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class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 48</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: Tamar Beridze</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">48</span> Interspecific Hybridization in Natural Sturgeon Populations of the Eastern Black Sea: The Consequence of Drastic Population Decline</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tamar%20Beridze">Tamar Beridze</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Elisa%20Boscari"> Elisa Boscari</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fleur%20Scheele"> Fleur Scheele</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tamari%20Edisherashvili"> Tamari Edisherashvili</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Cort%20Anderson"> Cort Anderson</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Leonardo%20Congiu"> Leonardo Congiu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The eastern part of the Black Sea and its tributaries are suitable habitats for several sturgeon species, among which Acipenser gueldenstaedtii, A. stellatus, A. nudiventris, A. persicus, A. sturio, and H. huso are well documented. However, different threats have led these species to a dramatic decline; all of them are currently listed as Critically Endangered and some Locally Extinct in that area. We tested 94 wild sturgeon samples from the Black Sea and Rioni River by analyzing the mitochondrial Control Region and nuclear markers for hybrid identification. The data analyses (1) assessed mitochondrial diversity among samples, (2) identified their species, as well as (3) indicated instances of hybridization. The data collected, besides confirming a sharp decrease of catches of Beluga and Stellate sturgeon in recent years, also revealed four juvenile hybrids between Russian and Stellate sturgeon, providing the first evidence of natural interspecific hybridization in the Rioni. The present communication raises concerns about the status of sturgeon species in this area and underlines the urgent need for conservation programs to restore self-sustaining populations. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=black%20sea" title="black sea">black sea</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sturgeon" title=" sturgeon"> sturgeon</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rioni%20river" title=" Rioni river"> Rioni river</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=interspecific%20hybridization" title=" interspecific hybridization"> interspecific hybridization</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/146635/interspecific-hybridization-in-natural-sturgeon-populations-of-the-eastern-black-sea-the-consequence-of-drastic-population-decline" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/146635.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">143</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">47</span> What Defines Acceptable European Values for Georgia</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Maia%20Kipiani">Maia Kipiani</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tamari%20Beridze"> Tamari Beridze</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Natalia%20Tchanturia"> Natalia Tchanturia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bella%20Goderdzishvili"> Bella Goderdzishvili</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sophio%20Beridze"> Sophio Beridze</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Natia%20Kuparadze"> Natia Kuparadze</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Europe has concrete examples how small nations can survive and maintain their identity in its area. Values are eternal guides of our life and source of its perfection. European values are universal and relevant for every epoch, society or state. Values, such as personal freedom, human dignity, sovereignty of law, national or cultural identity are universal and eternal. Even superficial review of history of Georgian culture clearly shows that western values, including fundamental human rights. This paper discusses the approach and findings of choice of values in Georgia. Georgia is still quite far away from perfectly established values. Georgia has walked the hardest road till XXI century. Country survived miraculously many times. The study shows that the only way to survive is to strengthen national, traditional values and should not forget global factors. It is clear that for achievement of goals is important European education, legislative and economic reforms, peacefully and democratically develop Georgia. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=democracy" title="democracy">democracy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=economical%20reforms" title=" economical reforms"> economical reforms</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=European%20values" title=" European values"> European values</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=human%20dignity" title=" human dignity"> human dignity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=science" title=" science"> science</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=society" title=" society"> society</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sovereignty%20of%20law" title=" sovereignty of law"> sovereignty of law</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=well-being" title=" well-being"> well-being</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/36427/what-defines-acceptable-european-values-for-georgia" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/36427.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">447</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">46</span> Plants and Microorganisms for Phytoremediation of Soils Polluted with Organochlorine Pesticides</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Maritsa%20Kurashvili">Maritsa Kurashvili</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=George%20Adamia"> George Adamia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tamar%20Ananiashvili"> Tamar Ananiashvili</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lia%20Amiranasvili"> Lia Amiranasvili</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tamar%20Varazi"> Tamar Varazi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Marina%20Pruidze"> Marina Pruidze</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Marlen%20Gordeziani"> Marlen Gordeziani</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gia%20Khatisashvili"> Gia Khatisashvili</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The goal of presented work is the development phytoremediation method targeted to cleaning environment polluted with organochlorine pesticides, based on joint application of plants and microorganisms. For this aim the selection of plants and microorganisms with corresponding capabilities towards three organochlorine pesticides (Lindane, DDT and PCP) has been carried out. The tolerance of plants to tested pesticides and induction degree of plant detoxification enzymes by these compounds have been used as main criteria for estimating the applicability of plants in proposed technology. Obtained results show that alfalfa, maize and soybean among tested six plant species have highest tolerance to pesticides. As a result of screening, more than 30 strains from genera Pseudomonas have been selected. As a result of GC analysis of incubation area, 11 active cultures for investigated pesticides are carefully chosen. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=DDT" title="DDT">DDT</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lindane" title=" Lindane"> Lindane</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=organochlorine%20pesticides" title=" organochlorine pesticides"> organochlorine pesticides</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=PCP" title=" PCP"> PCP</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=phytoremediation" title=" phytoremediation"> phytoremediation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/3753/plants-and-microorganisms-for-phytoremediation-of-soils-polluted-with-organochlorine-pesticides" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/3753.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">324</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">45</span> Survey of Potato Viral Infection Using Das-Elisa Method in Georgia</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Maia%20Kukhaleishvili">Maia Kukhaleishvili</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ekaterine%20Bulauri"> Ekaterine Bulauri</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Iveta%20Megrelishvili"> Iveta Megrelishvili</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tamar%20Shamatava"> Tamar Shamatava</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tamar%20Chipashvili"> Tamar Chipashvili</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Plant viruses can cause loss of yield and quality in a lot of important crops. Symptoms of pathogens are variable depending on the cultivars and virus strain. Selection of resistant potato varieties would reduce the risk of virus transmission and significant economic impact. Other way to avoid reduced harvest yields is regular potato seed production sampling and testing for viral infection. The aim of this study was to determine the occurrence and distribution of viral diseases according potato cultivars for further selection of virus-free material in Georgia. During the summer 2015- 2016, 5 potato cultivars (Sante, Laura, Jelly, Red Sonia, Anushka) at 5 different farms located in Akhalkalaki were tested for 6 different potato viruses: Potato virus A (PVA), Potato virus M (PVM), Potato virus S (PVS), Potato virus X (PVX), Potato virus Y (PVY) and potato leaf roll virus (PLRV). A serological method, Double Antibody Sandwich-Enzyme linked Immunosorbent Assay (DASELISA) was used at the laboratory to analyze the results. The result showed that PVY (21.4%) and PLRV (19.7%) virus presence in collected samples was relatively high compared to others. Researched potato cultivars except Jelly and Laura were infected by PVY with different concentrations. PLRV was found only in three potato cultivars (Sante, Jelly, Red Sonia) and PVM virus (3.12%) was characterized with low prevalence. PVX, PVA and PVS virus infection was not reported. It would be noted that 7.9% of samples were containing PVY/PLRV mix infection. Based on the results it can be concluded that PVY and PLRV infections are dominant in all research cultivars. Therefore significant yield losses are expected. Systematic, long-term control of potato viral infection, especially seed-potatoes, must be regarded as the most important factor to increase seed productivity. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=virus" title="virus">virus</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=potato" title=" potato"> potato</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=infection" title=" infection"> infection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=diseases" title=" diseases"> diseases</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/100087/survey-of-potato-viral-infection-using-das-elisa-method-in-georgia" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/100087.