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fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4.05 1.222 5.271.001l.611.611 7.779 7.777.611.61-.611.612-7.778 7.778-.61.61-1.223-1.221.611-.611L11.827 9 4.05 1.222z"></path></svg></button></div><div class="css-1be8yb7"><div class="css-1u5qk89">Schizophrenia</div><button type="button" class="css-pppoc7" aria-pressed="false" aria-label="Open Menu" tabindex="0" data-testid="fries"><span class="css-w70pji"></span><span class="css-1t7sxbc"></span><span class="css-w70pji"></span></button></div><div class="css-f2pndk css-139ev7r"><div class="css-1f582fe"><ul class="css-1wqc4fc"><li><h3><button aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="cluster-category-5faa1852-85e3-455d-9ae4-c9f3e7c9fee0" class="css-145tynm">Related Conditions<svg color="currentColor" width="16px" height="16px" style="flex-shrink:0" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 19 19"><path fill="currentColor" fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4.05 1.222 5.271.001l.611.611 7.779 7.777.611.61-.611.612-7.778 7.778-.61.61-1.223-1.221.611-.611L11.827 9 4.05 1.222z"></path></svg></button></h3><div class="css-1f1wri" aria-label="Related Conditions sub menu" id="cluster-category-5faa1852-85e3-455d-9ae4-c9f3e7c9fee0"><button class="css-u56rre"><svg color="currentColor" width="16px" height="16px" style="flex-shrink:0" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 19 19"><path fill="currentColor" fill-rule="evenodd" d="M14.95 2.222 13.729 1l-.611.611L5.339 9.39l-.611.61.611.611 7.778 7.779.61.61 1.223-1.222-.611-.611L7.173 10l7.777-7.778z"></path></svg>Related Conditions</button><ul class="css-j309u6"><li><a class="css-byqu81" href="https://www.healthline.com/health/bipolar-disorder/bipolar-vs-schizophrenia">Vs. Bipolar Disorder</a></li><li><a class="css-byqu81" href="https://www.healthline.com/health/schizophrenia/borderline-personality-disorder-and-schizophrenia">Vs. Borderline Personality Disorder</a></li><li><a class="css-byqu81" href="https://www.healthline.com/health/schizophrenia/delusional-disorder-vs-schizophrenia">Vs. Delusional Disorder</a></li><li><a class="css-byqu81" href="https://www.healthline.com/health/schizophrenia/did-vs-schizophrenia">Vs. Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)</a></li><li><a class="css-byqu81" href="https://www.healthline.com/health/schizophrenia/is-schizophrenia-a-personality-disorder">Related Conditions</a></li><li><a class="css-byqu81" href="https://www.healthline.com/health/schizophrenia/psychosis-vs-schizophrenia">Vs. Psychosis</a></li><li><a class="css-byqu81" href="https://www.healthline.com/health/schizophrenia/schizoaffective-disorder-vs-schizophrenia">Vs. Schizoaffective Disorder</a></li><li><a class="css-byqu81" href="https://www.healthline.com/health/schizophrenia/schizophrenia-and-anxiety">Vs. Anxiety</a></li></ul></div></li><li><h3><button aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="cluster-category-f20148a7-beea-41ac-92ac-7b59a20ac00a" class="css-145tynm">Types<svg color="currentColor" width="16px" height="16px" style="flex-shrink:0" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 19 19"><path fill="currentColor" fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4.05 1.222 5.271.001l.611.611 7.779 7.777.611.61-.611.612-7.778 7.778-.61.61-1.223-1.221.611-.611L11.827 9 4.05 1.222z"></path></svg></button></h3><div class="css-1f1wri" aria-label="Types sub menu" id="cluster-category-f20148a7-beea-41ac-92ac-7b59a20ac00a"><button class="css-u56rre"><svg color="currentColor" width="16px" height="16px" style="flex-shrink:0" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 19 19"><path fill="currentColor" fill-rule="evenodd" d="M14.95 2.222 13.729 1l-.611.611L5.339 9.39l-.611.61.611.611 7.778 7.779.61.61 1.223-1.222-.611-.611L7.173 10l7.777-7.778z"></path></svg>Types</button><ul class="css-j309u6"><li><a class="css-byqu81" href="https://www.healthline.com/health/bipolar-schizoaffective-disorder">Bipolar Schizoaffective Disorder</a></li><li><a class="css-byqu81" href="https://www.healthline.com/health/catatonic-schizophrenia">Catatonic Schizophrenia</a></li><li><a class="css-byqu81" href="https://www.healthline.com/health/high-functioning-schizophrenia">High Functioning Schizophrenia</a></li><li><a class="css-byqu81" href="https://www.healthline.com/health/schizophrenia-types">Types</a></li><li><a class="css-byqu81" href="https://www.healthline.com/health/schizophrenia/acute-schizophrenia">Acute Schizophrenia</a></li><li><a class="css-byqu81" href="https://www.healthline.com/health/schizophrenia/can-you-have-schizophrenia-without-hallucinations">Without Hallucinations</a></li><li><a class="css-byqu81" href="https://www.healthline.com/health/schizophrenia/cenesthopathic-schizophrenia">Cenesthopathic</a></li><li><a class="css-byqu81" href="https://www.healthline.com/health/schizophrenia/disorganized-hebephrenic-schizophrenia">Disorganized (Hebephrenic) Schizophrenia</a></li><li><a class="css-byqu81" href="https://www.healthline.com/health/schizophrenia/female-schizophrenia">In Females</a></li><li><a class="css-byqu81" href="https://www.healthline.com/health/schizophrenia/paranoid-schizophrenia">Paranoid Schizophrenia</a></li><li><a class="css-byqu81" href="https://www.healthline.com/health/schizophrenia/schizophreniform">Schizophreniform Disorder</a></li></ul></div></li><li><h3><button aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="cluster-category-f5586ad0-6b6a-41f7-ad4c-0b3bb7ed0413" class="css-145tynm">Symptoms<svg color="currentColor" width="16px" height="16px" style="flex-shrink:0" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 19 19"><path fill="currentColor" fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4.05 1.222 5.271.001l.611.611 7.779 7.777.611.61-.611.612-7.778 7.778-.61.61-1.223-1.221.611-.611L11.827 9 4.05 1.222z"></path></svg></button></h3><div class="css-1f1wri" aria-label="Symptoms sub menu" id="cluster-category-f5586ad0-6b6a-41f7-ad4c-0b3bb7ed0413"><button class="css-u56rre"><svg color="currentColor" width="16px" height="16px" style="flex-shrink:0" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 19 19"><path fill="currentColor" fill-rule="evenodd" d="M14.95 2.222 13.729 1l-.611.611L5.339 9.39l-.611.61.611.611 7.778 7.779.61.61 1.223-1.222-.611-.611L7.173 10l7.777-7.778z"></path></svg>Symptoms</button><ul class="css-j309u6"><li><a class="css-byqu81" href="https://www.healthline.com/health/early-signs-of-schizophrenia">Early Signs</a></li><li><a class="css-byqu81" href="https://www.healthline.com/health/mental-health/hallucinations-vs-delusions">Hallucinations vs. Delusions</a></li><li><a class="css-byqu81" href="https://www.healthline.com/health/mental-health/i-hear-voices-in-my-head">Hearing Voices</a></li><li><a class="css-byqu81" href="https://www.healthline.com/health/mental-health/phases-of-schizophrenia">Phases</a></li><li><a class="css-byqu81" href="https://www.healthline.com/health/schizophrenia-hallucinations">Hallucinations</a></li><li><a class="css-byqu81" href="https://www.healthline.com/health/schizophrenia/symptoms">Symptoms</a></li><li><a class="css-byqu81" href="https://www.healthline.com/health/schizophrenia/types-of-delusions-in-schizophrenia">Types of Delusions</a></li><li><a class="css-byqu81" href="https://www.healthline.com/health/schizophrenia/what-is-flat-affect-in-schizophrenia">Flat Affect</a></li></ul></div></li><li><h3><button aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="cluster-category-581f24ac-82aa-482e-9b6f-ebf3b594a0c5" class="css-145tynm">Causes & Risk Factors<svg color="currentColor" width="16px" height="16px" style="flex-shrink:0" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 19 19"><path fill="currentColor" fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4.05 1.222 5.271.001l.611.611 7.779 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aria-controls="cluster-category-6e63acea-3c2a-47b8-ac70-91bfcdf035da" class="css-145tynm">Prognosis<svg color="currentColor" width="16px" height="16px" style="flex-shrink:0" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 19 19"><path fill="currentColor" fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4.05 1.222 5.271.001l.611.611 7.779 7.777.611.61-.611.612-7.778 7.778-.61.61-1.223-1.221.611-.611L11.827 9 4.05 1.222z"></path></svg></button></h3><div class="css-1f1wri" aria-label="Prognosis sub menu" id="cluster-category-6e63acea-3c2a-47b8-ac70-91bfcdf035da"><button class="css-u56rre"><svg color="currentColor" width="16px" height="16px" style="flex-shrink:0" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 19 19"><path fill="currentColor" fill-rule="evenodd" d="M14.95 2.222 13.729 1l-.611.611L5.339 9.39l-.611.61.611.611 7.778 7.779.61.61 1.223-1.222-.611-.611L7.173 10l7.777-7.778z"></path></svg>Prognosis</button><ul class="css-j309u6"><li><a class="css-byqu81" href="https://www.healthline.com/health/schizophrenia/schizophrenia-life-expectancy">Outlook</a></li></ul></div></li></ul></div></div></div></nav><div><div data-testid="sponsored-bar"><div class="css-bbklsb"><div class="css-f8z25u"><div class="css-70qvj9"><div class="css-70qvj9"><span><div class="css-68zbsl"><div data-testid="sponsored-bar-title" class="css-hmmcgc"><a class="css-j5n0jw" href="https://www.healthline.com/program/understanding-schizophrenia" title="Understanding Schizophrenia program landing page">Understanding Schizophrenia</a></div><div class="css-1vmx6v5">Content created by Healthline and supported by advertising. <a class="content-link css-1rxe561" href="https://www.healthline.com/advertising-policy">Learn more</a></div></div></span></div></div></div></div></div><div class="css-m260rd"><div data-article-body="0" class="css-1h1rean css-1kdolwm"><div class="css-z468a2"><h1>Understanding Cenesthopathic Schizophrenia</h1><div data-preamp="social-proof-lessons"></div><div data-testid="byline"><section data-testid="byline" class="css-4baf7j"><div class="css-1q67gt9"><div class="css-quwpxp"><img src="//i0.wp.com/post.healthline.