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href="#Object_storage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Object storage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Object_storage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Static_storage_duration_objects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Static_storage_duration_objects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.1 Static storage duration objects </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Static_storage_duration_objects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thread_storage_duration_objects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thread_storage_duration_objects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.2 Thread storage duration objects </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thread_storage_duration_objects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Automatic_storage_duration_objects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Automatic_storage_duration_objects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.3 Automatic storage duration objects </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Automatic_storage_duration_objects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dynamic_storage_duration_objects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dynamic_storage_duration_objects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.4 Dynamic storage duration objects </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dynamic_storage_duration_objects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Templates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Templates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Templates </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Templates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Objects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Objects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Objects </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Objects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Encapsulation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Encapsulation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.1 Encapsulation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Encapsulation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inheritance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inheritance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.2 Inheritance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inheritance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Operators_and_operator_overloading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operators_and_operator_overloading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Operators and operator overloading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Operators_and_operator_overloading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Polymorphism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Polymorphism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Polymorphism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Polymorphism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Static_polymorphism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Static_polymorphism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.1 Static polymorphism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Static_polymorphism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dynamic_polymorphism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dynamic_polymorphism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.2 Dynamic polymorphism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dynamic_polymorphism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Inheritance_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inheritance_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.2.1 Inheritance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inheritance_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Virtual_member_functions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Virtual_member_functions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.2.2 Virtual member functions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Virtual_member_functions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lambda_expressions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lambda_expressions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Lambda expressions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lambda_expressions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exception_handling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exception_handling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 Exception handling </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exception_handling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Enumerated_types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Enumerated_types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8 Enumerated types </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Enumerated_types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Standard_library" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Standard_library"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Standard library </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Standard_library-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-C++_Core_Guidelines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#C++_Core_Guidelines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 C++ Core Guidelines </div> </a> <ul id="toc-C++_Core_Guidelines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Compatibility" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compatibility"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Compatibility </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Compatibility-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Compatibility subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Compatibility-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-With_C" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#With_C"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 With C </div> </a> <ul id="toc-With_C-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Footnotes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">C++</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 109 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-109" aria-hidden="true" > 109 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++ – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="C++" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%2B%2B" title="سي++ – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سي++" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++ – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="C++" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%2B%2B" title="চি++ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="চি++" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++ – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="C++" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++ – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="C++" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%2B%2B" title="سی++ – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="سی++" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%2B%2B" title="সি++ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সি++" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++ – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="C++" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++ – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="C++" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++ – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="C++" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++ – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="C++" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%2B" title="C+ – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="C+" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++ – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="C++" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++ – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="C++" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++ – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="C++" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++ – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="C++" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++ – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="C++" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++ – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="C++" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++ – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="C++" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++ – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="C++" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="C++" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++ – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="C++" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++ – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="C++" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++ – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="C++" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="C++" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++ – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="C++" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++ – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="C++" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++ – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="C++" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++ – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="C++" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%2B%2B(%E0%AA%AA%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%97%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%97_%E0%AA%AD%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B7%E0%AA%BE)" title="C++(પ્રોગ્રામિંગ ભાષા) – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="C++(પ્રોગ્રામિંગ ભાષા)" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++ – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="C++" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++ – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="C++" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="C++" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%2B%2B" title="सी++ – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सी++" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++ – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="C++" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++ – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="C++" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++ – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="C++" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++ – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="C++" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++ – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="C++" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++ – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="C++" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++ – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="C++" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++ – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="C++" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BF%2B%2B" title="ಸಿ++ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸಿ++" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++ – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="C++" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++ – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="C++" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++ – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="C++" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++ – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="C++" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++ – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="C++" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++ – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="C++" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++ – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="C++" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++ – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="C++" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++ – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="C++" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++ – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="C++" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++ – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="C++" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%2B%2B" title="സി++ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സി++" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B8_(%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE)" title="सी प्लस प्लस (आज्ञावली भाषा) – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="सी प्लस प्लस (आज्ञावली भाषा)" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%89%2B%2B" title="سى++ – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="سى++" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++ – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="C++" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++ – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="C++" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++ – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="C++" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="C++" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++ – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="C++" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Na Vosa Vakaviti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++ – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="C++" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%2B%2B" title="सी++ – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="सी++" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="C++" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++ – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="C++" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++ – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="C++" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++ – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="C++" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++ – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="C++" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%80%2B%2B" title="ਸੀ++ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸੀ++" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++ – Palatine German" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="C++" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="Palatine German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pälzisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%2B%2B" title="سی++ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سی++" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++ – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="C++" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++ – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="C++" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++ – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="C++" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++ – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="C++" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++ – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="C++" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++ – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="C++" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++ – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="C++" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++ – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="C++" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++ – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="C++" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++ – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="C++" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++ – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="C++" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++ – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="C++" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%2B%2B" title="سی++ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="سی++" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++ – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="C++" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++ – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="C++" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++ – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="C++" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++ – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="C++" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%2B%2B" title="சி++ – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சி++" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++ – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="C++" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%80_%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D" title="సీ ప్లస్ ప్లస్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="సీ ప్లస్ ప్లస్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA" title="ภาษาซีพลัสพลัส – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษาซีพลัสพลัส" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="C++" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++ – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="C++" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%2B%2B_programmirleme" title="C++ programmirleme – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="C++ programmirleme" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bug mw-list-item"><a href="https://bug.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++ – Buginese" lang="bug" hreflang="bug" data-title="C++" data-language-autonym="Basa Ugi" data-language-local-name="Buginese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Ugi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++ – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="C++" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%2B%2B" title="سی++ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سی++" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++ – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="C++" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%99%E5%8A%A0%E5%8A%A0" title="丙加加 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="丙加加" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++ – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="C++" data-language-autonym="Winaray" 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.infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">C++</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:ISO_C%2B%2B_Logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/ISO_C%2B%2B_Logo.svg/120px-ISO_C%2B%2B_Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/ISO_C%2B%2B_Logo.svg/180px-ISO_C%2B%2B_Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/ISO_C%2B%2B_Logo.svg/240px-ISO_C%2B%2B_Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="306" data-file-height="344" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Logo endorsed by the C++ standards committee</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Programming_paradigm" title="Programming paradigm">Paradigms</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Multi-paradigm_programming_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Multi-paradigm programming language">Multi-paradigm</a>: <a href="/wiki/Procedural_programming" title="Procedural programming">procedural</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imperative_programming" title="Imperative programming">imperative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Functional_programming" title="Functional programming">functional</a>, <a href="/wiki/Object-oriented_programming" title="Object-oriented programming">object-oriented</a>, <a href="/wiki/Generic_programming" title="Generic programming">generic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Modular_programming" title="Modular programming">modular</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Family</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Software_design" title="Software design">Designed by</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bjarne_Stroustrup" title="Bjarne Stroustrup">Bjarne Stroustrup</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Software_developer" class="mw-redirect" title="Software developer">Developer</a></th><td class="infobox-data organiser"><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_JTC_1/SC_22" title="ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 22">ISO/IEC JTC 1 (Joint Technical Committee 1) / SC 22 (Subcommittee 22)</a> / WG 21 (Working Group 21)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">First appeared</th><td class="infobox-data">1985; 39 years ago (1985)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_release_life_cycle" title="Software release life cycle">Stable release</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="margin:0px;"><a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B23" title="C++23">C++23</a> (ISO/IEC 14882:2024) / 19 October 2024; 34 days ago (2024-10-19)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_release_life_cycle#Beta" title="Software release life cycle">Preview release</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="margin:0px;"><a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B26" title="C++26">C++26</a> / 16 October 2024; 37 days ago (2024-10-16)</div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Type_system" title="Type system">Typing discipline</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Static_type" class="mw-redirect" title="Static type">Static</a>, <a href="/wiki/Strong_and_weak_typing" title="Strong and weak typing">strong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nominal_type_system" title="Nominal type system">nominative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Type_inference" title="Type inference">partially inferred</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">OS</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cross-platform" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross-platform">Cross-platform</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Filename_extension" title="Filename extension">Filename extensions</a></th><td class="infobox-data">.C, .cc, .cpp, .cxx, .c++, .h, .H, .hh, .hpp, .hxx, .h++ .cppm, .ixx<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isocpp.org/">isocpp.org</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">Major <a href="/wiki/Programming_language_implementation" title="Programming language implementation">implementations</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/GNU_Compiler_Collection" title="GNU Compiler Collection">GCC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clang" title="Clang">LLVM Clang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Visual_C%2B%2B" title="Microsoft Visual C++">Microsoft Visual C++</a>, <a href="/wiki/C%2B%2BBuilder" title="C++Builder">Embarcadero C++Builder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intel_C%2B%2B_Compiler" title="Intel C++ Compiler">Intel C++ Compiler</a>, <a href="/wiki/IBM_XL_C%2B%2B" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM XL C++">IBM XL C++</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edison_Design_Group" title="Edison Design Group">EDG</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">Influenced by</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Ada_(programming_language)" title="Ada (programming language)">Ada</a>, <a href="/wiki/ALGOL_68" title="ALGOL 68">ALGOL 68</a>,<a href="#cite_note-history-cpp-paper-2">[2]</a> <a href="/wiki/BCPL" title="BCPL">BCPL</a>,<a href="#cite_note-cppcon21_bj-3">[3]</a> <a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a>, <a href="/wiki/CLU_(programming_language)" title="CLU (programming language)">CLU</a>,<a href="#cite_note-history-cpp-paper-2">[2]</a> <a href="/wiki/F_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="F Sharp (programming language)">F#</a>,<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[note 1]</a> <a href="/wiki/ML_(programming_language)" title="ML (programming language)">ML</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mesa_(programming_language)" title="Mesa (programming language)">Mesa</a>,<a href="#cite_note-history-cpp-paper-2">[2]</a> <a href="/wiki/Modula-2" title="Modula-2">Modula-2</a>,<a href="#cite_note-history-cpp-paper-2">[2]</a> <a href="/wiki/Simula" title="Simula">Simula</a>, <a href="/wiki/Smalltalk" title="Smalltalk">Smalltalk</a><a href="#cite_note-history-cpp-paper-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">Influenced</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Ada_(programming_language)" title="Ada (programming language)">Ada 95</a>, <a href="/wiki/C_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="C Sharp (programming language)">C#</a>,<a href="#cite_note-influenceSharp-6">[5]</a> <a href="/wiki/C99" title="C99">C99</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carbon_(programming_language)" title="Carbon (programming language)">Carbon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chapel_(programming_language)" title="Chapel (programming language)">Chapel</a>,<a href="#cite_note-chplspec-7">[6]</a> <a href="/wiki/Clojure" title="Clojure">Clojure</a>,<a href="#cite_note-8">[7]</a> <a href="/wiki/D_(programming_language)" title="D (programming language)">D</a>, <a href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a>,<a href="#cite_note-9">[8]</a> <a href="/wiki/JS%2B%2B" title="JS++">JS++</a>,<a href="#cite_note-10">[9]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lua_(programming_language)" title="Lua (programming language)">Lua</a>,<a href="#cite_note-11">[10]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nim_(programming_language)" title="Nim (programming language)">Nim</a>,<a href="#cite_note-12">[11]</a> <a href="/wiki/Objective-C%2B%2B" class="mw-redirect" title="Objective-C++">Objective-C++</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perl" title="Perl">Perl</a>, <a href="/wiki/PHP" title="PHP">PHP</a>, <a href="/wiki/Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a>,<a href="#cite_note-13">[12]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rust_(programming_language)" title="Rust (programming language)">Rust</a>,<a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a> <a href="/wiki/Seed7" title="Seed7">Seed7</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below hlist" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa; padding-top: 3px;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/16px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/24px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/32px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a> <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/C%2B%2B_Programming" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:C++ Programming">C++ Programming</a> at Wikibooks</li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> C++ (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈsiː plʌs plʌs/</a>, pronounced "C plus plus" and sometimes abbreviated as CPP) is a <a href="/wiki/High-level_programming_language" title="High-level programming language">high-level</a>, <a href="/wiki/General-purpose_programming_language" title="General-purpose programming language">general-purpose programming language</a> created by Danish computer scientist <a href="/wiki/Bjarne_Stroustrup" title="Bjarne Stroustrup">Bjarne Stroustrup</a>. First released in 1985 as an extension of the <a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C programming language</a>, it has since expanded significantly over time; as of 1997<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=C%2B%2B&action=edit">[update]</a>, C++ has <a href="/wiki/Object-oriented_programming" title="Object-oriented programming">object-oriented</a>, <a href="/wiki/Generic_programming" title="Generic programming">generic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Functional_programming" title="Functional programming">functional</a> features, in addition to facilities for <a href="/wiki/Low-level_programming_language" title="Low-level programming language">low-level</a> <a href="/wiki/Memory_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Memory (computing)">memory</a> manipulation for systems like <a href="/wiki/Microcomputer" title="Microcomputer">microcomputers</a> or to make operating systems like <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a> or <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Windows</a>. It is usually implemented as a <a href="/wiki/Compiled_language" title="Compiled language">compiled language</a>, and many vendors provide <a href="/wiki/List_of_compilers#C.2B.2B_compilers" title="List of compilers">C++ compilers</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation" title="Free Software Foundation">Free Software Foundation</a>, <a href="/wiki/LLVM" title="LLVM">LLVM</a>, <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intel" title="Intel">Intel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Embarcadero_Technologies" title="Embarcadero Technologies">Embarcadero</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oracle_Developer_Studio" title="Oracle Developer Studio">Oracle</a>, and <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a>.