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">299</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">44</span> The Late Bronze Age Archeometallurgy of Copper in Mountainous Colchis (Lechkhumi), Georgia</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nino%20Sulava">Nino Sulava</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Brian%20Gilmour"> Brian Gilmour</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nana%20Rezesidze"> Nana Rezesidze</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tamar%20Beridze"> Tamar Beridze</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rusudan%20Chagelishvili"> Rusudan Chagelishvili</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Studies of ancient metallurgy are a subject of worldwide current interest. Georgia with its famous early metalworking traditions is one of the central parts of in the Caucasus region. The aim of the present study is to introduce the results of archaeometallurgical investigations being undertaken in the mountain region of Colchis, Lechkhumi (the Tsageri Municipality of western Georgia) and establish their place in the existing archaeological context. Lechkhumi (one of the historic provinces of Georgia known from Georgian, Greek, Byzantine and Armenian written sources as Lechkhumi/Skvimnia/Takveri) is the part of the Colchian mountain area. It is one of the important but little known centres of prehistoric metallurgy in the Caucasian region and of Colchian Bronze Age culture. Reconnaissance archaeological expeditions (2011-2015) revealed significant prehistoric metallurgical sites in Lechkhumi. Sites located in the vicinity of Dogurashi Village (Tsageri Municipality) have become the target area for archaeological excavations. During archaeological excavations conducted in 2016-2018 two archaeometallurgical sites – Dogurashi I and Dogurashi II were investigated. As a result of an interdisciplinary (archaeological, geological and geophysical) survey, it has been established that at both prehistoric Dogurashi mountain sites, it was copper that was being smelted and the ore sources are likely to be of local origin. Radiocarbon dating results confirm they were operating between about the 13th and 9th century BC. More recently another similar site has been identified in this area (Dogurashi III), and this is about to undergo detailed investigation. Other prehistoric metallurgical sites are being located and investigated in the Lechkhumi region as well as chance archaeological finds (often in hoards) – copper ingots, metallurgical production debris, slag, fragments of crucibles, tuyeres (air delivery pipes), furnace wall fragments and other related waste debris. Other chance finds being investigated are the many copper, bronze and (some) iron artefacts that have been found over many years. These include copper ingots, copper, bronze and iron artefacts such as tools, jewelry, and decorative items. These show the important but little known or understood the role of Lechkhumi in the late Bronze Age culture of Colchis. It would seem that mining and metallurgical manufacture form part of the local agricultural yearly lifecycle. Colchian ceramics have been found and also evidence for artefact production, small stone mould fragments and encrusted material from the casting of a fylfot (swastika) form of Colchian bronze buckle found in the vicinities of the early settlements of Tskheta and Dekhviri. Excavation and investigation of previously unknown archaeometallurgical sites in Lechkhumi will contribute significantly to the knowledge and understanding of prehistoric Colchian metallurgy in western Georgia (Adjara, Guria, Samegrelo, and Svaneti) and will reveal the importance of this region in the study of ancient metallurgy in Georgia and the Caucasus. Acknowledgment: This work has been supported by the Shota Rustaveli National Science Foundation (grant FR # 217128). <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=archaeometallurgy" title="archaeometallurgy">archaeometallurgy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Colchis" title=" Colchis"> Colchis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=copper" title=" copper"> copper</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lechkhumi" title=" Lechkhumi"> Lechkhumi</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/107852/the-late-bronze-age-archeometallurgy-of-copper-in-mountainous-colchis-lechkhumi-georgia" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/107852.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">139</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">43</span> Fermentation of Pretreated Herbaceous Cellulosic Wastes to Ethanol by Anaerobic Cellulolytic and Saccharolytic Thermophilic Clostridia</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lali%20Kutateladze">Lali Kutateladze</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tamar%20Urushadze"> Tamar Urushadze</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tamar%20Dudauri"> Tamar Dudauri</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Besarion%20Metreveli"> Besarion Metreveli</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nino%20Zakariashvili"> Nino Zakariashvili</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Izolda%20Khokhashvili"> Izolda Khokhashvili</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Maya%20Jobava"> Maya Jobava</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Lignocellulosic waste streams from agriculture, paper and wood industry are renewable, plentiful and low-cost raw materials that can be used for large-scale production of liquid and gaseous biofuels. As opposed to prevailing multi-stage biotechnological processes developed for bioconversion of cellulosic substrates to ethanol where high-cost cellulase preparations are used, Consolidated Bioprocessing (CBP) offers to accomplish cellulose and xylan hydrolysis followed by fermentation of both C6 and C5 sugars to ethanol in a single-stage process. Syntrophic microbial consortium comprising of anaerobic, thermophilic, cellulolytic, and saccharolytic bacteria in the genus Clostridia with improved ethanol productivity and high tolerance to fermentation end-products had been proposed for achieving CBP. 65 new strains of anaerobic thermophilic cellulolytic and saccharolytic Clostridia were isolated from different wetlands and hot springs in Georgia. Using new isolates, fermentation of mechanically pretreated wheat straw and corn stalks was done under oxygen-free nitrogen environment in thermophilic conditions (T=550C) and pH 7.1. Process duration was 120 hours. Liquid and gaseous products of fermentation were analyzed on a daily basis using Perkin-Elmer gas chromatographs with flame ionization and thermal detectors. Residual cellulose, xylan, xylose, and glucose were determined using standard methods. Cellulolytic and saccharolytic bacteria strains degraded mechanically pretreated herbaceous cellulosic wastes and fermented glucose and xylose to ethanol, acetic acid and gaseous products like hydrogen and CO2. Specifically, maximum yield of ethanol was reached at 96 h of fermentation and varied between 2.9 – 3.2 g/ 10 g of substrate. The content of acetic acid didn’t exceed 0.35 g/l. Other volatile fatty acids were detected in trace quantities. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=anaerobic%20bacteria" title="anaerobic bacteria">anaerobic bacteria</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cellulosic%20wastes" title=" cellulosic wastes"> cellulosic wastes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Clostridia%20sp" title=" Clostridia sp"> Clostridia sp</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ethanol" title=" ethanol"> ethanol</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/76441/fermentation-of-pretreated-herbaceous-cellulosic-wastes-to-ethanol-by-anaerobic-cellulolytic-and-saccharolytic-thermophilic-clostridia" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/76441.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">304</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">42</span> Recent Findings of Late Bronze Age Mining and Archaeometallurgy Activities in the Mountain Region of Colchis (Southern Lechkhumi, Georgia)</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rusudan%20Chagelishvili">Rusudan Chagelishvili</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nino%20Sulava"> Nino Sulava</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tamar%20Beridze"> Tamar Beridze</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nana%20Rezesidze"> Nana Rezesidze</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nikoloz%20Tatuashvili"> Nikoloz Tatuashvili</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The South Caucasus is one of the most important centers of prehistoric metallurgy, known for its Colchian bronze culture. Modern Lechkhumi – historical Mountainous Colchis where the existence of prehistoric metallurgy is confirmed by the discovery of many artifacts is a part of this area. Studies focused on prehistoric smelting sites, related artefacts, and ore deposits have been conducted during last ten years in Lechkhumi. More than 20 prehistoric smelting sites and artefacts associated with metallurgical activities (ore roasting furnaces, slags, crucible, and tuyères fragments) have been identified so far. Within the framework of integrated studies was established that these sites were operating in 13-9 centuries B.C. and used for copper smelting. Palynological studies of slags revealed that chestnut (Castanea sativa) and hornbeam (Carpinus sp.) wood were used as smelting fuel. Geological exploration-analytical studies revealed that copper ore mining, processing, and smelting sites were distributed close to each other. Despite recent complex data, the signs of prehistoric mines (trenches) haven’t been found in this part of the study area so far. Since 2018 the archaeological-geological exploration has been focused on the southern part of Lechkhumi and covered the areas of villages Okureshi and Opitara. Several copper smelting sites (Okureshi 1 and 2, Opitara 1), as well as a Colchian Bronze culture settlement, have been identified here. Three mine workings have been found in the narrow gorge of the river Rtkhmelebisgele in the vicinities of the village Opitara. In order to establish a link between the Opitara-Okureshi archaeometallurgical sites, Late Bronze Age settlements, and mines, various scientific analytical methods -mineralized rock and slags petrography and atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS) analysis have been applied. The careful examination of Opitara mine workings revealed that there is a striking difference between the mine #1 on the right bank of the river and mines #2 and #3 on the left bank. The first one has all characteristic features of the Soviet period mine working (e. g. high portal with angular ribs and roof showing signs of blasting). In contrast, mines #2 and #3, which are located very close to each other, have round-shaped portals/entrances, low roofs, and fairly smooth ribs and are filled with thick layers of river sediments and collapsed weathered rock mass. A thorough review of the publications related to prehistoric mine workings revealed some striking similarities between mines #2 and #3 with their worldwide analogues. Apparently, the ore extraction from these mines was conducted by fire-setting applying primitive tools. It was also established that mines are cut in Jurassic mineralized volcanic rocks. Ore minerals (chalcopyrite, pyrite, galena) are related to calcite and quartz veins. The results obtained through the petrochemical and petrography studies of mineralized rock samples from Opitara mines and prehistoric slags are in complete correlation with each other, establishing the direct link between copper mining and smelting within the study area. Acknowledgment: This work was supported by the Shota Rustaveli National Science Foundation of Georgia (grant # FR-19-13022). <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=archaeometallurgy" title="archaeometallurgy">archaeometallurgy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mountainous%20Colchis" title=" Mountainous Colchis"> Mountainous Colchis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mining" title=" mining"> mining</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ore%20minerals" title=" ore minerals"> ore minerals</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/145189/recent-findings-of-late-bronze-age-mining-and-archaeometallurgy-activities-in-the-mountain-region-of-colchis-southern-lechkhumi-georgia" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/145189.