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Available in 25 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-25" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">25 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9_%D9%87%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%DA%A9" title="نیک هولونیاک – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="نیک هولونیاک" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95" title="নিক হলোনিয়াক – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="নিক হলোনিয়াক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%BA" title="Ник Холоняк – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ник Холоняк" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Holonyak" title="Nick Holonyak – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Nick Holonyak" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Holonyak" title="Nick Holonyak – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Nick Holonyak" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9_%D9%87%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%DA%A9" title="نیک هولونیاک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نیک هولونیاک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Holonyak_Jr." title="Nick Holonyak Jr. – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Nick Holonyak Jr." data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Holonyak" title="Nick Holonyak – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Nick Holonyak" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8B%89_%ED%99%80%EB%A1%9C%EB%8B%88%EC%95%85" title="닉 홀로니악 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="닉 홀로니악" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%AB%D5%AF_%D5%80%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%AF" title="Նիկ Հոլոնյակ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Նիկ Հոլոնյակ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95" title="निक होलोनिक – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="निक होलोनिक" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Holonyak_Jr." title="Nick Holonyak Jr. – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Nick Holonyak Jr." data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%83_%D9%87%D9%88%D9%84%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%83" title="نيك هولنياك – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="نيك هولنياك" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Holonyak" title="Nick Holonyak – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Nick Holonyak" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8B%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9B%E3%83%AD%E3%83%8B%E3%82%A2%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF" title="ニック・ホロニアック – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ニック・ホロニアック" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Holonyak" title="Nick Holonyak – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Nick Holonyak" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Holonyak_Jr." title="Nick Holonyak Jr. – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Nick Holonyak Jr." data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Holonyak" title="Nick Holonyak – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Nick Holonyak" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%BA_%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%BA" title="Нік Голоняк – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Нік Голоняк" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BA,_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Холоньяк, Ник – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Холоньяк, Ник" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Holonyak" title="Nick Holonyak – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Nick Holonyak" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Holonyak" title="Nick Holonyak – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Nick Holonyak" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Holonyak" title="Nick Holonyak – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Nick Holonyak" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%BA_%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%BA" title="Нік Голоняк – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Нік Голоняк" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E4%BD%95%E5%80%AB%E4%BA%9E%E5%85%8B" title="尼克·何倫亞克 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="尼克·何倫亞克" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q360445#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div 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Holonyak was [[John Bardeen]]'s first doctoral student there. In 1954, Holonyak went to [[Bell Telephone Laboratories]], where he worked on silicon-based electronic devices. From 1955 to 1957 he served with the U.S. Army Signal Corps.<ref name="afterglow"/><ref name=obit/></div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>Holonyak earned his bachelor's (1950), master's (1951), and doctoral (1954) degrees in electrical engineering from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Holonyak was [[John Bardeen]]'s first doctoral student there. In 1954, Holonyak went to [[Bell Telephone Laboratories]], where he worked on silicon-based electronic devices. From 1955 to 1957 he served with the U.S. Army Signal Corps.<ref name="afterglow"/><ref name=obit/></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>From 1957 to 1963 he was a scientist at the General Electric Company's Advanced Semiconductor Laboratory near [[Syracuse, New York]]. Here he invented, fabricated, and demonstrated the first visible light [[laser diode]] on October 9, 1962. He grew crystals of the alloy GaAs<sub>0.60</sub>P<sub>0.40</sub>; a GaAs laser diode that worked in the infrared had recently been demonstrated by his General Electric colleague [[Robert N. Hall]]. The GaAs<sub>0.60</sub>P<sub>0.40</sub> laser diode worked at low temperatures, but the device still functioned as a light-emitting diode at room temperature.<ref name=APL62>{{cite journal |first1=Nick |last1=Holonyak Jr. |first2=S. F. |last2=Bevacqua |journal=Applied Physics Letters |title=Coherent (visible) Light Emission from Ga(As<sub>1-x</sub>P<sub>x</sub>) Junctions |date=December 1, 1962 |volume=1 |issue=4 |page=82 |doi=10.1063/1.1753706|bibcode=1962ApPhL...1...82H }}</ref> The demonstration of red light emission from the diode inspired the article "Light of Hope – or Terror" in ''[[Reader's Digest]]''. GaAsP was the material used for the first generation of commercial LEDs that came to market a few years later.<ref>{{cite news |first=Harland |last=Manchester |work=Reader's Digest |title=Light of Hope – or Terror |date=February 1963 |page=97 |quote=The latest dramatic laser discoveries, made by General Electric, may someday make the electric light obsolete. If these plans work out, the lamp of the future may be a speck of metal the size of a pencil-point which will be practically indestructible, will never burn out, and will convert at least ten times as much current into<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> to</del> light as does today's bulb.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ieeeghn.org/wiki/index.php/Nicholas_Holonyak,_Jr. |title=Nick Holonyak, Jr. – Biography |publisher=IEEE |website=IEEE Global History Network |access-date=January 17, 2015 |archive-date=February 19, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140219033714/http://www.ieeeghn.org/wiki/index.php/Nicholas_Holonyak,_Jr. |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Nick Holonyak, Jr., six decades in pursuit of light |date=May 4, 2012 |last1=Kubetz |first1=Rick |publisher=University of Illinois |url=https://grainger.illinois.edu/news/stories/2012-05-04-nick-holonyak-jr-six-decades-pursuit-light |access-date=September 17, 2022 |archive-date=October 21, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211021084746/https://grainger.illinois.edu/news/stories/2012-05-04-nick-holonyak-jr-six-decades-pursuit-light}}</ref><ref name="chisuntimes">{{cite news | title=U. of I.'s Holonyak out to take some of Edison's luster |last= Wolinsky |first=Howard | date =February 5, 2005 | url =http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-1562141.html | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20160225081413/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-1562141.html | url-status =dead | archive-date =February 25, 2016 | work=Chicago Sun-Times | access-date = January 17, 2015}}</ref></div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>From 1957 to 1963 he was a scientist at the General Electric Company's Advanced Semiconductor Laboratory near [[Syracuse, New York]]. Here he invented, fabricated, and demonstrated the first visible light [[laser diode]] on October 9, 1962. He grew crystals of the alloy GaAs<sub>0.60</sub>P<sub>0.40</sub>; a GaAs laser diode that worked in the infrared had recently been demonstrated by his General Electric colleague [[Robert N. Hall]]. The GaAs<sub>0.60</sub>P<sub>0.40</sub> laser diode worked at low temperatures, but the device still functioned as a light-emitting diode at room temperature.<ref name=APL62>{{cite journal |first1=Nick |last1=Holonyak Jr. |first2=S. F. |last2=Bevacqua |journal=Applied Physics Letters |title=Coherent (visible) Light Emission from Ga(As<sub>1-x</sub>P<sub>x</sub>) Junctions |date=December 1, 1962 |volume=1 |issue=4 |page=82 |doi=10.1063/1.1753706|bibcode=1962ApPhL...1...82H }}</ref> The demonstration of red light emission from the diode inspired the article "Light of Hope – or Terror" in ''[[Reader's Digest]]''. GaAsP was the material used for the first generation of commercial LEDs that came to market a few years later.<ref>{{cite news |first=Harland |last=Manchester |work=Reader's Digest |title=Light of Hope – or Terror |date=February 1963 |page=97 |quote=The latest dramatic laser discoveries, made by General Electric, may someday make the electric light obsolete. If these plans work out, the lamp of the future may be a speck of metal the size of a pencil-point which will be practically indestructible, will never burn out, and will convert at least ten times as much current into light as does today's bulb.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ieeeghn.org/wiki/index.php/Nicholas_Holonyak,_Jr. |title=Nick Holonyak, Jr. – Biography |publisher=IEEE |website=IEEE Global History Network |access-date=January 17, 2015 |archive-date=February 19, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140219033714/http://www.ieeeghn.org/wiki/index.php/Nicholas_Holonyak,_Jr. |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Nick Holonyak, Jr., six decades in pursuit of light |date=May 4, 2012 |last1=Kubetz |first1=Rick |publisher=University of Illinois |url=https://grainger.illinois.edu/news/stories/2012-05-04-nick-holonyak-jr-six-decades-pursuit-light |access-date=September 17, 2022 |archive-date=October 21, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211021084746/https://grainger.illinois.edu/news/stories/2012-05-04-nick-holonyak-jr-six-decades-pursuit-light}}</ref><ref name="chisuntimes">{{cite news | title=U. of I.'s Holonyak out to take some of Edison's luster |last= Wolinsky |first=Howard | date =February 5, 2005 | url =http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-1562141.html | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20160225081413/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-1562141.html | url-status =dead | archive-date =February 25, 2016 | work=Chicago Sun-Times | access-date = January 17, 2015}}</ref></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>==University of Illinois==</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>==University of Illinois==</div></td> </tr> </table><hr class='diff-hr' id='mw-oldid' /> <h2 class='diff-currentversion-title'>Revision as of 21:28, 13 November 2023</h2> <div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American engineer (1928–2022)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Nick Holonyak</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Nick_Holonyak_Jr.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Nick_Holonyak_Jr.jpg/220px-Nick_Holonyak_Jr.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Nick_Holonyak_Jr.jpg/330px-Nick_Holonyak_Jr.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Nick_Holonyak_Jr.jpg/440px-Nick_Holonyak_Jr.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1104" data-file-height="1516" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Holonyak in 2002</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1928-11-03</span>)</span>November 3, 1928<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Zeigler,_Illinois" title="Zeigler, Illinois">Zeigler, Illinois</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">September 18, 2022<span style="display:none">(2022-09-18)</span> (aged 93)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Urbana,_Illinois" title="Urbana, Illinois">Urbana, Illinois</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Illinois_at_Urbana-Champaign" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign">University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign</a>; BS 1950, MS 1951, PhD 1954</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data">Invention of the GaAs<sub>0.60</sub>P<sub>0.40</sub> visible light <a href="/wiki/Diode_laser" class="mw-redirect" title="Diode laser">diode laser</a> and <a href="/wiki/Light-emitting_diode" title="Light-emitting diode">LED</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Engineering" title="National Academy of Engineering">National Academy of Engineering</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Academy_of_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="United States National Academy of Sciences">National Academy of Sciences</a> (1984),</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Edison_Medal" title="IEEE Edison Medal">IEEE Edison Medal</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Medal_of_Science" title="National Medal of Science">National Medal of Science</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Medal_of_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="National Medal of Technology">National Medal of Technology</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Medal_of_Honor" title="IEEE Medal of Honor">IEEE Medal of Honor</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Energy_Prize" title="Global Energy Prize">Global Energy Prize</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemelson-MIT_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="Lemelson-MIT Prize">Lemelson-MIT Prize</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Inventors_Hall_of_Fame" title="National Inventors Hall of Fame">National Inventors Hall of Fame</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_Prize_for_Engineering" title="Queen Elizabeth Prize for Engineering">Queen Elizabeth Prize for Engineering</a> (2021)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Electrical_engineering" title="Electrical engineering">Electrical engineering</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Thesis" title="Thesis">Thesis</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vufind.carli.illinois.edu/vf-uiu/Record/uiu_7938465">Effect of Surface Conditions on Characteristics of Rectifier Junctions</a></i> <span style="font-size:97%;">(1954)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Doctoral_advisor" title="Doctoral advisor">Doctoral advisor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">John Bardeen</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Nick Holonyak Jr.</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'h' in 'hi'">h</span><span title="/ʌ/: 'u' in 'cut'">ʌ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/j/: 'y' in 'yes'">j</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">huh-<span style="font-size:90%">LON</span>-yak</i></a>; November 3, 1928 – September 18, 2022) was an American engineer and educator. He is noted particularly for his 1962 invention and first demonstration of a semiconductor <a href="/wiki/Laser_diode" title="Laser diode">laser diode</a> that emitted visible light. This device was the forerunner of the first generation of commercial <a href="/wiki/Light-emitting_diode" title="Light-emitting diode">light-emitting diodes</a> (LEDs). He was then working at a <a href="/wiki/General_Electric_Company" title="General Electric Company">General Electric Company</a> research laboratory near <a href="/wiki/Syracuse,_New_York" title="Syracuse, New York">Syracuse, New York</a>. He left General Electric in 1963 and returned to his alma mater, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Illinois_at_Urbana-Champaign" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign">University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign</a>, where he later became John Bardeen Endowed Chair in Electrical and Computer Engineering and Physics.<sup id="cite_ref-Schubert_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schubert-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-aip.org_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aip.org-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_career">Early life and career</h2></div> <p>Nick Holonyak Jr. was born in <a href="/wiki/Zeigler,_Illinois" title="Zeigler, Illinois">Zeigler, Illinois</a>, on November 3, 1928.