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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Obsessive–compulsive_disorder"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 Obsessive–compulsive disorder </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Obsessive–compulsive_disorder-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Panic_disorder" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Panic_disorder"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 Panic disorder </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Panic_disorder-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eating_disorders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eating_disorders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.7 Eating disorders </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eating_disorders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stroke_recovery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stroke_recovery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.8 Stroke recovery </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stroke_recovery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Premature_ejaculation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Premature_ejaculation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.9 Premature ejaculation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Premature_ejaculation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.10 Other uses </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Side_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Side_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Side effects </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Side_effects-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Side effects subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Side_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sexual_dysfunction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sexual_dysfunction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Sexual dysfunction </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sexual_dysfunction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Post-SSRI_sexual_dysfunction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-SSRI_sexual_dysfunction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.1 Post-SSRI sexual dysfunction </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-SSRI_sexual_dysfunction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Emotional_blunting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emotional_blunting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Emotional blunting </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emotional_blunting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vision" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vision"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Vision </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vision-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cardiac" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cardiac"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Cardiac </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cardiac-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bleeding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bleeding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Bleeding </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bleeding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fracture_risk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fracture_risk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Fracture risk </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fracture_risk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bruxism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bruxism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 Bruxism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bruxism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Serotonin_syndrome" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Serotonin_syndrome"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8 Serotonin syndrome </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Serotonin_syndrome-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Suicide_risk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suicide_risk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.9 Suicide risk </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suicide_risk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Children_and_adolescents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Children_and_adolescents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.9.1 Children and adolescents </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Children_and_adolescents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adults" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adults"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.9.2 Adults </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adults-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Risk_of_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Risk_of_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.10 Risk of death </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Risk_of_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pregnancy_and_breastfeeding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pregnancy_and_breastfeeding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.11 Pregnancy and breastfeeding </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pregnancy_and_breastfeeding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neonatal_abstinence_syndrome" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neonatal_abstinence_syndrome"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.12 Neonatal abstinence syndrome </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neonatal_abstinence_syndrome-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Persistent_pulmonary_hypertension" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Persistent_pulmonary_hypertension"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.12.1 Persistent pulmonary hypertension </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Persistent_pulmonary_hypertension-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neuropsychiatric_effects_in_offspring" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neuropsychiatric_effects_in_offspring"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.12.2 Neuropsychiatric effects in offspring </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neuropsychiatric_effects_in_offspring-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bipolar_switch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bipolar_switch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.13 Bipolar switch </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bipolar_switch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interactions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interactions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Interactions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interactions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Overdose" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overdose"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Overdose </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overdose-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Discontinuation_syndrome" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Discontinuation_syndrome"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Discontinuation syndrome </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Discontinuation_syndrome-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mechanism_of_action" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mechanism_of_action"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Mechanism of action </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Mechanism_of_action-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Mechanism of action subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Mechanism_of_action-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Serotonin_reuptake_inhibition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Serotonin_reuptake_inhibition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Serotonin reuptake inhibition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Serotonin_reuptake_inhibition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sigma_receptor_ligands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sigma_receptor_ligands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Sigma receptor ligands </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sigma_receptor_ligands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anti-inflammatory_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anti-inflammatory_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Anti-inflammatory effects </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anti-inflammatory_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pharmacogenetics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pharmacogenetics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Pharmacogenetics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pharmacogenetics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Versus_TCAs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Versus_TCAs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Versus TCAs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Versus_TCAs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pharmacokinetics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pharmacokinetics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Pharmacokinetics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pharmacokinetics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_SSRIs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_SSRIs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 List of SSRIs </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-List_of_SSRIs-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle List of SSRIs subsection </button> <ul id="toc-List_of_SSRIs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Marketed" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marketed"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Marketed </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marketed-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Antidepressants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antidepressants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1.1 Antidepressants </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antidepressants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Others" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Others"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1.2 Others </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Others-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Discontinued" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Discontinued"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Discontinued </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Discontinued-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Antidepressants_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antidepressants_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2.1 Antidepressants </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antidepressants_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Never_marketed" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Never_marketed"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Never marketed </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Never_marketed-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Antidepressants_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antidepressants_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3.1 Antidepressants </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antidepressants_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Related_drugs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Related_drugs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4 Related drugs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Related_drugs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 History </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Controversy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controversy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Controversy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Controversy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_other_organisms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_other_organisms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 In other organisms </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_other_organisms-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle In other organisms subsection </button> <ul id="toc-In_other_organisms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Veterinary_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Veterinary_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Veterinary use </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Veterinary_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 43 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-43" aria-hidden="true" > 43 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AB%D8%A8%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="مثبطات استرداد السيروتونين الانتقائية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مثبطات استرداد السيروتونين الانتقائية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AD_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%B0" title="সিলেক্টিভ সেরোটোনিন রিআপটেক ইনহিবিটর – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সিলেক্টিভ সেরোটোনিন রিআপটেক ইনহিবিটর" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B3an-te%CC%8Dk-s%C3%A8ng_huih-chheng-s%C3%B2%CD%98_ch%C3%A0i-liap-chh%C3%BA_ek-ch%C3%A8-ch%C3%A8" title="Sóan-te̍k-sèng huih-chheng-sò͘ chài-liap-chhú ek-chè-chè – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Sóan-te̍k-sèng huih-chheng-sò͘ chài-liap-chhú ek-chè-chè" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inhibidor_selectiu_de_la_recaptaci%C3%B3_de_serotonina" title="Inhibidor selectiu de la recaptació de serotonina – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Inhibidor selectiu de la recaptació de serotonina" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selektivn%C3%AD_inhibitor_zp%C4%9Btn%C3%A9ho_vychyt%C3%A1v%C3%A1n%C3%AD_serotoninu" title="Selektivní inhibitor zpětného vychytávání serotoninu – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Selektivní inhibitor zpětného vychytávání serotoninu" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selektive_serotoningenoptagsh%C3%A6mmere" title="Selektive serotoningenoptagshæmmere – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Selektive serotoningenoptagshæmmere" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serotonin-Wiederaufnahmehemmer" title="Serotonin-Wiederaufnahmehemmer – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Serotonin-Wiederaufnahmehemmer" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selektiivsed_serotoniini_tagasihaarde_inhibiitorid" title="Selektiivsed serotoniini tagasihaarde inhibiitorid – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Selektiivsed serotoniini tagasihaarde inhibiitorid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CE%BA%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BA%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82_%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%AD%CE%B1%CF%82_%CE%B5%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%80%CF%81%CF%8C%CF%83%CE%BB%CE%B7%CF%88%CE%B7%CF%82_%CF%83%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%B7%CF%82" title="Εκλεκτικός αναστολέας επαναπρόσληψης σεροτονίνης – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Εκλεκτικός αναστολέας επαναπρόσληψης σεροτονίνης" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inhibidor_selectivo_de_la_recaptaci%C3%B3n_de_serotonina" title="Inhibidor selectivo de la recaptación de serotonina – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Inhibidor selectivo de la recaptación de serotonina" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selektiva_malhelpa%C4%B5o_de_realpreno_de_serotonino" title="Selektiva malhelpaĵo de realpreno de serotonino – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Selektiva malhelpaĵo de realpreno de serotonino" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%86%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%AC%D8%B0%D8%A8_%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%86" title="مهارکننده انتخابی بازجذب سروتونین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مهارکننده انتخابی بازجذب سروتونین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inhibiteur_s%C3%A9lectif_de_la_recapture_de_la_s%C3%A9rotonine" title="Inhibiteur sélectif de la recapture de la sérotonine – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Inhibiteur sélectif de la recapture de la sérotonine" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%A0%ED%83%9D%EC%A0%81_%EC%84%B8%EB%A1%9C%ED%86%A0%EB%8B%8C_%EC%9E%AC%ED%9D%A1%EC%88%98_%EC%96%B5%EC%A0%9C%EC%A0%9C" title="선택적 세로토닌 재흡수 억제제 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="선택적 세로토닌 재흡수 억제제" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penghambat_penyerapan_kembali_serotonin_selektif" title="Penghambat penyerapan kembali serotonin selektif – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Penghambat penyerapan kembali serotonin selektif" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9rt%C3%A6kir_ser%C3%B3t%C3%B3n%C3%ADn_enduruppt%C3%B6kuhemlar" title="Sértækir serótónín endurupptökuhemlar – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Sértækir serótónín endurupptökuhemlar" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inibitori_selettivi_della_ricaptazione_della_serotonina" title="Inibitori selettivi della ricaptazione della serotonina – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Inibitori selettivi della ricaptazione della serotonina" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/SSRI" title="SSRI – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="SSRI" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A3%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%AA%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A8%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A9%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%97%E1%83%98_%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%B0%E1%83%98%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="სეროტონინის უკუმიტაცების შერჩევითი ინჰიბიტორი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სეროტონინის უკუმიტაცების შერჩევითი ინჰიბიტორი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selekt%C4%ABvie_seroton%C4%ABna_atpaka%C4%BCsaist%C4%AB%C5%A1an%C4%81s_inhibitori" title="Selektīvie serotonīna atpakaļsaistīšanās inhibitori – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Selektīvie serotonīna atpakaļsaistīšanās inhibitori" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selektyvieji_serotonino_reabsorbcijos_inhibitoriai" title="Selektyvieji serotonino reabsorbcijos inhibitoriai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Selektyvieji serotonino reabsorbcijos inhibitoriai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szelekt%C3%ADv_szerotoninvisszav%C3%A9tel-g%C3%A1tl%C3%B3k" title="Szelektív szerotoninvisszavétel-gátlók – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szelektív szerotoninvisszavétel-gátlók" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%82" title="Селективен инхибитор на репреземањето на серотонинот – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Селективен инхибитор на репреземањето на серотонинот" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C5%8Dng-d%C4%95k-s%C3%A1ng_H%C3%A1ik-ch%C4%ADng-s%C3%B3_C%C3%A1i-si%C3%A9k-ch%E1%B9%B3%CC%84_%C3%89k-ci%C3%A9-c%C3%A2" title="Sōng-dĕk-sáng Háik-chĭng-só Cái-siék-chṳ̄ Ék-cié-câ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Sōng-dĕk-sáng Háik-chĭng-só Cái-siék-chṳ̄ Ék-cié-câ" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selectieve_serotonine-heropnameremmers" title="Selectieve serotonine-heropnameremmers – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Selectieve serotonine-heropnameremmers" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%81%B8%E6%8A%9E%E7%9A%84%E3%82%BB%E3%83%AD%E3%83%88%E3%83%8B%E3%83%B3%E5%86%8D%E5%8F%96%E3%82%8A%E8%BE%BC%E3%81%BF%E9%98%BB%E5%AE%B3%E8%96%AC" title="選択的セロトニン再取り込み阻害薬 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="選択的セロトニン再取り込み阻害薬" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selektiv_serotoninreopptakshemmer" title="Selektiv serotoninreopptakshemmer – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Selektiv serotoninreopptakshemmer" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B2%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%9F%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%AD_%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%9F%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%A8_%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%85%E0%AC%AA%E0%AC%9F%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%95_%E0%AC%87%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%9F%E0%AC%B0" title="ସିଲେକ୍ଟିଭ ସେରୋଟୋନିନ ରିଅପଟେକ ଇନହିବିଟର – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ସିଲେକ୍ଟିଭ ସେରୋଟୋନିନ ରିଅପଟେକ ଇନହିବିଟର" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selektywne_inhibitory_zwrotnego_wychwytu_serotoniny" title="Selektywne inhibitory zwrotnego wychwytu serotoniny – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Selektywne inhibitory zwrotnego wychwytu serotoniny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inibidor_seletivo_de_recapta%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_serotonina" title="Inibidor seletivo de recaptação de serotonina – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Inibidor seletivo de recaptação de serotonina" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inhibitor_selectiv_al_recapt%C4%83rii_de_serotonin%C4%83" title="Inhibitor selectiv al recaptării de serotonină – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Inhibitor selectiv al recaptării de serotonină" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Селективные ингибиторы обратного захвата серотонина – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Селективные ингибиторы обратного захвата серотонина" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selective_serotonin_reuptake_inhibitor" title="Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selektivni_zaviralec_ponovnega_privzema_serotonina" title="Selektivni zaviralec ponovnega privzema serotonina – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Selektivni zaviralec ponovnega privzema serotonina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selektivni_inhibitor_preuzimanja_serotonina" title="Selektivni inhibitor preuzimanja serotonina – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Selektivni inhibitor preuzimanja serotonina" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selektivni_inhibitor_preuzimanja_serotonina" title="Selektivni inhibitor preuzimanja serotonina – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Selektivni inhibitor preuzimanja serotonina" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selektiiviset_serotoniinin_takaisinoton_est%C3%A4j%C3%A4t" title="Selektiiviset serotoniinin takaisinoton estäjät – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Selektiiviset serotoniinin takaisinoton estäjät" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selektiva_serotonin%C3%A5terupptagsh%C3%A4mmare" title="Selektiva serotoninåterupptagshämmare – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Selektiva serotoninåterupptagshämmare" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selektibong_Tagapigil_ng_Muling_Pagsisipsip_ng_Serotonin" title="Selektibong Tagapigil ng Muling Pagsisipsip ng Serotonin – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Selektibong Tagapigil ng Muling Pagsisipsip ng Serotonin" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selective_serotonin_re-uptake_inhibitors" title="Selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="Selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Se%C3%A7ici_serotonin_geri_al%C4%B1m_inhibit%C3%B6r%C3%BC" title="Seçici serotonin geri alım inhibitörü – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Seçici serotonin geri alım inhibitörü" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%96_%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%83" title="Селективні інгібітори зворотного захоплення серотоніну – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Селективні інгібітори зворотного захоплення серотоніну" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%80%89%E6%8B%A9%E6%80%A75-%E7%BE%9F%E8%89%B2%E8%83%BA%E5%86%8D%E6%91%84%E5%8F%96%E6%8A%91%E5%88%B6%E5%89%82" title="选择性5-羟色胺再摄取抑制剂 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="选择性5-羟色胺再摄取抑制剂" 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Class of antidepressant medication</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"SSRI" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/SSRI_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="SSRI (disambiguation)">SSRI (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #ddbbee">Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><a href="/wiki/Drug_class" title="Drug class">Drug class</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Serotonin-2D-skeletal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Serotonin-2D-skeletal.svg/220px-Serotonin-2D-skeletal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Serotonin-2D-skeletal.svg/330px-Serotonin-2D-skeletal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Serotonin-2D-skeletal.svg/440px-Serotonin-2D-skeletal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="371" /></a><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Serotonin" title="Serotonin">Serotonin</a>, the neurotransmitter that is involved in the mechanism of action of SSRIs</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #e8e8e8;">Class identifiers</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Synonym" title="Synonym">Synonyms</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Serotonin-specific reuptake inhibitors, serotonergic antidepressants<a href="#cite_note-BARLOW-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Use</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder" title="Major depressive disorder">Major depressive disorder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anxiety_disorder" title="Anxiety disorder">anxiety disorders</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System" title="Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System">ATC code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ATC_code_N06AB" class="mw-redirect" title="ATC code N06AB">N06AB</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Biological_target" title="Biological target">Biological target</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Serotonin_transporter" title="Serotonin transporter">Serotonin transporter</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #e8e8e8;">Clinical data</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Drugs.com" title="Drugs.com">Drugs.com</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.drugs.com/drug-class/ssri-antidepressants.html">Drug Classes</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Consumer_Reports" title="Consumer Reports">Consumer Reports</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.consumerreports.org/health/best-buy-drugs/antidepressants.htm">Best Buy Drugs</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #e8e8e8;">External links</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D017367">D017367</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #e8e8e8;">Legal status</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="background: #e8e8e8; text-align: center"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q334477" class="extiw" title="d:Q334477">In Wikidata</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are a <a href="/wiki/Class_of_drugs" class="mw-redirect" title="Class of drugs">class of drugs</a> that are typically used as <a href="/wiki/Antidepressant" title="Antidepressant">antidepressants</a> in the treatment of <a href="/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder" title="Major depressive disorder">major depressive disorder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anxiety_disorder" title="Anxiety disorder">anxiety disorders</a>, and other psychological conditions. SSRIs increase the <a href="/wiki/Extracellular" class="mw-redirect" title="Extracellular">extracellular</a> level of the <a href="/wiki/Neurotransmitter" title="Neurotransmitter">neurotransmitter</a> <a href="/wiki/Serotonin" title="Serotonin">serotonin</a> by <a href="/wiki/Reuptake_inhibitor" title="Reuptake inhibitor">limiting</a> its <a href="/wiki/Reuptake" title="Reuptake">reabsorption</a> (reuptake) into the <a href="/wiki/Presynaptic_cell" class="mw-redirect" title="Presynaptic cell">presynaptic cell</a>.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> They have varying degrees of selectivity for the other <a href="/wiki/Monoamine_transporter" title="Monoamine transporter">monoamine transporters</a>, with pure SSRIs having strong affinity for the <a href="/wiki/Serotonin_transporter" title="Serotonin transporter">serotonin transporter</a> and only weak affinity for the <a href="/wiki/Norepinephrine_transporter" title="Norepinephrine transporter">norepinephrine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dopamine_transporter" title="Dopamine transporter">dopamine transporters</a>. SSRIs are the most widely prescribed antidepressants in many countries especially the world.<a href="#cite_note-PRESCORN2004-3">[3]</a> The efficacy of SSRIs in mild or moderate cases of depression has been disputed<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> and may or may not be outweighed by side effects, especially in adolescent populations.<a href="#cite_note-Kramer-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-JAMA2010-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pies-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-8">[8]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Medical_uses">Medical uses</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Selective_serotonin_reuptake_inhibitor&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Medical uses">edit</a>]</div> The main indication for SSRIs is <a href="/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder" title="Major depressive disorder">major depressive disorder</a>; however, they are frequently prescribed for <a href="/wiki/Anxiety_disorder" title="Anxiety disorder">anxiety disorders</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Social_anxiety_disorder" title="Social anxiety disorder">social anxiety disorder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Generalized_anxiety_disorder" title="Generalized anxiety disorder">generalized anxiety disorder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Panic_disorder" title="Panic disorder">panic disorder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Obsessive%E2%80%93compulsive_disorder" title="Obsessive–compulsive disorder">obsessive–compulsive disorder</a> (OCD), <a href="/wiki/Eating_disorder" title="Eating disorder">eating disorders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chronic_pain" title="Chronic pain">chronic pain</a>, and, in some cases, for <a href="/wiki/Posttraumatic_stress_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Posttraumatic stress disorder">posttraumatic stress disorder</a> (PTSD). They are also frequently used to treat <a href="/wiki/Depersonalization-derealization_disorder" title="Depersonalization-derealization disorder">depersonalization disorder</a>, although with varying results.