<a href="#cite_note-stroustruptcpppl-15">[14]</a> C++ was designed with <a href="/wiki/Systems_programming" title="Systems programming">systems programming</a> and <a href="/wiki/Embedded_software" title="Embedded software">embedded</a>, resource-constrained software and large systems in mind, with <a href="/wiki/Performance_(software)" class="mw-redirect" title="Performance (software)">performance</a>, efficiency, and flexibility of use as its design highlights.<a href="#cite_note-Stroustrup1-16">[15]</a> C++ has also been found useful in many other contexts, with key strengths being software infrastructure and resource-constrained applications,<a href="#cite_note-Stroustrup1-16">[15]</a> including <a href="/wiki/Application_software" title="Application software">desktop applications</a>, <a href="/wiki/Video_game_development" title="Video game development">video games</a>, <a href="/wiki/Server_(computing)" title="Server (computing)">servers</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/E-commerce" title="E-commerce">e-commerce</a>, <a href="/wiki/Web_search_engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Web search engine">web search</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Database" title="Database">databases</a>), and performance-critical applications (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Telephone_switches" class="mw-redirect" title="Telephone switches">telephone switches</a> or <a href="/wiki/Space_probes" class="mw-redirect" title="Space probes">space probes</a>).<a href="#cite_note-applications-17">[16]</a> C++ is standardized by the <a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">International Organization for Standardization</a> (ISO), with the latest standard version ratified and published by ISO in October 2024 as ISO/IEC 14882:2024 (informally known as <a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B23" title="C++23">C++23</a>).<a href="#cite_note-isocpp2024-18">[17]</a> The C++ programming language was initially standardized in 1998 as ISO/IEC 14882:1998, which was then amended by the <a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B03" title="C++03">C++03</a>, <a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B11" title="C++11">C++11</a>, <a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B14" title="C++14">C++14</a>, <a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B17" title="C++17">C++17</a>, and <a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B20" title="C++20">C++20</a> standards. The current <a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B23" title="C++23">C++23</a> standard supersedes these with new features and an enlarged <a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B_Standard_library" class="mw-redirect" title="C++ Standard library">standard library</a>. Before the initial standardization in 1998, C++ was developed by Stroustrup at <a href="/wiki/Bell_Labs" title="Bell Labs">Bell Labs</a> since 1979 as an extension of the C language; he wanted an efficient and flexible language similar to C that also provided <a href="/wiki/High-level_programming_language" title="High-level programming language">high-level features</a> for program organization.<a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a> Since 2012, C++ has been on a three-year release schedule<a href="#cite_note-20">[19]</a> with <a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B26" title="C++26">C++26</a> as the next planned standard.<a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a> Despite its widespread adoption, some notable programmers have <a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_C%2B%2B" title="Criticism of C++">criticized the C++ language</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Linus_Torvalds" title="Linus Torvalds">Linus Torvalds</a>,<a href="#cite_note-torvalds-22">[21]</a> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Stallman" title="Richard Stallman">Richard Stallman</a>,<a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a> <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Bloch" title="Joshua Bloch">Joshua Bloch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ken_Thompson" title="Ken Thompson">Ken Thompson</a>,<a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-Seibel2009-25">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-gigamonkeysWordpress-26">[25]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Donald_Knuth" title="Donald Knuth">Donald Knuth</a>.<a href="#cite_note-dobbsKnuth-27">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-knuth1993-28">[27]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=C%2B%2B&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BjarneStroustrup.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/BjarneStroustrup.jpg/220px-BjarneStroustrup.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/BjarneStroustrup.jpg/330px-BjarneStroustrup.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/BjarneStroustrup.jpg 2x" data-file-width="432" data-file-height="324" /></a><figcaption>Bjarne Stroustrup, the creator of C++, in his AT&T New Jersey office, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2000</figcaption></figure> In 1979, <a href="/wiki/Bjarne_Stroustrup" title="Bjarne Stroustrup">Bjarne Stroustrup</a>, a Danish <a href="/wiki/Computer_scientist" title="Computer scientist">computer scientist</a>, began work on "<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238216509">.mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#b1d2ff}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}</style>C with <a href="/wiki/Class_(computer_programming)" title="Class (computer programming)">Classes</a>", the predecessor to C++.<a href="#cite_note-invention3-29">[28]</a> The motivation for creating a new language originated from Stroustrup's experience in programming for his PhD thesis. Stroustrup found that <a href="/wiki/Simula" title="Simula">Simula</a> had features that were very helpful for large software development, but the language was too slow for practical use, while <a href="/wiki/BCPL" title="BCPL">BCPL</a> was fast but too low-level to be suitable for large software development. When Stroustrup started working in <a href="/wiki/AT%26T_Bell_Labs" class="mw-redirect" title="AT&T Bell Labs">AT&T Bell Labs</a>, he had the problem of analyzing the <a href="/wiki/Unix" title="Unix">UNIX</a> <a href="/wiki/Kernel_(operating_system)" title="Kernel (operating system)">kernel</a> with respect to <a href="/wiki/Distributed_computing" title="Distributed computing">distributed computing</a>. Remembering his PhD experience, Stroustrup set out to enhance the <a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a> language with <a href="/wiki/Simula" title="Simula">Simula</a>-like features.<a href="#cite_note-evolving-30">[29]</a> C was chosen because it was general-purpose, fast, portable, and widely used. In addition to C and Simula's influences, other languages influenced this new language, including <a href="/wiki/ALGOL_68" title="ALGOL 68">ALGOL 68</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ada_(programming_language)" title="Ada (programming language)">Ada</a>, <a href="/wiki/CLU_(programming_language)" title="CLU (programming language)">CLU</a>, and <a href="/wiki/ML_(programming_language)" title="ML (programming language)">ML</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Initially, Stroustrup's "C with Classes" added features to the C compiler, Cpre, including <a href="/wiki/Class_(computer_programming)" title="Class (computer programming)">classes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Derived_class" class="mw-redirect" title="Derived class">derived classes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Strong_and_weak_typing" title="Strong and weak typing">strong typing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inlining" class="mw-redirect" title="Inlining">inlining</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Default_argument" title="Default argument">default arguments</a>.<a href="#cite_note-hopl2-31">[30]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:20160121_CppFRUG_Joel_Falcou_CppQuiz_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/20160121_CppFRUG_Joel_Falcou_CppQuiz_3.jpg/220px-20160121_CppFRUG_Joel_Falcou_CppQuiz_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/20160121_CppFRUG_Joel_Falcou_CppQuiz_3.jpg/330px-20160121_CppFRUG_Joel_Falcou_CppQuiz_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/20160121_CppFRUG_Joel_Falcou_CppQuiz_3.jpg/440px-20160121_CppFRUG_Joel_Falcou_CppQuiz_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1247" /></a><figcaption>A quiz on C++11 features being given in Paris in 2015</figcaption></figure> In 1982, Stroustrup started to develop a successor to C with Classes, which he named "C++" (<code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-c++ mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr">++</code> being the <a href="/wiki/Increment_operator" class="mw-redirect" title="Increment operator">increment operator</a> in C) after going through several other names. New features were added, including <a href="/wiki/Virtual_function" title="Virtual function">virtual functions</a>, function name and <a href="/wiki/Operator_overloading" title="Operator overloading">operator overloading</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reference_(C%2B%2B)" title="Reference (C++)">references</a>, constants, type-safe free-store memory allocation (new/delete), improved type checking, and BCPL-style single-line comments with two forward slashes (<code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-c++ mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr">//</code>). Furthermore, Stroustrup developed a new, standalone compiler for C++, <a href="/wiki/Cfront" title="Cfront">Cfront</a>. In 1984, Stroustrup implemented the first stream input/output library. The idea of providing an output operator rather than a named output function was suggested by <a href="/wiki/Douglas_McIlroy" title="Douglas McIlroy">Doug McIlroy</a><a href="#cite_note-history-cpp-paper-2">[2]</a> (who had previously suggested <a href="/wiki/Pipeline_(Unix)" title="Pipeline (Unix)">Unix pipes</a>). In 1985, the first edition of <a href="/wiki/The_C%2B%2B_Programming_Language" title="The C++ Programming Language">The C++ Programming Language</a> was released, which became the definitive reference for the language, as there was not yet an official standard.<a href="#cite_note-1st-edition3-32">[31]</a> The first commercial implementation of C++ was released in October of the same year.<a href="#cite_note-invention3-29">[28]</a> In 1989, C++ 2.0 was released, followed by the updated second edition of The C++ Programming Language in 1991.<a href="#cite_note-2nd-edition3-33">[32]</a> New features in 2.0 included multiple inheritance, abstract classes, static member functions, <a href="/wiki/Const_correctness" class="mw-redirect" title="Const correctness">const member functions</a>, and protected members. In 1990, The Annotated C++ Reference Manual was published. This work became the basis for the future standard. Later feature additions included <a href="/wiki/Template_(programming)" class="mw-redirect" title="Template (programming)">templates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Exception_handling" title="Exception handling">exceptions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Namespaces" class="mw-redirect" title="Namespaces">namespaces</a>, new <a href="/wiki/Cast_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cast (computer science)">casts</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/Boolean_type" class="mw-redirect" title="Boolean type">Boolean type</a>. In 1998, C++98 was released, standardizing the language, and a minor update (<a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B03" title="C++03">C++03</a>) was released in 2003. After C++98, C++ evolved relatively slowly until, in 2011, the <a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B11" title="C++11">C++11</a> standard was released, adding numerous new features, enlarging the standard library further, and providing more facilities to C++ programmers. After a minor <a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B14" title="C++14">C++14</a> update released in December 2014, various new additions were introduced in <a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B17" title="C++17">C++17</a>.<a href="#cite_note-herbsutter.com-34">[33]</a> After becoming finalized in February 2020,<a href="#cite_note-35">[34]</a> a draft of the C++20 standard was approved on 4 September 2020, and officially published on 15 December 2020.<a href="#cite_note-36">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[36]</a> On January 3, 2018, Stroustrup was announced as the 2018 winner of the <a href="/wiki/Charles_Stark_Draper_Prize" title="Charles Stark Draper Prize">Charles Stark Draper Prize</a> for Engineering, "for conceptualizing and developing the C++ programming language".<a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a> In December 2022, C++ ranked third on the <a href="/wiki/TIOBE_index" title="TIOBE index">TIOBE index</a>, surpassing <a href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a> for the first time in the history of the index. As of November 2024<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=C%2B%2B&action=edit">[update]</a>, the language ranks second after <a href="/wiki/Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a>, with Java being in third.<a href="#cite_note-39">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology">Etymology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=C%2B%2B&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</div> According to Stroustrup, "the name signifies the evolutionary nature of the changes from C."<a href="#cite_note-name-40">[39]</a> This name is credited to Rick Mascitti (mid-1983)<a href="#cite_note-hopl2-31">[30]</a> and was first used in December 1983. When Mascitti was questioned informally in 1992 about the naming, he indicated that it was given in a <a href="/wiki/Tongue-in-cheek" title="Tongue-in-cheek">tongue-in-cheek</a> spirit. The name comes from C's <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-c++ mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr">++</code> <a href="/wiki/Operator_(programming)" class="mw-redirect" title="Operator (programming)">operator</a> (which <a href="/wiki/Increment_and_decrement_operators" title="Increment and decrement operators">increments</a> the <a href="/wiki/Value_(computer_science)" title="Value (computer science)">value</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Variable_(programming)" class="mw-redirect" title="Variable (programming)">variable</a>) and a common <a href="/wiki/Naming_convention" title="Naming convention">naming convention</a> of using "+" to indicate an enhanced computer program. During C++'s development period, the language had been referred to as "new C" and "C with Classes"<a href="#cite_note-hopl2-31">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a> before acquiring its final name. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Philosophy">Philosophy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=C%2B%2B&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Philosophy">edit</a>]</div> Throughout C++'s life, its development and evolution has been guided by a set of principles:<a href="#cite_note-evolving-30">[29]</a> <ul><li>It must be driven by actual problems and its features should be immediately useful in real world programs.</li> <li>Every feature should be implementable (with a reasonably obvious way to do so).</li> <li>Programmers should be free to pick their own programming style, and that style should be fully supported by C++.</li> <li>Allowing a useful feature is more important than preventing every possible misuse of C++.</li> <li>It should provide facilities for organising programs into separate, well-defined parts, and provide facilities for combining separately developed parts.</li> <li>No implicit violations of the <a href="/wiki/Type_system" title="Type system">type system</a> (but allow explicit violations; that is, those explicitly requested by the programmer).</li> <li>User-created types need to have the same support and performance as built-in types.</li> <li>Unused features should not negatively impact created executables (e.g. in lower performance).</li> <li>There should be no language beneath C++ (except <a href="/wiki/Assembly_language" title="Assembly language">assembly language</a>).</li> <li>C++ should work alongside other existing <a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">programming languages</a>, rather than fostering its own separate and incompatible <a href="/wiki/Programming_environment" class="mw-redirect" title="Programming environment">programming environment</a>.</li> <li>If the programmer's intent is unknown, allow the programmer to specify it by providing manual control.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Standardization">Standardization</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=C%2B%2B&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Standardization">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B03" title="C++03">C++03</a>, <a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B11" title="C++11">C++11</a>, <a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B14" title="C++14">C++14</a>, <a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B17" title="C++17">C++17</a>, <a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B20" title="C++20">C++20</a>, <a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B23" title="C++23">C++23</a>, and <a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B26" title="C++26">C++26</a></div> <table class="wikitable floatright" style="margin-left: 1.5em;"> <caption>C++ standards </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Year </th> <th scope="col">ISO/IEC Standard </th> <th scope="col">Informal name </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">1998 </th> <td>14882:1998<a href="#cite_note-isocpp1998-42">[41]</a></td> <td>C++98 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">2003 </th> <td>14882:2003<a href="#cite_note-isocpp2003-43">[42]</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B03" title="C++03">C++03</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">2011 </th> <td>14882:2011<a href="#cite_note-isocpp2011-44">[43]</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B11" title="C++11">C++11</a>, C++0x </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">2014 </th> <td>14882:2014<a href="#cite_note-isocpp2014-45">[44]</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B14" title="C++14">C++14</a>, C++1y </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">2017 </th> <td>14882:2017<a href="#cite_note-isocpp2017-46">[45]</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B17" title="C++17">C++17</a>, C++1z </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">2020 </th> <td>14882:2020<a href="#cite_note-isocpp2020-47">[46]</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B20" title="C++20">C++20</a>, C++2a </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">2024 </th> <td>14882:2024<a href="#cite_note-isocpp2024-18">[17]</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B23" title="C++23">C++23</a>, C++2b </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="" style="background: #DDF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="skin-invert no table-no2"><abbr title="To be announced">TBA</abbr> </th> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B26" title="C++26">C++26</a>, C++2c </td></tr></tbody></table> C++ is standardized by an <a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">ISO</a> working group known as <a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_JTC_1/SC_22" title="ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 22">JTC1/SC22/WG21</a>. So far, it has published seven revisions of the C++ standard and is currently working on the next revision, <a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B26" title="C++26">C++26</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:C%2B%2B_Standards_Committee_meeting_-_July_1996_Stockholm_-_Wednesday_general_session.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/C%2B%2B_Standards_Committee_meeting_-_July_1996_Stockholm_-_Wednesday_general_session.jpg/220px-C%2B%2B_Standards_Committee_meeting_-_July_1996_Stockholm_-_Wednesday_general_session.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/C%2B%2B_Standards_Committee_meeting_-_July_1996_Stockholm_-_Wednesday_general_session.jpg/330px-C%2B%2B_Standards_Committee_meeting_-_July_1996_Stockholm_-_Wednesday_general_session.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/C%2B%2B_Standards_Committee_meeting_-_July_1996_Stockholm_-_Wednesday_general_session.jpg/440px-C%2B%2B_Standards_Committee_meeting_-_July_1996_Stockholm_-_Wednesday_general_session.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1579" data-file-height="1005" /></a><figcaption>Scene during the C++ standards committee meeting in Stockholm in 1996</figcaption></figure> In 1998, the ISO working group standardized C++ for the first time as ISO/IEC 14882:1998, which is informally known as C++98. In 2003, it published a new version of the C++ standard called ISO/IEC 14882:2003, which fixed problems identified in C++98. The next major revision of the standard was informally referred to as "C++0x", but it was not released until 2011.<a href="#cite_note-0xapprove-48">[47]</a> <a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B11" title="C++11">C++11</a> (14882:2011) included many additions to both the core language and the standard library.<a href="#cite_note-isocpp2011-44">[43]</a> In 2014, <a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B14" title="C++14">C++14</a> (also known as C++1y) was released as a small extension to C++11, featuring mainly bug fixes and small improvements.<a href="#cite_note-The_Future_of_C-49">[48]</a> The Draft International Standard ballot procedures completed in mid-August 2014.<a href="#cite_note-50">[49]</a> After C++14, a major revision <a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B17" title="C++17">C++17</a>, informally known as C++1z, was completed by the ISO C++ committee in mid July 2017 and was approved and published in December 2017.<a href="#cite_note-Toronto_meeting_report-51">[50]</a> As part of the standardization process, ISO also publishes <a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization#International_standards_and_other_publications" title="International Organization for Standardization">technical reports and specifications</a>: <ul><li>ISO/IEC TR 18015:2006<a href="#cite_note-52">[51]</a> on the use of C++ in embedded systems and on performance implications of C++ language and library features,</li> <li>ISO/IEC TR 19768:2007<a href="#cite_note-53">[52]</a> (also known as the <a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B_Technical_Report_1" title="C++ Technical Report 1">C++ Technical Report 1</a>) on library extensions mostly integrated into <a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B11" title="C++11">C++11</a>,</li> <li>ISO/IEC TR 29124:2010<a href="#cite_note-54">[53]</a> on special mathematical functions, integrated into <a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B17" title="C++17">C++17</a>,</li> <li>ISO/IEC TR 24733:2011<a href="#cite_note-55">[54]</a> on <a href="/wiki/Decimal_floating_point" title="Decimal floating point">decimal floating-point</a> arithmetic,</li> <li>ISO/IEC TS 18822:2015<a href="#cite_note-56">[55]</a> on the standard filesystem library, integrated into <a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B17" title="C++17">C++17</a>,</li> <li>ISO/IEC TS 19570:2015<a href="#cite_note-57">[56]</a> on <a href="/wiki/Parallel_computing" title="Parallel computing">parallel</a> versions of the standard library algorithms, integrated into <a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B17" title="C++17">C++17</a>,</li> <li>ISO/IEC TS 19841:2015<a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a> on software <a href="/wiki/Transactional_memory" title="Transactional memory">transactional memory</a>,</li> <li>ISO/IEC TS 19568:2015<a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a> on a new set of library extensions, some of which are already integrated into <a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B17" title="C++17">C++17</a>,</li> <li>ISO/IEC TS 19217:2015<a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a> on the C++ <a href="/wiki/Concepts_(C%2B%2B)" title="Concepts (C++)">concepts</a>, integrated into <a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B20" title="C++20">C++20</a>,</li> <li>ISO/IEC TS 19571:2016<a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a> on the library extensions for concurrency, some of which are already integrated into <a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B20" title="C++20">C++20</a>,</li> <li>ISO/IEC TS 19568:2017<a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a> on a new set of general-purpose library extensions,</li> <li>ISO/IEC TS 21425:2017<a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a> on the library extensions for ranges, integrated into <a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B20" title="C++20">C++20</a>,</li> <li>ISO/IEC TS 22277:2017<a href="#cite_note-64">[63]</a> on coroutines, integrated into <a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B20" title="C++20">C++20</a>,</li> <li>ISO/IEC TS 19216:2018<a href="#cite_note-65">[64]</a> on the networking library,</li> <li>ISO/IEC TS 21544:2018<a href="#cite_note-66">[65]</a> on modules, integrated into <a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B20" title="C++20">C++20</a>,</li> <li>ISO/IEC TS 19570:2018<a href="#cite_note-67">[66]</a> on a new set of library extensions for parallelism, and</li> <li>ISO/IEC TS 23619:2021<a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a> on new extensions for <a href="/wiki/Reflective_programming" title="Reflective programming">reflective programming</a> (reflection).</li></ul> More technical specifications are in development and pending approval, including new set of concurrency extensions. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language">Language</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=C%2B%2B&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Language">edit</a>]</div> The C++ language has two main components: a direct mapping of hardware features provided primarily by the C subset, and zero-overhead abstractions based on those mappings. Stroustrup describes C++ as "a light-weight abstraction programming language [designed] for building and using efficient and elegant abstractions";<a href="#cite_note-Stroustrup1-16">[15]</a> and "offering both hardware access and abstraction is the basis of C++. Doing it efficiently is what distinguishes it from other languages."<a href="#cite_note-69">[68]</a> C++ inherits most of <a href="/wiki/C_syntax" title="C syntax">C's syntax</a>. A <a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)#"Hello,_world"_example" title="C (programming language)">hello world program that conforms to the C standard</a> is also a valid C++ hello world program. The following is Bjarne Stroustrup's version of the <a href="/wiki/Hello_world_program" class="mw-redirect" title="Hello world program">Hello world program</a> that uses the <a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B_Standard_Library" title="C++ Standard Library">C++ Standard Library</a> stream facility to write a message to <a href="/wiki/Standard_output#Standard_output_(stdout)" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard output">standard output</a>:<a href="#cite_note-70">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[note 2]</a> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-cpp mw-content-ltr mw-highlight-lines" dir="ltr"><pre>#include <iostream> int main() { std::cout << "Hello, world!