipit-Eshtar" class="mw-redirect" title="Lipit-Eshtar">Lipit-Eshtar</a> <a href="/wiki/Ur-Ninurta" title="Ur-Ninurta">Ur-Ninurta</a> <a href="/wiki/Bur-Suen" title="Bur-Suen">Bur-Suen</a> <a href="/wiki/Lipit-Enlil" title="Lipit-Enlil">Lipit-Enlil</a> <a href="/wiki/Erra-imitti" title="Erra-imitti">Erra-imitti</a> <a href="/wiki/Enlil-bani" title="Enlil-bani">Enlil-bani</a> <a href="/wiki/Zambiya" title="Zambiya">Zambiya</a> <a href="/wiki/Iter-pisha" title="Iter-pisha">Iter-pisha</a> <a href="/wiki/Ur-du-kuga" title="Ur-du-kuga">Ur-du-kuga</a> <a href="/wiki/Suen-magir" title="Suen-magir">Suen-magir</a> <a href="/wiki/Damiq-ilishu" title="Damiq-ilishu">Damiq-ilishu</a><br /><b>Dynasty of Larsa</b>: <a href="/wiki/Naplanum" title="Naplanum">Naplanum</a> <a href="/wiki/Emisum" title="Emisum">Emisum</a> <a href="/wiki/Samium" title="Samium">Samium</a> <a href="/wiki/Zabaia" title="Zabaia">Zabaia</a> <a href="/wiki/Gungunum" title="Gungunum">Gungunum</a> <a href="/wiki/Abisare" title="Abisare">Abisare</a> <a href="/wiki/Sumuel" title="Sumuel">Sumuel</a> <a href="/wiki/Nur-Adad" title="Nur-Adad">Nur-Adad</a> <a href="/wiki/Sin-Iddinam" title="Sin-Iddinam">Sin-Iddinam</a> <a href="/wiki/Sin-Eribam" title="Sin-Eribam">Sin-Eribam</a> <a href="/wiki/Sin-Iqisham" title="Sin-Iqisham">Sin-Iqisham</a> <a href="/wiki/Silli-Adad" title="Silli-Adad">Silli-Adad</a> <a href="/wiki/Warad-Sin" title="Warad-Sin">Warad-Sin</a> <a href="/wiki/Rim-Sin_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Rim-Sin I">Rim-Sin I</a> (...) <a href="/wiki/Rim-Sin_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Rim-Sin II">Rim-Sin II</a><br /><b>Uruk VI dynasty</b>: Alila-hadum Sumu-binasa Naram-Sin of Uruk <a href="/wiki/S%C3%AEn-k%C4%81%C5%A1id" title="Sîn-kāšid">Sîn-kāšid</a> Sîn-iribam <a href="/wiki/S%C3%AEn-g%C4%81mil" title="Sîn-gāmil">Sîn-gāmil</a> Ilum-gamil <a href="/wiki/An-am" title="An-am">An-am</a> <a href="/wiki/Irdanene" title="Irdanene">Irdanene</a> <a href="/wiki/R%C3%AEm-Anum" title="Rîm-Anum">Rîm-Anum</a> Nabi-ilišu </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" rowspan="4"><b><a href="/wiki/Sukkalmah_dynasty" title="Sukkalmah dynasty">Sukkalmah dynasty</a></b><br /><br /><a href="/wiki/Siwe-Palar-Khuppak" title="Siwe-Palar-Khuppak">Siwe-Palar-Khuppak</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><b><a href="/wiki/Twelfth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt">Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Amenemhat_I" title="Amenemhat I">Amenemhat I</a> <a href="/wiki/Senusret_I" title="Senusret I">Senusret I</a> <a href="/wiki/Amenemhat_II" title="Amenemhat II">Amenemhat II</a> <a href="/wiki/Senusret_II" title="Senusret II">Senusret II</a> <a href="/wiki/Senusret_III" title="Senusret III">Senusret III</a> <a href="/wiki/Amenemhat_III" title="Amenemhat III">Amenemhat III</a> <a href="/wiki/Amenemhat_IV" title="Amenemhat IV">Amenemhat IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Sobekneferu" title="Sobekneferu">Sobekneferu</a><sup>♀</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">1800–1595 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><b><a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Thirteenth Dynasty of Egypt">Thirteenth Dynasty of Egypt</a></b><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Fourteenth Dynasty of Egypt">Fourteenth Dynasty of Egypt</a></b> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Biblical" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical">Biblical</a>)<br /><a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Byblos" title="Kings of Byblos">Kings of Byblos</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Tyre" class="mw-redirect" title="Kings of Tyre">Kings of Tyre</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Sidon" class="mw-redirect" title="Kings of Sidon">Kings of Sidon</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#D2B48C;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Yamhad</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/Yamhad_dynasty" title="Yamhad dynasty">Yamhad dynasty</a>)<br />(Amorites) </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#AFEEEE;" colspan="2" rowspan="6"><b><a href="/wiki/Old_Assyrian_period" title="Old Assyrian period">Old Assyria</a></b><br /> <p>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_Assyrian_kings" title="List of Assyrian kings">Shamshi-Adad</a> dynasty<br />1808–1736 BCE)<br />(Amorites)<br /><a href="/wiki/Shamshi-Adad_I" title="Shamshi-Adad I">Shamshi-Adad I</a> <a href="/wiki/Ishme-Dagan_I" title="Ishme-Dagan I">Ishme-Dagan I</a> <a href="/wiki/Mut-Ashkur" title="Mut-Ashkur">Mut-Ashkur</a> <a href="/wiki/Rimush_of_Assyria" title="Rimush of Assyria">Rimush</a> <a href="/wiki/Asinum" title="Asinum">Asinum</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-dugul" title="Ashur-dugul">Ashur-dugul</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-apla-idi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashur-apla-idi">Ashur-apla-idi</a> <a href="/wiki/Nasir-Sin" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasir-Sin">Nasir-Sin</a> <a href="/wiki/Sin-namir" class="mw-redirect" title="Sin-namir">Sin-namir</a> <a href="/wiki/Ipqi-Ishtar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ipqi-Ishtar">Ipqi-Ishtar</a> <a href="/wiki/Adad-salulu" class="mw-redirect" title="Adad-salulu">Adad-salulu</a> <a href="/wiki/Adasi_(Assyria)" title="Adasi (Assyria)">Adasi</a><br /><br /> (Non-dynastic usurpers<br />1735–1701 BCE)<br /> <a href="/wiki/Puzur-Sin" title="Puzur-Sin">Puzur-Sin</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-dugul" title="Ashur-dugul">Ashur-dugul</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-apla-idi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashur-apla-idi">Ashur-apla-idi</a> <a href="/wiki/Nasir-Sin" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasir-Sin">Nasir-Sin</a> <a href="/wiki/Sin-namir" class="mw-redirect" title="Sin-namir">Sin-namir</a> <a href="/wiki/Ipqi-Ishtar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ipqi-Ishtar">Ipqi-Ishtar</a> <a href="/wiki/Adad-salulu" class="mw-redirect" title="Adad-salulu">Adad-salulu</a> <a href="/wiki/Adasi_(Assyria)" title="Adasi (Assyria)">Adasi</a><br /><br /> (<a href="/wiki/Adaside_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Adaside dynasty">Adaside dynasty</a><br />1700–722 BCE)<br /><a href="/wiki/Bel-bani" title="Bel-bani">Bel-bani</a> <a href="/wiki/Libaya" title="Libaya">Libaya</a> <a href="/wiki/Sharma-Adad_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharma-Adad I">Sharma-Adad I</a> <a href="/wiki/Iptar-Sin" title="Iptar-Sin">Iptar-Sin</a> <a href="/wiki/Bazaya" title="Bazaya">Bazaya</a> <a href="/wiki/Lullaya" title="Lullaya">Lullaya</a> <a href="/wiki/Shu-Ninua" title="Shu-Ninua">Shu-Ninua</a> <a href="/wiki/Sharma-Adad_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharma-Adad II">Sharma-Adad II</a> <a href="/wiki/Erishum_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Erishum III">Erishum III</a> <a href="/wiki/Shamshi-Adad_II" title="Shamshi-Adad II">Shamshi-Adad II</a> <a href="/wiki/Ishme-Dagan_II" title="Ishme-Dagan II">Ishme-Dagan II</a> <a href="/wiki/Shamshi-Adad_III" title="Shamshi-Adad III">Shamshi-Adad III</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-nirari_I" title="Ashur-nirari I">Ashur-nirari I</a> <a href="/wiki/Puzur-Ashur_III" title="Puzur-Ashur III">Puzur-Ashur III</a> <a href="/wiki/Enlil-nasir_I" title="Enlil-nasir I">Enlil-nasir I</a> <a href="/wiki/Nur-ili" title="Nur-ili">Nur-ili</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-shaduni" title="Ashur-shaduni">Ashur-shaduni</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-rabi_I" title="Ashur-rabi I">Ashur-rabi I</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-nadin-ahhe_I" title="Ashur-nadin-ahhe I">Ashur-nadin-ahhe I</a> <a href="/wiki/Enlil-Nasir_II" title="Enlil-Nasir II">Enlil-Nasir II</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-nirari_II" title="Ashur-nirari II">Ashur-nirari II</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-bel-nisheshu" title="Ashur-bel-nisheshu">Ashur-bel-nisheshu</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-rim-nisheshu" title="Ashur-rim-nisheshu">Ashur-rim-nisheshu</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-nadin-ahhe_II" title="Ashur-nadin-ahhe II">Ashur-nadin-ahhe II</a> </p> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#D2B48C;" colspan="4" rowspan="2"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:F0182_Louvre_Code_Hammourabi_Bas-relief_Sb8_rwk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/F0182_Louvre_Code_Hammourabi_Bas-relief_Sb8_rwk.jpg/40px-F0182_Louvre_Code_Hammourabi_Bas-relief_Sb8_rwk.jpg" decoding="async" width="40" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/F0182_Louvre_Code_Hammourabi_Bas-relief_Sb8_rwk.jpg/60px-F0182_Louvre_Code_Hammourabi_Bas-relief_Sb8_rwk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/F0182_Louvre_Code_Hammourabi_Bas-relief_Sb8_rwk.jpg/80px-F0182_Louvre_Code_Hammourabi_Bas-relief_Sb8_rwk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3170" data-file-height="3500" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><b><a href="/wiki/First_Babylonian_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="First Babylonian dynasty">First Babylonian