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">183</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">41</span> The Platform for Digitization of Georgian Documents</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Erekle%20Magradze">Erekle Magradze</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Davit%20Soselia"> Davit Soselia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Levan%20Shughliashvili"> Levan Shughliashvili</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Irakli%20Koberidze"> Irakli Koberidze</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shota%20Tsiskaridze"> Shota Tsiskaridze</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Victor%20Kakhniashvili"> Victor Kakhniashvili</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tamar%20Chaghiashvili"> Tamar Chaghiashvili</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Since the beginning of active publishing activity in Georgia, voluminous printed material has been accumulated, the digitization of which is an important task. Digitized materials will be available to the audience, and it will be possible to find text in them and conduct various factual research. Digitizing scanned documents means scanning documents, extracting text from the scanned documents, and processing the text into a corresponding language model to detect inaccuracies and grammatical errors. Implementing these stages requires a unified, scalable, and automated platform, where the digital service developed for each stage will perform the task assigned to it; at the same time, it will be possible to develop these services dynamically so that there is no interruption in the work of the platform. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=NLP" title="NLP">NLP</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=OCR" title=" OCR"> OCR</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=BERT" title=" BERT"> BERT</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kubernetes" title=" Kubernetes"> Kubernetes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=transformers" title=" transformers"> transformers</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/145048/the-platform-for-digitization-of-georgian-documents" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/145048.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">151</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">40</span> Employment of Persons with Disabilities in Georgia: Challenges and Perspectives </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tamar%20Makharadze">Tamar Makharadze</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Anastasia%20Kitiashvili"> Anastasia Kitiashvili</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Irine%20Zhvania"> Irine Zhvania</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tamar%20Abashidze"> Tamar Abashidze </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> After ratification of UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (UN CRPD) by the Parliament of Georgia in 2013, ensuring equal access to education and employment for people with disabilities has become one of the priorities of the government. The current research has analyzed the attitudes of people with disabilities, employers and society towards various challenges that employment of persons with disabilities faces in Georgia. The study has been carried out in the capital city and three towns in West and East Georgia. Both quantitative and qualitative research methods have been used. Employers’ attitudes have been studied by analyzing research data from six focus groups and 12 in-depth interviews. Views of persons with disabilities have been analyzed relied on data from eight focus groups and 14 in-depth interviews. The quantitative study covered 490 surveyed respondents from four cities in Georgia. The research was carried out with the employees of companies selected based on the Simple Random Sample; in each company, based on the size of the company 7–10 employees were surveyed. A survey was conducted using a specially developed structured questionnaire. Data analysis was carried out using SPSS (21.0). The research was carried out during June-August 2015. The research data shows that both qualitative and quantitative research participants view employment of persons with disabilities positively; however persons with severe intellectual disabilities and mental problems are viewed as less workable and desired at workplaces. The respondents support the idea of employment of persons with disabilities at an open labour market; at the same time idea of a development of sheltered workshops is also supported. The vast majority of research participants believe that employers should be rather encouraged to hire persons with disabilities than force them to do so. For employers it is important to have the state assistance in adjusting working place to the needs of employee with disabilities. Some tax benefits for employers having employees with disabilities also are seen as encouraging employment of persons with disabilities. Both employers and persons with disabilities believe that development of job coaching will help persons with disabilities to find and maintain a job at the open market. Majority of survey respondents think that the main reasons discouraging employment of persons with disabilities in Georgia are: poor socioeconomic background and high level of unemployment in the country, absence of related state programs and existed stigma towards persons with disabilities within the society. To conclude it can be said that both employers and persons with disabilities expect initiative from the government – development of the programs and services focusing on employment of persons with disabilities that will be rather encouraging and supporting than punishing and forcing. Relied on survey data it can be said that people have positive attitudes to see persons with disabilities at workplaces, educational institutions and public places. This creates a good background for extensive and consistent work towards social inclusion of persons with disabilities in Georgia. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=supported%20employment" title="supported employment">supported employment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=job%20coaching" title=" job coaching"> job coaching</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=employment%20of%20persons%20with%20disabilities%20in%20Georgia" title=" employment of persons with disabilities in Georgia"> employment of persons with disabilities in Georgia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=social%20inclusion" title=" social inclusion"> social inclusion</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/37010/employment-of-persons-with-disabilities-in-georgia-challenges-and-perspectives" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/37010.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">360</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">39</span> The Study of Biodiversity of Thirty Two Families of Useful Plants Existed in Georgia</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kacharava%20Tamar">Kacharava Tamar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Korakhashvili%20Avtandil"> Korakhashvili Avtandil</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Epitashvili%20Tinatin"> Epitashvili Tinatin</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The article deals with the database, which was created by the authors, related to biodiversity of some families of useful plants (medicinal, aromatic, spices, dye and poisonous) existing in Georgia considering important taxonomy. Our country is also rich with endemic genera. The results of monitoring of the phytogenetic resources to reveal perspective species and situation of endemic species and resources are also discussed in this paper. To get some new medicinal and preventive treatments using plant raw material in the phytomedicine, phytocosmetics and phytoculinary, the unique phytogenetic resources should be protected because the application of useful plants is becoming irreversible. This can be observed along with intensification and sustainable use of ethnobotanical traditions and promotion of phytoproduction based on the international requirements on biodiversity (Convention on Biological Diversity - CBD). Though Georgian phytopharmacy has the centuries-old traditions, today it is becoming the main concern. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=aromatic" title="aromatic">aromatic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=medicinal" title=" medicinal"> medicinal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=poisonous" title=" poisonous"> poisonous</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=spicy" title=" spicy"> spicy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dye%20plants" title=" dye plants"> dye plants</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=endemic%20biodiversity" title=" endemic biodiversity"> endemic biodiversity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=endemic" title=" endemic"> endemic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ELISA" title=" ELISA"> ELISA</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=GIS" title=" GIS"> GIS</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/99699/the-study-of-biodiversity-of-thirty-two-families-of-useful-plants-existed-in-georgia" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/99699.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">161</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">38</span> Jalovchat Gabbroic Intrusive of the Caucasus: Petrological Study, Geochemical Peculiarities and Formation Conditions</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Giorgi%20Chichinadze">Giorgi Chichinadze</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=David%20Shengelia"> David Shengelia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tamara%20Tsutsunava"> Tamara Tsutsunava</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nikoloz%20Maisuradze"> Nikoloz Maisuradze</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Giorgi%20Beridze"> Giorgi Beridze</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The Jalovchat intrusive is built up of hornblende gabbros, gabbro-norites and norites. Within the intrusive hornblende-bearing gabbro-pegmatites are widespread. That is a coarse-grained rock with gigantic hornblende crystals. By its unusual composition, the Jalovchat intrusive has no analogue in the Caucasus. However, petrologically and geochemically, the intrusive rocks were studied insufficiently. For comprehensive investigations, the authors applied appropriate methodologies: Microscopic study of thin sections, petro- and geochemical analyses of the samples and also different petrogenic, rare and rare earth elements diagrams and spidergrams. Analytical study established that the Jalovchat intrusive by its composition corresponds mainly to the mid-ocean ridge basalts and according to geodynamic type belongs to the subduction type. In general, it is an anomalous phenomenon, as in the rocks of such composition crystallization of hornblende and especially of its gigantic crystals is atypical. The authors believe that the water-rich magma reservoir, which was necessary for the crystallization of gigantic hornblende crystals, appeared as a result of melting of water-rich mid-ocean ridge basaltic rocks during the subduction process in Bajocian time. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gabbro-pegmatite" title="gabbro-pegmatite">gabbro-pegmatite</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=intrusive" title=" intrusive"> intrusive</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=petrogenesis" title=" petrogenesis"> petrogenesis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=petrogeochemistry" title=" petrogeochemistry"> petrogeochemistry</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=the%20Caucasus" title=" the Caucasus"> the Caucasus</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/90754/jalovchat-gabbroic-intrusive-of-the-caucasus-petrological-study-geochemical-peculiarities-and-formation-conditions" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/90754.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">217</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">37</span> Optimism and Entrepreneurial Intentions: The Mediating Role of Emotional Intelligence</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Neta%20Kela%20Madar">Neta Kela Madar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tali%20Teeni-Harari"> Tali Teeni-Harari</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tamar%20Icekson"> Tamar Icekson</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yaron%20Sela"> Yaron Sela</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper proposes and empirically tests a theoretical model positing relationships between dispositional optimism, emotional intelligence, and entrepreneurial intention. To author's best knowledge, this study examined for the first time the role of dispositional optimism together with emotional intelligence as predictors of entrepreneurial intentions. The study findings suggest that optimism may increase entrepreneurial intentions indirectly by enhancing emotional intelligence/ model formulation is based on a random survey of students (N= 227). Model parameter estimation was supported by Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). Results indicate that students’ optimism and emotional intelligence are associated with increased levels of entrepreneurial intention. Additionally, the present study argues that emotional intelligence mediates the positive relationship between optimism and entrepreneurial intention. Theoretical and practical implications of this model are discussed. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=entrepreneurial%20intentions" title="entrepreneurial intentions">entrepreneurial intentions</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=emotional%20intelligence" title=" emotional intelligence"> emotional intelligence</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=optimism" title=" optimism"> optimism</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dispositional%20optimism" title=" dispositional optimism"> dispositional optimism</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/104018/optimism-and-entrepreneurial-intentions-the-mediating-role-of-emotional-intelligence" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/104018.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">235</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">36</span> Effect of Toxic Metals Exposure on Rat Behavior and Brain Morphology: Arsenic, Manganese</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tamar%20Bikashvili">Tamar Bikashvili</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tamar%20Lordkipanidze"> Tamar Lordkipanidze</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ilia%20Lazrishvili"> Ilia Lazrishvili</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Heavy metals remain one of serious environmental problems due to their toxic effects. The effect of arsenic and manganese compounds on rat behavior and neuromorphology was studied. Wistar rats were assigned to four groups: rats in control group were given regular water, while rats in other groups drank water with ﬁnal manganese concentration of 10 mg/L (group A), 20 mg/L (group B) and final arsenic concentration 68 mg/L (group C), respectively, for a month. To study exploratory and anxiety behavior and also to evaluate aggressive performance in “home cage” rats were tested in “Open Field” and to estimate learning and memory status multi-branched maze was used. Statistically significant increase of motor and oriental-searching activity in experimental groups was revealed by an open field test, which was expressed in increase of number of lines crossed, rearing and hole reflexes. Obtained results indicated the suppression of fear in rats exposed to manganese. Specifically, this was estimated by the frequency of getting to the central part of the open field. Experiments revealed that 30-day exposure to 10 mg/ml manganese did not stimulate aggressive behavior in rats, while exposure to the higher dose (20 mg/ml), 37% of initially non-aggressive animals manifested aggressive behavior. Furthermore, 25% of rats were extremely aggressive. Obtained data support the hypothesis that excess manganese in the body is one of the immediate causes of enhancement of interspecific predatory aggressive and violent behavior in rats. It was also discovered that manganese intoxication produces non-reversible severe learning disability and insignificant, reversible memory disturbances. Studies of rodents exposed to arsenic also revealed changes in the learning process. As it is known, the distribution of metal ions differs in various brain regions. The principle manganese accumulation was observed in the hippocampus and in the neocortex, while arsenic was predominantly accumulated in nucleus accumbens, striatum, and cortex. These brain regions play an important role in the regulation of emotional state and motor activity. Histopathological analyzes of brain sections illustrated two morphologically distinct altered phenotypes of neurons: (1) shrunk cells with indications of apoptosis - nucleus and cytoplasm were very difficult to be distinguished, the integrity of neuronal cytoplasm was not disturbed; and (2) swollen cells - with indications of necrosis. Pyknotic nucleus, plasma membrane disruption and cytoplasmic vacuoles were observed in swollen neurons and they were surrounded by activated gliocytes. It’s worth to mention that in the cortex the majority of damaged neurons were apoptotic while in subcortical nuclei –neurons were mainly necrotic. Ultrastructural analyses demonstrated that all cell types in the cortex and the nucleus caudatus represent destructed mitochondria, widened neurons’ vacuolar system profiles, increased number of lysosomes and degeneration of axonal endings. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=arsenic" title="arsenic">arsenic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=manganese" title=" manganese"> manganese</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=behavior" title=" behavior"> behavior</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=learning" title=" learning"> learning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=neuron" title=" neuron"> neuron</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/41099/effect-of-toxic-metals-exposure-on-rat-behavior-and-brain-morphology-arsenic-manganese" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/41099.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">362</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">35</span> Bioproducts Market: European Experience and Development Prospects in Georgia</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tamar%20Lazariashvili">Tamar Lazariashvili</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The paper examines the market of bioproducts in the world and in Georgia. The experience of European countries in the field of production of bioproducts is shown, the level of interest of the population in these products is presented, and the tendency of the demand for them to grow is evaluated. Objectives. The purpose of the research is to identify modern challenges and develop recommendations for development opportunities based on the analysis of the European and local market of organic products. Methodologies. General and specific methods are used in the research process: comparative analysis, induction, deduction. A desk study has been conducted. Findings. It has been revealed that the production of organic products in Georgia is significantly behind the European requirements, in the market of organic products of Georgia there is a formation of a layer of consumers who are in favor of healthy food and are ready to pay a different price. Conclusions. Based on the analysis of the bioproducts market, appropriate recommendations are proposed, namely, the introduction of innovative technologies; financial and legal support by the state; provision of consulting services on the tax system; Elimination of asymmetric information in the market and others. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bioproducts%20market" title="bioproducts market">bioproducts market</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=European%20experience" title=" European experience"> European experience</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=production%20of%20bioproducts" title=" production of bioproducts"> production of bioproducts</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=layer%20of%20consumers." title=" layer of consumers."> layer of consumers.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/177177/bioproducts-market-european-experience-and-development-prospects-in-georgia" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/177177.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">74</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">34</span> Trends and Perspectives of Agrotourism Development in Georgia</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tamar%20Lazariashvili">Tamar Lazariashvili</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The development of agrotourism in Georgia has significant potential. The trend of population growth and demand for agrotourism products makes the interest and importance of the development of this field even more relevant. The article studies the trends in the development of agrotourism in Georgia; SWOT analysis reveals the potential for the development of agrotourism and assesses the perspectives, examines the factors hindering the development of agrotourism, assesses the role of the state in the development of agrotourism. Objectives: The purpose of the study is to determine the development trends of agrotourism in Georgia and to develop recommendations for prospective directions based on the assessment of the field's potential. Methodologies: Research methods are used: analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, comparison, statistical (selection, grouping, observation, trend) and other methods, as well as SWOT analysis. Contributions: A positive trend in the development of agrotourism has been revealed. It is also shown that the demand for agrotourism products is growing. The agro touristic potential of Georgia was assessed and prospective directions for the development of the field have been determined. Conclusions: are drawn on the problems identified in the work and recommendations are proposed on ways to effectively use the potential opportunities of agrotourism and ways of long-term development. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=agrotourism" title="agrotourism">agrotourism</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=agrotourism%20products" title=" agrotourism products"> agrotourism products</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=agrotourism%20potential" title=" agrotourism potential"> agrotourism potential</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=development%20prospects." title=" development prospects."> development prospects.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/161774/trends-and-perspectives-of-agrotourism-development-in-georgia" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/161774.