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id="toc-Breakdown_of_talks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opposing_forces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opposing_forces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Opposing forces </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Opposing_forces-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Opposing forces subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Opposing_forces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Germany </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Poland </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Details" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Details"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Details </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Details-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Details subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Details-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-German_plan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#German_plan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 German plan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-German_plan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Polish_defence_plan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Polish_defence_plan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Polish defence plan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Polish_defence_plan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-German_invasion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#German_invasion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 German invasion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-German_invasion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soviet_invasion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soviet_invasion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Soviet invasion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soviet_invasion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Civilian_deaths" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civilian_deaths"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Civilian deaths </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civilian_deaths-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Aftermath </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eyewitness_accounts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eyewitness_accounts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Eyewitness accounts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eyewitness_accounts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Misconceptions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Misconceptions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Misconceptions </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Misconceptions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Misconceptions subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Misconceptions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Combat_between_Polish_cavalry_and_German_tanks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Combat_between_Polish_cavalry_and_German_tanks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Combat between Polish cavalry and German tanks </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Combat_between_Polish_cavalry_and_German_tanks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Polish_Air_Force" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Polish_Air_Force"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Polish Air Force </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Polish_Air_Force-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Polish_resistance_to_the_invasion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Polish_resistance_to_the_invasion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Polish resistance to the invasion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Polish_resistance_to_the_invasion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_use_of_Blitzkrieg_strategy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_use_of_Blitzkrieg_strategy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 First use of Blitzkrieg strategy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_use_of_Blitzkrieg_strategy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources_and_further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources_and_further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Sources and further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources_and_further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Invasion of Poland</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 66 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-66" aria-hidden="true" > 66 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inval_van_Pole" title="Inval van Pole – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Inval van Pole" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D8%B2%D9%88_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7_(1939)" title="غزو بولندا (1939) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="غزو بولندا (1939)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%87%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AA%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%85%D9%88" title="لهیستان تهاجومو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="لهیستان تهاجومو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%8E%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1_%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A3" title="নাৎসি বাহিনীর পোল্যান্ড আক্রমণ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="নাৎসি বাহিনীর পোল্যান্ড আক্রমণ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0_(1939)" title="Польская абарончая вайна (1939) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Польская абарончая вайна (1939)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F_1939_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83" title="Польская кампанія 1939 году – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Польская кампанія 1939 году" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_(1939)" title="Полска кампания (1939) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Полска кампания (1939)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invazija_na_Poljsku" title="Invazija na Poljsku – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Invazija na Poljsku" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloubadeg_Polonia" title="Aloubadeg Polonia – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Aloubadeg Polonia" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campanya_de_Pol%C3%B2nia" title="Campanya de Polònia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Campanya de Polònia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invaze_do_Polska_(1939)" title="Invaze do Polska (1939) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Invaze do Polska (1939)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felttoget_i_Polen_i_1939" title="Felttoget i Polen i 1939 – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Felttoget i Polen i 1939" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Cberfall_auf_Polen" title="Überfall auf Polen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Überfall auf Polen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasi%C3%B3n_alemana_de_Polonia_de_1939" title="Invasión alemana de Polonia de 1939 – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Invasión alemana de Polonia de 1939" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invado_en_Pollando" title="Invado en Pollando – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Invado en Pollando" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poloniaren_inbasioa" title="Poloniaren inbasioa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Poloniaren inbasioa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%85_%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A8%D9%87_%D9%84%D9%87%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="تهاجم آلمان به لهستان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تهاجم آلمان به لهستان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campagne_de_Pologne_(1939)" title="Campagne de Pologne (1939) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Campagne de Pologne (1939)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poalske_Fjildtocht" title="Poalske Fjildtocht – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Poalske Fjildtocht" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionradh_na_Polainne" title="Ionradh na Polainne – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ionradh na Polainne" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasi%C3%B3n_de_Polonia" title="Invasión de Polonia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Invasión de Polonia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8F%B4%EB%9E%80%EB%93%9C_%EC%B9%A8%EA%B3%B5" title="폴란드 침공 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="폴란드 침공" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AD%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AA%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4_%D4%BC%D5%A5%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Ներխուժում Լեհաստան – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ներխուժում Լեհաստան" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Njema%C4%8Dko-sovjetska_invazija_na_Poljsku" title="Njemačko-sovjetska invazija na Poljsku – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Njemačko-sovjetska invazija na Poljsku" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penyerbuan_Polandia" title="Penyerbuan Polandia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Penyerbuan Polandia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innr%C3%A1sin_%C3%AD_P%C3%B3lland" title="Innrásin í Pólland – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Innrásin í Pólland" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campagna_di_Polonia" title="Campagna di Polonia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Campagna di Polonia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%AA_%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%9C%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9F" title="פלישת גרמניה הנאצית לפולין – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פלישת גרמניה הנאצית לפולין" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%A8%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A8%E1%83%94%E1%83%AD%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90_(1939)" title="პოლონეთში შეჭრა (1939) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პოლონეთში შეჭრა (1939)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polijas_kampa%C5%86a" title="Polijas kampaņa – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Polijas kampaņa" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polefeldzuch" title="Polefeldzuch – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Polefeldzuch" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%AEsiver%C5%BEimas_%C4%AF_Lenkij%C4%85" title="Įsiveržimas į Lenkiją – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Įsiveržimas į Lenkiją" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengyelorsz%C3%A1gi_hadj%C3%A1rat" title="Lengyelországi hadjárat – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Lengyelországi hadjárat" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_(1939)" title="Инвазија на Полска (1939) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Инвазија на Полска (1939)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A3" title="पोलंडवर आक्रमण – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="पोलंडवर आक्रमण" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pencerobohan_Poland" title="Pencerobohan Poland – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pencerobohan Poland" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poolse_Veldtocht" title="Poolse Veldtocht – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Poolse Veldtocht" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9D%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E4%BE%B5%E6%94%BB" title="ポーランド侵攻 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ポーランド侵攻" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nqo mw-list-item"><a href="https://nqo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DF%94%DF%8F%DF%9F%DF%90%DF%B2%DF%A2_%DF%93%DF%99%DF%8A%DF%A1%DF%8A%DF%96%DF%8A%DF%B2%DF%93%DF%8A%DF%B2" title="ߔߏߟߐ߲ߢ ߓߙߊߡߊߖߊ߲ߓߊ߲ – N’Ko" lang="nqo" hreflang="nqo" data-title="ߔߏߟߐ߲ߢ ߓߙߊߡߊߖߊ߲ߓߊ߲" data-language-autonym="ߒߞߏ" data-language-local-name="N’Ko" class="interlanguage-link-target">ߒߞߏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasjonen_av_Polen" title="Invasjonen av Polen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Invasjonen av Polen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campanha_de_Polonha_(1939)" title="Campanha de Polonha (1939) – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Campanha de Polonha (1939)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polsha_bosqini" title="Polsha bosqini – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Polsha bosqini" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%88_%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D9%84%DA%91%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C" title="پولینڈ دی لڑائی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پولینڈ دی لڑائی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1_%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%84%D9%86%DA%89_%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="پر پولنډ برید – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="پر پولنډ برید" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%88%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9B%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%96%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%94%E1%9F%89%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%A1%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%89" title="ការឈ្លានពានប៉ូឡូញ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ការឈ្លានពានប៉ូឡូញ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kampania_wrze%C5%9Bniowa" title="Kampania wrześniowa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kampania wrześniowa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invas%C3%A3o_da_Pol%C3%B4nia" title="Invasão da Polônia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Invasão da Polônia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invadarea_Poloniei_(1939)" title="Invadarea Poloniei (1939) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Invadarea Poloniei (1939)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B2_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D1%83_(1939)" title="Вторжение в Польшу (1939) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Вторжение в Польшу (1939)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pushtimi_i_Polonis%C3%AB" title="Pushtimi i Polonisë – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Pushtimi i Polonisë" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%BD%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AD%E0%B6%BA_%E0%B6%86%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%B8%E0%B6%AB%E0%B6%BA_%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%B8" title="පෝලන්තය ආක්‍රමණය කිරීම – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="පෝලන්තය ආක්‍රමණය කිරීම" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland_(1939)" title="Invasion of Poland (1939) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Invasion of Poland (1939)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Po%C4%BEsk%C3%A1_obrann%C3%A1_vojna_(1939)" title="Poľská obranná vojna (1939) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Poľská obranná vojna (1939)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poljska_kampanja_(1939)" title="Poljska kampanja (1939) – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Poljska kampanja (1939)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%99%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B5" title="Инвазија Пољске – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Инвазија Пољске" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invazija_na_Poljsku" title="Invazija na Poljsku – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Invazija na Poljsku" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puolan_offensiivi" title="Puolan offensiivi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Puolan offensiivi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasionen_av_Polen_1939" title="Invasionen av Polen 1939 – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Invasionen av Polen 1939" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81" title="போலந்து படையெடுப்பு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="போலந்து படையெடுப்பு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%8C" title="การบุกครองโปแลนด์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การบุกครองโปแลนด์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonya_Seferi" title="Polonya Seferi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Polonya Seferi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F_(1939)" title="Польська кампанія (1939) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Польська кампанія (1939)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cu%E1%BB%99c_x%C3%A2m_l%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3c_Ba_Lan_(1939)" title="Cuộc xâm lược Ba Lan (1939) – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Cuộc xâm lược Ba Lan (1939)" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0%E6%88%98%E5%BD%B9" title="波兰战役 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="波兰战役" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E8%98%AD%E6%88%B0%E5%BD%B9" title="波蘭戰役 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="波蘭戰役" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E8%98%AD%E6%88%B0%E5%BD%B9" title="波蘭戰役 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="波蘭戰役" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q150812#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland" 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=German_invasion_of_Poland&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="German invasion of Poland">German invasion of Poland</a>)</div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">German, Soviet, and Slovak attack at the beginning of World War II</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For more details on the invasion by the Soviet Union, see <a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Poland" title="Soviet invasion of Poland">Soviet invasion of Poland</a>. For more details on the invasion by the Slovak Republic, see <a href="/wiki/Slovak_invasion_of_Poland" title="Slovak invasion of Poland">Slovak invasion of Poland</a>. For other invasions, see <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Invasion of Poland (disambiguation)">Invasion of Poland (disambiguation)</a>. For a list of Polish–German Wars, see, see <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93German_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish–German Wars">Polish–German Wars</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Invasion of Poland</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/European_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="European theatre of World War II">European theatre of World War II</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_Poland.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Battle_of_Poland.png/300px-Battle_of_Poland.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="332" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Battle_of_Poland.png/450px-Battle_of_Poland.