\n"; } </pre></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Object_storage">Object storage</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=C%2B%2B&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Object storage">edit</a>]</div> As in C, C++ supports four types of <a href="/wiki/Memory_management" title="Memory management">memory management</a>: static storage duration objects, thread storage duration objects, automatic storage duration objects, and dynamic storage duration objects.<a href="#cite_note-C++11_3.7-73">[71]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Static_storage_duration_objects">Static storage duration objects</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=C%2B%2B&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Static storage duration objects">edit</a>]</div> Static storage duration objects are created before <code>main()</code> is entered (see exceptions below) and destroyed in reverse order of creation after <code>main()</code> exits. The exact order of creation is not specified by the standard (though there are some rules defined below) to allow implementations some freedom in how to organize their implementation. More formally, objects of this type have a lifespan that "shall last for the duration of the program".<a href="#cite_note-C++11_3.7.1-74">[72]</a> Static storage duration objects are initialized in two phases. First, "static initialization" is performed, and only after all static initialization is performed, "dynamic initialization" is performed. In static initialization, all objects are first initialized with zeros; after that, all objects that have a constant initialization phase are initialized with the constant expression (i.e. variables initialized with a literal or <code>constexpr</code>). Though it is not specified in the standard, the static initialization phase can be completed at compile time and saved in the data partition of the executable. Dynamic initialization involves all object initialization done via a constructor or function call (unless the function is marked with <code>constexpr</code>, in C++11). The dynamic initialization order is defined as the order of declaration within the compilation unit (i.e. the same file). No guarantees are provided about the order of initialization between compilation units. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Thread_storage_duration_objects">Thread storage duration objects</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=C%2B%2B&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Thread storage duration objects">edit</a>]</div> Variables of this type are very similar to static storage duration objects. The main difference is the creation time is just before thread creation, and destruction is done after the thread has been joined.<a href="#cite_note-C++11_3.7.2-75">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Automatic_storage_duration_objects">Automatic storage duration objects</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=C%2B%2B&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Automatic storage duration objects">edit</a>]</div> The most common variable types in C++ are <a href="/wiki/Local_variable" title="Local variable">local variables</a> inside a <a href="/wiki/Function_(computer_programming)" title="Function (computer programming)">function</a> or block, and temporary variables.<a href="#cite_note-C++11_3.7.3-76">[74]</a> The common feature about automatic variables is that they have a lifetime that is limited to the scope of the variable. They are created and potentially initialized at the point of declaration (see below for details) and destroyed in the reverse order of creation when the scope is left. This is implemented by allocation on the <a href="/wiki/Stack-based_memory_allocation" title="Stack-based memory allocation">stack</a>. Local variables are created as the point of execution passes the declaration point. If the variable has a constructor or initializer this is used to define the initial state of the object. Local variables are destroyed when the local block or function that they are declared in is closed. C++ destructors for local variables are called at the end of the object lifetime, allowing a discipline for automatic resource management termed <a href="/wiki/Resource_Acquisition_Is_Initialization" class="mw-redirect" title="Resource Acquisition Is Initialization">RAII</a>, which is widely used in C++. Member variables are created when the parent object is created. Array members are initialized from 0 to the last member of the array in order. Member variables are destroyed when the parent object is destroyed in the reverse order of creation. i.e. If the parent is an "automatic object" then it will be destroyed when it goes out of scope which triggers the destruction of all its members. Temporary variables are created as the result of expression evaluation and are destroyed when the statement containing the expression has been fully evaluated (usually at the <code>;</code> at the end of a statement). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dynamic_storage_duration_objects">Dynamic storage duration objects</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=C%2B%2B&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Dynamic storage duration objects">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/New_and_delete_(C%2B%2B)" title="New and delete (C++)">new and delete (C++)</a></div> These objects have a dynamic lifespan and can be created directly with a call to <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-cpp mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr">new</code> and destroyed explicitly with a call to <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-cpp mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr">delete</code>.<a href="#cite_note-C++11_3.7.4-77">[75]</a> C++ also supports <code>malloc</code> and <code>free</code>, from C, but these are not compatible with <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-cpp mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr">new</code> and <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-cpp mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr">delete</code>. Use of <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-cpp mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr">new</code> returns an address to the allocated memory. The C++ Core Guidelines advise against using <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-cpp mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr">new</code> directly for creating dynamic objects in favor of smart pointers through <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-cpp mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr">make_unique<T></code> for single ownership and <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-cpp mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr">make_shared<T></code> for reference-counted multiple ownership,<a href="#cite_note-78">[76]</a> which were introduced in C++11. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Templates">Templates</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=C%2B%2B&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Templates">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Template_metaprogramming" title="Template metaprogramming">Template metaprogramming</a> and <a href="/wiki/Generic_programming" title="Generic programming">Generic programming</a></div> <a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B_templates" class="mw-redirect" title="C++ templates">C++ templates</a> enable <a href="/wiki/Generic_programming" title="Generic programming">generic programming</a>. C++ supports function, class, alias, and variable templates. Templates may be parameterized by types, compile-time constants, and other templates. Templates are implemented by instantiation at compile-time. To instantiate a template, compilers substitute specific arguments for a template's parameters to generate a concrete function or class instance. Some substitutions are not possible; these are eliminated by an overload resolution policy described by the phrase "<a href="/wiki/Substitution_failure_is_not_an_error" title="Substitution failure is not an error">Substitution failure is not an error</a>" (SFINAE). Templates are a powerful tool that can be used for <a href="/wiki/Generic_programming" title="Generic programming">generic programming</a>, <a href="/wiki/Template_metaprogramming" title="Template metaprogramming">template metaprogramming</a>, and code optimization, but this power implies a cost. Template use may increase <a href="/wiki/Object_code" title="Object code">object code</a> size, because each template instantiation produces a copy of the template code: one for each set of template arguments, however, this is the same or smaller amount of code that would be generated if the code were written by hand.<a href="#cite_note-:0-79">[77]</a> This is in contrast to run-time generics seen in other languages (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Generics_in_Java" title="Generics in Java">Java</a>) where at compile-time the type is erased and a single template body is preserved. Templates are different from <a href="/wiki/Macro_(computer_science)" title="Macro (computer science)">macros</a>: while both of these compile-time language features enable conditional compilation, templates are not restricted to lexical substitution. Templates are aware of the semantics and type system of their companion language, as well as all compile-time type definitions, and can perform high-level operations including programmatic flow control based on evaluation of strictly type-checked parameters. Macros are capable of conditional control over compilation based on predetermined criteria, but cannot instantiate new types, recurse, or perform type evaluation and in effect are limited to pre-compilation text-substitution and text-inclusion/exclusion. In other words, macros can control compilation flow based on pre-defined symbols but cannot, unlike templates, independently instantiate new symbols. Templates are a tool for static <a href="/wiki/Polymorphism_(computer_science)" title="Polymorphism (computer science)">polymorphism</a> (see below) and <a href="/wiki/Generic_programming" title="Generic programming">generic programming</a>. In addition, templates are a compile-time mechanism in C++ that is <a href="/wiki/Turing-complete" class="mw-redirect" title="Turing-complete">Turing-complete</a>, meaning that any computation expressible by a computer program can be computed, in some form, by a <a href="/wiki/Template_metaprogramming" title="Template metaprogramming">template metaprogram</a> before runtime. In summary, a template is a compile-time parameterized function or class written without knowledge of the specific arguments used to instantiate it. After instantiation, the resulting code is equivalent to code written specifically for the passed arguments. In this manner, templates provide a way to decouple generic, broadly applicable aspects of functions and classes (encoded in templates) from specific aspects (encoded in template parameters) without sacrificing performance due to abstraction. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Objects">Objects</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=C%2B%2B&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Objects">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B_classes" title="C++ classes">C++ classes</a></div> C++ introduces <a href="/wiki/Object-oriented_programming" title="Object-oriented programming">object-oriented programming</a> (OOP) features to C. It offers <a href="/wiki/Class_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Class (computer science)">classes</a>, which provide the four features commonly present in OOP (and some non-OOP) languages: <a href="/wiki/Abstraction_(computer_science)" title="Abstraction (computer science)">abstraction</a>, <a href="/wiki/Information_hiding" title="Information hiding">encapsulation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inheritance_(object-oriented_programming)" title="Inheritance (object-oriented programming)">inheritance</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Polymorphism_(computer_science)" title="Polymorphism (computer science)">polymorphism</a>. One distinguishing feature of C++ classes compared to classes in other programming languages is support for deterministic <a href="/wiki/Destructor_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Destructor (computer science)">destructors</a>, which in turn provide support for the <a href="/wiki/Resource_Acquisition_is_Initialization" class="mw-redirect" title="Resource Acquisition is Initialization">Resource Acquisition is Initialization</a> (RAII) concept. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Encapsulation">Encapsulation</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=C%2B%2B&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Encapsulation">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Information_hiding" title="Information hiding">Encapsulation</a> is the hiding of information to ensure that data structures and operators are used as intended and to make the usage model more obvious to the developer. C++ provides the ability to define classes and functions as its primary encapsulation mechanisms. Within a class, members can be declared as either public, protected, or private to explicitly enforce encapsulation. A public member of the class is accessible to any function. A private member is accessible only to functions that are members of that class and to functions and classes explicitly granted access permission by the class ("friends"). A protected member is accessible to members of classes that inherit from the class in addition to the class itself and any friends. The object-oriented principle ensures the encapsulation of all and only the functions that access the internal representation of a type. C++ supports this principle via member functions and friend functions, but it does not enforce it. Programmers can declare parts or all of the representation of a type to be public, and they are allowed to make public entities not part of the representation of a type. Therefore, C++ supports not just object-oriented programming, but other decomposition paradigms such as <a href="/wiki/Modularity_(programming)" class="mw-redirect" title="Modularity (programming)">modular programming</a>. It is generally considered good practice to make all <a href="/wiki/Data" title="Data">data</a> private or protected, and to make public only those functions that are part of a minimal interface for users of the class. This can hide the details of data implementation, allowing the designer to later fundamentally change the implementation without changing the interface in any way.<a href="#cite_note-cppcs-80">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-industrialcpp-81">[79]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Inheritance">Inheritance</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=C%2B%2B&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Inheritance">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Inheritance_(object-oriented_programming)" title="Inheritance (object-oriented programming)">Inheritance</a> allows one data type to acquire properties of other data types. Inheritance from a <a href="/wiki/Base_class" class="mw-redirect" title="Base class">base class</a> may be declared as public, protected, or private. This access specifier determines whether unrelated and derived classes can access the inherited public and protected members of the base class. Only public inheritance corresponds to what is usually meant by "inheritance". The other two forms are much less frequently used. If the access specifier is omitted, a "class" inherits privately, while a "struct" inherits publicly. Base classes may be declared as virtual; this is called <a href="/wiki/Virtual_inheritance" title="Virtual inheritance">virtual inheritance</a>. Virtual inheritance ensures that only one instance of a base class exists in the inheritance graph, avoiding some of the ambiguity problems of multiple inheritance. <a href="/wiki/Multiple_inheritance" title="Multiple inheritance">Multiple inheritance</a> is a C++ feature allowing a class to be derived from more than one base class; this allows for more elaborate inheritance relationships. For example, a "Flying Cat" class can inherit from both "Cat" and "Flying Mammal". Some other languages, such as <a href="/wiki/C_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="C Sharp (programming language)">C#</a> or <a href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a>, accomplish something similar (although more limited) by allowing inheritance of multiple <a href="/wiki/Interface_(object-oriented_programming)" title="Interface (object-oriented programming)">interfaces</a> while restricting the number of base classes to one (interfaces, unlike classes, provide only declarations of member functions, no implementation or member data). An interface as in C# and Java can be defined in C++ as a class containing only pure virtual functions, often known as an <a href="/wiki/Abstract_base_class" class="mw-redirect" title="Abstract base class">abstract base class</a> or "ABC". The member functions of such an abstract base class are normally explicitly defined in the derived class, not inherited implicitly. C++ virtual inheritance exhibits an ambiguity resolution feature called <a href="/wiki/Dominance_(C%2B%2B)" title="Dominance (C++)">dominance</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Operators_and_operator_overloading">Operators and operator overloading</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=C%2B%2B&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Operators and operator overloading">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders floatright"> <caption>Operators that cannot be overloaded </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Operator </th> <th>Symbol </th></tr> <tr> <td>Scope resolution </td> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-cpp mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr">::</code> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Conditional </td> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-cpp mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr">?:</code> </td></tr> <tr> <td>dot </td> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-cpp mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr">.</code> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Member selection </td> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-cpp mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr">.*</code> </td></tr> <tr> <td>"<a href="/wiki/Sizeof" title="Sizeof">sizeof</a>" </td> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-cpp mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr">sizeof</code> </td></tr> <tr> <td>"<a href="/wiki/Typeid" class="mw-redirect" title="Typeid">typeid</a>" </td> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-cpp mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr">typeid</code> </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B" title="Operators in C and C++">Operators in C and C++</a></div> C++ provides more than 35 operators, covering basic arithmetic, bit manipulation, indirection, comparisons, logical operations and others. Almost all operators can be <a href="/wiki/Operator_overloading" title="Operator overloading">overloaded</a> for user-defined types, with a few notable exceptions such as member access (<code>.</code> and <code>.*</code>) and the conditional operator. The rich set of overloadable operators is central to making user-defined types in C++ seem like built-in types. Overloadable operators are also an essential part of many advanced C++ programming techniques, such as <a href="/wiki/Smart_pointer" title="Smart pointer">smart pointers</a>. Overloading an operator does not change the precedence of calculations involving the operator, nor does it change the number of operands that the operator uses (any operand may however be ignored by the operator, though it will be evaluated prior to execution). Overloaded "<code>&&</code>" and "<code>||</code>" operators lose their <a href="/wiki/Short-circuit_evaluation" title="Short-circuit evaluation">short-circuit evaluation</a> property. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Polymorphism">Polymorphism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=C%2B%2B&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Polymorphism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Polymorphism_(computer_science)" title="Polymorphism (computer science)">Polymorphism (computer science)</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Polymorphism_(computer_science)" title="Polymorphism (computer science)">Polymorphism</a> enables one common interface for many implementations, and for objects to act differently under different circumstances. C++ supports several kinds of static (resolved at <a href="/wiki/Compile-time" class="mw-redirect" title="Compile-time">compile-time</a>) and dynamic (resolved at <a href="/wiki/Execution_(computing)#Runtime" title="Execution (computing)">run-time</a>) <a href="/wiki/Polymorphism_(computer_science)" title="Polymorphism (computer science)">polymorphisms</a>, supported by the language features described above. <a href="/wiki/Compile-time_polymorphism" class="mw-redirect" title="Compile-time polymorphism">Compile-time polymorphism</a> does not allow for certain run-time decisions, while <a href="/wiki/Runtime_polymorphism" class="mw-redirect" title="Runtime polymorphism">runtime polymorphism</a> typically incurs a performance penalty. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Static_polymorphism">Static polymorphism</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=C%2B%2B&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Static polymorphism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Parametric_polymorphism" title="Parametric polymorphism">Parametric polymorphism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ad_hoc_polymorphism" title="Ad hoc polymorphism">ad hoc polymorphism</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Function_overloading" title="Function overloading">Function overloading</a> allows programs to declare multiple functions having the same name but with different arguments (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Ad_hoc_polymorphism" title="Ad hoc polymorphism">ad hoc polymorphism</a>). The functions are distinguished by the number or types of their <a href="/wiki/Parameter_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Parameter (computer science)">formal parameters</a>. Thus, the same function name can refer to different functions depending on the context in which it is used. The type returned by the function is not used to distinguish overloaded functions and differing return types would result in a compile-time error message. When declaring a function, a programmer can specify for one or more parameters a <a href="/wiki/Default_arguments" class="mw-redirect" title="Default arguments">default value</a>. Doing so allows the parameters with defaults to optionally be omitted when the function is called, in which case the default arguments will be used. When a function is called with fewer arguments than there are declared parameters, explicit arguments are matched to parameters in left-to-right order, with any unmatched parameters at the end of the parameter list being assigned their default arguments. In many cases, specifying default arguments in a single function declaration is preferable to providing overloaded function definitions with different numbers of parameters. <a href="/wiki/Templates_in_C%2B%2B" class="mw-redirect" title="Templates in C++">Templates in C++</a> provide a sophisticated mechanism for writing generic, polymorphic code (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Parametric_polymorphism" title="Parametric polymorphism">parametric polymorphism</a>). In particular, through the <a href="/wiki/Curiously_recurring_template_pattern" title="Curiously recurring template pattern">curiously recurring template pattern</a>, it is possible to implement a form of static polymorphism that closely mimics the syntax for overriding virtual functions. Because C++ templates are type-aware and <a href="/wiki/Turing-complete" class="mw-redirect" title="Turing-complete">Turing-complete</a>, they can also be used to let the compiler resolve recursive conditionals and generate substantial programs through <a href="/wiki/Template_metaprogramming" title="Template metaprogramming">template metaprogramming</a>. Contrary to some opinion, template code will not generate a bulk code after compilation with the proper compiler settings.<a href="#cite_note-:0-79">[77]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dynamic_polymorphism">Dynamic polymorphism</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=C%2B%2B&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Dynamic polymorphism">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Inheritance_2">Inheritance</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=C%2B%2B&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Inheritance">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Subtyping" title="Subtyping">Subtyping</a></div> Variable pointers and references to a base class type in C++ can also refer to objects of any derived classes of that type. This allows arrays and other kinds of containers to hold pointers to objects of differing types (references cannot be directly held in containers). This enables dynamic (run-time) polymorphism, where the referred objects can behave differently, depending on their (actual, derived) types. C++ also provides the <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-c++ mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr">dynamic_cast</code> operator, which allows code to safely attempt conversion of an object, via a base reference/pointer, to a more derived type: downcasting. The attempt is necessary as often one does not know which derived type is referenced. (Upcasting, conversion to a more general type, can always be checked/performed at compile-time via <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-c++ mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr">static_cast</code>, as ancestral classes are specified in the derived class's interface, visible to all callers.) <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-c++ mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr">dynamic_cast</code> relies on <a href="/wiki/Run-time_type_information" title="Run-time type information">run-time type information</a> (RTTI), metadata in the program that enables differentiating types and their relationships. If a <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-c++ mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr">dynamic_cast</code> to a pointer fails, the result is the <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-c++ mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr">nullptr</code> constant, whereas if the destination is a reference (which cannot be null), the cast throws an exception. Objects known to be of a certain derived type can be cast to that with <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-c++ mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr">static_cast</code>, bypassing RTTI and the safe runtime type-checking of <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-c++ mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr">dynamic_cast</code>, so this should be used only if the programmer is very confident the cast is, and will always be, valid. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Virtual_member_functions">Virtual member functions</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=C%2B%2B&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Virtual member functions">edit</a>]</div> Ordinarily, when a function in a derived class <a href="/wiki/Method_overriding_(programming)" class="mw-redirect" title="Method overriding (programming)">overrides</a> a function in a base class, the function to call is determined by the type of the object. A given function is overridden when there exists no difference in the number or type of parameters between two or more definitions of that function. Hence, at compile time, it may not be possible to determine the type of the object and therefore the correct function to call, given only a base class pointer; the decision is therefore put off until runtime. This is called <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_dispatch" title="Dynamic dispatch">dynamic dispatch</a>. <a href="/wiki/Virtual_functions" class="mw-redirect" title="Virtual functions">Virtual member functions</a> or methods<a href="#cite_note-82">[80]</a> allow the most specific implementation of the function to be called, according to the actual run-time type of the object. In C++ implementations, this is commonly done using <a href="/wiki/Virtual_function_table" class="mw-redirect" title="Virtual function table">virtual function tables</a>. If the object type is known, this may be bypassed by prepending a <a href="/wiki/Fully_qualified_name" title="Fully qualified name">fully qualified class name</a> before the function call, but in general calls to virtual functions are resolved at run time. In addition to standard member functions, operator overloads and destructors can be virtual. An inexact rule based on practical experience states that if any function in the class is virtual, the destructor should be as well. As the type of an object at its creation is known at compile time, constructors, and by extension copy constructors, cannot be virtual. Nonetheless, a situation may arise where a copy of an object needs to be created when a pointer to a derived object is passed as a pointer to a base object. In such a case, a common solution is to create a <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-c++ mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr">clone()</code> (or similar) virtual function that creates and returns a copy of the derived class when called. A member function can also be made "pure virtual" by appending it with <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-c++ mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr">= 0</code> after the closing parenthesis and before the semicolon. A class containing a pure virtual function is called an abstract class. Objects cannot be created from an abstract class; they can only be derived from. Any derived class inherits the virtual function as pure and must provide a non-pure definition of it (and all other pure virtual functions) before objects of the derived class can be created. A program that attempts to create an object of a class with a pure virtual member function or inherited pure virtual member function is ill-formed. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lambda_expressions">Lambda expressions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=C%2B%2B&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Lambda expressions">edit</a>]</div> C++ provides support for <a href="/wiki/Anonymous_function" title="Anonymous function">anonymous functions</a>, also known as <a href="/wiki/Lambda_calculus" title="Lambda calculus">lambda expressions</a>, with the following form: <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-cpp mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>[capture](parameters) -> return_type { function_body } </pre></div> Since C++20, the keyword <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-cpp mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">template</code> is optional for template parameters of lambda expressions: <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-cpp mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>[capture]<template_parameters>(parameters) -> return_type { function_body } </pre></div> If the lambda takes no parameters, and no return type or other specifiers are used, the () can be omitted; that is, <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-cpp mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>[capture] { function_body } </pre></div> The return type of a lambda expression can be automatically inferred, if possible; e.g.: <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-cpp mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>[](int x, int y) { return x + y; } // inferred [](int x, int y) -> int { return x + y; } // explicit </pre></div> The <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-c++ mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr">[capture]</code> list supports the definition of <a href="/wiki/Closure_(computer_programming)" title="Closure (computer programming)">closures</a>. Such lambda expressions are defined in the standard as <a href="/wiki/Syntactic_sugar" title="Syntactic sugar">syntactic sugar</a> for an unnamed <a href="/wiki/Function_object" title="Function object">function object</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exception_handling">Exception handling</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=C%2B%2B&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Exception handling">edit</a>]</div> Exception handling is used to communicate the existence of a runtime problem or error from where it was detected to where the issue can be handled.<a href="#cite_note-83">[81]</a> It permits this to be done in a uniform manner and separately from the main code, while detecting all errors.<a href="#cite_note-exception_summary-84">[82]</a> Should an error occur, an exception is thrown (raised), which is then caught by the nearest suitable exception handler. The exception causes the current scope to be exited, and also each outer scope (propagation) until a suitable handler is found, calling in turn the destructors of any objects in these exited scopes.<a href="#cite_note-85">[83]</a> At the same time, an exception is presented as an object carrying the data about the detected problem.<a href="#cite_note-86">[84]</a> Some C++ style guides, such as Google's,<a href="#cite_note-87">[85]</a> LLVM's,<a href="#cite_note-88">[86]</a> and Qt's,<a href="#cite_note-89">[87]</a> forbid the usage of exceptions. The exception-causing code is placed inside a <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-c++ mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr">try</code> block. The exceptions are handled in separate <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-c++ mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr">catch</code> blocks (the handlers); each <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-c++ mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr">try</code> block can have multiple exception handlers, as it is visible in the example below.<a href="#cite_note-90">[88]</a> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-cpp mw-content-ltr mw-highlight-lines" dir="ltr"><pre>#include <iostream> #include <vector> #include <stdexcept> int main() { try { std::vector<int> vec{3, 4, 3, 1}; int i{vec.at(4)}; // Throws an exception, std::out_of_range (indexing for vec is from 0-3 not 1-4) } // An exception handler, catches std::out_of_range, which is thrown by vec.at(4) catch (const std::out_of_range &e) { std::cerr << "Accessing a non-existent element: " << e.what() << '\n'; } // To catch any other standard library exceptions (they derive from std::exception) catch (const std::exception &e) { std::cerr << "Exception thrown: " << e.what() << '\n'; } // Catch any unrecognised exceptions (i.e. those which don't derive from std::exception) catch (...) { std::cerr << "Some fatal error\n"; } } </pre></div> It is also possible to raise exceptions purposefully, using the <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-c++ mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr">throw</code> keyword; these exceptions are handled in the usual way. In some cases, exceptions cannot be used due to technical reasons. One such example is a critical component of an embedded system, where every operation must be guaranteed to complete within a specified amount of time. This cannot be determined with exceptions as no tools exist to determine the maximum time required for an exception to be handled.<a href="#cite_note-91">[89]</a> Unlike <a href="/wiki/Signal_handler" class="mw-redirect" title="Signal handler">signal handling</a>, in which the handling function is called from the point of failure, exception handling exits the current scope before the catch block is entered, which may be located in the current function or any of the previous function calls currently on the stack. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Enumerated_types">Enumerated types</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=C%2B%2B&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Enumerated types">edit</a>]</div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Enumerated_type#C++" title="Enumerated type">Enumerated type § C++</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Enumerated_type&action=edit">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> C++ has enumeration types that are directly inherited from C's and work mostly like these, except that an enumeration is a real type in C++, giving added compile-time checking. Also (as with structs), the C++ <code>enum</code> keyword is combined with a <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">.mw-parser-output .monospaced{font-family:monospace,monospace}</style><a href="/wiki/Typedef" title="Typedef">typedef</a>, so that instead of naming the type <code>enum name</code>, simply name it <code>name</code>. This can be simulated in C using a typedef: <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-cpp mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">typedef enum {Value1, Value2} name;</code> <a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B11" title="C++11">C++11</a> also provides a second kind of enumeration, called a scoped enumeration. These are type-safe: the enumerators are not implicitly converted to an integer type. Among other things, this allows I/O streaming to be defined for the enumeration type. Another feature of scoped enumerations is that the enumerators do not leak, so usage requires prefixing with the name of the enumeration (e.g., <code>Color::Red</code> for the first enumerator in the example below), unless a <code>using enum</code> declaration (introduced in <a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B20" title="C++20">C++20</a>) has been used to bring the enumerators into the current scope. A scoped enumeration is specified by the phrase <code>enum class</code> (or <code>enum struct</code>). For example: <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-cpp mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>enum class Color {Red, Green, Blue}; </pre></div> The underlying type of an enumeration is an implementation-defined integral type that is large enough to hold all enumerated values; it does not have to be the smallest possible type. The underlying type can be specified directly, which allows "forward declarations" of enumerations: <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-cpp mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>enum class Color : long {Red, Green, Blue}; // must fit in size and memory layout the type 'long' enum class Shapes : char; // forward declaration. If later there are values defined that don't fit in 'char' it is an error. </pre></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Standard_library">Standard library</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=C%2B%2B&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Standard library">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ANSI_ISO_C%2B%2B_WP.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/ANSI_ISO_C%2B%2B_WP.jpg/220px-ANSI_ISO_C%2B%2B_WP.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/ANSI_ISO_C%2B%2B_WP.jpg/330px-ANSI_ISO_C%2B%2B_WP.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/ANSI_ISO_C%2B%2B_WP.jpg/440px-ANSI_ISO_C%2B%2B_WP.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>The draft "Working Paper" standard that became approved as C++98; half of its size was devoted to the C++ Standard Library.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B_Standard_Library" title="C++ Standard Library">C++ Standard Library</a></div> The C++ <a href="/wiki/Standardization" title="Standardization">standard</a> consists of two parts: the core language and the standard library. C++ programmers expect the latter on every major implementation of C++; it includes aggregate types (<a href="/wiki/Sequence_container_(C%2B%2B)#Vector" title="Sequence container (C++)">vectors</a>, lists, maps, sets, queues, stacks, arrays, tuples), <a href="/wiki/Algorithm" title="Algorithm">algorithms</a> (find, <a href="/wiki/Foreach_loop" title="Foreach loop">for_each</a>, <a href="/wiki/Binary_search_algorithm" class="mw-redirect" title="Binary search algorithm">binary_search</a>, random_shuffle, etc.), input/output facilities (<a href="/wiki/Iostream" class="mw-redirect" title="Iostream">iostream</a>, for reading from and writing to the console and files), filesystem library, localisation support, <a href="/wiki/Smart_pointers" class="mw-redirect" title="Smart pointers">smart pointers</a> for automatic memory management, <a href="/wiki/Regular_expression" title="Regular expression">regular expression</a> support, <a href="/wiki/Multithreading_(software)" class="mw-redirect" title="Multithreading (software)">multi-threading</a> library, atomics support (allowing a variable to be read or written to by at most one thread at a time without any external synchronisation), time utilities (measurement, getting current time, etc.), a system for converting error reporting that does not use C++ <a href="/wiki/Exception_handling" title="Exception handling">exceptions</a> into C++ exceptions, a <a href="/wiki/Random_number_generator" class="mw-redirect" title="Random number generator">random number generator</a>, and a slightly modified version of the <a href="/wiki/C_standard_library" title="C standard library">C standard library</a> (to make it comply with the C++ type system). A large part of the C++ library is based on the <a href="/wiki/Standard_Template_Library" title="Standard Template Library">Standard Template Library</a> (STL). Useful tools provided by the STL include <a href="/wiki/Container_(data_structure)" class="mw-redirect" title="Container (data structure)">containers</a> as the collections of objects (such as <a href="/wiki/Array_data_structure" class="mw-redirect" title="Array data structure">vectors</a> and <a href="/wiki/Linked_list" title="Linked list">lists</a>), <a href="/wiki/Iterator" title="Iterator">iterators</a> that provide array-like access to containers, and <a href="/wiki/Algorithm" title="Algorithm">algorithms</a> that perform operations such as searching and sorting. Furthermore, (multi)maps (<a href="/wiki/Associative_array" title="Associative array">associative arrays</a>) and (multi)sets are provided, all of which export compatible interfaces. Therefore, using templates it is possible to write generic algorithms that work with any container or on any sequence defined by iterators. As in C, the <a href="/wiki/Feature_(software_design)" class="mw-redirect" title="Feature (software design)">features</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Library_(computing)" title="Library (computing)">library</a> are accessed by using the <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-c++ mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr">#include</code> <a href="/wiki/Directive_(programming)" title="Directive (programming)">directive</a> to include a <a href="/wiki/Standard_header" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard header">standard header</a>. The <a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B_Standard_Library" title="C++ Standard Library">C++ Standard Library</a> provides 105 standard headers, of which 27 are deprecated. The standard incorporates the STL that was originally designed by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Stepanov" title="Alexander Stepanov">Alexander Stepanov</a>, who experimented with generic algorithms and containers for many years. When he started with C++, he finally found a language where it was possible to create generic algorithms (e.g., STL sort) that perform even better than, for example, the C standard library qsort, thanks to C++ features like using inlining and compile-time binding instead of function pointers. The standard does not refer to it as "STL", as it is merely a part of the standard library, but the term is still widely used to distinguish it from the rest of the standard library (input/output streams, internationalization, diagnostics, the C library subset, etc.).<a href="#cite_note-92">[90]</a> Most C++ compilers, and all major ones, provide a standards-conforming implementation of the C++ standard library. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="C++_Core_Guidelines">C++ Core Guidelines</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=C%2B%2B&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: C++ Core Guidelines">edit</a>]</div> The C++ Core Guidelines<a href="#cite_note-93">[91]</a> are an initiative led by Bjarne Stroustrup, the inventor of C++, and Herb Sutter, the convener and chair of the C++ ISO Working Group, to help programmers write 'Modern C++' by using best practices for the language standards C++11 and newer, and to help developers of compilers and static checking tools to create rules for catching bad programming practices. The main aim is to efficiently and consistently write type and resource safe C++. The Core Guidelines were announced<a href="#cite_note-94">[92]</a> in the opening keynote at CPPCon 2015. The Guidelines are accompanied by the Guideline Support Library (GSL),<a href="#cite_note-95">[93]</a> a header only library of types and functions to implement the Core Guidelines and static checker tools for enforcing Guideline rules.<a href="#cite_note-96">[94]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Compatibility">Compatibility</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=C%2B%2B&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Compatibility">edit</a>]</div> To give compiler vendors greater freedom, the C++ standards committee decided not to dictate the implementation of <a href="/wiki/Name_mangling" title="Name mangling">name mangling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Exception_handling" title="Exception handling">exception handling</a>, and other implementation-specific features. The downside of this decision is that <a href="/wiki/Object_code" title="Object code">object code</a> produced by different <a href="/wiki/Compiler" title="Compiler">compilers</a> is expected to be incompatible. There are, however, attempts to standardize compilers for particular machines or <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating systems</a>. For example, the Itanium C++ ABI is processor-independent (despite its name) and is implemented by GCC and Clang.<a href="#cite_note-97">[95]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="With_C">With C</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=C%2B%2B&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: With C">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Compatibility_of_C_and_C%2B%2B" title="Compatibility of C and C++">Compatibility of C and C++</a></div> C++ is often considered to be a superset of <a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a> but this is not strictly true.<a href="#cite_note-superset-98">[96]</a> Most C code can easily be made to compile correctly in C++ but there are a few differences that cause some valid C code to be invalid or behave differently in C++. For example, C allows implicit conversion from <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-c++ mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr">void*</code> to other pointer types but C++ does not (for type safety reasons). Also, C++ defines many new keywords, such as <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-c++ mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr">new</code> and <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-c++ mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr">class</code>, which may be used as identifiers (for example, variable names) in a C program. Some incompatibilities have been removed by the 1999 revision of the C standard (<a href="/wiki/C99" title="C99">C99</a>), which now supports C++ features such as line comments (<code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-c++ mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr">//</code>) and declarations mixed with code. On the other hand, C99 introduced a number of new features that C++ did not support that were incompatible or redundant in C++, such as <a href="/wiki/Variable-length_array" title="Variable-length array">variable-length arrays</a>, native complex-number types (however, the <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-c++ mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr">std::complex</code> class in the C++ standard library provides similar functionality, although not code-compatible), designated initializers, <a href="/wiki/C_syntax#Compound_literals" title="C syntax">compound literals</a>, and the <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-c++ mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr">restrict</code> keyword.<a href="#cite_note-99">[97]</a> Some of the C99-introduced features were included in the subsequent version of the C++ standard, <a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B11#Improved_C_compatibility" title="C++11">C++11</a> (out of those which were not redundant).<a href="#cite_note-100">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[100]</a> However, the C++11 standard introduces new incompatibilities, such as disallowing assignment of a string literal to a character pointer, which remains valid C. To intermix C and C++ code, any function declaration or definition that is to be called from/used both in C and C++ must be declared with C linkage by placing it within an <code style="white-space:nowrap" class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-c++ mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr">extern "C" {/*...*/}</code> block. Such a function may not rely on features depending on <a href="/wiki/Name_mangling" title="Name mangling">name mangling</a> (i.e., function overloading). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=C%2B%2B&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Octicons-terminal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Octicons-terminal.svg/24px-Octicons-terminal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Octicons-terminal.svg/37px-Octicons-terminal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Octicons-terminal.svg/49px-Octicons-terminal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="896" data-file-height="1024" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Computer_programming" title="Portal:Computer programming">Computer programming portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_(programming_language)" title="Carbon (programming language)">Carbon (programming language)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_programming_languages" title="Comparison of programming languages">Comparison of programming languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_C%2B%2B_compilers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of C++ compilers">List of C++ compilers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_C%2B%2B" title="Outline of C++">Outline of C++</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:C%2B%2B_libraries" title="Category:C++ libraries">Category:C++ libraries</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=C%2B%2B&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Footnotes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> For the idea of the C++20 stackless coroutines. </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> This code is copied directly from Bjarne Stroustrup's errata page (p. 633). He addresses the use of <code>'\n'</code> rather than <code>std::endl</code>. Also see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stroustrup.com/bs_faq2.html#void-main">Can I write "void main()"?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200702224848/http://www.stroustrup.com/bs_faq2.html#void-main">Archived</a> 2 July 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> for an explanation of the implicit <code>return 0;</code> in the <code>main</code> function. This implicit return is not available in other functions. </li> </ol></div></div> <div style="clear:right;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=C%2B%2B&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/cpp/cpp/modules-cpp?view=msvc-170">"Overview of modules in C++"</a>. Microsoft. 24 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Overview+of+modules+in+C%2B%2B&rft.pub=Microsoft&rft.date=2023-04-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flearn.microsoft.com%2Fen-us%2Fcpp%2Fcpp%2Fmodules-cpp%3Fview%3Dmsvc-170&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC%2B%2B" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-history-cpp-paper-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-history-cpp-paper_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-history-cpp-paper_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-history-cpp-paper_2-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-history-cpp-paper_2-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-history-cpp-paper_2-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-history-cpp-paper_2-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStroustrup1996" class="citation book cs1">Stroustrup, Bjarne (1996). "A history of C++: 1979-1991". History of programming languages---II. <a href="/wiki/Association_for_Computing_Machinery" title="Association for Computing Machinery">ACM</a>. pp. 699–769. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F234286.1057836">10.1145/234286.1057836</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+history+of+C%2B%2B%3A+1979-1991&rft.btitle=History+of+programming+languages---II&rft.pages=699-769&rft.pub=ACM&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F234286.1057836&rft.aulast=Stroustrup&rft.aufirst=Bjarne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC%2B%2B" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cppcon21_bj-3"><a href="#cite_ref-cppcon21_bj_3-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStroustrup2021" class="citation web cs1">Stroustrup, Bjarne (16 December 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=15QF2q66NhU">"C++20: Reaching for the Aims of C++ - Bjarne Stroustrup - CppCon 2021"</a>. CppCon. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211230092718/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=15QF2q66NhU">Archived</a> from the original on 30 December 2021. Retrieved 30 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=C%2B%2B20%3A+Reaching+for+the+Aims+of+C%2B%2B+-+Bjarne+Stroustrup+-+CppCon+2021&rft.pub=CppCon&rft.date=2021-12-16&rft.aulast=Stroustrup&rft.aufirst=Bjarne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3D15QF2q66NhU&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC%2B%2B" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStroustrup2020" class="citation journal cs1">Stroustrup, Bjarne (12 June 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F3386320">"Thriving in a crowded and changing world: C++ 2006–2020"</a>. 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Retrieved 7 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dr.+Dobb%27s%3A+Interview+with+Ken+Thompson&rft.date=2011-05-18&rft.au=Andrew+Binstock&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.drdobbs.com%2Fopen-source%2Finterview-with-ken-thompson%2F229502480&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC%2B%2B" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Seibel2009-25"><a href="#cite_ref-Seibel2009_25-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_Seibel2009" class="citation book cs1">Peter Seibel (16 September 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nneBa6-mWfgC&pg=PA475">Coders at Work: Reflections on the Craft of Programming</a>. Apress. pp. 475–476. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4302-1948-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4302-1948-4"><bdi>978-1-4302-1948-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191201142309/https://books.google.com/books?id=nneBa6-mWfgC&pg=PA475">Archived</a> from the original on 1 December 2019. Retrieved 9 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Coders+at+Work%3A+Reflections+on+the+Craft+of+Programming&rft.pages=475-476&rft.pub=Apress&rft.date=2009-09-16&rft.isbn=978-1-4302-1948-4&rft.au=Peter+Seibel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnneBa6-mWfgC%26pg%3DPA475&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC%2B%2B" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-gigamonkeysWordpress-26"><a href="#cite_ref-gigamonkeysWordpress_26-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gigamonkeys.wordpress.com/2009/10/16/coders-c-plus-plus/">"C++ in Coders at Work"</a>. 