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/Nicole-Washington-500x500-Bio.png?w=105&h=105" alt=""/></div></div><div><span><span><a class="css-1c2ok3c css-ro87dg" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Medically reviewed</a> by <a class="css-1c2ok3c css-ro87dg" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Nicole Washington, DO, MPH</a></span></span> — <span><span><span><span>Written by <a class="css-1c2ok3c css-ro87dg" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Traci Pedersen</a></span></span></span></span> <span> on February 26, 2024</span></div></section></div><div><nav class="css-wp9hsz fontWeight" id="tab-bar-0" data-testid="tab-bar"><ul class="css-wy0i0w"><li class="css-a8aps"><a href="#overview" class="css-imydbp">Overview</a></li><li class="css-a8aps"><a href="#symptoms" class="css-imydbp">Symptoms</a></li><li class="css-a8aps"><a href="#examples" class="css-imydbp">Examples</a></li><li class="css-a8aps"><a href="#cause" class="css-imydbp">Cause</a></li><li class="css-a8aps"><a href="#treatment" class="css-imydbp">Treatment</a></li><li class="css-a8aps"><a href="#summary" class="css-imydbp">Summary</a></li></ul></nav><article class="article-body css-d2znx6 undefined"><div data-testid="tabbed-article-section" class="css-12va8w7"><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><div><div><p class="css-w2pt6r">Schizophrenia commonly involves experiencing unusual bodily sensations like alterations in body size, foreign body sensations, or depersonalization.</p></div></div><div><p>Abnormal bodily sensations, referred to as cenesthesia, are frequently observed in schizophrenia.</p></div><div><div data-preamp="serena-chatbot"></div></div><div><p>Individuals experiencing cenesthesia may describe sensations like perceiving their limbs as larger or longer than normal or sensing a foreign object within their body.</p></div><div><p>Even though these sensations are common, they often slip under the radar or are misinterpreted, making it challenging to accurately diagnose cenesthopathic schizophrenia (an informal subtype of schizophrenia primarily characterized by these distinct experiences).</p></div><div class="css-20w1gi"><aside class="css-0 css-0" data-testid="sticky-inline-ad" data-sticky="false"><div><div data-empty="true" class="css-1sq15os"><div class="css-1hjaa0k"><span class="css-zya54r"></span></div><div id="inline2__slot" data-adbridg-ad-class="inline2__slot" data-ad="true" class="css-1t05dkn"></div></div></div></aside></div></div><div data-testid="tabbed-article-section" class="css-1avyp1d"><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><div><h2><div><a class="chartbeat-section" name="overview">What is cenesthopathic schizophrenia?</a></div></h2></div><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><div><p>Cenesthopathic schizophrenia is a term used in psychiatry to describe a subtype or manifestation of <a href="https://www.healthline.com/health/schizophrenia" class="content-link css-1c2ok3c">schizophrenia</a> characterized by prominent and distressing bodily sensations or abnormal bodily experiences, which are known as cenesthesias. </p></div><div><p>These experiences involve unusual bodily feelings or perceptions that might include sensations of internal discomfort, altered bodily awareness, or abnormalities in bodily functions. These symptoms might not fit neatly into the typical positive or negative symptom categories of schizophrenia.</p></div><div><h3> Diagnostic criteria for cenesthopathic schizophrenia</h3></div><div><p>Cenesthopathic schizophrenia isn’t defined explicitly as a distinct diagnostic category in standard psychiatric classifications such as the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5-TR).</p></div><div><p>Diagnosis relies on identifying cenesthesia within the context of an existing diagnosis of schizophrenia or a related psychotic disorder. </p></div><div><p>Psychiatrists diagnose the condition with a thorough evaluation of symptoms, clinical history, and observation of various psychotic and cognitive symptoms, including any unusual bodily experiences reported by the individual.</p></div><span class="css-zya54r"></span></div><div data-testid="tabbed-article-section" class="css-1avyp1d"><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><div><h2><div><a class="chartbeat-section" name="symptoms">Cenesthopathic schizophrenia symptoms</a></div></h2></div><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><div><p>Symptoms of cenesthopathic schizophrenia may include:</p></div><div><ul><li><strong>Abnormal bodily sensations:</strong> This involves unusual bodily sensations that are often described as strange or disturbing. These may include tingling, a feeling of pressure or heaviness, sensations of movement or internal shifting within your body, or the feeling of foreign objects in your body without any actual physical evidence. </li><li><strong>Heightened awareness or preoccupation with bodily sensations:</strong> You may be overly focused on or disturbed by regular bodily sensations, such as heartbeat or breathing.</li><li><strong>Distorted body image:</strong> Some individuals may experience altered perceptions of their body size, shape, or structure, leading to a distorted body image perception.</li><li><strong>Depersonalization:</strong> This refers to a sense of <a href="https://www.healthline.com/health/mental-health/coping-with-depersonalization" class="content-link css-1c2ok3c">disconnection from yourself</a> or feeling detached from your thoughts, feelings, or body.</li><li><strong>Motor weakness:</strong> This involves a perceived loss of strength or control over your movements, without any apparent physical basis.</li></ul></div><div><p>Current research on cenesthopathic schizophrenia is limited. A <hl-trusted-source source="PubMed Central" rationale="Highly respected database from the National Institutes of Health"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2772216/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="content-link css-1c2ok3c">2009 study</a></hl-trusted-source> of 70 individuals who received a diagnosis of <a href="https://www.healthline.com/health/schizophrenia/paranoid-schizophrenia" class="content-link css-1c2ok3c">paranoid schizophrenia</a> (a subtype of schizophrenia no longer recognized in the DSM) found that symptoms related to cenesthesias, like depersonalization, motor weakness, and abnormal sensations, were quite common.</p></div><div><p>Participants often underestimated the size of their lower extremities (legs, ankles, and feet), and these perceptions were linked with symptom severity. Notably, these sensations were present in a substantial portion of participants even before <a href="https://www.healthline.com/health/psychosis" class="content-link css-1c2ok3c">psychosis</a> symptoms appeared.</p></div><div><p>A <a href="https://www.eurekaselect.com/article/21267" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="content-link css-1c2ok3c">2012 study</a> looked at unique bodily experiences among people experiencing their first episode of schizophrenia. Among the participants, 30 out of 39 reported unusual bodily sensations. </p></div><div><p>The authors note that recognizing these specific bodily experiences in <a href="https://www.healthline.com/health/early-signs-of-schizophrenia" class="content-link css-1c2ok3c">early stage schizophrenia</a> may help distinguish it from other conditions that also affect bodily perception.</p></div><div><p>Plus, understanding how these experiences evolve into more elaborate bodily <a href="https://www.healthline.com/health/mental-health/hallucinations-vs-delusions" class="content-link css-1c2ok3c">delusions</a> could improve our understanding of highly unusual beliefs in schizophrenia.