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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Syntactic_order" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syntactic_order"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Syntactic order</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syntactic_order-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Articles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Articles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Articles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Articles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demonstratives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demonstratives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Demonstratives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demonstratives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Possessive_determiner" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Possessive_determiner"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Possessive determiner</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Possessive_determiner-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Quantifiers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quantifiers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Quantifiers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Quantifiers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Determiners_and_pronouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Determiners_and_pronouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Determiners and pronouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Determiners_and_pronouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Distributive_determiners" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distributive_determiners"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Distributive determiners</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distributive_determiners-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interrogative_determiners" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interrogative_determiners"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>Interrogative determiners</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interrogative_determiners-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-As_a_functional_head" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_a_functional_head"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9</span> <span>As a functional head</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_a_functional_head-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Objections_to_"determiner"_as_a_universal_category" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Objections_to_"determiner"_as_a_universal_category"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Objections to "determiner" as a universal category</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Objections_to_"determiner"_as_a_universal_category-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Determiner</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 29 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-29" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">29 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B0" title="डेटरमाइनर – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="डेटरमाइनर" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doareer" title="Doareer – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Doareer" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Determinant_(llengua)" title="Determinant (llengua) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Determinant (llengua)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Determin%C3%A1tor" title="Determinátor – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Determinátor" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Determinativ_(Wortart)" title="Determinativ (Wortart) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Determinativ (Wortart)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Determinante_(ling%C3%BC%C3%ADstica)" title="Determinante (lingüística) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Determinante (lingüística)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Determinativo" title="Determinativo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Determinativo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Determinatzaile_(gramatika)" title="Determinatzaile (gramatika) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Determinatzaile (gramatika)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%B5%DB%8C%D8%B5%E2%80%8C%DA%AF%D8%B1" title="تخصیص‌گر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تخصیص‌گر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9terminant_(grammaire)" title="Déterminant (grammaire) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Déterminant (grammaire)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reagheyder_(grammeydys)" title="Reagheyder (grammeydys) – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Reagheyder (grammeydys)" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%9C%EC%A0%95%EC%82%AC" title="한정사 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="한정사" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penentu" title="Penentu – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Penentu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81kv%C3%A6%C3%B0isor%C3%B0" title="Ákvæðisorð – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Ákvæðisorð" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Determinante" title="Determinante – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Determinante" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Determin%C3%A1ns_(nyelv%C3%A9szet)" title="Determináns (nyelvészet) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Determináns (nyelvészet)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Determinator_(klasse)" title="Determinator (klasse) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Determinator (klasse)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%99%90%E5%AE%9A%E8%A9%9E" title="限定詞 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="限定詞" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Determinativ" title="Determinativ – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Determinativ" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Determinativ" title="Determinativ – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Determinativ" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Determinant_(gramatica)" title="Determinant (gramatica) – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Determinant (gramatica)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Determinant_(gramatic%C4%83)" title="Determinant (gramatică) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Determinant (gramatică)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2_(%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Детерминатив (грамматика) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Детерминатив (грамматика)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%ABrcaktori" title="Përcaktori – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Përcaktori" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Determiner" title="Determiner – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Determiner" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Determinativt_pronomen" title="Determinativt pronomen – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Determinativt