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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Use as a qualifier</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Use_as_a_qualifier-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Use as a qualifier subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Use_as_a_qualifier-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mathematics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mathematics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Mathematics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mathematics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Blood" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Blood"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Blood</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Blood-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uses_in_computing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uses_in_computing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Uses in computing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uses_in_computing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Other uses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Codepoints" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Codepoints"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Codepoints</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Codepoints-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alternative_minus_signs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alternative_minus_signs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Alternative minus signs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alternative_minus_signs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alternative_plus_sign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alternative_plus_sign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Alternative plus sign</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alternative_plus_sign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Plus and minus signs</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 25 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-25" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">25 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%A7_%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%AF_%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%B5" title="علامتا زائد وناقص – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="علامتا زائد وناقص" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%93_%E0%A6%8B%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A8" title="ধনচিহ্ন ও ঋণচিহ্ন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ধনচিহ্ন ও ঋণচিহ্ন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signes_m%C3%A9s_i_menys" title="Signes més i menys – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Signes més i menys" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Znam%C3%A9nka_plus_a_minus" title="Znaménka plus a minus – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Znaménka plus a minus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vorzeichen_(Zahl)#Plus-_und_Minuszeichen" title="Vorzeichen (Zahl) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Vorzeichen (Zahl)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signos_m%C3%A1s_y_menos" title="Signos más y menos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Signos más y menos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AA%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%AB%D8%A8%D8%AA_%D9%88_%D9%85%D9%86%D9%81%DB%8C" title="علامت‌های مثبت و منفی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="علامت‌های مثبت و منفی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signes_plus_et_moins" title="Signes plus et moins – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Signes plus et moins" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signos_m%C3%A1is_e_menos" title="Signos máis e menos – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Signos máis e menos" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8D%94%ED%95%98%EA%B8%B0%ED%91%9C%EC%99%80_%EB%B9%BC%EA%B8%B0%ED%91%9C" title="더하기표와 빼기표 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="더하기표와 빼기표" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%AC%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD_%D6%87_%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD_%D5%B6%D5%B7%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Պլյուս և մինուս նշաններ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պլյուս և մինուս նշաններ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanda_plus_dan_minus" title="Tanda plus dan minus – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tanda plus dan minus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iimpawu_zokudibanisa_nokuthabatha" title="Iimpawu zokudibanisa nokuthabatha – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Iimpawu zokudibanisa nokuthabatha" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A1_%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A1" title="פלוס ומינוס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פלוס ומינוס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/El%C5%91jel" title="Előjel – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Előjel" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%97%E3%83%A9%E3%82%B9%E8%A8%98%E5%8F%B7%E3%81%A8%E3%83%9E%E3%82%A4%E3%83%8A%E3%82%B9%E8%A8%98%E5%8F%B7" title="プラス記号とマイナス記号 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="プラス記号とマイナス記号" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plus_i_minus" title="Plus i minus – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Plus i minus" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinais_de_mais_e_menos" title="Sinais de mais e menos – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sinais de mais e menos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%81%D0%B0_%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Знаки плюса и минуса – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Знаки плюса и минуса" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D,_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="கூட்டல், கழித்தல் குறிகள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கூட்டல், கழித்தல் குறிகள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%9A" title="เครื่องหมายบวกและลบ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เครื่องหมายบวกและลบ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art%C4%B1_ve_eksi_i%C5%9Faretleri" title="Artı ve eksi işaretleri – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Artı ve eksi işaretleri" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%81_%D1%96_%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%81" title="Знаки плюс і мінус – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Знаки плюс і мінус" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E6%B8%9B%E8%99%9F" title="加減號 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="加減號" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E5%8F%B7%E4%B8%8E%E5%87%8F%E5%8F%B7" title="加号与减号 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="加号与减号" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q747083#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Mathematical symbols (+ and −)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the <span class="nounderlines" style="border: 1px solid var(--border-color-muted,#ddd); color: var(--color-base,#202122); background-color: var( --background-color-neutral-subtle, #fdfdfd); padding: 1px 1px;">±</span> symbol, see <a href="/wiki/Plus%E2%80%93minus_sign" title="Plus–minus sign">Plus–minus sign</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Positive and negative signs" redirects here. Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Polarity_(astrology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Polarity (astrology)">Astrological sign polarity</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="max-width:20em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background: #ccc; font-size: 500%; line-height:1.3; font-weight:normal; font-family:'times new roman', times, georgia, serif, sans-serif;">+ −</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ccc;"><div style="background: #ccc; font-size: 125%; font-weight: bold; padding: 0.1em 0.25em 0.2em; line-height: 1.2em;">Plus and minus signs</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">In <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">.mw-parser-output .monospaced{font-family:monospace,monospace}</style><span class="monospaced">U+002B</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">+</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase; font-feature-settings: 'onum'">PLUS SIGN</span> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">&plus;</span>) <br /> <span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+2212</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">−</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase; font-feature-settings: 'onum'">MINUS SIGN</span> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">&minus;</span>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ccc;">Different from</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Different from</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+002D</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">-</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase; font-feature-settings: 'onum'"><a href="/wiki/Hyphen-minus" title="Hyphen-minus">HYPHEN-MINUS</a></span> <br /> <span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+2010</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">‐</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase; font-feature-settings: 'onum'"><a href="/wiki/Hyphen" title="Hyphen">HYPHEN</a></span> <br /> (many) – <a href="/wiki/Dash" title="Dash">Dash</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ccc;">Related</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">See also</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+00B1</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">±</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase; font-feature-settings: 'onum'"><a href="/wiki/Plus%E2%80%93minus_sign" title="Plus–minus sign">PLUS-MINUS SIGN</a></span> <br /> <span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+2213</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">∓</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase; font-feature-settings: 'onum'"><a href="/wiki/Minus-or-plus_sign" class="mw-redirect" title="Minus-or-plus sign">MINUS-OR-PLUS SIGN</a></span><br /><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+2052</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">⁒</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase; font-feature-settings: 'onum'"><a href="/wiki/Commercial_minus_sign" title="Commercial minus sign">COMMERCIAL MINUS SIGN</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>plus sign</b> (<span class="nounderlines" style="border: 1px solid var(--border-color-muted,#ddd); color: var(--color-base,#202122); background-color: var( --background-color-neutral-subtle, #fdfdfd); padding: 1px 1px;">+</span>) and the <b>minus sign</b> (<span class="nounderlines" style="border: 1px solid var(--border-color-muted,#ddd); color: var(--color-base,#202122); background-color: var( --background-color-neutral-subtle, #fdfdfd); padding: 1px 1px;">−</span>) are <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_mathematical_symbols" title="Glossary of mathematical symbols">mathematical symbols</a> used to denote <a href="/wiki/Sign_(mathematics)" title="Sign (mathematics)">positive</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sign_(mathematics)" title="Sign (mathematics)">negative</a> functions, respectively. In addition, <span class="nounderlines" style="border: 1px solid var(--border-color-muted,#ddd); color: var(--color-base,#202122); background-color: var( --background-color-neutral-subtle, #fdfdfd); padding: 1px 1px;">+</span> represents the operation of <a href="/wiki/Addition" title="Addition">addition</a>, which results in a <a href="/wiki/Sum_(mathematics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sum (mathematics)">sum</a>, while <span class="nounderlines" style="border: 1px solid var(--border-color-muted,#ddd); color: var(--color-base,#202122); background-color: var( --background-color-neutral-subtle, #fdfdfd); padding: 1px 1px;">−</span> represents <a href="/wiki/Subtraction" title="Subtraction">subtraction</a>, resulting in a <a href="/wiki/Difference_(mathematics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Difference (mathematics)">difference</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their use has been extended to many other meanings, more or less analogous. <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Plus</i></span> and <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">minus</i></span> are <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> terms meaning "more" and "less", respectively. </p><p>The forms <span class="nowrap">⟨+⟩</span> and <span class="nowrap">⟨−⟩</span> are used in many countries around the world. Other designs include <span class="nowrap">⟨<a href="/wiki/%EF%AC%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="﬩">﬩</a>⟩</span> for plus and <span class="nowrap">⟨<a href="/wiki/%E2%81%92" class="mw-redirect" title="⁒">⁒</a>⟩</span> for minus. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plus_and_minus_signs&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Though the signs now seem as familiar as the <a href="/wiki/Alphabet" title="Alphabet">alphabet</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93Arabic_numeral_system" title="Hindu–Arabic numeral system">Hindu–Arabic numerals</a>, they are not of great antiquity. The <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyph" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian hieroglyph">Egyptian hieroglyphic</a> sign for addition, for example, resembled a pair of legs walking in the direction in which the text was written (<a href="/wiki/Egyptian_language" title="Egyptian language">Egyptian</a> could be written either from right to left or left to right), with the reverse sign indicating subtraction:<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table align="center"> <tbody><tr> <td><table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_D54.png?75932" height="18" title="D54" alt="D54" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> or <table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_D55.png?34f6c" height="18" title="D55" alt="D55" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Nicole_Oresme" title="Nicole Oresme">Nicole Oresme</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Manuscript" title="Manuscript">manuscripts</a> from the 14th century show what may be one of the earliest uses of <span class="nounderlines" style="border: 1px solid var(--border-color-muted,#ddd); color: var(--color-base,#202122); background-color: var( --background-color-neutral-subtle, #fdfdfd); padding: 1px 1px;">+</span> as a sign for plus.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In early 15th century Europe, the letters "P" and "M" were generally used.<sup id="cite_ref-ley196504_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ley196504-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The symbols (P with overline, <span class="nounderlines" style="border: 1px solid var(--border-color-muted,#ddd); color: var(--color-base,#202122); background-color: var( --background-color-neutral-subtle, #fdfdfd); padding: 1px 1px;">p̄</span>, for <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">più</i></span> (more), i.e., plus, and M with overline, <span class="nounderlines" style="border: 1px solid var(--border-color-muted,#ddd); color: var(--color-base,#202122); background-color: var( --background-color-neutral-subtle, #fdfdfd); padding: 1px 1px;">m̄</span>, for <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">meno</i></span> (less), i.e., minus) appeared for the first time in <a href="/wiki/Luca_Pacioli" title="Luca Pacioli">Luca Pacioli</a>'s mathematics <a href="/wiki/Compendium" title="Compendium">compendium</a>, <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it"><a href="/wiki/Summa_de_arithmetica" title="Summa de arithmetica">Summa de arithmetica, geometria, proportioni et proportionalità</a></i></span>, first printed and published in <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a> in 1494.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <span class="nounderlines" style="border: 1px solid var(--border-color-muted,#ddd); color: var(--color-base,#202122); background-color: var( --background-color-neutral-subtle, #fdfdfd); padding: 1px 1px;">+</span> sign is a simplification of the <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">et</i> (comparable to the evolution of the <a href="/wiki/Ampersand" title="Ampersand">ampersand</a> <span class="nounderlines" style="border: 1px solid var(--border-color-muted,#ddd); color: var(--color-base,#202122); background-color: var( --background-color-neutral-subtle, #fdfdfd); padding: 1px 1px;">&</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <span class="nounderlines" style="border: 1px solid var(--border-color-muted,#ddd); color: var(--color-base,#202122); background-color: var( --background-color-neutral-subtle, #fdfdfd); padding: 1px 1px;">−</span> may be derived from a <a href="/wiki/Macron_(diacritic)" title="Macron (diacritic)">macron</a> <span style="font-family: serif"><span class="nounderlines" style="border: 1px solid var(--border-color-muted,#ddd); color: var(--color-base,#202122); background-color: var( --background-color-neutral-subtle, #fdfdfd); padding: 1px 1px;">◌̄</span></span> written over <span class="nowrap">⟨m⟩</span> when used to indicate subtraction; or it may come from a shorthand version of the letter <span class="nowrap">⟨m⟩</span> itself.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Johannes_Widmann-Mercantile_Arithmetic_1489.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A page from Johannes Widmann's book" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Johannes_Widmann-Mercantile_Arithmetic_1489.jpg/220px-Johannes_Widmann-Mercantile_Arithmetic_1489.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="378" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Johannes_Widmann-Mercantile_Arithmetic_1489.jpg/330px-Johannes_Widmann-Mercantile_Arithmetic_1489.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3b/Johannes_Widmann-Mercantile_Arithmetic_1489.jpg 2x" data-file-width="440" data-file-height="756" /></a><figcaption>From <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Widmann" title="Johannes Widmann">Johannes Widmann</a>'s book on "handy and pretty <a href="/wiki/Arithmetic" title="Arithmetic">arithmetic</a> for all <a href="/wiki/Merchant" title="Merchant">merchants</a>"<sup id="cite_ref-widmann1489_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-widmann1489-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-widmann1508_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-widmann1508-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In his 1489 treatise, <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Widmann" title="Johannes Widmann">Johannes Widmann</a> referred to the symbols <span class="nounderlines" style="border: 1px solid var(--border-color-muted,#ddd); color: var(--color-base,#202122); background-color: var( --background-color-neutral-subtle, #fdfdfd); padding: 1px 1px;">−</span> and <span class="nounderlines" style="border: 1px solid var(--border-color-muted,#ddd); color: var(--color-base,#202122); background-color: var( --background-color-neutral-subtle, #fdfdfd); padding: 1px 1px;">+</span> as <i>minus</i> and <i>mer</i> (Modern German <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">mehr</i></span>; "more"): <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">"[...] was − ist das ist minus [...] und das + das ist mer das zu addirst"</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-widmann1489_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-widmann1489-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-widmann1508_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-widmann1508-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-OED_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OED-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were not used for addition and subtraction in the treatise, but were used to indicate surplus and deficit; usage in the modern sense is attested in a 1518 book by <a href="/wiki/Henricus_Grammateus" title="Henricus Grammateus">Henricus Grammateus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Robert_Recorde" title="Robert Recorde">Robert Recorde</a>, the designer of the <a href="/wiki/Equals_sign" title="Equals sign">equals sign</a>, introduced plus and minus to Britain in 1557 in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Whetstone_of_Witte" title="The Whetstone of Witte">The Whetstone of Witte</a></i>:<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "There be other 2 signes in often use of which the first is made thus + and betokeneth more: the other is thus made − and betokeneth lesse." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Plus_sign">Plus sign</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plus_and_minus_signs&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Plus sign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"+" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/%2B_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="+ (disambiguation)">+ (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p>The plus sign (<span class="nounderlines" style="border: 1px solid var(--border-color-muted,#ddd); color: var(--color-base,#202122); background-color: var( --background-color-neutral-subtle, #fdfdfd); padding: 1px 1px;">+</span>) is a <a href="/wiki/Binary_operator" class="mw-redirect" title="Binary operator">binary operator</a> that indicates <a href="/wiki/Addition" title="Addition">addition</a>, as in 2 + 3 = 5. It can also serve as a <a href="/wiki/Unary_operator" class="mw-redirect" title="Unary operator">unary operator</a> that leaves its <a href="/wiki/Operand" title="Operand">operand</a> <a href="/wiki/Identity_function" title="Identity function">unchanged</a> (+<i>x</i> means the same as <i>x</i>). This notation may be used when it is desired to emphasize the positiveness of a number, especially in contrast with the <a href="/wiki/Negative_number" title="Negative number">negative numbers</a> (+5 versus −5). </p><p>The plus sign can also indicate many other operations, depending on the mathematical system under consideration. Many <a href="/wiki/Algebraic_structure" title="Algebraic structure">algebraic structures</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Vector_space" title="Vector space">vector spaces</a> and <a href="/wiki/Matrix_ring" title="Matrix ring">matrix rings</a>, have some operation which is called, or is equivalent to, addition. It is though conventional to use the plus sign to only denote <a href="/wiki/Commutative_property" title="Commutative property">commutative operations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Fraleigh_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fraleigh-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The symbol is also used in <a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">chemistry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physics</a>. For more, see <a href="#Other_uses">§ Other uses</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Minus_sign">Minus sign</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plus_and_minus_signs&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Minus sign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Minus" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Minus_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Minus (disambiguation)">Minus (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p>The minus sign (<span class="nounderlines" style="border: 1px solid var(--border-color-muted,#ddd); color: var(--color-base,#202122); background-color: var( --background-color-neutral-subtle, #fdfdfd); padding: 1px 1px;">−</span>) has three main uses in mathematics:<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>The <a href="/wiki/Subtraction" title="Subtraction">subtraction</a> operator: a <a href="/wiki/Binary_operator" class="mw-redirect" title="Binary operator">binary operator</a> to indicate the operation of subtraction, as in 5 − 3 = 2. Subtraction is the inverse of addition.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Function_(mathematics)" title="Function (mathematics)">function</a> whose <a href="/wiki/Value_(mathematics)" title="Value (mathematics)">value</a> for any <a href="/wiki/Real_number" title="Real number">real</a> or <a href="/wiki/Complex_number" title="Complex number">complex</a> <a href="/wiki/Argument_of_a_function" title="Argument of a function">argument</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Additive_inverse" title="Additive inverse">additive inverse</a> of that argument. For example, if <i>x</i> = 3, then −<i>x</i> = −3, but if <i>x</i> = −3, then −<i>x</i> = +3. Similarly, −(−<i>x</i>) = <i>x</i>.</li> <li><span class="anchor" id="negative_sign"></span>A <a href="/wiki/Prefix" title="Prefix">prefix</a> of a numeric constant. When it is placed immediately before an unsigned number, the combination names a negative number, the additive inverse of the positive number that the numeral would otherwise name. In this usage, '−5' names a number the same way 'semicircle' names a geometric figure, with the caveat that 'semi' does not have a separate use as a function name.