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Depression">Depression</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Selective_serotonin_reuptake_inhibitor&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Depression">edit</a>]</div> Antidepressants are recommended by the UK <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_for_Health_and_Care_Excellence" title="National Institute for Health and Care Excellence">National Institute for Health and Care Excellence</a> (NICE) as a first-line treatment of severe depression and for the treatment of mild-to-moderate depression that persists after conservative measures such as <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_therapy" title="Cognitive therapy">cognitive therapy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NICE2009-10">[10]</a> They recommend against their routine use by those who have chronic health problems and mild depression.<a href="#cite_note-NICE2009-10">[10]</a> There has been controversy regarding the efficacy of SSRIs in treating depression depending on its severity and duration. <ul><li>Two meta-analyses published in 2008 (Kirsch) and 2010 (Fournier) found that in mild and moderate depression, the effect of SSRIs is small or none compared to placebo, while in very severe depression the effect of SSRIs is between "relatively small" and "substantial".<a href="#cite_note-JAMA2010-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-KIRSCH2008-11">[11]</a> The 2008 meta-analysis combined 35 clinical trials submitted to the <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a> (FDA) before licensing of four newer antidepressants (including the SSRIs <a href="/wiki/Paroxetine" title="Paroxetine">paroxetine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fluoxetine" title="Fluoxetine">fluoxetine</a>, the non-SSRI antidepressant <a href="/wiki/Nefazodone" title="Nefazodone">nefazodone</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Serotonin%E2%80%93norepinephrine_reuptake_inhibitor" title="Serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor">serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor</a> (SNRI) <a href="/wiki/Venlafaxine" title="Venlafaxine">venlafaxine</a>). The authors attributed the relationship between severity and efficacy to a reduction of the placebo effect in severely depressed patients, rather than an increase in the effect of the medication.<a href="#cite_note-KIRSCH2008-11">[11]</a> Some researchers have questioned the statistical basis of this study suggesting that it underestimates the effect size of antidepressants.<a href="#cite_note-HORDER2010-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOUNTOULAKIS2010-13">[13]</a></li> <li>A 2012 meta-analysis of fluoxetine and venlafaxine concluded that statistically and clinically significant treatment effects were observed for each drug relative to placebo irrespective of baseline depression severity; some of the authors however disclosed substantial relationships with pharmaceutical industries.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></li> <li>A 2017 systematic review stated that "SSRIs versus placebo seem to have statistically significant effects on depressive symptoms, but the clinical significance of these effects seems questionable and all trials were at high risk of bias. Furthermore, SSRIs versus placebo significantly increase the risk of both serious and non-serious adverse events. Our results show that the harmful effects of SSRIs versus placebo for major depressive disorder seem to outweigh any potentially small beneficial effects".<a href="#cite_note-:0-8">[8]</a> Fredrik Hieronymus et al. criticized the review as inaccurate and misleading, but they also disclosed multiple ties to pharmaceutical industries and receipt of speaker's fees.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></li> <li>In 2018, a systematic review and network meta-analysis comparing the efficacy and acceptability of 21 antidepressant drugs showed <a href="/wiki/Escitalopram" title="Escitalopram">escitalopram</a> to be one of the most effective. They showed that "In terms of efficacy, all antidepressants were more effective than placebo, with <a href="/wiki/Odds_ratio" title="Odds ratio">odds ratios</a> (ORs) ranging between 2.13 (95% credible interval [CrI] 1.89–2.41) for amitriptyline and 1.37 (1.16–1.63) for reboxetine."<a href="#cite_note-CiprianiFurukawaSalanti2018-16">[16]</a> The odds ratios were specifically in terms of <a href="/wiki/Response_rate_(survey)" title="Response rate (survey)">response rates</a> (≥50% reduction in observer-rated symptoms).<a href="#cite_note-CiprianiFurukawaSalanti2018-16">[16]</a> Odds ratios of response rates have been criticized for artificially inflating the apparent size of antidepressant benefits.<a href="#cite_note-KirschMoncrieff2007-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-MoncrieffKirsch2015-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hengartner2017-19">[19]</a></li></ul> The use of SSRIs in children with depression remains controversial. A 2021 <a href="/wiki/Cochrane_(organisation)" title="Cochrane (organisation)">Cochrane</a> review concluded that, for children and adolescents, SSRIs "may reduce depression symptoms in a small and unimportant way compared with placebo."<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> However, it also noted significant methodological limitations that make drawing definitive conclusions about efficacy difficult. <a href="/wiki/Fluoxetine" title="Fluoxetine">Fluoxetine</a> is the only SSRI authorized for use in children and adolescents with moderate to severe depression in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_anxiety_disorder">Social anxiety disorder</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Selective_serotonin_reuptake_inhibitor&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Social anxiety disorder">edit</a>]</div> Some SSRIs are effective for <a href="/wiki/Social_anxiety_disorder" title="Social anxiety disorder">social anxiety</a> disorder, although their effects on symptoms is not always robust and their use is sometimes rejected in favor of psychological therapies. <a href="/wiki/Paroxetine" title="Paroxetine">Paroxetine</a> was the first drug to be approved for social anxiety disorder and it is considered effective for this disorder; <a href="/wiki/Sertraline" title="Sertraline">sertraline</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fluvoxamine" title="Fluvoxamine">fluvoxamine</a> were later approved for it as well. <a href="/wiki/Escitalopram" title="Escitalopram">Escitalopram</a> and <a href="/wiki/Citalopram" title="Citalopram">citalopram</a> are used off-label with acceptable efficacy, while <a href="/wiki/Fluoxetine" title="Fluoxetine">fluoxetine</a> is not considered to be effective for this disorder.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Effect_size" title="Effect size">effect sizes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cohen%27s_d" class="mw-redirect" title="Cohen's d">Cohen's d</a>) of SSRIs in terms of improvement on the <a href="/wiki/Liebowitz_social_anxiety_scale" title="Liebowitz social anxiety scale">Liebowitz social anxiety scale</a> in individual published trials of the drugs for social anxiety disorder have ranged from –0.029 to 1.214.<a href="#cite_note-pmid16714326-23">[23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-traumatic_stress_disorder">Post-traumatic stress disorder</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Selective_serotonin_reuptake_inhibitor&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Post-traumatic stress disorder">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Posttraumatic_stress_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Posttraumatic stress disorder">PTSD</a> is relatively hard to treat and generally treatment is not highly effective; SSRIs are no exception. They are not very effective for this disorder and only two SSRI are FDA approved for this condition: paroxetine and sertraline. Paroxetine has slightly higher response and remission rates for PTSD than sertraline, but both are not fully effective for many patients.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Fluoxetine is used off-label, but with mixed results; venlafaxine, an SNRI, is considered somewhat effective, although its use is also off-label. Fluvoxamine, escitalopram and citalopram are not well tested in this disorder. Paroxetine remains the most suitable drug for PTSD as of now, but with limited benefits.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Generalized_anxiety_disorder">Generalized anxiety disorder</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Selective_serotonin_reuptake_inhibitor&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Generalized anxiety disorder">edit</a>]</div> SSRIs are recommended by the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) for the treatment of <a href="/wiki/Generalized_anxiety_disorder" title="Generalized anxiety disorder">generalized anxiety disorder</a> (GAD) that has failed to respond to conservative measures such as education and self-help activities. GAD is a common disorder of which the central feature is excessive worry about a number of different events. Key symptoms include excessive anxiety about multiple events and issues, and difficulty controlling worrisome thoughts, that persists for at least 6 months. Antidepressants provide a modest-to-moderate reduction in anxiety in GAD,<a href="#cite_note-urlwww.nice.org.ukb-25">[25]</a> and are superior to placebo in treating GAD. The efficacy of different antidepressants is similar.<a href="#cite_note-urlwww.nice.org.ukb-25">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Obsessive–compulsive_disorder">Obsessive–compulsive disorder</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Selective_serotonin_reuptake_inhibitor&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Obsessive–compulsive disorder">edit</a>]</div> In Canada, SSRIs are a first-line treatment of adult <a href="/wiki/Obsessive%E2%80%93compulsive_disorder" title="Obsessive–compulsive disorder">obsessive–compulsive disorder</a> (OCD). In the UK, they are first-line treatment only with moderate to severe functional impairment and as second line treatment for those with mild impairment, though, as of early 2019, this recommendation is being reviewed.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> In children, SSRIs can be considered a second line therapy in those with moderate-to-severe impairment, with close monitoring for psychiatric adverse effects.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> SSRIs, especially <a href="/wiki/Fluvoxamine" title="Fluvoxamine">fluvoxamine</a>, which is the first one to be FDA approved for OCD, are efficacious in its treatment; patients treated with SSRIs are about twice as likely to respond to treatment as those treated with placebo.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> Efficacy has been demonstrated both in short-term treatment trials of 6 to 24 weeks and in discontinuation trials of 28 to 52 weeks duration.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Panic_disorder">Panic disorder</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Selective_serotonin_reuptake_inhibitor&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Panic disorder">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Paroxetine" title="Paroxetine">Paroxetine</a> CR was superior to placebo on the primary outcome measure. In a 10-week randomized controlled, double-blind trial <a href="/wiki/Escitalopram" title="Escitalopram">escitalopram</a> was more effective than placebo.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> <a href="/wiki/Fluvoxamine" title="Fluvoxamine">Fluvoxamine</a>, another SSRI, has shown positive results.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> However, evidence for their effectiveness and acceptability is unclear.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eating_disorders">Eating disorders</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Selective_serotonin_reuptake_inhibitor&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Eating disorders">edit</a>]</div> Antidepressants are recommended as an alternative or additional first step to self-help programs in the treatment of <a href="/wiki/Bulimia_nervosa" title="Bulimia nervosa">bulimia nervosa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-urlwww.nice.org.uk-36">[36]</a> SSRIs (fluoxetine in particular) are preferred over other anti-depressants due to their acceptability, tolerability, and superior reduction of symptoms in short-term trials. Long-term efficacy remains poorly characterized. Similar recommendations apply to <a href="/wiki/Binge_eating_disorder" title="Binge eating disorder">binge eating disorder</a>.<a href="#cite_note-urlwww.nice.org.uk-36">[36]</a> SSRIs provide short-term reductions in binge eating behavior, but have not been associated with significant weight loss.<a href="#cite_note-urlNational_Guideline_Clearinghouse_|_Practice_guideline_for_the_treatment_of_patients_with_eating_disorders.-37">[37]</a> Clinical trials have generated mostly negative results for the use of SSRIs in the treatment of <a href="/wiki/Anorexia_nervosa" title="Anorexia nervosa">anorexia nervosa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid21414249-38">[38]</a> Treatment guidelines from the National Institute of Health and Clinical Excellence<a href="#cite_note-urlwww.nice.org.uk-36">[36]</a> recommend against the use of SSRIs in this disorder. Those from the American Psychiatric Association note that SSRIs confer no advantage regarding weight gain, but that they may be used for the treatment of co-existing depression, anxiety, or OCD.<a href="#cite_note-urlNational_Guideline_Clearinghouse_|_Practice_guideline_for_the_treatment_of_patients_with_eating_disorders.-37">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stroke_recovery">Stroke recovery</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Selective_serotonin_reuptake_inhibitor&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Stroke recovery">edit</a>]</div> SSRIs have been used off-label in the treatment of <a href="/wiki/Stroke" title="Stroke">stroke</a> patients, including those with and without symptoms of depression. A 2021 meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials found no evidence pointing to their routine use to promote recovery following stroke.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Premature_ejaculation">Premature ejaculation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Selective_serotonin_reuptake_inhibitor&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Premature ejaculation">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Premature_ejaculation" title="Premature ejaculation">Premature ejaculation</a></div> SSRIs are effective for the treatment of premature ejaculation. Taking SSRIs on a chronic, daily basis is more effective than taking them prior to sexual activity.<a href="#cite_note-pmid17983899-40">[40]</a> The increased efficacy of treatment when taking SSRIs on a daily basis is consistent with clinical observations that the therapeutic effects of SSRIs generally take several weeks to emerge.<a href="#cite_note-pmid27713241-41">[41]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sexual_dysfunction" title="Sexual dysfunction">Sexual dysfunction</a> ranging from <a href="/wiki/Hypoactive_sexual_desire_disorder" title="Hypoactive sexual desire disorder">decreased libido</a> to <a href="/wiki/Anorgasmia#Drugs-induced" title="Anorgasmia">anorgasmia</a> is usually considered to be a significantly distressing side effect which may lead to noncompliance in patients receiving SSRIs.<a href="#cite_note-pmid21701626-42">[42]</a> However, for those with premature ejaculation, this very same side effect <a href="/wiki/Side_effect#Examples_of_therapeutic_side_effects" title="Side effect">becomes the desired effect</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_uses">Other uses</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Selective_serotonin_reuptake_inhibitor&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Other uses">edit</a>]</div> SSRIs such as sertraline have been found to be effective in decreasing <a href="/wiki/Anger" title="Anger">anger</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid31126061-43">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Side_effects">Side effects</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Selective_serotonin_reuptake_inhibitor&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Side effects">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Side_effect" title="Side effect">Side effects</a> vary among the individual drugs of this class. They may include <a href="/wiki/Akathisia" title="Akathisia">akathisia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid21406165-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid9694033-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid19289334-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid8909330-47">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sexual_dysfunction">Sexual dysfunction</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Selective_serotonin_reuptake_inhibitor&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Sexual dysfunction">edit</a>]</div> SSRIs can cause various types of <a href="/wiki/Sexual_dysfunction" title="Sexual dysfunction">sexual dysfunction</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Anorgasmia" title="Anorgasmia">anorgasmia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erectile_dysfunction" title="Erectile dysfunction">erectile dysfunction</a>, diminished <a href="/wiki/Libido" title="Libido">libido</a>, genital numbness, and <a href="/wiki/Sexual_anhedonia" title="Sexual anhedonia">sexual anhedonia</a> (pleasureless orgasm).<a href="#cite_note-Bahrick-48">[48]</a> Sexual problems are common with SSRIs.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> Poor sexual function is one of the most common reasons people stop the medication.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> The mechanism by which SSRIs may cause sexual side effects is not well understood as of 2021<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Selective_serotonin_reuptake_inhibitor&action=edit">[update]</a>. The range of possible mechanisms includes (1) nonspecific neurological effects (e.g., sedation) that globally impair behavior including sexual function; (2) specific effects on brain systems mediating sexual function; (3) specific effects on peripheral tissues and organs, such as the penis, that mediate sexual function; and (4) direct or indirect effects on hormones mediating sexual function.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> Management strategies include: for erectile dysfunction the addition of a <a href="/wiki/PDE5_inhibitor" title="PDE5 inhibitor">PDE5 inhibitor</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Sildenafil" title="Sildenafil">sildenafil</a>; for decreased libido, possibly adding or switching to <a href="/wiki/Bupropion" title="Bupropion">bupropion</a>; and for overall sexual dysfunction, switching to <a href="/wiki/Nefazodone" title="Nefazodone">nefazodone</a>.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> <a href="/wiki/Buspirone" title="Buspirone">Buspirone</a> is sometimes used off-label to reduce sexual dysfunction associated with the use of SSRIs.<a href="#cite_note-Wilson_2023-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid34247952-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid31591339-55">[55]</a> A number of non-SSRI drugs are not associated with sexual side effects (such as <a href="/wiki/Bupropion" title="Bupropion">bupropion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mirtazapine" title="Mirtazapine">mirtazapine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tianeptine" title="Tianeptine">tianeptine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agomelatine" title="Agomelatine">agomelatine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tranylcypromine" title="Tranylcypromine">tranylcypromine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Moclobemide" title="Moclobemide">moclobemide</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a>). Several studies have suggested that SSRIs may adversely affect semen quality.<a href="#cite_note-pmid36188547-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> While <a href="/wiki/Trazodone" title="Trazodone">trazodone</a> (an antidepressant with <a href="/wiki/Alpha_adrenergic_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha adrenergic receptor">alpha adrenergic receptor</a> blockade) is a notorious cause of <a href="/wiki/Priapism" title="Priapism">priapism</a>, cases of priapism have also been reported with certain SSRIs (e.g. fluoxetine, citalopram).<a href="#cite_note-Scherzer_et_al_2019-61">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Post-SSRI_sexual_dysfunction">Post-SSRI sexual dysfunction</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Selective_serotonin_reuptake_inhibitor&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Post-SSRI sexual dysfunction">edit</a>]</div> Post-SSRI sexual dysfunction (PSSD)<a href="#cite_note-Jannini2022-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tarchi2023-63">[63]</a> refers to a set of symptoms reported by some people who have taken SSRIs or other <a href="/wiki/Serotonin_reuptake_inhibitor" title="Serotonin reuptake inhibitor">serotonin reuptake-inhibiting</a> (SRI) drugs, in which sexual dysfunction symptoms persist for at least three months<a href="#cite_note-Healy_2022-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-Chinchilla_Alfaro_2022-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-Marks2023-66">[66]</a> after ceasing to take the drug. The status of PSSD as a legitimate and distinct pathology is contentious; several researchers have proposed that it should be recognized as a separate phenomenon from more common SSRI side effects.<a href="#cite_note-Bala_2018_2-67">[67]</a> The reported symptoms of PSSD include reduced <a href="/wiki/Libido" title="Libido">sexual desire</a> or <a href="/wiki/Human_sexual_response_cycle" title="Human sexual response cycle">arousal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erectile_dysfunction" title="Erectile dysfunction">erectile dysfunction</a> in males or loss of <a href="/wiki/Vaginal_lubrication" title="Vaginal lubrication">vaginal lubrication</a> in females, difficulty having an <a href="/wiki/Orgasm" title="Orgasm">orgasm</a> or loss of pleasurable sensation associated with orgasm, and a reduction or loss of sensitivity in the genitals or other <a href="/wiki/Erogenous_zone" title="Erogenous zone">erogenous zones</a>. Additional non-sexual symptoms are also commonly described, including <a href="/wiki/Reduced_affect_display" title="Reduced affect display">emotional numbing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anhedonia" title="Anhedonia">anhedonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Depersonalization" title="Depersonalization">depersonalization</a> or <a href="/wiki/Derealization" title="Derealization">derealization</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_deficit" class="mw-redirect" title="Cognitive deficit">cognitive impairment</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Healy_2022-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-Peleg_2022-68">[68]</a> The duration of PSSD symptoms appears to vary among patients, with some cases resolving in months and others in years or decades; one analysis of patient reports submitted between 1992 and 2021 in the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> listed a case which had reportedly persisted for 23 years.<a href="#cite_note-Chinchilla_Alfaro_2022-65">[65]</a> The symptoms of PSSD are largely shared with <a href="/wiki/Finasteride" title="Finasteride">post-finasteride syndrome (PFS)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Isotretinoin##Possible_permanent_effects" title="Isotretinoin">post-retinoid sexual dysfunction (PRSD)</a>, two other poorly-understood conditions which have been suggested to share a common etiology with PSSD despite being associated with different types of medication.<a href="#cite_note-Giatti_2018-69">[69]</a> Diagnostic criteria for PSSD were proposed in 2022,<a href="#cite_note-Healy_2022-64">[64]</a> but as of 2023, there is no agreement on standards for diagnosis.<a href="#cite_note-Tarchi2023-63">[63]</a> It is considered a distinct phenomenon from <a href="/wiki/Antidepressant_discontinuation_syndrome" title="Antidepressant discontinuation syndrome">antidepressant discontinuation syndrome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Post-acute-withdrawal_syndrome" title="Post-acute-withdrawal syndrome">post-acute withdrawal syndrome</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder" title="Major depressive disorder">major depressive disorder</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Peleg_2022-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bala_2018_2-67">[67]</a> and should be distinguished from sexual dysfunction associated with <a href="/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder" title="Major depressive disorder">depression</a><a href="#cite_note-Peleg_2022-68">[68]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Persistent_genital_arousal_disorder" title="Persistent genital arousal disorder">persistent genital arousal disorder</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Tarchi2023-63">[63]</a> There are limited treatment options for PSSD as of 2023 and no evidence that any individual approach is effective.<a href="#cite_note-Tarchi2023-63">[63]</a> The mechanism by which SRIs may induce PSSD is unclear;<a href="#cite_note-Peleg_2022-68">[68]</a> neurobiological and cognitive factors may act in combination to cause the problem.<a href="#cite_note-Tarchi2023-63">[63]</a> As of 2023, prevalence is unknown.<a href="#cite_note-Tarchi2023-63">[63]</a> A 2020 review stated that PSSD is rare, underreported, and "increasingly identified in online communities".<a href="#cite_note-Rothmore2020-70">[70]</a> A 2024 study investigating the prevalence of persistent post-treatment genital numbness among sexual and gender minority youth found 13.2% of SSRI users between the ages 15 and 29 reporting the symptom compared to 0.9% who had used other medications.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> Reports of PSSD have occurred with almost every SSRI (<a href="/wiki/Dapoxetine" title="Dapoxetine">dapoxetine</a> is an exception).<a href="#cite_note-Tarchi2023-63">[63]</a> In 2019, the <a href="/wiki/European_Medicines_Agency#Pharmacovigilance_Risk_Assessment_Committee" title="European Medicines Agency">Pharmacovigilance Risk Assessment Committee</a> of the <a href="/wiki/European_Medicines_Agency" title="European Medicines Agency">European Medicines Agency</a> (EMA) recommended that packaging leaflets of selected SSRIs and <a href="/wiki/SNRIs" class="mw-redirect" title="SNRIs">SNRIs</a> should be amended to include information regarding a possible risk of persistent sexual dysfunction.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> Following the EMA assessment, a safety review by <a href="/wiki/Health_Canada" title="Health Canada">Health Canada</a> "could neither confirm nor rule out a causal link ... which was long lasting in rare cases", but recommended that "healthcare professionals inform patients about the potential risk of long-lasting sexual dysfunction despite discontinuation of treatment".<a href="#cite_note-HealthCanada-73">[73]</a> A 2023 review stated that ongoing sexual dysfunction after SSRI discontinuation was possible, but that cause and effect were undetermined.<a href="#cite_note-Tarchi2023-63">[63]</a> The 2023 review cautioned that reports of sexual dysfunction cannot be generalized to wider practice as they are subject to a "high risk of bias", but agreed with the EMA assessment that cautionary labeling on SSRIs was warranted.<a href="#cite_note-Tarchi2023-63">[63]</a> On the 20th of march of 2024, a lawsuit was filed by the organization <a href="/wiki/Public_Citizen" title="Public Citizen">Public Citizen</a>, representing <a href="/wiki/Antonei_Csoka" title="Antonei Csoka">Dr. Antonei Csoka</a>, against the <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">United States Food and Drug Administration</a> (FDA) for failing to act on a citizen petition submitted in 2018. The petition seeks to have the risk of serious sexual side effects persisting after discontinuation mentioned in the product labels of SSRIs and SNRIs.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Emotional_blunting">Emotional blunting</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Selective_serotonin_reuptake_inhibitor&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Emotional blunting">edit</a>]</div> Certain antidepressants may cause <a href="/wiki/Emotional_blunting" class="mw-redirect" title="Emotional blunting">emotional blunting</a>, characterized by reduced intensity of both positive and negative emotions as well as symptoms of <a href="/wiki/Apathy" title="Apathy">apathy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psychological_indifference" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychological indifference">indifference</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Amotivational_syndrome" title="Amotivational syndrome">amotivation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid34908941-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid34970173-77">[77]</a> It may be experienced as either beneficial or detrimental depending on the situation.<a href="#cite_note-pmid26407780-78">[78]</a> This side effect has been particularly associated with serotonergic antidepressants like SSRIs and SNRIs, but may be less with atypical antidepressants like <a href="/wiki/Bupropion" title="Bupropion">bupropion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agomelatine" title="Agomelatine">agomelatine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vortioxetine" title="Vortioxetine">vortioxetine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid34970173-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid23823799-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid33516560-80">[80]</a> Higher doses of antidepressants seem to be more likely to produce emotional blunting than lower doses.<a href="#cite_note-pmid34970173-77">[77]</a> It can be decreased by reducing dosage, discontinuing the medication, or switching to a different antidepressant that may have less propensity for causing this side effect.<a href="#cite_note-pmid34970173-77">[77]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vision">Vision</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Selective_serotonin_reuptake_inhibitor&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Vision">edit</a>]</div> Acute narrow-angle <a href="/wiki/Glaucoma" title="Glaucoma">glaucoma</a> is the most common and important ocular side effect of SSRIs, and often goes misdiagnosed.