pronomen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prezintoe" title="Prezintoe – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Prezintoe" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B1%BA%E5%AE%9A%E8%A9%9E" title="決定詞 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="決定詞" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%99%90%E5%AE%9A%E8%AF%8D" title="限定词 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="限定词" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q576271#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Determiner" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Determiner" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input 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class="mw-redirect" title="Determiner (class)">Determiner (class)</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Part of speech reflecting the reference of a noun</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the written element in logographic scripts, see <a href="/wiki/Determinative" title="Determinative">Determinative</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid 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.mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Determiner" title="Special:EditPage/Determiner">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Determiner%22">"Determiner"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Determiner%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Determiner%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Determiner%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Determiner%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Determiner%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2018</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Determiner</b>, also called <b>determinative</b> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_glossing_abbreviations" title="List of glossing abbreviations">abbreviated</a> <b><span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">DET</span></span></b>), is a term used in some models of grammatical description to describe a word or affix belonging to a class of noun modifiers. A determiner combines with a <a href="/wiki/Noun" title="Noun">noun</a> to express its <a href="/wiki/Reference" title="Reference">reference</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyons1977454-455_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyons1977454-455-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrystal198590_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrystal198590-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples in English include <a href="/wiki/Article_(grammar)" title="Article (grammar)">articles</a> (<i>the</i> and <i>a</i>), <a href="/wiki/Demonstrative" title="Demonstrative">demonstratives</a> (<i>this</i>, <i>that</i>), <a href="/wiki/Possessive_determiner" title="Possessive determiner">possessive determiners</a> (<i>my,</i> <i>their</i>), and <a href="/wiki/Quantifier_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantifier (linguistics)">quantifiers</a> (<i>many</i>, <i>both</i>). Not all languages have determiners, and not all systems of grammatical description recognize them as a distinct category. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Determiner&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The linguistics term "determiner" was coined by <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Bloomfield" title="Leonard Bloomfield">Leonard Bloomfield</a> in 1933. Bloomfield observed that in <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, nouns often require a qualifying word such as an <a href="/wiki/Article_(grammar)" title="Article (grammar)">article</a> or <a href="/wiki/Adjective" title="Adjective">adjective</a>. He proposed that such words belong to a distinct class which he called "determiners".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBloomfield1933_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBloomfield1933-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>If a language is said to have determiners, any articles are normally included in the class. Other types of words often regarded as belonging to the determiner class include demonstratives and possessives. Some linguists extend the term to include other words in the <a href="/wiki/Noun_phrase" title="Noun phrase">noun phrase</a> such as adjectives and pronouns, or even modifiers in other parts of the sentence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrystal198590_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrystal198590-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Qualifying a lexical item as a determiners may depend on a given language's rules of <a href="/wiki/Syntax" title="Syntax">syntax</a>. In English, for example, the words <i>my</i>, <i>your</i> etc. are used without articles and so can be regarded as possessive determiners whereas their <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> equivalents <i><i lang="it"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mio#Italian" class="extiw" title="wikt:mio">mio</a></i></i> etc. are used together with articles and so may be better classed as adjectives.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEProgovac1998166_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEProgovac1998166-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Not all languages can be said to have a lexically distinct class of determiners. </p><p>In some languages, the role of certain determiners can be played by <a href="/wiki/Affix" title="Affix">affixes</a> (prefixes or suffixes) attached to a noun or by other types of <a href="/wiki/Inflection" title="Inflection">inflection</a>. For example, definite articles are represented by suffixes in <a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_language" title="Macedonian language">Macedonian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a>. In Swedish, <i><i lang="sv"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bok#Swedish" class="extiw" title="wikt:bok">bok</a></i></i> ("book"), when definite, becomes <i><i lang="sv"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/boken#Swedish" class="extiw" title="wikt:boken">boken</a></i></i> ("the book"), while the Romanian <i><i lang="ro"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/caiet#Romanian" class="extiw" title="wikt:caiet">caiet</a></i></i> ("notebook") similarly becomes <i>caietul</i> ("the notebook"). Some languages, such as <a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a>, have <a href="/wiki/Possessive_affix" title="Possessive affix">possessive affixes</a> which play the role of possessive determiners like <i>my</i> and <i>his</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Syntactic_order">Syntactic order</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Determiner&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Syntactic order"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Determiners may be <b>predeterminers</b>, <b>central determiners</b> or <b>postdeterminers</b>, based on the order in which they can occur.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> For example, "all my many very young children" uses one of each. "My all many very young children" is not grammatically correct because a central determiner cannot precede a predeterminer. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Articles">Articles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Determiner&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Articles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Article_(grammar)" title="Article (grammar)">Articles</a> are words used (as a standalone word or a prefix or suffix) to specify the grammatical definiteness of a noun, and, in some languages, volume or numerical scope. Articles often include definite articles (such as English <i>the</i>) and indefinite articles (such as English <i>a</i> and <i>an</i>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Demonstratives">Demonstratives</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Determiner&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Demonstratives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Demonstrative" title="Demonstrative">Demonstratives</a> are words, such as <i>this</i> and <i>that</i>, used to indicate which entities are being referred to and to distinguish those entities from others. They are usually <a href="/wiki/Deixis" title="Deixis">deictic</a>, which means their meaning changes with <a href="/wiki/Context_(language_use)" class="mw-redirect" title="Context (language use)">context</a>. They can indicate how close the things being referenced are to the speaker, listener, or other group of people. In the English language, demonstratives express proximity of things with respect to the speaker. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Possessive_determiner">Possessive determiner</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Determiner&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Possessive determiner"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Possessive_determiner" title="Possessive determiner">Possessive determiners</a> such as <i>my</i> and <i>their</i> modify a noun by attributing possession (or other sense of belonging) to someone or something. They are also known as possessive adjectives. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Quantifiers">Quantifiers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Determiner&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Quantifiers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Quantifier_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantifier (linguistics)">Quantifiers</a> indicate quantity. Some examples of quantifiers include: <i>all</i>, <i>some</i>, <i>many</i>, <i>little</i>, <i>few</i>, and <i>no</i>. Quantifiers only indicate a general quantity of objects, not a precise number such as <i>twelve</i>, <i>dozen</i>, <i>first</i>, <i>single</i>, or <i>once</i> (which are considered <a href="/wiki/Numeral_(linguistics)" title="Numeral (linguistics)">numerals</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatthews2014_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthews2014-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Determiners_and_pronouns">Determiners and pronouns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Determiner&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Determiners and pronouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Determiners are distinguished from <a href="/wiki/Pronoun" title="Pronoun">pronouns</a> by the presence of nouns.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Each went his own way. (<i>Each</i> is used as a pronoun, without an accompanying noun.)</li> <li>Each man went his own way. (<i>Each</i> is used as a determiner, accompanying the noun <i>man</i>.)</li></ul> <p>Plural personal pronouns can act as determiners in certain constructions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETallerman201154_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETallerman201154-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>We linguists aren’t stupid.</li> <li>I'll give you boys three hours to finish the job!</li> <li>Nobody listens to us students.</li></ul> <p>Some theoreticians unify determiners and <a href="/wiki/Pronoun" title="Pronoun">pronouns</a> into a single class. For further information, see <a href="/wiki/Pronoun#Linguistics" title="Pronoun">Pronoun § Linguistics</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Distributive_determiners">Distributive determiners</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Determiner&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Distributive determiners"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Distributive determiners, also called distributive adjectives, consider members of a group separately, rather than collectively. Words such as <i>each</i> and <i>every</i> are examples of distributive determiners. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interrogative_determiners">Interrogative determiners</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Determiner&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Interrogative determiners"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Interrogative_word" title="Interrogative word">Interrogative</a> determiners such as <i>which</i>, <i>what</i>, and <i>how</i> are used to ask a question: </p> <ul><li><i>Which</i> team won?</li> <li><i>What</i> day is it?</li> <li><i>How</i> many do you want?</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="As_a_functional_head">As a functional head</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Determiner&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: As a functional head"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Determiner_phrase" title="Determiner phrase">Determiner phrase</a></div> <p>Some theoretical approaches regard determiners as <a href="/wiki/Head_(grammar)" class="mw-redirect" title="Head (grammar)">heads</a> of their own <a href="/wiki/Phrase" title="Phrase">phrases</a>, which are described as <a href="/wiki/Determiner_phrase" title="Determiner phrase">determiner phrases</a>. In such approaches, noun phrases containing only a noun without a determiner present are called "bare noun phrases", and are considered to be <a href="/wiki/Dominance_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dominance (linguistics)">dominated</a> by determiner phrases with <a href="/wiki/Empty_category#Null_determiners" title="Empty category">null</a> heads.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENemoto2005383_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENemoto2005383-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For more detail on theoretical approaches to the status of determiners, see <a href="/wiki/Noun_phrase#With_and_without_determiners" title="Noun phrase">Noun phrase § With and without determiners</a>. </p><p>Some theoreticians analyze <a href="/wiki/Pronoun" title="Pronoun">pronouns</a> as determiners or determiner phrases. See <a href="/wiki/Pronoun#Theoretical_considerations" title="Pronoun">Pronoun: Theoretical considerations</a>. This is consistent with the determiner phrase viewpoint, whereby a determiner, rather than the noun that follows it, is taken to be the head of the phrase. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Objections_to_"determiner"_as_a_universal_category"><span id="Objections_to_.22determiner.22_as_a_universal_category"></span>Objections to "determiner" as a universal category</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Determiner&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Objections to "determiner" as a universal category"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many <a href="/wiki/Functional_linguistics" title="Functional linguistics">functionalist</a> linguists dispute that the determiner is a universally valid linguistic category. They argue that the concept ´determiner´ is <a href="/wiki/Anglocentrism" title="Anglocentrism">Anglocentric</a>, since it was developed on the basis of the grammar of English and similar languages of north-western Europe. The linguist Thomas Payne comments that the term determiner "is not very viable as a universal natural class", because few languages consistently place all the categories described as determiners in the same place in the noun phrase.