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His parents were <a href="/wiki/Rusyns" title="Rusyns">Rusyn</a> immigrants.<sup id="cite_ref-aip.org_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aip.org-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His father worked in a <a href="/wiki/Coal_mine" class="mw-redirect" title="Coal mine">coal mine</a>. Holonyak was the first member of his family to receive any type of formal schooling.<sup id="cite_ref-afterglow_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-afterglow-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He once worked 30 straight hours on the <a href="/wiki/Illinois_Central_Railroad" title="Illinois Central Railroad">Illinois Central Railroad</a> before realizing that a life of hard labor was not what he wanted and he would prefer to go to school instead. According to a <i><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Tribune" title="Chicago Tribune">Chicago Tribune</a></i> article in 2003, "The cheap and reliable semiconductor lasers critical to DVD players, bar code readers and scores of other devices owe their existence in some small way to the demanding workload thrust upon Downstate railroad crews decades ago."<sup id="cite_ref-knightridder_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-knightridder-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Holonyak earned his bachelor's (1950), master's (1951), and doctoral (1954) degrees in electrical engineering from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Holonyak was <a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">John Bardeen</a>'s first doctoral student there. In 1954, Holonyak went to <a href="/wiki/Bell_Telephone_Laboratories" class="mw-redirect" title="Bell Telephone Laboratories">Bell Telephone Laboratories</a>, where he worked on silicon-based electronic devices. From 1955 to 1957 he served with the U.S. Army Signal Corps.<sup id="cite_ref-afterglow_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-afterglow-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-obit_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-obit-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 1957 to 1963 he was a scientist at the General Electric Company's Advanced Semiconductor Laboratory near <a href="/wiki/Syracuse,_New_York" title="Syracuse, New York">Syracuse, New York</a>. Here he invented, fabricated, and demonstrated the first visible light <a href="/wiki/Laser_diode" title="Laser diode">laser diode</a> on October 9, 1962. He grew crystals of the alloy GaAs<sub>0.60</sub>P<sub>0.40</sub>; a GaAs laser diode that worked in the infrared had recently been demonstrated by his General Electric colleague <a href="/wiki/Robert_N._Hall" title="Robert N. Hall">Robert N. Hall</a>. The GaAs<sub>0.60</sub>P<sub>0.40</sub> laser diode worked at low temperatures, but the device still functioned as a light-emitting diode at room temperature.<sup id="cite_ref-APL62_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-APL62-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The demonstration of red light emission from the diode inspired the article "Light of Hope – or Terror" in <i><a href="/wiki/Reader%27s_Digest" title="Reader's Digest">Reader's Digest</a></i>. GaAsP was the material used for the first generation of commercial LEDs that came to market a few years later.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-chisuntimes_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chisuntimes-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="University_of_Illinois">University of Illinois</h2></div> <p>In 1963, Holonyak became a professor at the University of Illinois.<sup id="cite_ref-Damery_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Damery-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1993, he was named the <a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">John Bardeen</a> Endowed Chair Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Physics at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He investigated methods for manufacturing <a href="/wiki/Quantum_dot_laser" title="Quantum dot laser">quantum dot lasers</a>. He and Dr. <a href="/wiki/Milton_Feng" title="Milton Feng">Milton Feng</a> ran a transistor laser research center at the university funded by $6.5 million from the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">United States Department of Defense</a> through <a href="/wiki/DARPA" title="DARPA">DARPA</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-businessweek_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-businessweek-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Holonyak retired in 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ten of his 60 former doctoral students have developed new uses for LED technology at <a href="/wiki/Philips_Lumileds_Lighting_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Philips Lumileds Lighting Company">Philips Lumileds Lighting Company</a> in <a href="/wiki/Silicon_Valley" title="Silicon Valley">Silicon Valley</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-chisuntimes_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chisuntimes-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Inventions">Inventions</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GE_Electronics_Laboratory.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph of a two-story building with a tan brick facade and green copper roofing. A few steps lead up to wide glass doors. Signage above the doors reads "ELECTRONICS LABORATORY"" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/GE_Electronics_Laboratory.jpg/220px-GE_Electronics_Laboratory.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/GE_Electronics_Laboratory.jpg/330px-GE_Electronics_Laboratory.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/GE_Electronics_Laboratory.jpg/440px-GE_Electronics_Laboratory.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>Former General Electric laboratory near Syracuse, New York where Holonyak demonstrated red light from a diode laser and light-emitting diode in 1962.</figcaption></figure> <p>In addition to introducing the III-V alloy LED, Holonyak held 41 <a href="/wiki/Patent" title="Patent">patents</a>. His other inventions include the red-light <a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">semiconductor</a> laser, usually called the <a href="/wiki/Laser_diode" title="Laser diode">laser diode</a> (used in <a href="/wiki/CD_player" title="CD player">CD</a> and <a href="/wiki/DVD_player" title="DVD player">DVD players</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cell_phone" class="mw-redirect" title="Cell phone">cell phones</a>) and the shorted emitter p-n-p-n switch (used in light dimmers and power tools).<sup id="cite_ref-afterglow_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-afterglow-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2006, the <a href="/wiki/American_Institute_of_Physics" title="American Institute of Physics">American Institute of Physics</a> decided on the five most important papers in each of its journals since it was founded 75 years ago. Two of these five papers, in the journal <i><a href="/wiki/Applied_Physics_Letters" title="Applied Physics Letters">Applied Physics Letters</a></i>, were co-authored by Holonyak. The first one, co-authored with S. F. Bevacqua in 1962, announced the creation of the first visible-light laser diode.<sup id="cite_ref-APL62_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-APL62-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The second, co-authored primarily with <a href="/wiki/Milton_Feng" title="Milton Feng">Milton Feng</a> in 2005, announced the creation of a <a href="/wiki/Transistor_laser" title="Transistor laser">transistor laser</a> that can operate at <a href="/wiki/Room_temperature" title="Room temperature">room temperatures</a>. Holonyak predicted that his LEDs would replace the <a href="/wiki/Incandescent_light_bulb" title="Incandescent light bulb">incandescent light bulb</a> of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Edison</a> in the February 1963 issue of <i><a href="/wiki/Reader%27s_Digest" title="Reader's Digest">Reader's Digest</a></i>, and as LEDs improve in quality and efficiency they are <a href="/wiki/Phase-out_of_incandescent_light_bulbs" title="Phase-out of incandescent light bulbs">gradually replacing incandescents</a> as the bulb of choice.<sup id="cite_ref-businessweek_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-businessweek-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards_and_honors">Awards and honors</h2></div> <p>Holonyak was presented awards by <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a>, Emperor <a href="/wiki/Akihito" title="Akihito">Akihito</a> of Japan, and <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-afterglow_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-afterglow-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also received the <a href="/wiki/Global_Energy_Prize" title="Global Energy Prize">Global Energy International Prize</a>, the <a href="/wiki/National_Medal_of_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="National Medal of Technology">National Medal of Technology</a>, the Order of <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln</a> Medallion, and the 2004 <a href="/wiki/Lemelson%E2%80%93MIT_Prize" title="Lemelson–MIT Prize">Lemelson–MIT Prize</a>, also worth $500,000.<sup id="cite_ref-businessweek_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-businessweek-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many colleagues expressed their belief that he deserved the Nobel Prize for his invention of the GaAsP laser and LED. On this subject, Holonyak said, "It's ridiculous to think that somebody owes you something. We're lucky to be alive, when it comes down to it."<sup id="cite_ref-afterglow_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-afterglow-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In October 2014, Holonyak reversed his stance by stating "I find this one insulting" in reaction to news that the inventors of the blue LED were awarded the 2014 Nobel Prize in Physics, instead of his fellow LED researchers.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>1973: Elected a member of the <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Engineering" title="National Academy of Engineering">National Academy of Engineering</a> for contributions to development of semiconductor controlled rectifiers, light emitting diodes and diode lasers<sup id="cite_ref-NAE_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NAE-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1984: Elected to the <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences" title="National Academy of Sciences">National Academy of Sciences</a><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1989: <a href="/wiki/IEEE" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE">IEEE</a> <a href="/wiki/Edison_Medal" class="mw-redirect" title="Edison Medal">Edison Medal</a> for "an outstanding career in the field of electrical engineering with contributions to major advances in the field of semiconductor materials and devices". Holonyak's former student, <a href="/wiki/Russell_Dupuis" title="Russell Dupuis">Russell Dupuis</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Georgia_Institute_of_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgia Institute of Technology">Georgia Institute of Technology</a>, won this same award in 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-afterglow_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-afterglow-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1992: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Hard_Townes_Award" title="Charles Hard Townes Award">Charles Hard Townes Award</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Optical_Society_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Optical Society of America">Optical Society of America</a><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1993: <a href="/wiki/NAS_Award_for_the_Industrial_Application_of_Science" title="NAS Award for the Industrial Application of Science">NAS Award for the Industrial Application of Science</a><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1995: $500,000 <a href="/wiki/Japan_Prize" title="Japan Prize">Japan Prize</a> for "outstanding contributions to research and practical applications of light emitting diodes and lasers"<sup id="cite_ref-businessweek_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-businessweek-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2001: <a href="/wiki/Frederic_Ives_Medal" title="Frederic Ives Medal">Frederic Ives Medal</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Optical_Society_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Optical Society of America">Optical Society of America</a><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2003: <a href="/wiki/IEEE_Medal_of_Honor" title="IEEE Medal of Honor">IEEE Medal of Honor</a><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2005: Inducted as a Laureate of <a href="/wiki/The_Lincoln_Academy_of_Illinois" title="The Lincoln Academy of Illinois">The Lincoln Academy of Illinois</a> and awarded the Order of Lincoln (the State's highest honor) by the <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Illinois" title="Governor of Illinois">Governor of Illinois</a> in the area of Science<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>June 2006: Two of Holonyak's papers were chosen by the editors of <i>Applied Physics Letters</i> as among the five most important published since the journal's founding in 1962.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>November 9, 2007: <a href="/wiki/Historical_marker" class="mw-redirect" title="Historical marker">Historical marker</a> installed on the University of Illinois campus recognizing his development of the quantum-well laser. It is located on the Bardeen Engineering Quadrangle near where the old Electrical Engineering Research Laboratory used to stand.<sup id="cite_ref-UIEngineeringNews200711_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UIEngineeringNews200711-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2008: Inducted into the <a href="/wiki/National_Inventors_Hall_of_Fame" title="National Inventors Hall of Fame">National Inventors Hall of Fame</a> (Announced February 14, 2008) (May 2–3, 2008 at Akron, Ohio)<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2015: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Stark_Draper_Prize" title="Charles Stark Draper Prize">Charles Stark Draper Prize</a> for Engineering "for the invention, development, and commercialization of materials and processes for light-emitting diodes (LEDs)"<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>September 2018: Village of <a href="/wiki/Glen_Carbon,_Illinois" title="Glen Carbon, Illinois">Glen Carbon, Illinois</a>, placed an honorary street sign on behalf of Holonyak, a former resident<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2021: <a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_Prize_for_Engineering" title="Queen Elizabeth Prize for Engineering">Queen Elizabeth Prize for Engineering</a> "for the creation and development of LED lighting, which forms the basis of all solid-state lighting technology". He shares the prize with his former students <a href="/wiki/M._George_Craford" title="M. George Craford">M. George Craford</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russell_D._Dupuis" class="mw-redirect" title="Russell D. Dupuis">Russell D. Dupuis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Isamu_Akasaki" title="Isamu Akasaki">Isamu Akasaki</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shuji_Nakamura" title="Shuji Nakamura">Shuji Nakamura</a>, inventors of the Blue LED.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2></div> <p>Holonyak and his wife, Katherine, were married for over 60 years. He died on September 18, 2022, in Urbana, Illinois, at the age of 93.<sup id="cite_ref-obit_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-obit-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Schubert-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Schubert_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSchubert2018" class="citation book cs1">Schubert, E. Fred (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sites.google.com/semiconductor-consulting.com/led-book-3rd-edition"><i>Light-Emitting Diodes</i></a> (3 ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 2–6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780986382666" title="Special:BookSources/9780986382666"><bdi>9780986382666</bdi></a>. <q>Another important step in the development of GaAs<sub>y</sub>P<sub>1–y</sub> (or simply GaAsP) LEDs occurred in 1962 when Holonyak and Bevacqua (1962) reported on the emission of coherent visible light from GaAsP p-n junctions at low temperatures (77 K) under pulsed current injection. The emission of coherent light was limited to low temperatures. At room temperature, the devices worked as LEDs and emitted incoherent visible red light. 