</p></div><div class="css-umsscj"><aside class="css-0 css-0" data-testid="sticky-inline-ad" data-sticky="false"><div><div data-empty="true" class="css-10gx9pb"><div class="css-1hjaa0k"><span class="css-zya54r"></span></div><div id="inline7__slot" data-adbridg-ad-class="inline7__slot" data-ad="true" class="css-1l7cd95"></div></div></div></aside></div></div><div data-testid="tabbed-article-section" class="css-1avyp1d"><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><div><h2><div><a class="chartbeat-section" name="examples">What are examples of cenesthopathic schizophrenia?</a></div></h2></div><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><div><ul><li><strong>Altered limb sensations:</strong> This may involve feeling like your limbs are changing in size, such as becoming larger or smaller than usual. It could also involve sensations of your limbs elongating, shrinking, or changing in shape without any physical changes.</li><li><strong>Internal movements:</strong> This may involve perceiving internal movements within your body that seem unexplainable or abnormal, such as sensations of organs moving or functioning differently than they typically do.</li><li><strong>The feeling of foreign bodies:</strong> Some individuals experience the sensation of having foreign objects inside their body, such as feeling like there are wires, coils, or objects lodged internally. </li><li><strong>Feeling controlled:</strong> Individuals might describe a sensation of their bodily actions or functions being controlled or manipulated by external forces, leading them to believe that their movements or bodily sensations aren’t self-initiated.</li><li><strong>Depersonalization:</strong> This may manifest as a sense of detachment from one’s own thoughts, emotions, or body. Individuals might describe feeling like an observer of their own actions, experiencing an unreal or dreamlike state, or perceiving their thoughts and sensations as distant or disconnected.</li></ul></div><span class="css-zya54r"></span></div><div data-testid="tabbed-article-section" class="css-1avyp1d"><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><div><h2><div><a class="chartbeat-section" name="cause">What causes cenesthopathic schizophrenia?</a></div></h2></div><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><div><p>Cenesthopathic schizophrenia’s exact cause is unclear. It’s believed to result from a complex interplay of genetic, environmental, and neurobiological factors, much like other forms of schizophrenia. </p></div><div><p>These abnormal bodily sensations may stem from disturbances in brain function, possibly involving areas associated with perception, interpretation, and processing of sensory information. </p></div><div><p>In a <a href="https://karger.com/psp/article-abstract/51/1/47/294341/Cenesthopathy-and-Subjective-Cognitive-Complaints?redirectedFrom=fulltext" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="content-link css-1c2ok3c">study</a> of 30 participants with psychiatric disorders who were recruited from a psychiatry unit, the researchers found that a large majority (83.3%) displayed cenesthopathy, which correlated with specific symptoms related to fear, <a href="https://www.healthline.com/health/obsession-vs-compulsion" class="content-link css-1c2ok3c">compulsions</a>, and cognitive thought issues. </p></div><div><p>Cognitive thought difficulties emerged as a significant predictor, suggesting a link between cenesthopathy and cognitive abnormalities like impaired thinking processes and speech perception in these individuals.</p></div><div id="hl-incontent-video-ad" data-adbridg-ad-class="hl-incontent" class="css-pp6cpn"></div><div id="div-gpt-ad-out-of-page"></div></div><div data-testid="tabbed-article-section" class="css-1avyp1d"><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><div><h2><div><a class="chartbeat-section" name="treatment">How is cenesthopathic schizophrenia treated?</a></div></h2></div><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><div><p>There’s no specific medication exclusively for cenesthopathic schizophrenia. <a href="https://www.healthline.com/health/mental-health/schizophrenia-treatment" class="content-link css-1c2ok3c">Treatment</a> often involves a combination of approaches:</p></div><div><ul><li><strong>Medication:</strong> Antipsychotic medications may be prescribed to alleviate symptoms of psychosis. But, their efficacy in treating cenesthopathic symptoms specifically might be limited.</li><li><strong>Psychotherapy:</strong> Therapies like <a href="https://www.healthline.com/health/schizophrenia/cognitive-behavioral-therapy-for-schizophrenia" class="content-link css-1c2ok3c">cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)</a> can help individuals manage their symptoms, cope with distress, and address cognitive distortions.</li><li><strong>Supportive care:</strong> Supportive environments, rehabilitation programs, and social support networks can assist in managing daily life and addressing challenges associated with the condition.</li><li><strong>Complementary approaches:</strong> Some individuals find complementary techniques, like <a href="https://www.healthline.com/health/mind-body/what-is-mindfulness" class="content-link css-1c2ok3c">mindfulness</a>, helpful in managing distress or anxiety associated with these symptoms.</li></ul></div><div class="css-umsscj"><aside class="css-0 css-0" data-testid="sticky-inline-ad" data-sticky="false"><div><div data-empty="true" class="css-10gx9pb"><div class="css-1hjaa0k"><span class="css-zya54r"></span></div><div id="inline14__slot" data-adbridg-ad-class="inline14__slot" data-ad="true" class="css-1l7cd95"></div></div></div></aside></div></div><div data-testid="tabbed-article-section" class="css-1avyp1d"><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><div><h2><div><a class="chartbeat-section" name="summary">Bottom line</a></div></h2></div><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><div><p>Cenesthopathy is a complex condition marked by unusual bodily sensations and often intersects with schizophrenia. But, diagnosing cenesthopathy or cenesthopathic schizophrenia is uncommon in clinical settings.</p></div><div><p>In standardized psychiatric classifications such as the DSM-5-TR, there isn’t a universally accepted or precisely defined category for cenesthopathic schizophrenia.</p></div><div><p>If you or someone you know is experiencing symptoms of cenesthopathy or schizophrenia, seeking guidance from a mental health professional is crucial for getting started on an appropriate treatment plan.</p></div></div></article><span class="css-zya54r"></span></div><p data-testid="last-medically-reviewed" class="css-1kir5of"><span> </span></p><div><div class="css-140fa3i"><div class="css-15lc7zf"><h3 id="bylineArticleTools">How we reviewed this article:</h3><div class="css-vrhe66"><button type="button" class="css-5sudr5"><div class="css-rre5oz"><span class="css-1d75hb8"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 20 20"><path fill="currentColor" fill-rule="evenodd" d="M0 10C0 4.477 4.477 0 10 0s10 4.477 10 10-4.477 10-10 10S0 15.523 0 10Zm18.5 0a8.5 8.5 0 1 0-17 0 8.5 8.5 0 0 0 17 0ZM10 4c-.823 0-1.5.677-1.5 1.518C8.5 6.323 9.177 7 10 7c.841 0 1.5-.677 1.5-1.482A1.5 1.5 0 0 0 10 4Zm0 4.5a1 1 0 0 1 1 1V15a1 1 0 1 1-2 0V9.5a1 1 0 0 1 1-1Z" clip-rule="evenodd"></path></svg></span><span>Sources</span></div></button><button type="button" open="" class="css-5sudr5"><div class="css-rre5oz"><span class="css-1d75hb8"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="22" height="20" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 22 20"><path fill="currentColor" d="M3.181 9.732c.43 0 .793-.003 1.157 0 .66.007 1.023.613.696 1.19a221.037 221.037 0 0 1-1.774 3.072c-.329.557-1.038.553-1.366-.007-.6-1.02-1.191-2.043-1.774-3.072-.325-.575.043-1.177.708-1.183h.808c.055-.447.088-.882.165-1.309.557-3.104 2.187-5.489 4.913-7.056 3.679-2.114 8.05-1.75 11.352.913 2.062 1.664 3.29 3.84 3.625 6.473.678 5.323-3.012 10.254-8.308 11.103-3.215.515-6.044-.356-8.476-2.515-.297-.259-.373-.598-.233-.92.14-.323.454-.52.805-.454.187.04.361.13.504.26a8.618 8.618 0 0 0 4.383 2.108c3.72.63 7.513-1.394 9.084-4.846a8.521 8.521 0 0 0-6.047-11.911C8.763.618 4.201 3.71 3.353 8.4c-.078.427-.112.863-.172 1.331Z"></path><path fill="currentColor" d="M10.12 7.212V3.711a.778.778 0 0 1 1.535-.171c.017.104.024.21.02.314v6.25a.412.412 0 0 0 .168.368c1.125.89 2.241 1.791 3.362 2.686.26.208.405.466.342.803-.11.583-.76.829-1.244.459-.485-.37-.952-.756-1.427-1.135-.79-.633-1.578-1.27-2.373-1.898a.933.933 0 0 1-.385-.793c.008-1.125.003-2.252.003-3.382Z"></path></svg></span><span>History</span></div></button></div><div class="css-1ndif92"><div class="css-1xn3edc css-1rkrrlx"><div id="article-resources" role="region" class="css-1ugaz02"><div class="css-0">Healthline has strict sourcing guidelines and relies on peer-reviewed studies, academic research institutions, and medical journals and associations. We only use quality, credible sources to ensure content accuracy and integrity. You can learn more about how we ensure our content is accurate and current by reading our <a class="css-1c2ok3c" href="https://www.healthline.com/about/process">editorial policy</a>.