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne1997102_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne1997102-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The category ´determiner´ was developed because in languages like English traditional categories like articles, demonstratives and possessives do not occur together. But in many languages these categories freely co-occur, as <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Dryer" title="Matthew Dryer">Matthew Dryer</a> observes.<sup id="cite_ref-Dryer_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dryer-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For instance, Engenni, a Niger-Congo language of Nigeria, allows a possessive word, a demonstrative and an article all to occur as noun modifiers in the same noun phrase:<sup id="cite_ref-Dryer_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dryer-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1209690778">.mw-parser-output .interlinear .bold{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .interlinear .smallcaps{text-transform:uppercase;font-size:smaller}</style><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ani</p><p style="margin: 0px;">wife</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">wò</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="second person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">2SG</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="possessive marker" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">POSS</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">âka</p><p style="margin: 0px;">that</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">nà</p><p style="margin: 0px;">the</p></div><p style="display: none;">ani wò âka nà</p><p style="display: none;">wife 2SG.POSS that the</p><p style="clear: left;">´that wife of yours´</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>There are also languages in which demonstratives and articles do not normally occur together, but must be placed on opposite sides of the noun.<sup id="cite_ref-Dryer_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dryer-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For instance, in Urak Lawoi, a language of Thailand, the demonstrative follows the noun: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">rumah</p><p style="margin: 0px;">house</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">besal</p><p style="margin: 0px;">big</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">itu</p><p style="margin: 0px;">that</p></div><p style="display: none;">rumah besal itu</p><p style="display: none;">house big that</p><p style="clear: left;">´that big house´</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>However, the definite article precedes the noun: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">koq</p><p style="margin: 0px;">the</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">nanaq</p><p style="margin: 0px;">children</p></div><p style="display: none;">koq nanaq</p><p style="display: none;">the children</p><p style="clear: left;">´the children´</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>As Dryer observes, there is little justification for a category of determiner in such languages.<sup id="cite_ref-Dryer_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dryer-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Determiner&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classifier_(linguistics)" title="Classifier (linguistics)">Classifier (linguistics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservativity" title="Conservativity">Conservativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Determiner_spreading" title="Determiner spreading">Determiner spreading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_determiners" title="English determiners">English determiners</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Determiner&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELyons1977454-455-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyons1977454-455_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLyons1977">Lyons 1977</a>, p. 454-455.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrystal198590-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrystal198590_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrystal198590_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrystal1985">Crystal 1985</a>, p. 90.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBloomfield1933-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBloomfield1933_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBloomfield1933">Bloomfield 1933</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEProgovac1998166-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEProgovac1998166_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFProgovac1998">Progovac 1998</a>, p. 166.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthews2014-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatthews2014_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMatthews2014">Matthews 2014</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRunnerKaiser2005" class="citation conference cs1">Runner, Jeffrey T.; Kaiser, Elsi (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.stanford.edu/group/cslipublications/cslipublications/HPSG/2005/runner-kaiser.pdf">"Binding in Picture Noun Phrases: Implications for Binding Theory"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. In Müller, Stefan (ed.). <i>Proceedings of the HPSG05 Conference</i>. Lisbon: CSLI Publications. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.588.7351">10.1.1.588.7351</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=Binding+in+Picture+Noun+Phrases%3A+Implications+for+Binding+Theory&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+HPSG05+Conference&rft.place=Lisbon&rft.pub=CSLI+Publications&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.588.7351%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft.aulast=Runner&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+T.&rft.au=Kaiser%2C+Elsi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.stanford.edu%2Fgroup%2Fcslipublications%2Fcslipublications%2FHPSG%2F2005%2Frunner-kaiser.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeterminer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETallerman201154-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETallerman201154_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTallerman2011">Tallerman 2011</a>, p. 54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENemoto2005383-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENemoto2005383_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNemoto2005">Nemoto 2005</a>, p. 383.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne1997102-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne1997102_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPayne1997">Payne 1997</a>, p. 102.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dryer-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dryer_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dryer_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dryer_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dryer_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Dryer, Matthew S.. 2007. "Noun phrase structure". In Timothy Shopen (ed.), <i>Language typology and syntactic description</i>, second edition. Volume II: 151-205. New York: Cambridge University Press. Pages 161-162.