dynasty</a><br />("Old Babylonian Period")<br />(<a href="/wiki/Amorites" title="Amorites">Amorites</a>)</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Sumu-abum" title="Sumu-abum">Sumu-abum</a> <a href="/wiki/Sumu-la-El" title="Sumu-la-El">Sumu-la-El</a> <a href="/wiki/Sin-muballit" class="mw-redirect" title="Sin-muballit">Sin-muballit</a><a href="/wiki/Sabium" title="Sabium">Sabium</a> <a href="/wiki/Apil-Sin" title="Apil-Sin">Apil-Sin</a> <a href="/wiki/Sin-muballit" class="mw-redirect" title="Sin-muballit">Sin-muballit</a> <a href="/wiki/Hammurabi" title="Hammurabi">Hammurabi</a> <a href="/wiki/Samsu-iluna" title="Samsu-iluna">Samsu-iluna</a> <a href="/wiki/Abi-eshuh" class="mw-redirect" title="Abi-eshuh">Abi-eshuh</a> <a href="/wiki/Ammi-ditana" class="mw-redirect" title="Ammi-ditana">Ammi-ditana</a> <a href="/wiki/Ammi-saduqa" class="mw-redirect" title="Ammi-saduqa">Ammi-saduqa</a> <a href="/wiki/Samsu-Ditana" title="Samsu-Ditana">Samsu-Ditana</a><br /><br /><a href="/wiki/Early_Kassite_rulers" title="Early Kassite rulers">Early Kassite rulers</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" colspan="2" rowspan="2"><br /><br /><b>Second Babylonian dynasty<br />("<a href="/wiki/Sealand_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Sealand Dynasty">Sealand Dynasty</a>")</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Ilum-ma-ili" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilum-ma-ili">Ilum-ma-ili</a> <a href="/wiki/Itti-ili-nibi" class="mw-redirect" title="Itti-ili-nibi">Itti-ili-nibi</a> <a href="/wiki/Damqi-ilishu" class="mw-redirect" title="Damqi-ilishu">Damqi-ilishu</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ishkibal" class="mw-redirect" title="Ishkibal">Ishkibal</a> <a href="/wiki/Shushushi" class="mw-redirect" title="Shushushi">Shushushi</a> <a href="/wiki/Gulkishar" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulkishar">Gulkishar</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Sealand_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Sealand Dynasty"><sup>m</sup>DIŠ+U-EN</a> <a href="/wiki/Peshgaldaramesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Peshgaldaramesh">Peshgaldaramesh</a> <a href="/wiki/Ayadaragalama" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayadaragalama">Ayadaragalama</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Akurduana" class="mw-redirect" title="Akurduana">Akurduana</a> <a href="/wiki/Melamkurkurra" class="mw-redirect" title="Melamkurkurra">Melamkurkurra</a> <a href="/wiki/Ea-gamil" class="mw-redirect" title="Ea-gamil">Ea-gamil</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Second_Intermediate_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Intermediate Period">Second Intermediate Period</a></b><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Sixteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Sixteenth Dynasty of Egypt">Sixteenth</a></b><br /><b>Dynasty</b><br /> <b><a href="/wiki/Abydos_Dynasty" title="Abydos Dynasty">Abydos</a></b><br /><b>Dynasty</b><br /> <b><a href="/wiki/Seventeenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Seventeenth Dynasty of Egypt">Seventeenth</a></b><br /><b>Dynasty</b> </p> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#AFEEEE;" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><b><a href="/wiki/Fifteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Fifteenth Dynasty of Egypt">Fifteenth Dynasty of Egypt</a></b><br />("<a href="/wiki/Hyksos" title="Hyksos">Hyksos</a>")<br /><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pharaoh_Ahmose_I_slaying_a_Hyksos_(axe_of_Ahmose_I,_from_the_Treasure_of_Queen_Aahhotep_II)_Colorized_per_source.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pharaoh Ahmose I slaying a Hyksos"><img alt="Pharaoh Ahmose I slaying a Hyksos" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Pharaoh_Ahmose_I_slaying_a_Hyksos_%28axe_of_Ahmose_I%2C_from_the_Treasure_of_Queen_Aahhotep_II%29_Colorized_per_source.jpg/35px-Pharaoh_Ahmose_I_slaying_a_Hyksos_%28axe_of_Ahmose_I%2C_from_the_Treasure_of_Queen_Aahhotep_II%29_Colorized_per_source.jpg" decoding="async" width="35" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Pharaoh_Ahmose_I_slaying_a_Hyksos_%28axe_of_Ahmose_I%2C_from_the_Treasure_of_Queen_Aahhotep_II%29_Colorized_per_source.jpg/53px-Pharaoh_Ahmose_I_slaying_a_Hyksos_%28axe_of_Ahmose_I%2C_from_the_Treasure_of_Queen_Aahhotep_II%29_Colorized_per_source.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Pharaoh_Ahmose_I_slaying_a_Hyksos_%28axe_of_Ahmose_I%2C_from_the_Treasure_of_Queen_Aahhotep_II%29_Colorized_per_source.jpg/70px-Pharaoh_Ahmose_I_slaying_a_Hyksos_%28axe_of_Ahmose_I%2C_from_the_Treasure_of_Queen_Aahhotep_II%29_Colorized_per_source.jpg 2x" data-file-width="614" data-file-height="690" /></a><figcaption>Pharaoh Ahmose I slaying a Hyksos</figcaption></figure><br /><i><a href="/wiki/Semqen" title="Semqen">Semqen</a></i> <i><a href="/wiki/Aperanat" title="Aperanat">'Aper-'Anati</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Sakir-Har" title="Sakir-Har">Sakir-Har</a> <a href="/wiki/Khyan" title="Khyan">Khyan</a> <a href="/wiki/Apepi_(pharaoh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Apepi (pharaoh)">Apepi</a> <a href="/wiki/Khamudi" title="Khamudi">Khamudi</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#AFEEEE;" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Mitanni" title="Mitanni">Mitanni</a></b><br />(1600–1260 BCE)<br /><a href="/wiki/Kirta" title="Kirta">Kirta</a> <a href="/wiki/Shuttarna_I" title="Shuttarna I">Shuttarna I</a> <a href="/wiki/Parshatatar" class="mw-redirect" title="Parshatatar">Parshatatar</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4">1531–1155 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CairoEgMuseumTaaMaskMostlyPhotographed.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tutankhamun"><img alt="Tutankhamun" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/CairoEgMuseumTaaMaskMostlyPhotographed.jpg/30px-CairoEgMuseumTaaMaskMostlyPhotographed.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/CairoEgMuseumTaaMaskMostlyPhotographed.jpg/45px-CairoEgMuseumTaaMaskMostlyPhotographed.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/CairoEgMuseumTaaMaskMostlyPhotographed.jpg/60px-CairoEgMuseumTaaMaskMostlyPhotographed.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Tutankhamun</figcaption></figure><b><a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom of Egypt</a></b><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Eighteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt">Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Ahmose_I" title="Ahmose I">Ahmose I</a> <a href="/wiki/Amenhotep_I" title="Amenhotep I">Amenhotep I</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" colspan="6" rowspan="3"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kudurru_Louvre_Sb31.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Kudurru_Louvre_Sb31.jpg/30px-Kudurru_Louvre_Sb31.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Kudurru_Louvre_Sb31.jpg/45px-Kudurru_Louvre_Sb31.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Kudurru_Louvre_Sb31.jpg/60px-Kudurru_Louvre_Sb31.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2639" data-file-height="3973" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><b>Third Babylonian dynasty (<a href="/wiki/Kassites" title="Kassites">Kassites</a>)</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Agum-Kakrime" class="mw-redirect" title="Agum-Kakrime">Agum-Kakrime</a> <a href="/wiki/Burnaburiash_I" title="Burnaburiash I">Burnaburiash I</a> <a href="/wiki/Kashtiliash_III" title="Kashtiliash III">Kashtiliash III</a> <a href="/wiki/Ulamburiash" title="Ulamburiash">Ulamburiash</a> <a href="/wiki/Agum_III" title="Agum III">Agum III</a> <a href="/wiki/Karaindash" title="Karaindash">Karaindash</a> <a href="/wiki/Kadashman-harbe_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Kadashman-harbe I">Kadashman-harbe I</a> <a href="/wiki/Kurigalzu_I" title="Kurigalzu I">Kurigalzu I</a> <a href="/wiki/Kadashman-Enlil_I" title="Kadashman-Enlil I">Kadashman-Enlil I</a> <a href="/wiki/Burnaburiash_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Burnaburiash II">Burnaburiash II</a> <a href="/wiki/Kara-hardash" title="Kara-hardash">Kara-hardash</a> <a href="/wiki/Nazi-Bugash" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi-Bugash">Nazi-Bugash</a> <a href="/wiki/Kurigalzu_II" title="Kurigalzu II">Kurigalzu II</a> <a href="/wiki/Nazi-Maruttash" title="Nazi-Maruttash">Nazi-Maruttash</a> <a href="/wiki/Kadashman-Turgu" title="Kadashman-Turgu">Kadashman-Turgu</a> <a href="/wiki/Kadashman-Enlil_II" title="Kadashman-Enlil II">Kadashman-Enlil II</a> <a href="/wiki/Kudur-Enlil" title="Kudur-Enlil">Kudur-Enlil</a> <a href="/wiki/Shagarakti-Shuriash" title="Shagarakti-Shuriash">Shagarakti-Shuriash</a> <a href="/wiki/Kashtiliashu_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Kashtiliashu IV">Kashtiliashu IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Enlil-nadin-shumi" title="Enlil-nadin-shumi">Enlil-nadin-shumi</a> <a href="/wiki/Kadashman-Harbe_II" title="Kadashman-Harbe II">Kadashman-Harbe II</a> <a href="/wiki/Adad-shuma-iddina" title="Adad-shuma-iddina">Adad-shuma-iddina</a> <a href="/wiki/Adad-shuma-usur" title="Adad-shuma-usur">Adad-shuma-usur</a> <a