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">97</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">33</span> Thermodynamic Approach of Lanthanide-Iron Double Oxides Formation</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Vera%20Varazashvili">Vera Varazashvili</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Murman%20Tsarakhov"> Murman Tsarakhov</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tamar%20Mirianashvili"> Tamar Mirianashvili</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Teimuraz%20Pavlenishvili"> Teimuraz Pavlenishvili</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tengiz%20Machaladze"> Tengiz Machaladze</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mzia%20Khundadze"> Mzia Khundadze</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Standard Gibbs energy of formation ΔGfor(298.15) of lanthanide-iron double oxides of garnet-type crystal structure R3Fe5O12 - RIG (R – are rare earth ions) from initial oxides are evaluated. The calculation is based on the data of standard entropies S298.15 and standard enthalpies ΔH298.15 of formation of compounds which are involved in the process of garnets synthesis. Gibbs energy of formation is presented as temperature function ΔGfor(T) for the range 300-1600K. The necessary starting thermodynamic data were obtained from calorimetric study of heat capacity – temperature functions and by using the semi-empirical method for calculation of ΔH298.15 of formation. Thermodynamic functions for standard temperature – enthalpy, entropy and Gibbs energy - are recommended as reference data for technological evaluations. Through the isostructural series of rare earth-iron garnets the correlation between thermodynamic properties and characteristics of lanthanide ions are elucidated. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=calorimetry" title="calorimetry">calorimetry</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=entropy" title=" entropy"> entropy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=enthalpy" title=" enthalpy"> enthalpy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=heat%20capacity" title=" heat capacity"> heat capacity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gibbs%20energy%20of%20formation" title=" gibbs energy of formation"> gibbs energy of formation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rare%20earth%20iron%20garnets" title=" rare earth iron garnets"> rare earth iron garnets</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/28939/thermodynamic-approach-of-lanthanide-iron-double-oxides-formation" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/28939.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">388</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">32</span> Standard Gibbs Energy of Formation and Entropy of Lanthanide-Iron Oxides of Garnet Crystal Structure</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Vera%20Varazashvili">Vera Varazashvili</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Murman%20Tsarakhov"> Murman Tsarakhov</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tamar%20Mirianashvili"> Tamar Mirianashvili</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Teimuraz%20Pavlenishvili"> Teimuraz Pavlenishvili</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tengiz%20Machaladze"> Tengiz Machaladze</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mzia%20Khundadze"> Mzia Khundadze</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Standard Gibbs energy of formation ΔGfor(298.15) of lanthanide-iron double oxides of garnet-type crystal structure R3Fe5O12 - RIG (R – are rare earth ions) from initial oxides are evaluated. The calculation is based on the data of standard entropies S298.15 and standard enthalpies ΔH298.15 of formation of compounds which are involved in the process of garnets synthesis. Gibbs energy of formation is presented as temperature function ΔGfor(T) for the range 300-1600K. The necessary starting thermodynamic data were obtained from calorimetric study of heat capacity and by using the semi-empirical method for calculation of ΔH298.15 (formation). Thermodynamic functions for standard temperature – enthalpy, entropy and Gibbs energy - are recommended as reference data for technological evaluations. Through the isostructural series of rare earth-iron garnets the correlation between thermodynamic properties and characteristics of lanthanide ions are elucidated. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=calorimetry" title="calorimetry">calorimetry</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=entropy" title=" entropy"> entropy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=heat%20capacity" title=" heat capacity"> heat capacity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gibbs%20energy%20of%20formation" title=" Gibbs energy of formation"> Gibbs energy of formation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rare%20earth%20iron%20garnets" title=" rare earth iron garnets"> rare earth iron garnets</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/28451/standard-gibbs-energy-of-formation-and-entropy-of-lanthanide-iron-oxides-of-garnet-crystal-structure" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/28451.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">360</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">31</span> Assessment of Water Resources and Inculcation of Controlled Water Consumption System</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Vakhtang%20Geladze">Vakhtang Geladze</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nana%20Bolashvili"> Nana Bolashvili</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tamazi%20Karalashvili"> Tamazi Karalashvili</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nino%20Machavariani"> Nino Machavariani</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Vajha%20Neidze"> Vajha Neidze</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nana%20Kvirkvelia"> Nana Kvirkvelia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tamar%20Chichinadze"> Tamar Chichinadze</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Deficiency of fresh water is a vital global problem today. It must be taken into consideration that in the nearest future fresh water crisis will become even more acute owing to the global climate warming and fast desertification processes in the world. Georgia has signed the association agreement with Euro Union last year where the priority spheres of cooperation are the management of water resources, development of trans-boundary approach to the problem and active participation in the “Euro Union water initiative” component of “the East Europe, Caucasus and the Central Asia”. Fresh water resources are the main natural wealth of Georgia. According to the average water layer height, Georgia is behind such European countries only as Norway, Switzerland and Austria. The annual average water provision of Georgia is 4-8 times higher than in its neighbor countries Armenia and Azerbaijan. Despite abundant water resources in Georgia, there is considerable discrepancy between their volume and use in some regions because of the uneven territorial distribution. In the East Georgia, water supply of the territory and population is four times less than in the West Georgia. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=GIS" title="GIS">GIS</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=water%20consumption" title=" water consumption"> water consumption</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=water%20management" title=" water management"> water management</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=water%20resources" title=" water resources"> water resources</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/65602/assessment-of-water-resources-and-inculcation-of-controlled-water-consumption-system" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/65602.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">423</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">30</span> Protective Effect of Herniarin on Ionizing Radiation-Induced Impairments in Brain</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sophio%20Kalmakhelidze">Sophio Kalmakhelidze</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Eka%20Shekiladze"> Eka Shekiladze</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tamar%20Sanikidze"> Tamar Sanikidze</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mikheil%20Gogebashvili"> Mikheil Gogebashvili</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nazi%20Ivanishvili"> Nazi Ivanishvili</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Radiation-induced various degrees of brain injury and cognitive impairment have been described after cranial radiotherapy of brain tumors. High doses of ionizing radiation have a severe impact on the central nervous system, resulting in morphological and behavioral impairments. Structures of the limbic system are especially sensitive to radiation exposure. Hence, compounds or drugs that can reduce radiation-induced impairments can be used as promising antioxidants or radioprotectors. In our study Mice whole-body irradiation with 137Cs was performed at a dose rate of 1,1 Gy/min for a total dose of 5 Gy with a “Gamma-capsule-2”. Irradiated mice were treated with Herniarin (20 mg/kg) for five days before irradiation and the same dose was administrated after one hour of irradiation. The immediate and delayed effects of ionizing radiation, as well as, protective effect of Herniarin was evaluated during early and late post-irradiation periods. The results reveal that ionizing radiation (5 Gy) alters the structure of the hippocampus in adult mice during the late post-irradiation period resulting in the decline of memory formation and learning process. Furthermore, Simple Coumarin-Herniarin reveals a radiosensitizing effect reducing morphological and behavioral alterations. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ionizing%20radiation" title="ionizing radiation">ionizing radiation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cognitive%20impairments" title=" cognitive impairments"> cognitive impairments</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hippocampus" title=" hippocampus"> hippocampus</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=limbic%20system" title=" limbic system"> limbic system</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Herniarin" title=" Herniarin"> Herniarin</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/176790/protective-effect-of-herniarin-on-ionizing-radiation-induced-impairments-in-brain" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/176790.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">79</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">29</span> Complete Chloroplast DNA Sequences of Georgian Endemic Polyploid Wheats</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Gogniashvili">M. Gogniashvili</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=I.%20Maisaia"> I. Maisaia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Kotorashvili"> A. Kotorashvili</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=N.%20Kotaria"> N. Kotaria</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=T.%20Beridze"> T. Beridze</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Three types of plasmon (A, B and G) is typical for genus Triticum. In polyploid species - Triticum turgidum L. and Triticum aestivum L. plasmon B is detected. In the forthcoming paper, complete nucleotide sequence of chloroplast DNA of 11 representatives of Georgian wheat polyploid species, carrying plasmon B was determined. Sequencing of chloroplast DNA was performed on an Illumina MiSeq platform. Chloroplast DNA molecules were assembled using the SOAPdenovo computer program. All contigs were aligned to the reference chloroplast genome sequence using BLASTN. For detection of SNPs and Indels and phylogeny tree construction computer programs Mafft and Blast were used. Using Triticum aestivum L. subsp. macha (Dekapr. & Menabde) Mackey var. paleocolchicum Dekapr. et Menabde as a reference, 5 SNPs can be identified in chloroplast DNA of Georgian endemic polyploid wheat. The number of noncoding substitutions is 2, coding substitutions - 3. In comparison with reference DNA two - 38 bp and 56 bp inversions were observed in paleocolchicum subspecies. There were six 1 bp indels detected in Georgian polyploid wheats, all of them at microsatellite stretches. The phylogeny tree shows that subspecies macha, carthlicum and paleocolchicum occupy different positions. According to the simplified scheme based on SNP and indel data, the ancestral, female parent of the all studied polyploid wheat is unknown X predecesor, from which four lines were formed. 