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Battle_of_Poland.png/600px-Battle_of_Poland.png 2x" data-file-width="746" data-file-height="825" /></a> Left to right, top to bottom: <a href="/wiki/Luftwaffe" title="Luftwaffe">Luftwaffe</a> bombers over Poland; <a href="/wiki/SMS_Schleswig-Holstein" title="SMS Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</a> attacking the <a href="/wiki/Westerplatte" title="Westerplatte">Westerplatte</a>; <a href="/wiki/Free_City_of_Danzig_Police#Nazism,_political_repression,_and_conflict_with_Poland" title="Free City of Danzig Police">Danzig Police</a> destroying the Polish border post (re-enactment); German tank and armored car formation; German and Soviet troops shaking hands; <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Warsaw" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombing of Warsaw">bombing of Warsaw</a>.</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Westerplatte" title="Battle of Westerplatte">1 September 1939</a> – <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kock_(1939)" title="Battle of Kock (1939)">6 October 1939</a> (35 days)</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Poland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Former_eastern_territories_of_Germany" title="Former eastern territories of Germany">eastern Germany</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Free_City_of_Danzig" title="Free City of Danzig">Free City of Danzig</a> (modern-day <a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk" title="Gdańsk">Gdańsk</a>)</div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> <a href="#Aftermath">German–Soviet–Slovak victory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> starts</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_declaration_of_war_on_Germany_(1939)" title="United Kingdom declaration of war on Germany (1939)">United Kingdom</a> and <a href="/wiki/French_declaration_of_war_on_Germany_(1939)" title="French declaration of war on Germany (1939)">France</a> declare war on Germany</li></ul></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Territorial changes</th><td> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Poland_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Poland (1939–1945)">Polish territory divided among Germany, Lithuania, the Soviet Union, and Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_City_of_Danzig" title="Free City of Danzig">Danzig</a> annexed by Germany</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kresy" title="Kresy">Kresy</a> annexed by the Soviet Union</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilnius_Region_under_Lithuanian_administration_(1939-1940)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vilnius Region under Lithuanian administration (1939-1940)">Vilnius region</a> granted to <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Opposing_forces_in_the_Polish_September_Campaign" title="Opposing forces in the Polish September Campaign">Belligerents</a></th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Germany</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Flag_of_Slovakia_%281939%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovakia_%281939%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Flag_of_Slovakia_%281939%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovakia_%281939%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Flag_of_Slovakia_%281939%E2%80%931945%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Slovakia_%281939%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Slovak_Republic_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Slovak Republic (1939–1945)">Slovakia</a><a href="#cite_note-1">[a]</a> <hr /><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[b]</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Poland</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Invading command:</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Fedor_von_Bock" title="Fedor von Bock">Fedor von Bock</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Gerd_von_Rundstedt" title="Gerd von Rundstedt">Gerd von Rundstedt</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Georg_von_K%C3%BCchler" title="Georg von Küchler">Georg von Küchler</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnther_von_Kluge" title="Günther von Kluge">Günther von Kluge</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Blaskowitz" title="Johannes Blaskowitz">Johannes Blaskowitz</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Walter_von_Reichenau" title="Walter von Reichenau">Walter von Reichenau</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_List" title="Wilhelm List">Wilhelm List</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/War_ensign_of_the_First_Slovak_Republic.svg/23px-War_ensign_of_the_First_Slovak_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/War_ensign_of_the_First_Slovak_Republic.svg/35px-War_ensign_of_the_First_Slovak_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/War_ensign_of_the_First_Slovak_Republic.svg/45px-War_ensign_of_the_First_Slovak_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_%C4%8Catlo%C5%A1" title="Ferdinand Čatloš">Ferdinand Čatloš</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><hr /><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Kovalev" class="mw-redirect" title="Mikhail Kovalev">Mikhail Kovalev</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Semyon_Timoshenko" title="Semyon Timoshenko">Semyon Timoshenko</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Vasily_Kuznetsov_(general)" title="Vasily Kuznetsov (general)">Vasily Kuznetsov</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikifor_Medvedev&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nikifor Medvedev (page does not exist)">Nikifor Medvedev</a> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B2,_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" class="extiw" title="ru:Медведев, Никифор Васильевич">ru</a>] </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Boldin" title="Ivan Boldin">Ivan Boldin</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Zakharkin" title="Ivan Zakharkin">Ivan Zakharkin</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Vasily_Chuikov" title="Vasily Chuikov">Vasily Chuikov</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Sovetnikov" title="Ivan Sovetnikov">Ivan Sovetnikov</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Filipp_Golikov" title="Filipp Golikov">Filipp Golikov</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Tyulenev" title="Ivan Tyulenev">Ivan Tyulenev</a></li></ul> </div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Polish command:</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Edward_Rydz-%C5%9Amig%C5%82y" title="Edward Rydz-Śmigły">Edward Rydz-Śmigły</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Wac%C5%82aw_Stachiewicz" title="Wacław Stachiewicz">Wacław Stachiewicz</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Emil_Krukowicz-Przedrzymirski" title="Emil Krukowicz-Przedrzymirski">Emil Przedrzymirski</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Bortnowski" title="Władysław Bortnowski">Władysław Bortnowski</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Tadeusz_Kutrzeba" title="Tadeusz Kutrzeba">Tadeusz Kutrzeba</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Juliusz_R%C3%B3mmel" title="Juliusz Rómmel">Juliusz Rómmel</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Antoni_Szylling" title="Antoni Szylling">Antoni Szylling</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Kazimierz_Fabrycy" title="Kazimierz Fabrycy">Kazimierz Fabrycy</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Stefan_D%C4%85b-Biernacki" title="Stefan Dąb-Biernacki">Stefan Dąb-Biernacki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Units involved</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Invading armies:</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Army_Group_North" title="Army Group North">Army Group North</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3rd_Army_(Wehrmacht)" title="3rd Army (Wehrmacht)">3rd Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4th_Army_(Wehrmacht)" title="4th Army (Wehrmacht)">4th Army</a></li></ul> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Army_Group_South" title="Army Group South">Army Group South</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/8th_Army_(Wehrmacht)" title="8th Army (Wehrmacht)">8th Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/10th_Army_(Wehrmacht)" title="10th Army (Wehrmacht)">10th Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14th_Army_(Wehrmacht)" title="14th Army (Wehrmacht)">14th Army</a></li></ul> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/War_ensign_of_the_First_Slovak_Republic.svg/23px-War_ensign_of_the_First_Slovak_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/War_ensign_of_the_First_Slovak_Republic.svg/35px-War_ensign_of_the_First_Slovak_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/War_ensign_of_the_First_Slovak_Republic.svg/45px-War_ensign_of_the_First_Slovak_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Field_Army_Bernol%C3%A1k" title="Field Army Bernolák">Field Army Bernolák</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><hr /><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Belorussian_Front_(1939)" class="mw-redirect" title="Belorussian Front (1939)">Belorussian Front</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3rd_Army_(Soviet_Union)" title="3rd Army (Soviet Union)">3rd Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11th_Army_(Soviet_Union)" title="11th Army (Soviet Union)">11th Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belorussian_Front_(1939)" class="mw-redirect" title="Belorussian Front (1939)">Dzerzhinsk CMG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/10th_Army_(Soviet_Union)" title="10th Army (Soviet Union)">10th Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4th_Army_(Soviet_Union)" title="4th Army (Soviet Union)">4th Army</a></li></ul> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Front_(1939)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian Front (1939)">Ukrainian Front</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/5th_Army_(Soviet_Union)" class="mw-redirect" title="5th Army (Soviet Union)">5th Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6th_Army_(Soviet_Union)" class="mw-redirect" title="6th Army (Soviet Union)">6th Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12th_Army_(Soviet_Union)" title="12th Army (Soviet Union)">12th Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Front_(1939)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian Front (1939)">Front Cavalry Group</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[c]</a></li></ul> </li></ul> </div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Polish armies:</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Army" title="Carpathian Army">Carpathian Army</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_Army" title="Kraków Army">Kraków Army</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Lublin_Army" title="Lublin Army">Lublin Army</a><a href="#cite_note-imp-4">[d]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA_Army" title="Łódź Army">Łódź Army</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Modlin_Army" title="Modlin Army">Modlin Army</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Pomeranian_Army" title="Pomeranian Army">Pomeranian Army</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84_Army" title="Poznań Army">Poznań Army</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Prussian_Army_(Polish_Armed_Forces)" title="Prussian Army (Polish Armed Forces)">Prussian Army</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Army" title="Warsaw Army">Warsaw Army</a><a href="#cite_note-imp-4">[d]</a> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Total: 2,000,000+</li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li>Nazi Germany:</li> <li>       66 divisions</li> <li>       6 brigades</li> <li>       9,000 guns<a href="#cite_note-polishgovernment-5">[1]</a></li> <li>       2,750 tanks</li> <li>       2,315 aircraft<a href="#cite_note-6">[2]</a></li> <li>Slovak Republic:</li> <li>       3 divisions</li> <li><hr />Soviet Union:</li> <li>       33+ divisions</li> <li>       11+ brigades</li> <li>       4,959 guns</li> <li>       4,736 tanks</li> <li>       3,300 aircraft</li></ul> </div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Total: 1,000,000<a href="#cite_note-9">[Note 1]</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li>       39 divisions<a href="#cite_note-pereslegin-10">[5]</a></li> <li>       16 brigades<a href="#cite_note-pereslegin-10">[5]</a></li> <li>       4,300 guns<a href="#cite_note-pereslegin-10">[5]</a></li> <li>       210 tanks</li> <li>       670 <a href="/wiki/Tankette" title="Tankette">tankettes</a></li> <li>       800 aircraft<a href="#cite_note-polishgovernment-5">[1]</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Total: 59,000</li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li>Nazi Germany:<a href="#cite_note-15">[Note 2]</a></li> <li>       17,269 killed</li> <li>       30,300 wounded</li> <li>       3,500 missing</li> <li>       236 tanks</li> <li>       800 vehicles</li> <li>       246 aircraft</li> <li>Slovak Republic:</li> <li>       37 killed</li> <li>       11 missing</li> <li>       114 wounded</li> <li>       2 aircraft<a href="#cite_note-Axis_Slovakia:_Hitler's_Slavic_Wedge,_1938-1945-16">[10]</a></li> <li><hr />Soviet Union:<a href="#cite_note-19">[Note 3]</a></li> <li>       1,475 killed</li> <li>       2,383 wounded<a href="#cite_note-Krivosheev-17">[11]</a></li> <li>or   5,327 casualties<a href="#cite_note-WIF-18">[12]</a></li> <li>       43 tanks</li></ul> </div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Total: ~874,700<a href="#cite_note-20">[Note 4]</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li>       66,000 killed</li> <li>       133,700 wounded</li> <li>       ~675,000 captured</li> <li>       132 tanks and cars</li> <li>       327 aircraft</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Polish_September_Campaign" title="Template:Campaignbox Polish September Campaign"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Polish_September_Campaign" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Polish September Campaign"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Polish_September_Campaign" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Polish September Campaign"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Invasion_of_Poland" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Invasion of Poland</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Border" title="Battle of the Border">Battle of the Border</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Wielu%C5%84" title="Bombing of Wieluń">Wieluń</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chojnice_(1939)" title="Battle of Chojnice (1939)">Chojnice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charge_at_Krojanty" title="Charge at Krojanty">Krojanty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lasy_Kr%C3%B3lewskie" title="Battle of Lasy Królewskie">Lasy Królewskie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mokra" title="Battle of Mokra">Mokra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pszczyna" title="Battle of Pszczyna">Pszczyna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Grudzi%C4%85dz" title="Battle of Grudziądz">Grudziądz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_M%C5%82awa" title="Battle of Mława">Mława</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jordan%C3%B3w" title="Battle of Jordanów">Jordanów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Fraustadt" title="Raid on Fraustadt">Fraustadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_W%C4%99gierska_G%C3%B3rka" title="Battle of Węgierska Górka">Węgierska Górka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tuchola_Forest" title="Battle of Tuchola Forest">Tuchola Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cz%C4%99stochowa_(1939)" title="Battle of Częstochowa (1939)">Częstochowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Miko%C5%82%C3%B3w" title="Battle of Mikołów">Mikołów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_of_Katowice" title="Defense of Katowice">Katowice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bukowiec" title="Battle of Bukowiec">Bukowiec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_invasion_of_Poland" title="Slovak invasion of Poland">Slovak invasion</a></li></ul> Baltic coast <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Westerplatte" title="Battle of Westerplatte">Westerplatte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_of_the_Polish_Post_Office_in_Danzig" title="Defence of the Polish Post Office in Danzig">Danzig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Danzig_Bay" title="Battle of Danzig Bay">Danzig Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worek_Plan" title="Worek Plan">Worek Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gdynia" title="Battle of Gdynia">Gdynia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hel" title="Battle of Hel">Hel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_K%C4%99pa_Oksywska" title="Battle of Kępa Oksywska">Kępa Oksywska</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Wielka_Wie%C5%9B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Wielka Wieś (page does not exist)">Wielka Wieś</a></li></ul> 4–10 September <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tomasz%C3%B3w_Mazowiecki" title="Battle of Tomaszów Mazowiecki">Tomaszów Mazowiecki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wizna" title="Battle of Wizna">Wizna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA_(1939)" title="Battle of Łódź (1939)">Łódź</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Borowa_G%C3%B3ra" title="Battle of Borowa Góra">Borowa Góra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Piotrk%C3%B3w_Trybunalski" title="Battle of Piotrków Trybunalski">Piotrków</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_R%C3%B3%C5%BCan" title="Battle of Różan">Różan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pu%C5%82tusk_(1939)" title="Battle of Pułtusk (1939)">Pułtusk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Radom" title="Battle of Radom">Radom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_%C5%81om%C5%BCa_(1939)" title="Battle of Łomża (1939)">Łomża</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Barak" title="Battle of Barak">Barak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wola_Cyrusowa" title="Battle of Wola Cyrusowa">Wola Cyrusowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_of_Ochota_and_Wola_(1939)" title="Defense of Ochota and Wola (1939)">Ochota and Wola</a></li></ul> Northern Front <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Warsaw_(1939)" title="Siege of Warsaw (1939)">Warsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bzura" title="Battle of the Bzura">Bzura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ka%C5%82uszyn" title="Battle of Kałuszyn">Kałuszyn</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_W%C4%99gr%C3%B3w_(1939)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Węgrów (1939) (page does not exist)">Węgrów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wilno_(1939)" title="Battle of Wilno (1939)">Wilno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Modlin" title="Battle of Modlin">Modlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kobry%C5%84" title="Battle of Kobryń">Kobryń</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brze%C5%9B%C4%87_Litewski" title="Battle of Brześć Litewski">Brześć</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tomasz%C3%B3w_Lubelski" title="Battle of Tomaszów Lubelski">2nd Tomaszów Lubelski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_W%C3%B3lka_W%C4%99glowa" title="Battle of Wólka Węglowa">Wólka Węglowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kampinos_Forest" title="Battle of Kampinos Forest">Kampinos Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Krasnystaw" title="Battle of Krasnystaw">Krasnystaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_%C5%81omianki" title="Battle of Łomianki">Łomianki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Krasnobr%C3%B3d_(1939)" title="Battle of Krasnobród (1939)">Krasnobród</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kock_(1939)" title="Battle