<a href="#cite_note-eyereview-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-glaucoma2-82">[82]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cardiac">Cardiac</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Selective_serotonin_reuptake_inhibitor&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Cardiac">edit</a>]</div> SSRIs do not appear to affect the risk of <a href="/wiki/Coronary_heart_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Coronary heart disease">coronary heart disease</a> (CHD) in those without a previous diagnosis of CHD.<a href="#cite_note-ohSWmeta2014-83">[83]</a> A large cohort study suggested no substantial increase in the risk of cardiac malformations attributable to SSRI usage during the first trimester of pregnancy.<a href="#cite_note-HuybrechtsPalmsten2014-84">[84]</a> A number of large studies of people without known pre-existing heart disease have reported no <a href="/wiki/Electrocardiogram" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrocardiogram">EKG</a> changes related to SSRI use.<a href="#cite_note-afpssri-85">[85]</a> The recommended maximum daily dose of <a href="/wiki/Citalopram" title="Citalopram">citalopram</a> and <a href="/wiki/Escitalopram" title="Escitalopram">escitalopram</a> was reduced due to concerns with <a href="/wiki/Drug-induced_QT_prolongation" title="Drug-induced QT prolongation">QT prolongation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> In overdose, fluoxetine has been reported to cause <a href="/wiki/Sinus_tachycardia" title="Sinus tachycardia">sinus tachycardia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Myocardial_infarction" title="Myocardial infarction">myocardial infarction</a>, <a href="/wiki/Junctional_rhythm" title="Junctional rhythm">junctional rhythms</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Trigeminy" class="mw-redirect" title="Trigeminy">trigeminy</a>. Some authors have suggested <a href="/wiki/Electrocardiogram" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrocardiogram">electrocardiographic</a> monitoring in patients with severe pre-existing cardiovascular disease who are taking SSRIs.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> In a 2023 study a possible connection between SSRI usage and the onset of <a href="/wiki/Mitral_valve_regurgitation" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitral valve regurgitation">mitral valve regurgitation</a> was identified, indicating that SSRIs could hasten the progression of degenerative mitral valve regurgitation (DMR), especially in individuals carrying <a href="/wiki/5-HTTLPR" title="5-HTTLPR">5-HTTLPR</a> genotype. The study’s authors suggest that genotyping should be performed on people with DMR to evaluate serotonin transporter (SERT) activity. They also urge practitioners to exercise caution when prescribing SSRIs to individuals with a familial history of DMR.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bleeding">Bleeding</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Selective_serotonin_reuptake_inhibitor&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Bleeding">edit</a>]</div> SSRIs directly increase the risk of abnormal bleeding by lowering platelet serotonin levels, which are essential to platelet-driven hemostasis.<a href="#cite_note-platelets-93">[93]</a> SSRIs interact with <a href="/wiki/Anticoagulants" class="mw-redirect" title="Anticoagulants">anticoagulants</a>, like <a href="/wiki/Warfarin" title="Warfarin">warfarin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Antiplatelet_drug" title="Antiplatelet drug">antiplatelet drugs</a>, like <a href="/wiki/Aspirin" title="Aspirin">aspirin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Wein2005-94">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-Maudsley-95">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid21190637-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-NSAIDs-97">[97]</a> This includes an increased risk of <a href="/wiki/GI_bleeding" class="mw-redirect" title="GI bleeding">GI bleeding</a>, and post operative bleeding.<a href="#cite_note-Wein2005-94">[94]</a> The relative risk of <a href="/wiki/Intracranial_bleeding" class="mw-redirect" title="Intracranial bleeding">intracranial bleeding</a> is increased, but the absolute risk is very low.<a href="#cite_note-pmid23077009-98">[98]</a> SSRIs are known to cause platelet dysfunction.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> This risk is greater in those who are also on anticoagulants, antiplatelet agents and NSAIDs (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs), as well as with the co-existence of underlying diseases such as cirrhosis of the liver or liver failure.<a href="#cite_note-pmid21190637-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fracture_risk">Fracture risk</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Selective_serotonin_reuptake_inhibitor&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Fracture risk">edit</a>]</div> Evidence from longitudinal, cross-sectional, and prospective cohort studies suggests an association between SSRI usage at therapeutic doses and a decrease in bone mineral density, as well as increased fracture risk,<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> a relationship that appears to persist even with adjuvant <a href="/wiki/Bisphosphonate" title="Bisphosphonate">bisphosphonate</a> therapy.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> However, because the relationship between SSRIs and fractures is based on observational data as opposed to prospective trials, the phenomenon is not definitively causal.<a href="#cite_note-falls-107">[107]</a> There also appears to be an increase in fracture-inducing falls with SSRI use, suggesting the need for increased attention to fall risk in elderly patients using the medication.<a href="#cite_note-falls-107">[107]</a> The loss of bone density does not appear to occur in younger patients taking SSRIs.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bruxism">Bruxism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Selective_serotonin_reuptake_inhibitor&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Bruxism">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/SSRI" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRI">SSRI</a> and <a href="/wiki/Serotonin%E2%80%93norepinephrine_reuptake_inhibitor" title="Serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor">SNRI</a> antidepressants may cause jaw pain/jaw spasm reversible syndrome (although it is not common). Buspirone appears to be successful in treating <a href="/wiki/Bruxism" title="Bruxism">bruxism</a> on SSRI/SNRI induced jaw clenching.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Serotonin_syndrome">Serotonin syndrome</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Selective_serotonin_reuptake_inhibitor&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Serotonin syndrome">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Serotonin_syndrome" title="Serotonin syndrome">Serotonin syndrome</a></div> Serotonin syndrome is typically caused by the use of two or more <a href="/wiki/Serotonin" title="Serotonin">serotonergic</a> drugs, including SSRIs.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> <a href="/wiki/Serotonin_syndrome" title="Serotonin syndrome">Serotonin syndrome</a> is a condition that can range from mild (most common) to deadly. Mild symptoms may consist of <a href="/wiki/Increased_heart_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Increased heart rate">increased heart rate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fever" title="Fever">fever</a>, shivering, <a href="/wiki/Diaphoresis" class="mw-redirect" title="Diaphoresis">sweating</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dilated_pupil" class="mw-redirect" title="Dilated pupil">dilated pupils</a>, <a href="/wiki/Myoclonus" title="Myoclonus">myoclonus</a> (intermittent jerking or twitching), as well as <a href="/wiki/Hyperreflexia" title="Hyperreflexia">hyperreflexia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> Concomitant use of SSRIs or SNRIs for depression with a <a href="/wiki/Triptan" title="Triptan">triptan</a> for <a href="/wiki/Migraine" title="Migraine">migraine</a> does not appear to heighten the risk of the serotonin syndrome.<a href="#cite_note-pmid29482205-114">[114]</a> Taking <a href="/wiki/Monoamine_oxidase_inhibitor" title="Monoamine oxidase inhibitor">monoamine oxidase inhibitors</a> (MAOIs) in combination with SSRIs can be fatal, since MAOIs disrupt <a href="/wiki/Monoamine_oxidase" title="Monoamine oxidase">monoamine oxidase</a>, an enzyme which is needed to break down serotonin and other neurotransmitters. Without monoamine oxidase, the body is unable to eliminate excess neurotransmitters, allowing them to build up to dangerous levels. The prognosis for recovery in a hospital setting is generally good if serotonin syndrome is correctly identified. Treatment consists of discontinuing any serotonergic drugs and providing supportive care to manage <a href="/wiki/Psychomotor_agitation" title="Psychomotor agitation">agitation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hyperthermia" title="Hyperthermia">hyperthermia</a>, usually with <a href="/wiki/Benzodiazepine" title="Benzodiazepine">benzodiazepines</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Fer2016-115">[115]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Suicide_risk">Suicide risk</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Selective_serotonin_reuptake_inhibitor&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Suicide risk">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Children_and_adolescents">Children and adolescents</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Selective_serotonin_reuptake_inhibitor&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Children and adolescents">edit</a>]</div> Meta analyses of short duration randomized clinical trials have found that SSRI use is related to a higher risk of suicidal behavior in children and adolescents.<a href="#cite_note-FDA2-116">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-FDA3-117">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-Olfson-118">[118]</a> For instance, a 2004 <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Food and Drug Administration (United States)">U.S. Food and Drug Administration</a> (FDA) analysis of <a href="/wiki/Clinical_trial" title="Clinical trial">clinical trials</a> on children with <a href="/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder" title="Major depressive disorder">major depressive disorder</a> found statistically significant increases of the risks of "possible <a href="/wiki/Suicidal_ideation" title="Suicidal ideation">suicidal ideation</a> and suicidal behavior" by about 80%, and of agitation and hostility by about 130%.<a href="#cite_note-FDA-119">[119]</a> According to the FDA, the heightened risk of suicidality is within the first one to two months of treatment.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-122">[122]</a> The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) places the excess risk in the "early stages of treatment".<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> The European Psychiatric Association places the excess risk in the first two weeks of treatment and, based on a combination of epidemiological, prospective cohort, medical claims, and randomized clinical trial data, concludes that a protective effect dominates after this early period. A 2014 Cochrane review found that at six to nine months, suicidal ideation remained higher in children treated with antidepressants compared to those treated with psychological therapy.<a href="#cite_note-:1-122">[122]</a> A recent comparison of aggression and hostility occurring during treatment with fluoxetine to placebo in children and adolescents found that no significant difference between the fluoxetine group and a placebo group.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> There is also evidence that higher rates of SSRI prescriptions are associated with lower rates of suicide in children, though since the evidence is <a href="/wiki/Correlation" title="Correlation">correlational</a>, the true nature of the relationship is unclear.<a href="#cite_note-pmid17074941-125">[125]</a> In 2004, the <a href="/wiki/Medicines_and_Healthcare_products_Regulatory_Agency" title="Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency">Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency</a> (MHRA) in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> judged fluoxetine (Prozac) to be the only antidepressant that offered a favorable <a href="/wiki/Risk-benefit_analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Risk-benefit analysis">risk-benefit ratio</a> in children with depression, though it was also associated with a slight increase in the risk of self-harm and suicidal ideation.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> Only two SSRIs are licensed for use with children in the UK, <a href="/wiki/Sertraline" title="Sertraline">sertraline</a> (Zoloft) and <a href="/wiki/Fluvoxamine" title="Fluvoxamine">fluvoxamine</a> (Luvox), for the treatment of <a href="/wiki/Obsessive%E2%80%93compulsive_disorder" title="Obsessive–compulsive disorder">obsessive–compulsive disorder</a>. Fluoxetine is not licensed for this use.<a href="#cite_note-MHRAoverview-127">[127]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Adults">Adults</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Selective_serotonin_reuptake_inhibitor&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Adults">edit</a>]</div> It is unclear whether SSRIs affect the risk of suicidal behavior in adults. <ul><li>A 2005 meta-analysis of drug company data found no evidence that SSRIs increased the risk of suicide; however, important protective or hazardous effects could not be excluded.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a></li> <li>A 2005 review observed that suicide attempts are increased in those who use SSRIs as compared to <a href="/wiki/Placebo" title="Placebo">placebo</a> and compared to therapeutic interventions other than <a href="/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressants" class="mw-redirect" title="Tricyclic antidepressants">tricyclic antidepressants</a>. No difference risk of suicide attempts was detected between SSRIs versus tricyclic antidepressants.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a></li> <li>A 2006 review suggests that the widespread use of antidepressants in the new "SSRI-era" appears to have led to a highly significant decline in suicide rates in most countries with traditionally high baseline suicide rates. The decline is particularly striking for women who, compared with men, seek more help for depression. Recent clinical data on large samples in the US too have revealed a protective effect of antidepressant against suicide.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a></li> <li>A 2006 meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials suggests that SSRIs increase suicide ideation compared with placebo. However, the observational studies suggest that SSRIs did not increase <a href="/wiki/Antidepressants_and_suicide_risk" title="Antidepressants and suicide risk">suicide risk</a> more than older antidepressants. The researchers stated that if SSRIs increase suicide risk in some patients, the number of additional deaths is very small because ecological studies have generally found that suicide mortality has declined (or at least not increased) as SSRI use has increased.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a></li> <li>An additional meta-analysis by the FDA in 2006 found an age-related effect of SSRI's. Among adults younger than 25 years, results indicated that there was a higher risk for suicidal behavior. For adults between 25 and 64, the effect appears neutral on suicidal behavior but possibly protective for suicidal behavior for adults between the ages of 25 and 64. For adults older than 64, SSRI's seem to reduce the risk of both suicidal behavior.<a href="#cite_note-FDA2-116">[116]</a></li> <li>In 2016 a study criticized the effects of the <a href="/wiki/FDA" class="mw-redirect" title="FDA">FDA</a> Black Box suicide warning inclusion in the prescription. The authors discussed the suicide rates might increase also as a consequence of the warning.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Risk_of_death">Risk of death</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Selective_serotonin_reuptake_inhibitor&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Risk of death">edit</a>]</div> A 2017 <a href="/wiki/Meta-analysis" title="Meta-analysis">meta-analysis</a> found that antidepressants including SSRIs were associated with significantly increased <a href="/wiki/Mortality_rate" title="Mortality rate">risk of death</a> (+33%) and new <a href="/wiki/Cardiovascular_complication" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardiovascular complication">cardiovascular complications</a> (+14%) in the general population.<a href="#cite_note-pmid28903117-133">[133]</a> Conversely, risks were not greater in people with existing <a href="/wiki/Cardiovascular_disease" title="Cardiovascular disease">cardiovascular disease</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid28903117-133">[133]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pregnancy_and_breastfeeding">Pregnancy and breastfeeding</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Selective_serotonin_reuptake_inhibitor&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Pregnancy and breastfeeding">edit</a>]</div> SSRI use in pregnancy has been associated with a variety of risks with varying degrees of proof of causation. As depression is independently associated with negative pregnancy outcomes, determining the extent to which observed associations between antidepressant use and specific adverse outcomes reflects a causative relationship has been difficult in some cases.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> In other cases, the attribution of adverse outcomes to antidepressant exposure seems fairly clear. SSRI use in pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of spontaneous abortion of about 1.7-fold.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nikfar_S,_Rahimi_R,_Hendoiee_N,_Abdollahi_M_2012_75-136">[136]</a> Use is also associated with <a href="/wiki/Preterm_birth" title="Preterm birth">preterm birth</a>.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> According to some researches, decreased body weight of the child, intrauterine growth retardation, neonatal adaptive syndrome, and persistent pulmonary hypertension also was noted.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> A systematic review of the risk of major birth defects in antidepressant-exposed pregnancies found a small increase (3% to 24%) in the risk of major malformations and a risk of cardiovascular birth defects that did not differ from non-exposed pregnancies.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> <a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> Other studies have found an increased risk of cardiovascular birth defects among depressed mothers not undergoing SSRI treatment, suggesting the possibility of ascertainment bias, e.g. that worried mothers may pursue more aggressive testing of their infants.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> Another study found no increase in cardiovascular birth defects and a 27% increased risk of major malformations in SSRI exposed pregnancies.<a href="#cite_note-Nikfar_S,_Rahimi_R,_Hendoiee_N,_Abdollahi_M_2012_75-136">[136]</a> The FDA issued a statement on July 19, 2006, stating nursing mothers on SSRIs must discuss treatment with their physicians. However, the medical literature on the safety of SSRIs has determined that some SSRIs like Sertraline and Paroxetine are considered safe for breastfeeding.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neonatal_abstinence_syndrome">Neonatal abstinence syndrome</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Selective_serotonin_reuptake_inhibitor&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Neonatal abstinence syndrome">edit</a>]</div> Several studies have documented <a href="/wiki/Neonatal_abstinence_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Neonatal abstinence syndrome">neonatal abstinence syndrome</a>, a syndrome of neurological, gastrointestinal, autonomic, endocrine and/or respiratory symptoms among a large minority of infants with <a href="/wiki/Intrauterine" class="mw-redirect" title="Intrauterine">intrauterine</a> exposure. These syndromes are short-lived, but insufficient long-term data is available to determine whether there are long-term effects.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Persistent_pulmonary_hypertension">Persistent pulmonary hypertension</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Selective_serotonin_reuptake_inhibitor&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Persistent pulmonary hypertension">edit</a>]</div> Persistent <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_hypertension" title="Pulmonary hypertension">pulmonary hypertension</a> (PPHN) is a serious and life-threatening, but very rare, lung condition that occurs soon after birth of the newborn. <a href="/wiki/Newborn_babies" class="mw-redirect" title="Newborn babies">Newborn babies</a> with PPHN have high pressure in their lung <a href="/wiki/Blood_vessel" title="Blood vessel">blood vessels</a> and are not able to get enough oxygen into their bloodstream. About 1 to 2 babies per 1000 babies born in the U.S. develop PPHN shortly after birth, and often they need intensive <a href="/wiki/Medical_care" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical care">medical care</a>. It is associated with about a 25% risk of significant long-term neurological deficits.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> A 2014 meta analysis found no increased risk of persistent pulmonary hypertension associated with exposure to SSRI's in early pregnancy and a slight increase in risk associates with exposure late in pregnancy; "an estimated 286 to 351 women would need to be treated with an SSRI in late pregnancy to result in an average of one additional case of persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn".<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> A review published in 2012 reached conclusions very similar to those of the 2014 study.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Neuropsychiatric_effects_in_offspring">Neuropsychiatric effects in offspring</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Selective_serotonin_reuptake_inhibitor&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Neuropsychiatric effects in offspring">edit</a>]</div> According to a 2015 review available data found that "some signal exists suggesting that <a href="/wiki/Antenatal" class="mw-redirect" title="Antenatal">antenatal</a> exposure to SSRIs may increase the risk of ASDs (<a href="/wiki/Autism_spectrum_disorders" class="mw-redirect" title="Autism spectrum disorders">autism spectrum disorders</a>)"<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> even though a large cohort study published in 2013<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> and a cohort study using data from Finland's national register between the years 1996 and 2010 and published in 2016 found no significant association between SSRI use and autism in offspring.<a href="#cite_note-Finland2016-152">[152]</a> The 2016 Finland study also found no association with <a href="/wiki/ADHD" class="mw-redirect" title="ADHD">ADHD</a>, but did find an association with increased rates of depression diagnoses in early adolescence.<a href="#cite_note-Finland2016-152">[152]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bipolar_switch">Bipolar switch</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Selective_serotonin_reuptake_inhibitor&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Bipolar switch">edit</a>]</div> In adults and children with <a href="/wiki/Bipolar_disorder" title="Bipolar disorder">bipolar disorder</a>, SSRIs may cause a bipolar switch from depression into <a href="/wiki/Hypomania" title="Hypomania">hypomania</a>/<a href="/wiki/Mania" title="Mania">mania</a>. When taken with mood stabilizers, the risk of switching is not increased, however when taking SSRIs as a <a href="/wiki/Monotherapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Monotherapy">monotherapy</a>, the risk of switching may be twice or three times that of the average.<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> The changes are not often easy to detect and require monitoring by family and mental health professionals.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> This switch might happen even with no prior (hypo)manic episodes and might therefore not be foreseen by the psychiatrist. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Interactions">Interactions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Selective_serotonin_reuptake_inhibitor&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Interactions">edit</a>]</div> The following drugs may precipitate <a href="/wiki/Serotonin_syndrome" title="Serotonin syndrome">serotonin syndrome</a> in people on SSRIs:<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linezolid" title="Linezolid">Linezolid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monoamine_oxidase_inhibitors" class="mw-redirect" title="Monoamine oxidase inhibitors">Monoamine oxidase inhibitors</a> (MAOIs) including <a href="/wiki/Moclobemide" title="Moclobemide">moclobemide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phenelzine" title="Phenelzine">phenelzine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tranylcypromine" title="Tranylcypromine">tranylcypromine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Selegiline" title="Selegiline">selegiline</a> and <a href="/wiki/Methylene_blue" title="Methylene blue">methylene blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithium_(medication)" title="Lithium (medication)">Lithium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibutramine" title="Sibutramine">Sibutramine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MDMA" title="MDMA">MDMA</a> (ecstasy)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dextromethorphan" title="Dextromethorphan">Dextromethorphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tramadol" title="Tramadol">Tramadol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-HTP" class="mw-redirect" title="5-HTP">5-HTP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pethidine" title="Pethidine">Pethidine/meperidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._John%27s_wort" class="mw-redirect" title="St. John's wort">St. John's wort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yohimbe" class="mw-redirect" title="Yohimbe">Yohimbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressants" class="mw-redirect" title="Tricyclic antidepressants">Tricyclic antidepressants</a> (TCAs)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serotonin-norepinephrine_reuptake_inhibitors" class="mw-redirect" title="Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors">Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors</a> (SNRIs)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buspirone" title="Buspirone">Buspirone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triptan" title="Triptan">Triptan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirtazapine" title="Mirtazapine">Mirtazapine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylene_blue" title="Methylene blue">Methylene blue</a></li></ul> Painkillers of the NSAIDs drug family may interfere and reduce efficiency of SSRIs and may compound the increased risk of gastrointestinal bleeds caused by SSRI use.<a href="#cite_note-Maudsley-95">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-NSAIDs-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> NSAIDs include: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aspirin" title="Aspirin">Aspirin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibuprofen" title="Ibuprofen">Ibuprofen</a> (Advil, Nurofen)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naproxen" title="Naproxen">Naproxen</a> (Aleve)</li></ul> There are a number of potential pharmacokinetic interactions between the various individual SSRIs and other medications. Most of these arise from the fact that every SSRI has the ability to inhibit certain <a href="/wiki/Cytochrome_P450" title="Cytochrome P450">P450 cytochrome</a> <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzymes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-GG-159">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wyska2019-161">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Cytochrome P450 enzyme inhibition by SSRIs </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Drug name</th> <th><a href="/wiki/CYP1A2" title="CYP1A2">CYP1A2</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/CYP2C9" title="CYP2C9">CYP2C9</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/CYP2C19" title="CYP2C19">CYP2C19</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/CYP2D6" title="CYP2D6">CYP2D6</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/CYP3A4" title="CYP3A4">CYP3A4</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/CYP2B6" title="CYP2B6">CYP2B6</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Citalopram" title="Citalopram">Citalopram</a></td> <td>+</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>+</td> <td>0</td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Escitalopram" title="Escitalopram">Escitalopram</a></td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>+</td> <td>0</td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fluoxetine" title="Fluoxetine">Fluoxetine</a></td> <td>+</td> <td>++</td> <td>+/++</td> <td>+++</td> <td>+</td> <td>+ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fluvoxamine" title="Fluvoxamine">Fluvoxamine</a></td> <td>+++</td> <td>++</td> <td>+++</td> <td>+</td> <td>+</td> <td>+ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Paroxetine" title="Paroxetine">Paroxetine</a></td> <td>+</td> <td>+</td> <td>+</td> <td>+++</td> <td>+</td> <td>+++ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sertraline" title="Sertraline">Sertraline</a></td> <td>+</td> <td>+</td> <td>+/++</td> <td>+</td> <td>+</td> <td>+ </td></tr></tbody></table> Legend: 0 – no inhibition + – mild/weak inhibition ++ – moderate inhibition +++ – strong/potent inhibition The CYP2D6 enzyme is entirely responsible for the metabolism of <a href="/wiki/Hydrocodone" title="Hydrocodone">hydrocodone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Codeine" title="Codeine">codeine</a><a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> and dihydrocodeine to their active metabolites (<a href="/wiki/Hydromorphone" title="Hydromorphone">hydromorphone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morphine" title="Morphine">morphine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dihydromorphine" title="Dihydromorphine">dihydromorphine</a>, respectively), which in turn undergo phase 2 <a href="/wiki/Glucuronidation" title="Glucuronidation">glucuronidation</a>. These opioids (and to a lesser extent <a href="/wiki/Oxycodone" title="Oxycodone">oxycodone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tramadol" title="Tramadol">tramadol</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Methadone" title="Methadone">methadone</a>) have interaction potential with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors.<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> The concomitant use of some SSRIs (<a href="/wiki/Paroxetine" title="Paroxetine">paroxetine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fluoxetine" title="Fluoxetine">fluoxetine</a>) with <a href="/wiki/Codeine" title="Codeine">codeine</a> may decrease the plasma concentration of active metabolite morphine, which may result in reduced analgesic efficacy.<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> Another important interaction of certain SSRIs involves paroxetine, a potent inhibitor of CYP2D6, and tamoxifen, an agent used commonly in the treatment and prevention of breast cancer. Tamoxifen is a prodrug that is metabolised by the hepatic cytochrome P450 enzyme system, especially CYP2D6, to its active metabolites. Concomitant use of paroxetine and tamoxifen in women with breast cancer is associated with a higher risk of death, as much as a 91 percent in women who used it the longest.<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overdose">Overdose</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Selective_serotonin_reuptake_inhibitor&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Overdose">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Serotonin_syndrome" title="Serotonin syndrome">Serotonin syndrome</a></div> SSRIs appear safer in <a href="/wiki/Overdose" class="mw-redirect" title="Overdose">overdose</a> when compared with traditional antidepressants, such as the tricyclic antidepressants. This relative safety is supported both by case series and studies of deaths per numbers of prescriptions.<a href="#cite_note-ClinTox2004-isbister-169">[169]</a> However, case reports of SSRI poisoning have indicated that severe toxicity can occur<a href="#cite_note-AmJEmergMed1992-Borys-170">[170]</a> and deaths have been reported following massive single ingestions,<a href="#cite_note-Lancet1996-Ostrom-171">[171]</a> although this is exceedingly uncommon when compared to the tricyclic antidepressants.<a href="#cite_note-ClinTox2004-isbister-169">[169]</a> Because of the wide <a href="/wiki/Therapeutic_index" title="Therapeutic index">therapeutic index</a> of the SSRIs, most patients will have mild or no symptoms following moderate overdoses. The most commonly reported severe effect following SSRI overdose is <a href="/wiki/Serotonin_syndrome" title="Serotonin syndrome">serotonin syndrome</a>; serotonin toxicity is usually associated with very high overdoses or multiple drug ingestion.<a href="#cite_note-DrugSaf1995-Sporer-172">[172]</a> Other reported significant effects include <a href="/wiki/Coma" title="Coma">coma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seizure" title="Seizure">seizures</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cardiotoxicity" title="Cardiotoxicity">cardiac toxicity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ClinTox2004-isbister-169">[169]</a> Poisoning is also known in animals, and some toxicity information is available for veterinary treatment.<a href="#cite_note-Veterinary-173">[173]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Discontinuation_syndrome">Discontinuation syndrome</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Selective_serotonin_reuptake_inhibitor&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Discontinuation syndrome">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/SSRI_discontinuation_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRI discontinuation syndrome">SSRI discontinuation syndrome</a></div> Serotonin reuptake inhibitors should not be abruptly discontinued after extended therapy, and whenever possible, should be tapered over several weeks to minimize discontinuation-related symptoms which may include nausea, headache, dizziness, chills, body aches, paresthesias, insomnia, and <a href="/wiki/Brain_zaps" class="mw-redirect" title="Brain zaps">brain zaps</a>. Paroxetine may produce discontinuation-related symptoms at a greater rate than other SSRIs, though qualitatively similar effects have been reported for all SSRIs.<a href="#cite_note-psychiatryonline.org-174">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a> Discontinuation effects appear to be less for fluoxetine, perhaps owing to its long half-life and the natural tapering effect associated with its slow clearance from the body. One strategy for minimizing SSRI discontinuation symptoms is to switch the patient to fluoxetine and then taper and discontinue the fluoxetine.<a href="#cite_note-psychiatryonline.org-174">[174]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mechanism_of_action">Mechanism of action</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Selective_serotonin_reuptake_inhibitor&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Mechanism of action">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Serotonin_reuptake_inhibition">Serotonin reuptake inhibition</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Selective_serotonin_reuptake_inhibitor&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Serotonin reuptake inhibition">edit</a>]</div> In the <a href="/wiki/Brain" title="Brain">brain</a>, messages are passed from a <a href="/wiki/Nerve_cell" class="mw-redirect" title="Nerve cell">nerve cell</a> to another via a <a href="/wiki/Chemical_synapse" title="Chemical synapse">chemical synapse</a>, a small gap between the cells. The <a href="/wiki/Presynaptic_cell" class="mw-redirect" title="Presynaptic cell">presynaptic cell</a> that sends the information releases neurotransmitters including serotonin into that gap. The neurotransmitters are then recognized by <a href="/wiki/Receptor_(biochemistry)" title="Receptor (biochemistry)">receptors</a> on the surface of the recipient postsynaptic cell, which upon this stimulation, in turn, relays the signal. About 10% of the neurotransmitters are lost in this process; the other 90% are released from the receptors and taken up again by <a href="/wiki/Monoamine_transporter" title="Monoamine transporter">monoamine transporters</a> into the sending presynaptic cell, a process called reuptake. SSRIs inhibit the reuptake of serotonin. As a result, the serotonin stays in the synaptic gap longer than it normally would, and may repeatedly stimulate the receptors of the recipient cell. In the short run, this leads to an increase in signaling across synapses in which serotonin serves as the primary neurotransmitter. On chronic dosing, the increased occupancy of post-synaptic serotonin receptors signals the pre-synaptic neuron to synthesize and release less serotonin. Serotonin levels within the synapse drop, then rise again, ultimately leading to <a href="/wiki/Downregulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Downregulation">downregulation</a> of post-synaptic serotonin receptors.<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> Other, indirect effects may include increased norepinephrine output, increased neuronal cyclic AMP levels, and increased levels of regulatory factors such as <a href="/wiki/BDNF" class="mw-redirect" title="BDNF">BDNF</a> and <a href="/wiki/CREB" title="CREB">CREB</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kolb_2006-177">[177]</a> Owing to the lack of a widely accepted comprehensive theory of the biology of mood disorders, there is no widely accepted theory of how these changes lead to the mood-elevating and anti-anxiety effects of SSRIs. Their effects on serotonin blood levels, which take weeks to take effect, appear to be largely responsible for their slow-to-appear psychiatric effects.<a href="#cite_note-ESC-178">[178]</a> SSRIs mediate their action largely with high occupancy in a total of all <a href="/wiki/Serotonin" title="Serotonin">serotonin</a> transporters within the brain and through this slow downstream changes of large brain regions at therapeutic concentrations, whereas MDMA leads to an excess serotonin release in a short run. This could explain the absence of a "high" by antidepressants and in addition the contrary ability of SSRIs in expressing neuroprotective actions to the neurotoxic abilities of MDMA.<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sigma_receptor_ligands">Sigma receptor ligands</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Selective_serotonin_reuptake_inhibitor&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Sigma receptor ligands">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable floatright"> <caption>SSRIs at the human SERT and rat sigma receptors<a href="#cite_note-pmid20373470-180">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-AlbayrakHashimoto2017-181">[181]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Medication</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Serotonin_transporter" title="Serotonin transporter"><abbr title="Serotonin transporter">SERT</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Serotonin transporter</th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Sigma-1_receptor" title="Sigma-1 receptor">σ1</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Sigma-2_receptor" title="Sigma-2 receptor">σ2</a></th> <th>σ1 / SERT </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Citalopram" title="Citalopram">Citalopram</a></td> <td>1.16</td> <td>292–404</td> <td>Agonist</td> <td>5,410</td> <td>252–348 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Escitalopram" title="Escitalopram">Escitalopram</a></td> <td>2.5</td> <td>288</td> <td>Agonist</td> <td><abbr title="No data">ND</abbr></td> <td><abbr title="No data">ND</abbr> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fluoxetine" title="Fluoxetine">Fluoxetine</a></td> <td>0.81</td> <td>191–240</td> <td>Agonist</td> <td>16,100</td> <td>296–365 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fluvoxamine" title="Fluvoxamine">Fluvoxamine</a></td> <td>2.2</td> <td>17–36</td> <td>Agonist</td> <td>8,439</td> <td>7.7–16.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Paroxetine" title="Paroxetine">Paroxetine</a></td> <td>0.13</td> <td>≥1,893</td> <td><abbr title="No data">ND</abbr></td> <td>22,870</td> <td>≥14,562 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sertraline" title="Sertraline">Sertraline</a></td> <td>0.29</td> <td>32–57</td> <td>Antagonist</td> <td>5,297</td> <td>110–197 </td></tr> <tr class="sortbottom"> <td colspan="6">Values are Ki (nM). The smaller the value, the more strongly the drug binds to the site. </td></tr></tbody></table> In addition to their actions as reuptake inhibitors of serotonin, some SSRIs are also, coincidentally, <a href="/wiki/Ligand_(biochemistry)" title="Ligand (biochemistry)">ligands</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Sigma_receptor" title="Sigma receptor">sigma receptors</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid20373470-180">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-AlbayrakHashimoto2017-181">[181]</a> <a href="/wiki/Fluvoxamine" title="Fluvoxamine">Fluvoxamine</a> is an <a href="/wiki/Agonist" title="Agonist">agonist</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Sigma-1_receptor" title="Sigma-1 receptor">σ1 receptor</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Sertraline" title="Sertraline">sertraline</a> is an <a href="/wiki/Receptor_antagonist" title="Receptor antagonist">antagonist</a> of the σ1 receptor, and <a href="/wiki/Paroxetine" title="Paroxetine">paroxetine</a> does not significantly interact with the σ1 receptor.<a href="#cite_note-pmid20373470-180">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-AlbayrakHashimoto2017-181">[181]</a> None of the SSRIs have significant affinity for the <a href="/wiki/Sigma-2_receptor" title="Sigma-2 receptor">σ2 receptor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid20373470-180">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-AlbayrakHashimoto2017-181">[181]</a> Fluvoxamine has by far the strongest activity of the SSRIs at the σ1 receptor.<a href="#cite_note-pmid20373470-180">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-AlbayrakHashimoto2017-181">[181]</a> High occupancy of the σ1 receptor by clinical dosages of fluvoxamine has been observed in the human brain in <a href="/wiki/Positron_emission_tomography" title="Positron emission tomography">positron emission tomography</a> (PET) research.<a href="#cite_note-pmid20373470-180">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-AlbayrakHashimoto2017-181">[181]</a> It is thought that agonism of the σ1 receptor by fluvoxamine may have beneficial effects on <a href="/wiki/Cognition" title="Cognition">cognition</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid20373470-180">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-AlbayrakHashimoto2017-181">[181]</a> In contrast to fluvoxamine, the relevance of the σ1 receptor in the actions of the other SSRIs is uncertain and questionable due to their very low affinity for the receptor relative to the <a href="/wiki/Serotonin_transporter" title="Serotonin transporter">SERT</a>.<a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anti-inflammatory_effects">Anti-inflammatory effects</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Selective_serotonin_reuptake_inhibitor&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Anti-inflammatory effects">edit</a>]</div> The role of inflammation and the immune system in depression has been extensively studied. The evidence supporting this link has been shown in numerous studies over the past ten years. Nationwide studies and meta-analyses of smaller cohort studies have uncovered a correlation between pre-existing inflammatory conditions such as <a href="/wiki/Type_1_diabetes" title="Type 1 diabetes">type 1 diabetes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rheumatoid_arthritis" title="Rheumatoid arthritis">rheumatoid arthritis</a> (RA), or <a href="/wiki/Hepatitis" title="Hepatitis">hepatitis</a>, and an increased risk of depression. Data also shows that using pro-inflammatory agents in the treatment of diseases like <a href="/wiki/Melanoma" title="Melanoma">melanoma</a> can lead to depression. Several meta-analytical studies have found increased levels of proinflammatory <a href="/wiki/Cytokines" class="mw-redirect" title="Cytokines">cytokines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chemokines" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemokines">chemokines</a> in depressed patients.<a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a> This link has led scientists to investigate the effects of antidepressants on the immune system. SSRIs were originally invented with the goal of increasing levels of available serotonin in the extracellular spaces. However, the delayed response between when patients first begin SSRI treatment to when they see effects has led scientists to believe that other molecules are involved in the efficacy of these drugs.<a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a> To investigate the apparent anti-inflammatory effects of SSRIs, both Kohler et al. and Więdłocha et al. conducted meta-analyses which have shown that after antidepressant treatment the levels of cytokines associated with inflammation are decreased.<a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a> A large cohort study conducted by researchers in the Netherlands investigated the association between depressive disorders, symptoms, and antidepressants with inflammation. The study showed decreased levels of <a href="/wiki/Interleukin_6" title="Interleukin 6">interleukin (IL)-6</a>, a cytokine that has proinflammatory effects, in patients taking SSRIs compared to non-medicated patients.<a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a> Treatment with SSRIs has shown reduced production of inflammatory cytokines such as <a href="/wiki/IL-1%CE%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="IL-1β">IL-1β</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tumor_necrosis_factor-%CE%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="Tumor necrosis factor-α">tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α</a>, IL-6, and <a href="/wiki/Interferon_%CE%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="Interferon γ">interferon (IFN)-γ</a>, which leads to a decrease in inflammation levels and subsequently a decrease in the activation level of the immune response.<a href="#cite_note-microglia-188">[188]</a> These inflammatory cytokines have been shown to activate <a href="/wiki/Microglia" title="Microglia">microglia</a> which are specialized macrophages that reside in the brain. <a href="/wiki/Macrophages" class="mw-redirect" title="Macrophages">Macrophages</a> are a subset of immune cells responsible for host defense in the innate immune system. Macrophages can release cytokines and other chemicals to cause an inflammatory response. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Peripheral_inflammation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peripheral inflammation (page does not exist)">Peripheral inflammation</a> can induce an inflammatory response in microglia and can cause neuroinflammation. SSRIs inhibit proinflammatory cytokine production which leads to less activation of microglia and peripheral macrophages. SSRIs not only inhibit the production of these proinflammatory cytokines, they also have been shown to upregulate anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-10. Taken together, this reduces the overall inflammatory immune response.<a href="#cite_note-microglia-188">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-macrophages-189">[189]</a> In addition to affecting cytokine production, there is evidence that treatment with SSRIs has effects on the proliferation and viability of immune system cells involved in both innate and adaptive immunity. Evidence shows that SSRIs can inhibit proliferation in <a href="/wiki/T-cells" class="mw-redirect" title="T-cells">T-cells</a>, which are important cells for adaptive immunity and can induce inflammation. SSRIs can also induce <a href="/wiki/Apoptosis" title="Apoptosis">apoptosis</a>, programmed cell death, in T-cells. The full mechanism of action for the anti-inflammatory effects of SSRIs is not fully known. However, there is evidence for various pathways to have a hand in the mechanism. One such possible mechanism is the increased levels of <a href="/wiki/Cyclic_adenosine_monophosphate" title="Cyclic adenosine monophosphate">cyclic adenosine monophosphate</a> (cAMP) as a result of interference with activation of <a href="/wiki/Protein_kinase_A" title="Protein kinase A">protein kinase A</a> (PKA), a cAMP dependent protein. Other possible pathways include interference with calcium ion channels, or inducing cell death pathways like <a href="/wiki/MAPK" class="mw-redirect" title="MAPK">MAPK</a><a href="#cite_note-Gobin_et_al.-190">[190]</a> and Notch signaling pathway.<a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a> The anti-inflammatory effects of SSRIs have prompted studies of the efficacy of SSRIs in the treatment of autoimmune diseases such as <a href="/wiki/Multiple_sclerosis" title="Multiple sclerosis">multiple sclerosis</a>, RA, <a href="/wiki/Inflammatory_bowel_diseases" class="mw-redirect" title="Inflammatory bowel diseases">inflammatory bowel diseases</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Septic_shock" title="Septic shock">septic shock</a>. These studies have been performed in animal models but have shown consistent immune regulatory effects. <a href="/wiki/Fluoxetine" title="Fluoxetine">Fluoxetine</a>, an SSRI, has also shown efficacy in animal models of graft vs. host disease.<a href="#cite_note-Gobin_et_al.-190">[190]</a> SSRIs have also been used successfully as pain relievers in patients undergoing oncology treatment. The effectiveness of this has been hypothesized to be at least in part due to the anti-inflammatory effects of SSRIs.<a href="#cite_note-macrophages-189">[189]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pharmacogenetics">Pharmacogenetics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Selective_serotonin_reuptake_inhibitor&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Pharmacogenetics">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Pharmacogenetics" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmacogenetics">Pharmacogenetics</a></div> Large bodies of research are devoted to using <a href="/wiki/Genetic_marker" title="Genetic marker">genetic markers</a> to predict whether patients will respond to SSRIs or have side effects that will cause their discontinuation, although these tests are not yet ready for widespread clinical use.<a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Versus_TCAs">Versus TCAs</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Selective_serotonin_reuptake_inhibitor&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Versus TCAs">edit</a>]</div> SSRIs are described as '<a href="/wiki/Functional_selectivity" title="Functional selectivity">selective</a>' because they affect only the reuptake pumps responsible for serotonin, as opposed to earlier antidepressants, which affect other monoamine neurotransmitters as well, and as a result, SSRIs have fewer side effects. There appears to be no significant difference in effectiveness between SSRIs and <a href="/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant" title="Tricyclic antidepressant">tricyclic antidepressants</a>, which were the most commonly used class of antidepressants before the development of SSRIs.<a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a> However, SSRIs have the important advantage that their <a href="/wiki/Drug_overdose" title="Drug overdose">toxic dose</a> is high, and, therefore, they are much more difficult to use as a means to commit <a href="/wiki/Suicide" title="Suicide">suicide</a>. Further, they have fewer and milder <a href="/wiki/Adverse_drug_reaction" title="Adverse drug reaction">side effects</a>. Tricyclic antidepressants also have a higher risk of serious cardiovascular side effects, which SSRIs lack. SSRIs act on signal pathways such as <a href="/wiki/Cyclic_adenosine_monophosphate" title="Cyclic adenosine monophosphate">cyclic adenosine monophosphate</a> (cAMP) on the postsynaptic neuronal cell, which leads to the release of <a href="/wiki/Brain-derived_neurotrophic_factor" title="Brain-derived neurotrophic factor">brain-derived neurotrophic factor</a> (BDNF). BDNF enhances the growth and survival of cortical neurons and synapses.<a href="#cite_note-Kolb_2006-177">[177]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pharmacokinetics">Pharmacokinetics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Selective_serotonin_reuptake_inhibitor&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Pharmacokinetics">edit</a>]</div> SSRIs vary in their <a href="/wiki/Pharmacokinetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmacokinetic">pharmacokinetic</a> properties.<a href="#cite_note-Wyska2019-161">[161]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Comparative <a href="/wiki/Pharmacokinetics" title="Pharmacokinetics">pharmacokinetics</a> of SSRIs<a href="#cite_note-Wyska2019-161">[161]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>SSRI</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Bioavailability" title="Bioavailability"><abbr title="Bioavailability">F</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Bioavailability (%)</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Volume_of_distribution" title="Volume of distribution"><abbr title="Volume of distribution">Vd</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Volume of distribution (L/kg)</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Partition_coefficient" title="Partition coefficient"><abbr title="Partition coefficient">logP</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Partition coefficient</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Plasma_protein_binding" title="Plasma protein binding"><abbr title="Plasma protein binding">PPB</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Plasma protein binding (%)</th> <th>Major <a href="/wiki/Drug_metabolism" title="Drug metabolism">metabolic</a> <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzymes</a> (additional)</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Elimination_half-life" class="mw-redirect" title="Elimination half-life"><abbr title="Elimination half-life">t1/2</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Elimination half-life (h)</th> <th>Dose (mg)</th> <th>Levels (ng/mL) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Citalopram" title="Citalopram">Citalopram</a></td> <td>80</td> <td>12</td> <td>3.76</td> <td>80</td> <td><a href="/wiki/CYP2C19" title="CYP2C19">CYP2C19</a>, <a href="/wiki/CYP3A4" title="CYP3A4">CYP3A4</a> (<a href="/wiki/CYP2D6" title="CYP2D6">CYP2D6</a>)</td> <td>35</td> <td>20–40</td> <td>50–110 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Escitalopram" title="Escitalopram">Escitalopram</a></td> <td>80</td> <td>12</td> <td>3.5</td> <td>56</td> <td>CYP3A4, CYP2C19</td> <td>27–32</td> <td>10–20</td> <td>15–80 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fluoxetine" title="Fluoxetine">Fluoxetine</a></td> <td>60–80</td> <td>20–45</td> <td>4.05</td> <td>95</td> <td>CYP2D6, <a href="/wiki/CYP2C9" title="CYP2C9">CYP2C9</a> (CYP2C19)</td> <td>24–96</td> <td>20–60</td> <td>120–500 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fluvoxamine" title="Fluvoxamine">Fluvoxamine</a></td> <td>53</td> <td>25</td> <td>2.89</td> <td>77</td> <td>CYP2D6 (<a href="/wiki/CYP1A2" title="CYP1A2">CYP1A2</a>)</td> <td>12–15</td> <td>50–300</td> <td>60–230 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Paroxetine" title="Paroxetine">Paroxetine</a></td> <td>50–90</td> <td>17</td> <td>3.6</td> <td>95</td> <td>CYP2D6</td> <td>21</td> <td>20–50</td> <td>30–120 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sertraline" title="Sertraline">Sertraline</a></td> <td>80–95</td> <td>20</td> <td>5.1</td> <td>98</td> <td>CYP2B6 (CYP2C19, CYP3A4, CYP2D6)</td> <td>25–26</td> <td>50–200</td> <td>10–150 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_SSRIs">List of SSRIs</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Selective_serotonin_reuptake_inhibitor&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: List of SSRIs">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marketed">Marketed</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Selective_serotonin_reuptake_inhibitor&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Marketed">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Neurotransmitter_transporters_inhibitors.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Neurotransmitter_transporters_inhibitors.png/400px-Neurotransmitter_transporters_inhibitors.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="656" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Neurotransmitter_transporters_inhibitors.png/600px-Neurotransmitter_transporters_inhibitors.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Neurotransmitter_transporters_inhibitors.png/800px-Neurotransmitter_transporters_inhibitors.png 2x" data-file-width="2050" data-file-height="3364" /></a><figcaption>Neurotransmitter transporters inhibitors <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Serotonin" title="Serotonin">Serotonin</a> transporter inhibitors</div></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Antidepressants">Antidepressants</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Selective_serotonin_reuptake_inhibitor&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Antidepressants">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Citalopram" title="Citalopram">Citalopram</a> (Celexa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escitalopram" title="Escitalopram">Escitalopram</a> (Lexapro)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluoxetine" title="Fluoxetine">Fluoxetine</a> (Prozac)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluvoxamine" title="Fluvoxamine">Fluvoxamine</a> (Luvox)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paroxetine" title="Paroxetine">Paroxetine</a> (Paxil)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sertraline" title="Sertraline">Sertraline</a> (Zoloft)</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsible-leftside-toggle mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">Structures</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size:smaller; text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="7"> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Citalopram.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of citalopram."><img alt="Chemical structure of citalopram." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Citalopram.svg/135px-Citalopram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="135" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Citalopram.svg/203px-Citalopram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Citalopram.svg/270px-Citalopram.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="366" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Citalopram" title="Citalopram">Citalopram</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Escitalopram.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of escitalopram."><img alt="Chemical structure of escitalopram." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Escitalopram.svg/135px-Escitalopram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="135" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Escitalopram.svg/203px-Escitalopram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Escitalopram.svg/270px-Escitalopram.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="366" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Escitalopram" title="Escitalopram">Escitalopram</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Fluoxetine.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of fluoxetine."><img alt="Chemical structure of fluoxetine." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Fluoxetine.svg/135px-Fluoxetine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="135" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Fluoxetine.svg/203px-Fluoxetine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Fluoxetine.svg/270px-Fluoxetine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="265" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Fluoxetine" title="Fluoxetine">Fluoxetine</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Fluvoxamine.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of fluvoxamine."><img alt="Chemical structure of fluvoxamine." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Fluvoxamine.svg/135px-Fluvoxamine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="135" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Fluvoxamine.svg/203px-Fluvoxamine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Fluvoxamine.svg/270px-Fluvoxamine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="395" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Fluvoxamine" title="Fluvoxamine">Fluvoxamine</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Paroxetine-2D-skeletal.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of paroxetine."><img alt="Chemical structure of paroxetine." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Paroxetine-2D-skeletal.svg/135px-Paroxetine-2D-skeletal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="135" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Paroxetine-2D-skeletal.svg/203px-Paroxetine-2D-skeletal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Paroxetine-2D-skeletal.svg/270px-Paroxetine-2D-skeletal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="475" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Paroxetine" title="Paroxetine">Paroxetine</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Sertraline.