href="/wiki/Meli-Shipak_II" title="Meli-Shipak II">Meli-Shipak II</a> <a href="/wiki/Marduk-apla-iddina_I" title="Marduk-apla-iddina I">Marduk-apla-iddina I</a> <a href="/wiki/Zababa-shuma-iddin" title="Zababa-shuma-iddin">Zababa-shuma-iddin</a> <a href="/wiki/Enlil-nadin-ahi" title="Enlil-nadin-ahi">Enlil-nadin-ahi</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Middle Elamite period</a> <p>(1500–1100 BCE)<br /><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Elam" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Elam">Kidinuid dynasty</a></b><br /><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Elam" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Elam">Igehalkid dynasty</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Untash-Napirisha" title="Untash-Napirisha">Untash-Napirisha</a><br /><br /> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="4" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Thutmose_I" title="Thutmose I">Thutmose I</a> <a href="/wiki/Thutmose_II" title="Thutmose II">Thutmose II</a> <a href="/wiki/Hatshepsut" title="Hatshepsut">Hatshepsut</a><sup>♀</sup> <a href="/wiki/Thutmose_III" title="Thutmose III">Thutmose III</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Amenhotep_II" title="Amenhotep II">Amenhotep II</a> <a href="/wiki/Thutmose_IV" title="Thutmose IV">Thutmose IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Amenhotep_III" title="Amenhotep III">Amenhotep III</a> <a href="/wiki/Akhenaten" title="Akhenaten">Akhenaten</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Smenkhkare" title="Smenkhkare">Smenkhkare</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Neferneferuaten" title="Neferneferuaten">Neferneferuaten</a><sup>♀</sup> <a href="/wiki/Tutankhamun" title="Tutankhamun">Tutankhamun</a> <a href="/wiki/Ay_(pharaoh)" title="Ay (pharaoh)">Ay</a> <a href="/wiki/Horemheb" title="Horemheb">Horemheb</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#AFEEEE;" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Hittite_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Hittite Empire">Hittite Empire</a></b><br /><br /><a href="/wiki/Ugarit" title="Ugarit">Ugarit</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><b><a href="/wiki/Nineteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt">Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_I" title="Ramesses I">Ramesses I</a> <a href="/wiki/Seti_I" title="Seti I">Seti I</a> <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_II" title="Ramesses II">Ramesses II</a> <a href="/wiki/Merneptah" title="Merneptah">Merneptah</a> <a href="/wiki/Amenmesse" title="Amenmesse">Amenmesses</a> <a href="/wiki/Seti_II" title="Seti II">Seti II</a> <a href="/wiki/Siptah" title="Siptah">Siptah</a> <a href="/wiki/Twosret" class="mw-redirect" title="Twosret">Twosret</a><sup>♀</sup> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" colspan="7" rowspan="1"><b><a href="/wiki/Elamite_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Elamite Empire">Elamite Empire</a></b><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Shutrukid_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Shutrukid Dynasty">Shutrukid dynasty</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Shutruk-Nakhunte" title="Shutruk-Nakhunte">Shutruk-Nakhunte</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1155–1025 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="2" rowspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Twentieth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt">Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt</a></b><br /><br /><a href="/wiki/Setnakhte" title="Setnakhte">Setnakhte</a> <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_III" title="Ramesses III">Ramesses III</a> <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_IV" title="Ramesses IV">Ramesses IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_V" title="Ramesses V">Ramesses V</a> <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_VI" title="Ramesses VI">Ramesses VI</a> <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_VII" title="Ramesses VII">Ramesses VII</a> <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_VIII" title="Ramesses VIII">Ramesses VIII</a> <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_IX" title="Ramesses IX">Ramesses IX</a> <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_X" title="Ramesses X">Ramesses X</a> <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_XI" title="Ramesses XI">Ramesses XI</a><br /><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Third_Intermediate_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Intermediate Period">Third Intermediate Period</a></b><br /> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Twenty-first_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-first Dynasty of Egypt">Twenty-first Dynasty of Egypt</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Smendes" title="Smendes">Smendes</a> <a href="/wiki/Amenemnisu" title="Amenemnisu">Amenemnisu</a> <a href="/wiki/Psusennes_I" title="Psusennes I">Psusennes I</a> <a href="/wiki/Amenemope_(pharaoh)" title="Amenemope (pharaoh)">Amenemope</a> <a href="/wiki/Osorkon_the_Elder" title="Osorkon the Elder">Osorkon the Elder</a> <a href="/wiki/Siamun" title="Siamun">Siamun</a> <a href="/wiki/Psusennes_II" title="Psusennes II">Psusennes II</a> </p> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicia</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Byblos" title="Kings of Byblos">Kings of Byblos</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Tyre" class="mw-redirect" title="Kings of Tyre">Kings of Tyre</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Sidon" class="mw-redirect" title="Kings of Sidon">Kings of Sidon</a><br /><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(united_monarchy)" title="Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)">Kingdom of Israel</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Saul" title="Saul">Saul</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ish-bosheth" title="Ish-bosheth">Ish-bosheth</a><br /><a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#AFEEEE;" colspan="1" rowspan="3"><b><a href="/wiki/Syro-Hittite_states" title="Syro-Hittite states">Syro-Hittite states</a></b> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#AFEEEE;" colspan="2" rowspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Middle_Assyrian_Empire" title="Middle Assyrian Empire">Middle Assyria</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Eriba-Adad_I" title="Eriba-Adad I">Eriba-Adad I</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-uballit_I" title="Ashur-uballit I">Ashur-uballit I</a> <a href="/wiki/Enlil-nirari" title="Enlil-nirari">Enlil-nirari</a> <a href="/wiki/Arik-den-ili" title="Arik-den-ili">Arik-den-ili</a> <a href="/wiki/Adad-nirari_I" title="Adad-nirari I">Adad-nirari I</a> <a href="/wiki/Shalmaneser_I" title="Shalmaneser I">Shalmaneser I</a> <a href="/wiki/Tukulti-Ninurta_I" title="Tukulti-Ninurta I">Tukulti-Ninurta I</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-nadin-apli" title="Ashur-nadin-apli">Ashur-nadin-apli</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-nirari_III" title="Ashur-nirari III">Ashur-nirari III</a> <a href="/wiki/Enlil-kudurri-usur" title="Enlil-kudurri-usur">Enlil-kudurri-usur</a> <a href="/wiki/Ninurta-apal-Ekur" title="Ninurta-apal-Ekur">Ninurta-apal-Ekur</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-dan_I" title="Ashur-dan I">Ashur-dan I</a> <a href="/wiki/Ninurta-tukulti-Ashur" title="Ninurta-tukulti-Ashur">Ninurta-tukulti-Ashur</a> <a href="/wiki/Mutakkil-Nusku" title="Mutakkil-Nusku">Mutakkil-Nusku</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-resh-ishi_I" title="Ashur-resh-ishi I">Ashur-resh-ishi I</a> <a href="/wiki/Tiglath-Pileser_I" title="Tiglath-Pileser I">Tiglath-Pileser I</a> <a href="/wiki/Asharid-apal-Ekur" title="Asharid-apal-Ekur">Asharid-apal-Ekur</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-bel-kala" title="Ashur-bel-kala">Ashur-bel-kala</a> <a href="/wiki/Eriba-Adad_II" title="Eriba-Adad II">Eriba-Adad II</a> <a href="/wiki/Shamshi-Adad_IV" title="Shamshi-Adad IV">Shamshi-Adad IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashurnasirpal_I" title="Ashurnasirpal I">Ashurnasirpal I</a> <a href="/wiki/Shalmaneser_II" title="Shalmaneser II">Shalmaneser II</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-nirari_IV" title="Ashur-nirari IV">Ashur-nirari IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-rabi_II" title="Ashur-rabi II">Ashur-rabi II</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-resh-ishi_II" title="Ashur-resh-ishi II">Ashur-resh-ishi II</a> <a href="/wiki/Tiglath-Pileser_II" title="Tiglath-Pileser II">Tiglath-Pileser II</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-dan_II" title="Ashur-dan II">Ashur-dan II</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" colspan="6"><b>Fourth Babylonian dynasty ("<a href="/wiki/Second_Dynasty_of_Isin" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Dynasty of Isin">Second Dynasty of Isin</a>")</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Marduk-kabit-ahheshu" title="Marduk-kabit-ahheshu">Marduk-kabit-ahheshu</a> <a href="/wiki/Itti-Marduk-balatu_(king)" title="Itti-Marduk-balatu (king)">Itti-Marduk-balatu</a> <a