of Kock (1939)">Kock</a></li></ul> Southern Front <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Przemy%C5%9Bl_(1939)" title="Battle of Przemyśl (1939)">Przemyśl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jaros%C5%82aw" title="Battle of Jarosław">Jarosław</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tomasz%C3%B3w_Lubelski" title="Battle of Tomaszów Lubelski">1st Tomaszów Lubelski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jawor%C3%B3w" title="Battle of Jaworów">Jaworów</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battles_of_Jan%C3%B3w,_Wereszyca,_and_Ho%C5%82osko&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battles of Janów, Wereszyca, and Hołosko (page does not exist)">Janów Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cze%C5%9Bniki" title="Battle of Cześniki">Cześniki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lw%C3%B3w_(1939)" title="Battle of Lwów (1939)">Lwów</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Poland" title="Soviet invasion of Poland">Soviet invasion of Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_invasion_of_Poland" title="Slovak invasion of Poland">Slovak invasion of Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tannenberg" title="Operation Tannenberg">Operation Tannenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_invasion_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of the invasion of Poland">Timeline</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Soviet_invasion_of_Poland" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Soviet_invasion_of_Poland" title="Template:Campaignbox Soviet invasion of Poland"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Soviet_invasion_of_Poland" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Soviet invasion of Poland"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Soviet_invasion_of_Poland" 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<li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Szack" title="Battle of Szack">Szack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Parczew,_Jab%C5%82o%C5%84_and_Milan%C3%B3w" title="Battles of Parczew, Jabłoń and Milanów">Parczew, Jabłoń and Milanów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wytyczno" title="Battle of Wytyczno">Wytyczno</a></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Campaigns_of_World_War_II" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link 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colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/European_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="European theatre of World War II">Europe</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Poland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II" title="Polish resistance movement in World War II">Polish resistance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoney_War" title="Phoney War">Phoney War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland_in_World_War_II" title="Finland in World War II">Finland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Winter_War" title="Winter War">Winter War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuation_War" title="Continuation War">Karelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapland_War" title="Lapland War">Lapland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Weser%C3%BCbung" title="Operation Weserübung">Denmark and Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Western Front (World War II)">Western Front</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_France" title="Battle of France">1940</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Resistance" title="French Resistance">Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_II)#1944–1945:_The_Second_Front" title="Western Front (World War II)">1944–1945</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_France" title="Italian invasion of France">Alps 1940</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Alps" title="Second Battle of the Alps">1944</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Britain" title="Battle of Britain">Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkans_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="Balkans campaign (World War II)">Balkans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Yugoslavia" title="World War II in Yugoslavia">Yugoslavian Partisans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_resistance" title="Greek resistance">Greek resistance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1940%E2%80%931944_insurgency_in_Chechnya" title="1940–1944 insurgency in Chechnya">Chechnya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="Italian campaign (World War II)">Italy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Sicily" title="Allied invasion of Sicily">Sicily</a></li></ul></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Asia-Pacific</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean_theater_of_World_War_II" title="Pacific Ocean theater of World War II">Pacific Ocean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_West_Pacific_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South West Pacific theatre of World War II">South West Pacific</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Thai_War" title="Franco-Thai War">Franco-Thai War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South-East_Asian_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South-East Asian theatre of World War II">South-East Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign" title="Burma campaign">Burma and India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_campaign" title="Japan campaign">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_War" title="Soviet–Japanese War">Manchuria and Northern Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_border_conflicts" title="Soviet–Japanese border conflicts">pre-war border conflicts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attacks_on_Australia_during_World_War_II" title="Attacks on Australia during World War II">Australia</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_and_Middle_East_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II">Mediterranean and Middle East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_African_campaign" title="North African campaign">North Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Desert_campaign" title="Western Desert campaign">Libya-Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Torch" title="Operation Torch">Morocco-Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_campaign" title="Tunisian campaign">Tunisia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African campaign (World War II)">East Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Mediterranean" title="Battle of the Mediterranean">Mediterranean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adriatic_campaign_of_World_War_II" title="Adriatic campaign of World War II">Adriatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Malta_(World_War_II)" title="Siege of Malta (World War II)">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria%E2%80%93Lebanon_campaign" title="Syria–Lebanon campaign">Syria–Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Soviet_invasion_of_Iran" title="Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dodecanese_campaign" title="Dodecanese campaign">Dodecanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Dragoon" title="Operation Dragoon">Southern France</a></li></ul> Other campaigns <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Theater_(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="American Theater (World War II)">Americas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecuadorian%E2%80%93Peruvian_War" title="Ecuadorian–Peruvian War">Ecuador–Peru</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctica_during_World_War_II" title="Antarctica during World War II">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_naval_operations_of_World_War_II" title="Arctic naval operations of World War II">Arctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_warfare_of_World_War_II" title="Air warfare of World War II">Air Warfare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_II" title="Strategic bombing during World War II">Strategic bombing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa_in_World_War_II" title="French West Africa in World War II">French West Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_in_World_War_II" title="Indian Ocean in World War II">Indian Ocean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Madagascar" title="Battle of Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li></ul></li></ul> Coups <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Planned_Nazi_coup_and_invasion_of_Uruguay" title="Planned Nazi coup and invasion of Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1940_Norwegian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" class="mw-redirect" title="1940 Norwegian coup d'état">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Baltic Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Yugoslav coup d'état">Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legionnaires%27_rebellion_and_Bucharest_pogrom" title="Legionnaires' rebellion and Bucharest pogrom">Romania 1941</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1941_Iraqi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1941 Iraqi coup d'état">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Fascist_regime_in_Italy" title="Fall of the Fascist regime in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_Sunday_Coup" title="Palm Sunday Coup">Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20_July_plot" title="20 July plot">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorkovi%C4%87%E2%80%93Voki%C4%87_plot" title="Lorković–Vokić plot">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1944_Romanian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1944 Romanian coup d'état">Romania 1944</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1944_Bulgarian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1944 Bulgarian coup d'état">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Panzerfaust" title="Operation Panzerfaust">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_in_French_Indochina" title="Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina">French Indochina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ky%C5%ABj%C5%8D_incident" title="Kyūjō incident">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsue_incident" title="Matsue incident">Matsue</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div> The Invasion of Poland,<a href="#cite_note-21">[e]</a> also known as the September Campaign,<a href="#cite_note-22">[f]</a> Polish Campaign,<a href="#cite_note-23">[g]</a> and Polish Defensive War of 1939<a href="#cite_note-24">[h]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[13]</a> (1 September – 6 October 1939), was a joint attack on the <a href="/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Republic of Poland</a> by <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Slovak_Republic_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Slovak Republic (1939–1945)">Slovak Republic</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, which marked the <a href="/wiki/Beginning_of_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Beginning of World War II">beginning of World War II</a>.<a href="#cite_note-26">[14]</a> The German invasion began on 1 September 1939, one week after the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact" title="Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact">Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact</a> between Germany and the Soviet Union, and one day after the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Soviet_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union">Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union</a> had approved the pact.<a href="#cite_note-27">[15]</a> One of the aims of the invasion was to divide Polish territory at the end of the operation; Poland was to cease to exist as a country and all Poles ("inferior people") were to be exterminated.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiotrowski1998115-28">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[18]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Poland" title="Soviet invasion of Poland">Soviets invaded Poland</a> on 17 September. The campaign ended on 6 October with Germany and the Soviet Union dividing and annexing the whole of <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> under the terms of the <a href="/wiki/German%E2%80%93Soviet_Frontier_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="German–Soviet Frontier Treaty">German–Soviet Frontier Treaty</a>. The invasion is also known in Poland as the September campaign (<a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>: kampania wrześniowa) or 1939 defensive war (Polish: wojna obronna 1939 roku) and known in Germany as the Poland campaign (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: Überfall auf Polen, Polenfeldzug). German forces invaded Poland from the north, south, and west the morning after the <a href="/wiki/Gleiwitz_incident" title="Gleiwitz incident">Gleiwitz incident</a>. <a href="/wiki/Field_Army_Bernol%C3%A1k" title="Field Army Bernolák">Slovak military</a> forces <a href="/wiki/Slovak_invasion_of_Poland" title="Slovak invasion of Poland">advanced</a> alongside the Germans in northern <a href="/wiki/Slovak_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Slovak State">Slovakia</a>. As the <a href="/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht</a> advanced, Polish forces withdrew from their forward bases of operation close to the <a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Poland_border" title="Germany–Poland border">Germany–Poland border</a> to more established <a href="/wiki/Defense_line" title="Defense line">defense lines</a> to the east. After the mid-September Polish defeat in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bzura" title="Battle of the Bzura">Battle of the Bzura</a>, the Germans gained an undisputed advantage. Polish forces then <a href="/wiki/Plan_West" title="Plan West">withdrew to the southeast</a> where they prepared for a long defence of the <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Bridgehead" title="Romanian Bridgehead">Romanian Bridgehead</a> and awaited expected support and relief from <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">France</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Balisze-31">[19]</a> On 3 September, based on their alliance agreements with Poland, the United Kingdom and France declared war on Germany; in the end their aid to Poland was <a href="/wiki/Western_betrayal" title="Western betrayal">very limited</a>. France invaded a small part of Germany in the <a href="/wiki/Saar_Offensive" title="Saar Offensive">Saar Offensive</a>, and the Polish army was effectively defeated even before the <a href="/wiki/British_Expeditionary_Force_(World_War_II)" title="British Expeditionary Force (World War II)">British Expeditionary Force</a> could be transported to Europe, with the bulk of the BEF in France by the end of September. On 17 September, the Soviet <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> invaded <a href="/wiki/Kresy" title="Kresy">Eastern Poland</a>, the territory beyond the <a href="/wiki/Curzon_Line" title="Curzon Line">Curzon Line</a> that fell into the Soviet "<a href="/wiki/Sphere_of_influence" title="Sphere of influence">sphere of influence</a>" according to the secret protocol of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact; this rendered the Polish plan of defence obsolete.<a href="#cite_note-WIF2-32">[20]</a> Facing a second front, the Polish government concluded the defence of the Romanian Bridgehead was no longer feasible and ordered an emergency evacuation of all troops to neutral <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania">Romania</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanford200520–24-33">[21]</a> On 6 October, following the Polish defeat at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kock_(1939)" title="Battle of Kock (1939)">Battle of Kock</a>, German and Soviet forces gained full control over Poland. The success of the invasion marked the end of the Second Polish Republic, though Poland never formally surrendered. On 8 October, after an initial <a href="/wiki/Military_Administration_in_Poland" title="Military Administration in Poland">period of military administration</a>, Germany <a href="/wiki/Polish_areas_annexed_by_Nazi_Germany" title="Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany">directly annexed</a> western Poland and the former <a href="/wiki/Free_City_of_Danzig" title="Free City of Danzig">Free City of Danzig</a> and placed the remaining block of territory under the administration of the newly established <a href="/wiki/General_Government" title="General Government">General Government</a>. The Soviet Union <a href="/wiki/Territories_of_Poland_annexed_by_the_Soviet_Union" title="Territories of Poland annexed by the Soviet Union">incorporated its newly acquired areas</a> into its constituent <a href="/wiki/Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic">Byelorussian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic">Ukrainian</a> <a href="/wiki/Republics_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Republics of the Soviet Union">republics</a>, and immediately started a campaign of <a href="/wiki/Sovietization" title="Sovietization">Sovietization</a>. In the aftermath of the invasion, a collective of underground <a href="/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II" title="Polish resistance movement in World War II">resistance organizations</a> formed the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Underground_State" title="Polish Underground State">Polish Underground State</a> within the territory of the former Polish state. Many of the military exiles who escaped Poland joined the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Armed_Forces_in_the_West" title="Polish Armed Forces in the West">Polish Armed Forces in the West</a>, an armed force loyal to the <a href="/wiki/Polish_government-in-exile" title="Polish government-in-exile">Polish government-in-exile</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Causes_of_World_War_II" title="Causes of World War II">Causes of World War II</a></div> On 30 January 1933, the <a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_German_Workers%27_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="National Socialist German Workers' Party">National Socialist German Workers' Party</a>, under its leader <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a>, came to power in <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Germany</a>.<a href="#cite_note-34">[22]</a> While some dissident elements within the <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a> had long sought to annex territories belonging to Poland, it was Hitler's own idea and not a realization of any pre-1933 Weimar plans to invade and partition Poland,<a href="#cite_note-35">[23]</a> annex <a href="/wiki/Bohemia" title="Bohemia">Bohemia</a> and Austria, and create <a href="/wiki/Satellite_state" title="Satellite state">satellite</a> or <a href="/wiki/Puppet_state" title="Puppet state">puppet states</a> economically subordinate to Germany.<a href="#cite_note-36">[24]</a> As part of this long-term policy, Hitler at first pursued a policy of <a href="/wiki/Rapprochement" title="Rapprochement">rapprochement</a> with Poland, trying to improve opinion in Germany, culminating in the <a href="/wiki/German%E2%80%93Polish_Non-Aggression_Pact" class="mw-redirect" title="German–Polish Non-Aggression Pact">German–Polish Non-Aggression Pact</a> of 1934.<a href="#cite_note-rothwell-37">[25]</a> Earlier, Hitler's foreign policy worked to weaken <a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93Poland_relations" title="France–Poland relations">ties between Poland and France</a> and attempted to manoeuvre Poland into the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Comintern_Pact" title="Anti-Comintern Pact">Anti-Comintern Pact</a>, forming a cooperative front against the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>.