</li></ol> <p>In many contexts, it does not matter whether the second or the third of these usages is intended: −5 is the same number. When it is important to distinguish them, a raised minus sign (<span class="nounderlines" style="border: 1px solid var(--border-color-muted,#ddd); color: var(--color-base,#202122); background-color: var( --background-color-neutral-subtle, #fdfdfd); padding: 1px 1px;">¯</span>) is sometimes used for negative constants, as in <a href="#ed">elementary education</a>, the programming language <a href="/wiki/APL_(programming_language)" title="APL (programming language)">APL</a>, and some early graphing calculators.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>All three uses can be referred to as "minus" in everyday speech, though the binary operator is sometimes read as "take away".<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In American English nowadays, −5 (for example) is generally referred to as "negative five" though speakers born before 1950 often refer to it as "minus five". (Temperatures tend to follow the older usage; −5° is generally called "minus five degrees".)<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further, a few textbooks in the United States encourage −<i>x</i> to be read as "the opposite of <i>x</i>" or "the additive inverse of <i>x</i>"—to avoid giving the impression that −<i>x</i> is necessarily negative (since <i>x</i> itself may already be negative).<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In mathematics and most programming languages, the rules for the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_operations" title="Order of operations">order of operations</a> mean that −5<sup>2</sup> is equal to −25: <a href="/wiki/Exponentiation" title="Exponentiation">Exponentiation</a> binds more strongly than the unary minus, which binds more strongly than multiplication or division. However, in some programming languages (<a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Excel" title="Microsoft Excel">Microsoft Excel</a> in particular), unary operators bind strongest, so in those cases <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">−5^2</code> is 25, but <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">0−5^2</code> is −25.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Similar to the plus sign, the minus sign is also used in <a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">chemistry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physics</a>. (For more, see <a href="#Other_uses">§ Other uses</a> below.) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Use_in_elementary_education">Use in elementary education <span class="anchor" id="ed"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plus_and_minus_signs&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Use in elementary education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some elementary teachers use raised minus signs before numbers to disambiguate them from the operation of subtraction.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same convention is also used in some computer languages. For example, subtracting −5 from 3 might be read as "positive three take away negative 5", and be shown as </p> <dl><dd>3 − <sup>−</sup>5 becomes 3 + 5 = 8,</dd></dl> <p>which can be read as: </p> <dl><dd><sup>+</sup>3 −1(<sup>−</sup>5)</dd></dl> <p>or even as </p> <dl><dd><sup>+</sup>3 − <sup>−</sup>5 becomes <sup>+</sup>3 + <sup>+</sup>5 = <sup>+</sup>8.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Use_as_a_qualifier">Use as a qualifier</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plus_and_minus_signs&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Use as a qualifier"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When placed after a number, a plus sign can indicate an open range of numbers. For example, "18+" is commonly used as shorthand for "ages 18 and up" although "eighteen plus", for example, is now common usage. </p><p>In US <a href="/wiki/Grading_in_education" title="Grading in education">grading systems</a>, the plus sign indicates a grade one level higher and the minus sign a grade lower. For example, <span class="nounderlines" style="border: 1px solid var(--border-color-muted,#ddd); color: var(--color-base,#202122); background-color: var( --background-color-neutral-subtle, #fdfdfd); padding: 1px 1px;">B−</span> ("B minus") is one grade lower than <span class="nounderlines" style="border: 1px solid var(--border-color-muted,#ddd); color: var(--color-base,#202122); background-color: var( --background-color-neutral-subtle, #fdfdfd); padding: 1px 1px;">B</span>. In some occasions, this is extended to two plus or minus signs (e.g., <span class="nounderlines" style="border: 1px solid var(--border-color-muted,#ddd); color: var(--color-base,#202122); background-color: var( --background-color-neutral-subtle, #fdfdfd); padding: 1px 1px;">A++</span> being two grades higher than <span class="nounderlines" style="border: 1px solid var(--border-color-muted,#ddd); color: var(--color-base,#202122); background-color: var( --background-color-neutral-subtle, #fdfdfd); padding: 1px 1px;">A</span>).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>A common trend in branding, particularly with streaming video services, has been the use of the plus sign at the end of brand names, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Google%2B" title="Google+">Google+</a>, <a href="/wiki/Disney%2B" title="Disney+">Disney+</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paramount%2B" title="Paramount+">Paramount+</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Apple_TV%2B" title="Apple TV+">Apple TV+</a>. Since the word "plus" can mean an advantage, or an additional amount of something, such "+" signs imply that a product offers extra features or benefits. </p><p>Positive and negative are sometimes abbreviated as <span class="nounderlines" style="border: 1px solid var(--border-color-muted,#ddd); color: var(--color-base,#202122); background-color: var( --background-color-neutral-subtle, #fdfdfd); padding: 1px 1px;">+ve</span> and <span class="nounderlines" style="border: 1px solid var(--border-color-muted,#ddd); color: var(--color-base,#202122); background-color: var( --background-color-neutral-subtle, #fdfdfd); padding: 1px 1px;">−ve</span>,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and on batteries and cell terminals are often marked with <span class="nounderlines" style="border: 1px solid var(--border-color-muted,#ddd); color: var(--color-base,#202122); background-color: var( --background-color-neutral-subtle, #fdfdfd); padding: 1px 1px;">+</span> and <span class="nounderlines" style="border: 1px solid var(--border-color-muted,#ddd); color: var(--color-base,#202122); background-color: var( --background-color-neutral-subtle, #fdfdfd); padding: 1px 1px;">−</span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mathematics">Mathematics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plus_and_minus_signs&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Mathematics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In mathematics the <a href="/wiki/One-sided_limit" title="One-sided limit">one-sided limit</a> <span class="texhtml"><i>x</i> → <i>a</i><sup>+</sup></span> means <span class="texhtml"><i>x</i></span> approaches <span class="texhtml"><i>a</i></span> from the right (i.e., right-sided limit), and <span class="texhtml"><i>x</i> → <i>a</i><sup>−</sup></span> means <span class="texhtml"><i>x</i></span> approaches <span class="texhtml"><i>a</i></span> from the left (i.e., left-sided limit). For example, <span class="texhtml">1/<i>x</i> → +<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \infty }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">∞</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \infty }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c26c105004f30c27aa7c2a9c601550a4183b1f21" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.324ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \infty }"></span></span> as <span class="texhtml"><i>x</i> → 0<sup>+</sup></span> but <span class="texhtml">1/<i>x</i> → −<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \infty }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">∞</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \infty }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c26c105004f30c27aa7c2a9c601550a4183b1f21" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.324ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \infty }"></span></span> as <span class="texhtml"><i>x</i> → 0<sup>−</sup></span>. </p><p>When placed after <a href="/wiki/Set_(mathematics)#Special_sets_of_numbers_in_mathematics" title="Set (mathematics)">special sets of numbers</a>, plus and minus signs are used to indicate that only positive numbers and negative numbers are included, respectively. For example, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} ^{+}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">Z</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} ^{+}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/628778fcf14bd3629e9b9ebacffa172b0ad6ce41" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.061ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} ^{+}}"></span> is the set of all positive <a href="/wiki/Integer" title="Integer">integers</a> and <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} ^{-}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">Z</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} ^{-}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/1d265f6ad41c1623a6477b2cb4336208c7b6c1d6" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.061ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} ^{-}}"></span> is the set of all negative integers. In these cases, a subscript 0 may also be added to clarify that 0 is included. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Blood">Blood</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plus_and_minus_signs&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Blood"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Blood_types" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood types">Blood types</a> are often qualified with a plus or minus to indicate the presence or absence of the <a href="/wiki/Rh_factor" class="mw-redirect" title="Rh factor">Rh factor</a>. For example, A+ means <a href="/wiki/ABO_blood_group_system" title="ABO blood group system">type A blood</a> with the Rh factor present, while B− means type B blood with the Rh factor absent. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plus_and_minus_signs&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In music, <a href="/wiki/Augmented_triad#Augmented_chord_table" title="Augmented triad">augmented chords</a> are symbolized with a plus sign, although this practice is not universal (as there are other methods for spelling those chords). For example, "C+" is read "C augmented chord". Sometimes the plus is written as a <a href="/wiki/Superscript" class="mw-redirect" title="Superscript">superscript</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses_in_computing">Uses in computing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plus_and_minus_signs&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Uses in computing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As well as the normal mathematical usage, plus and minus signs may be used for a number of other purposes in computing. </p><p>Plus and minus signs are often used in <a href="/wiki/Tree_view" title="Tree view">tree view</a> on a computer screen—to show if a folder is collapsed or not. </p><p>In some programming languages, <a href="/wiki/Concatenation" title="Concatenation">concatenation</a> of <a href="/wiki/String_(computer_science)" title="String (computer science)">strings</a> is written <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">"a" + "b"</code>, and results in <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">"ab"</code>. </p><p>In most programming languages, subtraction and negation are indicated with the ASCII <a href="/wiki/Hyphen-minus" title="Hyphen-minus">hyphen-minus</a> character, <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">-</code>. In <a href="/wiki/APL_(programming_language)" title="APL (programming language)">APL</a> a raised minus sign (here written using <span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+00AF</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">¯</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase; font-feature-settings: 'onum'">MACRON</span>) is used to denote a negative number, as in <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">¯3</code>. While in <a href="/wiki/J_(programming_language)" title="J (programming language)">J</a> a negative number is denoted by an <a href="/wiki/Underscore" title="Underscore">underscore</a>, as in <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">_5</code>. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a> and some other computer programming languages, two plus signs indicate the <a href="/wiki/Increment_operator" class="mw-redirect" title="Increment operator">increment operator</a> and two minus signs a decrement; the position of the operator before or after the variable indicates whether the new or old value is read from it. For example, if x equals 6, then <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">y = x++</code> increments x to 7 but sets y to 6, whereas <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">y = ++x</code> would set both x and y to 7. By extension, <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">++</code> is sometimes used in computing terminology to signify an improvement, as in the name of the language <a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a>. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Regular_expression" title="Regular expression">regular expressions</a>, <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">+</code> is often used to indicate "1 or more" in a pattern to be matched. For example, <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">x+</code> means "one or more of the letter x". This is the <a href="/wiki/Kleene_star#Kleene_plus" title="Kleene star">Kleene plus</a> notation. Hyphen-minus usually indicates a range (<code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">[A-Z]</code> - any capital from 'A' to 'Z'), although it can stand for itself (<code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">[ABCDE-]</code> any capital from 'A' to 'E' or '-'). </p><p>There is no concept of negative zero in mathematics, but in computing <a href="/wiki/%E2%88%920_(number)" class="mw-redirect" title="−0 (number)">−0</a> may have a separate representation from zero. In the <a href="/wiki/IEEE_floating-point_standard" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE floating-point standard">IEEE floating-point standard</a>, 1 / −0 is <a href="/wiki/Negative_infinity" class="mw-redirect" title="Negative infinity">negative infinity</a> (<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle -\infty }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>−</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">∞</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle -\infty }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ca2608c4b5fd3bffc73585f8c67e379b4e99b6f1" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:4.132ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle -\infty }"></span>) whereas 1 / 0 is <a href="/wiki/Infinity" title="Infinity">positive infinity</a> (<a href="/wiki/%E2%88%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="∞"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \infty }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">∞</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \infty }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c26c105004f30c27aa7c2a9c601550a4183b1f21" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.324ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \infty }"></span></a>). </p><p><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">+</code> is also used to denote added lines in <a href="/wiki/Diff" title="Diff"><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">diff</code></a> output in the <a href="/wiki/Diff#Context_format" title="Diff">context format</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Diff#Unified_format" title="Diff">unified format</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_uses">Other uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plus_and_minus_signs&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Other uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In physics, the use of plus and minus signs for different <a href="/wiki/Electrical_charge" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical charge">electrical charges</a> was introduced by <a href="/wiki/Georg_Christoph_Lichtenberg" title="Georg Christoph Lichtenberg">Georg Christoph Lichtenberg</a>. </p><p>In chemistry, superscripted plus and minus signs are used to indicate an ion with a positive or negative charge of 1 (e.g., NH<span style="white-space: nowrap;"><span style="font-size: 70%;"><span style="display:inline-block; vertical-align: -0.4em; line-height:1.1em;">+<br />4</span><span style="font-size: 40%;"> </span></span></span>). If the charge is greater than 1, a number indicating the charge is written before the sign (as in SO<span style="white-space: nowrap;"><span style="font-size: 70%;"><span style="display:inline-block; vertical-align: -0.4em; line-height:1.1em;">2−<br />4</span><span style="font-size: 40%;"> </span></span></span>). </p><p>A plus sign prefixed to a telephone number is used to indicate the form used for <a href="/wiki/International_Direct_Dialing" class="mw-redirect" title="International Direct Dialing">International Direct Dialing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its precise usage varies by technology and national standards. In the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Subscript" class="mw-redirect" title="Subscript">subscripted</a> plus and minus signs are used as diacritics to indicate <a href="/wiki/Relative_articulation" title="Relative articulation">advanced or retracted articulations</a> of speech sounds. </p><p>The minus sign is also used as tone letter in the orthographies of <a href="/wiki/Dan_language" title="Dan language">Dan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Krumen_language" title="Krumen language">Krumen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karaboro_languages" title="Karaboro languages">Karaboro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mwan_language" title="Mwan language">Mwan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wan_language" title="Wan language">Wan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yaour%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaouré">Yaouré</a>, <a href="/wiki/W%C3%A8_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Wè language">Wè</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nyabwa_language" title="Nyabwa language">Nyabwa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Godie_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Godie language">Godié</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Unicode character used for the tone letter (<span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+02D7</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">˗</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase; font-feature-settings: 'onum'">MODIFIER LETTER MINUS SIGN</span>) is different from the mathematical minus sign. </p><p>The plus sign sometimes represents <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Close_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Close central unrounded vowel">ɨ</a>/</span> in the orthography of <a href="/wiki/Huichol_language#Orthography" title="Huichol language">Huichol</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Algebraic_notation_(chess)" title="Algebraic notation (chess)">algebraic notation</a> used to record games of <a href="/wiki/Chess" title="Chess">chess</a>, the plus sign <span class="nounderlines" style="border: 1px solid var(--border-color-muted,#ddd); color: var(--color-base,#202122); background-color: var( --background-color-neutral-subtle, #fdfdfd); padding: 1px 1px;">+</span> is used to denote a move that puts the opponent into <a href="/wiki/Check_(chess)" title="Check (chess)">check</a>, while a double plus <span class="nounderlines" style="border: 1px solid var(--border-color-muted,#ddd); color: var(--color-base,#202122); background-color: var( --background-color-neutral-subtle, #fdfdfd); padding: 1px 1px;">++</span> is sometimes used to denote <a href="/wiki/Double_check" title="Double check">double check</a>. Combinations of the plus and minus signs are used to evaluate a move (+/−, +/=, =/+, −/+). </p><p>In linguistics, a superscript plus <span class="nounderlines" style="border: 1px solid var(--border-color-muted,#ddd); color: var(--color-base,#202122); background-color: var( --background-color-neutral-subtle, #fdfdfd); padding: 1px 1px;"><sup>+</sup></span> sometimes replaces the <a href="/wiki/Asterisk" title="Asterisk">asterisk</a>, which denotes unattested <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_reconstruction" title="Linguistic reconstruction">linguistic reconstruction</a>. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Botanical_name" title="Botanical name">botanical names</a>, a plus sign denotes <a href="/wiki/Graft-chimaera" title="Graft-chimaera">graft-chimaera</a>. </p><p>In Catholicism, the plus sign before a last name denotes a <a href="/wiki/Bishops_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Bishops in the Catholic Church">Bishop</a>, and a double plus is used to denote an Archbishop. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Codepoints">Codepoints <span class="anchor" id="Character_codes"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plus_and_minus_signs&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Codepoints"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="max-width:20em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background: #ccc; font-size: 500%; line-height:1.3; font-weight:normal; font-family:'times new roman', times, georgia, serif, sans-serif;">- + −</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ccc;"><div style="background: #ccc; font-size: 125%; font-weight: bold; padding: 0.1em 0.25em 0.2em; line-height: 1.2em;">hyphen-minus, plus, minus signs compared</div></th></tr></tbody></table> <p>Variants of the symbols have unique <a href="/wiki/Codepoint" class="mw-redirect" title="Codepoint">codepoints</a> in Unicode: </p> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+002B</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">+</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase; font-feature-settings: 'onum'">PLUS SIGN</span> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">&plus;</span>)</li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+2212</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">−</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase; font-feature-settings: 'onum'">MINUS SIGN</span> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">&minus;</span>)</li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+002D</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">-</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase; font-feature-settings: 'onum'">HYPHEN-MINUS</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+FE63</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">﹣</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase; font-feature-settings: 'onum'">SMALL HYPHEN-MINUS</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+FE62</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">﹢</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase; font-feature-settings: 'onum'">SMALL PLUS SIGN</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+FF0B</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">＋</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase; font-feature-settings: 'onum'">FULLWIDTH PLUS SIGN</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+FF0D</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">－</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase; font-feature-settings: 'onum'">FULLWIDTH HYPHEN-MINUS</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+207A</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">⁺</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase; font-feature-settings: 'onum'">SUPERSCRIPT PLUS SIGN</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+207B</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">⁻</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase; font-feature-settings: 'onum'">SUPERSCRIPT MINUS</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+208A</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">₊</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase; font-feature-settings: 'onum'">SUBSCRIPT PLUS SIGN</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+208B</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">₋</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase; font-feature-settings: 'onum'">SUBSCRIPT MINUS</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+2064</span> </span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase; font-feature-settings: 'onum'">INVISIBLE PLUS</span> (a contiguity operator indicating addition)</li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+29FA</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">⧺</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase; font-feature-settings: 'onum'">DOUBLE PLUS</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+29FB</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">⧻</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase; font-feature-settings: 'onum'">TRIPLE PLUS</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+29FE</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">⧾</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase; font-feature-settings: 'onum'"><a href="/wiki/Tiny_and_miny" title="Tiny and miny">TINY</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+29FF</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">⧿</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase; font-feature-settings: 