1 SNP and two inversions (38 bp and 56 bp) caused the formation of subsp. paleocolchicum. Three other lines are macha, durum and carthlicum lines. Macha line is further divided into two sublines (M_1 and M_4). Carthlicum line includes subsp.carthlicum and T.aestivum - C_1 - C_2 - A_1. One of the central question of wheat domestication is which people(s) participated in wheat domestication? It is proposed that the predecessors of Georgian peoples (Proto-Kartvelians) must be placed, on the evidence of archaic lexical and toponymic data, in the mountainous regions of the western and central part of the Little Caucasus (the Transcaucasian foothills) at least 4,000 years ago. One of the possibility to explain the ‘wheat puzzle’ is that Kartvelian speakers brought domesticated wheat species and subspecis from Fertile Crescent further north to South Caucasus. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=chloroplast%20DNA" title="chloroplast DNA">chloroplast DNA</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sequencing" title=" sequencing"> sequencing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=SNP" title=" SNP"> SNP</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=triticum" title=" triticum"> triticum</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/95115/complete-chloroplast-dna-sequences-of-georgian-endemic-polyploid-wheats" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/95115.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">159</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">28</span> Trade and Economic Relations between Georgia and Germany – the Impediments Caused by the Pandemic and Future Prospects</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tamar%20Lazariashvili">Tamar Lazariashvili</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> There are a number of factors that determine the growth and development of the country's economy; however, trade and economic relations with other countries are the most important of all these factors. The paper analyzes the trade and economic relations between Georgia and Germany, identifies the impediments caused by the Covid pandemic, and substantiates the need for further economic cooperation between the countries. Research objectives. The objective of the research is to develop recommendations and reveal the prospects of further cooperation between Georgia and Germany based on identifying the problems in the field of trade and economy in the post-crisis situation. The research object is Georgian German economic relations. Germany is Georgia's largest trading partner in the European Union. Georgia and Germany actively cooperate within the framework of international organizations as well. The paper analyzes the multilateral and intensive economic relations between Germany and Georgia; evaluates the investments of German companies in Georgia and the activities of Georgian companies in Germany. Research methods. The paper uses general and specific research methods; in particular, analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, comparison, statistical (selection, grouping, observation, trend), and other research methods.SWOT analysis is used to determine development opportunities between countries. As a result of the research economic ranking of Georgia and Germany are determined according to the above criteria, the causes of the impediments due to the pandemic are studied; the main problems in the field of trade and economy are identified. The paper provides conclusions on the problems in the trade relations between Georgia and Germany and suggests recommendations regarding the prospects for improving these relations. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=georgia-germany" title="georgia-germany">georgia-germany</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=trade%20and%20economic%20relations" title=" trade and economic relations"> trade and economic relations</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=economic%20ranking" title=" economic ranking"> economic ranking</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=perspective%20directions" title=" perspective directions"> perspective directions</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/145065/trade-and-economic-relations-between-georgia-and-germany-the-impediments-caused-by-the-pandemic-and-future-prospects" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/145065.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">163</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">27</span> Planning Water Reservoirs as Complementary Habitats for Waterbirds</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tamar%20Trop">Tamar Trop</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ido%20Izhaki"> Ido Izhaki</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Small natural freshwater bodies (SNFWBs), which are vital for many waterbird species, are considered endangered habitats due to their progressive loss and extensive degradation. While SNFWBs are becoming extinct, studies have indicated that many waterbird species may greatly benefit from various types of small artificial waterbodies (SAWBs), such as floodwater and treated water reservoirs. If designed and managed with care, SAWBs hold significant potential to serve as alternative or complementary habitats for birds, and thus mitigate the adverse effects of SNFWBs loss. Currently, most reservoirs are built as infrastructural facilities and designed according to engineering best practices and site-specific considerations, which do not include catering for waterbirds' needs. Furthermore, as things stand, there is still a lack of clear and comprehensive knowledge regarding the additional factors that should be considered in tackling the challenge of attracting waterbirds' to reservoirs, without compromising on the reservoirs' original functions. This study attempts to narrow this knowledge gap by performing a systematic review of the various factors (e.g., bird attributes; physical, structural, spatial, climatic, chemical, and biological characteristics of the waterbody; and anthropogenic activities) affecting the occurrence, abundance, richness, and diversity of waterbirds in SNFWBs. The methodical review provides a concise and relatively unbiased synthesis of the knowledge in the field, which can inform decision-making and practice regarding the planning, design, and management of reservoirs with birds in mind. Such knowledge is especially beneficial for arid and semiarid areas, where natural water sources are deteriorating and becoming extinct even faster due to climate change. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=artificial%20waterbodies" title="artificial waterbodies">artificial waterbodies</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reservoirs" title=" reservoirs"> reservoirs</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=small%20waterbodies" title=" small waterbodies"> small waterbodies</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=waterbirds" title=" waterbirds"> waterbirds</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/172647/planning-water-reservoirs-as-complementary-habitats-for-waterbirds" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/172647.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">80</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">26</span> Production of Mycelial Biomass, Exopolysaccharide, and Enzyme during Solid-State Fermentation of Plant Raw Materials by Medicinal Mushrooms</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tamar%20Khardziani">Tamar Khardziani</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Violeta%20Berikashvili"> Violeta Berikashvili</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Amrosi%20Chkuaseli"> Amrosi Chkuaseli</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Vladimir%20Elisashvili"> Vladimir Elisashvili</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The main objectives of this proposal are to develop low-cost, innovative, and competitive technologies for the production of mycelial biomass of medicinal mushrooms as a natural food supplement for poultry. To fulfill this task, industrial strains of Lentinus edodes, Ganoderma lucidum, and Pleurotus ostreatus were used in this study. The solid-state fermentation (SSF) of wheat grains, wheat bran, and soy flour was performed in flasks and bags. Among nine mushroom strains, P. ostreatus 2191 appeared to be the most productive in protein biomass accumulation in the SSF of wheat bran. All mushrooms produced exopolysaccharide with the highest yield of 5-8 mg/mL depending on fungal strain and growth substrate. Supplementation of medium with 1% glycerol and 2-4% peptone favored mushroom growth and protein accumulation. Among inorganic nitrogen sources, KNO₃ also provided high biomass and protein production. The SSF of all growth substrates was accompanied by the secretion of cellulase and xylanase activities. The highest CMCase activity (12-13 U/g) was revealed in the cultivation of P. ostreatus 2191 using wheat bran as a growth substrate and ammonium sulfate or yeast extract as a nitrogen source, whereas the highest xylanase activity was detected in the fermentation of soy flour supplemented with peptone. Acknowledgments: This work was supported by the Shota Rustaveli National Science Foundation of Georgia (Grant number STEM-22-2077). <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mushrooms" title="mushrooms">mushrooms</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=plant%20raw%20materials" title=" plant raw materials"> plant raw materials</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fermentation" title=" fermentation"> fermentation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biomass%20protein" title=" biomass protein"> biomass protein</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cellulase" title=" cellulase"> cellulase</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/179758/production-of-mycelial-biomass-exopolysaccharide-and-enzyme-during-solid-state-fermentation-of-plant-raw-materials-by-medicinal-mushrooms" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/179758.