href="/wiki/Ninurta-nadin-shumi" title="Ninurta-nadin-shumi">Ninurta-nadin-shumi</a> <a href="/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_I" title="Nebuchadnezzar I">Nebuchadnezzar I</a> <a href="/wiki/Enlil-nadin-apli" title="Enlil-nadin-apli">Enlil-nadin-apli</a> <a href="/wiki/Marduk-nadin-ahhe" title="Marduk-nadin-ahhe">Marduk-nadin-ahhe</a> <a href="/wiki/Marduk-shapik-zeri" title="Marduk-shapik-zeri">Marduk-shapik-zeri</a> <a href="/wiki/Adad-apla-iddina" title="Adad-apla-iddina">Adad-apla-iddina</a> <a href="/wiki/Marduk-ahhe-eriba" title="Marduk-ahhe-eriba">Marduk-ahhe-eriba</a> <a href="/wiki/Marduk-zer-X" title="Marduk-zer-X">Marduk-zer-X</a> <a href="/wiki/Nabu-shum-libur" title="Nabu-shum-libur">Nabu-shum-libur</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Neo-Elamite period</a> (1100–540 BCE) </td></tr> <tr> <td>1025–934 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" colspan="6"><b>Fifth, Sixth, Seventh, Babylonian dynasties ("Period of Chaos")</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Simbar-shipak" title="Simbar-shipak">Simbar-shipak</a> <a href="/wiki/Ea-mukin-zeri" title="Ea-mukin-zeri">Ea-mukin-zeri</a> <a href="/wiki/Kashshu-nadin-ahi" title="Kashshu-nadin-ahi">Kashshu-nadin-ahi</a> <a href="/wiki/Eulmash-shakin-shumi" title="Eulmash-shakin-shumi">Eulmash-shakin-shumi</a> <a href="/wiki/Ninurta-kudurri-usur_I" title="Ninurta-kudurri-usur I">Ninurta-kudurri-usur I</a> <a href="/wiki/Shirikti-shuqamuna" title="Shirikti-shuqamuna">Shirikti-shuqamuna</a> <a href="/wiki/Mar-biti-apla-usur" title="Mar-biti-apla-usur">Mar-biti-apla-usur</a> <a href="/wiki/Nab%C3%BB-mukin-apli" title="Nabû-mukin-apli">Nabû-mukin-apli</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>911–745 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><b><a href="/wiki/Twenty-second_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-second Dynasty of Egypt">Twenty-second Dynasty of Egypt</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_I" title="Shoshenq I">Shoshenq I</a> <a href="/wiki/Osorkon_I" title="Osorkon I">Osorkon I</a> <a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_II" title="Shoshenq II">Shoshenq II</a> <a href="/wiki/Takelot_I" title="Takelot I">Takelot I</a> <a href="/wiki/Osorkon_II" title="Osorkon II">Osorkon II</a> <a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_III" title="Shoshenq III">Shoshenq III</a> <a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_IV" title="Shoshenq IV">Shoshenq IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Pami" title="Pami">Pami</a> <a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_V" title="Shoshenq V">Shoshenq V</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Pedubast_II" title="Pedubast II">Pedubast II</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Osorkon_IV" title="Osorkon IV">Osorkon IV</a><br /><br /> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Twenty-third_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-third Dynasty of Egypt">Twenty-third Dynasty of Egypt</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Harsiese_A" title="Harsiese A">Harsiese A</a> <a href="/wiki/Takelot_II" title="Takelot II">Takelot II</a> <a href="/wiki/Pedubast_I" title="Pedubast I">Pedubast I</a> <a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_VI" title="Shoshenq VI">Shoshenq VI</a> <a href="/wiki/Osorkon_III" title="Osorkon III">Osorkon III</a> <a href="/wiki/Takelot_III" title="Takelot III">Takelot III</a> <a href="/wiki/Rudamun" title="Rudamun">Rudamun</a> <a href="/wiki/Ini_(pharaoh)" title="Ini (pharaoh)">Menkheperre Ini</a><br /><br /> <b><a href="/wiki/Twenty-fourth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-fourth Dynasty of Egypt">Twenty-fourth Dynasty of Egypt</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Tefnakht" title="Tefnakht">Tefnakht</a> <a href="/wiki/Bakenranef" title="Bakenranef">Bakenranef</a> </p> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Samaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Samaria">Kingdom of Samaria</a><br /><br /><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah" title="Kingdom of Judah">Kingdom of Judah</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#AFEEEE;" colspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian Empire</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Adad-nirari_II" title="Adad-nirari II">Adad-nirari II</a> <a href="/wiki/Tukulti-Ninurta_II" title="Tukulti-Ninurta II">Tukulti-Ninurta II</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashurnasirpal_II" title="Ashurnasirpal II">Ashurnasirpal II</a> <a href="/wiki/Shalmaneser_III" title="Shalmaneser III">Shalmaneser III</a> <a href="/wiki/Shamshi-Adad_V" title="Shamshi-Adad V">Shamshi-Adad V</a> <a href="/wiki/Shammuramat" title="Shammuramat">Shammuramat</a><sup>♀</sup> (regent) <a href="/wiki/Adad-nirari_III" title="Adad-nirari III">Adad-nirari III</a> <a href="/wiki/Shalmaneser_IV" title="Shalmaneser IV">Shalmaneser IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-dan_III" title="Ashur-dan III">Ashur-Dan III</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-nirari_V" title="Ashur-nirari V">Ashur-nirari V</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" colspan="6"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tablet_of_Shamash_relief.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Tablet_of_Shamash_relief.jpg/45px-Tablet_of_Shamash_relief.jpg" decoding="async" width="45" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Tablet_of_Shamash_relief.jpg/68px-Tablet_of_Shamash_relief.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Tablet_of_Shamash_relief.jpg/90px-Tablet_of_Shamash_relief.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1154" data-file-height="937" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><b>Eight Babylonian Dynasty</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Ninurta-kudurri-usur_II" title="Ninurta-kudurri-usur II">Ninurta-kudurri-usur II</a> <a href="/wiki/Mar-biti-ahhe-iddina" title="Mar-biti-ahhe-iddina">Mar-biti-ahhe-iddina</a> <a href="/wiki/Shamash-mudammiq" title="Shamash-mudammiq">Shamash-mudammiq</a> <a href="/wiki/Nabu-shuma-ukin_I" title="Nabu-shuma-ukin I">Nabu-shuma-ukin I</a> <a href="/wiki/Nabu-apla-iddina" title="Nabu-apla-iddina">Nabu-apla-iddina</a> <a href="/wiki/Marduk-zakir-shumi_I" title="Marduk-zakir-shumi I">Marduk-zakir-shumi I</a> <a href="/wiki/Marduk-balassu-iqbi" title="Marduk-balassu-iqbi">Marduk-balassu-iqbi</a> <a href="/wiki/Baba-aha-iddina" title="Baba-aha-iddina">Baba-aha-iddina</a> (five kings) <a href="/wiki/Ninurta-apla-X" title="Ninurta-apla-X">Ninurta-apla-X</a> <a href="/wiki/Marduk-bel-zeri" title="Marduk-bel-zeri">Marduk-bel-zeri</a> <a href="/wiki/Marduk-apla-usur" title="Marduk-apla-usur">Marduk-apla-usur</a> <a href="/wiki/Eriba-Marduk" title="Eriba-Marduk">Eriba-Marduk</a> <a href="/wiki/Nabu-shuma-ishkun" title="Nabu-shuma-ishkun">Nabu-shuma-ishkun</a> <a href="/wiki/Nabonassar" title="Nabonassar">Nabonassar</a> <a href="/wiki/Nabu-nadin-zeri" title="Nabu-nadin-zeri">Nabu-nadin-zeri</a> <a href="/wiki/Nabu-shuma-ukin_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Nabu-shuma-ukin II">Nabu-shuma-ukin II</a> <a href="/wiki/Nabu-mukin-zeri" title="Nabu-mukin-zeri">Nabu-mukin-zeri</a><br /> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" rowspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Elam" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Elam">Humban-Tahrid dynasty</a></b><br /><br /><a href="/wiki/Urtak_(king_of_Elam)" title="Urtak (king of Elam)">Urtak</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Teumman" title="Teumman">Teumman</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ummanigash_(son_of_Urtak)" title="Ummanigash (son of Urtak)">Ummanigash</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Tammaritu_(son_of_Urtak)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tammaritu (son of Urtak)">Tammaritu I</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Indabibi" title="Indabibi">Indabibi</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Humban-haltash_III" title="Humban-haltash III">Humban-haltash III</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">745–609 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><b><a href="/wiki/Twenty-fifth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt">Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt</a></b><br /><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Taharqa_reconstructed_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Taharqa"><img alt="Taharqa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Taharqa_reconstructed_2.jpg/30px-Taharqa_reconstructed_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Taharqa_reconstructed_2.jpg/45px-Taharqa_reconstructed_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Taharqa_reconstructed_2.jpg/60px-Taharqa_reconstructed_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2112" data-file-height="2816" /></a><figcaption>Taharqa</figcaption></figure>("<a href="/wiki/Black_Pharaohs" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Pharaohs">Black Pharaohs</a>")<br /><a href="/wiki/Piye" title="Piye">Piye</a> <a href="/wiki/Shebitku" title="Shebitku">Shebitku</a> <a href="/wiki/Shabaka" title="Shabaka">Shabaka</a> <a