<a href="#cite_note-rothwell-37">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-czoczer150-38">[26]</a> Poland would be granted territory to its northeast in <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a> if it agreed to wage war against the Soviet Union, but the concessions the Poles were expected to make meant that their homeland would become largely dependent on Germany, functioning as little more than a <a href="/wiki/Client_state" title="Client state">client state</a>. The Poles feared that their independence would eventually be threatened altogether;<a href="#cite_note-czoczer150-38">[26]</a> historically Hitler had already denounced the right of Poland to independence in 1930, writing that Poles and Czechs were a "rabble not worth a penny more than the inhabitants of Sudan or India. How can they demand the rights of independent states?"<a href="#cite_note-39">[27]</a> The population of the <a href="/wiki/Free_City_of_Danzig" title="Free City of Danzig">Free City of Danzig</a> was strongly in favour of annexation by Germany, as were many of the ethnic German inhabitants of the Polish territory that separated the German <a href="/wiki/Exclave" class="mw-redirect" title="Exclave">exclave</a> of <a href="/wiki/East_Prussia" title="East Prussia">East Prussia</a> from the rest of the Reich.<a href="#cite_note-40">[28]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Polish_Corridor" title="Polish Corridor">Polish Corridor</a> constituted land long disputed by Poland and Germany, and was inhabited by a <a href="/wiki/Polish_people" title="Polish people">Polish</a> majority. The Corridor had become a part of Poland after the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a>. Many Germans also wanted the urban port city of Danzig and its environs (comprising the Free City of Danzig) to be reincorporated into Germany. Danzig city had a <a href="/wiki/German_people" class="mw-redirect" title="German people">German</a> majority,<a href="#cite_note-Ergebnisse_der_Volks-_und_Berufszählung_Vom_1._November_1923_in_der_Freien_Stadt_Danzig_mit_einem_Anhang:_Die_Ergebnisse_der_Volkszählung_vom_31._August_1924-41">[29]</a> and had been separated from Germany after Versailles and made into the nominally independent Free City. Hitler sought to use this as <a href="/wiki/Casus_belli" title="Casus belli">casus belli</a>, a reason for war, reverse the post-1918 territorial losses, and on many occasions had appealed to <a href="/wiki/German_nationalism" title="German nationalism">German nationalism</a>, promising to "liberate" the <a href="/wiki/German_minority_in_Poland" title="German minority in Poland">German minority</a> still in the Corridor, as well as Danzig.<a href="#cite_note-llsjdm88-42">[30]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title">Events leading to World War II</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"> 1910s</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a> 1919</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Saint-Germain-en-Laye_(1919)" title="Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1919)">Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye</a> 1919</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Polish–Soviet War">Polish–Soviet War</a> 1919–1920</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_War" title="Polish–Lithuanian War">Polish–Lithuanian War</a> 1919–1920</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"> 1920s</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Trianon" title="Treaty of Trianon">Treaty of Trianon</a> 1920</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Rapallo_(1920)" title="Treaty of Rapallo (1920)">Treaty of Rapallo</a> 1920</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Polish_Alliance_(1921)" class="mw-redirect" title="Franco-Polish Alliance (1921)">Franco-Polish alliance</a> 1921</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_on_Rome" title="March on Rome">March on Rome</a> 1922</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corfu_incident" title="Corfu incident">Corfu incident</a> 1923</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Ruhr" title="Occupation of the Ruhr">Occupation of the Ruhr</a> 1923–1925</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mein_Kampf" title="Mein Kampf">Mein Kampf</a> 1925</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Senussi_War" title="Second Italo-Senussi War">Second Italo-Senussi War</a> 1923–1932</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawes_Plan" title="Dawes Plan">Dawes Plan</a> 1924</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locarno_Treaties" title="Locarno Treaties">Locarno Treaties</a> 1925</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Plan" title="Young Plan">Young Plan</a> 1929</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> 1929</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"> 1930s</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Japanese invasion of Manchuria">Japanese invasion of Manchuria</a> 1931</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacification_of_Manchukuo" title="Pacification of Manchukuo">Pacification of Manchukuo</a> 1931–1942</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_28_incident" title="January 28 incident">January 28 incident</a> 1932</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conference_for_the_Reduction_and_Limitation_of_Armaments" title="Conference for the Reduction and Limitation of Armaments">Geneva Conference</a> 1932–1934</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_of_the_Great_Wall" title="Defense of the Great Wall">Defense of the Great Wall</a> 1933</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rehe" title="Battle of Rehe">Battle of Rehe</a> 1933</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler%27s_rise_to_power" title="Adolf Hitler's rise to power">Nazis' rise to power in Germany</a> 1933</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanggu_Truce" title="Tanggu Truce">Tanggu Truce</a> 1933</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Soviet_Pact" title="Italo-Soviet Pact">Italo-Soviet Pact</a> 1933</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actions_in_Inner_Mongolia_(1933%E2%80%931936)" title="Actions in Inner Mongolia (1933–1936)">Inner Mongolian Campaign</a> 1933–1936</li> <li><a href="/wiki/German%E2%80%93Polish_declaration_of_non-aggression" title="German–Polish declaration of non-aggression">German–Polish declaration of non-aggression</a> 1934</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Soviet_Treaty_of_Mutual_Assistance" title="Franco-Soviet Treaty of Mutual Assistance">Franco-Soviet Treaty of Mutual Assistance</a> 1935</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic%E2%80%93Russia_relations#Background" title="Czech Republic–Russia relations">Soviet–Czechoslovakia Treaty of Mutual Assistance</a> 1935</li> <li><a href="/wiki/He%E2%80%93Umezu_Agreement" title="He–Umezu Agreement">He–Umezu Agreement</a> 1935</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-German_Naval_Agreement" title="Anglo-German Naval Agreement">Anglo-German Naval Agreement</a> 1935</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_9th_Movement" title="December 9th Movement">December 9th Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Second Italo-Ethiopian War</a> 1935–1936</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remilitarization_of_the_Rhineland" class="mw-redirect" title="Remilitarization of the Rhineland">Remilitarization of the Rhineland</a> 1936</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1936%E2%80%931939_Arab_revolt_in_Palestine" title="1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine">Arab revolt in Palestine</a> 1936–1939</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a> 1936–1939</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo-German_protocol_of_23_October_1936" title="Italo-German protocol of 23 October 1936">Italo-German "Axis" protocol</a> 1936</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Comintern_Pact" title="Anti-Comintern Pact">Anti-Comintern Pact</a> 1936</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suiyuan_campaign" title="Suiyuan campaign">Suiyuan campaign</a> 1936</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi%27an_Incident" title="Xi'an Incident">Xi'an Incident</a> 1936</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a> 1937–1945</li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Panay_incident" title="USS Panay incident">USS Panay incident</a> 1937</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anschluss" title="Anschluss">Anschluss</a> Mar. 1938</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1938_Polish_ultimatum_to_Lithuania" title="1938 Polish ultimatum to Lithuania">Polish ultimatum to Lithuania</a> Mar. 1938</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_Crisis" title="May Crisis">May Crisis</a> May 1938</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lake_Khasan" title="Battle of Lake Khasan">Battle of Lake Khasan</a> July–Aug. 1938</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bled_agreement_(1938)" title="Bled agreement (1938)">Bled Agreement</a> Aug. 1938</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudetendeutsches_Freikorps#Undeclared_German–Czechoslovak_War" title="Sudetendeutsches Freikorps">Undeclared German–Czechoslovak War</a> Sep. 1938</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munich_Agreement" title="Munich Agreement">Munich Agreement</a> Sep. 1938</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Vienna_Award" title="First Vienna Award">First Vienna Award</a> Nov. 1938</li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Czechoslovakia" class="mw-redirect" title="German occupation of Czechoslovakia">German occupation of Czechoslovakia</a> Mar. 1939</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_invasion_of_Carpatho-Ukraine" title="Hungarian invasion of Carpatho-Ukraine">Hungarian invasion of Carpatho-Ukraine</a> Mar. 1939</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1939_German_ultimatum_to_Lithuania" title="1939 German ultimatum to Lithuania">German ultimatum to Lithuania</a> Mar. 1939</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak%E2%80%93Hungarian_War" title="Slovak–Hungarian War">Slovak–Hungarian War</a> Mar. 1939</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Final_offensive_of_the_Spanish_Civil_War" title="Final offensive of the Spanish Civil War">Final offensive of the Spanish Civil War</a> Mar.–Apr. 1939</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danzig_crisis" title="Danzig crisis">Danzig Crisis</a> Mar.–Aug. 1939</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Polish_alliance#British_assurance_to_Poland" title="Anglo-Polish alliance">British guarantee to Poland</a> Mar. 1939</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_Albania" title="Italian invasion of Albania">Italian invasion of Albania</a> Apr. 1939</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Polish_alliance#Failed_Soviet-Franco-British_alliance" title="Anglo-Polish alliance">Soviet–British–French Moscow negotiations</a> Apr.–Aug. 1939</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pact_of_Steel" title="Pact of Steel">Pact of Steel</a> May 1939</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Khalkhin_Gol" title="Battles of Khalkhin Gol">Battles of Khalkhin Gol</a> May–Sep. 1939</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact" title="Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact">Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact</a> Aug. 1939</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Invasion of Poland</a> Sep. 1939</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Events_leading_to_World_War_II" title="Template:Events leading to World War II"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Events_leading_to_World_War_II" title="Template talk:Events leading to World War II"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Events_leading_to_World_War_II" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Events leading to World War II"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> The invasion was referred to by Germany as the 1939 <a href="/wiki/Defensive_war" title="Defensive war">Defensive War</a> (Verteidigungskrieg) since Hitler proclaimed that Poland had attacked Germany and that "Germans in Poland are persecuted with a bloody terror and are driven from their homes. The series of border violations, which are unbearable to a great power, prove that the Poles no longer are willing to respect the German frontier."<a href="#cite_note-43">[31]</a> Poland participated with Germany in the <a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Czechoslovakia" class="mw-redirect" title="German occupation of Czechoslovakia">partition of Czechoslovakia</a> that followed the <a href="/wiki/Munich_Agreement" title="Munich Agreement">Munich Agreement</a>, although they were not part of the agreement. It coerced Czechoslovakia to surrender the region of <a href="/wiki/%C4%8Cesk%C3%BD_T%C4%9B%C5%A1%C3%ADn" title="Český Těšín">Český Těšín</a> by issuing an ultimatum to that effect on 30 September 1938, which was accepted by Czechoslovakia on 1 October.<a href="#cite_note-44">[32]</a> This region had a Polish majority and had been disputed between Czechoslovakia and Poland in the aftermath of World War I.<a href="#cite_note-45">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[34]</a> The Polish annexation of Slovak territory (several villages in the regions of <a href="/wiki/%C4%8Cadca" title="Čadca">Čadca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orava_(region)" title="Orava (region)">Orava</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spi%C5%A1" title="Spiš">Spiš</a>) later served as the justification for the <a href="/wiki/Slovak_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Slovak state">Slovak state</a> to join the German invasion. By 1937, Germany began to increase its demands for Danzig, while proposing that an <a href="/wiki/Extraterritoriality" title="Extraterritoriality">extraterritorial</a> roadway, part of the <a href="/wiki/Reichsautobahn" title="Reichsautobahn">Reichsautobahn</a> system, be built in order <a href="/wiki/Berlinka" title="Berlinka">to connect East Prussia with Germany proper</a>, running through the Polish Corridor.<a href="#cite_note-Elbing-Königsberg_Autobahn-47">[35]</a> Poland rejected this proposal, fearing that after accepting these demands, it would become increasingly subject to the will of Germany and eventually lose its independence as the Czechs had.<a href="#cite_note-lawweb1-48">[36]</a> Polish leaders also distrusted Hitler.<a href="#cite_note-lawweb1-48">[36]</a> The British were also wary of Germany's increasing strength and assertiveness threatening its <a href="/wiki/Balance_of_power_(international_relations)" title="Balance of power (international relations)">balance of power</a> strategy.<a href="#cite_note-49">[37]</a> On 31 March 1939, Poland formed a <a href="/wiki/Military_alliance" title="Military alliance">military alliance</a> <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Polish_military_alliance" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Polish military alliance">with the United Kingdom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Franco-Polish_alliance_(1921)" class="mw-redirect" title="Franco-Polish alliance (1921)">with France</a>, believing that Polish independence and territorial integrity would be defended with their support if it were to be threatened by Germany.<a href="#cite_note-IU-50">[38]</a> On the other hand, British <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister">Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain">Neville Chamberlain</a> and his <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Secretary" title="Foreign Secretary">Foreign Secretary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Wood,_1st_Earl_of_Halifax" title="Edward Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax">Lord Halifax</a>, still hoped to strike a deal with Hitler regarding Danzig (and possibly the Polish Corridor). Chamberlain and his supporters believed war could be avoided and hoped Germany would agree to leave the rest of Poland alone. German <a href="/wiki/Hegemony" title="Hegemony">hegemony</a> over Central Europe was also at stake. In private, Hitler said in May that Danzig was not the important issue to him, but the creation of <a href="/wiki/Lebensraum" title="Lebensraum">Lebensraum</a> for Germany.<a href="#cite_note-51">[39]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Breakdown_of_talks">Breakdown of talks</h3></div> With tensions mounting, Germany turned to aggressive diplomacy. On 28 April 1939, Hitler <a href="/wiki/Unilateral" class="mw-redirect" title="Unilateral">unilaterally</a> withdrew from both the German-Polish Non-Aggression Pact of 1934 and the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-German_Naval_Agreement" title="Anglo-German Naval Agreement">Anglo-German Naval Agreement</a> of 1935. Talks over Danzig and the Corridor broke down, and months passed without diplomatic interaction between Germany and Poland. During this interim period, the Germans learned that France and Britain had failed to secure an alliance with the Soviet Union against Germany, and that the Soviet Union was interested in an alliance with Germany against Poland. Hitler had already issued orders to prepare for a possible "solution of the Polish problem by military means" through the <a href="/wiki/Fall_Weiss_(1939)" title="Fall Weiss (1939)">Case White</a> scenario. In May, in a statement to his generals while they were in the midst of planning the invasion of Poland, Hitler made it clear that the invasion would not come without resistance as it had in Czechoslovakia:<a href="#cite_note-Clark,_Lloyd_2011,_page_26-52">[40]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">With minor exceptions German national unification has been achieved. Further successes cannot be achieved without bloodshed. Poland will always be on the side of our adversaries... Danzig is not the objective. It is a matter of expanding our living space in the east, of making our food supply secure, and solving the problem of the Baltic states. To provide sufficient food you must have sparsely settled areas. There is therefore no question of sparing Poland, and the decision remains to attack Poland at the first opportunity. We cannot expect a repetition of Czechoslovakia. There will be fighting.<a href="#cite_note-Clark,_Lloyd_2011,_page_26-52">[40]</a></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MolotovRibbentropStalin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Soviet Foreign Minister Vyacheslav Molotov signs the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact. Behind him stand German Foreign Minister Joachim von Ribbentrop and Soviet Premier Joseph Stalin." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/MolotovRibbentropStalin.jpg/170px-MolotovRibbentropStalin.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/MolotovRibbentropStalin.jpg/255px-MolotovRibbentropStalin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/MolotovRibbentropStalin.jpg/340px-MolotovRibbentropStalin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2386" data-file-height="2932" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Vyacheslav_Molotov" title="Vyacheslav Molotov">Vyacheslav Molotov</a> signs the <a href="/wiki/Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact" title="Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact">Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact</a>, a German–Soviet non-aggression pact.</figcaption></figure> On 22 August, just over a week before the onset of war, Hitler delivered a speech to his military commanders at the <a href="/wiki/Obersalzberg" title="Obersalzberg">Obersalzberg</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The object of the war is … physically to destroy the enemy. That is why I have prepared, for the moment only in the East, my <a href="/wiki/SS-Totenkopfverb%C3%A4nde" title="SS-Totenkopfverbände">'Death's Head' formations</a> with orders to kill without pity or mercy all men, women, and children of Polish descent or language. Only in this way can we obtain the living space we need.