16 October 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171110061643/https://gigamonkeys.wordpress.com/2009/10/16/coders-c-plus-plus/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 November 2017. Retrieved 9 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=C%2B%2B+in+Coders+at+Work&rft.date=2009-10-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgigamonkeys.wordpress.com%2F2009%2F10%2F16%2Fcoders-c-plus-plus%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC%2B%2B" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-dobbsKnuth-27"><a href="#cite_ref-dobbsKnuth_27-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.drdobbs.com/architecture-and-design/an-interview-with-donald-knuth/228700500">"An Interview with Donald Knuth"</a>. Dr. Dobb's. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308031011/https://www.drdobbs.com/architecture-and-design/an-interview-with-donald-knuth/228700500">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 18 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dr.+Dobb%27s&rft.atitle=An+Interview+with+Donald+Knuth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.drdobbs.com%2Farchitecture-and-design%2Fan-interview-with-donald-knuth%2F228700500&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC%2B%2B" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-knuth1993-28"><a href="#cite_ref-knuth1993_28-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tex.loria.fr/litte/knuth-interview">"(La)TeX Navigator"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171120163257/http://tex.loria.fr/litte/knuth-interview">Archived</a> from the original on 20 November 2017. Retrieved 10 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%28La%29TeX+Navigator&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftex.loria.fr%2Flitte%2Fknuth-interview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC%2B%2B" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-invention3-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-invention3_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-invention3_29-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStroustrup2010" class="citation web cs1">Stroustrup, Bjarne (7 March 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stroustrup.com/bs_faq.html#invention">"Bjarne Stroustrup's FAQ: When was C++ invented?"</a>. stroustrup.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160206214150/http://www.stroustrup.com/bs_faq.html#invention">Archived</a> from the original on 6 February 2016. Retrieved 16 September 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=stroustrup.com&rft.atitle=Bjarne+Stroustrup%27s+FAQ%3A+When+was+C%2B%2B+invented%3F&rft.date=2010-03-07&rft.aulast=Stroustrup&rft.aufirst=Bjarne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stroustrup.com%2Fbs_faq.html%23invention&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC%2B%2B" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-evolving-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-evolving_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-evolving_30-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStroustrup" class="citation web cs1">Stroustrup, Bjarne. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stroustrup.com/hopl-almost-final.pdf">"Evolving a language in and for the real world: C++ 1991-2006"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071120015600/http://www.research.att.com/~bs/hopl-almost-final.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 20 November 2007. Retrieved 14 August 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Evolving+a+language+in+and+for+the+real+world%3A+C%2B%2B+1991-2006&rft.aulast=Stroustrup&rft.aufirst=Bjarne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstroustrup.com%2Fhopl-almost-final.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC%2B%2B" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-hopl2-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hopl2_31-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hopl2_31-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hopl2_31-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStroustrup" class="citation web cs1">Stroustrup, Bjarne. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stroustrup.com/hopl2.pdf">"A History of C ++ : 1979− 1991"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190202050609/http://www.stroustrup.com/hopl2.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2 February 2019. Retrieved 18 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+History+of+C+%2B%2B+%3A+1979%E2%88%92+1991&rft.aulast=Stroustrup&rft.aufirst=Bjarne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stroustrup.com%2Fhopl2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC%2B%2B" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-1st-edition3-32"><a href="#cite_ref-1st-edition3_32-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStroustrup" class="citation web cs1">Stroustrup, Bjarne. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stroustrup.com/1st.html">"The C++ Programming Language"</a> (First ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120809032136/http://www.stroustrup.com/1st.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 August 2012. Retrieved 16 September 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+C%2B%2B+Programming+Language&rft.edition=First&rft.aulast=Stroustrup&rft.aufirst=Bjarne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stroustrup.com%2F1st.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC%2B%2B" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2nd-edition3-33"><a href="#cite_ref-2nd-edition3_33-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStroustrup" class="citation web cs1">Stroustrup, Bjarne. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stroustrup.com/2nd.html">"The C++ Programming Language"</a> (Second ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120809032141/http://www.stroustrup.com/2nd.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 August 2012. Retrieved 16 September 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+C%2B%2B+Programming+Language&rft.edition=Second&rft.aulast=Stroustrup&rft.aufirst=Bjarne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stroustrup.com%2F2nd.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC%2B%2B" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-herbsutter.com-34"><a href="#cite_ref-herbsutter.com_34-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSutter2016" class="citation web cs1">Sutter, Herb (30 June 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161008031743/https://herbsutter.com/2016/06/30/trip-report-summer-iso-c-standards-meeting-oulu/">"Trip report: Summer ISO C++ standards meeting (Oulu)"</a>. herbsutter.com. 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Retrieved 8 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=isocpp.org&rft.atitle=C%2B%2B20+Approved+--+Herb+Sutter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fisocpp.org%2Fblog%2F2020%2F09%2Fcpp20-approved-herb-sutter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC%2B%2B" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180103190112/https://www.nae.edu/177355.aspx">"Computer Science Pioneer Bjarne Stroustrup to Receive the 2018 Charles Stark Draper Prize for Engineering"</a> (Press release). National Academy of Engineering. 3 January 2018. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nae.edu/177355.aspx">the original</a> on 3 January 2018. Retrieved 14 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Computer+Science+Pioneer+Bjarne+Stroustrup+to+Receive+the+2018+Charles+Stark+Draper+Prize+for+Engineering&rft.pub=National+Academy+of+Engineering&rft.date=2018-01-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nae.edu%2F177355.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC%2B%2B" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTIOBE2024" class="citation web cs1">TIOBE (November 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tiobe.com/tiobe-index/">"TIOBE Index for November 2024"</a>. TIOBE.com. TIOBE Company. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241118090936/https://www.tiobe.com/tiobe-index/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 November 2024. 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Retrieved 23 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ISO%2FIEC+14882%3A1998&rft.pub=International+Organization+for+Standardization&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iso.org%2Fiso%2Fiso_catalogue%2Fcatalogue_ics%2Fcatalogue_detail_ics.htm%3Fics1%3D35%26ics2%3D60%26ics3%3D%26csnumber%3D25845&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC%2B%2B" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-isocpp2003-43"><a href="#cite_ref-isocpp2003_43-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_ics/catalogue_detail_ics.htm?ics1=35&ics2=60&ics3=&csnumber=38110">"ISO/IEC 14882:2003"</a>. International Organization for Standardization. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210813193332/https://www.iso.org/standard/38110.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 August 2021. 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International Organization for Standardization. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160527084921/http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_ics/catalogue_detail_ics.htm?ics1=35&ics2=60&ics3=&csnumber=50372">Archived</a> from the original on 27 May 2016. Retrieved 23 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ISO%2FIEC+14882%3A2011&rft.pub=International+Organization+for+Standardization&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iso.org%2Fiso%2Fiso_catalogue%2Fcatalogue_ics%2Fcatalogue_detail_ics.htm%3Fics1%3D35%26ics2%3D60%26ics3%3D%26csnumber%3D50372&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC%2B%2B" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-isocpp2014-45"><a href="#cite_ref-isocpp2014_45-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iso.org/iso/home/store/catalogue_ics/catalogue_detail_ics.htm?csnumber=64029&ICS1=35&ICS2=60">"ISO/IEC 14882:2014"</a>. International Organization for Standardization. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160429201210/http://www.iso.org/iso/home/store/catalogue_ics/catalogue_detail_ics.htm?csnumber=64029&ICS1=35&ICS2=60">Archived</a> from the original on 29 April 2016. Retrieved 23 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ISO%2FIEC+14882%3A2014&rft.pub=International+Organization+for+Standardization&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iso.org%2Fiso%2Fhome%2Fstore%2Fcatalogue_ics%2Fcatalogue_detail_ics.htm%3Fcsnumber%3D64029%26ICS1%3D35%26ICS2%3D60&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC%2B%2B" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-isocpp2017-46"><a href="#cite_ref-isocpp2017_46-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iso.org/standard/68564.html">"ISO/IEC 14882:2017"</a>. International Organization for Standardization. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130129110331/http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=50372">Archived</a> from the original on 29 January 2013. Retrieved 2 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ISO%2FIEC+14882%3A2017&rft.pub=International+Organization+for+Standardization&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iso.org%2Fstandard%2F68564.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC%2B%2B" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-isocpp2020-47"><a href="#cite_ref-isocpp2020_47-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iso.org/standard/79358.html">"ISO/IEC 14882:2020"</a>. International Organization for Standardization. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201216154357/https://www.iso.org/standard/79358.html">Archived</a> from the original on 16 December 2020. Retrieved 16 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ISO%2FIEC+14882%3A2020&rft.pub=International+Organization+for+Standardization&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iso.org%2Fstandard%2F79358.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC%2B%2B" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-0xapprove-48"><a href="#cite_ref-0xapprove_48-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://herbsutter.com/2011/08/12/we-have-an-international-standard-c0x-is-unanimously-approved/">"We have an international standard: C++0x is unanimously approved"</a>. Sutter's Mill. 12 August 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180628182816/https://herbsutter.com/2011/08/12/we-have-an-international-standard-c0x-is-unanimously-approved/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 June 2018. Retrieved 23 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sutter%27s+Mill&rft.atitle=We+have+an+international+standard%3A+C%2B%2B0x+is+unanimously+approved&rft.date=2011-08-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fherbsutter.com%2F2011%2F08%2F12%2Fwe-have-an-international-standard-c0x-is-unanimously-approved%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC%2B%2B" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Future_of_C-49"><a href="#cite_ref-The_Future_of_C_49-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://channel9.msdn.com/Events/Build/2012/2-005">"The Future of C++"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181023213741/https://channel9.msdn.com/Events/Build/2012/2-005">Archived</a> from the original on 23 October 2018. Retrieved 23 November 2018 – via channel9.msdn.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Future+of+C%2B%2B&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchannel9.msdn.com%2FEvents%2FBuild%2F2012%2F2-005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC%2B%2B" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isocpp.org/blog/2014/08/we-have-cpp14">"We have C++14! : Standard C++"</a>. isocpp.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140819083101/https://isocpp.org/blog/2014/08/we-have-cpp14">Archived</a> from the original on 19 August 2014. Retrieved 19 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=isocpp.org&rft.atitle=We+have+C%2B%2B14%21+%3A+Standard+C%2B%2B&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fisocpp.org%2Fblog%2F2014%2F08%2Fwe-have-cpp14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC%2B%2B" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Toronto_meeting_report-51"><a href="#cite_ref-Toronto_meeting_report_51-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSutter2017" class="citation web cs1">Sutter, Herb (15 July 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://herbsutter.com/2017/07/15/trip-report-summer-iso-c-standards-meeting-toronto/">"Trip report: Summer ISO C++ standards meeting (Toronto)"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170806182136/https://herbsutter.com/2017/07/15/trip-report-summer-iso-c-standards-meeting-toronto/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 August 2017. Retrieved 4 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Trip+report%3A+Summer+ISO+C%2B%2B+standards+meeting+%28Toronto%29&rft.date=2017-07-15&rft.aulast=Sutter&rft.aufirst=Herb&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fherbsutter.com%2F2017%2F07%2F15%2Ftrip-report-summer-iso-c-standards-meeting-toronto%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC%2B%2B" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iso.org/standard/43351.html">"ISO/IEC TR 18015:2006"</a>. International Organization for Standardization. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190115203236/https://www.iso.org/standard/43351.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2019. Retrieved 15 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ISO%2FIEC+TR+18015%3A2006&rft.pub=International+Organization+for+Standardization&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iso.org%2Fstandard%2F43351.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC%2B%2B" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iso.org/standard/43289.html">"ISO/IEC TR 19768:2007"</a>. International Organization for Standardization. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304045148/http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_ics/catalogue_detail_ics.htm?ics1=35&ics2=60&ics3=&csnumber=43289">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 15 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ISO%2FIEC+TR+19768%3A2007&rft.pub=International+Organization+for+Standardization&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iso.org%2Fstandard%2F43289.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC%2B%2B" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iso.org/standard/50511.html">"ISO/IEC TR 29124:2010"</a>. International Organization for Standardization. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190112054620/https://www.iso.org/standard/50511.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 January 2019. Retrieved 15 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ISO%2FIEC+TR+29124%3A2010&rft.pub=International+Organization+for+Standardization&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iso.org%2Fstandard%2F50511.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC%2B%2B" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iso.org/standard/38843.html">"ISO/IEC TR 24733:2011"</a>. International Organization for Standardization. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190115203556/https://www.iso.org/standard/38843.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2019. Retrieved 15 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ISO%2FIEC+TR+24733%3A2011&rft.pub=International+Organization+for+Standardization&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iso.org%2Fstandard%2F38843.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC%2B%2B" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iso.org/standard/63483.html">"ISO/IEC TS 18822:2015"</a>. International Organization for Standardization. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190115201441/https://www.iso.org/standard/63483.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2019. Retrieved 15 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ISO%2FIEC+TS+18822%3A2015&rft.pub=International+Organization+for+Standardization&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iso.org%2Fstandard%2F63483.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC%2B%2B" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iso.org/standard/65241.html">"ISO/IEC TS 19570:2015"</a>. International Organization for Standardization. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190115201509/https://www.iso.org/standard/65241.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2019. Retrieved 15 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ISO%2FIEC+TS+19570%3A2015&rft.pub=International+Organization+for+Standardization&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iso.org%2Fstandard%2F65241.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC%2B%2B" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iso.org/standard/66343.html">"ISO/IEC TS 19841:2015"</a>. International Organization for Standardization. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190115201300/https://www.iso.org/standard/66343.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2019. Retrieved 15 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ISO%2FIEC+TS+19841%3A2015&rft.pub=International+Organization+for+Standardization&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iso.org%2Fstandard%2F66343.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC%2B%2B" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iso.org/standard/65238.html">"ISO/IEC TS 19568:2015"</a>. International Organization for Standardization. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190115202436/https://www.iso.org/standard/65238.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2019. Retrieved 15 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ISO%2FIEC+TS+19568%3A2015&rft.pub=International+Organization+for+Standardization&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iso.org%2Fstandard%2F65238.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC%2B%2B" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iso.org/standard/64031.html">"ISO/IEC TS 19217:2015"</a>. International Organization for Standardization. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190115201732/https://www.iso.org/standard/64031.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2019. Retrieved 15 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ISO%2FIEC+TS+19217%3A2015&rft.pub=International+Organization+for+Standardization&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iso.org%2Fstandard%2F64031.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC%2B%2B" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iso.org/standard/65242.html">"ISO/IEC TS 19571:2016"</a>. International Organization for Standardization. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190115201226/https://www.iso.org/standard/65242.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2019. Retrieved 15 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ISO%2FIEC+TS+19571%3A2016&rft.pub=International+Organization+for+Standardization&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iso.org%2Fstandard%2F65242.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC%2B%2B" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iso.org/standard/70587.html">"ISO/IEC TS 19568:2017"</a>. International Organization for Standardization. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190115202428/https://www.iso.org/standard/70587.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2019. Retrieved 15 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ISO%2FIEC+TS+19568%3A2017&rft.pub=International+Organization+for+Standardization&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iso.org%2Fstandard%2F70587.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC%2B%2B" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iso.org/standard/70910.html">"ISO/IEC TS 21425:2017"</a>. International Organization for Standardization. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190115201957/https://www.iso.org/standard/70910.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2019. Retrieved 15 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ISO%2FIEC+TS+21425%3A2017&rft.pub=International+Organization+for+Standardization&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iso.org%2Fstandard%2F70910.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC%2B%2B" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iso.org/standard/73008.html">"ISO/IEC TS 22277:2017"</a>. International Organization for Standardization. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190115202004/https://www.iso.org/standard/73008.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2019. Retrieved 15 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ISO%2FIEC+TS+22277%3A2017&rft.pub=International+Organization+for+Standardization&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iso.org%2Fstandard%2F73008.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC%2B%2B" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iso.org/standard/64030.html">"ISO/IEC TS 19216:2018"</a>. International Organization for Standardization. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190115201923/https://www.iso.org/standard/64030.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2019. Retrieved 15 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ISO%2FIEC+TS+19216%3A2018&rft.pub=International+Organization+for+Standardization&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iso.org%2Fstandard%2F64030.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC%2B%2B" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iso.org/standard/71051.html">"ISO/IEC TS 21544:2018"</a>. International Organization for Standardization. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190115201858/https://www.iso.org/standard/71051.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2019. Retrieved 15 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ISO%2FIEC+TS+21544%3A2018&rft.pub=International+Organization+for+Standardization&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iso.org%2Fstandard%2F71051.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC%2B%2B" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iso.org/standard/70588.html">"ISO/IEC TS 19570:2018"</a>. International Organization for Standardization. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190115201519/https://www.iso.org/standard/70588.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2019. Retrieved 15 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ISO%2FIEC+TS+19570%3A2018&rft.pub=International+Organization+for+Standardization&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iso.org%2Fstandard%2F70588.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC%2B%2B" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iso.org/standard/76425.html">"ISO/IEC TS 23619:2021"</a>. International Organization for Standardization. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181215153205/https://www.iso.org/standard/76425.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 December 2018. Retrieved 11 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ISO%2FIEC+TS+23619%3A2021&rft.pub=International+Organization+for+Standardization&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iso.org%2Fstandard%2F76425.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC%2B%2B" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFB._Stroustrup_(interviewed_by_Sergio_De_Simone)2015" class="citation web cs1">B. Stroustrup (interviewed by Sergio De Simone) (30 April 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.infoq.com/news/2015/04/stroustrup-cpp17-interview">"Stroustrup: Thoughts on C++17 - An Interview"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150708132155/http://www.infoq.com/news/2015/04/stroustrup-cpp17-interview">Archived</a> from the original on 8 July 2015. Retrieved 8 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Stroustrup%3A+Thoughts+on+C%2B%2B17+-+An+Interview&rft.date=2015-04-30&rft.au=B.+Stroustrup+%28interviewed+by+Sergio+De+Simone%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.infoq.com%2Fnews%2F2015%2F04%2Fstroustrup-cpp17-interview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC%2B%2B" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStroustrup2000" class="citation book cs1">Stroustrup, Bjarne (2000). The C++ Programming Language (Special ed.). Addison-Wesley. p. 46. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-201-70073-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-201-70073-5"><bdi>0-201-70073-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+C%2B%2B+Programming+Language&rft.pages=46&rft.edition=Special&rft.pub=Addison-Wesley&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-201-70073-5&rft.aulast=Stroustrup&rft.aufirst=Bjarne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC%2B%2B" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStroustrup" class="citation web cs1">Stroustrup, Bjarne. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stroustrup.com/3rd_issues.html">"Open issues for The C++ Programming Language (3rd Edition)"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140505221112/http://www.stroustrup.com/3rd_issues.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 May 2014. Retrieved 5 May 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Open+issues+for+The+C%2B%2B+Programming+Language+%283rd+Edition%29&rft.aulast=Stroustrup&rft.aufirst=Bjarne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stroustrup.com%2F3rd_issues.