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">86</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">25</span> Agro-Insurance and Farming Development Opportunities in Georgia</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tamar%20Lazariashvili">Tamar Lazariashvili</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Introduction: The agro-insurance has great importance for agricultural development in the country. In the article, the insurance market of the Georgian agricultural sector has been studied, the level of interest of farmers with insurance products and the trend of demand for those products are revealed; also, the importance of insurance is substantiated. Methodology: The following research methods are applied in the presented paper: statistical (selection, grouping, observation, trend) and qualitative research (in-depth interview with farmers). They claim that the main reason for aggravation is the low level of trust, less awareness about the conditions of the insurance contract. In order to eradicate distrust towards agro-insurance, it is recommended to increase awareness of insured farmers in terms of an insurance agreement. In the case of disputable issues between insurance companies and the customers (farmers), it is advisable to enact the Mediation Service, which will be able to protect the rights of insured farmers. Main Findings: Insurance companies prefer to deal with large farmers, the number of them is very small in Georgia as the credit market. The government interference in this sector is also a very cautious topic. However, the government can strengthen the awareness of farmers about the characteristics and advantages of the insurance system in order to increase the number of insured and reduce insurance premiums for farmers. Conclusion: Enactment of agro-insurance will increase the interest and confidence of financial institutions in the farming sector, financial resources will be accessible to the farmers that will facilitate the stable development of the sector in the country. The size of the agro-insurance market in the country should be increased, and the new territories should be covered. The State must have an obligation to ensure the risk of farmers and subsidize insurance companies. Based on the analysis of the insurance market, the conclusions on agro-insurance issues and the relevant recommendations are proposed. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Agro-insurance" title="Agro-insurance">Agro-insurance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=agricultural%20product" title=" agricultural product"> agricultural product</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Agro-market" title=" Agro-market"> Agro-market</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=farming" title=" farming"> farming</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/109002/agro-insurance-and-farming-development-opportunities-in-georgia" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/109002.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">128</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">24</span> Right Ventricular Dynamics During Breast Cancer Chemotherapy in Low Cardiovascular Risk Patients</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nana%20Gorgiladze">Nana Gorgiladze</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tamar%20Gaprindashvili"> Tamar Gaprindashvili</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mikheil%20Shavdia"> Mikheil Shavdia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zurab%20Pagava"> Zurab Pagava</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Introduction/Purpose Chemotherapy is a common treatment for breast cancer, but it can also cause damage to the heart and blood vessels. This damage, known as cancer therapy-related cardiovascular toxicity (CTR-CVT), can increase the risk of heart failure and death in breast cancer patients. The left ventricle is often affected by CTR-CVT, but the right ventricle (RV) may also be vulnerable to CTR-CVT and may show signs of dysfunction before the left ventricle. The study aims to investigate how the RV function changes during chemotherapy for breast cancer by using conventional echocardiographic and global longitudinal strain (GLS) techniques. By measuring the GLS strain of the RV, researchers tend to detect early signs of CTR-CVT and improve the management of breast cancer patients. Methods The study was conducted on 28 women with low cardiovascular risk who received anthracycline chemotherapy for breast cancer. Conventional 2D echocardiography (LVEF, RVS’, TAPSE) and speckle-tracking echocardiography (STE) measurements of the left and right ventricles (LVGLS, RVGLS) were used to assess cardiac function before and after chemotherapy. All patients had normal LVEF at the beginning of the study. Cardiotoxicity was defined as a new LVEF reduction of 10 percentage points to an LVEF of 40-49% and/or a new decline in GLS of 15% from baseline, as proposed by the most recent cardio-oncology guideline. ResultsThe research found that the LVGLS decreased from -21.2%2.1% to -18.6%2.6% (t-test = -4.116; df = 54, p=0.001). The change in value LV-GLS was 2.6%3.0%. The mean percentage change of the LVGLS was 11,6%13,3%; p=0.001. Similarly, the right ventricular global longitudinal strain (RVGLS) decreased from -25.2%2.9% to -21.4%4.4% (t-test = -3.82; df = 54, p=0.001). The RV-GLS value of change was 3.8%3.6%. Likewise, the percentage decrease of the RVGLS was 15,0%14,3%, p=0.001.However, the measurements of the right ventricular systolic function (RVS) and tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) were insignificant, and the left ventricular ejection fraction ( LVEF) remained unchanged. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cardiotoxicity" title="cardiotoxicity">cardiotoxicity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=chemotherapy" title=" chemotherapy"> chemotherapy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=GLS" title=" GLS"> GLS</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=right%20ventricle" title=" right ventricle"> right ventricle</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/172223/right-ventricular-dynamics-during-breast-cancer-chemotherapy-in-low-cardiovascular-risk-patients" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/172223.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">79</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">23</span> Aging and Falls Profile from Hospital Databases</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nino%20Chikhladze">Nino Chikhladze</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tamar%20Dochviri"> Tamar Dochviri</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nato%20Pitskhelauri"> Nato Pitskhelauri</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Maia%20Bitskhinashvili"> Maia Bitskhinashvili</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Population aging is a key social and demographic trend of the 21st century. Falls represent a prevalent geriatric syndrome that poses significant risks to the health and independence of older adults. The World Health Organization notes a lack of comprehensive data on falls in low- and middle-income countries, complicating the creation of effective prevention programs. To the authors’ best knowledge, no such studies have been conducted in Georgia. The aim of the study is to explore the epidemiology of falls in the elderly population. The hospitalization database of the National Center for Disease Control and Public Health of Georgia was used for the retrospective study. Falls-related injuries were identified using ICD-10 classifications using the class XIX (S and T codes) and class XX for the type of injury (V-Y codes). Statistical data analyses were done using SPSS software version 23.0. The total number of fall-related hospitalizations for individuals aged 65 and older from 2015 to 2021 was 29,697. The study revealed that falls accounted for an average of 63% (ranging from 59% to 66%) of all hospitalizations and 68% (ranging from 65% to 70%) of injury-related hospitalizations during this period. The 69% of all patients were women and 31%-men (Chi2=4482.1, p<0.001). The highest rate of hospitalization was in the age groups 80-84 and 75-79. The probability of fall-related hospitalization was significantly higher in women (p<0.001) compared to men in all age groups except 65-69 years. In the target age group of 65 years and older, the probability of hospitalization increased significantly with an increase in age (p<0.001). The study's results can be leveraged to create evidence-based awareness programs, design targeted multi-domain interventions addressing specific risk factors, and enhance the quality of geriatric healthcare services in Georgia. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=elderly%20population" title="elderly population">elderly population</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=falls" title=" falls"> falls</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=geriatric%20patients" title=" geriatric patients"> geriatric patients</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hospitalization" title=" hospitalization"> hospitalization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=injuries" title=" injuries"> injuries</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/188953/aging-and-falls-profile-from-hospital-databases" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/188953.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">35</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">22</span> Willingness to Purchase and Pay a Price Premium for an Apartment with Exterior Green Walls</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tamar%20Trop">Tamar Trop</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Michal%20Roffeh"> Michal Roffeh</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> One of the emerging trends in construction is installing an exterior “green wall” (GW). GW is an overarching and most common term for various techniques of incorporating greenery into buildings’ vertical elements, mainly facades. This green infrastructure yields numerous benefits for the urban environment, the public, and the buildings’ tenants and users, such as enhancing air quality and biodiversity, managing stormwater runoff, mitigating urban heat island and climate change, improving urban aesthetics and mental wellbeing, improving indoor comfort conditions, and saving energy. Yet, the penetration rate of GWs into the construction market, especially into the housing sector, is still very slow. Furthermore, the research regarding prospective homebuyers’ willingness to purchase and pay a price premium for GW apartments is scarce and does not refer to newly built buildings and specific GW types. This research aims to narrow these knowledge gaps by exploring the willingness of prospective homebuyers in Israel to purchase a newly built apartment with a hydroponic living wall, the size of the PP that they would be willing to pay for it, and the various factors ̶ knowledge-related, concern, economic, and personal ̶ that influence these motivations. A nationwide online survey was conducted among a sample of 514 adults using a structured questionnaire. Findings show that despite low familiarity with GWs and strong concerns about various kinds of nuisance, technical issues, and maintenance costs, potential homebuyers express a relatively high willingness to purchase and pay a significant price premium for such an apartment. The main motivations behind this willingness were found to be potential energy savings and governmental incentives. Study findings can contribute to a better understanding of the maturity of the housing market in Israel to adopt GWs and to better tailor intervention tools for increasing GWs’ uptake among potential homebuyers. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=green%20fa%C3%A7ade" title="green façade">green façade</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=green%20wall" title=" green wall"> green wall</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=living%20wall" title=" living wall"> living wall</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=willingness%20to%20pay" title=" willingness to pay"> willingness to pay</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/188174/willingness-to-purchase-and-pay-a-price-premium-for-an-apartment-with-exterior-green-walls" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/188174.