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiotrowski1998115-28">[16]</a> </blockquote> With the surprise signing of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact on 23 August, the result of secret Nazi–Soviet talks held in <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>, Germany neutralized the possibility of Soviet opposition to a campaign against Poland and war became imminent. In fact, the Soviets agreed not to aid France or the UK in the event of their going to war with Germany over Poland and, in a secret protocol of the pact, the Germans and the Soviets agreed to divide Eastern Europe, including Poland, into two <a href="/wiki/Spheres_of_influence" class="mw-redirect" title="Spheres of influence">spheres of influence</a>; the western one-third of the country was to go to Germany and the eastern two-thirds to the Soviet Union. The German assault was originally scheduled to begin at 4:00 a.m. on 26 August. However, on 25 August, the <a href="/wiki/Polish-British_Common_Defence_Pact" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish-British Common Defence Pact">Polish-British Common Defence Pact</a> was signed as an annex to the Franco-Polish alliance. In this accord, Britain committed itself to the defence of Poland, guaranteeing to preserve Polish independence. At the same time, the British and the Poles were hinting to Berlin that they were willing to resume discussions—not at all how Hitler hoped to frame the conflict. Thus, he wavered and postponed his attack until 1 September, managing to in effect halt the entire invasion "in mid-leap". However, there was one exception: on the night of 25–26 August, a German sabotage group which had not heard anything about a delay of the invasion made an attack on the <a href="/wiki/Jablunkov_Pass" title="Jablunkov Pass">Jablunkov Pass</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mosty_u_Jablunkova" title="Mosty u Jablunkova">Mosty</a> railway station in <a href="/wiki/Silesia" title="Silesia">Silesia</a>. On the morning of 26 August, this group was repelled by Polish troops. The German side described all this as an incident "caused by an insane individual" (see <a href="/wiki/Jab%C5%82onk%C3%B3w_incident" title="Jabłonków incident">Jabłonków incident</a>). On 26 August, Hitler tried to dissuade the British and the French from interfering in the upcoming conflict, even pledging that the Wehrmacht forces would be made available to Britain's empire in the future. The negotiations convinced Hitler that there was little chance the Western Allies would declare war on Germany, and even if they did, because of the lack of "territorial guarantees" to Poland, they would be willing to negotiate a compromise favourable to Germany after its conquest of Poland. Meanwhile, the increased number of overflights by high-altitude <a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance_aircraft" title="Reconnaissance aircraft">reconnaissance aircraft</a> and cross-border troop movements signaled that war was imminent. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Invasion_of_Poland-1939.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Invasion_of_Poland-1939.png/220px-Invasion_of_Poland-1939.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Invasion_of_Poland-1939.png/330px-Invasion_of_Poland-1939.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Invasion_of_Poland-1939.png/440px-Invasion_of_Poland-1939.png 2x" data-file-width="958" data-file-height="923" /></a><figcaption>The map shows the beginning of the European part of World War II in September 1939.</figcaption></figure> On 29 August, prompted by the British, Germany issued one last diplomatic offer, with Fall Weiss yet to be rescheduled. That evening, the German government responded in a communication that it aimed not only for the restoration of Danzig but also the Polish Corridor (which had not previously been part of Hitler's demands) in addition to the safeguarding of the German minority in Poland. It said that they were willing to commence negotiations, but indicated that a Polish representative with the power to sign an agreement had to arrive in Berlin the next day while in the meantime it would draw up a set of proposals.<a href="#cite_note-53">[41]</a> The British Cabinet was pleased that negotiations had been agreed to but, mindful of how <a href="/wiki/Emil_H%C3%A1cha" title="Emil Hácha">Emil Hácha</a> had been forced to sign his country away under similar circumstances just months earlier, regarded the requirement for an immediate arrival of a Polish representative with full signing powers as an unacceptable <a href="/wiki/Ultimatum" title="Ultimatum">ultimatum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-54">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[43]</a> On the night of 30/31 August, German Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Joachim_von_Ribbentrop" title="Joachim von Ribbentrop">Joachim von Ribbentrop</a> read a 16-point German proposal to ambassador <a href="/wiki/Nevile_Henderson" title="Nevile Henderson">Nevile Henderson</a>. When the ambassador requested a copy of the proposals for transmission to the Polish government, Ribbentrop refused, on the grounds that the requested Polish representative had failed to arrive by midnight.<a href="#cite_note-56">[44]</a> When Polish Ambassador Lipski went to see Ribbentrop later on 31 August to indicate that Poland was favorably disposed to negotiations, he announced that he did not have the full power to sign, and Ribbentrop dismissed him. It was then broadcast that Poland had rejected Germany's offer, and negotiations with Poland came to an end. Hitler issued orders for the invasion to commence soon afterwards. On 29 August, Polish Minister of Foreign Affairs <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Beck" title="Józef Beck">Józef Beck</a> ordered military <a href="/wiki/Mobilization" title="Mobilization">mobilization</a>, but under the pressure from Great Britain and France, the mobilization was cancelled. When the final mobilization started, it added to the confusion.<a href="#cite_note-57">[45]</a> On 30 August, the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Navy" title="Polish Navy">Polish Navy</a> sent its destroyer <a href="/wiki/Flotilla" title="Flotilla">flotilla</a> to Britain, executing the <a href="/wiki/Peking_Plan" title="Peking Plan">Peking Plan</a>. On the same day, <a href="/wiki/Marshal_of_Poland" title="Marshal of Poland">Marshal of Poland</a> <a href="/wiki/Edward_Rydz-%C5%9Amig%C5%82y" title="Edward Rydz-Śmigły">Edward Rydz-Śmigły</a> announced the mobilization of Polish troops. However, he was pressured into revoking the order by the French, who apparently still hoped for a diplomatic settlement, failing to realize that the Germans were fully mobilized and concentrated at the Polish border.<a href="#cite_note-58">[46]</a> During the night of 31 August, the <a href="/wiki/Gleiwitz_incident" title="Gleiwitz incident">Gleiwitz incident</a>, a <a href="/wiki/False_flag" title="False flag">false flag</a> attack on the radio station, was staged near the border city of <a href="/wiki/Gliwice" title="Gliwice">Gleiwitz</a> in <a href="/wiki/Upper_Silesia" title="Upper Silesia">Upper Silesia</a> by German units posing as Polish troops, as part of the wider <a href="/wiki/Operation_Himmler" title="Operation Himmler">Operation Himmler</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Himmler-59">[47]</a> On 31 August, Hitler ordered hostilities against Poland to start at 4:45 the next morning. However, partly because of the earlier stoppage, Poland finally managed to mobilize only about 70% of its planned forces (only about 900,000 of 1,350,000 soldiers planned to mobilize in first order), and because of that many units were still forming or moving to their designated frontline positions. The late mobilization reduced combat capability of the Polish Army by about 1/3. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Opposing_forces">Opposing forces</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Opposing_forces_in_the_Polish_September_Campaign" title="Opposing forces in the Polish September Campaign">Opposing forces in the Polish September Campaign</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soviet_order_of_battle_for_invasion_of_Poland_in_1939" title="Soviet order of battle for invasion of Poland in 1939">Soviet order of battle for invasion of Poland in 1939</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Slovak_invasion_of_Poland" title="Slovak invasion of Poland">Slovak invasion of Poland</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germany">Germany</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/German_order_of_battle_for_the_invasion_of_Poland" title="German order of battle for the invasion of Poland">German order of battle for the invasion of Poland</a></div> Germany had a substantial numeric advantage over Poland and had developed a significant military before the conflict. The <a href="/wiki/German_Army_(Wehrmacht)" class="mw-redirect" title="German Army (Wehrmacht)">Heer</a> (army) had 3,472 <a href="/wiki/Tank" title="Tank">tanks</a> in its inventory, of which 2,859 were with the Field Army and 408 with the <a href="/wiki/Replacement_Army" title="Replacement Army">Replacement Army</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJentz199688-60">[48]</a> 453 tanks were assigned into four light divisions, while another 225 tanks were in detached regiments and companies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJentz199691-61">[49]</a> Most notably, the Germans had seven <a href="/wiki/Panzer" class="mw-redirect" title="Panzer">Panzer</a> divisions, with 2,009 tanks between them, using a new <a href="/wiki/Operational_doctrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Operational doctrine">operational doctrine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJentz199690–91-62">[50]</a> It held that these divisions should act in coordination with other elements of the military, punching holes in the enemy line and isolating selected units, which would be <a href="/wiki/Encirclement" title="Encirclement">encircled</a> and destroyed. This would be followed up by less-mobile mechanized infantry and foot soldiers. The <a href="/wiki/Luftwaffe" title="Luftwaffe">Luftwaffe</a> (air force) provided both tactical and strategic <a href="/wiki/Air_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Air power">air power</a>, particularly <a href="/wiki/Dive_bomber" title="Dive bomber">dive bombers</a> that disrupted lines of supply and communications. Together, the new methods were nicknamed "<a href="/wiki/Blitzkrieg" title="Blitzkrieg">Blitzkrieg</a>" (lightning war). While historian <a href="/wiki/Basil_Liddell_Hart" class="mw-redirect" title="Basil Liddell Hart">Basil Liddell Hart</a> claimed "Poland was a full demonstration of the Blitzkrieg theory",<a href="#cite_note-63">[51]</a> <a href="#Misconceptions">some other historians</a> disagree.<a href="#cite_note-Cooper0-64">[52]</a> <a href="/wiki/Aircraft" title="Aircraft">Aircraft</a> played a major role in the campaign. <a href="/wiki/Bomber_aircraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Bomber aircraft">Bombers</a> also attacked cities, causing huge losses amongst the civilian population through <a href="/wiki/Terror_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="Terror bombing">terror bombing</a> and strafing. The Luftwaffe forces consisted of 1,180 <a href="/wiki/Fighter_aircraft" title="Fighter aircraft">fighters</a>, 290 <a href="/wiki/Junkers_Ju_87" title="Junkers Ju 87">Ju 87 Stuka</a> dive bombers, 1,100 conventional bombers (mainly <a href="/wiki/Heinkel_He_111" title="Heinkel He 111">Heinkel He 111s</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dornier_Do_17" title="Dornier Do 17">Dornier Do 17s</a>), and an assortment of 550 transport and 350 reconnaissance aircraft.<a href="#cite_note-65">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[54]</a> In total, Germany had close to 4,000 aircraft, most of them modern. A force of 2,315 aircraft was assigned to Weiss.<a href="#cite_note-67">[55]</a> Due to its earlier participation in the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a>, the Luftwaffe was probably the most experienced, best-trained and best-equipped air force in the world in 1939.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeidner1978162-68">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poland">Poland</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Polish_army_order_of_battle_in_1939" title="Polish army order of battle in 1939">Polish army order of battle in 1939</a> and <a href="/wiki/Plan_West" title="Plan West">Plan West</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Polish_infantry_marching_-2_1939.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photo of a column of troops marching" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Polish_infantry_marching_-2_1939.jpg/170px-Polish_infantry_marching_-2_1939.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Polish_infantry_marching_-2_1939.jpg/255px-Polish_infantry_marching_-2_1939.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Polish_infantry_marching_-2_1939.jpg/340px-Polish_infantry_marching_-2_1939.jpg 2x" data-file-width="616" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Polish Infantry</figcaption></figure> Emerging in 1918 as an independent country after 123 years of the <a href="/wiki/Partitions_of_Poland" title="Partitions of Poland">Partitions of Poland</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Second Polish Republic</a>, when compared with countries such as United Kingdom or Germany, was a relatively indigent and mostly agricultural country. The partitioning powers did not invest in the development of industry, especially in the armaments industry in ethnically Polish areas. Moreover, Poland had to deal with damage caused by <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>. This resulted in the need to build a defense industry from scratch. Between 1936 and 1939, Poland invested heavily in the newly created <a href="/wiki/Centralny_Okr%C4%99g_Przemys%C5%82owy" class="mw-redirect" title="Centralny Okręg Przemysłowy">Central Industrial Region</a>. Preparations for a defensive war with Germany were ongoing for many years, but most plans assumed fighting would not begin before 1942. To raise funds for industrial development, Poland sold much of the modern equipment it produced.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeidner1978177-69">[57]</a> In 1936, a <a href="/wiki/Fundusz_Obrony_Narodowej" title="Fundusz Obrony Narodowej">National Defence Fund</a> was set up to collect funds necessary for strengthening the Polish Armed forces. The <a href="/wiki/Polish_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish Army">Polish Army</a> had approximately a million soldiers, but not all were mobilized by 1 September. Latecomers sustained significant casualties when public transport became targets of the Luftwaffe. The Polish military had fewer armored forces than the Germans, and these units, dispersed within the infantry, were unable to effectively engage the Germans.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeidner1978270-70">[58]</a> Experiences in the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Polish–Soviet War">Polish–Soviet War</a> shaped Polish Army organizational and operational doctrine. Unlike the <a href="/wiki/Trench_warfare" title="Trench warfare">trench warfare</a> of World War I, the Polish–Soviet War was a conflict in which the <a href="/wiki/Cavalry" title="Cavalry">cavalry</a>'s mobility played a decisive role.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeidner1978135-71">[59]</a> Poland acknowledged the benefits of mobility but was unable to invest heavily in many of the expensive, unproven inventions since then. In spite of this, <a href="/wiki/Polish_cavalry" title="Polish cavalry">Polish cavalry</a> <a href="/wiki/Brigade" title="Brigade">brigades</a> were used as mobile <a href="/wiki/Mounted_infantry" title="Mounted infantry">mounted infantry</a> and had some successes against both German infantry and cavalry.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeidner1978158-72">[60]</a> An average Polish infantry division consisted of 16,492 soldiers and was equipped with 326 light and medium machine guns, 132 heavy machine guns, 92 anti-tank rifles and several dozen light, medium, heavy, anti-tank and anti-airplane field artillery. Contrary to the 1,009 cars and trucks and 4,842 horses in the average German infantry division, the average Polish infantry division had 76 cars and trucks and 6,939 horses.<a href="#cite_note-73">[61]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Polish_Air_Force" title="Polish Air Force">Polish Air Force</a> (Lotnictwo Wojskowe) was at a severe disadvantage against the German Luftwaffe due to inferiority in numbers and the obsolescence of its fighter planes. However, contrary to German propaganda, it was not destroyed on the ground—in fact it was successfully dispersed before the conflict started and not a single one of its combat planes was destroyed on the ground in the first days of the conflict.<a href="#cite_note-PeszkeMilitaryAffairs-74">[62]</a> In the era of fast progress in aviation the Polish Air Force lacked modern fighters, vastly due to the cancellation of many advanced projects, such as the <a href="/wiki/PZL.38_Wilk" title="PZL.38 Wilk">PZL.38 Wilk</a> and a delay in the introduction of a completely new modern Polish fighter <a href="/wiki/PZL.50_Jastrz%C4%85b" title="PZL.50 Jastrząb">PZL.50 Jastrząb</a>. However, its pilots were among the world's best trained, as proven a year later in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Britain" title="Battle of Britain">Battle of Britain</a>, in which the Poles played a notable part.<a href="#cite_note-Peszke-75">[63]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PZL_P.11c_%2739_-_2%27_(14336386246).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/PZL_P.11c_%2739_-_2%27_%2814336386246%29.jpg/220px-PZL_P.11c_%2739_-_2%27_%2814336386246%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/PZL_P.11c_%2739_-_2%27_%2814336386246%29.jpg/330px-PZL_P.11c_%2739_-_2%27_%2814336386246%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/PZL_P.11c_%2739_-_2%27_%2814336386246%29.jpg/440px-PZL_P.11c_%2739_-_2%27_%2814336386246%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5225" data-file-height="3031" /></a><figcaption>Polish <a href="/wiki/PZL_P.11" title="PZL P.11">PZL P.11</a> fighter aircraft</figcaption></figure> Overall, the Germans enjoyed numerical and qualitative aircraft superiority. Poland had only about 600 aircraft, of which only <a href="/wiki/PZL.37_%C5%81o%C5%9B" title="PZL.37 Łoś">PZL.37 Łoś</a> heavy bombers were modern and comparable to their German counterparts. The Polish Air Force had roughly 185 <a href="/wiki/PZL_P.11" title="PZL P.11">PZL P.11</a> and some 95 <a href="/wiki/PZL_P.7" title="PZL P.7">PZL P.7</a> fighters, 175 <a href="/wiki/PZL.23_Kara%C5%9B" title="PZL.23 Karaś">PZL.23 Karaś</a> Bs, 35 Karaś as light bombers.<a href="#cite_note-77">[Note 5]</a> However, for the September Campaign, not all of those aircraft were mobilized. By 1 September, out of about 120 heavy bombers PZL.37s produced, only 36 PZL.37s were deployed, the rest being mostly in training units. All those aircraft were of indigenous Polish design, with the bombers being more modern than the fighters, according to the <a href="/wiki/Ludomi%C5%82_Rayski" title="Ludomił Rayski">Ludomił Rayski</a> air force expansion plan, which relied on a strong bomber force. The Polish Air Force consisted of a 'Bomber Brigade', 'Pursuit Brigade' and aircraft assigned to the various ground armies.