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC%2B%2B" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-C++11_3.7-73"><a href="#cite_ref-C++11_3.7_73-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">ISO</a>/<a href="/wiki/International_Electrotechnical_Commission" title="International Electrotechnical Commission">IEC</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2013/n3797.pdf">Programming Languages – C++11 Draft (n3797)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181002093659/http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2013/n3797.pdf">Archived</a> 2 October 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> §3.7 Storage duration [basic.stc] </li> <li id="cite_note-C++11_3.7.1-74"><a href="#cite_ref-C++11_3.7.1_74-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">ISO</a>/<a href="/wiki/International_Electrotechnical_Commission" title="International Electrotechnical Commission">IEC</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2013/n3797.pdf">Programming Languages – C++11 Draft (n3797)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181002093659/http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2013/n3797.pdf">Archived</a> 2 October 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> §3.7.1 Static Storage duration [basic.stc.static] </li> <li id="cite_note-C++11_3.7.2-75"><a href="#cite_ref-C++11_3.7.2_75-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">ISO</a>/<a href="/wiki/International_Electrotechnical_Commission" title="International Electrotechnical Commission">IEC</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2013/n3797.pdf">Programming Languages – C++11 Draft (n3797)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181002093659/http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2013/n3797.pdf">Archived</a> 2 October 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> §3.7.2 Thread Storage duration [basic.stc.thread] </li> <li id="cite_note-C++11_3.7.3-76"><a href="#cite_ref-C++11_3.7.3_76-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">ISO</a>/<a href="/wiki/International_Electrotechnical_Commission" title="International Electrotechnical Commission">IEC</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2013/n3797.pdf">Programming Languages – C++11 Draft (n3797)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181002093659/http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2013/n3797.pdf">Archived</a> 2 October 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> §3.7.3 Automatic Storage duration [basic.stc.auto] </li> <li id="cite_note-C++11_3.7.4-77"><a href="#cite_ref-C++11_3.7.4_77-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">ISO</a>/<a href="/wiki/International_Electrotechnical_Commission" title="International Electrotechnical Commission">IEC</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2013/n3797.pdf">Programming Languages – C++11 Draft (n3797)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181002093659/http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2013/n3797.pdf">Archived</a> 2 October 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> §3.7.4 Dynamic Storage duration [basic.stc.dynamic] </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isocpp.github.io/CppCoreGuidelines/CppCoreGuidelines#r11-avoid-calling-new-and-delete-explicitly">"C++ Core Guidelines"</a>. isocpp.github.io. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200208160101/http://isocpp.github.io/CppCoreGuidelines/CppCoreGuidelines#r11-avoid-calling-new-and-delete-explicitly">Archived</a> from the original on 8 February 2020. Retrieved 9 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=isocpp.github.io&rft.atitle=C%2B%2B+Core+Guidelines&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fisocpp.github.io%2FCppCoreGuidelines%2FCppCoreGuidelines%23r11-avoid-calling-new-and-delete-explicitly&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC%2B%2B" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-79">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_79-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_79-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://articles.emptycrate.com/2008/05/06/nobody_understands_c_part_5_template_code_bloat.html">"Nobody Understands C++: Part 5: Template Code Bloat"</a>. articles.emptycrate.com/: EmptyCrate Software. Travel. Stuff. 6 May 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160425105303/http://articles.emptycrate.com/2008/05/06/nobody_understands_c_part_5_template_code_bloat.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 April 2016. Retrieved 8 March 2010. <q>On occasion you will read or hear someone talking about C++ templates causing code bloat. I was thinking about it the other day and thought to myself, "self, if the code does exactly the same thing then the compiled code cannot really be any bigger, can it?" [...] And what about compiled code size? Each were compiled with the command g++ <filename>.cpp -O3. Non-template version: 8140 bytes, template version: 8028 bytes!</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nobody+Understands+C%2B%2B%3A+Part+5%3A+Template+Code+Bloat&rft.place=articles.emptycrate.com%2F&rft.pub=EmptyCrate+Software.+Travel.+Stuff.&rft.date=2008-05-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farticles.emptycrate.com%2F2008%2F05%2F06%2Fnobody_understands_c_part_5_template_code_bloat.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC%2B%2B" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cppcs-80"><a href="#cite_ref-cppcs_80-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSutterAlexandrescu2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Herb_Sutter" title="Herb Sutter">Sutter, Herb</a>; <a href="/wiki/Andrei_Alexandrescu" title="Andrei Alexandrescu">Alexandrescu, Andrei</a> (2004). C++ Coding Standards: 101 Rules, Guidelines, and Best Practices. Addison-Wesley.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=C%2B%2B+Coding+Standards%3A+101+Rules%2C+Guidelines%2C+and+Best+Practices&rft.pub=Addison-Wesley&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Sutter&rft.aufirst=Herb&rft.au=Alexandrescu%2C+Andrei&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC%2B%2B" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-industrialcpp-81"><a href="#cite_ref-industrialcpp_81-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenricsonNyquist1997" class="citation book cs1">Henricson, Mats; Nyquist, Erik (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/industrialstreng0000henr">Industrial Strength C++</a>. Prentice Hall. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-13-120965-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-13-120965-5"><bdi>0-13-120965-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Industrial+Strength+C%2B%2B&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-13-120965-5&rft.aulast=Henricson&rft.aufirst=Mats&rft.au=Nyquist%2C+Erik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Findustrialstreng0000henr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC%2B%2B" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStroustrup2000" class="citation book cs1">Stroustrup, Bjarne (2000). The C++ Programming Language (Special ed.). Addison-Wesley. p. 310. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-201-70073-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-201-70073-5"><bdi>0-201-70073-5</bdi></a>. <q>A virtual member function is sometimes called a method.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+C%2B%2B+Programming+Language&rft.pages=310&rft.edition=Special&rft.pub=Addison-Wesley&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-201-70073-5&rft.aulast=Stroustrup&rft.aufirst=Bjarne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC%2B%2B" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMycroft2013" class="citation web cs1">Mycroft, Alan (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/teaching/1314/CandC++/lecture7.pdf">"C and C++ Exceptions | Templates"</a> (PDF). Cambridge Computer Laboratory - Course Materials 2013-14. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160513074615/http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/teaching/1314/CandC++/lecture7.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 13 May 2016. Retrieved 30 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cambridge+Computer+Laboratory+-+Course+Materials+2013-14&rft.atitle=C+and+C%2B%2B+Exceptions+%7C+Templates&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Mycroft&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cl.cam.ac.uk%2Fteaching%2F1314%2FCandC%2B%2B%2Flecture7.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC%2B%2B" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-exception_summary-84"><a href="#cite_ref-exception_summary_84-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStroustrup2013" class="citation book cs1">Stroustrup, Bjarne (2013). The C++ Programming Language. Addison Wesley. p. 345. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780321563842" title="Special:BookSources/9780321563842"><bdi>9780321563842</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+C%2B%2B+Programming+Language&rft.pages=345&rft.pub=Addison+Wesley&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780321563842&rft.aulast=Stroustrup&rft.aufirst=Bjarne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC%2B%2B" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStroustrup2013" class="citation book cs1">Stroustrup, Bjarne (2013). The C++ Programming Language. 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Retrieved 27 December 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=C9X+%E2%80%93+The+New+C+Standard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhome.datacomm.ch%2Ft_wolf%2Ftw%2Fc%2Fc9x_changes.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC%2B%2B" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gcc.gnu.org/projects/cxx0x.html">"C++0x Support in GCC"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100721215324/http://gcc.gnu.org/projects/cxx0x.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 July 2010. 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Retrieved 12 October 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=C%2B%2B0x+Core+Language+Features+In+VC10%3A+The+Table&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.msdn.com%2Fb%2Fvcblog%2Farchive%2F2010%2F04%2F06%2Fc-0x-core-language-features-in-vc10-the-table.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC%2B%2B" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://clang.llvm.org/cxx_status.html">"Clang - C++98, C++11, and C++14 Status"</a>. Clang.llvm.org. 12 May 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130704124639/http://clang.llvm.org/cxx_status.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 July 2013. Retrieved 10 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Clang+-+C%2B%2B98%2C+C%2B%2B11%2C+and+C%2B%2B14+Status&rft.pub=Clang.llvm.org&rft.date=2013-05-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fclang.llvm.org%2Fcxx_status.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC%2B%2B" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=C%2B%2B&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbrahamsGurtovoy2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Abrahams_(computer_programmer)" title="David Abrahams (computer programmer)">Abrahams, David</a>; Gurtovoy, Aleksey (2005). C++ Template Metaprogramming: Concepts, Tools, and Techniques from Boost and Beyond. Addison-Wesley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-321-22725-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-321-22725-5"><bdi>0-321-22725-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=C%2B%2B+Template+Metaprogramming%3A+Concepts%2C+Tools%2C+and+Techniques+from+Boost+and+Beyond&rft.pub=Addison-Wesley&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-321-22725-5&rft.aulast=Abrahams&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Gurtovoy%2C+Aleksey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC%2B%2B" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlexandrescu2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Alexandrescu" title="Andrei Alexandrescu">Alexandrescu, Andrei</a> (2001). Modern C++ Design: Generic Programming and Design Patterns Applied. Addison-Wesley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-201-70431-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-201-70431-5"><bdi>0-201-70431-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+C%2B%2B+Design%3A+Generic+Programming+and+Design+Patterns+Applied&rft.pub=Addison-Wesley&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-201-70431-5&rft.aulast=Alexandrescu&rft.aufirst=Andrei&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC%2B%2B" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlexandrescuSutter2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Alexandrescu" title="Andrei Alexandrescu">Alexandrescu, Andrei</a>; <a href="/wiki/Herb_Sutter" title="Herb Sutter">Sutter, Herb</a> (2004). C++ Design and Coding Standards: Rules and Guidelines for Writing Programs. Addison-Wesley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-321-11358-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-321-11358-6"><bdi>0-321-11358-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=C%2B%2B+Design+and+Coding+Standards%3A+Rules+and+Guidelines+for+Writing+Programs&rft.pub=Addison-Wesley&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-321-11358-6&rft.aulast=Alexandrescu&rft.aufirst=Andrei&rft.au=Sutter%2C+Herb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC%2B%2B" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBecker2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pete_Becker" title="Pete Becker">Becker, Pete</a> (2006). The C++ Standard Library Extensions : A Tutorial and Reference. Addison-Wesley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-321-41299-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-321-41299-0"><bdi>0-321-41299-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+C%2B%2B+Standard+Library+Extensions+%3A+A+Tutorial+and+Reference&rft.pub=Addison-Wesley&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-321-41299-0&rft.aulast=Becker&rft.aufirst=Pete&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC%2B%2B" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrokken2010" class="citation book cs1">Brokken, Frank (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icce.rug.nl/documents/cplusplus/">C++ Annotations</a>. University of Groningen. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-367-0470-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-367-0470-0"><bdi>978-90-367-0470-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100428014354/http://www.icce.rug.nl/documents/cplusplus/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 April 2010. Retrieved 28 April 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=C%2B%2B+Annotations&rft.pub=University+of+Groningen&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-90-367-0470-0&rft.aulast=Brokken&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.icce.rug.nl%2Fdocuments%2Fcplusplus%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC%2B%2B" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoplien1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_O._Coplien" class="mw-redirect" title="James O. Coplien">Coplien, James O.</a> (1994) [reprinted with corrections, original year of publication 1992]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/advancedcbsprogr00copl">Advanced C++: Programming Styles and Idioms</a>. Addison-Wesley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-201-54855-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-201-54855-0"><bdi>0-201-54855-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Advanced+C%2B%2B%3A+Programming+Styles+and+Idioms&rft.pub=Addison-Wesley&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-201-54855-0&rft.aulast=Coplien&rft.aufirst=James+O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fadvancedcbsprogr00copl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC%2B%2B" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDewhurst2005" class="citation book cs1">Dewhurst, Stephen C. (2005). C++ Common Knowledge: Essential Intermediate Programming. Addison-Wesley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-321-32192-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-321-32192-8"><bdi>0-321-32192-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=C%2B%2B+Common+Knowledge%3A+Essential+Intermediate+Programming&rft.pub=Addison-Wesley&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-321-32192-8&rft.aulast=Dewhurst&rft.aufirst=Stephen+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC%2B%2B" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInformation_Technology_Industry_Council2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Information_and_Communications_Technology_Council" title="Information and Communications Technology Council">Information Technology Industry Council</a> (15 October 2003). Programming languages – C++ (Second ed.). Geneva: ISO/IEC. 14882:2003(E).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Programming+languages+%E2%80%93+C%2B%2B&rft.place=Geneva&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=ISO%2FIEC&rft.date=2003-10-15&rft.au=Information+Technology+Industry+Council&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC%2B%2B" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJosuttis2012" class="citation book cs1">Josuttis, Nicolai M. (2012). The C++ Standard Library, A Tutorial and Reference (Second ed.). Addison-Wesley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-321-62321-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-321-62321-8"><bdi>978-0-321-62321-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+C%2B%2B+Standard+Library%2C+A+Tutorial+and+Reference&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Addison-Wesley&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-321-62321-8&rft.aulast=Josuttis&rft.aufirst=Nicolai+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC%2B%2B" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoenigMoo2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Koenig_(programmer)" title="Andrew Koenig (programmer)">Koenig, Andrew</a>; Moo, Barbara E. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/acceleratedcprac2000koen">Accelerated C++ – Practical Programming by Example</a>. Addison-Wesley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-201-70353-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-201-70353-X"><bdi>0-201-70353-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Accelerated+C%2B%2B+%E2%80%93+Practical+Programming+by+Example&rft.pub=Addison-Wesley&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-201-70353-X&rft.aulast=Koenig&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft.au=Moo%2C+Barbara+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Facceleratedcprac2000koen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC%2B%2B" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLippmanLajoieMoo2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_B._Lippman" title="Stanley B. Lippman">Lippman, Stanley B.</a>; Lajoie, Josée; Moo, Barbara E. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cprimer0000lipp_5thed">C++ Primer</a> (Fifth ed.). Addison-Wesley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-321-71411-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-321-71411-4"><bdi>978-0-321-71411-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=C%2B%2B+Primer&rft.edition=Fifth&rft.pub=Addison-Wesley&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-321-71411-4&rft.aulast=Lippman&rft.aufirst=Stanley+B.&rft.au=Lajoie%2C+Jos%C3%A9e&rft.au=Moo%2C+Barbara+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcprimer0000lipp_5thed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC%2B%2B" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLippman1996" class="citation book cs1">Lippman, Stanley B. (1996). Inside the C++ Object Model. Addison-Wesley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-201-83454-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-201-83454-5"><bdi>0-201-83454-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inside+the+C%2B%2B+Object+Model&rft.pub=Addison-Wesley&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-201-83454-5&rft.aulast=Lippman&rft.aufirst=Stanley+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC%2B%2B" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeyers2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Scott_Meyers" title="Scott Meyers">Meyers, Scott</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/effectivec55spec00meye">Effective C++</a> (Third ed.). Addison-Wesley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-321-33487-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-321-33487-6"><bdi>0-321-33487-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Effective+C%2B%2B&rft.edition=Third&rft.pub=Addison-Wesley&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-321-33487-6&rft.aulast=Meyers&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Feffectivec55spec00meye&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC%2B%2B" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStroustrup2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bjarne_Stroustrup" title="Bjarne Stroustrup">Stroustrup, Bjarne</a> (2013). <a href="/wiki/The_C%2B%2B_Programming_Language" title="The C++ Programming Language">The C++ Programming Language</a> (Fourth ed.). Addison-Wesley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-321-56384-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-321-56384-2"><bdi>978-0-321-56384-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+C%2B%2B+Programming+Language&rft.edition=Fourth&rft.pub=Addison-Wesley&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-321-56384-2&rft.aulast=Stroustrup&rft.aufirst=Bjarne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC%2B%2B" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStroustrup1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bjarne_Stroustrup" title="Bjarne Stroustrup">Stroustrup, Bjarne</a> (1994). <a href="/wiki/The_Design_and_Evolution_of_C%2B%2B" class="mw-redirect" title="The Design and Evolution of C++">The Design and Evolution of C++</a>. Addison-Wesley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-201-54330-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-201-54330-3"><bdi>0-201-54330-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Design+and+Evolution+of+C%2B%2B&rft.pub=Addison-Wesley&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-201-54330-3&rft.aulast=Stroustrup&rft.aufirst=Bjarne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC%2B%2B" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStroustrup2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bjarne_Stroustrup" title="Bjarne Stroustrup">Stroustrup, Bjarne</a> (2014). Programming: Principles and Practice Using C++ (Second ed.). Addison-Wesley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-321-99278-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-321-99278-9"><bdi>978-0-321-99278-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Programming%3A+Principles+and+Practice+Using+C%2B%2B&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Addison-Wesley&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-321-99278-9&rft.aulast=Stroustrup&rft.aufirst=Bjarne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC%2B%2B" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSutter2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Herb_Sutter" title="Herb Sutter">Sutter, Herb</a> (2001). More Exceptional C++: 40 New Engineering Puzzles, Programming Problems, and Solutions. Addison-Wesley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-201-70434-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-201-70434-X"><bdi>0-201-70434-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=More+Exceptional+C%2B%2B%3A+40+New+Engineering+Puzzles%2C+Programming+Problems%2C+and+Solutions&rft.pub=Addison-Wesley&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-201-70434-X&rft.aulast=Sutter&rft.aufirst=Herb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC%2B%2B" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSutter2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Herb_Sutter" title="Herb Sutter">Sutter, Herb</a> (2004). Exceptional C++ Style. Addison-Wesley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-201-76042-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-201-76042-8"><bdi>0-201-76042-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Exceptional+C%2B%2B+Style&rft.pub=Addison-Wesley&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-201-76042-8&rft.aulast=Sutter&rft.aufirst=Herb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC%2B%2B" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVandevoordeJosuttis2003" class="citation book cs1">Vandevoorde, David; Josuttis, Nicolai M. (2003). C++ Templates: The complete Guide. Addison-Wesley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-201-73484-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-201-73484-2"><bdi>0-201-73484-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=C%2B%2B+Templates%3A+The+complete+Guide&rft.pub=Addison-Wesley&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-201-73484-2&rft.aulast=Vandevoorde&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Josuttis%2C+Nicolai+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC%2B%2B" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=C%2B%2B&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/">JTC1/SC22/WG21</a> – the ISO/IEC C++ Standard Working Group</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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href="/wiki/Criticism_of_C%2B%2B" title="Criticism of C++">Criticism of C++</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Software_development" title="Software development">Designer</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bjarne_Stroustrup" title="Bjarne Stroustrup">Bjarne Stroustrup</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:C%2B%2B_programming_language_family" title="Category:C++ programming language family">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Programming_languages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Programming_languages" title="Template:Programming languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Programming_languages" title="Template talk:Programming languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Programming_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Programming languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Programming_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">Programming languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_programming_languages" title="Comparison of programming languages">Comparison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_programming_languages" title="Timeline of programming languages">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_programming_languages" title="History of programming languages">History</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ada_(programming_language)" title="Ada (programming language)">Ada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ALGOL" title="ALGOL">ALGOL</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simula" title="Simula">Simula</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APL_(programming_language)" title="APL (programming language)">APL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_language" title="Assembly language">Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BASIC" title="BASIC">BASIC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visual_Basic" title="Visual Basic">Visual Basic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visual_Basic_(classic)" title="Visual Basic (classic)">classic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_Basic_(.NET)" title="Visual Basic (.NET)">.NET</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">C++</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="C Sharp (programming language)">C#</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COBOL" title="COBOL">COBOL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erlang_(programming_language)" title="Erlang (programming language)">Erlang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forth_(programming_language)" title="Forth (programming language)">Forth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortran" title="Fortran">Fortran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Go_(programming_language)" title="Go (programming language)">Go</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haskell" title="Haskell">Haskell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_(programming_language)" title="Julia (programming language)">Julia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kotlin_(programming_language)" title="Kotlin (programming language)">Kotlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisp_(programming_language)" title="Lisp (programming language)">Lisp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lua_(programming_language)" title="Lua (programming language)">Lua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MATLAB" title="MATLAB">MATLAB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ML_(programming_language)" title="ML (programming language)">ML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascal_(programming_language)" title="Pascal (programming language)">Pascal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Object_Pascal" title="Object Pascal">Object Pascal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perl" title="Perl">Perl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PHP" title="PHP">PHP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prolog" title="Prolog">Prolog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R_(programming_language)" title="R (programming language)">R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruby_(programming_language)" title="Ruby (programming language)">Ruby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rust_(programming_language)" title="Rust (programming language)">Rust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SQL" title="SQL">SQL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scratch_(programming_language)" title="Scratch (programming language)">Scratch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shell_script" title="Shell