'onum'"><a href="/wiki/Tiny_and_miny" title="Tiny and miny">MINY</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+FB29</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">﬩</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase; font-feature-settings: 'onum'">HEBREW LETTER ALTERNATIVE PLUS SIGN</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+2A27</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">⨧</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase; font-feature-settings: 'onum'">PLUS SIGN WITH SUBSCRIPT TWO</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+2A22</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">⨢</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase; font-feature-settings: 'onum'">PLUS SIGN WITH SMALL CIRCLE ABOVE</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+2A26</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">⨦</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase; font-feature-settings: 'onum'">PLUS SIGN WITH TILDE BELOW</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+2A25</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">⨥</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase; font-feature-settings: 'onum'">PLUS SIGN WITH DOT BELOW</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+2A24</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">⨤</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase; font-feature-settings: 'onum'">PLUS SIGN WITH TILDE ABOVE</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+2A23</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">⨣</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase; font-feature-settings: 'onum'">PLUS SIGN WITH CIRCUMFLEX ACCENT ABOVE</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+2A28</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">⨨</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase; font-feature-settings: 'onum'">PLUS SIGN WITH BLACK TRIANGLE</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+2A29</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">⨩</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase; font-feature-settings: 'onum'">MINUS SIGN WITH COMMA ABOVE</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+2A2A</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">⨪</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase; font-feature-settings: 'onum'">MINUS SIGN WITH DOT BELOW</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+2A2B</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">⨫</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase; font-feature-settings: 'onum'">MINUS SIGN WITH FALLING DOTS</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+2A2C</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">⨬</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase; font-feature-settings: 'onum'">MINUS SIGN WITH RISING DOTS</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+2A2D</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">⨭</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase; font-feature-settings: 'onum'">PLUS SIGN IN LEFT HALF CIRCLE</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+2A2E</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">⨮</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase; font-feature-settings: 'onum'">PLUS SIGN IN RIGHT HALF CIRCLE</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+2795</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">➕</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase; font-feature-settings: 'onum'">HEAVY PLUS SIGN</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+2796</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">➖</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase; font-feature-settings: 'onum'">HEAVY MINUS SIGN</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+293D</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">⤽</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase; font-feature-settings: 'onum'">TOP ARC ANTICLOCKWISE ARROW WITH PLUS</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+293C</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">⤼</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase; font-feature-settings: 'onum'">TOP ARC CLOCKWISE ARROW WITH MINUS</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+00B1</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">±</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase; font-feature-settings: 'onum'">PLUS-MINUS SIGN</span> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">&plusmn;, &PlusMinus;, &pm;</span>)</li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+2213</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">∓</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase; font-feature-settings: 'onum'">MINUS-OR-PLUS SIGN</span> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">&MinusPlus;, &mnplus;, &mp;</span>)</li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+02D6</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">˖</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase; font-feature-settings: 'onum'">MODIFIER LETTER PLUS SIGN</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+02D7</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">˗</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase; font-feature-settings: 'onum'">MODIFIER LETTER MINUS SIGN</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+2238</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">∸</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase; font-feature-settings: 'onum'">DOT MINUS</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+2052</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">⁒</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase; font-feature-settings: 'onum'">COMMERCIAL MINUS SIGN</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Alternative_minus_signs">Alternative minus signs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plus_and_minus_signs&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Alternative minus signs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Skjermbilete_2012-11-03_kl._02.48.36.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Skjermbilete_2012-11-03_kl._02.48.36.png/220px-Skjermbilete_2012-11-03_kl._02.48.36.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Skjermbilete_2012-11-03_kl._02.48.36.png/330px-Skjermbilete_2012-11-03_kl._02.48.36.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Skjermbilete_2012-11-03_kl._02.48.36.png/440px-Skjermbilete_2012-11-03_kl._02.48.36.png 2x" data-file-width="486" data-file-height="434" /></a><figcaption>"÷" being used as a minus sign (not as a division sign) in an excerpt from an official Norwegian trading statement form called «Næringsoppgave 1» for the taxation year 2010</figcaption></figure> <p>There is a <a href="/wiki/Commercial_minus_sign" title="Commercial minus sign">commercial minus sign</a>, <span class="nounderlines" style="border: 1px solid var(--border-color-muted,#ddd); color: var(--color-base,#202122); background-color: var( --background-color-neutral-subtle, #fdfdfd); padding: 1px 1px;">⁒</span>, which is used in Germany and Scandinavia. The symbol <span class="nounderlines" style="border: 1px solid var(--border-color-muted,#ddd); color: var(--color-base,#202122); background-color: var( --background-color-neutral-subtle, #fdfdfd); padding: 1px 1px;">÷</span> <a href="/wiki/Obelus#In_mathematics" title="Obelus">is used to denote subtraction</a> in <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Hyphen-minus" title="Hyphen-minus">hyphen-minus</a> symbol (<span class="nounderlines" style="border: 1px solid var(--border-color-muted,#ddd); color: var(--color-base,#202122); background-color: var( --background-color-neutral-subtle, #fdfdfd); padding: 1px 1px;">-</span>) is the form of <a href="/wiki/Hyphen" title="Hyphen">hyphen</a> most commonly used in digital <a href="/wiki/Document" title="Document">documents</a>. On most keyboards, it is the only character that resembles a <a href="/wiki/Minus_sign" class="mw-redirect" title="Minus sign">minus sign</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Dash" title="Dash">dash</a> so it is also used for these.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name <i>hyphen-minus</i> derives from the original <a href="/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII">ASCII</a> standard,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where it was called <i>hyphen–(minus)</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The character is referred to as a <i>hyphen</i>, a <i>minus sign</i>, or a <i>dash</i> according to the context where it is being used. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Alternative_plus_sign">Alternative plus sign</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plus_and_minus_signs&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Alternative plus sign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Up_tack" title="Up tack">Up tack</a></div> <div style="float:right; margin: 0 0 10px 10px; padding:40px; font-size:100%; font-family: Georgia; background-color: #ddddff; border: 1px solid #aaaaff;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:U%2BFB29.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/U%2BFB29.svg/110px-U%2BFB29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/U%2BFB29.svg/165px-U%2BFB29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/U%2BFB29.svg/220px-U%2BFB29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></span></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Jew" class="mw-redirect" title="Jew">Jewish</a> tradition that dates from at least the 19th century is to write <i>plus</i> using the symbol <span class="nounderlines" style="border: 1px solid var(--border-color-muted,#ddd); color: var(--color-base,#202122); background-color: var( --background-color-neutral-subtle, #fdfdfd); padding: 1px 1px;">﬩</span>, to avoid the writing of a symbol <span class="nounderlines" style="border: 1px solid var(--border-color-muted,#ddd); color: var(--color-base,#202122); background-color: var( --background-color-neutral-subtle, #fdfdfd); padding: 1px 1px;">+</span> that could look like a <a href="/wiki/Christian_cross" title="Christian cross">Christian cross</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-JE_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JE-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-University_of_California_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-University_of_California-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This practice was adopted into <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israeli</a> schools and is still commonplace today in <a href="/wiki/Elementary_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Elementary school">elementary schools</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Secular" class="mw-redirect" title="Secular">secular</a> schools) but in fewer <a href="/wiki/Secondary_school" title="Secondary school">secondary schools</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-University_of_California_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-University_of_California-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also used occasionally in books by religious authors, but most books for adults use the international symbol <span class="nounderlines" style="border: 1px solid var(--border-color-muted,#ddd); color: var(--color-base,#202122); background-color: var( --background-color-neutral-subtle, #fdfdfd); padding: 1px 1px;">+</span>. <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> has this symbol at position <span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+FB29</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">﬩</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase; font-feature-settings: 'onum'">HEBREW LETTER ALTERNATIVE PLUS SIGN</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plus_and_minus_signs&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/En_dash" class="mw-redirect" title="En dash">En dash</a>, a dash that looks similar to the subtraction symbol but is used for different purposes</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_mathematical_symbols" title="Glossary of mathematical symbols">Glossary of mathematical symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E2%8A%95_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="⊕ (disambiguation)">⊕ (disambiguation)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plus_and_minus_signs&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">at least the early <a href="/wiki/Texas_Instruments" title="Texas Instruments">Texas Instruments</a> models, including the <a href="/wiki/TI-81" title="TI-81">TI-81</a> and <a href="/wiki/TI-82" title="TI-82">TI-82</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plus_and_minus_signs&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWeisstein" class="citation web cs1">Weisstein, Eric W. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathworld.wolfram.com/Subtraction.html">"Subtraction"</a>. <i>mathworld.wolfram.