href="/wiki/Taharqa" title="Taharqa">Taharqa</a> <a href="/wiki/Tantamani" title="Tantamani">Tanutamun</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#AFEEEE;" colspan="10" rowspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian Empire</a></b><br /> <p><b>(<a href="/wiki/Sargonid_dynasty" title="Sargonid dynasty">Sargonid dynasty</a>)</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Tiglath-Pileser_III" title="Tiglath-Pileser III">Tiglath-Pileser</a><sup>†</sup> <a href="/wiki/Shalmaneser_V" title="Shalmaneser V">Shalmaneser</a><sup>†</sup> <a href="/wiki/Marduk-apla-iddina_II" title="Marduk-apla-iddina II">Marduk-apla-iddina II</a> <a href="/wiki/Sargon_II" title="Sargon II">Sargon</a><sup>†</sup> <a href="/wiki/Sennacherib" title="Sennacherib">Sennacherib</a><sup>†</sup> <a href="/wiki/Marduk-zakir-shumi_II" title="Marduk-zakir-shumi II">Marduk-zakir-shumi II</a> <a href="/wiki/Marduk-apla-iddina_II" title="Marduk-apla-iddina II">Marduk-apla-iddina II</a> <a href="/wiki/Bel-ibni" title="Bel-ibni">Bel-ibni</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-nadin-shumi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashur-nadin-shumi">Ashur-nadin-shumi</a><sup>†</sup> <a href="/wiki/Nergal-ushezib" title="Nergal-ushezib">Nergal-ushezib</a> <a href="/wiki/Mushezib-Marduk" title="Mushezib-Marduk">Mushezib-Marduk</a> <a href="/wiki/Esarhaddon" title="Esarhaddon">Esarhaddon</a><sup>†</sup> <a href="/wiki/Ashurbanipal" title="Ashurbanipal">Ashurbanipal</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-etil-ilani" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashur-etil-ilani">Ashur-etil-ilani</a> <a href="/wiki/Sinsharishkun" title="Sinsharishkun">Sinsharishkun</a> <a href="/wiki/Sin-shumu-lishir" class="mw-redirect" title="Sin-shumu-lishir">Sin-shumu-lishir</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-uballit_II" title="Ashur-uballit II">Ashur-uballit II</a><br /> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#AFEEEE;" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_conquest_of_Egypt" title="Assyrian conquest of Egypt">Assyrian conquest of Egypt</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#AFEEEE;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_conquest_of_Elam" title="Assyrian conquest of Elam">Assyrian conquest of Elam</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>626–539 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><b><a href="/wiki/Late_Period_of_ancient_Egypt" title="Late Period of ancient Egypt">Late Period</a></b><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Twenty-sixth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt">Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Necho_I" title="Necho I">Necho I</a> <a href="/wiki/Psamtik_I" title="Psamtik I">Psamtik I</a> <a href="/wiki/Necho_II" title="Necho II">Necho II</a> <a href="/wiki/Psamtik_II" title="Psamtik II">Psamtik II</a> <a href="/wiki/Apries" title="Apries">Wahibre</a> <a href="/wiki/Amasis_II" title="Amasis II">Ahmose II</a> <a href="/wiki/Psamtik_III" title="Psamtik III">Psamtik III</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" colspan="10"><b><a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian Empire</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Nabopolassar" title="Nabopolassar">Nabopolassar</a> <a href="/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_II" title="Nebuchadnezzar II">Nebuchadnezzar II</a> <a href="/wiki/Amel-Marduk" title="Amel-Marduk">Amel-Marduk</a> <a href="/wiki/Neriglissar" title="Neriglissar">Neriglissar</a> <a href="/wiki/Labashi-Marduk" title="Labashi-Marduk">Labashi-Marduk</a> <a href="/wiki/Nabonidus" title="Nabonidus">Nabonidus</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" colspan="10"><b><a href="/wiki/Median_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Median Empire">Median Empire</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Deioces" title="Deioces">Deioces</a> <a href="/wiki/Phraortes" title="Phraortes">Phraortes</a> <a href="/wiki/Madyes" title="Madyes">Madyes</a> <a href="/wiki/Cyaxares" title="Cyaxares">Cyaxares</a> <a href="/wiki/Astyages" title="Astyages">Astyages</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">539–331 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" colspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Twenty-seventh_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt">Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/First_Achaemenid_conquest_of_Egypt" title="First Achaemenid conquest of Egypt">First Achaemenid conquest of Egypt</a>) </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" colspan="1" rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Byblos" title="Kings of Byblos">Kings of Byblos</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Tyre" class="mw-redirect" title="Kings of Tyre">Kings of Tyre</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Sidon" class="mw-redirect" title="Kings of Sidon">Kings of Sidon</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" colspan="10" rowspan="3"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Darius_In_Parse.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Darius_In_Parse.JPG/30px-Darius_In_Parse.JPG" decoding="async" width="30" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Darius_In_Parse.JPG/45px-Darius_In_Parse.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Darius_In_Parse.JPG/60px-Darius_In_Parse.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1775" data-file-height="3130" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><b><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great" title="Cyrus the Great">Cyrus</a> <a href="/wiki/Cambyses_II" title="Cambyses II">Cambyses</a> <a href="/wiki/Darius_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Darius I">Darius I</a> <a href="/wiki/Xerxes_I" title="Xerxes I">Xerxes</a> <a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_I" title="Artaxerxes I">Artaxerxes I</a> <a href="/wiki/Darius_II" title="Darius II">Darius II</a> <a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_II" title="Artaxerxes II">Artaxerxes II</a> <a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_III" title="Artaxerxes III">Artaxerxes III</a> <a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Artaxerxes IV">Artaxerxes IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Darius_III" title="Darius III">Darius III</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Twenty-eighth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-eighth Dynasty of Egypt">Twenty-eighth Dynasty of Egypt</a></b><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Twenty-ninth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-ninth Dynasty of Egypt">Twenty-ninth Dynasty of Egypt</a></b><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Thirtieth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Thirtieth Dynasty of Egypt">Thirtieth Dynasty of Egypt</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" colspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Thirty-first_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Thirty-first Dynasty of Egypt">Thirty-first Dynasty of Egypt</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>331–141 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFDAB9;" colspan="2" rowspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Argead_dynasty" title="Argead dynasty">Argead dynasty</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemaic Egypt">Ptolemaic Egypt</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_I_Soter" title="Ptolemy I Soter">Ptolemy I Soter</a> <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_Keraunos" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemy Keraunos">Ptolemy Keraunos</a> <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_II_Philadelphus" title="Ptolemy II Philadelphus">Ptolemy II Philadelphus</a> <a href="/wiki/Arsinoe_II" title="Arsinoe II">Arsinoe II</a><sup>♀</sup> <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_III_Euergetes" title="Ptolemy III Euergetes">Ptolemy III Euergetes</a> <a href="/wiki/Berenice_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Berenice II">Berenice II Euergetis</a><sup>♀</sup> <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_IV_Philopator" title="Ptolemy IV Philopator">Ptolemy IV Philopator</a> <a href="/wiki/Arsinoe_III_Philopator" class="mw-redirect" title="Arsinoe III Philopator">Arsinoe III Philopator</a><sup>♀</sup> <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_V_Epiphanes" title="Ptolemy V Epiphanes">Ptolemy V Epiphanes</a> <a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_I_Syra" title="Cleopatra I Syra">Cleopatra I Syra</a><sup>♀</sup> <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_VI_Philometor" title="Ptolemy VI Philometor">Ptolemy VI Philometor</a> <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_VII_Neos_Philopator" title="Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator">Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator</a> <a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_II_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleopatra II of Egypt">Cleopatra II Philometor Soter</a><sup>♀</sup> <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_VIII_Physcon" title="Ptolemy VIII Physcon">Ptolemy VIII