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Determiner&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBloomfield1933" class="citation book cs1">Bloomfield, Leonard (1933). <i>Language</i>. New York: Henry Holt and Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Henry+Holt+and+Company&rft.date=1933&rft.aulast=Bloomfield&rft.aufirst=Leonard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeterminer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrystal1985" class="citation book cs1">Crystal, David (1985). <i>A dictionary of linguistics and phonetics, second edition</i>. Oxford: Basil Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0631140816" title="Special:BookSources/0631140816"><bdi>0631140816</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+dictionary+of+linguistics+and+phonetics%2C+second+edition&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Basil+Blackwell&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=0631140816&rft.aulast=Crystal&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeterminer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Dryer, Matthew S. (2007). "Noun phase structure". In Timothy Shopen (ed.), <i>Language typology and syntactic description</i>, second edition. Volume II: 151-205. New York: Cambridge University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521588560" title="Special:BookSources/9780521588560">9780521588560</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLyons1977" class="citation book cs1">Lyons, John (1977). <i>Semantics</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Semantics&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=Lyons&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeterminer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatthews2014" class="citation book cs1">Matthews, P.H. (2014). <i>The concise Oxford dictionary of linguistics, third edition)</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199675128" title="Special:BookSources/9780199675128"><bdi>9780199675128</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+concise+Oxford+dictionary+of+linguistics%2C+third+edition%29&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9780199675128&rft.aulast=Matthews&rft.aufirst=P.H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeterminer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNemoto2005" class="citation journal cs1">Nemoto, Naoko (2005). "On mass denotations of bare nouns in Japanese and Korean". <i>Linguistics</i>. <b>43</b>: 383–413.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Linguistics&rft.atitle=On+mass+denotations+of+bare+nouns+in+Japanese+and+Korean&rft.volume=43&rft.pages=383-413&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Nemoto&rft.aufirst=Naoko&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeterminer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPayne1997" class="citation book cs1">Payne, Thomas E. (1997). <i>Describing morphosyntax: A guide for field linguists</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521588057" title="Special:BookSources/0521588057"><bdi>0521588057</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Describing+morphosyntax%3A+A+guide+for+field+linguists&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0521588057&rft.aulast=Payne&rft.aufirst=Thomas+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeterminer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFProgovac1998" class="citation journal cs1">Progovac, Ljiljana (1998). "Determiner Phrase in a Language without Determiners". <i>Journal of Linguistics</i>. <b>34</b>: 165–179. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0022226797006865">10.1017/S0022226797006865</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Linguistics&rft.atitle=Determiner+Phrase+in+a+Language+without+Determiners&rft.volume=34&rft.pages=165-179&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0022226797006865&rft.aulast=Progovac&rft.aufirst=Ljiljana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeterminer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTallerman2011" class="citation book cs1">Tallerman, Maggie (2011). <i>Understanding Syntax. Understanding Language (3rd ed.)</i>. London: Hodder Education. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781444112054" title="Special:BookSources/9781444112054"><bdi>9781444112054</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+Syntax.+Understanding+Language+%283rd+ed.%29&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Hodder+Education&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781444112054&rft.aulast=Tallerman&rft.aufirst=Maggie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeterminer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_de_Velde2010" class="citation journal cs1">Van de Velde, Freek (2010). "The emergence of the determiner in the Dutch NP". <i>Linguistics</i>. <b>48</b>: 263–299. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fling.2010.009">10.1515/ling.2010.009</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Linguistics&rft.atitle=The+emergence+of+the+determiner+in+the+Dutch+NP&rft.volume=48&rft.pages=263-299&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fling.2010.009&rft.aulast=Van+de+Velde&rft.aufirst=Freek&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeterminer" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Determiner&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.grammarbank.com/determiners-practice.html">GrammarBank – Determiners Practice</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://glossary.sil.org/term/determiner">SIL Glossary of linguistic terms – What is a determiner?</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Lexical_categories_and_their_features" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Lexical_categories" title="Template:Lexical categories"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Lexical_categories" title="Template talk:Lexical categories"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Lexical_categories" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Lexical categories"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Lexical_categories_and_their_features" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Part_of_speech" title="Part of speech">Lexical categories</a> and their features</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Noun" title="Noun">Noun</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_and_concrete" title="Abstract and concrete">Abstract / Concrete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adjectival_noun_(Japanese)" title="Adjectival noun (Japanese)">Adjectival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agent_noun" title="Agent noun">Agent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animacy" title="Animacy">Animacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bare_nouns" title="Bare nouns">Bare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_noun" title="Collective noun">Collective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Count_noun" title="Count noun">Countable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Initial-stress-derived_noun" title="Initial-stress-derived noun">Initial-stress-derived</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_noun" title="Mass noun">Mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noun_adjunct" title="Noun adjunct">Noun