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of sertraline."><img alt="Chemical structure of sertraline." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Sertraline.svg/135px-Sertraline.svg.png" decoding="async" width="135" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Sertraline.svg/203px-Sertraline.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Sertraline.svg/270px-Sertraline.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="403" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Sertraline" title="Sertraline">Sertraline</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Others">Others</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Selective_serotonin_reuptake_inhibitor&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Others">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dapoxetine" title="Dapoxetine">Dapoxetine</a> (Priligy)</li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsible-leftside-toggle mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">Structures</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size:smaller; text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="1"> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Dapoxetine.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of dapoxetine."><img alt="Chemical structure of dapoxetine." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Dapoxetine.svg/135px-Dapoxetine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="135" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Dapoxetine.svg/203px-Dapoxetine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Dapoxetine.svg/270px-Dapoxetine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Dapoxetine" title="Dapoxetine">Dapoxetine</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Discontinued">Discontinued</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Selective_serotonin_reuptake_inhibitor&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Discontinued">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Antidepressants_2">Antidepressants</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Selective_serotonin_reuptake_inhibitor&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Antidepressants">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indalpine" title="Indalpine">Indalpine</a> (Upstène)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimelidine" title="Zimelidine">Zimelidine</a> (Zelmid)</li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsible-leftside-toggle mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">Structures</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size:smaller; text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Indalpine.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of indalpine."><img alt="Chemical structure of indalpine." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Indalpine.svg/135px-Indalpine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="135" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Indalpine.svg/203px-Indalpine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Indalpine.svg/270px-Indalpine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="268" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Indalpine" title="Indalpine">Indalpine</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Zimelidine.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of zimelidine."><img alt="Chemical structure of zimelidine." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Zimelidine.svg/135px-Zimelidine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="135" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Zimelidine.svg/203px-Zimelidine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Zimelidine.svg/270px-Zimelidine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="430" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Zimelidine" title="Zimelidine">Zimelidine</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Never_marketed">Never marketed</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Selective_serotonin_reuptake_inhibitor&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Never marketed">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Antidepressants_3">Antidepressants</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Selective_serotonin_reuptake_inhibitor&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Antidepressants">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alaproclate" title="Alaproclate">Alaproclate</a> (GEA-654)</li> <li>Centpropazine</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cericlamine" title="Cericlamine">Cericlamine</a> (JO-1017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Femoxetine" title="Femoxetine">Femoxetine</a> (Malexil; FG-4963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ifoxetine" title="Ifoxetine">Ifoxetine</a> (CGP-15210)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omiloxetine" title="Omiloxetine">Omiloxetine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panuramine" title="Panuramine">Panuramine</a> (WY-26002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirandamine" title="Pirandamine">Pirandamine</a> (AY-23713)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seproxetine" title="Seproxetine">Seproxetine</a> ((S)-norfluoxetine)</li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsible-leftside-toggle mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">Structures</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size:smaller; text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="8"> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Alaproclate_structure.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of alaproclate."><img alt="Chemical structure of alaproclate." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Alaproclate_structure.svg/135px-Alaproclate_structure.svg.png" decoding="async" width="135" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Alaproclate_structure.svg/203px-Alaproclate_structure.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Alaproclate_structure.svg/270px-Alaproclate_structure.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="880" data-file-height="380" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Alaproclate" title="Alaproclate">Alaproclate</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Cericlamine.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of cericlamine."><img alt="Chemical structure of cericlamine." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Cericlamine.svg/135px-Cericlamine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="135" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Cericlamine.svg/203px-Cericlamine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Cericlamine.svg/270px-Cericlamine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="297" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Cericlamine" title="Cericlamine">Cericlamine</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Femoxetine.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of femoxetine."><img alt="Chemical structure of femoxetine." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Femoxetine.svg/135px-Femoxetine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="135" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Femoxetine.svg/203px-Femoxetine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Femoxetine.svg/270px-Femoxetine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="401" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Femoxetine" title="Femoxetine">Femoxetine</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Ifoxetine_Structure.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of ifoxetine."><img alt="Chemical structure of ifoxetine." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Ifoxetine_Structure.svg/100px-Ifoxetine_Structure.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Ifoxetine_Structure.svg/150px-Ifoxetine_Structure.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Ifoxetine_Structure.svg/200px-Ifoxetine_Structure.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="678" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ifoxetine" title="Ifoxetine">Ifoxetine</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Omiloxetine.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of omiloxetine."><img alt="Chemical structure of omiloxetine." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Omiloxetine.svg/135px-Omiloxetine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="135" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Omiloxetine.svg/203px-Omiloxetine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Omiloxetine.svg/270px-Omiloxetine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="219" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Omiloxetine" title="Omiloxetine">Omiloxetine</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Panuramine.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of panuramine."><img alt="Chemical structure of panuramine." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Panuramine.svg/135px-Panuramine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="135" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Panuramine.svg/203px-Panuramine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Panuramine.svg/270px-Panuramine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="153" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Panuramine" title="Panuramine">Panuramine</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Pirandamine.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of pirandamine."><img alt="Chemical structure of pirandamine." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Pirandamine.png/100px-Pirandamine.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Pirandamine.png/150px-Pirandamine.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Pirandamine.png/200px-Pirandamine.png 2x" data-file-width="953" data-file-height="966" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Pirandamine" title="Pirandamine">Pirandamine</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Seproxetine.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of seproxetine."><img alt="Chemical structure of seproxetine." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Seproxetine.svg/135px-Seproxetine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="135" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Seproxetine.svg/203px-Seproxetine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Seproxetine.svg/270px-Seproxetine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="233" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Seproxetine" title="Seproxetine">Seproxetine</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Related_drugs">Related drugs</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Selective_serotonin_reuptake_inhibitor&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Related drugs">edit</a>]</div> Although described as <a href="/wiki/SNRIs" class="mw-redirect" title="SNRIs">SNRIs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duloxetine" title="Duloxetine">duloxetine</a> (Cymbalta), <a href="/wiki/Venlafaxine" title="Venlafaxine">venlafaxine</a> (Effexor), and <a href="/wiki/Desvenlafaxine" title="Desvenlafaxine">desvenlafaxine</a> (Pristiq) are in fact relatively selective as <a href="/wiki/Serotonin_reuptake_inhibitor" title="Serotonin reuptake inhibitor">serotonin reuptake inhibitors</a> (SRIs).<a href="#cite_note-Shelton2009-194">[194]</a> They are about at least 10-fold selective for inhibition of serotonin reuptake over norepinephrine reuptake.<a href="#cite_note-Shelton2009-194">[194]</a> The selectivity ratios are approximately 1:30 for venlafaxine, 1:10 for duloxetine, and 1:14 for desvenlafaxine.<a href="#cite_note-Shelton2009-194">[194]</a><a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a> At low doses, these <a href="/wiki/SNRIs" class="mw-redirect" title="SNRIs">SNRIs</a> act mostly as SSRIs; only at higher doses do they also prominently inhibit norepinephrine reuptake.<a href="#cite_note-WallerSampson2017-196">[196]</a><a href="#cite_note-KornsteinClayton2010-197">[197]</a> <a href="/wiki/Milnacipran" title="Milnacipran">Milnacipran</a> (Ixel, Savella) and its <a href="/wiki/Stereoisomer" class="mw-redirect" title="Stereoisomer">stereoisomer</a> <a href="/wiki/Levomilnacipran" title="Levomilnacipran">levomilnacipran</a> (Fetzima) are the only widely marketed <a href="/wiki/SNRIs" class="mw-redirect" title="SNRIs">SNRIs</a> that inhibit serotonin and norepinephrine to similar degrees, both with ratios close to 1:1.<a href="#cite_note-Shelton2009-194">[194]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid26572745-198">[198]</a> <a href="/wiki/Vilazodone" title="Vilazodone">Vilazodone</a> (Viibryd) and <a href="/wiki/Vortioxetine" title="Vortioxetine">vortioxetine</a> (Trintellix) are SRIs that also act as <a href="/wiki/Receptor_modulator" title="Receptor modulator">modulators</a> of <a href="/wiki/Serotonin_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Serotonin receptor">serotonin receptors</a> and are described as <a href="/wiki/Serotonin_modulators_and_stimulators" class="mw-redirect" title="Serotonin modulators and stimulators">serotonin modulators and stimulators</a> (SMS).<a href="#cite_note-pmid28707591-199">[199]</a> Vilazodone is a <a href="/wiki/5-HT1A_receptor" title="5-HT1A receptor">5-HT1A receptor</a> <a href="/wiki/Partial_agonist" title="Partial agonist">partial agonist</a> while vortioxetine is a 5-HT1A receptor agonist and <a href="/wiki/5-HT3_receptor" title="5-HT3 receptor">5-HT3</a> and <a href="/wiki/5-HT7_receptor" title="5-HT7 receptor">5-HT7 receptor</a> <a href="/wiki/Receptor_antagonist" title="Receptor antagonist">antagonist</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid28707591-199">[199]</a> <a href="/wiki/Litoxetine" title="Litoxetine">Litoxetine</a> (SL 81–0385) and <a href="/wiki/Lubazodone" title="Lubazodone">lubazodone</a> (YM-992, YM-35995) are similar drugs that were never marketed.<a href="#cite_note-Ayd2000-200">[200]</a><a href="#cite_note-Birkhäuser2012-201">[201]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid17017959-202">[202]</a><a href="#cite_note-Haddad2000-203">[203]</a> They are SRIs and litoxetine is also a 5-HT3 receptor antagonist<a href="#cite_note-Ayd2000-200">[200]</a><a href="#cite_note-Birkhäuser2012-201">[201]</a> while lubazodone is also a <a href="/wiki/5-HT2A_receptor" title="5-HT2A receptor">5-HT2A receptor</a> antagonist.<a href="#cite_note-pmid17017959-202">[202]</a><a href="#cite_note-Haddad2000-203">[203]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Selective_serotonin_reuptake_inhibitor&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Development_and_discovery_of_SSRI_drugs" title="Development and discovery of SSRI drugs">Development and discovery of SSRI drugs</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Zimelidine" title="Zimelidine">Zimelidine</a> was introduced in 1982 and was the first SSRI to be sold. Despite its efficacy, statistically significant increase in cases of <a href="/wiki/Guillain%E2%80%93Barr%C3%A9_syndrome" title="Guillain–Barré syndrome">Guillain–Barré syndrome</a> among treated patients led to its withdrawal in 1983. <a href="/wiki/Fluoxetine" title="Fluoxetine">Fluoxetine</a>, introduced in 1987 is commonly thought the first SSRI to be marketed. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Controversy">Controversy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Selective_serotonin_reuptake_inhibitor&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Controversy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Biopsychiatry_controversy" title="Biopsychiatry controversy">Biopsychiatry controversy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Biological_psychiatry" title="Biological psychiatry">Biological psychiatry</a></div> A study examining publication of results from FDA-evaluated antidepressants concluded that those with favorable results were much more likely to be published than those with negative results.<a href="#cite_note-pmid18199864-204">[204]</a> Furthermore, an investigation of 185 meta-analyses on antidepressants found that 79% of them had authors affiliated in some way to pharmaceutical companies and that they were reluctant to report caveats for antidepressants.<a href="#cite_note-205">[205]</a> <a href="/wiki/David_Healy_(psychiatrist)" title="David Healy (psychiatrist)">David Healy</a> has argued that warning signs were available for many years prior to regulatory authorities moving to put warnings on antidepressant labels that they might cause suicidal thoughts.<a href="#cite_note-dhintrev-206">[206]</a> At the time these warnings were added, others argued that the evidence for harm remained unpersuasive<a href="#cite_note-207">[207]</a><a href="#cite_note-208">[208]</a> and others continued to do so after the warnings were added.<a href="#cite_note-209">[209]</a><a href="#cite_note-210">[210]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_other_organisms">In other organisms</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Selective_serotonin_reuptake_inhibitor&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: In other organisms">edit</a>]</div> SSRIs are common <a href="/wiki/Environmental_contaminant" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental contaminant">environmental contaminant</a> findings near human settlement.<a href="#cite_note-Uptake-211">[211]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Veterinary_use">Veterinary use</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Selective_serotonin_reuptake_inhibitor&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Veterinary use">edit</a>]</div> An SSRI (fluoxetine) has been approved for veterinary use in treatment of <a href="/wiki/Separation_anxiety_in_dogs" title="Separation anxiety in dogs">canine separation anxiety</a>.<a href="#cite_note-212">[212]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Selective_serotonin_reuptake_inhibitor&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_antidepressants" title="List of antidepressants">List of antidepressants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noradrenergic_and_specific_serotonergic_antidepressant" title="Noradrenergic and specific serotonergic antidepressant">Noradrenergic and specific serotonergic antidepressant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serotonin_releasing_agent" title="Serotonin releasing agent">Serotonin releasing agent (SRA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serotonin%E2%80%93norepinephrine_reuptake_inhibitor" title="Serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor">Serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serotonin%E2%80%93norepinephrine%E2%80%93dopamine_reuptake_inhibitor" title="Serotonin–norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitor">Serotonin–norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitor (SNDRI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dapoxetine" title="Dapoxetine">Dapoxetine</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Selective_serotonin_reuptake_inhibitor&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-BARLOW-1"><a href="#cite_ref-BARLOW_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBarlowdurand2009" class="citation book cs1">Barlow DH, durand VM (2009). "Chapter 7: Mood Disorders and Suicide". Abnormal Psychology: An Integrative Approach (Fifth ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Cengage Learning. p. 239. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-495-09556-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-495-09556-9"><bdi>978-0-495-09556-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/192055408">192055408</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+7%3A+Mood+Disorders+and+Suicide&rft.btitle=Abnormal+Psychology%3A+An+Integrative+Approach&rft.place=Belmont%2C+CA&rft.pages=239&rft.edition=Fifth&rft.pub=Wadsworth+Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F192055408&rft.isbn=978-0-495-09556-9&rft.aulast=Barlow&rft.aufirst=DH&rft.au=durand%2C+VM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelective+serotonin+reuptake+inhibitor" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190228205618/http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/9848/def34903ad758ec8de1b81c31b603644b396.pdf">"Mechanism of Action of Antidepressants"</a> (PDF). Psychopharmacology Bulletin. 36. Summer 2002. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4937890">4937890</a>. 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Archives of General Psychiatry. 69 (6): 580–587. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1001%2Farchgenpsychiatry.2011.2048">10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.2048</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3367101">3367101</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22309973">22309973</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archives+of+General+Psychiatry&rft.atitle=Suicidal+thoughts+and+behavior+with+antidepressant+treatment%3A+reanalysis+of+the+randomized+placebo-controlled+studies+of+fluoxetine+and+venlafaxine&rft.volume=69&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=580-587&rft.date=2012-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3367101%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22309973&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1001%2Farchgenpsychiatry.2011.2048&rft.aulast=Gibbons&rft.aufirst=RD&rft.au=Brown%2C+CH&rft.au=Hur%2C+K&rft.au=Davis%2C+J&rft.au=Mann%2C+JJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3367101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelective+serotonin+reuptake+inhibitor" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Uptake-211"><a href="#cite_ref-Uptake_211-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristouPapadavidDaliasFotopoulos2019" class="citation journal cs1">Christou A, Papadavid G, Dalias P, Fotopoulos V, Michael C, Bayona JM, Piña B, Fatta-Kassinos D (March 2019). "Ranking of crop plants according to their potential to uptake and accumulate contaminants of emerging concern". Environmental Research. 170. <a href="/wiki/Elsevier_BV" class="mw-redirect" title="Elsevier BV">Elsevier BV</a>: 422–432. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019ER....170..422C">2019ER....170..422C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.envres.2018.12.048">10.1016/j.envres.2018.12.048</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10261%2F202657">10261/202657</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30623890">30623890</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:58564142">58564142</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Research&rft.atitle=Ranking+of+crop+plants+according+to+their+potential+to+uptake+and+accumulate+contaminants+of+emerging+concern&rft.volume=170&rft.pages=422-432&rft.date=2019-03&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10261%2F202657&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A58564142%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019ER....170..422C&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30623890&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.envres.2018.12.048&rft.aulast=Christou&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Papadavid%2C+G&rft.au=Dalias%2C+P&rft.au=Fotopoulos%2C+V&rft.au=Michael%2C+C&rft.au=Bayona%2C+JM&rft.au=Pi%C3%B1a%2C+B&rft.au=Fatta-Kassinos%2C+D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelective+serotonin+reuptake+inhibitor" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFitzgeraldBronstein2013" class="citation journal cs1">Fitzgerald KT, Bronstein AC (February 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23796482/">"Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor exposure"</a>. Topics in Companion Animal Medicine. 28 (1): 13–17. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1053%2Fj.tcam.2013.03.003">10.1053/j.tcam.2013.03.003</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1946-9837">1946-9837</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23796482">23796482</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Topics+in+Companion+Animal+Medicine&rft.atitle=Selective+serotonin+reuptake+inhibitor+exposure&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=13-17&rft.date=2013-02&rft.issn=1946-9837&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23796482&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1053%2Fj.tcam.2013.03.003&rft.aulast=Fitzgerald&rft.aufirst=Kevin+T.&rft.au=Bronstein%2C+Alvin+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F23796482%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelective+serotonin+reuptake+inhibitor" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Selective_serotonin_reuptake_inhibitor&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.webmd.com/depression/ssris-myths-and-facts-about-antidepressants#1/">WebMD – Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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(<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_N06#N06A" title="ATC code N06">N06A</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Specific_reuptake_inhibitors_and/or_receptor_modulators" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Specific <a href="/wiki/Reuptake_inhibitor" title="Reuptake inhibitor">reuptake inhibitors</a> and/or <a href="/wiki/Receptor_modulator" title="Receptor modulator">receptor modulators</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Selective_serotonin_reuptake_inhibitors" class="mw-redirect" title="Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors"><abbr title="Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors">SSRIs</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Citalopram" title="Citalopram">Citalopram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escitalopram" title="Escitalopram">Escitalopram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluoxetine" title="Fluoxetine">Fluoxetine</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluvoxamine" title="Fluvoxamine">Fluvoxamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indalpine" title="Indalpine">Indalpine</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paroxetine" title="Paroxetine">Paroxetine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sertraline" title="Sertraline">Sertraline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimelidine" title="Zimelidine">Zimelidine</a>‡</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Serotonin%E2%80%93norepinephrine_reuptake_inhibitors" class="mw-redirect" title="Serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors"><abbr title="Serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors">SNRIs</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Desvenlafaxine" title="Desvenlafaxine">Desvenlafaxine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duloxetine" title="Duloxetine">Duloxetine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levomilnacipran" title="Levomilnacipran">Levomilnacipran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milnacipran" title="Milnacipran">Milnacipran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tofenacin" title="Tofenacin">Tofenacin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venlafaxine" title="Venlafaxine">Venlafaxine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Norepinephrine_reuptake_inhibitors" class="mw-redirect" title="Norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors"><abbr title="Norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors">NRIs</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atomoxetine" title="Atomoxetine">Atomoxetine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reboxetine" title="Reboxetine">Reboxetine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viloxazine" title="Viloxazine">Viloxazine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Norepinephrine%E2%80%93dopamine_reuptake_inhibitors" class="mw-redirect" title="Norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitors"><abbr title="Norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitors">NDRIs</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amineptine" title="Amineptine">Amineptine</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bupropion" title="Bupropion">Bupropion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomifensine" title="Nomifensine">Nomifensine</a>‡</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Noradrenergic_and_specific_serotonergic_antidepressants" class="mw-redirect" title="Noradrenergic and specific serotonergic antidepressants"><abbr title="Noradrenergic and specific serotonergic antidepressants">NaSSAs</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Noradrenergic and specific serotonergic antidepressants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mianserin" title="Mianserin">Mianserin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirtazapine" title="Mirtazapine">Mirtazapine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Setiptiline" title="Setiptiline">Setiptiline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Serotonin_antagonist_and_reuptake_inhibitors" class="mw-redirect" title="Serotonin antagonist and reuptake inhibitors"><abbr title="Serotonin antagonist and reuptake inhibitors">SARIs</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Serotonin antagonist and reuptake inhibitors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Etoperidone" title="Etoperidone">Etoperidone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nefazodone" title="Nefazodone">Nefazodone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trazodone" title="Trazodone">Trazodone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Serotonin_modulator_and_stimulators" class="mw-redirect" title="Serotonin modulator and stimulators"><abbr title="Serotonin modulator and stimulators">SMS</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Serotonin modulator and stimulators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vilazodone" title="Vilazodone">Vilazodone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vortioxetine" title="Vortioxetine">Vortioxetine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agomelatine" title="Agomelatine">Agomelatine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amisulpride" title="Amisulpride">Amisulpride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dextromethorphan/bupropion" title="Dextromethorphan/bupropion">Dextromethorphan/bupropion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esketamine" title="Esketamine">Esketamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha-Ethyltryptamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-Ethyltryptamine">Etryptamine</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gepirone" title="Gepirone">Gepirone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indeloxazine" title="Indeloxazine">Indeloxazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flupentixol" title="Flupentixol">Flupentixol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketamine" title="Ketamine">Ketamine</a>§</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medifoxamine" title="Medifoxamine">Medifoxamine</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha-Methyltryptamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-Methyltryptamine">Metryptamine</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxaflozane" title="Oxaflozane">Oxaflozane</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pivagabine" title="Pivagabine">Pivagabine</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tandospirone" title="Tandospirone">Tandospirone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teniloxazine" title="Teniloxazine">Teniloxazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianeptine" title="Tianeptine">Tianeptine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Tricyclic_and_tetracyclic_antidepressants" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Tricyclic" title="Tricyclic">Tricyclic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tetracyclic_antidepressant" title="Tetracyclic