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">39</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">21</span> Petrology, Geochemistry and Formation Conditions of Metaophiolites of the Loki Crystalline Massif (the Caucasus)</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Irakli%20Gamkrelidze">Irakli Gamkrelidze</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=David%20Shengelia"> David Shengelia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tamara%20Tsutsunava"> Tamara Tsutsunava</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Giorgi%20Chichinadze"> Giorgi Chichinadze</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Giorgi%20Beridze"> Giorgi Beridze</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ketevan%20Tedliashvili"> Ketevan Tedliashvili</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tamara%20Tsamalashvili"> Tamara Tsamalashvili</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The Loki crystalline massif crops out in the Caucasian region and the geological retrospective represent the northern marginal part of the Baiburt-Sevanian terrain (island arc), bordering with the Paleotethys oceanic basin in the north. The pre-Alpine basement of the massif is built up of Lower-Middle Paleozoic metamorphic complex (metasedimentary and metabasite rocks), Upper Devonian quartz-diorites and Late Variscan granites. Earlier metamorphic complex was considered as an indivisible set including suites with different degree of metamorphism. Systematic geologic, petrologic and geochemical investigations of the massif’s rocks suggest the different conception on composition, structure and formation conditions of the massif. In particular, there are two main rock types in the Loki massif: the oldest autochthonous series of gneissic quartz-diorites and cutting them granites. The massif is flanked on its western side by a volcano-sedimentary sequence, metamorphosed to low-T facies. Petrologic, metamorphic and structural differences in this sequence prove the existence of a number of discrete units (overthrust sheets). One of them, the metabasic sheet represents the fragment of ophiolite complex. It comprises transition types of the second and third layers of the Paleooceanic crust: the upper noncumulated part of the third layer gabbro component and the following lowest part of the parallel diabase dykes of the second layer. The ophiolites are represented by metagabbros, metagabbro-diabases, metadiabases and amphibolite schists. According to the content of petrogenic components and additive elements in metabasites is stated that the protolith of metabasites belongs to petrochemical type of tholeiitic series of basalts. The parental magma of metaophiolites is of E-MORB composition, and by petrochemical parameters, it is very close to the composition of intraplate basalts. The dykes of hypabissal leucocratic siliceous and medium magmatic rocks associated with the metaophiolite sheet form the separate complex. They are granitoids with the extremely low content of CaO and quartz-diorite porphyries. According to various petrochemical parameters, these rocks have mixed characteristics. Their formation took place in spreading conditions or in the areas of manifestation of plumes most likely of island arc type. The metamorphism degree of the metaophiolites corresponds to a very low stage of green schist facies. The rocks of the metaophiolite complex are obducted from the Paleotethys Ocean. Geological and paleomagnetic data show that the primary location of the ocean is supposed to be to the north of the Loki crystalline massif. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=the%20Caucasus" title="the Caucasus">the Caucasus</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=crystalline%20massif" title=" crystalline massif"> crystalline massif</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ophiolites" title=" ophiolites"> ophiolites</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tectonic%20sheet" title=" tectonic sheet"> tectonic sheet</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/66167/petrology-geochemistry-and-formation-conditions-of-metaophiolites-of-the-loki-crystalline-massif-the-caucasus" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/66167.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">278</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">20</span> Antifungal Potential of Higher Basidiomycetes Mushrooms</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tamar%20Khardziani">Tamar Khardziani</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Violeta%20Berikashvili"> Violeta Berikashvili</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mariam%20Rusitashvili"> Mariam Rusitashvili</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Eva%20Kachlishvili"> Eva Kachlishvili</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Vladimir%20Elisashvili"> Vladimir Elisashvili</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mikheil%20Asatiani"> Mikheil Asatiani</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Last years, the search for natural sources of novel and effective antifungal substances became a scientific and technological challenge. In the present research, thirty basidiomycetes isolated from various ecological niches of Georgia and belonging to different taxonomic groups were screened for their antifungal activities against pathogenic fungi such as Aspergillus, Fusarium, and Guignardia bidwellii. Among mushroom tested, several potential producers of antifungal substances have been revealed, such as Schizophyllum commune, Lentinula edodes, Ganoderma abietinum, Fomes fomentarius, Hericium erinaceus, and Trametes versicolor. For mushroom cultivation and expression of antifungal potential, submerged and solid-state fermentations of different plant raw materials were performed and various approaches and strategies have been exploited. Sch. commune appeared as a most promising producer of antifungal compounds. It was established that among different agro-industrial wastes, the presence of mandarin juice production waste in a nutrient medium, causing the significant increase of antifungal activity Sch. commune (growth inhibition: Aspergillus – 59 %, Fusarium – 55 %, G. bidwellii – 78 %, after 3, 2 and 4 days of cultivation, respectively). Besides this, Sch. commune demonstrate similar antifungal activities in the presence of glucose, glycerol, maltose, mannitol, and xylose, and growth inhibition of Fusarium ranged in 41 % - 49 % during 6 days of cultivation. Inhibition of Aspergillus growth inhibition varied in 27 % - 36 %, and inhibition of G. bidwellii was in the range 49 % - 61 %, respectively. Sch. commune under solid-state fermentation of mandarin peels at 13 days of cultivation demonstrates powerful growth inhibition of pathogenic fungi (growth inhibition: Aspergillus – 50 %, Fusarium – 61 %, G. bidwellii – 68 %, after 3, 4, and 4 days of cultivation, respectively) as well as at 20 days old mushroom (growth inhibition: Aspergillus – 41 %, Fusarium – 54 %, G. bidwellii – 66 %, after 3 days of cultivation). It was established that Sch. commune was effective as a producer of antifungal compounds in submerged as well as in solid-state fermentation. Finally, performed study confirms that the higher basidiomycetes possess antifungal potential, which strongly depends on the physiological factors of growth. Acknowledgments: The work was implemented with the financial support of fundamental science project FR-19-3719 by the Shota Rustaveli National Science Foundation of Georgia. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=antifungal%20potential" title="antifungal potential">antifungal potential</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=higher%20basidiomycetes" title=" higher basidiomycetes"> higher basidiomycetes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pathogenic%20fungi" title=" pathogenic fungi"> pathogenic fungi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=submerged%20and%20solid-state%20fermentation" title=" submerged and solid-state fermentation"> submerged and solid-state fermentation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/135627/antifungal-potential-of-higher-basidiomycetes-mushrooms" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/135627.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">149</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">19</span> An Interactive User-Oriented Approach to Optimizing Public Space Lighting </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tamar%20Trop">Tamar Trop</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Boris%20Portnov"> Boris Portnov</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Public Space Lighting (PSL) of outdoor urban areas promotes comfort, defines spaces and neighborhood identities, enhances perceived safety and security, and contributes to residential satisfaction and wellbeing. However, if excessive or misdirected, PSL leads to unnecessary energy waste and increased greenhouse gas emissions, poses a non-negligible threat to the nocturnal environment, and may become a potential health hazard. At present, PSL is designed according to international, regional, and national standards, which consolidate best practice. Yet, knowledge regarding the optimal light characteristics needed for creating a perception of personal comfort and safety in densely populated residential areas, and the factors associated with this perception, is still scarce. The presented study suggests a paradigm shift in designing PSL towards a user-centered approach, which incorporates pedestrians' perspectives into the process. The study is an ongoing joint research project between China and Israel Ministries of Science and Technology. Its main objectives are to reveal inhabitants' perceptions of and preferences for PSL in different densely populated neighborhoods in China and Israel, and to develop a model that links instrumentally measured parameters of PSL (e.g., intensity, spectra and glare) with its perceived comfort and quality, while controlling for three groups of attributes: locational, temporal, and individual. To investigate measured and perceived PSL, the study employed various research methods and data collection tools, developed a location-based mobile application, and used multiple data sources, such as satellite multi-spectral night-time light imagery, census statistics, and detailed planning schemes. One of the study’s preliminary findings is that higher sense of safety in the investigated neighborhoods is not associated with higher levels of light intensity. This implies potential for energy saving in brightly illuminated residential areas. Study findings might contribute to the design of a smart and adaptive PSL strategy that enhances pedestrians’ perceived safety and comfort while reducing light pollution and energy consumption. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=energy%20efficiency" title="energy efficiency">energy efficiency</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=light%20pollution" title=" light pollution"> light pollution</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=public%20space%20lighting" title=" public space lighting"> public space lighting</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=PSL" title=" PSL"> PSL</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=safety%20perceptions" title=" safety perceptions "> safety perceptions </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/115009/an-interactive-user-oriented-approach-to-optimizing-public-space-lighting" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/115009.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">140</span> </span> </div> </div> <ul class="pagination"> <li class="page-item disabled"><span class="page-link">&lsaquo;</span></li> <li class="page-item active"><span class="page-link">1</span></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tamar%20Beridze&page=2">2</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tamar%20Beridze&page=2" rel="next">&rsaquo;</a></li> </ul> </div> </main> <footer> <div id="infolinks" class="pt-3 pb-2"> <div class="container"> <div style="background-color:#f5f5f5;" class="p-3"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> About <li><a 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