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"Light of Hope – or Terror". <i>Reader's Digest</i>. p. 97. <q>The latest dramatic laser discoveries, made by General Electric, may someday make the electric light obsolete. If these plans work out, the lamp of the future may be a speck of metal the size of a pencil-point which will be practically indestructible, will never burn out, and will convert at least ten times as much current into light as does today's bulb.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reader%27s+Digest&rft.atitle=Light+of+Hope+%E2%80%93+or+Terror&rft.pages=97&rft.date=1963-02&rft.aulast=Manchester&rft.aufirst=Harland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANick+Holonyak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ieeeghn.org/wiki/index.php/Nicholas_Holonyak,_Jr.">"Nick Holonyak, Jr. – Biography"</a>. <i>IEEE Global History Network</i>. IEEE. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140219033714/http://www.ieeeghn.org/wiki/index.php/Nicholas_Holonyak,_Jr.">Archived</a> from the original on February 19, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 17,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Global+History+Network&rft.atitle=Nick+Holonyak%2C+Jr.+%E2%80%93+Biography&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ieeeghn.org%2Fwiki%2Findex.php%2FNicholas_Holonyak%2C_Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANick+Holonyak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKubetz2012" class="citation web cs1">Kubetz, Rick (May 4, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211021084746/https://grainger.illinois.edu/news/stories/2012-05-04-nick-holonyak-jr-six-decades-pursuit-light">"Nick Holonyak, Jr., six decades in pursuit of light"</a>. University of Illinois. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://grainger.illinois.edu/news/stories/2012-05-04-nick-holonyak-jr-six-decades-pursuit-light">the original</a> on October 21, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 17,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nick+Holonyak%2C+Jr.%2C+six+decades+in+pursuit+of+light&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois&rft.date=2012-05-04&rft.aulast=Kubetz&rft.aufirst=Rick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgrainger.illinois.edu%2Fnews%2Fstories%2F2012-05-04-nick-holonyak-jr-six-decades-pursuit-light&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANick+Holonyak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chisuntimes-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-chisuntimes_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chisuntimes_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolinsky2005" class="citation news cs1">Wolinsky, Howard (February 5, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160225081413/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-1562141.html">"U. of I.'s Holonyak out to take some of Edison's luster"</a>. <i>Chicago Sun-Times</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-1562141.html">the original</a> on February 25, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 17,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Sun-Times&rft.atitle=U.+of+I.%27s+Holonyak+out+to+take+some+of+Edison%27s+luster&rft.date=2005-02-05&rft.aulast=Wolinsky&rft.aufirst=Howard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.highbeam.com%2Fdoc%2F1P2-1562141.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANick+Holonyak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Damery-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Damery_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDamery2013" class="citation web cs1">Damery, Jonathan (August 5, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ece.illinois.edu/newsroom/article/2575">"Holonyak retires after 50 years in ECE"</a>. University of Illinois. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150208225650/http://www.ece.illinois.edu/newsroom/article/2575">Archived</a> from the original on February 8, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 17,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Holonyak+retires+after+50+years+in+ECE&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois&rft.date=2013-08-05&rft.aulast=Damery&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ece.illinois.edu%2Fnewsroom%2Farticle%2F2575&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANick+Holonyak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrainger_Engineering_Office_of_Marketing_and_Communications2018" class="citation web cs1">Grainger Engineering Office of Marketing and Communications (December 22, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mntl.illinois.edu/news/10981">"Illinois faculty, former students honor Nick Holonyak legacy in celebration of his birthday | Holonyak Micro & Nanotechnology Lab | UIUC"</a>. Mntl.illinois.edu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220422224323/https://mntl.illinois.edu/news/10981">Archived</a> from the original on April 22, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 18,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Illinois+faculty%2C+former+students+honor+Nick+Holonyak+legacy+in+celebration+of+his+birthday+%26%23124%3B+Holonyak+Micro+%26+Nanotechnology+Lab+%26%23124%3B+UIUC&rft.pub=Mntl.illinois.edu&rft.date=2018-12-22&rft.au=Grainger+Engineering+Office+of+Marketing+and+Communications&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmntl.illinois.edu%2Fnews%2F10981&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANick+Holonyak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lemelson.mit.edu/resources/nick-holonyak">"Nick Holonyak | Lemelson"</a>. Lemelson.mit.edu. November 3, 1928. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210126172123/https://lemelson.mit.edu/resources/nick-holonyak">Archived</a> from the original on January 26, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 18,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nick+Holonyak+%26%23124%3B+Lemelson&rft.pub=Lemelson.mit.edu&rft.date=1928-11-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flemelson.mit.edu%2Fresources%2Fnick-holonyak&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANick+Holonyak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-businessweek-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-businessweek_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-businessweek_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-businessweek_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-businessweek_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPort2005" class="citation news cs1">Port, Otis (May 23, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120627002816/http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/05_21/b3934030.htm">"Nick Holonyak: He Saw The Lights"</a>. <i>Business Week</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/05_21/b3934030.htm">the original</a> on June 27, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 17,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Business+Week&rft.atitle=Nick+Holonyak%3A+He+Saw+The+Lights&rft.date=2005-05-23&rft.aulast=Port&rft.aufirst=Otis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessweek.com%2Fmagazine%2Fcontent%2F05_21%2Fb3934030.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANick+Holonyak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pjstar.com/story/news/2013/08/07/led-inventor-retires-from-u/42432906007/">"LED inventor retires from U. of Illinois"</a>. Pjstar.com. August 7, 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220919131040/https://www.pjstar.com/story/news/2013/08/07/led-inventor-retires-from-u/42432906007/">Archived</a> from the original on September 19, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=LED+inventor+retires+from+U.+of+Illinois&rft.pub=Pjstar.com&rft.date=2013-08-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pjstar.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2F2013%2F08%2F07%2Fled-inventor-retires-from-u%2F42432906007%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANick+Holonyak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMercer2014" class="citation web cs1">Mercer, David (October 8, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eeworldonline.com/led-inventor-insulted-feels-work-bypassed-by-nobel/">"LED Inventor Insulted, Feels Work Bypassed By Nobel"</a>. <i>Electrical Engineering News and Products</i>. Associated Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220919131044/https://www.eeworldonline.com/led-inventor-insulted-feels-work-bypassed-by-nobel/">Archived</a> from the original on September 19, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 18,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Electrical+Engineering+News+and+Products&rft.atitle=LED+Inventor+Insulted%2C+Feels+Work+Bypassed+By+Nobel&rft.date=2014-10-08&rft.aulast=Mercer&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eeworldonline.com%2Fled-inventor-insulted-feels-work-bypassed-by-nobel%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANick+Holonyak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NAE-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NAE_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nae.edu/MembersSection/MemberDirectory/29187.aspx"><i>Nick Holonyak</i> was elected in 1973</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190404081425/https://www.nae.edu/MembersSection/MemberDirectory/29187.aspx">Archived</a> April 4, 2019, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> as a member of <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Engineering" title="National Academy of Engineering">National Academy of Engineering</a> in <a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_National_Academy_of_Engineering_(Electronics)" title="List of members of the National Academy of Engineering (Electronics)">Electronics, Communication & Information Systems Engineering</a> and Materials Engineering for contributions to development of <a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_controlled_rectifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Semiconductor controlled rectifier">semiconductor controlled rectifiers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Light_emitting_diodes" class="mw-redirect" title="Light emitting diodes">light emitting diodes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diode_laser" class="mw-redirect" title="Diode laser">diode laser</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/image/26509221/?terms=nick%20Holonyak%20%22%20National%20Academy%20of%20Engineering%22%201973&match=1">"5 Jul 1975, Page 13 – <i>The Edwardsville Intelligencer</i> at"</a>. Newspapers.com. July 5, 1975. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220919131044/https://www.newspapers.com/image/legacy/26509221/?terms=nick%20Holonyak%20%22%20National%20Academy%20of%20Engineering%22%201973&match=1">Archived</a> from the original on September 19, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 18,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=5+Jul+1975%2C+Page+13+%E2%80%93+The+Edwardsville+Intelligencer+at&rft.pub=Newspapers.com&rft.date=1975-07-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fimage%2F26509221%2F%3Fterms%3Dnick%2520Holonyak%2520%2522%2520National%2520Academy%2520of%2520Engineering%2522%25201973%26match%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANick+Holonyak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nasonline.org/member-directory/members/54445.html">"NAS Member Profile of Nick Holonyak"</a>. Nasonline.org. June 10, 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220407144708/http://www.nasonline.org/member-directory/members/54445.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 7, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 18,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NAS+Member+Profile+of+Nick+Holonyak&rft.pub=Nasonline.org&rft.date=2021-06-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasonline.org%2Fmember-directory%2Fmembers%2F54445.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANick+Holonyak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.osa.org/en-us/awards_and_grants/awards/award_description/charlestownes/">"Charles Hard Townes Award"</a>. Osa.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150201070852/http://www.osa.org/en-us/awards_and_grants/awards/award_description/charlestownes/">Archived</a> from the original on February 1, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 18,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Charles+Hard+Townes+Award&rft.pub=Osa.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.osa.org%2Fen-us%2Fawards_and_grants%2Fawards%2Faward_description%2Fcharlestownes%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANick+Holonyak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150108010526/http://www.nasonline.org/about-nas/awards/industrial-application-of-science.html">"Recipient list of NAS Award for the Industrial Application of Science winners"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nasonline.org/about-nas/awards/industrial-application-of-science.html">the original</a> on January 8, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Recipient+list+of+NAS+Award+for+the+Industrial+Application+of+Science+winners.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasonline.org%2Fabout-nas%2Fawards%2Findustrial-application-of-science.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANick+Holonyak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.osa.org/en-us/awards_and_grants/awards/award_description/ivesquinn/">"Frederic Ives Medal"</a>. Osa.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170316150722/http://www.osa.org/en-us/awards_and_grants/awards/award_description/ivesquinn/">Archived</a> from the original on March 16, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 18,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Frederic+Ives+Medal&rft.pub=Osa.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.osa.org%2Fen-us%2Fawards_and_grants%2Fawards%2Faward_description%2Fivesquinn%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANick+Holonyak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://physicstoday.scitation.org/doi/10.1063/1.1570787">"Holonyak to Receive Top IEEE Medal"</a>. <i>Physics Today</i>. <b>56</b> (3): 92. March 1, 2003. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003PhT....56T..92.">2003PhT....56T..92.</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1063%2F1.1570787">10.1063/1.1570787</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220919131043/https://physicstoday.scitation.org/doi/10.1063/1.1570787?cookieSet=1">Archived</a> from the original on September 19, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 18,</span> 2022</span> – via physicstoday.scitation.org (Atypon).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physics+Today&rft.atitle=Holonyak+to+Receive+Top+IEEE+Medal&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=92&rft.date=2003-03-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1063%2F1.1570787&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003PhT....56T..92.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphysicstoday.scitation.org%2Fdoi%2F10.1063%2F1.1570787&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANick+Holonyak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thelincolnacademyofillinois.org/4632-2/#toggle-id-11">"Laureates by Year"</a>. The Lincoln Academy of Illinois. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150923204516/http://thelincolnacademyofillinois.org/4632-2/#toggle-id-11">Archived</a> from the original on September 23, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 7,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Laureates+by+Year&rft.pub=The+Lincoln+Academy+of+Illinois&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthelincolnacademyofillinois.org%2F4632-2%2F%23toggle-id-11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANick+Holonyak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://phys.org/news/2006-06-illinois-physicists-important-scientific-papers.html">"Illinois physicists produce two most important scientific papers"</a>. <i>phys.org</i>. June 5, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=phys.org&rft.atitle=Illinois+physicists+produce+two+most+important+scientific+papers&rft.date=2006-06-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphys.org%2Fnews%2F2006-06-illinois-physicists-important-scientific-papers.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANick+Holonyak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UIEngineeringNews200711-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-UIEngineeringNews200711_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCommunications" class="citation web cs1">Communications, Grainger Engineering Office of Marketing and. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ece.illinois.edu/newsroom/news/2574">"Holonyak historical marker unveiled"</a>. <i>ece.illinois.edu</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210412123317/https://ece.illinois.edu/newsroom/news/2574">Archived</a> from the original on April 12, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 18,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ece.illinois.edu&rft.atitle=Holonyak+historical+marker+unveiled&rft.aulast=Communications&rft.aufirst=Grainger+Engineering+Office+of+Marketing+and&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fece.illinois.edu%2Fnewsroom%2Fnews%2F2574&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANick+Holonyak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200314195955/https://grainger.illinois.edu/news">"News | Engineering at Illinois | University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.engr.uiuc.edu/news/?xId=072808800672">the original</a> on March 14, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 10,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=News+%7C+Engineering+at+Illinois+%7C+University+of+Illinois+at+Urbana-Champaign&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.engr.uiuc.edu%2Fnews%2F%3FxId%3D072808800672&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANick+Holonyak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAinsworth2015" class="citation web cs1">Ainsworth, Susan J. (January 7, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cen.acs.org/articles/93/web/2015/01/Pioneers-Light-Emitting-Diodes-Honored.html">"Pioneers Of Light-Emitting Diodes Honored With 2015 Charles Stark Draper Prize"</a>. <i>cen.acs.org</i>. <a href="/wiki/Chemical_%26_Engineering_News" title="Chemical & Engineering News">Chemical & Engineering News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201108110026/https://cen.acs.org/articles/93/web/2015/01/Pioneers-Light-Emitting-Diodes-Honored.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 8, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 19,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cen.acs.org&rft.atitle=Pioneers+Of+Light-Emitting+Diodes+Honored+With+2015+Charles+Stark+Draper+Prize&rft.date=2015-01-07&rft.aulast=Ainsworth&rft.aufirst=Susan+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcen.acs.org%2Farticles%2F93%2Fweb%2F2015%2F01%2FPioneers-Light-Emitting-Diodes-Honored.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANick+Holonyak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSommerhof2018" class="citation web cs1">Sommerhof, John (July 9, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thetelegraph.com/news/article/Glen-Carbon-names-first-honorary-street-13058860.php">"Glen Carbon names first honorary street designation"</a>. Thetelegraph.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180709083726/https://www.thetelegraph.com/news/article/Glen-Carbon-names-first-honorary-street-13058860.php">Archived</a> from the original on July 9, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 18,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Glen+Carbon+names+first+honorary+street+designation&rft.pub=Thetelegraph.com&rft.date=2018-07-09&rft.aulast=Sommerhof&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetelegraph.com%2Fnews%2Farticle%2FGlen-Carbon-names-first-honorary-street-13058860.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANick+Holonyak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTouchstone2021" class="citation web cs1">Touchstone, Liz Ahlberg (February 2, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.illinois.edu/view/6367/943749387">"Nick Holonyak Jr., pioneer of LED lighting, awarded Queen Elizabeth Prize"</a>. <i>news.illinois.edu</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210207182526/https://news.illinois.edu/view/6367/943749387">Archived</a> from the original on February 7, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 8,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=news.illinois.edu&rft.atitle=Nick+Holonyak+Jr.%2C+pioneer+of+LED+lighting%2C+awarded+Queen+Elizabeth+Prize&rft.date=2021-02-02&rft.aulast=Touchstone&rft.aufirst=Liz+Ahlberg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.illinois.edu%2Fview%2F6367%2F943749387&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANick+Holonyak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmitt2012" class="citation book cs1">Schmitt, Laura (2012). <i>The Bright Stuff: The LED and Nick Holonyak's Fantastic Trail of Innovation</i>. Champaign, Ill.: University of Illinois Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780615681009" title="Special:BookSources/9780615681009"><bdi>9780615681009</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/818331240">818331240</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bright+Stuff%3A+The+LED+and+Nick+Holonyak%27s+Fantastic+Trail+of+Innovation&rft.place=Champaign%2C+Ill.&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Micro+and+Nanotechnology+Laboratory&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F818331240&rft.isbn=9780615681009&rft.aulast=Schmitt&rft.aufirst=Laura&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANick+Holonyak" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolonyakAshrafi2005" class="citation web cs1">Holonyak, Nick; Ashrafi, Babak (March 23, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aip.org/history-programs/niels-bohr-library/oral-histories/30533">"Oral history interview transcript with Nick Holonyak March 23, 2005"</a>. American Institute of Physics. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080924005233/http://www.aip.org/history/ohilist/30533.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 24, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Oral+history+interview+transcript+with+Nick+Holonyak+March+23%2C+2005&rft.pub=American+Institute+of+Physics&rft.date=2005-03-23&rft.aulast=Holonyak&rft.aufirst=Nick&rft.au=Ashrafi%2C+Babak&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aip.org%2Fhistory-programs%2Fniels-bohr-library%2Foral-histories%2F30533&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANick+Holonyak" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media 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href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Nick_Holonyak" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Nick Holonyak">Nick Holonyak</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ethw.org/Nick_Holonyak,_Jr.">Nick Holonyak Jr.</a> on the Engineering and Technology History Wiki</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070928062101/http://www.technology.gov/Medal/2002/bios/Nick_Holonyak-Jr.pdf#search='Nick%20Holonyak%20bardeen'">Nick Holonyak Jr. US National Medal of Technology</a>, 2002.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:IEEE_Edison_Medal_Laureates_1976%E2%80%932000" title="Template:IEEE Edison Medal Laureates 1976–2000"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:IEEE_Edison_Medal_Laureates_1976%E2%80%932000" title="Template talk:IEEE Edison Medal Laureates 1976–2000"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:IEEE_Edison_Medal_Laureates_1976%E2%80%932000" title="Special:EditPage/Template:IEEE Edison Medal Laureates 1976–2000"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="IEEE_Edison_Medal" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Edison_Medal" title="IEEE Edison Medal">IEEE Edison Medal</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Joslin" title="Murray Joslin">Murray Joslin</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_G._Busignies" title="Henri G. Busignies">Henri G. Busignies</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_E._Noble" title="Daniel E. Noble">Daniel E. Noble</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Rose_(physicist)" title="Albert Rose (physicist)">Albert Rose</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Adler" title="Robert Adler">Robert Adler</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Chapin_Cutler" title="C. Chapin Cutler">C. Chapin Cutler</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Cohn" title="Nathan Cohn">Nathan Cohn</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herman_P._Schwan" title="Herman P. Schwan">Herman P. Schwan</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_I._Gordon" title="Eugene I. Gordon">Eugene I. Gordon</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_D._Kraus" title="John D. Kraus">John D. Kraus</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_L._Flanagan" title="James L. Flanagan">James L. Flanagan</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Henle" title="Robert A. Henle">Robert A. Henle</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Ross_MacDonald" title="James Ross MacDonald">James Ross MacDonald</a> (1988)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nick Holonyak Jr.</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archie_W._Straiton" title="Archie W. Straiton">Archie W. Straiton</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_L._Moll" title="John L. Moll">John L. Moll</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dave_Forney" title="Dave Forney">George D. Forney</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_H._Pomerene" title="James H. Pomerene">James H. Pomerene</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leslie_A._Geddes" title="Leslie A. Geddes">Leslie A. Geddes</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_W._Lucky" title="Robert W. Lucky">Robert W. Lucky</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floyd_Dunn" title="Floyd Dunn">Floyd Dunn</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esther_M._Conwell" title="Esther M. Conwell">Esther M. Conwell</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rolf_Landauer" title="Rolf Landauer">Rolf Landauer</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kees_Schouhamer_Immink" title="Kees Schouhamer Immink">Kees Schouhamer Immink</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jun-ichi_Nishizawa" title="Jun-ichi Nishizawa">Jun-ichi Nishizawa</a> (2000)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="IEEE_Medal_of_Honor" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:IEEE_Medal_of_Honor_Laureates_2001%E2%80%932025" title="Template:IEEE Medal of Honor Laureates 2001–2025"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:IEEE_Medal_of_Honor_Laureates_2001%E2%80%932025" title="Template talk:IEEE Medal of Honor Laureates 2001–2025"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:IEEE_Medal_of_Honor_Laureates_2001%E2%80%932025" title="Special:EditPage/Template:IEEE Medal of Honor Laureates 2001–2025"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="IEEE_Medal_of_Honor" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Medal_of_Honor" title="IEEE Medal of Honor">IEEE Medal of Honor</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–2025</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herwig_Kogelnik" title="Herwig Kogelnik">Herwig Kogelnik</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Kroemer" title="Herbert Kroemer">Herbert Kroemer</a> (2002)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nick Holonyak</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tadahiro_Sekimoto" title="Tadahiro Sekimoto">Tadahiro Sekimoto</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_L._Flanagan" title="James L. Flanagan"> James Flanagan</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_D._Meindl" title="James D. Meindl">James D. Meindl</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Kailath" title="Thomas Kailath">Thomas Kailath</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Moore" title="Gordon Moore">Gordon Moore</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Dennard" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Dennard">Robert Dennard</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Viterbi" title="Andrew Viterbi">Andrew Viterbi</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morris_Chang" title="Morris Chang">Morris Chang</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_L._Hennessy" title="John L. Hennessy">John L. Hennessy</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irwin_M._Jacobs" title="Irwin M. Jacobs">Irwin M. Jacobs</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._Jayant_Baliga" title="B. Jayant Baliga">B. Jayant Baliga</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mildred_Dresselhaus" title="Mildred Dresselhaus">Mildred Dresselhaus</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dave_Forney" title="Dave Forney">Dave Forney</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kees_Schouhamer_Immink" title="Kees Schouhamer Immink">Kees Schouhamer Immink</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bradford_W._Parkinson" class="mw-redirect" title="Bradford W. Parkinson">Bradford W. Parkinson</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Petersen_(inventor)" title="Kurt Petersen (inventor)"> Kurt E. Petersen</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chenming_Hu" title="Chenming Hu">Chenming Hu</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaakov_Ziv" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaakov Ziv">Jacob Ziv</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asad_M._Madni&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asad M. Madni (page does not exist)">Asad M. Madni</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vint_Cerf" title="Vint Cerf">Vint Cerf</a> (2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Kahn" class="mw-redirect" title="Bob Kahn">Bob Kahn</a> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Charles_Stark_Draper_Prize_recipients" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Charles_Stark_Draper_Prize" title="Template:Charles Stark Draper Prize"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Charles_Stark_Draper_Prize" title="Template talk:Charles Stark Draper Prize"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Charles_Stark_Draper_Prize" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Charles Stark Draper Prize"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Charles_Stark_Draper_Prize_recipients" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Stark_Draper_Prize" title="Charles Stark Draper Prize">Charles Stark Draper Prize</a> recipients</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Kilby" title="Jack Kilby">Jack Kilby</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_Noyce" title="Robert Noyce">Robert Noyce</a> (1989)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Whittle" title="Frank Whittle">Frank Whittle</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hans_von_Ohain" title="Hans von Ohain">Hans von Ohain</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Backus" title="John Backus">John Backus </a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_R._Pierce" title="John R. Pierce">John R. Pierce</a> / <a href="/wiki/Harold_A._Rosen" class="mw-redirect" title="Harold A. Rosen">Harold A. Rosen</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Haensel" title="Vladimir Haensel">Vladimir Haensel</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_K._Kao" title="Charles K. Kao">Charles K. Kao</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_D._Maurer" title="Robert D. Maurer">Robert D. Maurer</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_B._MacChesney" title="John B. MacChesney">John B. MacChesney</a> (1999)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vinton_Cerf" class="mw-redirect" title="Vinton Cerf">Vinton Cerf</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bob_Kahn" class="mw-redirect" title="Bob Kahn">Bob Kahn</a> / <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Kleinrock" title="Leonard Kleinrock">Leonard Kleinrock</a> / <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_G._Roberts" class="mw-redirect" title="Lawrence G. Roberts">Lawrence G. Roberts</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_S._Langer" title="Robert S. Langer">Robert Langer</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Getting" title="Ivan Getting">Ivan Getting</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bradford_Parkinson" title="Bradford Parkinson">Bradford Parkinson</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Kay" title="Alan Kay">Alan Kay </a> / <a href="/wiki/Butler_Lampson" title="Butler Lampson">Butler Lampson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_Taylor_(computer_scientist)" title="Robert Taylor (computer scientist)">Robert Taylor</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_P._Thacker" title="Charles P. Thacker">Charles P. Thacker</a> (2004)</li> <li>Minoru S. Araki / Francis J. Madden / Edward A. Miller / <a href="/wiki/James_W._Plummer" title="James W. Plummer">James W. Plummer</a> / Don H. Schoessler (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willard_Boyle" title="Willard Boyle">Willard Boyle</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_E._Smith" title="George E. Smith">George E. Smith</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_E._K%C3%A1lm%C3%A1n" title="Rudolf E. Kálmán">Rudolf E. Kálmán</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Dennard" title="Robert H. Dennard">Robert H. Dennard</a> (2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Arnold" title="Frances Arnold">Frances Arnold</a> / <a href="/wiki/Willem_P._C._Stemmer" title="Willem