<a href="#cite_note-78">[65]</a> The Polish fighters were older than their German counterparts; the PZL P.11 fighter—produced in the early 1930s—had a top speed of only 365 km/h (227 mph), far less than German bombers. To compensate, the pilots relied on its maneuverability and high diving speed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeidner1978162-68">[56]</a> The Polish Air Force's decisions to strengthen its resources came too late, mostly due to budget limitations. As a "last minute" order in the summer of 1939, Poland bought 160 French <a href="/wiki/Morane-Saulnier_M.S.406" title="Morane-Saulnier M.S.406">Morane-Saulnier M.S.406</a> fighters and 111 English airplanes (100 light bombers <a href="/wiki/Fairey_Battle" title="Fairey Battle">Fairey Battle</a>, 10 <a href="/wiki/Hawker_Hurricane" title="Hawker Hurricane">Hurricanes</a> and 1 <a href="/wiki/Supermarine_Spitfire" title="Supermarine Spitfire">Supermarine Spitfire</a>; the sale of 150 Spitfires asked by the Polish government was rejected by the Air Ministry).<a href="#cite_note-Wojciech_Mazur-79">[66]</a> Despite the fact that some of the airplanes had been shipped to Poland (the first transport of purchased aircraft on the ship "Lassel" sailed from Liverpool on 28 August<a href="#cite_note-80">[67]</a>), none of them would take part in combat. In late 1938, the Polish Air Force also ordered 300 advanced <a href="/wiki/PZL.46_Sum" title="PZL.46 Sum">PZL.46 Sum</a> light bombers, but due to a delay in starting mass production, none of them were delivered before 1 September.<a href="#cite_note-81">[68]</a> When in the spring of 1939 it turned out that there were problems with the implementation of the new PZL.50 Jastrząb fighter, it was decided to temporarily implement the production of the fighter PZL P 11.G Kobuz. Nevertheless, due to the outbreak of the war, not one of the ordered 90 aircraft of this type were delivered to the army.<a href="#cite_note-82">[69]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:7TP_Polish_Tank.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A Polish 7TP light tank" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/7TP_Polish_Tank.png/220px-7TP_Polish_Tank.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/7TP_Polish_Tank.png/330px-7TP_Polish_Tank.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/7TP_Polish_Tank.png/440px-7TP_Polish_Tank.png 2x" data-file-width="704" data-file-height="497" /></a><figcaption>Polish <a href="/wiki/7TP" title="7TP">7TP</a> light tanks in formation during maneuvers</figcaption></figure> The tank force consisted of two armored brigades, four independent tank battalions and some 30 companies of <a href="/wiki/TKS" title="TKS">TKS</a> tankettes attached to infantry divisions and cavalry brigades.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeidner1978122-83">[70]</a> A standard tank of the Polish Army during the invasion of 1939 was the <a href="/wiki/7TP" title="7TP">7TP</a> light tank. It was the first tank in the world to be equipped with a diesel engine and <a href="/wiki/Vickers_Tank_Periscope_MK.IV" title="Vickers Tank Periscope MK.IV">360° Gundlach periscope</a>.<a href="#cite_note-84">[71]</a> The 7TP was significantly better armed than its most common opponents, the German <a href="/wiki/Panzer_I" title="Panzer I">Panzer I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Panzer_II" title="Panzer II">II</a>, but only 140 tanks were produced between 1935 and the outbreak of the war. Poland had also a few relatively modern imported designs, such as 50 <a href="/wiki/Renault_R35" title="Renault R35">Renault R35</a> tanks and 38 <a href="/wiki/Vickers_E" class="mw-redirect" title="Vickers E">Vickers E</a> tanks. The Polish Navy was a small fleet of <a href="/wiki/Destroyer" title="Destroyer">destroyers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Submarine" title="Submarine">submarines</a> and smaller support vessels. Most Polish surface units followed Operation Peking, leaving Polish ports on 20 August and escaping by way of the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a> to join with the British <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a>. Submarine forces participated in <a href="/wiki/Worek_Plan" title="Worek Plan">Operation Worek</a>, with the goal of engaging and damaging German shipping in the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a>, but they had much less success. In addition, many <a href="/wiki/Ship_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Ship transport">merchant marine</a> ships joined the British merchant fleet and took part in wartime <a href="/wiki/Convoy" title="Convoy">convoys</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Details">Details</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="German_plan">German plan</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Poland1939_GermanPlanMap.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Map showing the dispositions of the opposing forces on 31 August 1939, with the German plan of attack overlaid in pink." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Poland1939_GermanPlanMap.jpg/240px-Poland1939_GermanPlanMap.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Poland1939_GermanPlanMap.jpg/360px-Poland1939_GermanPlanMap.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Poland1939_GermanPlanMap.jpg/480px-Poland1939_GermanPlanMap.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1256" data-file-height="956" /></a><figcaption>Dispositions of the opposing forces on 31 August 1939, with the German order of battle overlaid in pink.</figcaption></figure> The September Campaign was devised by General <a href="/wiki/Franz_Halder" title="Franz Halder">Franz Halder</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_General_Staff_(Germany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief of the General Staff (Germany)">chief of the general staff</a>, and directed by General <a href="/wiki/Walther_von_Brauchitsch" title="Walther von Brauchitsch">Walther von Brauchitsch</a> the <a href="/wiki/Commander_in_chief" class="mw-redirect" title="Commander in chief">commander in chief</a> of the <a href="/wiki/German_Army_(1935%E2%80%931945)" title="German Army (1935–1945)">German ground forces</a>. It called for the start of hostilities before a <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_war" title="Declaration of war">declaration of war</a>, and pursued a doctrine of mass encirclement and destruction of enemy forces. The infantry, far from completely mechanized but fitted with fast-moving artillery and logistic support, was to be supported by Panzers and small numbers of truck-mounted infantry (the Schützen regiments, forerunners of the <a href="/wiki/Panzergrenadiers" class="mw-redirect" title="Panzergrenadiers">panzergrenadiers</a>) to assist the rapid movement of troops and concentrate on <a href="/wiki/Schwerpunkt" class="mw-redirect" title="Schwerpunkt">localized parts</a> of the enemy <a href="/wiki/Military_front" class="mw-redirect" title="Military front">front</a>, eventually isolating segments of the enemy, surrounding, and destroying them. The prewar "armoured idea", which an American journalist in 1939 dubbed Blitzkrieg, which was advocated by some generals, including <a href="/wiki/Heinz_Guderian" title="Heinz Guderian">Heinz Guderian</a>, would have had the armour punching holes in the enemy's front and ranging deep into rear areas, but the campaign in Poland would be fought along more traditional lines. That stemmed from conservatism on the part of the German High Command, which mainly restricted the role of armour and mechanized forces to supporting the conventional infantry divisions.<a href="#cite_note-myc-85">[72]</a> Poland's terrain was well suited for mobile operations when the weather co-operated; the country had flat <a href="/wiki/Plains" class="mw-redirect" title="Plains">plains</a>, with long frontiers totalling almost 5,600 km (3,500 mi). Poland's long border with Germany on the west and north, facing East Prussia, extended 2,000 km (1,200 mi). It had been lengthened by another 300 km (190 mi) on the southern side in the aftermath of the 1938 Munich Agreement. The German incorporation of <a href="/wiki/Bohemia_and_Moravia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bohemia and Moravia">Bohemia and Moravia</a> and creation of the German puppet state of <a href="/wiki/History_of_Slovakia#World_War_II" title="History of Slovakia">Slovakia</a> meant that Poland's southern flank was also exposed.<a href="#cite_note-Janzyk2017-86">[73]</a> Hitler demanded that Poland be conquered in six weeks, but German planners thought that it would require three months.<a href="#cite_note-knickerbocker1941-87">[74]</a> They intended to exploit their long border fully with the great enveloping manoeuver of Fall Weiss. German units were to invade Poland from three directions: <ul><li>A main attack over the western Polish border, which was to be carried out by Army Group South, commanded by Colonel General <a href="/wiki/Gerd_von_Rundstedt" title="Gerd von Rundstedt">Gerd von Rundstedt</a>, attacking from German <a href="/wiki/Silesia" title="Silesia">Silesia</a> and from the <a href="/wiki/Moravia" title="Moravia">Moravian</a> and Slovak border. General <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Blaskowitz" title="Johannes Blaskowitz">Johannes Blaskowitz</a>'s 8th Army was to drive eastward against <a href="/wiki/%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA" title="Łódź">Łódź</a>. General <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_List" title="Wilhelm List">Wilhelm List</a>'s 14th Army was to push on toward <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a> and to turn the Poles' <a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Mountains" title="Carpathian Mountains">Carpathian</a> flank. General <a href="/wiki/Walter_von_Reichenau" title="Walter von Reichenau">Walter von Reichenau</a>'s 10th Army, in the centre with Army Group South's armour, was to deliver the decisive blow with a northeastward thrust into the heart of Poland.</li> <li>A second route of attack from northern <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussia</a>. Colonel General <a href="/wiki/Fedor_von_Bock" title="Fedor von Bock">Fedor von Bock</a> commanded Army Group North, comprising General <a href="/wiki/Georg_von_K%C3%BCchler" title="Georg von Küchler">Georg von Küchler</a>'s 3rd Army, which was to strike southward from East Prussia, and General <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnther_von_Kluge" title="Günther von Kluge">Günther von Kluge</a>'s 4th Army, which was to attack eastward across the base of the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Corridor" title="Polish Corridor">Polish Corridor</a>.</li> <li>A tertiary attack by part of Army Group South's allied <a href="/wiki/Slovak_Republic_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Slovak Republic (1939–1945)">Slovak</a> units from Slovakia.</li> <li>From within Poland, the German minority would assist by engaging in diversion and sabotage operations by <a href="/wiki/Volksdeutscher_Selbstschutz" title="Volksdeutscher Selbstschutz">Volksdeutscher Selbstschutz</a> units that had been prepared before the war.<a href="#cite_note-myc-85">[72]</a></li></ul> All three assaults were to converge on <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a>, and the main Polish army was to be encircled and destroyed west of the <a href="/wiki/Vistula" title="Vistula">Vistula</a>. Fall Weiss was initiated on 1 September 1939 and was the first operation of <a href="/wiki/European_Theatre_of_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="European Theatre of World War II">Second World War in Europe</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Polish_defence_plan">Polish defence plan</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dywizje_wrzesien_1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Map showing deployment of German, Polish and Slovak divisions on 1 September 1939, immediately before the German invasion." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Dywizje_wrzesien_1.png/220px-Dywizje_wrzesien_1.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Dywizje_wrzesien_1.png/330px-Dywizje_wrzesien_1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Dywizje_wrzesien_1.png/440px-Dywizje_wrzesien_1.png 2x" data-file-width="883" data-file-height="933" /></a><figcaption>Deployment of German, Polish and Slovak divisions immediately before the German invasion.</figcaption></figure> The Polish determination to deploy forces directly at the German-Polish border, prompted by the Polish-British Common Defence Pact, shaped the country's defence plan, "<a href="/wiki/Plan_West" title="Plan West">Plan West</a>". Poland's most valuable natural resources, industry and population were along the western border in <a href="/wiki/Silesian_Voivodeship_(1920%E2%80%931939)" title="Silesian Voivodeship (1920–1939)">Eastern Upper Silesia</a>. Polish policy centred on their protection, especially since many politicians feared that if Poland retreated from the regions disputed by Germany, Britain and France would sign a <a href="/wiki/Separate_peace" title="Separate peace">separate peace</a> treaty with Germany like the 1938 Munich Agreement and allow Germany to stay in those regions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeidner197868-88">[75]</a> The fact that none of Poland's allies had specifically guaranteed Polish borders or <a href="/wiki/Territorial_integrity" title="Territorial integrity">territorial integrity</a> was another Polish concern. These reasons made the Polish government disregard French advice to deploy the bulk of its forces behind natural barriers, such as the Vistula and <a href="/wiki/San_(river)" title="San (river)">San</a> Rivers, despite some Polish generals supporting the idea to be a better strategy. The West Plan allowed the Polish armies to retreat inside the country, but that was supposed to be a slow retreat behind prepared positions intended to give the armed forces time to complete its mobilization and execute a general <a href="/wiki/Counteroffensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Counteroffensive">counteroffensive</a> with the support of the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Western Allies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeidner1978122-83">[70]</a> In case of a failure to defend most of the territory, the army was to retreat to the south-east of the country, where the rough terrain, the <a href="/wiki/Stryi_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Stryi River">Stryj</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dniestr" class="mw-redirect" title="Dniestr">Dniestr</a> rivers, valleys, hills and swamps would provide natural lines of defence against the German advance, and the <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Bridgehead" title="Romanian Bridgehead">Romanian Bridgehead</a> could be created. The Polish General Staff had not begun elaborating the "West" defence plan until 4 March 1939. It was assumed that the Polish Army, fighting in the initial phase of the war alone, would have to defend the western regions of the country. The plan of operations took into account the numerical and material superiority of the enemy and, also assumed the defensive character of Polish operations. The Polish intentions were defending the western regions that were judged as indispensable for waging the war, taking advantage of the propitious conditions for counterattacks by reserve units and avoiding it from being smashed before the beginning of Franco-British operations in Western Europe. The <a href="/wiki/Operation_plan" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation plan">operation plan</a> had not been elaborated in detail and concerned only the first stage of operations.<a href="#cite_note-Wojna_Obronna-89">[76]</a> The British and the French estimated that Poland would be able to defend itself for two to three months, and Poland estimated it could do so for at least six months. While Poland drafted its estimates based upon the expectation that the Western Allies would honor their treaty obligations and quickly start an offensive of their own, the French and the British expected the war to develop into trench warfare, much like World War I. The Polish government was not notified of the strategy and based all of its defence plans on promises of quick relief by the Western Allies.<a href="#cite_note-Piątkowski-90">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-Raczyński-91">[78]</a> Polish forces were stretched thinly along the Polish-German border and lacked compact defence lines and good defence positions along disadvantageous terrain. That strategy also left <a href="/wiki/Supply_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Supply line">supply lines</a> poorly protected. One-third of Poland's forces were massed in or near the Polish Corridor, making them vulnerable to a <a href="/wiki/Pincer_movement" title="Pincer movement">double envelopment</a> from East Prussia and the west. Another third was concentrated in the north-central part of the country, between the major cities of Łódź and Warsaw.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeidner1978304-92">[79]</a> The forward positioning of Polish forces vastly increased the difficulty of carrying out strategic maneuvres, compounded by inadequate mobility, as Polish units often lacked the ability to retreat from their defensive positions, as they were being overrun by more mobile German mechanized formations.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-93">[80]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Peking.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photo of three Polish destroyers executing the Peking Plan and evacuating to British before the start of the invasion." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Peking.jpg/220px-Peking.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Peking.jpg/330px-Peking.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Peking.jpg/440px-Peking.jpg 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="487" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Peking_Plan" title="Peking Plan">Peking Plan</a>: Polish destroyers evacuate the Baltic Sea en route to the United Kingdom.</figcaption></figure> As the prospect of conflict increased, the British government pressed Marshal Edward Śmigły-Rydz to evacuate the most modern elements of the Polish Navy from the Baltic Sea.<a href="#cite_note-PN-94">[81]</a> In the event of war, the Polish military leaders realized that the ships that remained in the Baltic were likely to be quickly sunk by the Germans. Furthermore, since the <a href="/wiki/Danish_straits" title="Danish straits">Danish straits</a> were well within operating range of the German <a href="/wiki/Kriegsmarine" title="Kriegsmarine">Kriegsmarine</a> and Luftwaffe, there was little chance of an evacuation plan succeeding if it were implemented after hostilities began. Four days after the signing of the Polish-British Common Defence Pact, three destroyers of the Polish Navy executed the Peking Plan and so evacuated to Great Britain.<a href="#cite_note-PN-94">[81]</a> Although the Polish military had prepared for conflict, the civilian population remained largely unprepared. Polish prewar <a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">propaganda</a> emphasized that any German invasion would be easily repelled. That made Polish defeats during the German invasion come as a shock to the civilian population.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-93">[80]</a> Lacking training for such a disaster, the civilian population panicked and retreated east, spreading chaos, lowering the troops' morale and making road transportation for Polish troops very difficult.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-93">[80]</a> The propaganda also had some negative consequences for the Polish troops themselves, whose communications, disrupted by German mobile units operating in the rear and civilians blocking roads, were further thrown into chaos by bizarre reports from Polish radio stations and newspapers, which often reported imaginary victories and other military operations. That led to some Polish troops being encircled or taking a stand against overwhelming odds when they thought they were actually counterattacking or would soon receive reinforcements from other victorious areas.