</div><ul class="css-1vedeqe"><li class="css-1ti7iub"><cite><span>Jimeno N, et al. (2018). Cenesthopathy and subjective cognitive complaints: An exploratory study in schizophrenia.</span><br/><a class="css-1c2ok3c css-1ivue52" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://karger.com/psp/article-abstract/51/1/47/294341/Cenesthopathy-and-Subjective-Cognitive-Complaints?redirectedFrom=fulltext">https://karger.com/psp/article-abstract/51/1/47/294341/Cenesthopathy-and-Subjective-Cognitive-Complaints?redirectedFrom=fulltext</a></cite></li><li class="css-1ti7iub"><cite><span>Rajender G, et al. (2009). Study of cenesthesias and body image aberration in schizophrenia.</span><br/><a class="css-1c2ok3c css-1ivue52" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2772216/">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2772216/</a></cite></li><li class="css-1ti7iub"><cite><span>Stanghellini G, et al. (2012). Abnormal bodily experiences may be a marker of early schizophrenia?</span><br/><a class="css-1c2ok3c css-1ivue52" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.eurekaselect.com/article/21267">https://www.eurekaselect.com/article/21267</a></cite></li></ul></div></div></div><div open="" class="css-1ndif92"></div></div><div class="css-1289m5j" data-testid="share-tools"><p>Share this article</p><div class="css-14uyzrw"><div class="button-wrapper print"><a class="css-j5n0jw print button icon icon-hl-print" target="_blank" title="Print this page"></a></div><div class="button-wrapper email"><a class="css-j5n0jw email button icon icon-hl-email" target="_blank" title="Email this page"></a></div><div class="button-wrapper facebook"><a class="css-j5n0jw facebook button icon icon-hl-facebook" href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.healthline.com%2Fhealth%2Fschizophrenia%2Fcenesthopathic-schizophrenia%3Futm_medium%3Dsocial%26utm_source%3Dfacebook%26utm_campaign%3Dsocial-sharebar-referred-desktop" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank" title="Share on Facebook"></a></div><div class="button-wrapper twitter"><a class="css-j5n0jw twitter button icon icon-hl-twitter" href="https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?via=healthline&text=Cenesthopathic%20Schizophrenia%3A%20Overview%2C%20Symptoms%2C%20and%20Treatment&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.healthline.com%2Fhealth%2Fschizophrenia%2Fcenesthopathic-schizophrenia%3Futm_medium%3Dsocial%26utm_source%3Dtwitter%26utm_campaign%3Dsocial-sharebar-referred-desktop" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank" title="Share on Twitter"></a></div><div class="button-wrapper more"><a class="css-j5n0jw more button icon icon-hl-more" target="_blank" title="Show more"></a></div></div></div></div></div><span class="css-zya54r"></span></div><section class="css-175h8ux" style="margin-top:0"><div class="css-d2znx6"><div class="css-npv6dx"><div data-testid="byline"><section data-testid="byline" class="css-16tmh5i"><div class="css-1q67gt9"><div class="css-quwpxp"><img src="//i0.wp.com/post.healthline.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/Nicole-Washington-500x500-Bio.png?w=105&h=105" alt=""/></div></div><div><span><span>Medically reviewed by <a class="css-1c2ok3c css-ro87dg" href="https://www.healthline.com/reviewers/nicole-washington-do-mph">Nicole Washington, DO, MPH</a></span></span> — <span><span><span><span>Written by <a class="css-1c2ok3c css-ro87dg" href="https://www.healthline.com/authors/traci-pedersen">Traci Pedersen</a></span></span></span></span> <span> on February 26, 2024</span></div></section></div></div></div><div><div class="css-1072e5h css-1p2cbqg"><h2 class="css-1g5rsyk css-oy8d98">More in <a class="css-1c2ok3c css-78tcct" href="https://www.healthline.com/program/understanding-schizophrenia">Understanding Schizophrenia</a></h2><ul data-testid="[object Object]-collection-ul" class="css-1ynwxft"><li class="css-fihivb"><a class="css-j5n0jw css-n98yn4" data-event="Right Rail|Widget We Recommend|/health/schizophrenia" href="https://www.healthline.com/health/schizophrenia" data-testid="thumbnail-link" aria-label="What Do You Want to Know About Schizophrenia?"><span class="css-rwmw5v css-5f7251"><span class="css-rlaxw5"><lazy-image alt="" src="https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/woman_headache-732x549-thumbnail.jpg" className="css-1jytyml"></lazy-image></span></span></a><div class="css-bufxhs"><a class="css-j5n0jw css-nzdznq" data-event="Right Rail|Widget We Recommend|/health/schizophrenia" href="https://www.healthline.com/health/schizophrenia" data-testid="text-link">What Do You Want to Know About Schizophrenia?</a></div></li><li class="css-fihivb"><a class="css-j5n0jw css-n98yn4" data-event="Right Rail|Widget We Recommend|/health/schizophrenia/what-to-ask-doctor-about-schizophrenia" href="https://www.healthline.com/health/schizophrenia/what-to-ask-doctor-about-schizophrenia" data-testid="thumbnail-link" aria-label="8 Questions to Ask Your Doctor About Schizophrenia"><span class="css-rwmw5v css-5f7251"><span class="css-rlaxw5"><lazy-image alt="" src="https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/man-sitting-listening-to-therapist-session-therapy-732x549-thumbnail.jpg" className="css-1jytyml"></lazy-image></span></span></a><div class="css-bufxhs"><a class="css-j5n0jw css-nzdznq" data-event="Right Rail|Widget We Recommend|/health/schizophrenia/what-to-ask-doctor-about-schizophrenia" href="https://www.healthline.com/health/schizophrenia/what-to-ask-doctor-about-schizophrenia" data-testid="text-link">8 Questions to Ask Your Doctor About Schizophrenia</a></div></li><li class="css-fihivb"><a class="css-j5n0jw css-n98yn4" data-event="Right Rail|Widget We Recommend|/health/schizophrenia-vs-schizoid-personality-disorder" href="https://www.healthline.com/health/schizophrenia-vs-schizoid-personality-disorder" data-testid="thumbnail-link" aria-label="Schizophrenia Vs. 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src="https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/New-Matthew-Boland-500x500-Bio.png"></lazy-image></div></div><div><span><span>Medically reviewed by <a class="css-1c2ok3c css-ro87dg" href="https://www.healthline.com/medical-team">Matthew Boland, PhD</a></span></span></div></section><p><a class="css-2fdibo css-v34bze" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/health/schizophrenia/types-of-delusions-in-schizophrenia;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|2" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|Types of Delusions in Schizophrenia|rn1" href="https://www.healthline.com/health/schizophrenia/types-of-delusions-in-schizophrenia?utm_source=ReadNext" data-testid="text-link" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1">Delusions are one of the hallmark symptoms of schizophrenia, but the type of delusion that manifests can vary from person to person. </a></p><a class="css-1c2ok3c css-y30xg1" 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LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|How to Manage Treatment-Resistant Schizophrenia|rn2" href="https://www.healthline.com/health/schizophrenia/treatment-resistant-schizophrenia?utm_source=ReadNext" aria-label="image-link" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks" data-testid="image-link" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><div class="css-79elbk"><span class="css-rwmw5v css-1pf0x3y"><span class="css-1767n2d"><lazy-image alt="How to Manage Treatment-Resistant Schizophrenia" src="https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/female-in-counseling-732-549-feature-thumb.jpg" srcSet="https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/female-in-counseling-732-549-feature-thumb.jpg 200w" className="css-1lyqwde"></lazy-image></span></span><span class="css-1fb1nmp"><span class="css-a10gts"></span></span></div></a></figure><div class="css-u8uhak"><a class="css-j5n0jw css-1hjyqqq" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/health/schizophrenia/treatment-resistant-schizophrenia;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|3" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|How to Manage Treatment-Resistant Schizophrenia|rn2" href="https://www.healthline.com/health/schizophrenia/treatment-resistant-schizophrenia?utm_source=ReadNext" data-testid="title-link" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks">How to Manage Treatment-Resistant Schizophrenia</a><p><a