Physcon</a> <a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_III_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleopatra III of Egypt">Cleopatra III</a><sup>♀</sup> <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_IX_Lathyros" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemy IX Lathyros">Ptolemy IX Lathyros</a> <a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_IV_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleopatra IV of Egypt">Cleopatra IV</a><sup>♀</sup> <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_X_Alexander_I" title="Ptolemy X Alexander I">Ptolemy X Alexander</a> <a href="/wiki/Berenice_III_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Berenice III of Egypt">Berenice III</a><sup>♀</sup> <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_XI_Alexander_II" title="Ptolemy XI Alexander II">Ptolemy XI Alexander</a> <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_XII_Auletes" title="Ptolemy XII Auletes">Ptolemy XII Auletes</a> <a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_V" title="Cleopatra V">Cleopatra V</a><sup>♀</sup> <a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_VI_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleopatra VI of Egypt">Cleopatra VI Tryphaena</a><sup>♀</sup> <a href="/wiki/Berenice_IV_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Berenice IV of Egypt">Berenice IV Epiphanea</a><sup>♀</sup> <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_XIII_Theos_Philopator" title="Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator">Ptolemy XIII</a> <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_XIV_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemy XIV of Egypt">Ptolemy XIV</a> <a href="/wiki/Cleopatra" title="Cleopatra">Cleopatra VII Philopator</a><sup>♀</sup> <a href="/wiki/Caesarion" title="Caesarion">Ptolemy XV Caesarion</a> <a href="/wiki/Arsinoe_IV" title="Arsinoe IV">Arsinoe IV</a><sup>♀</sup> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFDAB9;" colspan="11"><b>Hellenistic Period</b><br /><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seleukos_I_Nikator_Tetradrachm_from_Babylon.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Seleukos I Nikator Tetradrachm from Babylon"><img alt="Seleukos I Nikator Tetradrachm from Babylon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Seleukos_I_Nikator_Tetradrachm_from_Babylon.jpg/60px-Seleukos_I_Nikator_Tetradrachm_from_Babylon.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Seleukos_I_Nikator_Tetradrachm_from_Babylon.jpg/90px-Seleukos_I_Nikator_Tetradrachm_from_Babylon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Seleukos_I_Nikator_Tetradrachm_from_Babylon.jpg/120px-Seleukos_I_Nikator_Tetradrachm_from_Babylon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="395" /></a><figcaption>Seleukos I Nikator Tetradrachm from Babylon</figcaption></figure><b><a href="/wiki/Argead_dynasty" title="Argead dynasty">Argead dynasty</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander III</a> <a href="/wiki/Philip_III_of_Macedon" title="Philip III of Macedon">Philip III</a> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_IV_of_Macedon" title="Alexander IV of Macedon">Alexander IV</a> <br /><b><a href="/wiki/Antigonid_dynasty" title="Antigonid dynasty">Antigonid dynasty</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Antigonus_I_Monophthalmus" title="Antigonus I Monophthalmus">Antigonus I</a><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Seleucus_I_Nicator" title="Seleucus I Nicator">Seleucus I</a> <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_I_Soter" title="Antiochus I Soter">Antiochus I</a> <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_II_Theos" title="Antiochus II Theos">Antiochus II</a> <a href="/wiki/Seleucus_II_Callinicus" title="Seleucus II Callinicus">Seleucus II</a> <a href="/wiki/Seleucus_III_Ceraunus" title="Seleucus III Ceraunus">Seleucus III</a> <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_III_the_Great" title="Antiochus III the Great">Antiochus III</a> <a href="/wiki/Seleucus_IV_Philopator" title="Seleucus IV Philopator">Seleucus IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_IV_Epiphanes" title="Antiochus IV Epiphanes">Antiochus IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_V_Eupator" title="Antiochus V Eupator">Antiochus V</a> <a href="/wiki/Demetrius_I_Soter" title="Demetrius I Soter">Demetrius I</a> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Balas" title="Alexander Balas">Alexander III</a> <a href="/wiki/Demetrius_II_Nicator" title="Demetrius II Nicator">Demetrius II</a> <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_VI_Dionysus" title="Antiochus VI Dionysus">Antiochus VI Dionysus</a> <a href="/wiki/Diodotus_Tryphon" title="Diodotus Tryphon">Diodotus Tryphon</a> <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_VII_Sidetes" title="Antiochus VII Sidetes">Antiochus VII Sidetes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>141–30 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1"><b><a href="/wiki/Hasmonean_dynasty" title="Hasmonean dynasty">Kingdom of Judea</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Simon_Thassi" title="Simon Thassi">Simon Thassi</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Hyrcanus" title="John Hyrcanus">John Hyrcanus</a> <a href="/wiki/Aristobulus_I" title="Aristobulus I">Aristobulus I</a> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Jannaeus" title="Alexander Jannaeus">Alexander Jannaeus</a> <a href="/wiki/Salome_Alexandra" title="Salome Alexandra">Salome Alexandra</a><sup>♀</sup> <a href="/wiki/Hyrcanus_II" title="Hyrcanus II">Hyrcanus II</a> <a href="/wiki/Aristobulus_II" title="Aristobulus II">Aristobulus II</a> <a href="/wiki/Antigonus_II_Mattathias" title="Antigonus II Mattathias">Antigonus II Mattathias</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFDAB9;" colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_II_Zabinas" title="Alexander II Zabinas">Alexander II Zabinas</a> <a href="/wiki/Seleucus_V_Philometor" title="Seleucus V Philometor">Seleucus V Philometor</a> <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_VIII_Grypus" title="Antiochus VIII Grypus">Antiochus VIII Grypus</a> <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_IX_Cyzicenus" title="Antiochus IX Cyzicenus">Antiochus IX Cyzicenus</a> <a href="/wiki/Seleucus_VI_Epiphanes" title="Seleucus VI Epiphanes">Seleucus VI Epiphanes</a> <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_X_Eusebes" title="Antiochus X Eusebes">Antiochus X Eusebes</a> <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_XI_Epiphanes" title="Antiochus XI Epiphanes">Antiochus XI Epiphanes</a> <a href="/wiki/Demetrius_III_Eucaerus" title="Demetrius III Eucaerus">Demetrius III Eucaerus</a> <a href="/wiki/Philip_I_Philadelphus" title="Philip I Philadelphus">Philip I Philadelphus</a> <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_XII_Dionysus" title="Antiochus XII Dionysus">Antiochus XII Dionysus</a> <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_XIII_Asiaticus" title="Antiochus XIII Asiaticus">Antiochus XIII Asiaticus</a> <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_Philoromaeus" title="Philip II Philoromaeus">Philip II Philoromaeus</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFDEAD;" colspan="9" rowspan="3"><b><a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Empire</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Mithridates_I_of_Parthia" title="Mithridates I of Parthia">Mithridates I</a> <a href="/wiki/Phraates_II" title="Phraates II">Phraates</a> <a href="/wiki/Hyspaosines" title="Hyspaosines">Hyspaosines</a> <a href="/wiki/Artabanus_I_of_Parthia" title="Artabanus I of Parthia">Artabanus</a> <a href="/wiki/Mithridates_II_of_Parthia" title="Mithridates II of Parthia">Mithridates II</a> <a href="/wiki/Gotarzes_I" title="Gotarzes I">Gotarzes</a> <a href="/wiki/Mithridates_III_of_Parthia" title="Mithridates III of Parthia">Mithridates III</a> <a href="/wiki/Orodes_I_of_Parthia" title="Orodes I of Parthia">Orodes I</a> <a href="/wiki/Sinatruces_of_Parthia" title="Sinatruces of Parthia">Sinatruces</a> <a href="/wiki/Phraates_III" title="Phraates III">Phraates III</a> <a href="/wiki/Mithridates_IV_of_Parthia" title="Mithridates IV of Parthia">Mithridates IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Orodes_II" title="Orodes II">Orodes II</a> <a href="/wiki/Phraates_IV" title="Phraates IV">Phraates IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Tiridates_II_of_Parthia" title="Tiridates II of Parthia">Tiridates II</a> <a href="/wiki/Musa_of_Parthia" title="Musa of Parthia">Musa</a> <a href="/wiki/Phraates_V" title="Phraates V">Phraates V</a> <a href="/wiki/Orodes_III_of_Parthia" title="Orodes III of Parthia">Orodes III</a> <a href="/wiki/Vonones_I" title="Vonones I">Vonones I</a> <a href="/wiki/Artabanus_II_of_Parthia" title="Artabanus II of Parthia">Artabanus II</a> <a href="/wiki/Tiridates_III_of_Parthia" title="Tiridates III of Parthia">Tiridates III</a> <a href="/wiki/Artabanus_II_of_Parthia" title="Artabanus II of Parthia">Artabanus II</a> <a href="/wiki/Vardanes_I" title="Vardanes I">Vardanes I</a> <a href="/wiki/Gotarzes_II_of_Parthia" class="mw-redirect" title="Gotarzes II of Parthia">Gotarzes II</a> <a href="/wiki/Meherdates" title="Meherdates">Meherdates</a> <a