P. C. Stemmer">Willem P. C. Stemmer</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._Heilmeier" title="George H. Heilmeier">George H. Heilmeier</a> / <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Helfrich" title="Wolfgang Helfrich">Wolfgang Helfrich</a> / <a href="/wiki/Martin_Schadt" title="Martin Schadt">Martin Schadt</a> / <a href="/wiki/T._Peter_Brody" title="T. Peter Brody">T. Peter Brody</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Haug" title="Thomas Haug">Thomas Haug</a> / <a href="/wiki/Martin_Cooper_(inventor)" title="Martin Cooper (inventor)">Martin Cooper</a> / <a href="/wiki/Yoshihisa_Okumura" title="Yoshihisa Okumura">Yoshihisa Okumura</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_H._Frenkiel" title="Richard H. Frenkiel">Richard H. Frenkiel</a> / <a href="/wiki/Joel_S._Engel" title="Joel S. Engel">Joel S. Engel</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_B._Goodenough" title="John B. Goodenough">John B. Goodenough</a> / Yoshio Nishi / <a href="/wiki/Rachid_Yazami" title="Rachid Yazami">Rachid Yazami</a> / <a href="/wiki/Akira_Yoshino" title="Akira Yoshino">Akira Yoshino</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isamu_Akasaki" title="Isamu Akasaki">Isamu Akasaki</a> / <a href="/wiki/M._George_Craford" title="M. George Craford">George Craford</a> / <a href="/wiki/Russell_Dupuis" title="Russell Dupuis">Russell Dupuis</a> / <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nick Holonyak</a> / <a href="/wiki/Shuji_Nakamura" title="Shuji Nakamura">Shuji Nakamura</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Viterbi" title="Andrew Viterbi">Andrew Viterbi</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bjarne_Stroustrup" title="Bjarne Stroustrup">Bjarne Stroustrup</a> (2018)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2020s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Fr%C3%A9chet" title="Jean Fréchet">Jean Fréchet</a> / C. Grant Willson (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Furber" title="Steve Furber">Steve Furber</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_L._Hennessy" title="John L. Hennessy">John L. Hennessy</a> / <a href="/wiki/David_Patterson_(computer_scientist)" title="David Patterson (computer scientist)">David Patterson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sophie_Wilson" title="Sophie Wilson">Sophie Wilson</a> (2022)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_National_Medal_of_Science_laureates" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:National_Medal_of_Science" title="Template:National Medal of Science"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:National_Medal_of_Science" title="Template talk:National Medal of Science"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:National_Medal_of_Science" title="Special:EditPage/Template:National Medal of Science"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_National_Medal_of_Science_laureates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/National_Medal_of_Science" title="National Medal of Science">United States National Medal of Science</a> <a href="/wiki/Laureate" title="Laureate">laureates</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Behavioral_and_social_science" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Behavioral and social science</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1960s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>1964</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Neal_E._Miller" title="Neal E. Miller">Neal Elgar Miller</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>1986</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Herbert_A._Simon" title="Herbert A. Simon">Herbert A. Simon</a></dd> <dt>1987</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Anne_Anastasi" title="Anne Anastasi">Anne Anastasi</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/George_Stigler" title="George Stigler">George J. Stigler</a></dd> <dt>1988</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Milton Friedman</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>1990</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Leonid_Hurwicz" title="Leonid Hurwicz">Leonid Hurwicz</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Suppes" title="Patrick Suppes">Patrick Suppes</a></dd> <dt>1991</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/George_Armitage_Miller" title="George Armitage Miller">George A. Miller</a></dd> <dt>1992</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_J._Gibson" title="Eleanor J. Gibson">Eleanor J. Gibson</a></dd> <dt>1994</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Robert_K._Merton" title="Robert K. Merton">Robert K. Merton</a></dd> <dt>1995</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Roger_Shepard" title="Roger Shepard">Roger N. Shepard</a></dd> <dt>1996</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paul_Samuelson" title="Paul Samuelson">Paul Samuelson</a></dd> <dt>1997</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/William_Kaye_Estes" title="William Kaye Estes">William K. Estes</a></dd> <dt>1998</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/William_Julius_Wilson" title="William Julius Wilson">William Julius Wilson</a></dd> <dt>1999</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Robert_Solow" title="Robert Solow">Robert M. Solow</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>2000</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Gary_Becker" title="Gary Becker">Gary Becker</a></dd> <dt>2003</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/R._Duncan_Luce" title="R. Duncan Luce">R. Duncan Luce</a></dd> <dt>2004</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Arrow" title="Kenneth Arrow">Kenneth Arrow</a></dd> <dt>2005</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Gordon_H._Bower" title="Gordon H. Bower">Gordon H. Bower</a></dd> <dt>2008</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Michael_Posner_(psychologist)" title="Michael Posner (psychologist)">Michael I. Posner</a></dd> <dt>2009</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mortimer_Mishkin" title="Mortimer Mishkin">Mortimer Mishkin</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>2011</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Anne_Treisman" title="Anne Treisman">Anne Treisman</a></dd> <dt>2014</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Robert_Axelrod_(political_scientist)" title="Robert Axelrod (political scientist)">Robert Axelrod</a></dd> <dt>2015</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Albert_Bandura" title="Albert Bandura">Albert Bandura</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Biological_sciences" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Biological sciences</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1960s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>1963</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/C._B._van_Niel" title="C. B. van Niel">C. B. van Niel</a></dd> <dt>1964</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_Dobzhansky" title="Theodosius Dobzhansky">Theodosius Dobzhansky</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Warren_Nirenberg" title="Marshall Warren Nirenberg">Marshall W. Nirenberg</a></dd> <dt>1965</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Francis_Peyton_Rous" title="Francis Peyton Rous">Francis P. Rous</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/George_Gaylord_Simpson" title="George Gaylord Simpson">George G. Simpson</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Donald_Van_Slyke" title="Donald Van Slyke">Donald D. Van Slyke</a></dd> <dt>1966</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Edward_F._Knipling" title="Edward F. Knipling">Edward F. Knipling</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Albert_Lipmann" title="Fritz Albert Lipmann">Fritz Albert Lipmann</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/William_Cumming_Rose" title="William Cumming Rose">William C. Rose</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sewall_Wright" title="Sewall Wright">Sewall Wright</a></dd> <dt>1967</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Stewart_Cole" title="Kenneth Stewart Cole">Kenneth S. Cole</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Harry_Harlow" title="Harry Harlow">Harry F. Harlow</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Michael_Heidelberger" title="Michael Heidelberger">Michael Heidelberger</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Sturtevant" title="Alfred Sturtevant">Alfred H. Sturtevant</a></dd> <dt>1968</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Horace_Barker" title="Horace Barker">Horace Barker</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Brodie_(biochemist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bernard Brodie (biochemist)">Bernard B. Brodie</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Detlev_Bronk" title="Detlev Bronk">Detlev W. Bronk</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jay_Laurence_Lush" title="Jay Laurence Lush">Jay Lush</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/B._F._Skinner" title="B. F. Skinner">Burrhus Frederic Skinner</a></dd> <dt>1969</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Robert_Huebner" title="Robert Huebner">Robert Huebner</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Mayr" title="Ernst Mayr">Ernst Mayr</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1970s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>1970</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Barbara_McClintock" title="Barbara McClintock">Barbara McClintock</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Albert_Sabin" title="Albert Sabin">Albert B. Sabin</a></dd> <dt>1973</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Daniel_I._Arnon" title="Daniel I. Arnon">Daniel I. Arnon</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Earl_W._Sutherland_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Earl W. Sutherland Jr.">Earl W. Sutherland Jr.</a></dd> <dt>1974</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Britton_Chance" title="Britton Chance">Britton Chance</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Erwin_Chargaff" title="Erwin Chargaff">Erwin Chargaff</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/James_V._Neel" title="James V. Neel">James V. Neel</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/James_Augustine_Shannon" class="mw-redirect" title="James Augustine Shannon">James Augustine Shannon</a></dd> <dt>1975</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hallowell_Davis" title="Hallowell Davis">Hallowell Davis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paul_Gyorgy" title="Paul Gyorgy">Paul Gyorgy</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sterling_B._Hendricks" title="Sterling B. Hendricks">Sterling B. Hendricks</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Orville_Vogel" title="Orville Vogel">Orville Alvin Vogel</a></dd> <dt>1976</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Roger_Guillemin" title="Roger Guillemin">Roger Guillemin</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Keith_Roberts_Porter" class="mw-redirect" title="Keith Roberts Porter">Keith Roberts Porter</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Efraim_Racker" title="Efraim Racker">Efraim Racker</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/E._O._Wilson" title="E. O. Wilson">E. O. Wilson</a></dd> <dt>1979</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Burris" title="Robert H. Burris">Robert H. Burris</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_C._Crosby" title="Elizabeth C. Crosby">Elizabeth C. Crosby</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Kornberg" title="Arthur Kornberg">Arthur Kornberg</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Severo_Ochoa" title="Severo Ochoa">Severo Ochoa</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Earl_Reece_Stadtman" title="Earl Reece Stadtman">Earl Reece Stadtman</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/G._Ledyard_Stebbins" title="G. Ledyard Stebbins">George Ledyard Stebbins</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paul_Alfred_Weiss" title="Paul Alfred Weiss">Paul Alfred Weiss</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>1981</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Philip_Handler" title="Philip Handler">Philip Handler</a></dd> <dt>1982</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Seymour_Benzer" title="Seymour Benzer">Seymour Benzer</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Glenn_W._Burton" title="Glenn W. Burton">Glenn W. Burton</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mildred_Cohn" title="Mildred Cohn">Mildred Cohn</a></dd> <dt>1983</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Howard_Bachrach" title="Howard Bachrach">Howard L. Bachrach</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paul_Berg" title="Paul Berg">Paul Berg</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wendell_L._Roelofs" title="Wendell L. Roelofs">Wendell L. Roelofs</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Berta_Scharrer" title="Berta Scharrer">Berta Scharrer</a></dd> <dt>1986</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Cohen_(biochemist)" title="Stanley Cohen (biochemist)">Stanley Cohen</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Donald_Henderson" title="Donald Henderson">Donald A. Henderson</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Vernon_Mountcastle" class="mw-redirect" title="Vernon Mountcastle">Vernon B. Mountcastle</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/George_Emil_Palade" title="George Emil Palade">George Emil Palade</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Joan_A._Steitz" title="Joan A. Steitz">Joan A. Steitz</a></dd> <dt>1987</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Michael_E._DeBakey" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael E. DeBakey">Michael E. DeBakey</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Theodor_O._Diener" class="mw-redirect" title="Theodor O. Diener">Theodor O. Diener</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Harry_Eagle" title="Harry Eagle">Harry Eagle</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Har_Gobind_Khorana" title="Har Gobind Khorana">Har Gobind Khorana</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rita_Levi-Montalcini" title="Rita Levi-Montalcini">Rita Levi-Montalcini</a></dd> <dt>1988</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Michael_S._Brown" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael S. Brown">Michael S. Brown</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Norman_Cohen" title="Stanley Norman Cohen">Stanley Norman Cohen</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Joseph_L._Goldstein" title="Joseph L. Goldstein">Joseph L. Goldstein</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Hilleman" title="Maurice Hilleman">Maurice R. Hilleman</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Eric_Kandel" title="Eric Kandel">Eric R. Kandel</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rosalyn_Sussman_Yalow" title="Rosalyn Sussman Yalow">Rosalyn Sussman Yalow</a></dd> <dt>1989</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Katherine_Esau" title="Katherine Esau">Katherine Esau</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Hamburger" title="Viktor Hamburger">Viktor Hamburger</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Philip_Leder" title="Philip Leder">Philip Leder</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Joshua_Lederberg" title="Joshua Lederberg">Joshua Lederberg</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Roger_W._Sperry" class="mw-redirect" title="Roger W. Sperry">Roger W. Sperry</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Harland_G._Wood" title="Harland G. Wood">Harland G. Wood</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>1990</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Baruj_Benacerraf" title="Baruj Benacerraf">Baruj Benacerraf</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Herbert_W._Boyer" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbert W. Boyer">Herbert W. Boyer</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Daniel_E._Koshland_Jr." title="Daniel E. Koshland Jr.">Daniel E. Koshland Jr.