class="css-2fdibo css-v34bze" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/health/schizophrenia/treatment-resistant-schizophrenia;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|3" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|How to Manage Treatment-Resistant Schizophrenia|rn2" href="https://www.healthline.com/health/schizophrenia/treatment-resistant-schizophrenia?utm_source=ReadNext" data-testid="text-link" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1">If you aren't responding well to several different medications, you may be experiencing treatment-resistent schizophrenia. </a></p><a class="css-1c2ok3c css-y30xg1" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/health/schizophrenia/treatment-resistant-schizophrenia;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|3" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|How to Manage Treatment-Resistant Schizophrenia|rn2" href="https://www.healthline.com/health/schizophrenia/treatment-resistant-schizophrenia?utm_source=ReadNext" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks">READ MORE<span class="icon-hl-arrow-right css-1bisyf5"></span></a></div></div></div><section class="css-17lceqi css-1ub4i5m"></section></div></div></li><li class="css-1d1kvj4"><div class="css-m260rd"><div class="css-1h1rean"><div class="css-z468a2 css-t8t3ia"><div class="css-k3xa71"><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><figure class="css-1pvwan1"><a class="css-j5n0jw" data-event="engagement|bottom page 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aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1">Hallucinations can happen with a range of conditions, including schizophrenia.</a></p><a class="css-1c2ok3c css-y30xg1" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/health/schizophrenia-hallucinations;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|4" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|What to Know About Hallucinations and Schizophrenia|rn3" href="https://www.healthline.com/health/schizophrenia-hallucinations?utm_source=ReadNext" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks">READ MORE<span class="icon-hl-arrow-right css-1bisyf5"></span></a></div></div></div><section class="css-17lceqi css-1ub4i5m"></section></div></div></li></ul></div></div></div></div><span class="css-zya54r"></span><span class="css-zya54r"></span></div><div class="css-i9gxme"></div><footer class="css-1dytfcg"><div class="css-1dppxl0"><hl-social-nav></hl-social-nav><div class="css-1b2ri56"><div class="css-uktbta css-1tn87m4"><hl-newsletter-cta 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Bipolar Disorder","url":"https://www.healthline.com/health/bipolar-disorder/bipolar-vs-schizophrenia"},{"title":"Vs. Borderline Personality Disorder","url":"https://www.healthline.com/health/schizophrenia/borderline-personality-disorder-and-schizophrenia"},{"title":"Vs. Delusional Disorder","url":"https://www.healthline.com/health/schizophrenia/delusional-disorder-vs-schizophrenia"},{"title":"Vs. Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)","url":"https://www.healthline.com/health/schizophrenia/did-vs-schizophrenia"},{"title":"Related Conditions","url":"https://www.healthline.com/health/schizophrenia/is-schizophrenia-a-personality-disorder"},{"title":"Vs. Psychosis","url":"https://www.healthline.com/health/schizophrenia/psychosis-vs-schizophrenia"},{"title":"Vs. Schizoaffective Disorder","url":"https://www.healthline.com/health/schizophrenia/schizoaffective-disorder-vs-schizophrenia"},{"title":"Vs. 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Then, we personally tested some of them to narrow down our list even further. \u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/health/how-we-test-cbd\"\u003eRead more about how we test CBD products.\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"},"cbd-lotions-creams":{"metrics":[{"description":"CBD lotions, creams, \u0026 balms evaluated","count":"150+"},{"description":"brands of CBD lotions, creams, \u0026 balms evaluated","count":"75+"},{"description":"CBD lotions, creams, \u0026 balms personally tested","count":"20+"}],"explanationTitle":"How we evaluate CBD lotions, creams, and balms","explanationDescription":"\u003cp\u003eOur \u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/about/vet-brands-and-products\"\u003eMedical Standards and Insights team\u003c/a\u003e has carefully researched and vetted over 11,000 products and services. 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We fact-check health claims, evaluate menus and ingredients, and look into each brand’s reputation before sharing products and services on Healthline.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTo choose the meal delivery services on this page, we considered all the services that passed our vetting process. 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We fact-check health claims, evaluate ingredients, and look into each brand’s reputation before sharing products and services on Healthline.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTo choose the products on this page, we considered all the protein powders that passed our vetting process. Then, we personally tested some of them to narrow down our list even further.\u003c/p\u003e"},"glp1-telehealth":{"metrics":[{"description":"telehealth companies evaluated","count":"200+"},{"description":"online GLP-1 providers evaluated","count":"13+"}],"explanationTitle":"How we evaluate online GLP-1 services","explanationDescription":"\u003cp\u003eOur \u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/about/vet-brands-and-products\"\u003eMedical Standards and Insights team\u003c/a\u003e has carefully researched and vetted over 11,000 products and services. We evaluate services for consistency with standards of care and best practices, and we look into each brand’s reputation before sharing products and services on Healthline.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTo choose the services on this page, we considered all the GLP-1 services that passed our vetting process. 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We fact-check health claims, evaluate ingredients, and look into each brand’s reputation before sharing products and services on Healthline.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTo choose the brands on this page, we considered all the vitamin brands that passed our vetting process. Then, we personally tested some of them to narrow down our list even further.\u003c/p\u003e"},"multivitamins":{"metrics":[{"description":"multivitamins evaluated","count":"100+"},{"description":"multivitamin brands evaluated","count":"55+"},{"description":"multivitamins personally tested","count":"20+"}],"explanationTitle":"How we evaluate multivitamins","explanationDescription":"\u003cp\u003eOur \u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/about/vet-brands-and-products\"\u003eMedical Standards and Insights team\u003c/a\u003e has carefully researched and vetted over 11,000 products and services. We fact-check health claims, evaluate ingredients, and look into each brand’s reputation before sharing products and services on Healthline.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTo choose the products on this page, we considered all the multivitamins that passed our vetting process. Then, we personally tested some of them to narrow down our list even further.\u003c/p\u003e"},"prenatals":{"metrics":[{"description":"vitamins, minerals, and supplements evaluated","count":"1320+"},{"description":"prenatal vitamins evaluated","count":"35+"},{"description":"prenatal vitamin brands evaluated","count":"30+"}],"explanationTitle":"How we evaluate prenatals","explanationDescription":"\u003cp\u003eOur \u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/about/vet-brands-and-products\"\u003eMedical Standards and Insights team\u003c/a\u003e has carefully researched and vetted over 11,000 products and services. We fact-check health claims, evaluate ingredients, and look into each brand’s reputation before sharing products and services on Healthline.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTo choose the products on this page, we considered all the prenatal vitamins that passed our vetting process. Then, we personally tested some of them to narrow down our list even further.\u003c/p\u003e"},"probiotics":{"metrics":[{"description":"vitamins, minerals, and supplements evaluated","count":"1320+"},{"description":"probiotic supplements evaluated","count":"55"},{"description":"probiotic brands evaluated","count":"35"}],"explanationTitle":"How we evaluate probiotics","explanationDescription":"\u003cp\u003eOur \u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/about/vet-brands-and-products\"\u003eMedical Standards and Insights team\u003c/a\u003e has carefully researched and vetted over 11,000 products and services. We fact-check health claims, evaluate ingredients, and look into each brand’s reputation before sharing products and services on Healthline.