adjunct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proper_and_common_nouns" class="mw-redirect" title="Proper and common nouns">Proper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relational_noun" title="Relational noun">Relational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strong_noun" title="Strong noun">Strong</a> / <a href="/wiki/Weak_noun" title="Weak noun">Weak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verbal_noun" title="Verbal noun">Verbal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Verb" title="Verb">Verb</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attributive_verb" title="Attributive verb">Attributive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Converb" title="Converb">Converb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finite_verb" title="Finite verb">Finite</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nonfinite_verb" title="Nonfinite verb">Nonfinite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerund" title="Gerund">Gerund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerundive" title="Gerundive">Gerundive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infinitive" title="Infinitive">Infinitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participle" title="Participle">Participle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supine" title="Supine">Supine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgressive_(linguistics)" title="Transgressive (linguistics)">Transgressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verbal_noun" title="Verbal noun">Verbal noun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambitransitive_verb" title="Ambitransitive verb">Ambitransitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andative_and_venitive" title="Andative and venitive">Andative / Venitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anticausative_verb" title="Anticausative verb">Anticausative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autocausative_verb" title="Autocausative verb">Autocausative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_verb" title="Auxiliary verb">Auxiliary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captative_verb" title="Captative verb">Captative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catenative_verb" title="Catenative verb">Catenative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compound_verb" title="Compound verb">Compound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copula_(linguistics)" title="Copula (linguistics)">Copular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defective_verb" title="Defective verb">Defective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denominal_verb" title="Denominal verb">Denominal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deponent_verb" title="Deponent verb">Deponent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ditransitive_verb" title="Ditransitive verb">Ditransitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_verb" title="Dynamic verb">Dynamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exceptional_case-marking" title="Exceptional case-marking">Exceptional case-marking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frequentative" title="Frequentative">Frequentative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_strong_verb" title="Germanic strong verb">Germanic strong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_weak_verb" title="Germanic weak verb">Germanic weak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impersonal_verb" title="Impersonal verb">Impersonal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inchoative_verb" title="Inchoative verb">Inchoative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intransitive_verb" title="Intransitive verb">Intransitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labile_verb" title="Labile verb">Labile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lexical_verb" title="Lexical verb">Lexical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_verb" title="Light verb">Light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modal_verb" title="Modal verb">Modal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_verb" title="Negative verb">Negative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performative_verb" title="Performative verb">Performative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrasal_verb" class="mw-redirect" title="Phrasal verb">Phrasal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predicative_verb" title="Predicative verb">Predicative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_verb#Preterite-presents" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic verb">Preterite-present</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_verbs" title="Pure verbs">Pure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reflexive_verb" title="Reflexive verb">Reflexive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regular_and_irregular_verbs" title="Regular and irregular verbs">Regular / Irregular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separable_verb" title="Separable verb">Separable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stative_verb" title="Stative verb">Stative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stretched_verb" title="Stretched verb">Stretched</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transitive_verb" title="Transitive verb">Transitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unaccusative_verb" title="Unaccusative verb">Unaccusative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unergative_verb" title="Unergative verb">Unergative</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Adjective" title="Adjective">Adjective</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intersective_modifier" title="Intersective modifier">Anti-intersective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collateral_adjective" title="Collateral adjective">Collateral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proper_adjective" title="Proper adjective">Common</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demonstrative" title="Demonstrative">Demonstrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersective_modifier" title="Intersective modifier">Intersective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nominalized_adjective" title="Nominalized adjective">Nominalized</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersective_modifier" title="Intersective modifier">Non-intersective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Possessive" title="Possessive">Possessive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postpositive_adjective" title="Postpositive adjective">Postpositive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proper_adjective" title="Proper adjective">Proper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersective_modifier" title="Intersective modifier">Pure intersective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersective_modifier" title="Intersective modifier">Relative subsective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersective_modifier" title="Intersective modifier">Subsective</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Adverb" title="Adverb">Adverb</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conjunctive_adverb" title="Conjunctive adverb">Conjunctive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flat_adverb" title="Flat adverb">Flat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adverbial_genitive" title="Adverbial genitive">Genitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interrogative_word" title="Interrogative