script">Shell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smalltalk" title="Smalltalk">Smalltalk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swift_(programming_language)" title="Swift (programming language)">Swift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programming_languages" title="List of programming languages">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> Lists: <a href="/wiki/List_of_programming_languages" title="List of programming languages">Alphabetical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programming_languages_by_type" title="List of programming languages by type">Categorical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generational_list_of_programming_languages" title="Generational list of programming languages">Generational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-English-based_programming_languages" title="Non-English-based programming languages">Non-English-based</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Programming_languages" title="Category:Programming languages">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="ISO_standards_by_standard_number" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:ISO_standards" title="Template:ISO standards"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:ISO_standards" title="Template talk:ISO standards"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:ISO_standards" title="Special:EditPage/Template:ISO standards"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="ISO_standards_by_standard_number" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">ISO</a> standards by standard number</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>List of <a href="/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards" title="List of ISO standards">ISO standards</a> – <a href="/wiki/List_of_ISO_romanizations" title="List of ISO romanizations">ISO romanizations</a> – <a href="/wiki/List_of_IEC_standards" title="List of IEC standards">IEC standards</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1–9999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO_1" title="ISO 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2" title="ISO 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renard_series" title="Renard series">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_4" title="ISO 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_speed" title="Film speed">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Standard_Pipe" title="British Standard Pipe">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9" title="ISO 9">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A440_(pitch_standard)" title="A440 (pitch standard)">16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renard_series" title="Renard series">17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31" title="ISO 31">31</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-0" title="ISO 31-0">-0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-1" title="ISO 31-1">-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-3" title="ISO 31-3">-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-4" title="ISO 31-4">-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-5" title="ISO 31-5">-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-6" title="ISO 31-6">-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-7" title="ISO 31-7">-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-8" title="ISO 31-8">-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-9" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 31-9">-9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-10" title="ISO 31-10">-10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-11" title="ISO 31-11">-11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-12" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 31-12">-12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-13" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 31-13">-13</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_metric_screw_thread" title="ISO metric screw thread">68-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_128" title="ISO 128">128</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_216" title="ISO 216">216</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_217" title="ISO 217">217</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal-loudness_contour" title="Equal-loudness contour">226</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Standard_Pipe" title="British Standard Pipe">228</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_233" title="ISO 233">233</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_259" title="ISO 259">259</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_metric_screw_thread" title="ISO metric screw thread">261</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_metric_screw_thread" title="ISO metric screw thread">262</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kappa_number" title="Kappa number">302</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicat_softening_point" title="Vicat softening point">306</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazard_symbol#Ionizing_radiation_symbol" title="Hazard symbol">361</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_take-off" title="Power take-off">500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_shoe" title="Hot shoe">518</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prontor-Compur" title="Prontor-Compur">519</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_639" title="ISO 639">639</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-1" title="ISO 639-1">-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-5" title="ISO 639-5">-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-6" title="ISO 639-6">-6</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_646" title="ISO/IEC 646">646</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_657" title="ISO 657">657</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_668" title="ISO 668">668</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_690" title="ISO 690">690</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_704" title="ISO 704">704</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_732" title="ISO 732">732</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antimagnetic_watch" title="Antimagnetic watch">764</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hole_punch" title="Hole punch">838</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_843" title="ISO 843">843</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_860" title="ISO 860">860</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_898" title="ISO 898">898</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_965" title="ISO 965">965</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_999" title="ISO 999">999</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_1000" title="ISO 1000">1000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_ink_character_recognition" title="Magnetic ink character recognition">1004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/135_film" title="135 film">1007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OCR-A" title="OCR-A">1073-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OCR-B" title="OCR-B">1073-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longitudinal_redundancy_check" title="Longitudinal redundancy check">1155</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shock-resistant_watch#ISO_1413_shock-resistant_standard" title="Shock-resistant watch">1413</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ALGOL_60" title="ALGOL 60">1538</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_1629" title="ISO 1629">1629</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_1745" title="ISO 1745">1745</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COBOL" title="COBOL">1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2014" title="ISO 2014">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2015" title="ISO 2015">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_2022" title="ISO/IEC 2022">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2033" title="ISO 2033">2033</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2047" title="ISO 2047">2047</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">2108</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2145" title="ISO 2145">2145</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2146" title="ISO 2146">2146</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_speed" title="Film speed">2240</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_Resistant_mark" title="Water Resistant mark">2281</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Atmosphere" title="International Standard Atmosphere">2533</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2709" title="ISO 2709">2709</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2711" title="ISO 2711">2711</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_speed" title="Film speed">2720</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2788" title="ISO 2788">2788</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2848" title="ISO 2848">2848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2852" title="ISO 2852">2852</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2921" title="ISO 2921">2921</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/126_film" title="126 film">3029</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_3103" title="ISO 3103">3103</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">3166</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-1" title="ISO 3166-1">-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2" title="ISO 3166-2">-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-3" title="ISO 3166-3">-3</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">3297</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_3307" title="ISO 3307">3307</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O-ring" title="O-ring">3601</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunrei-shiki_romanization" title="Kunrei-shiki romanization">3602</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_3864" title="ISO 3864">3864</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Recording_Code" title="International Standard Recording Code">3901</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FDI_World_Dental_Federation_notation" title="FDI World Dental Federation notation">3950</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_3977" title="ISO 3977">3977</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_4031" title="ISO 4031">4031</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_4157" title="ISO 4157">4157</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_4165" title="ISO 4165">4165</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">4217</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_4909" title="ISO/IEC 4909">4909</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_5218" title="ISO/IEC 5218">5218</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_5426" title="ISO 5426">5426</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_5427" title="ISO 5427">5427</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_5428" title="ISO 5428">5428</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accuracy_and_precision" title="Accuracy and precision">5725</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_5775" title="ISO 5775">5775</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_5776" title="ISO 5776">5776</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_speed" title="Film speed">5800</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flowchart" title="Flowchart">5807</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_5964" title="ISO 5964">5964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Securities_Identification_Number" title="International Securities Identification Number">6166</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_6344" title="ISO 6344">6344</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_6346" title="ISO 6346">6346</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimal_BASIC" title="Minimal BASIC">6373</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_6385" title="ISO 6385">6385</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_Resistant_mark" title="Water Resistant mark">6425</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ANSI_escape_code" title="ANSI escape code">6429</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_6438" title="ISO 6438">6438</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_6523" title="ISO/IEC 6523">6523</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_6709" title="ISO 6709">6709</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_6943" title="ISO 6943">6943</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_7001" title="ISO 7001">7001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_7002" title="ISO 7002">7002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_7010" title="ISO 7010">7010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_7027" title="ISO 7027">7027</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_7064" title="ISO/IEC 7064">7064</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">7098</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascal_(programming_language)" title="Pascal (programming language)">7185</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_7200" title="ISO 7200">7200</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSI_model" title="OSI model">7498</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/OSI_model" title="OSI model">-1</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_7637" title="ISO 7637">7637</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_7736" title="ISO 7736">7736</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_7810" title="ISO/IEC 7810">7810</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_7811" title="ISO/IEC 7811">7811</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_7812" title="ISO/IEC 7812">7812</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_7813" title="ISO/IEC 7813">7813</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_7816" title="ISO/IEC 7816">7816</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphical_Kernel_System" title="Graphical Kernel System">7942</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_8000" title="ISO 8000">8000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On-board_diagnostics" title="On-board diagnostics">8093</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_8178" title="ISO 8178">8178</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_oil" title="Fuel oil">8217</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_8373" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 8373">8373</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_8501-1" title="ISO 8501-1">8501-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FTAM" title="FTAM">8571</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_8583" title="ISO 8583">8583</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_8601" title="ISO 8601">8601</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Document_Architecture" title="Open Document Architecture">8613</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_Graphics_Metafile" title="Computer Graphics Metafile">8632</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphical_Kernel_System" title="Graphical Kernel System">8651</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8652" title="ISO/IEC 8652">8652</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_8691" title="ISO 8691">8691</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphical_Kernel_System" title="Graphical Kernel System">8805/8806</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_Of_Temporal_Ordering_Specification" class="mw-redirect" title="Language Of Temporal Ordering Specification">8807</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuse_(automotive)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fuse (automotive)">8820-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859" title="ISO/IEC 8859">8859</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-1" title="ISO/IEC 8859-1">-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-2" title="ISO/IEC 8859-2">-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-3" title="ISO/IEC 8859-3">-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-4" title="ISO/IEC 8859-4">-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-5" title="ISO/IEC 8859-5">-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-6" title="ISO/IEC 8859-6">-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-7" title="ISO/IEC 8859-7">-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-8" title="ISO/IEC 8859-8">-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO-8859-8-I" title="ISO-8859-8-I">-8-I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-9" title="ISO/IEC 8859-9">-9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-10" title="ISO/IEC 8859-10">-10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-11" title="ISO/IEC 8859-11">-11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-12" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO/IEC 8859-12">-12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-13" title="ISO/IEC 8859-13">-13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-14" title="ISO/IEC 8859-14">-14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-15" title="ISO/IEC 8859-15">-15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-16" title="ISO/IEC 8859-16">-16</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Generalized_Markup_Language" title="Standard Generalized Markup Language">8879</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9000" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 9000">9000/9001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASMO_449" title="ASMO 449">9036</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SQL" title="SQL">9075</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_9126" title="ISO/IEC 9126">9126</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On-board_diagnostics" title="On-board diagnostics">9141</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_spray_test" title="Salt spray test">9227</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9241" title="ISO 9241">9241</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_Allocation_Table" title="File Allocation Table">9293</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiber_Distributed_Data_Interface" title="Fiber Distributed Data Interface">9314</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9362" title="ISO 9362">9362</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoe_size" title="Shoe size">9407</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CHILL" title="CHILL">9496</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_Message_Specification" title="Manufacturing Message Specification">9506</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_9529" title="ISO/IEC 9529">9529</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9564" title="ISO 9564">9564</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PHIGS" title="PHIGS">9592/9593</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X.500" title="X.500">9594</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9660" title="ISO 9660">9660</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_9797-1" title="ISO/IEC 9797-1">9797-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9897" title="ISO 9897">9897</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ANSI_C" title="ANSI C">9899</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/POSIX" title="POSIX">9945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Georgian" title="Romanization of Georgian">9984</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Armenian" title="Romanization of Armenian">9985</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_9995" title="ISO/IEC 9995">9995</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">10000–19999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10006" title="ISO 10006">10006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10007" title="ISO 10007">10007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_10116" title="ISO/IEC 10116">10116</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whirlpool_(hash_function)" title="Whirlpool (hash function)">10118-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10160" title="ISO 10160">10160</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10161" title="ISO 10161">10161</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guidelines_for_the_Definition_of_Managed_Objects" title="Guidelines for the Definition of Managed Objects">10165</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Document_Style_Semantics_and_Specification_Language" title="Document Style Semantics and Specification Language">10179</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascal_(programming_language)#ISO/IEC_10206:1990_Extended_Pascal" title="Pascal (programming language)">10206</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10218" title="ISO 10218">10218</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full_BASIC" title="Full BASIC">10279</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10303" title="ISO 10303">10303</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/EXPRESS_(data_modeling_language)" title="EXPRESS (data modeling language)">-11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10303-21" title="ISO 10303-21">-21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10303-22" title="ISO 10303-22">-22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10303-28" title="ISO 10303-28">-28</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STEP-NC" title="STEP-NC">-238</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_Identifier_Code" title="Market Identifier Code">10383</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ArmSCII" title="ArmSCII">10585</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IS-IS" title="IS-IS">10589</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10628" title="ISO 10628">10628</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Coded_Character_Set" title="Universal Coded Character Set">10646</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torx" title="Torx">10664</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RM-ODP" title="RM-ODP">10746</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multibus" title="Multibus">10861</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Music_Number" title="International Standard Music Number">10957</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10962" title="ISO 10962">10962</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_10967" title="ISO/IEC 10967">10967</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEEE_11073" title="ISO/IEEE 11073">11073</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_11170" title="ISO 11170">11170</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-1" title="MPEG-1">11172</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_11179" title="ISO/IEC 11179">11179</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_11404" title="ISO/IEC 11404">11404</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JBIG" title="JBIG">11544</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_11783" title="ISO 11783">11783</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_11784_and_ISO_11785" title="ISO 11784 and ISO 11785">11784</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_11784_and_ISO_11785" title="ISO 11784 and ISO 11785">11785</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_11801" title="ISO/IEC 11801">11801</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trusted_Platform_Module" title="Trusted Platform Module">11889</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CAN_bus#CAN_lower-layer_standards" title="CAN bus">11898</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_11940" title="ISO 11940">11940</a> (<a href="/wiki/ISO_11940-2" title="ISO 11940-2">-2</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/TR_11941" title="ISO/TR 11941">11941</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/TR_11941" title="ISO/TR 11941">11941 (TR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_11992" title="ISO 11992">11992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_12006" title="ISO 12006">12006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DICOM" title="DICOM">12052</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_TR_12182" title="ISO/IEC TR 12182">12182</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_12207" title="ISO/IEC 12207">12207</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TIFF/EP" title="TIFF/EP">12234-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_categories#ISO_12620_(ISO_TC37_Data_Category_Registry,_ISOcat)" title="Linguistic categories">12620</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prolog" title="Prolog">13211</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prolog" title="Prolog">-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prolog" title="Prolog">-2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isofix" title="Isofix">13216</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topic_map" title="Topic map">13250</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_13399" title="ISO 13399">13399</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_13406-2" title="ISO 13406-2">13406-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/110_film" title="110 film">13450</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_13485" title="ISO 13485">13485</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_13490" title="ISO 13490">13490</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_13567" title="ISO 13567">13567</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z_notation" title="Z notation">13568</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_13584" title="ISO 13584">13584</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Bank_Account_Number" title="International Bank Account Number">13616</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISLISP" title="ISLISP">13816</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-2" title="MPEG-2">13818</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_14000" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 14000">14000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_14031" title="ISO 14031">14031</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_14224" title="ISO 14224">14224</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDF/UA" title="PDF/UA">14289</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horsepower" title="Horsepower">14396</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_14443" title="ISO/IEC 14443">14443</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-4" title="MPEG-4">14496</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-4_Part_2" title="MPEG-4 Part 2">-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-4_Part_3" title="MPEG-4 Part 3">-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delivery_Multimedia_Integration_Framework" title="Delivery Multimedia Integration Framework">-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Video_Coding" title="Advanced Video Coding">-10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-4_Part_11" title="MPEG-4 Part 11">-11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_base_media_file_format" title="ISO base media file format">-12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MP4_file_format" title="MP4 file format">-14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MP4_file_format" title="MP4 file format">-17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MP4_file_format" title="MP4 file format">-20</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_14617" title="ISO 14617">14617</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_14644" title="ISO 14644">14644</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STEP-NC" title="STEP-NC">14649</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_14651" title="ISO/IEC 14651">14651</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_14698" title="ISO 14698">14698</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_maintenance" title="Software maintenance">14764</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">14882</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_14971" title="ISO 14971">14971</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15022" title="ISO 15022">15022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15189" title="ISO 15189">15189</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_15288" title="ISO/IEC 15288">15288</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ada_Semantic_Interface_Specification" title="Ada