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTo choose the products on this page, we considered all the probiotics that passed our vetting process. Then, we personally tested some of them to narrow down our list even further.\u003c/p\u003e"},"vitamin-d":{"metrics":[{"description":"vitamins, minerals, and supplements evaluated","count":"1320+"},{"description":"vitamin D supplements evaluated","count":"40+"},{"description":"vitamin D brands evaluated","count":"25+"}],"explanationTitle":"How we evaluate vitamin D supplements","explanationDescription":"\u003cp\u003eOur \u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/about/vet-brands-and-products\"\u003eMedical Standards and Insights team\u003c/a\u003e has carefully researched and vetted over 11,000 products and services. We fact-check health claims, evaluate ingredients, and look into each brand’s reputation before sharing products and services on Healthline.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTo choose the products on this page, we considered all the vitamin D supplements that passed our vetting process. Then, we personally tested some of them to narrow down our list even further.\u003c/p\u003e"},"creatine":{"metrics":[{"description":"creatine supplements evaluated by our medical standards team","count":"35"},{"description":"creatine supplements met our criteria","count":"28"},{"description":"creatine supplements personally tested by our team","count":"9"}],"explanationTitle":"How we evaluate creatine supplements","explanationDescription":"\u003cp\u003eOur \u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/about/vet-brands-and-products\"\u003eMedical Standards and Insights team\u003c/a\u003e has carefully researched and vetted over 11,000 products and services. We fact-check health claims, evaluate ingredients, and look into each brand’s reputation before sharing products and services on Healthline.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTo choose the products on this page, we considered all the creatine supplements that passed our vetting process. Then, we personally tested some of them to narrow down our list even further.\u003c/p\u003e"},"mattresses":{"metrics":[{"description":"mattresses evaluated","count":"250+"},{"description":"mattress brands evaluated","count":"80+"}],"explanationTitle":"How we evaluate mattresses","explanationDescription":"\u003cp\u003eOur \u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/about/vet-brands-and-products\"\u003eMedical Standards and Insights team\u003c/a\u003e has carefully researched and vetted over 11,000 products and services. We fact-check health claims, evaluate materials, and look into each brand’s reputation before sharing products and services on Healthline.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTo choose the products on this page, we considered all the mattresses that passed our vetting process. Then, we \u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/health/sleep/healthline-scores-how-we-rate-mattresses\"\u003escored each mattress\u003c/a\u003e to narrow down our list even further.\u003c/p\u003e"},"pillows":{"metrics":[{"description":"pillows evaluated","count":"210"},{"description":"pillow brands evaluated","count":"140+"}],"explanationTitle":"How we evaluate pillows","explanationDescription":"\u003cp\u003eOur \u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/about/vet-brands-and-products\"\u003eMedical Standards and Insights team\u003c/a\u003e has carefully researched and vetted over 11,000 products and services. We fact-check health claims, evaluate materials, and look into each brand’s reputation before sharing products and services on Healthline.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTo choose the products on this page, we considered all the pillows that passed our vetting process.\u003c/p\u003e"},"ed-telehealth":{"metrics":[{"description":"telehealth companies evaluated","count":"200+"},{"description":"online ED treatment providers evaluated","count":"20+"}],"explanationTitle":"How we evaluate online ED services","explanationDescription":"\u003cp\u003eOur \u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/about/vet-brands-and-products\"\u003eMedical Standards and Insights team\u003c/a\u003e has carefully researched and vetted over 11,000 products and services. We evaluate services for consistency with standards of care and best practices, and we look into each brand’s reputation before sharing products and services on Healthline.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTo choose the services on this page, we considered all the ED treatment services that passed our vetting process. Then, we \u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/health/healthline-scores-how-we-evaluate-mens-telehealth-platforms\"\u003escored each service\u003c/a\u003e to narrow down our list even further.\u003c/p\u003e"},"birth-control-telehealth":{"metrics":[{"description":"telehealth companies evaluated","count":"200+"},{"description":"online birth control providers evaluated","count":"14"}],"explanationTitle":"How we evaluate online birth control services","explanationDescription":"\u003cp\u003eOur \u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/about/vet-brands-and-products\"\u003eMedical Standards and Insights team\u003c/a\u003e has carefully researched and vetted over 11,000 products and services. We evaluate services for consistency with standards of care and best practices, and we look into each brand’s reputation before sharing products and services on Healthline.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTo choose the services on this page, we considered all the birth control services that passed our vetting process. Then, we \u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/health/how-we-review-birth-control\"\u003escored each service\u003c/a\u003e to narrow down our list even further.\u003c/p\u003e"},"hemp":{"metrics":[{"description":"hemp brands evaluated","count":"230+"},{"description":"hemp brands met our criteria","count":"57"},{"description":"hemp brands we've personally tested","count":"30+"}],"explanationTitle":"How we evaluate hemp products","explanationDescription":"\u003cp\u003eOur Medical Standards and Insights team has carefully researched and vetted over 11,000 products and services. We fact-check health claims, evaluate ingredients, and look into each brand’s reputation before sharing products and services on Healthline. The brand we feature in this article has passed our strict vetting process and has been thoroughly tested by our reviewers. \u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/about/vet-brands-and-products\"\u003eRead more about how we vet brands and products.\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"}},"isPrependRecipeH2":false,"recipes":[],"hideTabs":false,"tabs":[{"id":"_noHeaderPrefixedContent","title":null,"header":null,"body":[{"tagName":"div","source":"\u003cp class=\"css-w2pt6r\"\u003eSchizophrenia commonly involves experiencing unusual bodily sensations like alterations in body size, foreign body sensations, or depersonalization.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"tagName":"p","source":"Abnormal bodily sensations, referred to as cenesthesia, are frequently observed in schizophrenia."},{"tagName":"div","attributes":{"data-preamp":"serena-chatbot"},"source":""},{"tagName":"p","source":"Individuals experiencing cenesthesia may describe sensations like perceiving their limbs as larger or longer than normal or sensing a foreign object within their body."},{"tagName":"p","source":"Even though these sensations are common, they often slip under the radar or are misinterpreted, making it challenging to accurately diagnose cenesthopathic schizophrenia (an informal subtype of schizophrenia primarily characterized by these distinct experiences)."}]},{"id":"overview","title":"Overview","isCollapsable":false,"header":["What is cenesthopathic schizophrenia?"],"body":[{"tagName":"p","source":"Cenesthopathic schizophrenia is a term used in psychiatry to describe a subtype or manifestation of \u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/health/schizophrenia\" class=\"content-link css-1c2ok3c\"\u003eschizophrenia\u003c/a\u003e characterized by prominent and distressing bodily sensations or abnormal bodily experiences, which are known as cenesthesias. "},{"tagName":"p","source":"These experiences involve unusual bodily feelings or perceptions that might include sensations of internal discomfort, altered bodily awareness, or abnormalities in bodily functions. These symptoms might not fit neatly into the typical positive or negative symptom categories of schizophrenia."