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200914175534/https://mathworld.wolfram.com/Subtraction.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-09-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-08-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mathworld.wolfram.com&rft.atitle=Subtraction&rft.aulast=Weisstein&rft.aufirst=Eric+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmathworld.wolfram.com%2FSubtraction.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlus+and+minus+signs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarpinski1917" class="citation journal cs1">Karpinski, Louis C. (1917). 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For Your Information. <i>Galaxy Science Fiction</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">57–</span>67.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Galaxy+Science+Fiction&rft.atitle=Symbolically+Speaking&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E57-%3C%2Fspan%3E67&rft.date=1965-04&rft.aulast=Ley&rft.aufirst=Willy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2FGalaxy_v23n04_1965-04%23page%2Fn57%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlus+and+minus+signs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStallings2000" class="citation journal cs1">Stallings, Lynn (May 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1949-8594.2000.tb17262.x">"A brief history of algebraic notation"</a>. <i>School Science and Mathematics</i>. <b>100</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">230–</span>235. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1949-8594.2000.tb17262.x">10.1111/j.1949-8594.2000.tb17262.x</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=School+Science+and+Mathematics&rft.atitle=A+brief+history+of+algebraic+notation&rft.volume=100&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E230-%3C%2Fspan%3E235&rft.date=2000-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1949-8594.2000.tb17262.x&rft.aulast=Stallings&rft.aufirst=Lynn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%2Fj.1949-8594.2000.tb17262.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlus+and+minus+signs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSangsterStonerMcCarthy2008" class="citation journal cs1">Sangster, Alan; Stoner, Greg; McCarthy, Patricia (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eprints.mdx.ac.uk/3201/1/final_final_proof_Market_paper_050308.pdf">"The market for Luca Pacioli's Summa Arithmetica"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Accounting Historians Journal</i>. <b>35</b> (1): 111–134 [p. 115]. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2308%2F0148-4184.35.1.111">10.2308/0148-4184.35.1.111</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:107010686">107010686</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180126012523/http://eprints.mdx.ac.uk/3201/1/final_final_proof_Market_paper_050308.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2018-01-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-04-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Accounting+Historians+Journal&rft.atitle=The+market+for+Luca+Pacioli%27s+Summa+Arithmetica&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=111-134+p.+115&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2308%2F0148-4184.35.1.111&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A107010686%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Sangster&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft.au=Stoner%2C+Greg&rft.au=McCarthy%2C+Patricia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feprints.mdx.ac.uk%2F3201%2F1%2Ffinal_final_proof_Market_paper_050308.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlus+and+minus+signs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCajori1928" class="citation book cs1">Cajori, Florian (1928). "Origin and meanings of the signs + and -". <a href="/wiki/A_History_of_Mathematical_Notations" title="A History of Mathematical Notations"><i>A History of Mathematical Notations, Vol. 1</i></a>. The Open Court Company, Publishers.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Origin+and+meanings+of+the+signs+%2B+and+-&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Mathematical+Notations%2C+Vol.+1&rft.pub=The+Open+Court+Company%2C+Publishers&rft.date=1928&rft.aulast=Cajori&rft.aufirst=Florian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlus+and+minus+signs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWrightNew2000" class="citation book cs1">Wright, D. Franklin; New, Bill D. (2000). <i>Intermediate Algebra</i> (4th ed.). Thomson Learning. p. 1. <q>The minus sign or bar, — , is thought to be derived from the habit of early scribes of using a bar to represent the letter m</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Intermediate+Algebra&rft.pages=1&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Thomson+Learning&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=D.+Franklin&rft.au=New%2C+Bill+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlus+and+minus+signs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-widmann1489-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-widmann1489_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-widmann1489_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWidmann1489" class="citation web cs1">Widmann, Johannes (1489). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/en/view/bsb00035102?page=176,177">"Behe[n]de vnd hubsche Rechenung auff allen kauffmanschafft"</a>. Leipzig : Konrad Kachelofen. p. 176. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220503161118/https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/en/view/bsb00035102?page=176,177">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-05-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-05-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Behe%5Bn%5Dde+vnd+hubsche+Rechenung+auff+allen+kauffmanschafft&rft.pages=176&rft.pub=Leipzig+%3A+Konrad+Kachelofen&rft.date=1489&rft.aulast=Widmann&rft.aufirst=Johannes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.digitale-sammlungen.de%2Fen%2Fview%2Fbsb00035102%3Fpage%3D176%2C177&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlus+and+minus+signs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-widmann1508-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-widmann1508_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-widmann1508_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWidmann1508" class="citation web cs1">Widmann, Johannes (1508). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/en/view/bsb00003523?page=122,123">"Behend vnd hüpsch Rechnung vff allen Kauffmanschafften"</a>. Kolophon: Gedruck zů Pfhortzheim von Thoman Anßhelm. p. 122. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220503161116/https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/en/view/bsb00003523?page=122,123">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-05-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-05-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Behend+vnd+h%C3%BCpsch+Rechnung+vff+allen+Kauffmanschafften&rft.pages=122&rft.pub=Kolophon%3A+Gedruck+z%C5%AF+Pfhortzheim+von+Thoman+An%C3%9Fhelm&rft.date=1508&rft.aulast=Widmann&rft.aufirst=Johannes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.digitale-sammlungen.de%2Fen%2Fview%2Fbsb00003523%3Fpage%3D122%2C123&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlus+and+minus+signs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OED-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-OED_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-plus" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=plus">"plus"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i> (Online ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=plus&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fsearch%2Fdictionary%2F%3Fq%3Dplus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlus+and+minus+signs" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1951" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Eugene_Smith" title="David Eugene Smith">Smith, D.E.</a> (1951). <i>History of Mathematics</i>. Vol. 1. Courier Dover Publications. pp. 258, 330. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0486204308" title="Special:BookSources/0486204308"><bdi>0486204308</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Mathematics&rft.pages=258%2C+330&rft.pub=Courier+Dover+Publications&rft.date=1951&rft.isbn=0486204308&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=D.E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlus+and+minus+signs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jeff560.tripod.com/operation.html">"Earliest Uses of Symbols of Operation"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220429221229/https://jeff560.tripod.com/operation.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-04-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-05-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Earliest+Uses+of+Symbols+of+Operation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjeff560.tripod.com%2Foperation.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlus+and+minus+signs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCajori2007" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Florian_Cajori" title="Florian Cajori">Cajori, Florian</a> (2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rhEh8jPGQOcC&pg=PA164"><i>A History of Mathematical Notations</i></a>, Cosimo, p. 164, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781602066847" title="Special:BookSources/9781602066847"><bdi>9781602066847</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Mathematical+Notations&rft.pages=164&rft.pub=Cosimo&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9781602066847&rft.aulast=Cajori&rft.aufirst=Florian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrhEh8jPGQOcC%26pg%3DPA164&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlus+and+minus+signs" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fraleigh-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fraleigh_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFraleigh1989" class="citation book cs1">Fraleigh, John B. 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United States: <a href="/wiki/Addison-Wesley" title="Addison-Wesley">Addison-Wesley</a>. p. 52. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-201-52821-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-201-52821-5"><bdi>0-201-52821-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+First+Course+in+Abstract+Algebra&rft.place=United+States&rft.pages=52&rft.edition=4&rft.pub=Addison-Wesley&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-201-52821-5&rft.aulast=Fraleigh&rft.aufirst=John+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlus+and+minus+signs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenri_Picciotto1990" class="citation book cs1">Henri Picciotto (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nzukMBV6ReoC&pg=PA9"><i>The Algebra Lab</i></a>. Creative Publications. p. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88488-964-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88488-964-9"><bdi>978-0-88488-964-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Algebra+Lab&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Creative+Publications&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-88488-964-9&rft.au=Henri+Picciotto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnzukMBV6ReoC%26pg%3DPA9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlus+and+minus+signs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mathsisfun.com/numbers/subtraction.html">"Subtraction"</a>. <i>www.mathsisfun.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200812221028/https://mathsisfun.com/numbers/subtraction.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-08-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-08-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.mathsisfun.com&rft.atitle=Subtraction&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mathsisfun.com%2Fnumbers%2Fsubtraction.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlus+and+minus+signs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwartzman1994" class="citation book cs1">Schwartzman, Steven (1994). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/wordsmathematics00schw_590"><i>The words of mathematics</i></a></span>. The Mathematical Association of America. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/wordsmathematics00schw_590/page/n142">136</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780883855119" title="Special:BookSources/9780883855119"><bdi>9780883855119</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+words+of+mathematics&rft.pages=136&rft.pub=The+Mathematical+Association+of+America&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9780883855119&rft.aulast=Schwartzman&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwordsmathematics00schw_590&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlus+and+minus+signs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWheeler2001" class="citation book cs1">Wheeler, Ruric E. (2001). <i>Modern Mathematics</i> (11 ed.). p. 171.