href="/wiki/Vonones_II" title="Vonones II">Vonones II</a> <a href="/wiki/Vologases_I_of_Parthia" title="Vologases I of Parthia">Vologases I</a> <a href="/wiki/Vardanes_II" title="Vardanes II">Vardanes II</a> <a href="/wiki/Pacorus_II" title="Pacorus II">Pacorus II</a> <a href="/wiki/Vologases_II_of_Parthia" title="Vologases II of Parthia">Vologases II</a> <a href="/wiki/Artabanus_III_of_Parthia" title="Artabanus III of Parthia">Artabanus III</a> <a href="/wiki/Osroes_I" title="Osroes I">Osroes I</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">30 BCE–116 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="4" rowspan="1"><b><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="2" rowspan="4">(<a href="/wiki/Roman_conquest_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman conquest of Egypt">Roman conquest of Egypt</a>)<br /><a href="/wiki/Egypt_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Egypt (Roman province)">Province of Egypt</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Judea_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Judea (Roman province)">Judea</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Syria_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Syria (Roman province)">Syria</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">116–117 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia_(Roman_province)" title="Mesopotamia (Roman province)">Province of Mesopotamia</a> under <a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="6" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Parthamaspates_of_Parthia" title="Parthamaspates of Parthia">Parthamaspates of Parthia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>117–224 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Syria_Palaestina" title="Syria Palaestina">Syria Palaestina</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia_(Roman_province)" title="Mesopotamia (Roman province)">Province of Mesopotamia</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFDEAD;" colspan="8" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Sinatruces_II_of_Parthia" title="Sinatruces II of Parthia">Sinatruces II</a> <a href="/wiki/Mithridates_V_of_Parthia" title="Mithridates V of Parthia">Mithridates V</a> <a href="/wiki/Vologases_IV" title="Vologases IV">Vologases IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Osroes_II" title="Osroes II">Osroes II</a> <a href="/wiki/Vologases_V" title="Vologases V">Vologases V</a> <a href="/wiki/Vologases_VI" title="Vologases VI">Vologases VI</a> <a href="/wiki/Artabanus_IV_of_Parthia" title="Artabanus IV of Parthia">Artabanus IV</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>224–270 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" colspan="8" rowspan="6"><b><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Asoristan" title="Asoristan">Province of Asoristan</a><br /><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coin_of_Ardashir_I_(phase_3),_Hamadan_mint.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coin of Ardashir I, Hamadan mint."><img alt="Coin of Ardashir I, Hamadan mint." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Coin_of_Ardashir_I_%28phase_3%29%2C_Hamadan_mint.jpg/40px-Coin_of_Ardashir_I_%28phase_3%29%2C_Hamadan_mint.jpg" decoding="async" width="40" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Coin_of_Ardashir_I_%28phase_3%29%2C_Hamadan_mint.jpg/60px-Coin_of_Ardashir_I_%28phase_3%29%2C_Hamadan_mint.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Coin_of_Ardashir_I_%28phase_3%29%2C_Hamadan_mint.jpg/80px-Coin_of_Ardashir_I_%28phase_3%29%2C_Hamadan_mint.jpg 2x" data-file-width="397" data-file-height="388" /></a><figcaption>Coin of Ardashir I, Hamadan mint.</figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Ardashir_I" title="Ardashir I">Ardashir I</a> <a href="/wiki/Shapur_I" title="Shapur I">Shapur I</a> <a href="/wiki/Hormizd_I" title="Hormizd I">Hormizd I</a> <a href="/wiki/Bahram_I" title="Bahram I">Bahram I</a> <a href="/wiki/Bahram_II" title="Bahram II">Bahram II</a> <a href="/wiki/Bahram_III" title="Bahram III">Bahram III</a> <a href="/wiki/Narseh" title="Narseh">Narseh</a> <a href="/wiki/Hormizd_II" title="Hormizd II">Hormizd II</a> <a href="/wiki/Adur_Narseh" title="Adur Narseh">Adur Narseh</a> <a href="/wiki/Shapur_II" title="Shapur II">Shapur II</a> <a href="/wiki/Ardashir_II" title="Ardashir II">Ardashir II</a> <a href="/wiki/Shapur_III" title="Shapur III">Shapur III</a> <a href="/wiki/Bahram_IV" title="Bahram IV">Bahram IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Yazdegerd_I" title="Yazdegerd I">Yazdegerd I</a> <a href="/wiki/Shapur_IV" title="Shapur IV">Shapur IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Khosrow_(son_of_Bahram_IV)" title="Khosrow (son of Bahram IV)">Khosrow</a> <a href="/wiki/Bahram_V" title="Bahram V">Bahram V</a> <a href="/wiki/Yazdegerd_II" title="Yazdegerd II">Yazdegerd II</a> <a href="/wiki/Hormizd_III" title="Hormizd III">Hormizd III</a> <a href="/wiki/Peroz_I" title="Peroz I">Peroz I</a> <a href="/wiki/Balash" title="Balash">Balash</a> <a href="/wiki/Kavad_I" title="Kavad I">Kavad I</a> <a href="/wiki/Jamasp" title="Jamasp">Jamasp</a> <a href="/wiki/Kavad_I" title="Kavad I">Kavad I</a> <a href="/wiki/Khosrow_I" title="Khosrow I">Khosrow I</a> <a href="/wiki/Hormizd_IV" title="Hormizd IV">Hormizd IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Khosrow_II" title="Khosrow II">Khosrow II</a> <a href="/wiki/Bahram_Chobin" title="Bahram Chobin">Bahram VI Chobin</a> <a href="/wiki/Vistahm" title="Vistahm">Vistahm</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>270–273 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#48D1CC;" colspan="5"><b><a href="/wiki/Palmyrene_Empire" title="Palmyrene Empire">Palmyrene Empire</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Vaballathus" title="Vaballathus">Vaballathus</a> <a href="/wiki/Zenobia" title="Zenobia">Zenobia</a><sup>♀</sup> <a href="/wiki/Septimius_Antiochus" title="Septimius Antiochus">Antiochus</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">273–395 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><b><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Egypt_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Egypt (Roman province)">Province of Egypt</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Syria_Palaestina" title="Syria Palaestina">Syria Palaestina</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Syria_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Syria (Roman province)">Syria</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia_(Roman_province)" title="Mesopotamia (Roman province)">Province of Mesopotamia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">395–618 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><b><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Egypt">Byzantine Egypt</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Palaestina_Prima" title="Palaestina Prima">Palaestina Prima</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palaestina_Secunda" title="Palaestina Secunda">Palaestina Secunda</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Syria">Byzantine Syria</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Mesopotamia" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Mesopotamia">Byzantine Mesopotamia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>618–628 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" colspan="2">(<a href="/wiki/Sasanian_conquest_of_Egypt" title="Sasanian conquest of Egypt">Sasanian conquest of Egypt</a>)<br /><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Egypt" title="Sasanian Egypt">Province of Egypt</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Shahrbaraz" title="Shahrbaraz">Shahrbaraz</a> <a href="/wiki/Sahralanyozan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahralanyozan">Sahralanyozan</a> <a href="/wiki/Shahrbaraz" title="Shahrbaraz">Shahrbaraz</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" colspan="11" rowspan="1"><b><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Asoristan" title="Asoristan">Province of Asoristan</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Khosrow_II" title="Khosrow II">Khosrow II</a> <a href="/wiki/Kavad_II" title="Kavad II">Kavad II</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">628–641 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="5"><b><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a></b> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" colspan="8" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Ardashir_III" title="Ardashir III">Ardashir III</a> <a href="/wiki/Shahrbaraz" title="Shahrbaraz">Shahrbaraz</a> <a href="/wiki/Khosrow_III" title="Khosrow III">Khosrow III</a> <a href="/wiki/Boran" title="Boran">Boran</a><sup>♀</sup> <a href="/wiki/Shapur-i_Shahrvaraz" title="Shapur-i Shahrvaraz">Shapur-i Shahrvaraz</a> <a href="/wiki/Azarmidokht" title="Azarmidokht">Azarmidokht</a><sup>♀</sup> <a href="/wiki/Farrukh_Hormizd" title="Farrukh Hormizd">Farrukh Hormizd</a> <a href="/wiki/Hormizd_VI" title="Hormizd VI">Hormizd VI</a> <a href="/wiki/Khosrow_IV" title="Khosrow IV">Khosrow IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Boran" title="Boran">Boran</a> <a href="/wiki/Yazdegerd_III" title="Yazdegerd III">Yazdegerd III</a> <a href="/wiki/Peroz_III" title="Peroz