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-93">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="German_invasion">German invasion</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Poland2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Map showing the advance made by the Germans and the disposition of German and Polish troops on 14 September 1939." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Poland2.jpg/240px-Poland2.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Poland2.jpg/360px-Poland2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Poland2.jpg/480px-Poland2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1256" data-file-height="956" /></a><figcaption>Map showing the advances made by the Germans, and the disposition of all troops from 1 to 14 September</figcaption></figure> Following several German-staged incidents, such as the Gleiwitz incident, part of Operation Himmler, which German propaganda used as a <a href="/wiki/Pretext" title="Pretext">pretext</a> to claim that German forces were acting in self-defence, one of the first acts of war took place on 1 September 1939. At 04:45, the old German <a href="/wiki/Pre-dreadnought_battleship" title="Pre-dreadnought battleship">pre-dreadnought battleship</a> <a href="/wiki/German_battleship_Schleswig-Holstein" class="mw-redirect" title="German battleship Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</a> opened fire on the Polish military transit depot and coastal fort at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Westerplatte" title="Battle of Westerplatte">Westerplatte</a>, in the Free City of Danzig, on the Baltic Sea.<a href="#cite_note-95">[82]</a> However, in many places, German units crossed the Polish border even before that time. Around then, the Luftwaffe attacked a number of military and civilian targets, <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Wielu%C5%84" title="Bombing of Wieluń">including Wieluń</a>, the first large-scale city bombing of the war. At 08:00, German troops, still without a formal declaration of war issued, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mokra" title="Battle of Mokra">attacked near the Polish village of Mokra</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Border" title="Battle of the Border">Battle of the Border</a> had begun. Later that day, the Germans attacked Poland's western, southern and northern borders, and German aircraft began raids on Polish cities. The main axis of attack led eastwards from Germany through the western Polish border. Supporting attacks came from East Prussia, in the north, and a joint German-Slovak tertiary attack by units (<a href="/wiki/Field_Army_Bernol%C3%A1k" title="Field Army Bernolák">Field Army "Bernolák"</a>) from the German-allied Slovak Republic, in the south. All three assaults converged on the Polish capital, Warsaw.<a href="#cite_note-Forczyk2019-96">[83]</a> France and Britain declared war on Germany on 3 September, but <a href="/wiki/Western_betrayal" title="Western betrayal">failed to provide any meaningful support</a>. The German-French border <a href="/wiki/Saar_Offensive" title="Saar Offensive">saw only a few minor skirmishes</a>, and most German forces, including 85% of armoured forces, were engaged in Poland. Despite some Polish successes in minor border battles, the German technical, operational and numerical superiority forced the Polish armies to retreat from the borders towards Warsaw and <a href="/wiki/Lw%C3%B3w" class="mw-redirect" title="Lwów">Lwów</a>. The Luftwaffe gained <a href="/wiki/Air_superiority" class="mw-redirect" title="Air superiority">air superiority</a> early in the campaign. By destroying communications, the Luftwaffe increased the pace of the advance which overran Polish airstrips and early warning sites, causing logistical problems for the Poles. Many Polish Air Force units ran low on supplies, and 98 of their number withdrew into neutral Romania.<a href="#cite_note-E.R_Hooton,_p87-97">[84]</a> The Polish initial strength of 400 was reduced to 54 by 14 September and air opposition virtually ceased,<a href="#cite_note-E.R_Hooton,_p87-97">[84]</a> with the main Polish air bases destroyed during the first 48 hours of the war.<a href="#cite_note-gunther1940-98">[85]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-S55480,_Polen,_Parade_vor_Adolf_Hitler.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-S55480%2C_Polen%2C_Parade_vor_Adolf_Hitler.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-S55480%2C_Polen%2C_Parade_vor_Adolf_Hitler.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-S55480%2C_Polen%2C_Parade_vor_Adolf_Hitler.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-S55480%2C_Polen%2C_Parade_vor_Adolf_Hitler.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-S55480%2C_Polen%2C_Parade_vor_Adolf_Hitler.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-S55480%2C_Polen%2C_Parade_vor_Adolf_Hitler.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="532" /></a><figcaption>Hitler watching German soldiers march into Poland in September 1939.</figcaption></figure> Germany attacked from three directions on land. Günther von Kluge led 20 divisions that entered the Polish Corridor and met a second force heading to Warsaw from East Prussia. Gerd von Rundstedt's 35 divisions attacked southern Poland.<a href="#cite_note-gunther1940-98">[85]</a> By 3 September, when von Kluge in the north had reached the Vistula River, then some 10 km (6.2 mi) from the German border, and <a href="/wiki/Georg_von_K%C3%BCchler" title="Georg von Küchler">Georg von Küchler</a> was approaching the <a href="/wiki/Narew" title="Narew">Narew</a> River, <a href="/wiki/Walther_von_Reichenau" class="mw-redirect" title="Walther von Reichenau">Walther von Reichenau</a>'s armour was already beyond the <a href="/wiki/Warta" title="Warta">Warta</a> river. Two days later, his left wing was well to the rear of Łódź and his right wing at the town of <a href="/wiki/Kielce" title="Kielce">Kielce</a>. On 7 September, the defenders of Warsaw had fallen back to a 48 km (30 mi) line paralleling the Vistula River, where they rallied against German tank thrusts. The defensive line ran between <a href="/wiki/P%C5%82o%C5%84sk" title="Płońsk">Płońsk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pu%C5%82tusk" title="Pułtusk">Pułtusk</a>, respectively north-west and north-east of Warsaw. The right wing of the Poles had been hammered back from <a href="/wiki/Ciechan%C3%B3w" title="Ciechanów">Ciechanów</a>, about 40 km (25 mi) north-west of Pułtusk, and was pivoting on Płońsk. At one stage, the Poles were driven from Pułtusk, and the Germans threatened to turn the Polish flank and thrust on to the Vistula and Warsaw. Pułtusk, however, was regained in the face of withering German fire. Many German tanks were captured after a German attack had pierced the line, but the Polish defenders outflanked them.<a href="#cite_note-Poles_Holding_Line-99">[86]</a> By 8 September, one of Reichenau's armoured corps, having advanced 225 km (140 mi) during the first week of the campaign, reached the outskirts of Warsaw. Light divisions on Reichenau's right were on the Vistula between Warsaw and the town of <a href="/wiki/Sandomierz" title="Sandomierz">Sandomierz</a> by 9 September, and List, in the south, was on the <a href="/wiki/San_River" class="mw-redirect" title="San River">San River</a> north and south of the town of <a href="/wiki/Przemy%C5%9Bl" title="Przemyśl">Przemyśl</a>. At the same time, Guderian led his 3rd Army tanks across the Narew, attacking the line of the <a href="/wiki/Bug_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Bug River">Bug River</a> that had already encircled Warsaw. All of the German armies made progress in fulfilling their parts of the plan. The Polish armies split up into uncoordinated fragments, some of which were retreating while others were launching disjointed attacks on the nearest German columns. During this invasion, Hitler's troops made extensive use of <a href="/wiki/Pervitin" class="mw-redirect" title="Pervitin">Pervitin</a>, a recently discovered methamphetamine, which enabled the constant movement of the troops, who no longer felt the need to sleep for several days. The drug would later also be used, this time officially distributed, in the invasions of France and the USSR.<a href="#cite_note-100">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[88]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Polish_infantry_in_attack_1939.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Polish_infantry_in_attack_1939.jpg/220px-Polish_infantry_in_attack_1939.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Polish_infantry_in_attack_1939.jpg/330px-Polish_infantry_in_attack_1939.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4e/Polish_infantry_in_attack_1939.jpg 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="378" /></a><figcaption>Polish infantry in attack</figcaption></figure> Polish forces abandoned the regions of <a href="/wiki/Pomerelia" title="Pomerelia">Pomerelia</a> (the Polish Corridor), <a href="/wiki/Greater_Poland" title="Greater Poland">Greater Poland</a> and Polish Upper Silesia in the first week. The Polish plan for border defence was a dismal failure. The German advance, as a whole, was not slowed. On 10 September, the Polish commander-in-chief, Marshal Edward Rydz-Śmigły, ordered a general <a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_(military)" title="Withdrawal (military)">retreat</a> to the south-east, towards the Romanian Bridgehead.<a href="#cite_note-Stanley_S_1977,_pp._29-102">[89]</a> Meanwhile, the Germans were tightening their encirclement of the Polish forces west of the Vistula (in the Łódź area and, still farther west, around <a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84" title="Poznań">Poznań</a>) and penetrating deeply into eastern Poland. Warsaw, which had undergone heavy aerial bombardment since the first hours of the war, was attacked on 9 September and was <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Warsaw_(1939)" title="Siege of Warsaw (1939)">put under siege</a> on 13 September. Around then, advanced German forces also reached Lwów, a major city in eastern Poland, and 1,150 German aircraft bombed Warsaw on 24 September. The Polish defensive plan called for a strategy of encirclement. It would allow the Germans to advance in between two Polish Army groups in the line between Berlin and Warsaw-Lodz, and <a href="/wiki/Armia_Prusy" class="mw-redirect" title="Armia Prusy">Armia Prusy</a> would then move in and repulse the German spearhead, trapping it. For that to happen, Armia Prusy needed to be fully mobilized by 3 September. However, Polish military planners failed to foresee the speed of the German advance and assumed that Armia Prusy would need to be fully mobilized by 16 September.<a href="#cite_note-103">[90]</a> The largest battle during this campaign, the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bzura" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Bzura">Battle of Bzura</a>, took place near the <a href="/wiki/Bzura" title="Bzura">Bzura</a> River, west of Warsaw, and lasted from 9 to 19 September. The Polish armies Poznań and Pomorze, retreating from the border area of the Polish Corridor, attacked the flank of the advancing German 8th Army, but the counterattack failed despite initial success. After the defeat, Poland lost its ability to take the initiative and counterattack on a large scale. The German air power was instrumental during the battle. The offensive of the Luftwaffe broke what remained of the Polish resistance in an "awesome demonstration of air power".<a href="#cite_note-E.R_Hooton,_p91-104">[91]</a> The Luftwaffe quickly destroyed the bridges across the Bzura River. Then, the Polish forces were trapped out in the open and were attacked by wave after wave of Stukas, dropping 50 kg (110 lb) light bombs, which caused huge numbers of casualties. The Polish <a href="/wiki/Anti-aircraft_warfare" title="Anti-aircraft warfare">anti-aircraft batteries</a> ran out of ammunition and retreated to the forests but were then smoked out by the Heinkel He 111 and Dornier Do 17s dropping 100 kg (220 lb) incendiaries. The Luftwaffe left the army with the task of mopping up survivors. The Stukageschwaders alone dropped 388 <a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">t</a> (428 <a href="/wiki/Short_ton" title="Short ton">short tons</a>) of bombs during the battle.<a href="#cite_note-E.R_Hooton,_p91-104">[91]</a> By 12 September, all of Poland west of the Vistula had been conquered except for the isolated Warsaw.<a href="#cite_note-gunther1940-98">[85]</a> The Polish government, led by President <a href="/wiki/Ignacy_Mo%C5%9Bcicki" title="Ignacy Mościcki">Ignacy Mościcki</a>, and the high command, led by Marshal Edward Rydz-Śmigły, left Warsaw in the first days of the campaign and headed southeast, reaching <a href="/wiki/Lublin" title="Lublin">Lublin</a> on 6 September. From there, it moved on 9 September to Kremenez and, on 13 September to Zaleshiki, on the Romanian border.<a href="#cite_note-105">[92]</a> Rydz-Śmigły ordered the Polish forces to retreat in the same direction, behind the Vistula and San Rivers, beginning the preparations for the defence of the Romanian Bridgehead area.<a href="#cite_note-Stanley_S_1977,_pp._29-102">[89]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soviet_invasion">Soviet invasion</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Poland" title="Soviet invasion of Poland">Soviet invasion of Poland</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Poland1939_after_14_Sep.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Map showing the disposition of all troops following the Soviet invasion." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Poland1939_after_14_Sep.jpg/240px-Poland1939_after_14_Sep.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Poland1939_after_14_Sep.jpg/360px-Poland1939_after_14_Sep.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Poland1939_after_14_Sep.jpg/480px-Poland1939_after_14_Sep.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1256" data-file-height="956" /></a><figcaption>Disposition of all troops following the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Poland" title="Soviet invasion of Poland">Soviet invasion</a>.</figcaption></figure> From the beginning, the German government repeatedly asked Molotov whether the Soviet Union would keep to its side of the partition bargain.<a href="#cite_note-106">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-SCHULENBURG-107">[94]</a> The Soviet forces were holding fast along their designated invasion points pending finalization of the five-month-long undeclared war with <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> in the Far East, successful end of the conflict for the Soviet Union, which occurred in the <a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Khalkhin_Gol" title="Battles of Khalkhin Gol">Battles of Khalkhin Gol</a>. On 15 September 1939, Molotov and <a href="/wiki/Shigenori_T%C5%8Dg%C5%8D" title="Shigenori Tōgō">Shigenori Tōgō</a> completed their agreement that ended the conflict, and the <a href="/wiki/Nomonhan" title="Nomonhan">Nomonhan</a> ceasefire went into effect on 16 September 1939. Now cleared of any "second front" threat from the Japanese, Soviet Premier <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> ordered his forces into Poland on 17 September.<a href="#cite_note-Goldman_p._163,_164-108">[95]</a> It was agreed that the Soviets would relinquish its interest in the territories between the new border and Warsaw in exchange for inclusion of <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a> in the Soviet "zone of interest". By 17 September, the Polish defence had already been broken and the only hope was to retreat and reorganize along the Romanian Bridgehead. However, the plans were rendered obsolete nearly overnight when the over 800,000-strong Soviet <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> entered and created the Belarusian and <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Front_(1939)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian Front (1939)">Ukrainian</a> <a href="/wiki/Front_(Soviet_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="Front (Soviet Army)">fronts</a> after they had invaded the eastern regions of Poland, in violation of the <a href="/wiki/Riga_Peace_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Riga Peace Treaty">Riga Peace Treaty</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Polish_Non-Aggression_Pact" title="Soviet–Polish Non-Aggression Pact">Soviet–Polish Non-Aggression Pact</a>, and other international treaties, both bilateral and multilateral.<a href="#cite_note-110">[Note 6]</a> Soviet diplomacy had lied that they were "protecting the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Belarusians" title="Belarusians">Belarusian</a> minorities of eastern Poland since the Polish government had abandoned the country and the Polish state ceased to exist".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiotrowski1998295-111">[97]</a> The Polish border defence forces in the east, known as the <a href="/wiki/Korpus_Ochrony_Pogranicza" class="mw-redirect" title="Korpus Ochrony Pogranicza">Korpus Ochrony Pogranicza</a>, had about 25 battalions. Rydz-Śmigły ordered them to fall back and not to engage the Soviets.<a href="#cite_note-Stanley_S_1977,_pp._29-102">[89]</a> That, however, did not prevent some clashes and small battles, such as the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Grodno_(1939)" title="Battle of Grodno (1939)">Battle of Grodno</a>, as soldiers and locals attempted to defend the city. The Soviets executed numerous Polish officers, including <a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">prisoners of war</a> like General <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Olszyna-Wilczy%C5%84ski" title="Józef Olszyna-Wilczyński">Józef Olszyna-Wilczyński</a>.<a href="#cite_note-112">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-JOWIPN-113">[99]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Ukrainian_Nationalists" class="mw-redirect" title="Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists">Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists</a> rose against the Poles, and communist partisans organized local revolts, robbing and killing civilians.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiotrowski1998[httpsarchiveorgdetailspolandsholocaust00piotpage54_pp._54–56],_[httpsarchiveorgdetailspolandsholocaust00piotpage199_p._199]-114">[100]</a> Those movements were quickly disciplined by the <a href="/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD">NKVD</a>. The Soviet invasion was one of the decisive factors that convinced the Polish government that the war in Poland was lost.<a href="#cite_note-Sanford-115">[101]</a> Before the Soviet attack from the east, the Polish military's plan had called for long-term defence against Germany in south-eastern Poland and to await relief from an attack by the Western Allies on Germany's western border.<a href="#cite_note-Sanford-115">[101]</a> However, the Polish government refused to surrender or to negotiate peace with Germany. Instead, it ordered all units to evacuate Poland and to reorganize in France. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Soviets_entering_Wilno.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Soviets_entering_Wilno.jpg/220px-Soviets_entering_Wilno.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Soviets_entering_Wilno.jpg/330px-Soviets_entering_Wilno.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Soviets_entering_Wilno.jpg/440px-Soviets_entering_Wilno.