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Mathematics&rft.pages=171&rft.edition=11&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Wheeler&rft.aufirst=Ruric+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlus+and+minus+signs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090811090433/http://office.microsoft.com/en-us/excel/HP100788861033.aspx">"Microsoft Office Excel Calculation operators and precedence"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://office.microsoft.com/en-us/excel/HP100788861033.aspx">the original</a> on 2009-08-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-07-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Microsoft+Office+Excel+Calculation+operators+and+precedence&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foffice.microsoft.com%2Fen-us%2Fexcel%2FHP100788861033.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlus+and+minus+signs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaskillLopez1978" class="citation journal cs1">Gaskill, H.S.; Lopez, Robert J. (May 1978). "Let's bring back subtraction". <i>International Journal of Mathematical Education in Science and Technology</i>. <b>9</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">221–</span>229. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0020739780090211">10.1080/0020739780090211</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Mathematical+Education+in+Science+and+Technology&rft.atitle=Let%27s+bring+back+subtraction&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E221-%3C%2Fspan%3E229&rft.date=1978-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F0020739780090211&rft.aulast=Gaskill&rft.aufirst=H.S.&rft.au=Lopez%2C+Robert+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlus+and+minus+signs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCastledineClose2009" class="citation book cs1">Castledine, George; Close, Ann (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=R6icAwAAQBAJ&pg=PR17"><i>Oxford Handbook of Adult Nursing</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. xvii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780191039676" title="Special:BookSources/9780191039676"><bdi>9780191039676</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oxford+Handbook+of+Adult+Nursing&rft.pages=xvii&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780191039676&rft.aulast=Castledine&rft.aufirst=George&rft.au=Close%2C+Ann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DR6icAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPR17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlus+and+minus+signs" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itu.int/rec/dologin_pub.asp?lang=e&id=T-REC-E.123-200102-I!!PDF-E&type=items">"Recommendation E.123: Notation for national and international telephone numbers, e-mail addresses and Web addresses"</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Telecommunication_Union" title="International Telecommunication Union">International Telecommunication Union</a>. 2001. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210505171816/https://www.itu.int/rec/dologin_pub.asp?lang=e&id=T-REC-E.123-200102-I!!PDF-E&type=items">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-05-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-03-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Recommendation+E.123%3A+Notation+for+national+and+international+telephone+numbers%2C+e-mail+addresses+and+Web+addresses&rft.pub=International+Telecommunication+Union&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.itu.int%2Frec%2Fdologin_pub.asp%3Flang%3De%26id%3DT-REC-E.123-200102-I%21%21PDF-E%26type%3Ditems&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlus+and+minus+signs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hartell, Rhonda L., ed. (1993), <i>The Alphabets of Africa</i>. Dakar: UNESCO and SIL.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBiglow2001" class="citation thesis cs1">Biglow, Brad Morris (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.fscj.edu/brad.biglow/2001dissertationmaster%28encrypted%29.pdf#page=284"><i>Ethno-Nationalist Politics and Cultural Preservation: Education and Bordered Identities Among the Wixaritari (Huichol) of Tateikita, Jalisco, Mexico</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (PhD). University of Florida. p. 284. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210602214404/http://web.fscj.edu/brad.biglow/2001dissertationmaster(encrypted).pdf#page=284">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2021-06-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-05-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Ethno-Nationalist+Politics+and+Cultural+Preservation%3A+Education+and+Bordered+Identities+Among+the+Wixaritari+%28Huichol%29+of+Tateikita%2C+Jalisco%2C+Mexico&rft.inst=University+of+Florida&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Biglow&rft.aufirst=Brad+Morris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.fscj.edu%2Fbrad.biglow%2F2001dissertationmaster%2528encrypted%2529.pdf%23page%3D284&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlus+and+minus+signs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"6. Writing Systems and Punctuation". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode10.0.0/ch06.pdf#G7935"><i>The Unicode Standard: Version 10.0 – Core Specification</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Unicode Consortium. June 2017. p. 280, Obelus. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211004201415/https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode10.0.0/ch06.pdf#G7935">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2021-10-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-04-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=6.+Writing+Systems+and+Punctuation&rft.btitle=The+Unicode+Standard%3A+Version+10.0+%E2%80%93+Core+Specification&rft.pages=280%2C+Obelus&rft.pub=Unicode+Consortium&rft.date=2017-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2Fversions%2FUnicode10.0.0%2Fch06.pdf%23G7935&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlus+and+minus+signs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKorpela2006" class="citation book cs1">Korpela, Jukka K. (2006). <i>Unicode explained</i>. O'Reilly. p. 382. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-596-10121-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-596-10121-3"><bdi>978-0-596-10121-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unicode+explained&rft.pages=382&rft.pub=O%27Reilly&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-596-10121-3&rft.aulast=Korpela&rft.aufirst=Jukka+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlus+and+minus+signs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode1.0.0/ch03_1.pdf">"3.1 General scripts"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Unicode Version 1.0 · Character Blocks</i>. p. 30. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211121032137/http://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode1.0.0/ch03_1.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 21 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 December</span> 2021</span>. <q><b>Loose vs. Precise Semantics.</b> Some ASCII characters have multiple uses, either through ambiguity in the original standards or through accumulated reinterpretations of a limited codeset. For example, 27 hex is defined in ANSI X3.4 as apostrophe (closing single quotation mark; acute accent), and 2D hex as hyphen minus. In general, the Unicode standard provides the same interpretation for the equivalent code values, without adding to or subtracting from their semantics. The Unicode standard supplies unambiguous codes elsewhere for the most useful particular interpretations of these ASCII values; the corresponding unambiguous characters are cross-referenced in the character names list for this block. In a few cases, the Unicode standard indicates the generic interpretation of an ASCII code in the name of the corresponding Unicode character, for example U+0027 is APOSTROPHE-QUOTE'.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=3.1+General+scripts&rft.btitle=Unicode+Version+1.0+%C2%B7+Character+Blocks&rft.pages=30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2Fversions%2FUnicode1.0.0%2Fch03_1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlus+and+minus+signs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/Legacy/FIPS/fipspub1-2-1977.pdf">"American National Standard X3.4-1977: American Standard Code for Information Interchange"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. National Institute of Standards and Technology. p. 10 (4.2 Graphic characters). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/Legacy/FIPS/fipspub1-2-1977.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 9 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=American+National+Standard+X3.4-1977%3A+American+Standard+Code+for+Information+Interchange&rft.pages=10+%284.2+Graphic+characters%29&rft.pub=National+Institute+of+Standards+and+Technology&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnvlpubs.nist.gov%2Fnistpubs%2FLegacy%2FFIPS%2Ffipspub1-2-1977.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlus+and+minus+signs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JE-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JE_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaufmann_Kohler1901–1906" class="citation book cs1">Kaufmann Kohler (1901–1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/4776-cross">"Cross"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_Adler" title="Cyrus Adler">Cyrus Adler</a>; et al. (eds.). <i>Jewish Encyclopedia</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170106145502/http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/4776-cross">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-01-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-02-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cross&rft.btitle=Jewish+Encyclopedia&rft.date=1901%2F1906&rft.au=Kaufmann+Kohler&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishencyclopedia.com%2Farticles%2F4776-cross&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlus+and+minus+signs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-University_of_California-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-University_of_California_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-University_of_California_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=m8sWAAAAIAAJ&q=%22plus+sign+used+in+mathematics%22">Christian-Jewish Dialogue: Theological Foundations By Peter von der Osten-Sacken (1986 – Fortress Press)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230408085831/https://books.google.com/books?id=m8sWAAAAIAAJ&q=%22plus+sign+used+in+mathematics%22">Archived</a> 2023-04-08 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8006-0771-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8006-0771-6">0-8006-0771-6</a> "In Israel the plus sign used in mathematics is represented by a horizontal stroke with a vertical hook instead of the sign otherwise used all over the world, because the latter is reminiscent of a cross." (Page 96)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.decodeunicode.org/U+FB29">Unicode U+FB29 reference page</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090126222937/http://www.decodeunicode.org/U+FB29">Archived</a> 2009-01-26 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> This form of the plus sign is also used on the control buttons at individual seats on board the El Al Israel Airlines aircraft.