</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Edward_B._Lewis" title="Edward B. Lewis">Edward B. Lewis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/David_G._Nathan" title="David G. Nathan">David G. Nathan</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/E._Donnall_Thomas" title="E. Donnall Thomas">E. Donnall Thomas</a></dd> <dt>1991</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mary_Ellen_Avery" title="Mary Ellen Avery">Mary Ellen Avery</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/G._Evelyn_Hutchinson" title="G. Evelyn Hutchinson">G. Evelyn Hutchinson</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Elvin_A._Kabat" title="Elvin A. Kabat">Elvin A. Kabat</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Robert_Kates" title="Robert Kates">Robert W. Kates</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Salvador_Luria" title="Salvador Luria">Salvador Luria</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paul_Marks_(scientist)" title="Paul Marks (scientist)">Paul A. Marks</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Folke_K._Skoog" title="Folke K. Skoog">Folke K. Skoog</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paul_C._Zamecnik" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul C. Zamecnik">Paul C. Zamecnik</a></dd> <dt>1992</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Maxine_Singer" title="Maxine Singer">Maxine Singer</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Howard_Martin_Temin" title="Howard Martin Temin">Howard Martin Temin</a></dd> <dt>1993</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Nathans" title="Daniel Nathans">Daniel Nathans</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Salome_G._Waelsch" class="mw-redirect" title="Salome G. Waelsch">Salome G. Waelsch</a></dd> <dt>1994</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Eisner" title="Thomas Eisner">Thomas Eisner</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_F._Neufeld" title="Elizabeth F. Neufeld">Elizabeth F. Neufeld</a></dd> <dt>1995</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Rich" title="Alexander Rich">Alexander Rich</a></dd> <dt>1996</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Patrick" title="Ruth Patrick">Ruth Patrick</a></dd> <dt>1997</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/James_Watson" title="James Watson">James Watson</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Weinberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert A. Weinberg">Robert A. Weinberg</a></dd> <dt>1998</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Ames" title="Bruce Ames">Bruce Ames</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Janet_Rowley" title="Janet Rowley">Janet Rowley</a></dd> <dt>1999</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/David_Baltimore" title="David Baltimore">David Baltimore</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jared_Diamond" title="Jared Diamond">Jared Diamond</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lynn_Margulis" title="Lynn Margulis">Lynn Margulis</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>2000</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nancy_C._Andreasen" class="mw-redirect" title="Nancy C. Andreasen">Nancy C. Andreasen</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Peter_H._Raven" title="Peter H. Raven">Peter H. Raven</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Carl_Woese" title="Carl Woese">Carl Woese</a></dd> <dt>2001</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Francisco_J._Ayala" title="Francisco J. Ayala">Francisco J. Ayala</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/George_Bass_(archaeologist)" title="George Bass (archaeologist)">George F. Bass</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mario_R._Capecchi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mario R. Capecchi">Mario R. Capecchi</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ann_Graybiel" title="Ann Graybiel">Ann Graybiel</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Gene_Likens" title="Gene Likens">Gene E. Likens</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Victor_A._McKusick" title="Victor A. McKusick">Victor A. McKusick</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Harold_Varmus" class="mw-redirect" title="Harold Varmus">Harold Varmus</a></dd> <dt>2002</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/James_E._Darnell" title="James E. Darnell">James E. Darnell</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Evelyn_M._Witkin" title="Evelyn M. Witkin">Evelyn M. Witkin</a></dd> <dt>2003</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/J._Michael_Bishop" title="J. Michael Bishop">J. Michael Bishop</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Solomon_H._Snyder" title="Solomon H. Snyder">Solomon H. Snyder</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Charles_Yanofsky" title="Charles Yanofsky">Charles Yanofsky</a></dd> <dt>2004</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Norman_Borlaug" title="Norman Borlaug">Norman E. Borlaug</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Phillip_A._Sharp" class="mw-redirect" title="Phillip A. Sharp">Phillip A. Sharp</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Starzl" title="Thomas Starzl">Thomas E. Starzl</a></dd> <dt>2005</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Fauci" title="Anthony Fauci">Anthony Fauci</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Torsten_N._Wiesel" class="mw-redirect" title="Torsten N. Wiesel">Torsten N. Wiesel</a></dd> <dt>2006</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rita_R._Colwell" title="Rita R. Colwell">Rita R. Colwell</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nina_Fedoroff" title="Nina Fedoroff">Nina Fedoroff</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lubert_Stryer" title="Lubert Stryer">Lubert Stryer</a></dd> <dt>2007</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Robert_Lefkowitz" title="Robert Lefkowitz">Robert J. Lefkowitz</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bert_W._O%27Malley" title="Bert W. O'Malley">Bert W. O'Malley</a></dd> <dt>2008</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Francis_Collins" title="Francis Collins">Francis S. Collins</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Elaine_Fuchs" title="Elaine Fuchs">Elaine Fuchs</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Craig_Venter" title="Craig Venter">J. Craig Venter</a></dd> <dt>2009</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Susan_L._Lindquist" class="mw-redirect" title="Susan L. Lindquist">Susan L. Lindquist</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Stanley_B._Prusiner" title="Stanley B. Prusiner">Stanley B. Prusiner</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>2010</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ralph_L._Brinster" title="Ralph L. Brinster">Ralph L. Brinster</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Jaenisch" title="Rudolf Jaenisch">Rudolf Jaenisch</a></dd> <dt>2011</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lucy_Shapiro" title="Lucy Shapiro">Lucy Shapiro</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Leroy_Hood" title="Leroy Hood">Leroy Hood</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sallie_Chisholm" class="mw-redirect" title="Sallie Chisholm">Sallie Chisholm</a></dd> <dt>2012</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/May_Berenbaum" title="May Berenbaum">May Berenbaum</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Alberts" title="Bruce Alberts">Bruce Alberts</a></dd> <dt>2013</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rakesh_K._Jain" class="mw-redirect" title="Rakesh K. Jain">Rakesh K. Jain</a></dd> <dt>2014</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Falkow" title="Stanley Falkow">Stanley Falkow</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mary-Claire_King" title="Mary-Claire King">Mary-Claire King</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Simon_Levin" class="mw-redirect" title="Simon Levin">Simon Levin</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Chemistry" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Chemistry</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1960s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>1964</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Roger_Adams" title="Roger Adams">Roger Adams</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>1982</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/F._Albert_Cotton" title="F. Albert Cotton">F. Albert Cotton</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Stork" title="Gilbert Stork">Gilbert Stork</a></dd> <dt>1983</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Roald_Hoffmann" title="Roald Hoffmann">Roald Hoffmann</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/George_C._Pimentel" title="George C. Pimentel">George C. Pimentel</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Richard_N._Zare" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard N. Zare">Richard N. Zare</a></dd> <dt>1986</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Harry_B._Gray" title="Harry B. Gray">Harry B. Gray</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Yuan_Tseh_Lee" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuan Tseh Lee">Yuan Tseh Lee</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Carl_S._Marvel" class="mw-redirect" title="Carl S. Marvel">Carl S. Marvel</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Frank_H._Westheimer" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank H. Westheimer">Frank H. Westheimer</a></dd> <dt>1987</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/William_Summer_Johnson" title="William Summer Johnson">William S. Johnson</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Walter_H._Stockmayer" title="Walter H. Stockmayer">Walter H. Stockmayer</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Max_Tishler" title="Max Tishler">Max Tishler</a></dd> <dt>1988</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/William_O._Baker" title="William O. Baker">William O. Baker</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Konrad_E._Bloch" class="mw-redirect" title="Konrad E. Bloch">Konrad E. Bloch</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Elias_J._Corey" class="mw-redirect" title="Elias J. Corey">Elias J. Corey</a></dd> <dt>1989</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Richard_Barry_Bernstein" title="Richard Barry Bernstein">Richard B. Bernstein</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Melvin_Calvin" title="Melvin Calvin">Melvin Calvin</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rudolph_A._Marcus" title="Rudolph A. Marcus">Rudolph A. Marcus</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Harden_M._McConnell" title="Harden M. McConnell">Harden M. McConnell</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>1990</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Elkan_Blout" title="Elkan Blout">Elkan Blout</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Karl_August_Folkers" title="Karl August Folkers">Karl Folkers</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_D._Roberts" title="John D. Roberts">John D. Roberts</a></dd> <dt>1991</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Breslow" title="Ronald Breslow">Ronald Breslow</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Gertrude_B._Elion" title="Gertrude B. Elion">Gertrude B. Elion</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Dudley_R._Herschbach" title="Dudley R. Herschbach">Dudley R. Herschbach</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Glenn_T._Seaborg" title="Glenn T. Seaborg">Glenn T. Seaborg</a></dd> <dt>1992</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Howard_Ensign_Simmons_Jr." title="Howard Ensign Simmons Jr.">Howard E. Simmons Jr.</a></dd> <dt>1993</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Donald_J._Cram" title="Donald J. Cram">Donald J. Cram</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Norman_Hackerman" title="Norman Hackerman">Norman Hackerman</a></dd> <dt>1994</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/George_S._Hammond" title="George S. Hammond">George S. Hammond</a></dd> <dt>1995</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cech" title="Thomas Cech">Thomas Cech</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Isabella_L._Karle" class="mw-redirect" title="Isabella L. Karle">Isabella L. Karle</a></dd> <dt>1996</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Norman_Davidson_(biologist)" title="Norman Davidson (biologist)">Norman Davidson</a></dd> <dt>1997</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Darleane_C._Hoffman" title="Darleane C. Hoffman">Darleane C. Hoffman</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Harold_S._Johnston" title="Harold S. Johnston">Harold S. Johnston</a></dd> <dt>1998</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_W._Cahn" title="John W. Cahn">John W. Cahn</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/George_M._Whitesides" title="George M. Whitesides">George M. Whitesides</a></dd> <dt>1999</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Stuart_A._Rice" title="Stuart A. Rice">Stuart A. Rice</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_Ross_(chemist)" title="John Ross (chemist)">John Ross</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Susan_Solomon" title="Susan Solomon">Susan Solomon</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>2000</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_D._Baldeschwieler" title="John D. Baldeschwieler">John D. Baldeschwieler</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ralph_F._Hirschmann" title="Ralph F. Hirschmann">Ralph F. Hirschmann</a></dd> <dt>2001</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ernest_R._Davidson" title="Ernest R. Davidson">Ernest R. Davidson</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A1bor_A._Somorjai" title="Gábor A. Somorjai">Gábor A. Somorjai</a></dd> <dt>2002</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_I._Brauman" class="mw-redirect" title="John I. Brauman">John I. Brauman</a></dd> <dt>2004</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Stephen_J._Lippard" title="Stephen J. Lippard">Stephen J. Lippard</a></dd> <dt>2005</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tobin_J._Marks" title="Tobin J. Marks">Tobin J. Marks</a></dd> <dt>2006</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Marvin_H._Caruthers" title="Marvin H. Caruthers">Marvin H. Caruthers</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Peter_Dervan" title="Peter Dervan">Peter B. Dervan</a></dd> <dt>2007</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mostafa_El-Sayed" title="Mostafa El-Sayed">Mostafa A. El-Sayed</a></dd> <dt>2008</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Joanna_Fowler" title="Joanna Fowler">Joanna Fowler</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/JoAnne_Stubbe" title="JoAnne Stubbe">JoAnne Stubbe</a></dd> <dt>2009</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Stephen_J._Benkovic" title="Stephen J. Benkovic">Stephen J. Benkovic</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Marye_Anne_Fox" title="Marye Anne Fox">Marye Anne Fox</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>2010</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jacqueline_K._Barton" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacqueline K. Barton">Jacqueline K. Barton</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Peter_J._Stang" title="Peter J. Stang">Peter J. Stang</a></dd> <dt>2011</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Allen_J._Bard" title="Allen J. Bard">Allen J. Bard</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/M._Frederick_Hawthorne" title="M. Frederick Hawthorne">M. Frederick Hawthorne</a></dd> <dt>2012</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Judith_P._Klinman" class="mw-redirect" title="Judith P. Klinman">Judith P. Klinman</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jerrold_Meinwald" title="Jerrold Meinwald">Jerrold Meinwald</a></dd> <dt>2013</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Geraldine_L._Richmond" title="Geraldine L. Richmond">Geraldine L. Richmond</a></dd> <dt>2014</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/A._Paul_Alivisatos" class="mw-redirect" title="A. Paul Alivisatos">A. Paul Alivisatos</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Engineering_sciences" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Engineering sciences</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1960s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>1962</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Theodore_von_K%C3%A1rm%C3%A1n" title="Theodore von Kármán">Theodore von Kármán</a></dd> <dt>1963</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Vannevar_Bush" title="Vannevar Bush">Vannevar Bush</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_Robinson_Pierce" class="mw-redirect" title="John Robinson Pierce">John Robinson Pierce</a></dd> <dt>1964</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Charles_S._Draper" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles S. Draper">Charles S. Draper</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Othmar_Ammann" title="Othmar Ammann">Othmar H. Ammann</a></dd> <dt>1965</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hugh_L._Dryden" class="mw-redirect" title="Hugh L. Dryden">Hugh L. Dryden</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Clarence_L._Johnson" class="mw-redirect" title="Clarence L. Johnson">Clarence L. Johnson</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Warren_K._Lewis" title="Warren K. Lewis">Warren K. Lewis</a></dd> <dt>1966</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Claude_E._Shannon" class="mw-redirect" title="Claude E. Shannon">Claude E. Shannon</a></dd> <dt>1967</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Edwin_H._Land" title="Edwin H. Land">Edwin H. Land</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Igor_I._Sikorsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Igor