III">Peroz III</a> <a href="/wiki/Narsieh" title="Narsieh">Narsieh</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Egypt">Byzantine Egypt</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Palaestina_Prima" title="Palaestina Prima">Palaestina Prima</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palaestina_Secunda" title="Palaestina Secunda">Palaestina Secunda</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Syria">Byzantine Syria</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Mesopotamia" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Mesopotamia">Byzantine Mesopotamia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>639–651 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#8FBC8F;" colspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim conquest of Egypt">Muslim conquest of Egypt</a></b> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#8FBC8F;" colspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_the_Levant" title="Muslim conquest of the Levant">Muslim conquest of the Levant</a></b> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#8FBC8F;" colspan="9"><b><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Persia" title="Muslim conquest of Persia">Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia and Persia</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left; background:#F5F5F5; border:0px" rowspan="1" colspan="7"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Font_Awesome_5_solid_arrow-up.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Font_Awesome_5_solid_arrow-up.svg/10px-Font_Awesome_5_solid_arrow-up.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Font_Awesome_5_solid_arrow-up.svg/15px-Font_Awesome_5_solid_arrow-up.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Font_Awesome_5_solid_arrow-up.svg/20px-Font_Awesome_5_solid_arrow-up.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="585" /></a></span><a href="/wiki/Template:Neolithic_Chronology" title="Template:Neolithic Chronology"> Chronology of the Neolithic period</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#F5F5F5; border:0px" colspan="7" align="right"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Font_Awesome_5_solid_long-arrow-alt-right.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Font_Awesome_5_solid_long-arrow-alt-right.svg/12px-Font_Awesome_5_solid_long-arrow-alt-right.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Font_Awesome_5_solid_long-arrow-alt-right.svg/18px-Font_Awesome_5_solid_long-arrow-alt-right.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Font_Awesome_5_solid_long-arrow-alt-right.svg/24px-Font_Awesome_5_solid_long-arrow-alt-right.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="585" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Template:Rulers_of_the_Ancient_Central_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Rulers of the Ancient Central Asia">Rulers of Ancient Central Asia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rulers with names in italics are considered fictional.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalloSimpson1971" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_W._Hallo" title="William W. Hallo">Hallo, W.</a>; <a href="/wiki/William_Kelly_Simpson" title="William Kelly Simpson">Simpson, W.</a> (1971). <i>The Ancient Near East</i>. New York: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich. pp. 48–49.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ancient+Near+East&rft.pages=48-49&rft.pub=New+York%3A+Harcourt%2C+Brace%2C+Jovanovich&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=Hallo&rft.aufirst=W.&rft.au=Simpson%2C+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYamhad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cdli.ox.ac.uk/wiki/rulers_of_mesopotamia">"Rulers of Mesopotamia"</a>. cdli.ox.ac.uk. University of Oxford, CNRS.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rulers+of+Mesopotamia&rft.pub=University+of+Oxford%2C+CNRS&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcdli.ox.ac.uk%2Fwiki%2Frulers_of_mesopotamia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYamhad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomasPotts2020" class="citation book cs1">Thomas, Ariane; <a href="/wiki/Timothy_Potts" title="Timothy Potts">Potts, Timothy</a> (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VsHEDwAAQBAJ&pg=PR14"><i>Mesopotamia: Civilization Begins</i></a>. Getty Publications. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60606-649-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60606-649-2"><bdi>978-1-60606-649-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mesopotamia%3A+Civilization+Begins&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Getty+Publications&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-60606-649-2&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Ariane&rft.au=Potts%2C+Timothy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVsHEDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPR14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYamhad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoux1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Georges_Roux" title="Georges Roux">Roux, Georges</a> (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=klZX8B_RzzYC&pg=PT534"><i>Ancient Iraq</i></a>. Penguin Books Limited. pp. 532–534 (Chronological Tables). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-193825-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-193825-7"><bdi>978-0-14-193825-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Iraq&rft.pages=532-534+%28Chronological+Tables%29&rft.pub=Penguin+Books+Limited&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-14-193825-7&rft.aulast=Roux&rft.aufirst=Georges&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DklZX8B_RzzYC%26pg%3DPT534&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYamhad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SKL-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SKL_96-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SKL_96-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SKL_96-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Per <a href="/wiki/Sumerian_King_List" title="Sumerian King List">Sumerian King List</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnger2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Merrill_Unger" title="Merrill Unger">Unger, Merrill F.</a> (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qw6vCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA5"><i>Israel and the Aramaeans of Damascus: A Study in Archaeological Illumination of Bible History</i></a>. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62564-606-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62564-606-4"><bdi>978-1-62564-606-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Israel+and+the+Aramaeans+of+Damascus%3A+A+Study+in+Archaeological+Illumination+of+Bible+History&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stock+Publishers&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-62564-606-4&rft.aulast=Unger&rft.aufirst=Merrill+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dqw6vCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYamhad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yamhad&oldid=1240798823">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yamhad&oldid=1240798823</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Yamhad" title="Category:Yamhad">Yamhad</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Syria" title="Category:Ancient Syria">Ancient Syria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Aleppo" title="Category:History of Aleppo">History of Aleppo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Amorite_cities" title="Category:Amorite cities">Amorite cities</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:2nd-millennium_BC_establishments" title="Category:2nd-millennium BC establishments">2nd-millennium BC establishments</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:States_and_territories_established_in_the_19th_century_BC" title="Category:States and territories established in the 19th century BC">States and territories established in the 19th century BC</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:States_and_territories_disestablished_in_the_16th_century_BC" title="Category:States and territories disestablished in the 16th century BC">States and territories disestablished in the 16th century BC</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:2nd-millennium_BC_disestablishments" title="Category:2nd-millennium BC disestablishments">2nd-millennium BC disestablishments</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Former_kingdoms" title="Category:Former kingdoms">Former kingdoms</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Good_articles" title="Category:Good articles">Good articles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_long_volume_value" title="Category:CS1: long volume value">CS1: long volume value</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link from Wikidata">Commons category link from Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 17 August 2024, at 14:02<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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