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plus_and_minus_signs&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/24px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/32px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> The dictionary definition of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/plus_sign" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:plus sign"><i>plus sign</i></a> at Wiktionary</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/24px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/32px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> The dictionary definition of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/minus_sign" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:minus sign"><i>minus sign</i></a> at Wiktionary</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Common_punctuation_and_other_typographical_symbols450" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Navbox_punctuation" title="Template:Navbox punctuation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Navbox_punctuation" title="Template talk:Navbox punctuation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Navbox_punctuation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Navbox punctuation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Common_punctuation_and_other_typographical_symbols450" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Common <a href="/wiki/Punctuation" title="Punctuation">punctuation</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Typography" title="Typography">typographical</a> symbols</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;">   </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Space_(punctuation)" title="Space (punctuation)">space</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> , </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Comma" title="Comma">comma</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> : </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Colon_(punctuation)" title="Colon (punctuation)">colon</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ; </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Semicolon" title="Semicolon">semicolon</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ‐ </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Hyphen" title="Hyphen">hyphen</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ’ </span> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ' </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Apostrophe" title="Apostrophe">apostrophe</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ′ </span> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ″ </span> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ‴ </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Prime_(symbol)" title="Prime (symbol)">prime</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> . </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Full_stop" title="Full stop">full stop</a></span></span> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> & </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Ampersand" title="Ampersand">ampersand</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> @ </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/At_sign" title="At sign">at sign</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ^ </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Caret" title="Caret">caret</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> / </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Slash_(punctuation)" title="Slash (punctuation)">slash</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> \ </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Backslash" title="Backslash">backslash</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> … </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Ellipsis" title="Ellipsis">ellipsis</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> * </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Asterisk" title="Asterisk">asterisk</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ※ </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Reference_mark" title="Reference mark">Reference mark</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ⁂ </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Asterism_(typography)" title="Asterism (typography)">asterism</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> <span class="nowrap"> </span><span class="nowrap"> </span>*<span class="nowrap"> </span><span class="nowrap"> </span>*<span class="nowrap"> </span><span class="nowrap"> </span>*<span class="nowrap"> </span><span class="nowrap"> </span><span class="nowrap"> </span> </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Dinkus" title="Dinkus">dinkus</a></span></span> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> - </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Hyphen-minus" title="Hyphen-minus">hyphen-minus</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ‒ </span> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> – </span> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> — </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Dash" title="Dash">dash</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ⹀ </span> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ⸗ </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Double_hyphen" title="Double hyphen">double hyphen</a></span></span> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ? </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Question_mark" title="Question mark">question mark</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ! </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Exclamation_mark" title="Exclamation mark">exclamation mark</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ‽ </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Interrobang" title="Interrobang">interrobang</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ¡ </span> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ¿ </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Inverted_question_and_exclamation_marks" class="mw-redirect" title="Inverted question and exclamation marks">inverted ! and ?</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ⸮ </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Irony_punctuation" title="Irony punctuation">irony punctuation</a></span></span> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> # </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Number_sign" title="Number sign">number sign</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> № </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Numero_sign" title="Numero sign">numero sign</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> º </span> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ª </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Ordinal_indicator" title="Ordinal indicator">ordinal indicator</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> % </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Percent_sign" title="Percent sign">percent sign</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ‰ </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Per_mille" title="Per mille">per mille</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ‱ </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Basis_point" title="Basis point">basis point</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ° </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Degree_symbol" title="Degree symbol">degree symbol</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ⌀ </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Diameter#Symbol" title="Diameter">diameter sign</a></span></span> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> + </span> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> − </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">plus and minus signs</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> × </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Multiplication_sign" title="Multiplication sign">multiplication sign</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ÷ </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Division_sign" title="Division sign">division sign</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ~ </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Tilde" title="Tilde">tilde</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ± </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Plus%E2%80%93minus_sign" title="Plus–minus sign">plus–minus sign</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ∓ </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Minus-plus_sign" class="mw-redirect" title="Minus-plus sign">minus-plus sign</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> √ </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Radical_symbol" title="Radical symbol">radical symbol</a></span></span> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> _ </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Underscore" title="Underscore">underscore</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> <span style="position: relative; top: 0.25em;">⁀</span> </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Tie_(typography)" title="Tie (typography)">tie</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> | </span> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ¦ </span> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ‖ </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Vertical_bar" title="Vertical bar">vertical bar</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> • </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Bullet_(typography)" title="Bullet (typography)">bullet</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> · </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Interpunct" title="Interpunct">interpunct</a></span></span> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> © </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Copyright_symbol" title="Copyright symbol">copyright symbol</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ℗ </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Sound_recording_copyright_symbol" title="Sound recording copyright symbol">sound recording copyright</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ® </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Registered_trademark_symbol" title="Registered trademark symbol">registered trademark</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> <sup><span style="font-size:85%">SM</span></sup> </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Service_mark_symbol" title="Service mark symbol">service mark symbol</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> <sup><span style="font-size:85%">TM</span></sup> </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Trademark_symbol" title="Trademark symbol">trademark symbol</a></span></span> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ‘ ’ </span> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> “ ” </span> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ' ' </span> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> " " </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Quotation_mark" title="Quotation mark">quotation mark</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ‹ › </span> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> « » </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Guillemet" title="Guillemet">guillemet</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ( ) </span> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> [ ] </span> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> { } </span> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ⟨ ⟩ </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Bracket" title="Bracket">bracket</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ” </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Ditto_mark" title="Ditto mark">ditto mark</a></span></span> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> † </span> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ‡ </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Dagger_(mark)" title="Dagger (mark)">dagger</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ❧ </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Fleuron_(typography)" title="Fleuron (typography)">fleuron</a> (hedera, aldus)</span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ☞ </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Manicule" title="Manicule">manicule</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ◊ </span> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ⌑ </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Lozenge_(shape)" title="Lozenge (shape)">lozenge</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ¶ </span> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ⸿ </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Pilcrow" title="Pilcrow">pilcrow</a> (paragraph mark)</span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> § </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Section_sign" title="Section sign">section mark</a></span></span> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_typographical_symbols_and_punctuation_marks" title="List of typographical symbols and punctuation marks">Version of this table as a sortable list</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Currency_symbol" title="Currency symbol">Currency symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">Diacritics</a> (accents)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_logic_symbols" title="List of logic symbols">Logic symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mathematical_symbols" class="mw-redirect" title="List of mathematical symbols">Math symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitespace_character" title="Whitespace character">Whitespace</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_punctuation" title="Chinese punctuation">Chinese punctuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_punctuation" title="Hebrew punctuation">Hebrew punctuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_punctuation" title="Japanese 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