I. Sikorsky">Igor I. Sikorsky</a></dd> <dt>1968</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/J._Presper_Eckert" title="J. Presper Eckert">J. Presper Eckert</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nathan_M._Newmark" title="Nathan M. Newmark">Nathan M. Newmark</a></dd> <dt>1969</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jack_St._Clair_Kilby" class="mw-redirect" title="Jack St. Clair Kilby">Jack St. Clair Kilby</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1970s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>1970</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/George_E._Mueller" class="mw-redirect" title="George E. Mueller">George E. Mueller</a></dd> <dt>1973</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Harold_E._Edgerton" class="mw-redirect" title="Harold E. Edgerton">Harold E. Edgerton</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Richard_T._Whitcomb" title="Richard T. Whitcomb">Richard T. Whitcomb</a></dd> <dt>1974</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Kompfner" title="Rudolf Kompfner">Rudolf Kompfner</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Brazelton_Peck" title="Ralph Brazelton Peck">Ralph Brazelton Peck</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Abel_Wolman" title="Abel Wolman">Abel Wolman</a></dd> <dt>1975</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Manson_Benedict" title="Manson Benedict">Manson Benedict</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/William_Hayward_Pickering" class="mw-redirect" title="William Hayward Pickering">William Hayward Pickering</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Terman" title="Frederick Terman">Frederick E. Terman</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wernher_von_Braun" title="Wernher von Braun">Wernher von Braun</a></dd> <dt>1976</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Morris_Cohen_(scientist)" title="Morris Cohen (scientist)">Morris Cohen</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Peter_C._Goldmark" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter C. Goldmark">Peter C. Goldmark</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Erwin_Wilhelm_M%C3%BCller" title="Erwin Wilhelm Müller">Erwin Wilhelm Müller</a></dd> <dt>1979</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Emmett_N._Leith" class="mw-redirect" title="Emmett N. Leith">Emmett N. Leith</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Raymond_D._Mindlin" title="Raymond D. Mindlin">Raymond D. Mindlin</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Robert_N._Noyce" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert N. Noyce">Robert N. Noyce</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Earl_R._Parker" title="Earl R. Parker">Earl R. Parker</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Simon_Ramo" title="Simon Ramo">Simon Ramo</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>1982</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Edward_H._Heinemann" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward H. Heinemann">Edward H. Heinemann</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Donald_L._Katz" title="Donald L. Katz">Donald L. Katz</a></dd> <dt>1983</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bill_Hewlett" title="Bill Hewlett">Bill Hewlett</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/George_Low" title="George Low">George Low</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_G._Trump" title="John G. Trump">John G. Trump</a></dd> <dt>1986</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hans_Wolfgang_Liepmann" class="mw-redirect" title="Hans Wolfgang Liepmann">Hans Wolfgang Liepmann</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tung-Yen_Lin" title="Tung-Yen Lin">Tung-Yen Lin</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bernard_M._Oliver" title="Bernard M. Oliver">Bernard M. Oliver</a></dd> <dt>1987</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Robert_Byron_Bird" title="Robert Byron Bird">Robert Byron Bird</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/H._Bolton_Seed" class="mw-redirect" title="H. Bolton Seed">H. Bolton Seed</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Weber_(engineer)" title="Ernst Weber (engineer)">Ernst Weber</a></dd> <dt>1988</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Daniel_C._Drucker" title="Daniel C. Drucker">Daniel C. Drucker</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Willis_M._Hawkins" class="mw-redirect" title="Willis M. Hawkins">Willis M. Hawkins</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/George_W._Housner" title="George W. Housner">George W. Housner</a></dd> <dt>1989</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Harry_George_Drickamer" title="Harry George Drickamer">Harry George Drickamer</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Herbert_E._Grier" title="Herbert E. Grier">Herbert E. Grier</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>1990</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mildred_Dresselhaus" title="Mildred Dresselhaus">Mildred Dresselhaus</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nick_Holonyak_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Nick Holonyak Jr.">Nick Holonyak Jr.</a></dd> <dt>1991</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/George_H._Heilmeier" title="George H. Heilmeier">George H. Heilmeier</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Luna_B._Leopold" class="mw-redirect" title="Luna B. Leopold">Luna B. Leopold</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/H._Guyford_Stever" class="mw-redirect" title="H. Guyford Stever">H. Guyford Stever</a></dd> <dt>1992</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Calvin_F._Quate" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvin F. Quate">Calvin F. Quate</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_Roy_Whinnery" title="John Roy Whinnery">John Roy Whinnery</a></dd> <dt>1993</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Y._Cho" title="Alfred Y. Cho">Alfred Y. Cho</a></dd> <dt>1994</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ray_W._Clough" class="mw-redirect" title="Ray W. Clough">Ray W. Clough</a></dd> <dt>1995</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hermann_A._Haus" title="Hermann A. Haus">Hermann A. Haus</a></dd> <dt>1996</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/James_L._Flanagan" title="James L. Flanagan">James L. Flanagan</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/C._Kumar_N._Patel" title="C. Kumar N. Patel">C. Kumar N. Patel</a></dd> <dt>1998</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Eli_Ruckenstein" title="Eli Ruckenstein">Eli Ruckenstein</a></dd> <dt>1999</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_N._Stevens" title="Kenneth N. Stevens">Kenneth N. Stevens</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>2000</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Yuan-Cheng_Fung" title="Yuan-Cheng Fung">Yuan-Cheng B. Fung</a></dd> <dt>2001</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Acrivos" title="Andreas Acrivos">Andreas Acrivos</a></dd> <dt>2002</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Leo_Beranek" title="Leo Beranek">Leo Beranek</a></dd> <dt>2003</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_Prausnitz" title="John Prausnitz">John M. Prausnitz</a></dd> <dt>2004</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Edwin_N._Lightfoot" title="Edwin N. Lightfoot">Edwin N. Lightfoot</a></dd> <dt>2005</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jan_D._Achenbach" title="Jan D. Achenbach">Jan D. Achenbach</a></dd> <dt>2006</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Robert_S._Langer" title="Robert S. Langer">Robert S. Langer</a></dd> <dt>2007</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/David_J._Wineland" title="David J. Wineland">David J. Wineland</a></dd> <dt>2008</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_E._K%C3%A1lm%C3%A1n" title="Rudolf E. Kálmán">Rudolf E. Kálmán</a></dd> <dt>2009</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Amnon_Yariv" title="Amnon Yariv">Amnon Yariv</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>2010</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Shu_Chien" title="Shu Chien">Shu Chien</a></dd> <dt>2011</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_B._Goodenough" title="John B. Goodenough">John B. Goodenough</a></dd> <dt>2012</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Kailath" title="Thomas Kailath">Thomas Kailath</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Mathematical,_statistical,_and_computer_sciences" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Mathematical, statistical, and computer sciences</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1960s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>1963</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Norbert_Wiener" title="Norbert Wiener">Norbert Wiener</a></dd> <dt>1964</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Lefschetz" title="Solomon Lefschetz">Solomon Lefschetz</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Marston_Morse" title="Marston Morse">H. Marston Morse</a></dd> <dt>1965</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Zariski" title="Oscar Zariski">Oscar Zariski</a></dd> <dt>1966</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_Milnor" title="John Milnor">John Milnor</a></dd> <dt>1967</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paul_Cohen" title="Paul Cohen">Paul Cohen</a></dd> <dt>1968</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jerzy_Neyman" title="Jerzy Neyman">Jerzy Neyman</a></dd> <dt>1969</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/William_Feller" title="William Feller">William Feller</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1970s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>1970</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Richard_Brauer" title="Richard Brauer">Richard Brauer</a></dd> <dt>1973</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_Tukey" title="John Tukey">John Tukey</a></dd> <dt>1974</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kurt_G%C3%B6del" title="Kurt Gödel">Kurt Gödel</a></dd> <dt>1975</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_W._Backus" class="mw-redirect" title="John W. Backus">John W. Backus</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Shiing-Shen_Chern" title="Shiing-Shen Chern">Shiing-Shen Chern</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/George_Dantzig" title="George Dantzig">George Dantzig</a></dd> <dt>1976</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kurt_O._Friedrichs" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurt O. Friedrichs">Kurt Otto Friedrichs</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hassler_Whitney" title="Hassler Whitney">Hassler Whitney</a></dd> <dt>1979</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Joseph_L._Doob" title="Joseph L. Doob">Joseph L. Doob</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Donald_Knuth" title="Donald Knuth">Donald E. Knuth</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>1982</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Marshall_H._Stone" title="Marshall H. Stone">Marshall H. Stone</a></dd> <dt>1983</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Herman_Goldstine" title="Herman Goldstine">Herman Goldstine</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Isadore_Singer" title="Isadore Singer">Isadore Singer</a></dd> <dt>1986</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Peter_Lax" title="Peter Lax">Peter Lax</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Antoni_Zygmund" title="Antoni Zygmund">Antoni Zygmund</a></dd> <dt>1987</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Raoul_Bott" title="Raoul Bott">Raoul Bott</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Michael_Freedman" title="Michael Freedman">Michael Freedman</a></dd> <dt>1988</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ralph_E._Gomory" title="Ralph E. Gomory">Ralph E. Gomory</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Joseph_B._Keller" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph B. Keller">Joseph B. Keller</a></dd> <dt>1989</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Karlin" title="Samuel Karlin">Samuel Karlin</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Saunders_Mac_Lane" title="Saunders Mac Lane">Saunders Mac Lane</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Donald_C._Spencer" title="Donald C. Spencer">Donald C. Spencer</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>1990</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/George_F._Carrier" title="George F. Carrier">George F. Carrier</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Cole_Kleene" title="Stephen Cole Kleene">Stephen Cole Kleene</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_McCarthy_(computer_scientist)" title="John McCarthy (computer scientist)">John McCarthy</a></dd> <dt>1991</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Alberto_Calder%C3%B3n" title="Alberto Calderón">Alberto Calderón</a></dd> <dt>1992</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Allen_Newell" title="Allen Newell">Allen Newell</a></dd> <dt>1993</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Martin_David_Kruskal" title="Martin David Kruskal">Martin David Kruskal</a></dd> <dt>1994</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_Cocke_(computer_scientist)" title="John Cocke (computer scientist)">John Cocke</a></dd> <dt>1995</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Louis_Nirenberg" title="Louis Nirenberg">Louis Nirenberg</a></dd> <dt>1996</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Richard_Karp" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Karp">Richard Karp</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Smale" title="Stephen Smale">Stephen Smale</a></dd> <dt>1997</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Shing-Tung_Yau" title="Shing-Tung Yau">Shing-Tung Yau</a></dd> <dt>1998</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cathleen_Synge_Morawetz" title="Cathleen Synge Morawetz">Cathleen Synge Morawetz</a></dd> <dt>1999</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Felix_Browder" title="Felix Browder">Felix Browder</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Coifman" title="Ronald Coifman">Ronald R. Coifman</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>2000</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_Griggs_Thompson" class="mw-redirect" title="John Griggs Thompson">John Griggs Thompson</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Karen_Uhlenbeck" title="Karen Uhlenbeck">Karen Uhlenbeck</a></dd> <dt>2001</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Calyampudi_Radhakrishna_Rao" class="mw-redirect" title="Calyampudi Radhakrishna Rao">Calyampudi R. Rao</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Elias_M._Stein" title="Elias M. Stein">Elias M. Stein</a></dd> <dt>2002</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/James_Glimm" title="James Glimm">James G. Glimm</a></dd> <dt>2003</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Carl_R._de_Boor" title="Carl R. de Boor">Carl R. de Boor</a></dd> <dt>2004</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Sullivan" title="Dennis Sullivan">Dennis P. Sullivan</a></dd> <dt>2005</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bradley_Efron" title="Bradley Efron">Bradley Efron</a></dd> <dt>2006</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hyman_Bass" title="Hyman Bass">Hyman Bass</a></dd> <dt>2007</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Kleinrock" title="Leonard Kleinrock">Leonard Kleinrock</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Viterbi" title="Andrew Viterbi">Andrew J. Viterbi</a></dd> <dt>2009</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/David_B._Mumford" class="mw-redirect" title="David B. Mumford">David B. Mumford</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>2010</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Richard_A._Tapia" title="Richard A. Tapia">Richard A. Tapia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/S._R._Srinivasa_Varadhan" title="S. R. Srinivasa Varadhan">S. R. Srinivasa Varadhan</a></dd> <dt>2011</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Solomon_W._Golomb" title="Solomon W. Golomb">Solomon W. Golomb</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Barry_Mazur" title="Barry Mazur">Barry Mazur</a></dd> <dt>2012</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Chorin" title="Alexandre Chorin">Alexandre Chorin</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/David_Blackwell" title="David Blackwell">David Blackwell</a></dd> <dt>2013</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Michael_Artin" title="Michael Artin">Michael Artin</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Physical_sciences" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Physical sciences</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1960s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>1963</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Luis_Walter_Alvarez" title="Luis