Semantic Interface Specification">15291</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15398" title="ISO 15398">15398</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Criteria" title="Common Criteria">15408</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JPEG_2000" title="JPEG 2000">15444</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Motion_JPEG_2000" title="Motion JPEG 2000">-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JPIP" title="JPIP">-9</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">15445</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDF417" title="PDF417">15438</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_15504" title="ISO/IEC 15504">15504</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Identifier_for_Libraries_and_Related_Organizations" title="International Standard Identifier for Libraries and Related Organizations">15511</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15686" title="ISO 15686">15686</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_15693" title="ISO/IEC 15693">15693</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Audiovisual_Number" title="International Standard Audiovisual Number">15706</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Audiovisual_Number" title="International Standard Audiovisual Number">-2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Musical_Work_Code" title="International Standard Musical Work Code">15707</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_15897" title="ISO/IEC 15897">15897</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15919" title="ISO 15919">15919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15924" title="ISO 15924">15924</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15926" title="ISO 15926">15926</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15926_WIP" title="ISO 15926 WIP">15926 WIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDF/X" title="PDF/X">15930</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-7" title="MPEG-7">15938</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MaxiCode" title="MaxiCode">16023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ECMAScript" title="ECMAScript">16262</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quality_function_deployment" title="Quality function deployment">16355-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_raster_content" title="Mixed raster content">16485</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDF/VT" title="PDF/VT">16612-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_16750" title="ISO 16750">16750</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IATF_16949" title="IATF 16949">16949 (TS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_17024" title="ISO/IEC 17024">17024</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_17025" title="ISO/IEC 17025">17025</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_17100" title="ISO 17100">17100</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Virtualization_Format" title="Open Virtualization Format">17203</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SDMX" title="SDMX">17369</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_Entity_Identifier" title="Legal Entity Identifier">17442</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COLLADA" title="COLLADA">17506</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_27002" title="ISO/IEC 27002">17799</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QR_code" title="QR code">18004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_18014" title="ISO/IEC 18014">18014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JPEG_XL" title="JPEG XL">18181</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_18245" title="ISO 18245">18245</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_Specification_Language" title="Process Specification Language">18629</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_Activity_Test" title="Photographic Activity Test">18916</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDF/A" title="PDF/A">19005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_19011" title="ISO 19011">19011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_19092-1" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 19092-1">19092</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO_19092-1" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 19092-1">-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_19092-2" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 19092-2">-2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_19114" title="ISO 19114">19114</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geospatial_metadata#ISO_19115:_Geographic_information_–_Metadata" title="Geospatial metadata">19115</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_Features" title="Simple Features">19125</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_Markup_Language#ISO_19136" title="Geography Markup Language">19136</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoe_size" title="Shoe size">19407</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_19439" title="ISO 19439">19439</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Object_Request_Broker_Architecture" title="Common Object Request Broker Architecture">19500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Modeling_Language" title="Unified Modeling Language">19501</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meta-Object_Facility" title="Meta-Object Facility">19502</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XML_Metadata_Interchange" title="XML Metadata Interchange">19503</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Modeling_Language" title="Unified Modeling Language">19505</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_Discovery_Metamodel" title="Knowledge Discovery Metamodel">19506</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Object_Constraint_Language" title="Object Constraint Language">19507</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meta-Object_Facility" title="Meta-Object Facility">19508</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XML_Metadata_Interchange" title="XML Metadata Interchange">19509</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_Process_Model_and_Notation" title="Business Process Model and Notation">19510</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_19600" title="ISO 19600">19600</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_19752" title="ISO/IEC 19752">19752</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RELAX_NG" title="RELAX NG">19757</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_19770" title="ISO/IEC 19770">19770</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X3D" title="X3D">19775-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_19794-5" title="ISO/IEC 19794-5">19794-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloud_Infrastructure_Management_Interface" title="Cloud Infrastructure Management Interface">19831</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20000–29999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_20000" title="ISO/IEC 20000">20000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_20022" title="ISO 20022">20022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_20121" title="ISO 20121">20121</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_20400" title="ISO 20400">20400</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Data_Protocol" title="Open Data Protocol">20802</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_Xin_code" title="Han Xin code">20830</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-21" title="MPEG-21">21000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_21001" title="ISO 21001">21001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Text_Code" title="International Standard Text Code">21047</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JPEG_XS" title="JPEG XS">21122</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_21500" title="ISO 21500">21500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_21827" title="ISO/IEC 21827">21827</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_22000" title="ISO 22000">22000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ECMAScript" title="ECMAScript">22275</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_22300" title="ISO 22300">22300</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_22301" title="ISO 22301">22301</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_22395" title="ISO 22395">22395</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ECMAScript_for_XML" title="ECMAScript for XML">22537</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-A" title="MPEG-A">23000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-D" title="MPEG-D">23003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-H" title="MPEG-H">23008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_Adaptive_Streaming_over_HTTP" title="Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP">23009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Versatile_Video_Coding" title="Versatile Video Coding">23090-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-G" title="MPEG-G">23092</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essential_Video_Coding" title="Essential Video Coding">23094-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LCEVC" title="LCEVC">23094-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="C Sharp (programming language)">23270</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Language_Infrastructure" title="Common Language Infrastructure">23271</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linux_Standard_Base" title="Linux Standard Base">23360</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rectangular_Micro_QR_Code" title="Rectangular Micro QR Code">23941</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDF/E" title="PDF/E">24517</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lexical_Markup_Framework" title="Lexical Markup Framework">24613</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO-TimeML" title="ISO-TimeML">24617</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Logic" title="Common Logic">24707</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MicroPDF417" title="MicroPDF417">24728</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_25178" title="ISO 25178">25178</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_25964" title="ISO 25964">25964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_26000" title="ISO 26000">26000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_26262" title="ISO 26262">26262</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenDocument" title="OpenDocument">26300</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">26324</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_27000-series" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO/IEC 27000-series">27000 series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_27000" title="ISO/IEC 27000">27000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_27001" title="ISO/IEC 27001">27001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_27002" title="ISO/IEC 27002">27002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_27005" title="ISO/IEC 27005">27005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_27006" title="ISO/IEC 27006">27006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Name_Identifier" title="International Standard Name Identifier">27729</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_28000" title="ISO 28000">28000</a></li> <li>29110</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Requirements_engineering" title="Requirements engineering">29148</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JPEG_XR" title="JPEG XR">29199-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_Open_XML" title="Office Open XML">29500</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">30000+</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ruby_(programming_language)" title="Ruby (programming language)">30170</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31000" title="ISO 31000">31000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDF" title="PDF">32000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_37001" title="ISO 37001">37001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_38500" title="ISO/IEC 38500">38500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graph_Query_Language" title="Graph Query Language">39075</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_Content_Accessibility_Guidelines" title="Web Content Accessibility Guidelines">40500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_42010" title="ISO/IEC 42010">42010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_45001" title="ISO 45001">45001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_50001" title="ISO 50001">50001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_55000" title="ISO 55000">55000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_56000" title="ISO 56000">56000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_80000" title="ISO/IEC 80000">80000</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:ISO_standards" title="Category:ISO standards">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="IEC_standards" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:List_of_IEC_standards" title="Template:List of IEC standards"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:List_of_IEC_standards" title="Template talk:List of IEC standards"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:List_of_IEC_standards" title="Special:EditPage/Template:List of IEC standards"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="IEC_standards" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_IEC_standards" title="List of IEC standards">IEC standards</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">IEC</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IEC_60027" title="IEC 60027">60027</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_60034" title="IEC 60034">60034</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_60038" title="IEC 60038">60038</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RKM_code" title="RKM code">60062</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E_series_of_preferred_numbers" title="E series of preferred numbers">60063</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_60068" title="IEC 60068">60068</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_Tracking_Index" title="Comparative Tracking Index">60112</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_60228" title="IEC 60228">60228</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_60269" title="IEC 60269">60269</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/19-inch_rack" title="19-inch rack">60297</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_60309" title="IEC 60309">60309</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_60320" title="IEC 60320">60320</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_60364" title="IEC 60364">60364</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_60446" title="IEC 60446">60446</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_754" title="IEEE 754">60559</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_60601" title="IEC 60601">60601</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_60870" title="IEC 60870">60870</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IEC_60870-5" title="IEC 60870-5">60870-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_60870-6" title="IEC 60870-6">60870-6</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_60906-1" title="IEC 60906-1">60906-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compact_Disc_Digital_Audio" title="Compact Disc Digital Audio">60908</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_60929" title="IEC 60929">60929</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AES3" title="AES3">60958</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=IEC_60980-344&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IEC 60980-344 (page does not exist)">60980-344</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_61030" title="IEC 61030">61030</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_61131" title="IEC 61131">61131</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IEC_61131-3" title="IEC 61131-3">61131-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IO-Link" title="IO-Link">61131-9</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fieldbus" title="Fieldbus">61158</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_61162" title="IEC 61162">61162</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_61334" title="IEC 61334">61334</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_61355" title="IEC 61355">61355</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_61360" title="IEC 61360">61360</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_61400" title="IEC 61400">61400</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_61499" title="IEC 61499">61499</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_61508" title="IEC 61508">61508</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_61511" title="IEC 61511">61511</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fieldbus" title="Fieldbus">61784</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_61850" title="IEC 61850">61850</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_61851" title="IEC 61851">61851</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_61883" title="IEC 61883">61883</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battery_nomenclature" title="Battery nomenclature">61960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_61968" title="IEC 61968">61968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_61970" title="IEC 61970">61970</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IP-XACT" title="IP-XACT">62014-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fieldbus" title="Fieldbus">62026</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_62056" title="IEC 62056">62056</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_62061" title="IEC 62061">62061</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_62196" title="IEC 62196">62196</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EN_62262" title="EN 62262">62262</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_62264" title="IEC 62264">62264</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_62304" title="IEC 62304">62304</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_62325" title="IEC 62325">62325</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_62351" title="IEC 62351">62351</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AES47" title="AES47">62365</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_62366" title="IEC 62366">62366</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_62379" title="IEC 62379">62379</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Addressable_Lighting_Interface" title="Digital Addressable Lighting Interface">62386</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_62455" title="IEC 62455">62455</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USB" title="USB">62680</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_62682" title="IEC 62682">62682</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_62700" title="IEC 62700">62700</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_63110" title="IEC 63110">63110</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_63119" title="IEC 63119">63119</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_63382" title="IEC 63382">63382</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">ISO/IEC</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_646" title="ISO/IEC 646">646</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COBOL" title="COBOL">1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_2022" title="ISO/IEC 2022">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_4909" title="ISO/IEC 4909">4909</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_5218" title="ISO/IEC 5218">5218</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ANSI_escape_code" title="ANSI escape code">6429</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_6523" title="ISO/IEC 6523">6523</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_7810" title="ISO/IEC 7810">7810</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_7811" title="ISO/IEC 7811">7811</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_7812" title="ISO/IEC 7812">7812</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_7813" title="ISO/IEC 7813">7813</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_7816" title="ISO/IEC 7816">7816</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphical_Kernel_System" title="Graphical Kernel System">7942</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Document_Architecture" title="Open Document Architecture">8613</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_Graphics_Metafile" title="Computer Graphics Metafile">8632</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8652" title="ISO/IEC 8652">8652</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859" title="ISO/IEC 8859">8859</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_9126" title="ISO/IEC 9126">9126</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_Allocation_Table" title="File Allocation Table">9293</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CHILL" title="CHILL">9496</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_9529" title="ISO/IEC 9529">9529</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PHIGS" title="PHIGS">9592</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PHIGS" title="PHIGS">9593</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ANSI_C" title="ANSI C">9899</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/POSIX" title="POSIX">9945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_9995" title="ISO/IEC 9995">9995</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_10021" title="ISO/IEC 10021">10021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_10116" title="ISO/IEC 10116">10116</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guidelines_for_the_Definition_of_Managed_Objects" title="Guidelines for the Definition of Managed Objects">10165</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Document_Style_Semantics_and_Specification_Language" title="Document Style Semantics and Specification Language">10179</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full_BASIC" title="Full BASIC">10279</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Coded_Character_Set" title="Universal Coded Character Set">10646</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_10967" title="ISO/IEC 10967">10967</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-1" title="MPEG-1">11172</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_11179" title="ISO/IEC 11179">11179</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_11404" title="ISO/IEC 11404">11404</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JBIG" title="JBIG">11544</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_11801" title="ISO/IEC 11801">11801</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_12207" title="ISO/IEC 12207">12207</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topic_map" title="Topic map">13250</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Disk_Format" title="Universal Disk Format">13346</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MHEG-5" title="MHEG-5">13522-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z_notation" title="Z notation">13568</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISLISP" title="ISLISP">13816</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-2" title="MPEG-2">13818</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_14443" title="ISO/IEC 14443">14443</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-4" title="MPEG-4">14496</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_14651" title="ISO/IEC 14651">14651</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">14882</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_15288" title="ISO/IEC 15288">15288</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ada_Semantic_Interface_Specification" title="Ada Semantic Interface Specification">15291</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Criteria" title="Common Criteria">15408</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JPEG_2000" title="JPEG 2000">15444</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">15445</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_15504" title="ISO/IEC 15504">15504</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Identifier_for_Libraries_and_Related_Organizations" title="International Standard Identifier for Libraries and Related Organizations">15511</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_15693" title="ISO/IEC 15693">15693</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_15897" title="ISO/IEC 15897">15897</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-7" title="MPEG-7">15938</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ECMAScript" title="ECMAScript">16262</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_raster_content" title="Mixed raster content">16485</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_17024" title="ISO/IEC 17024">17024</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_17025" title="ISO/IEC 17025">17025</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QR_code" title="QR code">18004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_18014" title="ISO/IEC 18014">18014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JPEG_XL" title="JPEG XL">18181</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_19752" title="ISO/IEC 19752">19752</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RELAX_NG" title="RELAX NG">19757</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_19770" title="ISO/IEC 19770">19770</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_19788" title="ISO/IEC 19788">19788</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_20000" title="ISO/IEC 20000">20000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Data_Protocol" title="Open Data Protocol">20802</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-21" title="MPEG-21">21000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_21827" title="ISO/IEC 21827">21827</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ECMAScript" title="ECMAScript">22275</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ECMAScript_for_XML" title="ECMAScript for XML">22537</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-A" title="MPEG-A">23000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-D" title="MPEG-D">23003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-H" title="MPEG-H">23008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="C Sharp (programming language)">23270</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linux_Standard_Base" title="Linux Standard Base">23360</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Logic" title="Common Logic">24707</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_24727" title="ISO/IEC 24727">24727</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_24744" title="ISO/IEC 24744">24744</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Remote_Console" title="Universal Remote Console">24752</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenDocument" title="OpenDocument">26300</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_27000" title="ISO/IEC 27000">27000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_27000-series" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO/IEC 27000-series">27000-series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_27002" title="ISO/IEC 27002">27002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_27040" title="ISO/IEC 27040">27040</a></li> <li>29110</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_29119" title="ISO/IEC 29119">29119</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_33001" title="ISO/IEC 33001">33001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_38500" title="ISO/IEC 38500">38500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graph_Query_Language" title="Graph Query Language">39075</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_42010" title="ISO/IEC 42010">42010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_80000" title="ISO/IEC 80000">80000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_81346" title="IEC 81346">81346</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Electrotechnical_Commission" title="International Electrotechnical Commission">International Electrotechnical Commission</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div 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