word">Interrogative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locative_adverb" title="Locative adverb">Locative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prepositional_adverb" title="Prepositional adverb">Prepositional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pronominal_adverb" title="Pronominal adverb">Pronominal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relative_clause" title="Relative clause">Relative</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pronoun" title="Pronoun">Pronoun</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bound_variable_pronoun" title="Bound variable pronoun">Bound variable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demonstrative" title="Demonstrative">Demonstrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disjunctive_pronoun" title="Disjunctive pronoun">Disjunctive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributive_pronoun" title="Distributive pronoun">Distributive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donkey_sentence" title="Donkey sentence">Donkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dummy_pronoun" title="Dummy pronoun">Dummy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%E2%80%93V_distinction" title="T–V distinction">Formal / Informal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_neutrality_in_languages_with_gendered_third-person_pronouns" title="Gender neutrality in languages with gendered third-person pronouns">Gender-neutral</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gender-specific_pronoun" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender-specific pronoun">Gender-specific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clusivity" title="Clusivity">Inclusive / Exclusive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indefinite_pronoun" title="Indefinite pronoun">Indefinite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intensive_pronoun" title="Intensive pronoun">Intensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interrogative_word" title="Interrogative word">Interrogative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_pronoun" title="Personal pronoun">Personal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Possessive" title="Possessive">Possessive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reciprocal_pronoun" title="Reciprocal pronoun">Reciprocal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reflexive_pronoun" title="Reflexive pronoun">Reflexive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relative_pronoun" title="Relative pronoun">Relative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resumptive_pronoun" title="Resumptive pronoun">Resumptive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weak_pronoun" class="mw-redirect" title="Weak pronoun">Strong / Weak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subject_pronoun" title="Subject pronoun">Subject</a> / <a href="/wiki/Object_pronoun" title="Object pronoun">Object</a> / <a href="/wiki/Prepositional_pronoun" title="Prepositional pronoun">Prepositional</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Preposition_and_postposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Preposition and postposition">Adposition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Casally_modulated_preposition" title="Casally modulated preposition">Casally modulated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inflected_preposition" title="Inflected preposition">Inflected</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preposition_stranding" title="Preposition stranding">Stranded</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Determiner</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Article_(grammar)" title="Article (grammar)">Article</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demonstrative" title="Demonstrative">Demonstrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interrogative_word" title="Interrogative word">Interrogative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Possessive" title="Possessive">Possessive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generalized_quantifier" title="Generalized quantifier">Quantifier</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_particle" title="Grammatical particle">Particle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discourse_marker" title="Discourse marker">Discourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interrogative_word" title="Interrogative word">Interrogative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modal_particle" title="Modal particle">Modal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noun_particle" title="Noun particle">Noun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Possessive" title="Possessive">Possessive</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classifier_(linguistics)" title="Classifier (linguistics)">Classifier</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Measure_word" title="Measure word">Measure word</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complementizer" title="Complementizer">Complementizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conjunction_(grammar)" title="Conjunction (grammar)">Conjunction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copula_(linguistics)" title="Copula (linguistics)">Copula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coverb" title="Coverb">Coverb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interjection" title="Interjection">Interjection</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ideophone" title="Ideophone">Ideophone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onomatopoeia" title="Onomatopoeia">Onomatopoeia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preverb" title="Preverb">Preverb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procedure_word" title="Procedure word">Procedure word</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pro-form" title="Pro-form">Pro-form</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pro-verb" title="Pro-verb">Pro-verb</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pro-sentence" title="Pro-sentence">Pro-sentence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prop-word" class="mw-redirect" title="Prop-word">Prop-word</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syntax%E2%80%93semantics_interface" title="Syntax–semantics interface">Syntax–semantics interface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yes_and_no" title="Yes and no">Yes and no</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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<li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_nouns" title="Template:Language nouns">Nouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_prepositions" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Language prepositions">Prepositions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_pronouns" title="Template:Language pronouns">Pronouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_verbs" title="Template:Language verbs">Verbs</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_determiners" title="English determiners">English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_articles" title="English articles">articles</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_articles_and_determiners" title="French articles and determiners">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_determiners" title="Spanish determiners">Spanish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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