Walter Alvarez">Luis W. Alvarez</a></dd> <dt>1964</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Julian_Schwinger" title="Julian Schwinger">Julian Schwinger</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Harold_Urey" title="Harold Urey">Harold Urey</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Robert_Burns_Woodward" title="Robert Burns Woodward">Robert Burns Woodward</a></dd> <dt>1965</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">John Bardeen</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Peter_Debye" title="Peter Debye">Peter Debye</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Leon_M._Lederman" title="Leon M. Lederman">Leon M. Lederman</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/William_Rubey" class="mw-redirect" title="William Rubey">William Rubey</a></dd> <dt>1966</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Bjerknes" title="Jacob Bjerknes">Jacob Bjerknes</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar" title="Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar">Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Henry_Eyring_(chemist)" title="Henry Eyring (chemist)">Henry Eyring</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_H._Van_Vleck" class="mw-redirect" title="John H. Van Vleck">John H. Van Vleck</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_K._Zworykin" title="Vladimir K. Zworykin">Vladimir K. Zworykin</a></dd> <dt>1967</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Beams" title="Jesse Beams">Jesse Beams</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Francis_Birch_(geophysicist)" title="Francis Birch (geophysicist)">Francis Birch</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Gregory_Breit" title="Gregory Breit">Gregory Breit</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Louis_Hammett" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Hammett">Louis Hammett</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/George_Kistiakowsky" title="George Kistiakowsky">George Kistiakowsky</a></dd> <dt>1968</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paul_Doughty_Bartlett" title="Paul Doughty Bartlett">Paul Bartlett</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Friedman" title="Herbert Friedman">Herbert Friedman</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lars_Onsager" title="Lars Onsager">Lars Onsager</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Wigner" title="Eugene Wigner">Eugene Wigner</a></dd> <dt>1969</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Herbert_C._Brown" title="Herbert C. Brown">Herbert C. Brown</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Panofsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Wolfgang Panofsky">Wolfgang Panofsky</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1970s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>1970</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Dicke" title="Robert H. Dicke">Robert H. Dicke</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Allan_R._Sandage" class="mw-redirect" title="Allan R. Sandage">Allan R. Sandage</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_C._Slater" title="John C. Slater">John C. Slater</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_A._Wheeler" class="mw-redirect" title="John A. Wheeler">John A. Wheeler</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Saul_Winstein" title="Saul Winstein">Saul Winstein</a></dd> <dt>1973</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Carl_Djerassi" title="Carl Djerassi">Carl Djerassi</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Ewing" title="Maurice Ewing">Maurice Ewing</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Arie_Jan_Haagen-Smit" title="Arie Jan Haagen-Smit">Arie Jan Haagen-Smit</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Haensel" title="Vladimir Haensel">Vladimir Haensel</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Seitz" title="Frederick Seitz">Frederick Seitz</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Robert_Rathbun_Wilson" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Rathbun Wilson">Robert Rathbun Wilson</a></dd> <dt>1974</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nicolaas_Bloembergen" title="Nicolaas Bloembergen">Nicolaas Bloembergen</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paul_Flory" title="Paul Flory">Paul Flory</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/William_Alfred_Fowler" title="William Alfred Fowler">William Alfred Fowler</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Linus_Carl_Pauling" class="mw-redirect" title="Linus Carl Pauling">Linus Carl Pauling</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Sanborn_Pitzer" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenneth Sanborn Pitzer">Kenneth Sanborn Pitzer</a></dd> <dt>1975</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hans_A._Bethe" class="mw-redirect" title="Hans A. Bethe">Hans A. Bethe</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Joseph_O._Hirschfelder" title="Joseph O. Hirschfelder">Joseph O. Hirschfelder</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Sarett" class="mw-redirect" title="Lewis Sarett">Lewis Sarett</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Bright_Wilson" title="Edgar Bright Wilson">Edgar Bright Wilson</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chien-Shiung_Wu" title="Chien-Shiung Wu">Chien-Shiung Wu</a></dd> <dt>1976</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Goudsmit" title="Samuel Goudsmit">Samuel Goudsmit</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Herbert_S._Gutowsky" title="Herbert S. Gutowsky">Herbert S. Gutowsky</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Rossini" title="Frederick Rossini">Frederick Rossini</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Verner_Suomi" class="mw-redirect" title="Verner Suomi">Verner Suomi</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Henry_Taube" title="Henry Taube">Henry Taube</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/George_Uhlenbeck" title="George Uhlenbeck">George Uhlenbeck</a></dd> <dt>1979</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Richard_P._Feynman" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard P. Feynman">Richard P. Feynman</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Herman_Mark" class="mw-redirect" title="Herman Mark">Herman Mark</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Edward_M._Purcell" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward M. Purcell">Edward M. Purcell</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_Sinfelt" class="mw-redirect" title="John Sinfelt">John Sinfelt</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lyman_Spitzer" title="Lyman Spitzer">Lyman Spitzer</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Victor_F._Weisskopf" class="mw-redirect" title="Victor F. Weisskopf">Victor F. Weisskopf</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>1982</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Philip_Warren_Anderson" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip Warren Anderson">Philip W. Anderson</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Yoichiro_Nambu" title="Yoichiro Nambu">Yoichiro Nambu</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Edward_Teller" title="Edward Teller">Edward Teller</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Charles_H._Townes" title="Charles H. Townes">Charles H. Townes</a></dd> <dt>1983</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/E._Margaret_Burbidge" class="mw-redirect" title="E. Margaret Burbidge">E. Margaret Burbidge</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Goldhaber" title="Maurice Goldhaber">Maurice Goldhaber</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Helmut_Landsberg" title="Helmut Landsberg">Helmut Landsberg</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Walter_Munk" title="Walter Munk">Walter Munk</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Reines" title="Frederick Reines">Frederick Reines</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bruno_B._Rossi" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruno B. Rossi">Bruno B. Rossi</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/J._Robert_Schrieffer" class="mw-redirect" title="J. Robert Schrieffer">J. Robert Schrieffer</a></dd> <dt>1986</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Solomon_J._Buchsbaum" title="Solomon J. Buchsbaum">Solomon J. Buchsbaum</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/H._Richard_Crane" title="H. Richard Crane">H. Richard Crane</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Herman_Feshbach" title="Herman Feshbach">Herman Feshbach</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hofstadter" title="Robert Hofstadter">Robert Hofstadter</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Yang_Chen-Ning" title="Yang Chen-Ning">Chen-Ning Yang</a></dd> <dt>1987</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Philip_Abelson" title="Philip Abelson">Philip Abelson</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Walter_Elsasser" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter Elsasser">Walter Elsasser</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paul_C._Lauterbur" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul C. Lauterbur">Paul C. Lauterbur</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/George_Pake" title="George Pake">George Pake</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/James_A._Van_Allen" class="mw-redirect" title="James A. Van Allen">James A. Van Allen</a></dd> <dt>1988</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/D._Allan_Bromley" title="D. Allan Bromley">D. Allan Bromley</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chu_Ching-wu" class="mw-redirect" title="Chu Ching-wu">Paul Ching-Wu Chu</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Walter_Kohn" title="Walter Kohn">Walter Kohn</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Norman_Foster_Ramsey_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Norman Foster Ramsey Jr.">Norman Foster Ramsey Jr.</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jack_Steinberger" title="Jack Steinberger">Jack Steinberger</a></dd> <dt>1989</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Arnold_O._Beckman" class="mw-redirect" title="Arnold O. Beckman">Arnold O. Beckman</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Parker" title="Eugene Parker">Eugene Parker</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Robert_P._Sharp" title="Robert P. Sharp">Robert Sharp</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Henry_Stommel" title="Henry Stommel">Henry Stommel</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>1990</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Allan_McLeod_Cormack" class="mw-redirect" title="Allan McLeod Cormack">Allan M. Cormack</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Edwin_M._McMillan" class="mw-redirect" title="Edwin M. McMillan">Edwin M. McMillan</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Robert_Pound" title="Robert Pound">Robert Pound</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Roger_Revelle" title="Roger Revelle">Roger Revelle</a></dd> <dt>1991</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Arthur_L._Schawlow" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur L. Schawlow">Arthur L. Schawlow</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Edward_C._Stone" title="Edward C. Stone">Ed Stone</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Steven_Weinberg" title="Steven Weinberg">Steven Weinberg</a></dd> <dt>1992</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Eugene_M._Shoemaker" class="mw-redirect" title="Eugene M. Shoemaker">Eugene M. Shoemaker</a></dd> <dt>1993</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Val_Logsdon_Fitch" title="Val Logsdon Fitch">Val Fitch</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Vera_Rubin" title="Vera Rubin">Vera Rubin</a></dd> <dt>1994</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Albert_Overhauser" title="Albert Overhauser">Albert Overhauser</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Frank_Press" title="Frank Press">Frank Press</a></dd> <dt>1995</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hans_Dehmelt" class="mw-redirect" title="Hans Dehmelt">Hans Dehmelt</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Peter_Goldreich" title="Peter Goldreich">Peter Goldreich</a></dd> <dt>1996</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wallace_S._Broecker" class="mw-redirect" title="Wallace S. Broecker">Wallace S. Broecker</a></dd> <dt>1997</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Rosenbluth" title="Marshall Rosenbluth">Marshall Rosenbluth</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Martin_Schwarzschild" title="Martin Schwarzschild">Martin Schwarzschild</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/George_Wetherill" title="George Wetherill">George Wetherill</a></dd> <dt>1998</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Don_L._Anderson" title="Don L. Anderson">Don L. Anderson</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_N._Bahcall" title="John N. Bahcall">John N. Bahcall</a></dd> <dt>1999</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/James_Cronin" title="James Cronin">James Cronin</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Leo_Kadanoff" title="Leo Kadanoff">Leo Kadanoff</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>2000</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Willis_E._Lamb" class="mw-redirect" title="Willis E. Lamb">Willis E. Lamb</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_P._Ostriker" title="Jeremiah P. Ostriker">Jeremiah P. Ostriker</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_F._White" title="Gilbert F. White">Gilbert F. White</a></dd> <dt>2001</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Marvin_L._Cohen" title="Marvin L. Cohen">Marvin L. Cohen</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Davis_Jr." title="Raymond Davis Jr.">Raymond Davis Jr.</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Charles_Keeling" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Keeling">Charles Keeling</a></dd> <dt>2002</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Richard_Garwin" title="Richard Garwin">Richard Garwin</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/W._Jason_Morgan" title="W. Jason Morgan">W. Jason Morgan</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Edward_Witten" title="Edward Witten">Edward Witten</a></dd> <dt>2003</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/G._Brent_Dalrymple" class="mw-redirect" title="G. Brent Dalrymple">G. Brent Dalrymple</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Riccardo_Giacconi" title="Riccardo Giacconi">Riccardo Giacconi</a></dd> <dt>2004</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Robert_N._Clayton" title="Robert N. Clayton">Robert N. Clayton</a></dd> <dt>2005</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ralph_A._Alpher" class="mw-redirect" title="Ralph A. Alpher">Ralph A. Alpher</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lonnie_Thompson" title="Lonnie Thompson">Lonnie Thompson</a></dd> <dt>2006</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Kleppner" title="Daniel Kleppner">Daniel Kleppner</a></dd> <dt>2007</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fay_Ajzenberg-Selove" title="Fay Ajzenberg-Selove">Fay Ajzenberg-Selove</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Charles_Pence_Slichter" title="Charles Pence Slichter">Charles P. Slichter</a></dd> <dt>2008</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Berni_Alder" title="Berni Alder">Berni Alder</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/James_E._Gunn_(astronomer)" class="mw-redirect" title="James E. Gunn (astronomer)">James E. Gunn</a></dd> <dt>2009</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Yakir_Aharonov" title="Yakir Aharonov">Yakir Aharonov</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Esther_M._Conwell" title="Esther M. Conwell">Esther M. Conwell</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Warren_M._Washington" title="Warren M. Washington">Warren M. Washington</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>2011</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Drell" title="Sidney Drell">Sidney Drell</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Faber" title="Sandra Faber">Sandra Faber</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sylvester_James_Gates" title="Sylvester James Gates">Sylvester James Gates</a></dd> <dt>2012</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Burton_Richter" title="Burton Richter">Burton Richter</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sean_Solomon" title="Sean Solomon">Sean C. Solomon</a></dd> <dt>2014</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Shirley_Ann_Jackson" title="Shirley Ann Jackson">Shirley Ann Jackson</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q360445#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div 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