},{"tagName":"h3","source":" Diagnostic criteria for cenesthopathic schizophrenia"},{"tagName":"p","source":"Cenesthopathic schizophrenia isn’t defined explicitly as a distinct diagnostic category in standard psychiatric classifications such as the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5-TR)."},{"tagName":"p","source":"Diagnosis relies on identifying cenesthesia within the context of an existing diagnosis of schizophrenia or a related psychotic disorder. "},{"tagName":"p","source":"Psychiatrists diagnose the condition with a thorough evaluation of symptoms, clinical history, and observation of various psychotic and cognitive symptoms, including any unusual bodily experiences reported by the individual."}]},{"id":"symptoms","title":"Symptoms","isCollapsable":false,"header":["Cenesthopathic schizophrenia symptoms"],"body":[{"tagName":"p","source":"Symptoms of cenesthopathic schizophrenia may include:"},{"tagName":"ul","source":"\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAbnormal bodily sensations:\u003c/strong\u003e This involves unusual bodily sensations that are often described as strange or disturbing. These may include tingling, a feeling of pressure or heaviness, sensations of movement or internal shifting within your body, or the feeling of foreign objects in your body without any actual physical evidence. \u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHeightened awareness or preoccupation with bodily sensations:\u003c/strong\u003e You may be overly focused on or disturbed by regular bodily sensations, such as heartbeat or breathing.\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDistorted body image:\u003c/strong\u003e Some individuals may experience altered perceptions of their body size, shape, or structure, leading to a distorted body image perception.\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDepersonalization:\u003c/strong\u003e This refers to a sense of \u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/health/mental-health/coping-with-depersonalization\" class=\"content-link css-1c2ok3c\"\u003edisconnection from yourself\u003c/a\u003e or feeling detached from your thoughts, feelings, or body.\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMotor weakness:\u003c/strong\u003e This involves a perceived loss of strength or control over your movements, without any apparent physical basis.\u003c/li\u003e"},{"tagName":"p","source":"Current research on cenesthopathic schizophrenia is limited. A \u003chl-trusted-source source=\"PubMed Central\" rationale=\"Highly respected database from the National Institutes of Health\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2772216/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" class=\"content-link css-1c2ok3c\"\u003e2009 study\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/hl-trusted-source\u003e of 70 individuals who received a diagnosis of \u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/health/schizophrenia/paranoid-schizophrenia\" class=\"content-link css-1c2ok3c\"\u003eparanoid schizophrenia\u003c/a\u003e (a subtype of schizophrenia no longer recognized in the DSM) found that symptoms related to cenesthesias, like depersonalization, motor weakness, and abnormal sensations, were quite common."},{"tagName":"p","source":"Participants often underestimated the size of their lower extremities (legs, ankles, and feet), and these perceptions were linked with symptom severity. Notably, these sensations were present in a substantial portion of participants even before \u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/health/psychosis\" class=\"content-link css-1c2ok3c\"\u003epsychosis\u003c/a\u003e symptoms appeared."},{"tagName":"p","source":"A \u003ca href=\"https://www.eurekaselect.com/article/21267\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" class=\"content-link css-1c2ok3c\"\u003e2012 study\u003c/a\u003e looked at unique bodily experiences among people experiencing their first episode of schizophrenia. Among the participants, 30 out of 39 reported unusual bodily sensations. "},{"tagName":"p","source":"The authors note that recognizing these specific bodily experiences in \u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/health/early-signs-of-schizophrenia\" class=\"content-link css-1c2ok3c\"\u003eearly stage schizophrenia\u003c/a\u003e may help distinguish it from other conditions that also affect bodily perception."},{"tagName":"p","source":"Plus, understanding how these experiences evolve into more elaborate bodily \u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/health/mental-health/hallucinations-vs-delusions\" class=\"content-link css-1c2ok3c\"\u003edelusions\u003c/a\u003e could improve our understanding of highly unusual beliefs in schizophrenia."}]},{"id":"examples","title":"Examples","isCollapsable":false,"header":["What are examples of cenesthopathic schizophrenia?"],"body":[{"tagName":"ul","source":"\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAltered limb sensations:\u003c/strong\u003e This may involve feeling like your limbs are changing in size, such as becoming larger or smaller than usual. It could also involve sensations of your limbs elongating, shrinking, or changing in shape without any physical changes.\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInternal movements:\u003c/strong\u003e This may involve perceiving internal movements within your body that seem unexplainable or abnormal, such as sensations of organs moving or functioning differently than they typically do.\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThe feeling of foreign bodies:\u003c/strong\u003e Some individuals experience the sensation of having foreign objects inside their body, such as feeling like there are wires, coils, or objects lodged internally. \u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFeeling controlled:\u003c/strong\u003e Individuals might describe a sensation of their bodily actions or functions being controlled or manipulated by external forces, leading them to believe that their movements or bodily sensations aren’t self-initiated.\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDepersonalization:\u003c/strong\u003e This may manifest as a sense of detachment from one’s own thoughts, emotions, or body. Individuals might describe feeling like an observer of their own actions, experiencing an unreal or dreamlike state, or perceiving their thoughts and sensations as distant or disconnected.\u003c/li\u003e"}]},{"id":"cause","title":"Cause","isCollapsable":false,"header":["What causes cenesthopathic schizophrenia?"],"body":[{"tagName":"p","source":"Cenesthopathic schizophrenia’s exact cause is unclear. It’s believed to result from a complex interplay of genetic, environmental, and neurobiological factors, much like other forms of schizophrenia. "},{"tagName":"p","source":"These abnormal bodily sensations may stem from disturbances in brain function, possibly involving areas associated with perception, interpretation, and processing of sensory information. "},{"tagName":"p","source":"In a \u003ca href=\"https://karger.com/psp/article-abstract/51/1/47/294341/Cenesthopathy-and-Subjective-Cognitive-Complaints?redirectedFrom=fulltext\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" class=\"content-link css-1c2ok3c\"\u003estudy\u003c/a\u003e of 30 participants with psychiatric disorders who were recruited from a psychiatry unit, the researchers found that a large majority (83.3%) displayed cenesthopathy, which correlated with specific symptoms related to fear, \u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/health/obsession-vs-compulsion\" class=\"content-link css-1c2ok3c\"\u003ecompulsions\u003c/a\u003e, and cognitive thought issues. "},{"tagName":"p","source":"Cognitive thought difficulties emerged as a significant predictor, suggesting a link between cenesthopathy and cognitive abnormalities like impaired thinking processes and speech perception in these individuals."}]},{"id":"treatment","title":"Treatment","isCollapsable":false,"header":["How is cenesthopathic schizophrenia treated?"],"body":[{"tagName":"p","source":"There’s no specific medication exclusively for cenesthopathic schizophrenia. \u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/health/mental-health/schizophrenia-treatment\" class=\"content-link css-1c2ok3c\"\u003eTreatment\u003c/a\u003e often involves a combination of approaches:"},{"tagName":"ul","source":"\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMedication:\u003c/strong\u003e Antipsychotic medications may be prescribed to alleviate symptoms of psychosis. But, their efficacy in treating cenesthopathic symptoms specifically might be limited.