antidepressant">tetracyclic antidepressants</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressants" class="mw-redirect" title="Tricyclic antidepressants"><abbr title="Tricyclic antidepressants">TCAs</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Tricyclic antidepressants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amineptine" title="Amineptine">Amineptine</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amitriptyline" title="Amitriptyline">Amitriptyline</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amitriptylinoxide" title="Amitriptylinoxide">Amitriptylinoxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amoxapine" title="Amoxapine">Amoxapine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butriptyline" title="Butriptyline">Butriptyline</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clomipramine" title="Clomipramine">Clomipramine</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demexiptiline" title="Demexiptiline">Demexiptiline</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desipramine" title="Desipramine">Desipramine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dibenzepin" title="Dibenzepin">Dibenzepin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimetacrine" title="Dimetacrine">Dimetacrine</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dosulepin" title="Dosulepin">Dosulepin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doxepin" title="Doxepin">Doxepin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imipramine" title="Imipramine">Imipramine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imipraminoxide" title="Imipraminoxide">Imipraminoxide</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iprindole" title="Iprindole">Iprindole</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lofepramine" title="Lofepramine">Lofepramine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melitracen" title="Melitracen">Melitracen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metapramine" title="Metapramine">Metapramine</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitroxazepine" title="Nitroxazepine">Nitroxazepine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nortriptyline" title="Nortriptyline">Nortriptyline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noxiptiline" title="Noxiptiline">Noxiptiline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opipramol" title="Opipramol">Opipramol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipofezine" title="Pipofezine">Pipofezine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propizepine" title="Propizepine">Propizepine</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protriptyline" title="Protriptyline">Protriptyline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinupramine" title="Quinupramine">Quinupramine</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianeptine" title="Tianeptine">Tianeptine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimipramine" title="Trimipramine">Trimipramine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tetracyclic_antidepressants" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetracyclic antidepressants"><abbr title="Tetracyclic antidepressants">TeCAs</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Tetracyclic antidepressants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maprotiline" title="Maprotiline">Maprotiline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mianserin" title="Mianserin">Mianserin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirtazapine" title="Mirtazapine">Mirtazapine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Setiptiline" title="Setiptiline">Setiptiline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tiazesim" title="Tiazesim">Tiazesim</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Monoamine_oxidase_inhibitors" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Monoamine_oxidase_inhibitor" title="Monoamine oxidase inhibitor">Monoamine oxidase inhibitors</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-selective</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Irreversible: <a href="/wiki/Benmoxin" title="Benmoxin">Benmoxin</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iproclozide" title="Iproclozide">Iproclozide</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iproniazid" title="Iproniazid">Iproniazid</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isocarboxazid" title="Isocarboxazid">Isocarboxazid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isoniazid" title="Isoniazid">Isoniazid</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linezolid" title="Linezolid">Linezolid</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mebanazine" title="Mebanazine">Mebanazine</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nialamide" title="Nialamide">Nialamide</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octamoxin" title="Octamoxin">Octamoxin</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenelzine" title="Phenelzine">Phenelzine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pheniprazine" title="Pheniprazine">Pheniprazine</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenoxypropazine" title="Phenoxypropazine">Phenoxypropazine</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pivhydrazine" title="Pivhydrazine">Pivhydrazine</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safrazine" title="Safrazine">Safrazine</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tedizolid" title="Tedizolid">Tedizolid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tranylcypromine" title="Tranylcypromine">Tranylcypromine</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Reversible: <a href="/wiki/Caroxazone" title="Caroxazone">Caroxazone</a>‡</li></ul> <ul><li>Mixed: <a href="/wiki/Bifemelane" title="Bifemelane">Bifemelane</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monoamine_oxidase_A" title="Monoamine oxidase A"><abbr title="Monoamine oxidase A">MAOA</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Monoamine oxidase A-selective</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Reversible: <a href="/wiki/Eprobemide" title="Eprobemide">Eprobemide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metralindole" title="Metralindole">Metralindole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minaprine" title="Minaprine">Minaprine</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moclobemide" title="Moclobemide">Moclobemide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirlindole" title="Pirlindole">Pirlindole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrindole" title="Tetrindole">Tetrindole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toloxatone" title="Toloxatone">Toloxatone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monoamine_oxidase_B" title="Monoamine oxidase B"><abbr title="Monoamine oxidase B">MAOB</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Monoamine oxidase B-selective</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Irreversible: <a href="/wiki/Selegiline" title="Selegiline">Selegiline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Adjunctive_therapies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Adjuvant_therapy" title="Adjuvant therapy">Adjunctive therapies</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atypical_antipsychotic" title="Atypical antipsychotic">Atypical antipsychotics</a> (<a href="/wiki/Aripiprazole" title="Aripiprazole">aripiprazole</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brexpiprazole" title="Brexpiprazole">brexpiprazole</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lurasidone" title="Lurasidone">lurasidone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olanzapine" title="Olanzapine">olanzapine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quetiapine" title="Quetiapine">quetiapine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Risperidone" title="Risperidone">risperidone</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buspirone" title="Buspirone">Buspirone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithium_(medication)" title="Lithium (medication)">Lithium</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lithium_carbonate" title="Lithium carbonate">lithium carbonate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lithium_citrate" title="Lithium citrate">lithium citrate</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyroid_hormone" class="mw-redirect" title="Thyroid hormone">Thyroid hormones</a> (<a href="/wiki/Triiodothyronine" title="Triiodothyronine">triiodothyronine</a> (T3), <a href="/wiki/Levothyroxine" title="Levothyroxine">levothyroxine</a> (T4))</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Miscellaneous" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Miscellaneous</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ademetionine" class="mw-redirect" title="Ademetionine">Ademetionine (<abbr title="S-adenosyl-L-methionine">SAMe</abbr>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GABAA_receptor_positive_allosteric_modulator" title="GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulator">GABAkine</a> <a href="/wiki/Neurosteroid" title="Neurosteroid">neurosteroids</a> (<a href="/wiki/Allopregnanolone" title="Allopregnanolone">brexanolone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zuranolone" title="Zuranolone">zuranolone</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypericum_perforatum" title="Hypericum perforatum">Hypericum perforatum (St. John's Wort)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxitriptan" title="Oxitriptan">Oxitriptan (<abbr title="5-hydroxytryptophan">5-HTP</abbr>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubidium_chloride" title="Rubidium chloride">Rubidium chloride (RbCl)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tryptophan" title="Tryptophan">Tryptophan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li>#<a href="/wiki/WHO_Model_List_of_Essential_Medicines" title="WHO Model List of Essential Medicines">WHO-EM</a></li> <li>‡<a href="/wiki/List_of_withdrawn_drugs" title="List of withdrawn drugs">Withdrawn</a> from market</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_trial" title="Clinical trial">Clinical trials</a>: <ul><li>†<a href="/wiki/Phases_of_clinical_research#Phase_III" title="Phases of clinical research">Phase III</a></li> <li>§Never to phase III</li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Anxiolytics_(N05B)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Anxiolytics" title="Template:Anxiolytics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Anxiolytics" title="Template talk:Anxiolytics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Anxiolytics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Anxiolytics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Anxiolytics_(N05B)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Anxiolytic" title="Anxiolytic">Anxiolytics</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_N05#N05B" title="ATC code N05">N05B</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/5-HT1A_receptor" title="5-HT1A receptor"><abbr title="5-HT1A receptor">5-HT1AR</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip 5-HT1A receptor <a href="/wiki/Agonist" title="Agonist">agonists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buspirone" title="Buspirone">Buspirone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gepirone" title="Gepirone">Gepirone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tandospirone" title="Tandospirone">Tandospirone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/GABAA_receptor" title="GABAA receptor"><abbr title="GABAA receptor">GABAAR</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip GABAA receptor <a href="/wiki/Positive_allosteric_modulators" class="mw-redirect" title="Positive allosteric modulators"><abbr title="positive allosteric modulators">PAMs</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip positive allosteric modulators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benzodiazepine" title="Benzodiazepine">Benzodiazepines</a>: <a href="/wiki/Adinazolam" title="Adinazolam">Adinazolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alprazolam" title="Alprazolam">Alprazolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bromazepam" title="Bromazepam">Bromazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camazepam" title="Camazepam">Camazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlordiazepoxide" title="Chlordiazepoxide">Chlordiazepoxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clobazam" title="Clobazam">Clobazam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clonazepam" title="Clonazepam">Clonazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clorazepate" title="Clorazepate">Clorazepate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clotiazepam" title="Clotiazepam">Clotiazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloxazolam" title="Cloxazolam">Cloxazolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diazepam" title="Diazepam">Diazepam</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethyl_loflazepate" title="Ethyl loflazepate">Ethyl loflazepate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etizolam" title="Etizolam">Etizolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fludiazepam" title="Fludiazepam">Fludiazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halazepam" title="Halazepam">Halazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketazolam" title="Ketazolam">Ketazolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorazepam" title="Lorazepam">Lorazepam</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medazepam" title="Medazepam">Medazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordazepam" title="Nordazepam">Nordazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxazepam" title="Oxazepam">Oxazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinazepam" title="Pinazepam">Pinazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prazepam" title="Prazepam">Prazepam</a>; Others: <a href="/wiki/Alpidem" title="Alpidem">Alpidem</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbiturate" title="Barbiturate">Barbiturates</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Phenobarbital" title="Phenobarbital">phenobarbital</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbamate" title="Carbamate">Carbamates</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Meprobamate" title="Meprobamate">meprobamate</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carisoprodol" title="Carisoprodol">Carisoprodol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlormezanone" title="Chlormezanone">Chlormezanone</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">Ethanol (alcohol)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etifoxine" title="Etifoxine">Etifoxine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Hypnotic" title="Hypnotic">Hypnotics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zopiclone" title="Zopiclone">Zopiclone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Gabapentinoid" title="Gabapentinoid">Gabapentinoids</a> (<a href="/wiki/Voltage-dependent_calcium_channel#.CE.B12.CE.B4_Subunit" class="mw-redirect" title="Voltage-dependent calcium channel"><abbr title="alpha2delta subunit">α2δ</abbr> <abbr title="voltage-dependent calcium channel">VDCC</abbr></a> <a href="/wiki/Channel_blocker" title="Channel blocker">blockers</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gabapentin" title="Gabapentin">Gabapentin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabapentin_enacarbil" title="Gabapentin enacarbil">Gabapentin enacarbil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenibut" title="Phenibut">Phenibut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregabalin" title="Pregabalin">Pregabalin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Antidepressant" title="Antidepressant">Antidepressants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Selective_serotonin_reuptake_inhibitors" class="mw-redirect" title="Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors"><abbr title="Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors">SSRIs</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Escitalopram" title="Escitalopram">escitalopram</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serotonin-norepinephrine_reuptake_inhibitors" class="mw-redirect" title="Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors"><abbr title="Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors">SNRIs</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Duloxetine" title="Duloxetine">duloxetine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serotonin_antagonist_and_reuptake_inhibitors" class="mw-redirect" title="Serotonin antagonist and reuptake inhibitors"><abbr title="Serotonin antagonist and reuptake inhibitors">SARIs</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Serotonin antagonist and reuptake inhibitors (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Trazodone" title="Trazodone">trazodone</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressants" class="mw-redirect" title="Tricyclic antidepressants"><abbr title="Tricyclic antidepressants">TCAs</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Tricyclic antidepressants (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Clomipramine" title="Clomipramine">clomipramine</a>#)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetracyclic_antidepressants" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetracyclic antidepressants"><abbr title="Tetracyclic antidepressants">TeCAs</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Tetracyclic antidepressants (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Mirtazapine" title="Mirtazapine">mirtazapine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monoamine_oxidase_inhibitors" class="mw-redirect" title="Monoamine oxidase inhibitors"><abbr title="Monoamine oxidase inhibitors">MAOIs</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Phenelzine" title="Phenelzine">phenelzine</a>); Others: <a href="/wiki/Agomelatine" title="Agomelatine">Agomelatine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bupropion" title="Bupropion">Bupropion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianeptine" title="Tianeptine">Tianeptine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilazodone" title="Vilazodone">Vilazodone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vortioxetine" title="Vortioxetine">Vortioxetine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Antipsychotic" title="Antipsychotic">Antipsychotics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quetiapine" title="Quetiapine">Quetiapine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flupentixol" title="Flupentixol">Flupentixol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Sympatholytic" title="Sympatholytic">Sympatholytics</a> (<a href="/wiki/Antiadrenergic" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiadrenergic">Antiadrenergics</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpha-1_blocker" title="Alpha-1 blocker">Alpha-1 blockers</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Prazosin" title="Prazosin">prazosin</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha-2_agonist" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-2 agonist">Alpha-2 agonists</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Clonidine" title="Clonidine">clonidine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dexmedetomidine" title="Dexmedetomidine">dexmedetomidine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guanfacine" title="Guanfacine">guanfacine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta_blocker" title="Beta blocker">Beta blockers</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Propranolol" title="Propranolol">propranolol</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benzoctamine" title="Benzoctamine">Benzoctamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycloserine" title="Cycloserine">Cycloserine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabomotizole" title="Fabomotizole">Fabomotizole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxyzine" title="Hydroxyzine">Hydroxyzine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorpiprazole" title="Lorpiprazole">Lorpiprazole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mebicar" class="mw-redirect" title="Mebicar">Mebicar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mepiprazole" title="Mepiprazole">Mepiprazole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicotine" title="Nicotine">Nicotine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opipramol" title="Opipramol">Opipramol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxaflozane" title="Oxaflozane">Oxaflozane</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenaglycodol" title="Phenaglycodol">Phenaglycodol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenibut" title="Phenibut">Phenibut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picamilon" title="Picamilon">Picamilon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selank" title="Selank">Selank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiagabine" title="Tiagabine">Tiagabine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tofisopam" title="Tofisopam">Tofisopam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Validolum" class="mw-redirect" title="Validolum">Validolum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li>#<a href="/wiki/WHO_Model_List_of_Essential_Medicines" title="WHO Model List of Essential Medicines">WHO-EM</a></li> <li>‡<a href="/wiki/List_of_withdrawn_drugs" title="List of withdrawn drugs">Withdrawn</a> from market</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_trial" title="Clinical trial">Clinical trials</a>: <ul><li>†<a href="/wiki/Phases_of_clinical_research#Phase_III" title="Phases of clinical research">Phase III</a></li> <li>§Never to phase III</li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="OCD_pharmacotherapies" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:OCD_pharmacotherapies" title="Template:OCD pharmacotherapies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:OCD_pharmacotherapies" title="Template talk:OCD pharmacotherapies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:OCD_pharmacotherapies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:OCD pharmacotherapies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="OCD_pharmacotherapies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Obsessive%E2%80%93compulsive_disorder#Medication" title="Obsessive–compulsive disorder"><abbr title="Obsessive-compulsive disorder">OCD</abbr> pharmacotherapies</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Antidepressant" title="Antidepressant">Antidepressants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Selective_serotonin_reuptake_inhibitors" class="mw-redirect" title="Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors"><abbr title="Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors">SSRIs</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (<a href="/wiki/Citalopram" title="Citalopram">citalopram</a>, <a href="/wiki/Escitalopram" title="Escitalopram">escitalopram</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fluoxetine" title="Fluoxetine">fluoxetine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fluvoxamine" title="Fluvoxamine">fluvoxamine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paroxetine" title="Paroxetine">paroxetine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sertraline" title="Sertraline">sertraline</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serotonin-norepinephrine_reuptake_inhibitors" class="mw-redirect" title="Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors"><abbr title="Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors">SNRIs</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (<a href="/wiki/Venlafaxine" title="Venlafaxine">venlafaxine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressants" class="mw-redirect" title="Tricyclic antidepressants"><abbr title="Tricyclic antidepressants">TCAs</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Tricyclic antidepressants (<a href="/wiki/Clomipramine" title="Clomipramine">clomipramine</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Typical_antipsychotic" title="Typical antipsychotic">Typical antipsychotics</a> (<a href="/wiki/Haloperidol" title="Haloperidol">haloperidol</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atypical_antipsychotic" title="Atypical antipsychotic">Atypical antipsychotics</a> (<a href="/wiki/Aripiprazole" title="Aripiprazole">aripiprazole</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olanzapine" title="Olanzapine">olanzapine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quetiapine" title="Quetiapine">quetiapine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Risperidone" title="Risperidone">risperidone</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Monoamine_reuptake_inhibitors" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Monoamine_reuptake_inhibitors" title="Template:Monoamine reuptake inhibitors"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Monoamine_reuptake_inhibitors" title="Template talk:Monoamine reuptake inhibitors"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Monoamine_reuptake_inhibitors" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Monoamine reuptake inhibitors"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Monoamine_reuptake_inhibitors" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Monoamine_reuptake_inhibitor" title="Monoamine reuptake inhibitor">Monoamine reuptake inhibitors</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Dopamine_transporter" title="Dopamine transporter"><abbr title="Dopamine transporter">DAT</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Dopamine transporter (<a href="/wiki/Dopamine_reuptake_inhibitors" class="mw-redirect" title="Dopamine reuptake inhibitors"><abbr title="Dopamine reuptake inhibitors">DRIs</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Dopamine reuptake inhibitors)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Piperazines: <a href="/wiki/DBL-583" title="DBL-583">DBL-583</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GBR-12783" title="GBR-12783">GBR-12783</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GBR-12935" title="GBR-12935">GBR-12935</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GBR-13069" title="GBR-13069">GBR-13069</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GBR-13098" title="GBR-13098">GBR-13098</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JJC8-088" title="JJC8-088">JJC8-088</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nefazodone" title="Nefazodone">Nefazodone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanoxerine" title="Vanoxerine">Vanoxerine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Piperidines: <a href="/wiki/4-Fluoropethidine" title="4-Fluoropethidine">4-Fluoropethidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benocyclidine" title="Benocyclidine">Benocyclidine (BTCP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desoxypipradrol" title="Desoxypipradrol">Desoxypipradrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dexmethylphenidate" title="Dexmethylphenidate">Dexmethylphenidate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Difemetorex" title="Difemetorex">Difemetorex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethylphenidate" title="Ethylphenidate">Ethylphenidate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HDMP-28" title="HDMP-28">HDMP-28</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylphenidate" title="Methylphenidate">Methylphenidate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pethidine" title="Pethidine">Pethidine (meperidine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phencyclidine" title="Phencyclidine">Phencyclidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipradrol" title="Pipradrol">Pipradrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serdexmethylphenidate" title="Serdexmethylphenidate">Serdexmethylphenidate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenocyclidine" title="Tenocyclidine">Tenocyclidine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Pyrrolidines: <a href="/wiki/Diphenylprolinol" title="Diphenylprolinol">Diphenylprolinol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylenedioxypyrovalerone" title="Methylenedioxypyrovalerone">MDPV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naphyrone" title="Naphyrone">Naphyrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prolintane" title="Prolintane">Prolintane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrovalerone" title="Pyrovalerone">Pyrovalerone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Tropanes: <a href="/wiki/Altropane" title="Altropane">Altropane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzatropine" title="Benzatropine">Benzatropine (benztropine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brasofensine" title="Brasofensine">Brasofensine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WIN_35428" class="mw-redirect" title="WIN 35428">CFT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocaine" title="Cocaine">Cocaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dichloropane" title="Dichloropane">Dichloropane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Difluoropine" title="Difluoropine">Difluoropine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etybenzatropine" title="Etybenzatropine">Etybenzatropine (ethybenztropine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FE-%CE%B2-CPPIT" title="FE-β-CPPIT">FE-β-CPPIT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FP-%CE%B2-CPPIT" title="FP-β-CPPIT">FP-β-CPPIT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ioflupane_(123I)" title="Ioflupane (123I)">Ioflupane (123I)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RTI-55" title="RTI-55">RTI-55</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RTI-112" title="RTI-112">RTI-112</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RTI-113" title="RTI-113">RTI-113</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RTI-121" title="RTI-121">RTI-121</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RTI-126" title="RTI-126">RTI-126</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RTI-150" title="RTI-150">RTI-150</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RTI-177" title="RTI-177">RTI-177</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RTI-229" title="RTI-229">RTI-229</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/(-)-2%CE%B2-(3-(4-Methylphenyl)isoxazol-5-yl)-3%CE%B2-(4-chlorophenyl)tropane" class="mw-redirect" title="(-)-2β-(3-(4-Methylphenyl)isoxazol-5-yl)-3β-(4-chlorophenyl)tropane">RTI-336</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tesofensine" title="Tesofensine">Tesofensine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troparil" title="Troparil">Troparil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropoxane" title="Tropoxane">Tropoxane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2%CE%B2-Propanoyl-3%CE%B2-(4-tolyl)-tropane" title="2β-Propanoyl-3β-(4-tolyl)-tropane">WF-11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2%CE%B2-Propanoyl-3%CE%B2-(2-naphthyl)-tropane" title="2β-Propanoyl-3β-(2-naphthyl)-tropane">WF-23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2-Propanoyl-3-(4-isopropylphenyl)-tropane" title="2-Propanoyl-3-(4-isopropylphenyl)-tropane">WF-31</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2%CE%B1-(Propanoyl)-3%CE%B2-(2-(6-methoxynaphthyl))-tropane" title="2α-(Propanoyl)-3β-(2-(6-methoxynaphthyl))-tropane">WF-33</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Others: <a href="/wiki/Adrafinil" title="Adrafinil">Adrafinil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amifitadine" class="mw-redirect" title="Amifitadine">Amifitadine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armodafinil" title="Armodafinil">Armodafinil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amfonelic_acid" title="Amfonelic acid">Amfonelic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amineptine" title="Amineptine">Amineptine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ansofaxine" title="Ansofaxine">Ansofaxine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butyltolylquinuclidine" title="Butyltolylquinuclidine">BTQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BTS_74,398" title="BTS 74,398">BTS 74,398</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bupropion" title="Bupropion">Bupropion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaenomeles_speciosa" title="Chaenomeles speciosa">Chaenomeles speciosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciclazindol" title="Ciclazindol">Ciclazindol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dasotraline" title="Dasotraline">Dasotraline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desmethylsertraline" title="Desmethylsertraline">Desmethylsertraline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desmethylsibutramine" title="Desmethylsibutramine">Desmethylsibutramine (BTS-54354)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diclofensine" title="Diclofensine">Diclofensine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Didesmethylsibutramine" title="Didesmethylsibutramine">Didesmethylsibutramine (BTS-54505)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethocaine" title="Dimethocaine">Dimethocaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diphenylpyraline" title="Diphenylpyraline">Diphenylpyraline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dizocilpine" title="Dizocilpine">Dizocilpine (MK-801)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DOV-102,677" title="DOV-102,677">DOV-102,677</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DOV-216,303" title="DOV-216,303">DOV-216,303</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efavirenz" title="Efavirenz">Efavirenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephenidine" title="Ephenidine">Ephenidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esketamine" title="Esketamine">Esketamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EXP-561" title="EXP-561">EXP-561</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fencamfamin" title="Fencamfamin">Fencamfamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fezolamine" title="Fezolamine">Fezolamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluorenol" title="Fluorenol">Fluorenol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GYKI-52895" class="mw-redirect" title="GYKI-52895">GYKI-52895</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxybupropion" title="Hydroxybupropion">Hydroxybupropion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indatraline" title="Indatraline">Indatraline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketamine" title="Ketamine">Ketamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lefetamine" title="Lefetamine">Lefetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levophacetoperane" title="Levophacetoperane">Levophacetoperane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liafensine" title="Liafensine">Liafensine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LR-5182" title="LR-5182">LR-5182</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifaxine" title="Manifaxine">Manifaxine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazindol" title="Mazindol">Mazindol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medifoxamine" title="Medifoxamine">Medifoxamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesocarb" title="Mesocarb">Mesocarb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaphit" title="Metaphit">Metaphit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIN-117" title="MIN-117">MIN-117 (WF-516)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modafinil" title="Modafinil">Modafinil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nefopam" title="Nefopam">Nefopam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomifensine" title="Nomifensine">Nomifensine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NS-2359" title="NS-2359">NS-2359</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O-2172" title="O-2172">O-2172</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oroxylin_A" title="Oroxylin A">Oroxylin A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perafensine" title="Perafensine">Perafensine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pridefine" title="Pridefine">Pridefine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radafaxine" title="Radafaxine">Radafaxine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rimcazole" title="Rimcazole">Rimcazole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sertraline" title="Sertraline">Sertraline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibutramine" title="Sibutramine">Sibutramine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solriamfetol" title="Solriamfetol">Solriamfetol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tametraline" title="Tametraline">Tametraline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tedatioxetine" title="Tedatioxetine">Tedatioxetine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Threohydrobupropion" title="Threohydrobupropion">Threohydrobupropion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripelennamine" title="Tripelennamine">Tripelennamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venlafaxine" title="Venlafaxine">Venlafaxine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Norepinephrine_transporter" title="Norepinephrine transporter"><abbr title="Norepinephrine transporter">NET</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Norepinephrine transporter (<a href="/wiki/Norepinephrine_reuptake_inhibitors" class="mw-redirect" title="Norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors"><abbr title="Norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors">NRIs</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors: <a href="/wiki/Amedalin" title="Amedalin">Amedalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alseroxylon" title="Alseroxylon">Alseroxylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciclazindol" title="Ciclazindol">Ciclazindol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daledalin" title="Daledalin">Daledalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edivoxetine" title="Edivoxetine">Edivoxetine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esreboxetine" title="Esreboxetine">Esreboxetine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lortalamine" title="Lortalamine">Lortalamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazindol" title="Mazindol">Mazindol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisoxetine" title="Nisoxetine">Nisoxetine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reboxetine" title="Reboxetine">Reboxetine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talopram" title="Talopram">Talopram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talsupram" title="Talsupram">Talsupram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tandamine" title="Tandamine">Tandamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teniloxazine" title="Teniloxazine">Teniloxazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viloxazine" title="Viloxazine">Viloxazine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitors: <a href="/wiki/Amineptine" title="Amineptine">Amineptine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bupropion" title="Bupropion">Bupropion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fencamine" title="Fencamine">Fencamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fencamfamin" title="Fencamfamin">Fencamfamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxybupropion" title="Hydroxybupropion">Hydroxybupropion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lefetamine" title="Lefetamine">Lefetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levophacetoperane" title="Levophacetoperane">Levophacetoperane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LR-5182" title="LR-5182">LR-5182</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifaxine" title="Manifaxine">Manifaxine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylphenidate" title="Methylphenidate">Methylphenidate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomifensine" title="Nomifensine">Nomifensine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O-2172" title="O-2172">O-2172</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radafaxine" title="Radafaxine">Radafaxine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serdexmethylphenidate" title="Serdexmethylphenidate">Serdexmethylphenidate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solriamfetol" title="Solriamfetol">Solriamfetol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors: <a href="/wiki/Atomoxetine" title="Atomoxetine">Atomoxetine (tomoxetine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CP-39,332" title="CP-39,332">CP-39,332</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desvenlafaxine" title="Desvenlafaxine">Desvenlafaxine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duloxetine" title="Duloxetine">Duloxetine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eclanamine" title="Eclanamine">Eclanamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levomilnacipran" title="Levomilnacipran">Levomilnacipran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McN5652" title="McN5652">McN5652</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milnacipran" title="Milnacipran">Milnacipran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-Methyl-PPPA" title="N-Methyl-PPPA">N-Methyl-PPPA</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nafenodone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nafenodone (page does not exist)">Nafenodone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PPPA_(drug)" title="PPPA (drug)">PPPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tofenacin" title="Tofenacin">Tofenacin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venlafaxine" title="Venlafaxine">Venlafaxine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Serotonin–norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitors: <a href="/wiki/3,3-Diphenylcyclobutanamine" title="3,3-Diphenylcyclobutanamine">3,3-Diphenylcyclobutanamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amifitadine" class="mw-redirect" title="Amifitadine">Amifitadine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ansofaxine" title="Ansofaxine">Ansofaxine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bicifadine" title="Bicifadine">Bicifadine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brasofensine" title="Brasofensine">Brasofensine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centanafadine" title="Centanafadine">Centanafadine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocaine" title="Cocaine">Cocaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dasotraline" title="Dasotraline">Dasotraline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desmethylsertraline" title="Desmethylsertraline">Desmethylsertraline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desmethylsibutramine" title="Desmethylsibutramine">Desmethylsibutramine (BTS-54354)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diclofensine" title="Diclofensine">Diclofensine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Didesmethylsibutramine" title="Didesmethylsibutramine">Didesmethylsibutramine (BTS-54505)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DOV-102677" class="mw-redirect" title="DOV-102677">DOV-102677</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DOV-216303" class="mw-redirect" title="DOV-216303">DOV-216303</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EXP-561" title="EXP-561">EXP-561</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fezolamine" title="Fezolamine">Fezolamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HDMP-28" title="HDMP-28">HDMP-28</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HP-505" title="HP-505">HP-505</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indatraline" title="Indatraline">Indatraline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JNJ-7925476" title="JNJ-7925476">JNJ-7925476</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JZ-IV-10" title="JZ-IV-10">JZ-IV-10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liafensine" title="Liafensine">Liafensine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazindol" title="Mazindol">Mazindol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naphyrone" title="Naphyrone">Naphyrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nefazodone" title="Nefazodone">Nefazodone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nefopam" title="Nefopam">Nefopam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NS-2359" title="NS-2359">NS-2359</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perafensine" title="Perafensine">Perafensine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PRC200" class="mw-redirect" title="PRC200">PRC200</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pridefine" title="Pridefine">Pridefine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SEP-228431&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SEP-228431 (page does not exist)">SEP-228431</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SEP-228432&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SEP-228432 (page does not exist)">SEP-228432</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibutramine" title="Sibutramine">Sibutramine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tedatioxetine" title="Tedatioxetine">Tedatioxetine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tesofensine" title="Tesofensine">Tesofensine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Threohydrobupropion" title="Threohydrobupropion">Threohydrobupropion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropane" title="Tropane">Tropanes</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Cocaine" title="Cocaine">cocaine</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Tricyclic antidepressants: <a href="/wiki/Amitriptyline" title="Amitriptyline">Amitriptyline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butriptyline" title="Butriptyline">Butriptyline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cianopramine" title="Cianopramine">Cianopramine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clomipramine" title="Clomipramine">Clomipramine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desipramine" title="Desipramine">Desipramine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dosulepin" title="Dosulepin">Dosulepin (dothiepin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doxepin" title="Doxepin">Doxepin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imipramine" title="Imipramine">Imipramine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lofepramine" title="Lofepramine">Lofepramine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melitracen" title="Melitracen">Melitracen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nortriptyline" title="Nortriptyline">Nortriptyline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protriptyline" title="Protriptyline">Protriptyline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimipramine" title="Trimipramine">Trimipramine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Tetracyclic antidepressants: <a href="/wiki/Amoxapine" title="Amoxapine">Amoxapine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maprotiline" title="Maprotiline">Maprotiline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mianserin" title="Mianserin">Mianserin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxaprotiline" title="Oxaprotiline">Oxaprotiline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Setiptiline" title="Setiptiline">Setiptiline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Others: <a href="/wiki/Histamine_antagonist" class="mw-redirect" title="Histamine antagonist">Antihistamines</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Brompheniramine" title="Brompheniramine">brompheniramine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chlorphenamine" title="Chlorphenamine">chlorphenamine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pheniramine" title="Pheniramine">pheniramine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tripelennamine" title="Tripelennamine">tripelennamine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antipsychotic" title="Antipsychotic">Antipsychotics</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Loxapine" title="Loxapine">loxapine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ziprasidone" title="Ziprasidone">ziprasidone</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arylcyclohexylamine" title="Arylcyclohexylamine">Arylcyclohexylamines</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Ketamine" title="Ketamine">ketamine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phencyclidine" title="Phencyclidine">phencyclidine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dopexamine" title="Dopexamine">Dopexamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephenidine" title="Ephenidine">Ephenidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginkgo_biloba" title="Ginkgo biloba">Ginkgo biloba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indeloxazine" title="Indeloxazine">Indeloxazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nefazodone" title="Nefazodone">Nefazodone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opioid" title="Opioid">Opioids</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Desmetramadol" title="Desmetramadol">desmetramadol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methadone" title="Methadone">methadone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pethidine" title="Pethidine">pethidine (meperidine)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tapentadol" title="Tapentadol">tapentadol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tramadol" title="Tramadol">tramadol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Levorphanol" title="Levorphanol">levorphanol</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Serotonin_transporter" title="Serotonin transporter"><abbr title="Serotonin transporter">SERT</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Serotonin transporter (<a href="/wiki/Serotonin_reuptake_inhibitors" class="mw-redirect" title="Serotonin reuptake inhibitors"><abbr title="Serotonin reuptake inhibitors">SRIs</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Serotonin reuptake inhibitors)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors: <a href="/wiki/6-Nitroquipazine" title="6-Nitroquipazine">6-Nitroquipazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaproclate" title="Alaproclate">Alaproclate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centpropazine" title="Centpropazine">Centpropazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cericlamine" title="Cericlamine">Cericlamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citalopram" title="Citalopram">Citalopram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dapoxetine" title="Dapoxetine">Dapoxetine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desmethylcitalopram" title="Desmethylcitalopram">Desmethylcitalopram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Didesmethylcitalopram" title="Didesmethylcitalopram">Didesmethylcitalopram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escitalopram" title="Escitalopram">Escitalopram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Femoxetine" title="Femoxetine">Femoxetine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluoxetine" title="Fluoxetine">Fluoxetine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluvoxamine" title="Fluvoxamine">Fluvoxamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indalpine" title="Indalpine">Indalpine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ifoxetine" title="Ifoxetine">Ifoxetine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfluoxetine" class="mw-redirect" title="Norfluoxetine">Norfluoxetine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omiloxetine" title="Omiloxetine">Omiloxetine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panuramine" title="Panuramine">Panuramine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paroxetine" title="Paroxetine">Paroxetine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PIM-35" title="PIM-35">PIM-35</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirandamine" title="Pirandamine">Pirandamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RTI-353" title="RTI-353">RTI-353</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seproxetine" title="Seproxetine">Seproxetine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sertraline" title="Sertraline">Sertraline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimelidine" title="Zimelidine">Zimelidine</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and serotonin receptor modulators: <a href="/wiki/Etoperidone" title="Etoperidone">Etoperidone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litoxetine" title="Litoxetine">Litoxetine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lubazodone" title="Lubazodone">Lubazodone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LY-393558" title="LY-393558">LY-393558</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quipazine" title="Quipazine">Quipazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SB-649915" class="mw-redirect" title="SB-649915">SB-649915</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TGBA01AD" title="TGBA01AD">TGBA01AD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trazodone" title="Trazodone">Trazodone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilazodone" title="Vilazodone">Vilazodone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vortioxetine" title="Vortioxetine">Vortioxetine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors: <a href="/wiki/Atomoxetine" title="Atomoxetine">Atomoxetine (tomoxetine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bicifadine" title="Bicifadine">Bicifadine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CP-39332&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CP-39332 (page does not exist)">CP-39332</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desvenlafaxine" title="Desvenlafaxine">Desvenlafaxine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duloxetine" title="Duloxetine">Duloxetine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eclanamine" title="Eclanamine">Eclanamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levomilnacipran" title="Levomilnacipran">Levomilnacipran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McN5652" title="McN5652">McN5652</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milnacipran" title="Milnacipran">Milnacipran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-Methyl-PPPA" title="N-Methyl-PPPA">N-Methyl-PPPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PPPA_(drug)" title="PPPA (drug)">PPPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tofenacin" title="Tofenacin">Tofenacin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venlafaxine" title="Venlafaxine">Venlafaxine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Serotonin–norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitors: <a href="/wiki/3,3-Diphenylcyclobutanamine" title="3,3-Diphenylcyclobutanamine">3,3-Diphenylcyclobutanamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amifitadine" class="mw-redirect" title="Amifitadine">Amifitadine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ansofaxine" title="Ansofaxine">Ansofaxine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bicifadine" title="Bicifadine">Bicifadine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brasofensine" title="Brasofensine">Brasofensine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centanafadine" title="Centanafadine">Centanafadine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocaine" title="Cocaine">Cocaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dasotraline" title="Dasotraline">Dasotraline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desmethylsertraline" title="Desmethylsertraline">Desmethylsertraline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desmethylsibutramine" title="Desmethylsibutramine">Desmethylsibutramine (BTS-54354)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diclofensine" title="Diclofensine">Diclofensine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Didesmethylsibutramine" title="Didesmethylsibutramine">Didesmethylsibutramine (BTS-54505)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DOV-102677" class="mw-redirect" title="DOV-102677">DOV-102677</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DOV-216303" class="mw-redirect" title="DOV-216303">DOV-216303</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EXP-561" title="EXP-561">EXP-561</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fezolamine" title="Fezolamine">Fezolamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HDMP-28" title="HDMP-28">HDMP-28</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HP-505" title="HP-505">HP-505</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indatraline" title="Indatraline">Indatraline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JNJ-7925476" title="JNJ-7925476">JNJ-7925476</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JZ-IV-10" title="JZ-IV-10">JZ-IV-10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liafensine" title="Liafensine">Liafensine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazindol" title="Mazindol">Mazindol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naphyrone" title="Naphyrone">Naphyrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nefazodone" title="Nefazodone">Nefazodone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nefopam" title="Nefopam">Nefopam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NS-2359" title="NS-2359">NS-2359</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perafensine" title="Perafensine">Perafensine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PRC200" class="mw-redirect" title="PRC200">PRC200</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pridefine" title="Pridefine">Pridefine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SEP-228431&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SEP-228431 (page does not exist)">SEP-228431</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SEP-228432&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SEP-228432 (page does not exist)">SEP-228432</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibutramine" title="Sibutramine">Sibutramine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tedatioxetine" title="Tedatioxetine">Tedatioxetine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tesofensine" title="Tesofensine">Tesofensine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Threohydrobupropion" title="Threohydrobupropion">Threohydrobupropion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropane" title="Tropane">Tropanes</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Cocaine" title="Cocaine">cocaine</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Tricyclic antidepressants: <a href="/wiki/Amitriptyline" title="Amitriptyline">Amitriptyline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cianopramine" title="Cianopramine">Cianopramine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clomipramine" title="Clomipramine">Clomipramine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanodothiepin" title="Cyanodothiepin">Cyanodothiepin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desipramine" title="Desipramine">Desipramine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dosulepin" title="Dosulepin">Dosulepin (dothiepin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doxepin" title="Doxepin">Doxepin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imipramine" title="Imipramine">Imipramine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lofepramine" title="Lofepramine">Lofepramine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nortriptyline" title="Nortriptyline">Nortriptyline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipofezine" title="Pipofezine">Pipofezine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protriptyline" title="Protriptyline">Protriptyline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Others: <a href="/w/index.php?title=A-80426&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A-80426 (page does not exist)">A-80426</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amoxapine" title="Amoxapine">Amoxapine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antihistamine" title="Antihistamine">Antihistamines</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Brompheniramine" title="Brompheniramine">brompheniramine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chlorphenamine" title="Chlorphenamine">chlorphenamine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dimenhydrinate" title="Dimenhydrinate">dimenhydrinate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diphenhydramine" title="Diphenhydramine">diphenhydramine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mepyramine" title="Mepyramine">mepyramine (pyrilamine)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pheniramine" title="Pheniramine">pheniramine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tripelennamine" title="Tripelennamine">tripelennamine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antipsychotic" title="Antipsychotic">Antipsychotics</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Loxapine" title="Loxapine">loxapine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ziprasidone" title="Ziprasidone">ziprasidone</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arylcyclohexylamine" title="Arylcyclohexylamine">Arylcyclohexylamines</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/3-MeO-PCP" title="3-MeO-PCP">3-MeO-PCP</a>, <a href="/wiki/Esketamine" title="Esketamine">esketamine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ketamine" title="Ketamine">ketamine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methoxetamine" title="Methoxetamine">methoxetamine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phencyclidine" title="Phencyclidine">phencyclidine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclobenzaprine" title="Cyclobenzaprine">Cyclobenzaprine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delucemine" title="Delucemine">Delucemine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dextromethorphan" title="Dextromethorphan">Dextromethorphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dextrorphan" title="Dextrorphan">Dextrorphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efavirenz" title="Efavirenz">Efavirenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypidone" title="Hypidone">Hypidone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medifoxamine" title="Medifoxamine">Medifoxamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesembrine" title="Mesembrine">Mesembrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mifepristone" title="Mifepristone">Mifepristone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIN-117" title="MIN-117">MIN-117 (WF-516)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-Methylserotonin" title="N-Methylserotonin">N-Me-5-HT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opioid" title="Opioid">Opioids</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Dextropropoxyphene" title="Dextropropoxyphene">dextropropoxyphene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methadone" title="Methadone">methadone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pethidine" title="Pethidine">pethidine (meperidine)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Levorphanol" title="Levorphanol">levorphanol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tapentadol" title="Tapentadol">tapentadol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tramadol" title="Tramadol">tramadol</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roxindole" title="Roxindole">Roxindole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Vesicular_monoamine_transporters" class="mw-redirect" title="Vesicular monoamine transporters"><abbr title="Vesicular monoamine transporters">VMATs</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Vesicular monoamine transporters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amiodarone" title="Amiodarone">Amiodarone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substituted_amphetamine" title="Substituted amphetamine">Amphetamines</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Amphetamine" title="Amphetamine">amphetamine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methamphetamine" title="Methamphetamine">methamphetamine</a>, <a href="/wiki/MDMA" title="MDMA">MDMA</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=3-Amino-2-phenylpropene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="3-Amino-2-phenylpropene (page does not exist)">APP</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=7-Azido-8-iodoketanserin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="7-Azido-8-iodoketanserin (page does not exist)">AZIK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bietaserpine" title="Bietaserpine">Bietaserpine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deserpidine" title="Deserpidine">Deserpidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutetrabenazine" title="Deutetrabenazine">Deutetrabenazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydrotetrabenazine" title="Dihydrotetrabenazine">Dihydrotetrabenazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efavirenz" title="Efavirenz">Efavirenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GBR-12935" title="GBR-12935">GBR-12935</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=GZ-793A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GZ-793A (page does not exist)">GZ-793A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibogaine" title="Ibogaine">Ibogaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketanserin" title="Ketanserin">Ketanserin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lobeline" title="Lobeline">Lobeline</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Methoxytetrabenazine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Methoxytetrabenazine (page does not exist)">Methoxytetrabenazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reserpine" title="Reserpine">Reserpine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_bengal" title="Rose bengal">Rose bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrabenazine" title="Tetrabenazine">Tetrabenazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valbenazine" title="Valbenazine">Valbenazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanoxerine" title="Vanoxerine">Vanoxerine (GBR-12909)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>DAT enhancers: <a href="/wiki/Luteolin" title="Luteolin">Luteolin</a></li></ul> <ul><li>DAT modulators: Agonist-like: <a href="/wiki/SoRI-9804" title="SoRI-9804">SoRI-9804</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SoRI-20040&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SoRI-20040 (page does not exist)">SoRI-20040</a>; Antagonist-like: <a href="/wiki/SoRI-20041" title="SoRI-20041">SoRI-20041</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>See also: <a href="/wiki/Template:Receptor_modulators" title="Template:Receptor modulators">Receptor/signaling modulators</a> • <a href="/wiki/Template:Monoamine_releasing_agents" title="Template:Monoamine releasing agents">Monoamine releasing agents</a> • <a href="/wiki/Template:Adrenergics" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Adrenergics">Adrenergics</a> • <a href="/wiki/Template:Dopaminergics" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Dopaminergics">Dopaminergics</a> • <a href="/wiki/Template:Serotonergics" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Serotonergics">Serotonergics</a> • <a href="/wiki/Template:Monoamine_metabolism_modulators" title="Template:Monoamine metabolism modulators">Monoamine metabolism modulators</a> • <a href="/wiki/Template:Monoamine_neurotoxins" title="Template:Monoamine neurotoxins">Monoamine neurotoxins</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sigma_receptor_modulators" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sigma_receptor_modulators" title="Template:Sigma receptor modulators"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sigma_receptor_modulators" title="Template talk:Sigma receptor modulators"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sigma_receptor_modulators" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sigma receptor modulators"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sigma_receptor_modulators" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sigma_receptor" title="Sigma receptor">Sigma receptor</a> <a href="/wiki/Receptor_modulator" title="Receptor modulator">modulators</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Sigma-1_receptor" title="Sigma-1 receptor">σ1</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Agonists: <a href="/wiki/3-PPP" title="3-PPP">3-PPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-PPBP" title="4-PPBP">4-PPBP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-MeO-DMT" title="5-MeO-DMT">5-MeO-DMT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alazocine" title="Alazocine">Alazocine (SKF-10047)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amantadine" title="Amantadine">Amantadine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arketamine" title="Arketamine">Arketamine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=BD-737&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BD-737 (page does not exist)">BD-737</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BD-1052" class="mw-redirect" title="BD-1052">BD-1052</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blarcamesine" title="Blarcamesine">Blarcamesine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captodiame" title="Captodiame">Captodiame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citalopram" title="Citalopram">Citalopram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcitonin_gene-related_peptide" title="Calcitonin gene-related peptide"><abbr title="Calcitonin gene-related peptide">CGRP</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Calcitonin gene-related peptide</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloperastine" title="Cloperastine">Cloperastine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocaine" title="Cocaine">Cocaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cutamesine" title="Cutamesine">Cutamesine (SA-4503)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclazocine" title="Cyclazocine">Cyclazocine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehydroepiandrosterone" title="Dehydroepiandrosterone">Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)</a> (<a href="/wiki/Prasterone" title="Prasterone">prasterone</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehydroepiandrosterone_sulfate" title="Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate">Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S)</a> (<a href="/wiki/Prasterone_sulfate" title="Prasterone sulfate">prasterone sulfate</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dextrallorphan" title="Dextrallorphan">Dextrallorphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dextromethorphan" title="Dextromethorphan">Dextromethorphan (DXM)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dextrorphan" title="Dextrorphan">Dextrorphan (DXO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimemorfan" title="Dimemorfan">Dimemorfan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethyltryptamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Dimethyltryptamine">Dimethyltryptamine (DMT)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ditolylguanidine" title="Ditolylguanidine">Ditolylguanidine (DTG)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donepezil" title="Donepezil">Donepezil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliprodil" title="Eliprodil">Eliprodil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escitalopram" title="Escitalopram">Escitalopram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabomotizole" title="Fabomotizole">Fabomotizole (afobazole)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluoxetine" title="Fluoxetine">Fluoxetine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluvoxamine" title="Fluvoxamine">Fluvoxamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ifenprodil" title="Ifenprodil">Ifenprodil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igmesine" title="Igmesine">Igmesine (JO-1784)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=IPAB_(drug)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IPAB (drug) (page does not exist)">IPAB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketamine" title="Ketamine">Ketamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L-687384" class="mw-redirect" title="L-687384">L-687384</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MDMA" title="MDMA"><abbr title="Methylenedioxymethamphetamine">MDMA</abbr> (midomafetamine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memantine" title="Memantine">Memantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methamphetamine" title="Methamphetamine">Methamphetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methoxetamine" title="Methoxetamine">Methoxetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylphenidate" title="Methylphenidate">Methylphenidate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepinalone" title="Nepinalone">Nepinalone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuropeptide_Y" title="Neuropeptide Y">Neuropeptide Y</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noscapine" title="Noscapine">Noscapine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OPC-14523&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OPC-14523 (page does not exist)">OPC-14523</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opipramol" title="Opipramol">Opipramol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentazocine" title="Pentazocine">Pentazocine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentoxyverine" title="Pentoxyverine">Pentoxyverine (carbetapentane)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PRE-084" title="PRE-084">PRE-084</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnenolone" title="Pregnenolone">Pregnenolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnenolone_sulfate" title="Pregnenolone sulfate">Pregnenolone sulfate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pridopidine" title="Pridopidine">Pridopidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racemethorphan" class="mw-redirect" title="Racemethorphan">Racemethorphan (methorphan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racemorphan" title="Racemorphan">Racemorphan (morphanol)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=UMB-23&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="UMB-23 (page does not exist)">UMB-23</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=UMB-82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="UMB-82 (page does not exist)">UMB-82</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Antagonists: <a href="/wiki/3-PPP" title="3-PPP">3-PPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AC-927" class="mw-redirect" title="AC-927">AC-927</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BD-1008" class="mw-redirect" title="BD-1008">BD-1008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BD-1031" class="mw-redirect" title="BD-1031">BD-1031</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BD-1047" title="BD-1047">BD-1047</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BD-1060" class="mw-redirect" title="BD-1060">BD-1060</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BD-1063" class="mw-redirect" title="BD-1063">BD-1063</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BD-1067" class="mw-redirect" title="BD-1067">BD-1067</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BMY-14802" title="BMY-14802">BMY-14802 (BMS-181100)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CM-156" class="mw-redirect" title="CM-156">CM-156</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dup-734&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dup-734 (page does not exist)">Dup-734</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=E-5842&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="E-5842 (page does not exist)">E-5842</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-52862" title="E-52862">E-52862 (S1RA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haloperidol" title="Haloperidol">Haloperidol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=LR-132&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LR-132 (page does not exist)">LR-132</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=LR-172&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LR-172 (page does not exist)">LR-172</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MS-377" title="MS-377">MS-377</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NE-100" title="NE-100">NE-100</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NPC-16377&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NPC-16377 (page does not exist)">NPC-16377</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panamesine" title="Panamesine">Panamesine (EMD-57455)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=PD-144418&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PD-144418 (page does not exist)">PD-144418</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentazocine" title="Pentazocine">Pentazocine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progesterone" title="Progesterone">Progesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rimcazole" title="Rimcazole">Rimcazole (BW-234U)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sertraline" title="Sertraline">Sertraline</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SR-31742A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SR-31742A (page does not exist)">SR-31742A</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Allosteric modulators: <a href="/wiki/Phenytoin" title="Phenytoin">Phenytoin</a>; Positive: <a href="/wiki/Methylphenylpiracetam" title="Methylphenylpiracetam">Methylphenylpiracetam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SOMCL-668&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SOMCL-668 (page does not exist)">SOMCL-668</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Unknown/unsorted: <a href="/w/index.php?title=3-Methoxydextrallorphan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="3-Methoxydextrallorphan (page does not exist)">3-Methoxydextrallorphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3-MeO-PCP" title="3-MeO-PCP">3-MeO-PCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4C-T-2" title="4C-T-2">4C-T-2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=4-IBP&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="4-IBP (page does not exist)">4-IBP</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=4-IPBS&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="4-IPBS (page does not exist)">4-IPBS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-MeO-PCP" title="4-MeO-PCP">4-MeO-PCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-MeO-DALT" title="5-MeO-DALT">5-MeO-DALT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-MeO-DiPT" title="5-MeO-DiPT">5-MeO-DiPT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amitriptyline" title="Amitriptyline">Amitriptyline</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Azidopamil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Azidopamil (page does not exist)">Azidopamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorpromazine" title="Chlorpromazine">Chlorpromazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clemastine" title="Clemastine">Clemastine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clomipramine" title="Clomipramine">Clomipramine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clorgiline" title="Clorgiline">Clorgiline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D-Deprenyl" title="D-Deprenyl">D-Deprenyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N,N-Diisopropyltryptamine" class="mw-redirect" title="N,N-Diisopropyltryptamine"><abbr title="N,N-Diisopropyltryptamine">DiPT</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip N,N-Diisopropyltryptamine</li> <li><a href="/wiki/N,N-Dipropyltryptamine" class="mw-redirect" title="N,N-Dipropyltryptamine"><abbr title="N,N-Dipropyltryptamine">DPT</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip N,N-Dipropyltryptamine</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibogaine" title="Ibogaine">Ibogaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imipramine" title="Imipramine">Imipramine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=KCR-12-83.1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="KCR-12-83.1 (page does not exist)">KCR-12-83.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemonapride" title="Nemonapride">Nemonapride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noribogaine" title="Noribogaine">Noribogaine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=RHL-033&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RHL-033 (page does not exist)">RHL-033</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RS-67,333" title="RS-67,333">RS-67,333</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RTI-55" title="RTI-55">RTI-55</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saffron" title="Saffron">Saffron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safinamide" title="Safinamide">Safinamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selegiline" title="Selegiline">Selegiline</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spipethiane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spipethiane (page does not exist)">Spipethiane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trifluoperazine" title="Trifluoperazine">Trifluoperazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W-18_(drug)" title="W-18 (drug)">W-18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YKP10A" class="mw-redirect" title="YKP10A">YKP10A</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Sigma-2_receptor" title="Sigma-2 receptor">σ2</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Agonists: <a href="/wiki/3-PPP" title="3-PPP">3-PPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arketamine" title="Arketamine">Arketamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BD-1047" title="BD-1047">BD-1047</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BD1063" title="BD1063">BD1063</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ditolylguanidine" title="Ditolylguanidine">Ditolylguanidine (DTG)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=DKR-1005&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DKR-1005 (page does not exist)">DKR-1005</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=DKR-1051&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DKR-1051 (page does not exist)">DKR-1051</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haloperidol" title="Haloperidol">Haloperidol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ifenprodil" title="Ifenprodil">Ifenprodil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketamine" title="Ketamine">Ketamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MDMA" title="MDMA"><abbr title="Methylenedioxymethamphetamine">MDMA</abbr> (midomafetamine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methamphetamine" title="Methamphetamine">Methamphetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OPC-14523&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OPC-14523 (page does not exist)">OPC-14523</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opipramol" title="Opipramol">Opipramol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PB-28" title="PB-28">PB-28</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phencyclidine" title="Phencyclidine">Phencyclidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siramesine" title="Siramesine">Siramesine (Lu 28-179)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=UKH-1114&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="UKH-1114 (page does not exist)">UKH-1114</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Antagonists: <a href="/wiki/AC-927" class="mw-redirect" title="AC-927">AC-927</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BD-1008" class="mw-redirect" title="BD-1008">BD-1008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BD-1067" class="mw-redirect" title="BD-1067">BD-1067</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CM-156" class="mw-redirect" title="CM-156">CM-156</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CT-1812&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CT-1812 (page does not exist)">CT-1812</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=LR-172&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LR-172 (page does not exist)">LR-172</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIN-101" class="mw-redirect" title="MIN-101">MIN-101</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panamesine" title="Panamesine">Panamesine (EMD-57455)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SAS-0132&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SAS-0132 (page does not exist)">SAS-0132</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Unknown/unsorted: <a href="/w/index.php?title=3-Methoxydextrallorphan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="3-Methoxydextrallorphan (page does not exist)">3-Methoxydextrallorphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3-MeO-PCE" title="3-MeO-PCE">3-MeO-PCE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-MeO-PCP" title="4-MeO-PCP">4-MeO-PCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-MeO-DALT" title="5-MeO-DALT">5-MeO-DALT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-MeO-DiPT" title="5-MeO-DiPT">5-MeO-DiPT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clemastine" title="Clemastine">Clemastine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N,N-Diisopropyltryptamine" class="mw-redirect" title="N,N-Diisopropyltryptamine"><abbr title="N,N-Diisopropyltryptamine">DiPT</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip N,N-Diisopropyltryptamine</li> <li><a href="/wiki/N,N-Dipropyltryptamine" class="mw-redirect" title="N,N-Dipropyltryptamine"><abbr title="N,N-Dipropyltryptamine">DPT</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip N,N-Dipropyltryptamine</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibogaine" title="Ibogaine">Ibogaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu_29-252" title="Lu 29-252">Lu 29-252</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemonapride" title="Nemonapride">Nemonapride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepinalone" title="Nepinalone">Nepinalone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noribogaine" title="Noribogaine">Noribogaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentazocine" title="Pentazocine">Pentazocine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RS-67,333" title="RS-67,333">RS-67,333</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safinamide" title="Safinamide">Safinamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3,4,5-Trimethoxyamphetamine" class="mw-redirect" title="3,4,5-Trimethoxyamphetamine"><abbr title="3,4,5-Trimethoxyamphetamine">TMA</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip 3,4,5-Trimethoxyamphetamine</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=UMB-23&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="UMB-23 (page does not exist)">UMB-23</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=UMB-82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="UMB-82 (page does not exist)">UMB-82</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W-18_(drug)" title="W-18 (drug)">W-18</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Unsorted</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Agonists: <a href="/wiki/Berberine" title="Berberine">Berberine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethylketazocine" title="Ethylketazocine">Ethylketazocine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourphit" title="Fourphit">Fourphit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaphit" title="Metaphit">Metaphit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naluzotan" title="Naluzotan">Naluzotan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapentadol" title="Tapentadol">Tapentadol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenocyclidine" title="Tenocyclidine">Tenocyclidine</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Antagonists: <a href="/w/index.php?title=AHD1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AHD1 (page does not exist)">AHD1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AZ66&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AZ66 (page does not exist)">AZ66</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamotrigine" title="Lamotrigine">Lamotrigine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naloxone" title="Naloxone">Naloxone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SM-21&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SM-21 (page does not exist)">SM-21</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=UMB-100&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="UMB-100 (page does not exist)">UMB-100</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=UMB-101&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="UMB-101 (page does not exist)">UMB-101</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=UMB-103&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="UMB-103 (page does not exist)">UMB-103</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=UMB-116&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="UMB-116 (page does not exist)">UMB-116</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=YZ-011&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="YZ-011 (page does not exist)">YZ-011</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=YZ-069&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="YZ-069 (page does not exist)">YZ-069</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=YZ-185&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="YZ-185 (page does not exist)">YZ-185</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Allosteric modulators: <a href="/wiki/SKF-83959" class="mw-redirect" title="SKF-83959">SKF-83959</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Unknown/unsorted: <a href="/wiki/18-Methoxycoronaridine" title="18-Methoxycoronaridine">18-Methoxycoronaridine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=BMY-13980&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BMY-13980 (page does not exist)">BMY-13980</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butaclamol" title="Butaclamol">Butaclamol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caramiphen" title="Caramiphen">Caramiphen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carvotroline&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carvotroline (page does not exist)">Carvotroline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorphenamine" title="Chlorphenamine">Chlorphenamine (chlorpheniramine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorpromazine" title="Chlorpromazine">Chlorpromazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinnarizine" title="Cinnarizine">Cinnarizine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinuperone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cinuperone (page does not exist)">Cinuperone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clocapramine" title="Clocapramine">Clocapramine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dezocine" title="Dezocine">Dezocine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=EMD-59983&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="EMD-59983 (page does not exist)">EMD-59983</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypericin" title="Hypericin">Hypericin</a> (<a href="/wiki/St._John%27s_wort" class="mw-redirect" title="St. John's wort">St. John's wort</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluphenazine" title="Fluphenazine">Fluphenazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gevotroline" title="Gevotroline">Gevotroline (WY-47384)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mepyramine" title="Mepyramine">Mepyramine (pyrilamine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molindone" title="Molindone">Molindone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perphenazine" title="Perphenazine">Perphenazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pimozide" title="Pimozide">Pimozide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proadifen" title="Proadifen">Proadifen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promethazine" title="Promethazine">Promethazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propranolol" title="Propranolol">Propranolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinidine" title="Quinidine">Quinidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remoxipride" title="Remoxipride">Remoxipride</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SL_82.0715&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SL 82.0715 (page does not exist)">SL 82.0715</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SR-31747A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SR-31747A (page does not exist)">SR-31747A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiospirone" title="Tiospirone">Tiospirone (BMY-13859)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venlafaxine" title="Venlafaxine">Venlafaxine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>See also: <a href="/wiki/Template:Receptor_modulators" title="Template:Receptor modulators">Receptor/signaling modulators</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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