\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePsychotherapy:\u003c/strong\u003e Therapies like \u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/health/schizophrenia/cognitive-behavioral-therapy-for-schizophrenia\" class=\"content-link css-1c2ok3c\"\u003ecognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)\u003c/a\u003e can help individuals manage their symptoms, cope with distress, and address cognitive distortions.\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSupportive care:\u003c/strong\u003e Supportive environments, rehabilitation programs, and social support networks can assist in managing daily life and addressing challenges associated with the condition.\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eComplementary approaches:\u003c/strong\u003e Some individuals find complementary techniques, like \u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/health/mind-body/what-is-mindfulness\" class=\"content-link css-1c2ok3c\"\u003emindfulness\u003c/a\u003e, helpful in managing distress or anxiety associated with these symptoms.\u003c/li\u003e"}]},{"id":"summary","title":"Summary","isCollapsable":false,"header":["Bottom line"],"body":[{"tagName":"p","source":"Cenesthopathy is a complex condition marked by unusual bodily sensations and often intersects with schizophrenia. But, diagnosing cenesthopathy or cenesthopathic schizophrenia is uncommon in clinical settings."},{"tagName":"p","source":"In standardized psychiatric classifications such as the DSM-5-TR, there isn’t a universally accepted or precisely defined category for cenesthopathic schizophrenia."},{"tagName":"p","source":"If you or someone you know is experiencing symptoms of cenesthopathy or schizophrenia, seeking guidance from a mental health professional is crucial for getting started on an appropriate treatment plan."}]}],"hasAffiliateLinks":false,"affiliates":[],"isDisclaimer":false,"isOwnedAndOperatedPresent":false,"propsFor":{"articleResources":[{"displayLink":"karger.com/psp/article-abstract/51/1/47/294341/Cenesthopathy-and-Subjective-Cognitive-Complaints?redirectedFrom=fulltext","link":"https://karger.com/psp/article-abstract/51/1/47/294341/Cenesthopathy-and-Subjective-Cognitive-Complaints?redirectedFrom=fulltext","title":{"tagName":"span","source":"Jimeno N, et al. (2018). Cenesthopathy and subjective cognitive complaints: An exploratory study in schizophrenia."}},{"displayLink":"ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2772216/","link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2772216/","title":{"tagName":"span","source":"Rajender G, et al. (2009). Study of cenesthesias and body image aberration in schizophrenia."}},{"displayLink":"eurekaselect.com/article/21267","link":"https://www.eurekaselect.com/article/21267","title":{"tagName":"span","source":"Stanghellini G, et al. (2012). Abnormal bodily experiences may be a marker of early schizophrenia?"}}],"byline":{"authors":[{"id":4529,"name":{"display":"Traci Pedersen","first":"Traci","last":"Pedersen"},"link":"/authors/traci-pedersen","type":{"value":"author","label":"Author"},"nid":"","specialties":[],"guestTitle":"","bio":{"text":"\u003cp\u003eTraci Pedersen is a freelance author with more than 15 years’ experience writing on themes of psychology, science, and alternative health for a variety of publications. She also has written 14 science chapter books and numerous teacher resource books for the elementary classroom.\u003c/p\u003e\n"},"avatar":{"title":"","width":400,"height":400,"src":"https://post.healthline.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2021/04/Traci_Pedersen.png"}}],"medicalReviewers":[{"id":4990,"name":{"display":"Nicole Washington, DO, MPH","first":"Nicole","last":"Washington, DO, MPH"},"userLogin":"nwashington","links":{"website":"http://www.drnicolepsych.com","facebook":"www.facebook.com/drnicolepsych","linkedin":"www.linkedin/in/drnicolepsych","twitter":"www.twitter.com/drnicolepsych","instagram":"www.instagram.com/drnicolepsych","tiktok":"https://www.tiktok.com/@drnicolepsych"},"link":"/reviewers/nicole-washington-do-mph","type":{"value":"medical_reviewer","label":"Medical Advisor"},"nid":"164742","specialties":[],"guestTitle":"","bio":{"text":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eDr. Nicole Washington is an \u003c/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.abms.org/board-certification/\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eABMS board certified\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e psychiatrist and the chief medical officer of Elocin Psychiatric Services, a primarily virtual practice where she focuses on the mental health needs of the busy professional. Dr. Washington has spent most of her career caring and advocating for people who aren\u0026#8217;t typically consumers of mental health services, namely underserved communities and high-performing professionals.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEducation\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eOklahoma State University College of Osteopathic Medicine, DO\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eUniversity of Illinois at Chicago, MPH\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eUniversity of Oklahoma School of Community Medicine, Psychiatric Residency\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCertifications\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eAmerican Board of Psychiatry and Neurology \u0026#8211; Psychiatry\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eProfessional Accomplishments\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eAuthor of \u0026#8220;From Introspection to Action: The High-Level Professional’s 28 Day Journey to Improving Mental Health\u0026#8221;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003ePodcast host of \u0026#8220;The C-Suite Confidant”\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eCompleted an internship at Griffin Memorial Hospital\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAffiliations\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.psychiatry.org/\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eAmerican Psychiatric Association (APA)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.blackpsychiatrists.org/about\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eBlack Psychiatrists of America (BPA)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.oklapsychiatry.org/\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eOklahoma Psychiatric Physicians Association (OPPA)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.nmanet.org/\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eNational Medical Association (NMA)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n"},"avatar":{"title":"","width":500,"height":500,"src":"https://post.healthline.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/Nicole-Washington-500x500-Bio.png"}}],"id":"wp-3309501","updateReason":[],"editor":"Ari Howard","factCheckedBy":"","factCheckers":[],"articleHistory":{"2024-02-26":{"updateReason":[],"authors":"Traci Pedersen","editor":"Ari Howard","copyEditor":"Sarah Mills","medicallyReviewedBy":"Nicole Washington, DO, MPH"}},"articleDates":{"factChecked":{"date":null,"display":""},"medicallyReviewed":{"date":1708933397,"display":"February 26, 2024"},"published":{"date":1708933397,"display":"February 26, 2024"},"lastUpdates":{"date":1708933397,"display":"February 26, 2024"},"modified":{"date":1737484127,"display":"January 21, 2025"}},"type":"healthfeature","language":"en"},"readNext":{"items":[{"title":["Are Autism and Schizophrenia Related?"],"text":["Autism spectrum disorder and schizophrenia share similar symptoms, which could lead to misdiagnosis. Learn about key differences and the outlook for…"],"link":"/health/autism-vs-schizophrenia","imageAlt":"Are Autism and Schizophrenia Related?","thumbnail":"https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/dad_parenting_children_with_autism-732x549-thumbnail.jpg","isNutrition":false,"authors":[],"reviewedByHeader":"Medically reviewed by"},{"title":["Types of Delusions in Schizophrenia"],"text":["Delusions are one of the hallmark symptoms of schizophrenia, but the type of delusion that manifests can vary from person to person. "],"link":"/health/schizophrenia/types-of-delusions-in-schizophrenia","imageAlt":"Types of Delusions in Schizophrenia","thumbnail":"https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/woman-hiding-hidden-underneath-clear-plastic-sheet-732x549-thumbnail.jpg","medicallyReviewedBy":{"reviewerName":"Matthew Boland, PhD","reviewerImage":{"path":"https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/New-Matthew-Boland-500x500-Bio.png","width":200,"height":200,"altText":""}},"isNutrition":false,"authors":[],"reviewedByHeader":"Medically reviewed by"},{"title":["How to Manage Treatment-Resistant Schizophrenia"],"text":["If you aren't responding well to several different medications, you may be experiencing treatment-resistent schizophrenia. 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