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="476" /></a><figcaption>Red Army enters the <a href="/wiki/Wilno_Voivodeship_(1926%E2%80%9339)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilno Voivodeship (1926–39)">provincial capital of Wilno</a> during the Soviet invasion, 19 September 1939</figcaption></figure> Meanwhile, Polish forces tried to move towards the Romanian Bridgehead area, still actively resisting the German invasion. From 17 to 20 September, Polish armies Kraków and Lublin were crippled at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tomasz%C3%B3w_Lubelski" title="Battle of Tomaszów Lubelski">Battle of Tomaszów Lubelski</a>, the second-largest battle of the campaign. Lwów capitulated on 22 September because of the Soviet intervention; the city had been attacked by the Germans over a week earlier, and in the middle of the siege, the German troops handed operations over to their Soviet allies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeidner1978226-116">[102]</a> Despite a series of intensifying German attacks, Warsaw, defended by quickly-reorganized retreating units, civilian volunteers and <a href="/wiki/Militias" class="mw-redirect" title="Militias">militias</a>, held out until 28 September. The <a href="/wiki/Modlin_Fortress" title="Modlin Fortress">Modlin Fortress</a> north of Warsaw capitulated on 29 September, after <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Modlin" title="Battle of Modlin">an intense 16-day battle</a>. Some isolated Polish <a href="/wiki/Garrisons" class="mw-redirect" title="Garrisons">garrisons</a> managed to hold their positions long after they had been surrounded by German forces. The enclave of <a href="/wiki/Westerplatte" title="Westerplatte">Westerplatte</a>'s tiny garrison capitulated on 7 September and the <a href="/wiki/Oksywie" title="Oksywie">Oksywie</a> garrison <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_K%C4%99pa_Oksywska" title="Battle of Kępa Oksywska">held until 19 September</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Hel_Fortified_Area" title="Hel Fortified Area">Hel Fortified Area</a> <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hel" title="Battle of Hel">was defended until 2 October</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeidner1978279-117">[103]</a> In the last week of September, Hitler made a speech in Danzig and said: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Meantime, Russia felt moved, on its part, to march in for the protection of the interests of the White Russian and Ukrainian people in Poland. We realize now that in England and France this German and Russian co-operation is considered a terrible crime. An Englishman even wrote that it is perfidious—well, the English ought to know. I believe England thinks this co-operation perfidious because the co-operation of democratic England with bolshevist Russia failed, while National Socialist Germany's attempt with Soviet Russia succeeded. Poland never will rise again in the form of the Versailles treaty. That is guaranteed not only by Germany, but also guaranteed by Russia. – Adolf Hitler, 19 September 1939<a href="#cite_note-PDOr-118">[104]</a></blockquote> Despite a Polish victory at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Szack" title="Battle of Szack">Battle of Szack</a> (the Soviets later executed all the officers and <a href="/wiki/Non-commissioned_officer" title="Non-commissioned officer">NCOs</a> they had captured), the Red Army reached the line of rivers Narew, Bug, Vistula and San by 28 September, in many cases meeting German units advancing from the other direction. Polish defenders on the <a href="/wiki/Hel_Peninsula" title="Hel Peninsula">Hel Peninsula</a> on the shore of the Baltic Sea held out until 2 October. The last operational unit of the Polish Army, General <a href="/wiki/Franciszek_Kleeberg" title="Franciszek Kleeberg">Franciszek Kleeberg</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Independent_Operational_Group_Polesie" title="Independent Operational Group Polesie">Samodzielna Grupa Operacyjna "Polesie"</a>, surrendered after the four-day <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kock_(1939)" title="Battle of Kock (1939)">Battle of Kock</a> near Lublin on 6 October, marking the end of the September Campaign.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeidner1978289-119">[105]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Civilian_deaths">Civilian deaths</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/World_War_II_casualties_of_Poland" title="World War II casualties of Poland">World War II casualties of Poland</a></div> The Polish Campaign was the first action by Hitler in his attempt to create Lebensraum (living space) for Germans. <a href="/wiki/Nazi_propaganda" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi propaganda">Nazi propaganda</a> was one of the factors behind the German brutality directed at civilians that had worked relentlessly to convince the Germans into believing that Jews and Slavs were <a href="/wiki/Untermenschen" class="mw-redirect" title="Untermenschen">Untermenschen</a> (subhumans).<a href="#cite_note-120">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[107]</a> From the first day of invasion, the German air force (the Luftwaffe) attacked civilian targets and columns of refugees along the roads to terrorize the Polish people, disrupt communications and target Polish morale. The Luftwaffe killed 6,000 to 7,000 Polish civilians during the <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Warsaw_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Warsaw in World War II">bombing of Warsaw</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorum2013174-122">[108]</a> The German invasion saw atrocities committed against Polish men, women and children.<a href="#cite_note-123">[109]</a> The German forces (both <a href="/wiki/SS" class="mw-redirect" title="SS">SS</a> and the regular Wehrmacht) murdered tens of thousands of Polish civilians (such as the <a href="/wiki/Leibstandarte_SS_Adolf_Hitler" class="mw-redirect" title="Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler">Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler</a> was notorious throughout the campaign for burning villages<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButler200145-124">[110]</a> and committing atrocities in numerous Polish towns, including massacres in <a href="/wiki/B%C5%82onie" title="Błonie">Błonie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Z%C5%82oczew" title="Złoczew">Złoczew</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boles%C5%82awiec,_%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA_Voivodeship" title="Bolesławiec, Łódź Voivodeship">Bolesławiec</a>, <a href="/wiki/Torzeniec" title="Torzeniec">Torzeniec</a>, <a href="/wiki/Goworowo" class="mw-redirect" title="Goworowo">Goworowo</a>, <a href="/wiki/M%C5%82awa" title="Mława">Mława</a> and <a href="/wiki/W%C5%82oc%C5%82awek" title="Włocławek">Włocławek</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERossino2003114,_159–161-125">[111]</a> A particular fate was reserved for the Polish girls and women who had survived the first bombing raids on Poland. Polish women and girls were raped en masse and then executed. In addition, large numbers of Polish women were routinely captured to force them into prostitution in German military brothels. Nazi raids in many Polish cities captured young women and girls, who were then forced to work in the brothels frequented by German officers and soldiers. Girls as young as 15 years old, who were classified as "fit for agricultural work in Germany", were sexually exploited by German soldiers at their destination. <a href="#cite_note-126">[112]</a> On the Soviet side, similar events took place. The issue, with Russian soldiers raping even the women of their supposed allies, was raised with Stalin, who did not realize that it was not understood that "a soldier, who has crossed thousands of kilometers through blood and fire and death, has fun with a woman or takes some trifle".<a href="#cite_note-127">[113]</a> During <a href="/wiki/Operation_Tannenberg" title="Operation Tannenberg">Operation Tannenberg</a>, a campaign of <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">ethnic cleansing</a> organized by multiple elements of the German government, tens of thousands of Polish civilians were shot at 760 mass execution sites by the <a href="/wiki/Einsatzgruppen" title="Einsatzgruppen">Einsatzgruppen</a>. Altogether, the civilian losses of Polish population amounted to about 150,000 to 200,000.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiotrowski1998301-128">[114]</a> Roughly 1,250 German civilians were also killed during the invasion. (Also, 2,000 died fighting Polish troops as members of ethnic German militia forces such as the <a href="/wiki/Volksdeutscher_Selbstschutz" title="Volksdeutscher Selbstschutz">Volksdeutscher Selbstschutz</a>, which was a <a href="/wiki/Fifth_column" title="Fifth column">fifth column</a> during the invasion.)<a href="#cite_note-129">[115]</a> The invasion of Poland marked the beginning of the Holocaust ("holocaust by bullets"), not only in its strict sense of the genocide of Jews, but also in its broader meaning of mass killings of various ethnic, political or social groups.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELukas2001ix,_1–5-130">[116]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Military_Administration_in_Poland" title="Military Administration in Poland">Military Administration in Poland</a>, <a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_occupied_Poland_during_World_War_II" title="War crimes in occupied Poland during World War II">War crimes in occupied Poland during World War II</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nazi_crimes_against_the_Polish_nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi crimes against the Polish nation">Nazi crimes against the Polish nation</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:German_%26_Soviet_advance_in_Poland_September_1939.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/German_%26_Soviet_advance_in_Poland_September_1939.png/220px-German_%26_Soviet_advance_in_Poland_September_1939.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/German_%26_Soviet_advance_in_Poland_September_1939.png/330px-German_%26_Soviet_advance_in_Poland_September_1939.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/German_%26_Soviet_advance_in_Poland_September_1939.png/440px-German_%26_Soviet_advance_in_Poland_September_1939.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="972" /></a><figcaption>German & Soviet advance in Poland September 1939</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:American_Embassy_in_Warsaw_1939_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/American_Embassy_in_Warsaw_1939_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-American_Embassy_in_Warsaw_1939_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="306" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/American_Embassy_in_Warsaw_1939_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-American_Embassy_in_Warsaw_1939_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/American_Embassy_in_Warsaw_1939_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-American_Embassy_in_Warsaw_1939_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1256" data-file-height="1748" /></a><figcaption>Damage of the American Embassy in <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a> in the aftermath of the battle</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/John_Gunther" title="John Gunther">John Gunther</a> wrote in December 1939 that "the German campaign was a masterpiece. Nothing quite like it has been seen in military history".<a href="#cite_note-gunther1940-98">[85]</a> The country was divided between Germany and the Soviet Union. <a href="/wiki/Slovak_Republic_(WWII)" class="mw-redirect" title="Slovak Republic (WWII)">Slovakia</a> gained back those territories taken by Poland in autumn 1938. Lithuania <a href="/wiki/Vilnius_Region_under_Lithuanian_administration_(1939-1940)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vilnius Region under Lithuanian administration (1939-1940)">received the city of Vilnius and its environs</a> on 28 October 1939 from the Soviet Union. On 8 and 13 September 1939, the German military district in the area of Posen, commanded by general <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_von_Vollard-Bockelberg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alfred von Vollard-Bockelberg (page does not exist)">Alfred von Vollard-Bockelberg</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_von_Vollard-Bockelberg" class="extiw" title="de:Alfred von Vollard-Bockelberg">de</a>], and <a href="/wiki/West_Prussia" title="West Prussia">West Prussia</a>, commanded by general <a href="/wiki/Walter_Heitz" title="Walter Heitz">Walter Heitz</a>, were established in conquered Greater Poland and Pomerelia, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-Toppe398-131">[117]</a> Based on laws of 21 May 1935 and 1 June 1938, the German military delegated civil administrative powers to <a href="/wiki/Chiefs_of_Civil_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Chiefs of Civil Administration">Chiefs of Civil Administration</a> (CdZ).<a href="#cite_note-Toppe398-131">[117]</a> Hitler appointed <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Greiser" title="Arthur Greiser">Arthur Greiser</a> to become the CdZ of the Posen military district, and <a href="/wiki/Reichsgau_Danzig-West_Prussia" title="Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia">Danzig</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Gauleiter" title="Gauleiter">Gauleiter</a> <a href="/wiki/Albert_Forster" title="Albert Forster">Albert Forster</a> to become the CdZ of the West Prussian military district.<a href="#cite_note-Toppe398-131">[117]</a> On 3 October 1939, the military districts centered on and named "<a href="/wiki/%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA" title="Łódź">Lodz</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Krakau</a>" were set up under command of major generals <a href="/wiki/Gerd_von_Rundstedt" title="Gerd von Rundstedt">Gerd von Rundstedt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_List" title="Wilhelm List">Wilhelm List</a>, and Hitler appointed <a href="/wiki/Hans_Frank" title="Hans Frank">Hans Frank</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Sey%C3%9F-Inquart" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur Seyß-Inquart">Arthur Seyß-Inquart</a> as civil heads, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-Toppe398-131">[117]</a> Thus the entirety of occupied Poland was divided into four military districts (West Prussia, Posen, Lodz, and Krakau).<a href="#cite_note-Moczulski-132">[118]</a> Frank was at the same time appointed "supreme chief administrator" for all occupied territories.<a href="#cite_note-Toppe398-131">[117]</a> On 28 September, another <a href="/wiki/German%E2%80%93Soviet_Treaty_of_Friendship,_Cooperation_and_Demarcation" class="mw-redirect" title="German–Soviet Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Demarcation">secret German–Soviet protocol</a> modified the arrangements of August: all of Lithuania was shifted to the Soviet sphere of influence; in exchange, the dividing line in Poland was moved in Germany's favour, eastwards towards the Bug River. On 8 October, Germany formally <a href="/wiki/Polish_areas_annexed_by_Nazi_Germany" title="Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany">annexed the western parts of Poland</a> with Greiser and Forster as <a href="/wiki/Reichsstatthalter" title="Reichsstatthalter">Reichsstatthalter</a>, while the south-central parts were administered as the General Government led by Frank. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spotkanie_Sojusznik%C3%B3w.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A photo of a German and a Soviet officer shaking hands at the end of the invasion of Poland." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Spotkanie_Sojusznik%C3%B3w.jpg/220px-Spotkanie_Sojusznik%C3%B3w.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Spotkanie_Sojusznik%C3%B3w.jpg/330px-Spotkanie_Sojusznik%C3%B3w.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Spotkanie_Sojusznik%C3%B3w.jpg/440px-Spotkanie_Sojusznik%C3%B3w.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1496" /></a><figcaption>German and Soviet troops shaking hands following the invasion</figcaption></figure> Even though water barriers separated most of the spheres of interest, the Soviet and German troops met on numerous occasions. The most remarkable event of this kind occurred at <a href="/wiki/Brest-Litovsk" class="mw-redirect" title="Brest-Litovsk">Brest-Litovsk</a> on 22 September. The German 19th Panzer Corps—commanded by General Heinz Guderian—had occupied the city, which lay within the Soviet sphere of interest. When the Soviet 29th Tank Brigade (commanded by <a href="/wiki/Semyon_Krivoshein" title="Semyon Krivoshein">Semyon Krivoshein</a>) approached, the commanders agreed that the German troops would withdraw and the Soviet troops would enter the city, saluting each other.<a href="#cite_note-133">[119]</a> At Brest-Litovsk, Soviet and German commanders held a joint <a href="/wiki/Nazi%E2%80%93Soviet_military_parade_in_Brest-Litovsk" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi–Soviet military parade in Brest-Litovsk">victory parade</a> before German forces withdrew westward behind a new demarcation line.<a href="#cite_note-WIF2-32">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-SDtW-134">[120]</a> Just three days earlier, however, the parties had a more hostile encounter near Lwów, when the German 137th Gebirgsjägerregimenter (mountain infantry regiment) attacked a reconnaissance detachment of the Soviet 24th Tank Brigade; after a few casualties on both sides, the parties turned to negotiations. The German troops left the area, and the Red Army troops entered Lwów on 22 September. The Molotov–Ribbentrop pact and the invasion of Poland marked the beginning of a period during which the government of the Soviet Union increasingly tried to convince itself that the actions of Germany were reasonable, and were not developments to be worried about, despite evidence to the contrary.<a href="#cite_note-135">[121]</a> On 7 September 1939, just a few days after France and Britain joined the war against Germany, Stalin explained to a colleague that the war was to the advantage of the Soviet Union, as follows:<a href="#cite_note-Clark,_Lloyd_2011,_page_62-136">[122]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">A war is on between two groups of capitalist countries ... for the redivision of the world, for the domination of the world! We see nothing wrong in their having a good hard fight and weakening each other ... Hitler, without understanding it or desiring it, is shaking and undermining the capitalist system ... We can manoeuvre, pit one side against the other to set them fighting with each other as fiercely as possible ... The annihilation of Poland would mean one fewer bourgeois fascist state to contend with! What would be the harm if as a result of the rout of Poland we were to extend the socialist system onto new territories and populations?<a href="#cite_note-Clark,_Lloyd_2011,_page_62-136">[122]</a></blockquote><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Polish_Armed_Forces_in_the_West" title="Polish Armed Forces in the West">Polish Armed Forces in the West</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polish_Armed_Forces_in_the_East" title="Polish Armed Forces in the East">Polish Armed Forces in the East</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Polish_Underground_State" title="Polish Underground State">Polish Underground State</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Polish_soldier,_machine_gun,_Polish_brand,_tank,_combat_vehicle_Fortepan_78270.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Polish_soldier%2C_machine_gun%2C_Polish_brand%2C_tank%2C_combat_vehicle_Fortepan_78270.jpg/220px-Polish_soldier%2C_machine_gun%2C_Polish_brand%2C_tank%2C_combat_vehicle_Fortepan_78270.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Polish_soldier%2C_machine_gun%2C_Polish_brand%2C_tank%2C_combat_vehicle_Fortepan_78270.jpg/330px-Polish_soldier%2C_machine_gun%2C_Polish_brand%2C_tank%2C_combat_vehicle_Fortepan_78270.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Polish_soldier%2C_machine_gun%2C_Polish_brand%2C_tank%2C_combat_vehicle_Fortepan_78270.jpg/440px-Polish_soldier%2C_machine_gun%2C_Polish_brand%2C_tank%2C_combat_vehicle_Fortepan_78270.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5552" data-file-height="3668" /></a><figcaption>Polish troops withdrawn to Hungary in September 1939</figcaption></figure> About 65,000 Polish troops were killed in the fighting (and roughly 3,000 <a href="/wiki/German_atrocities_committed_against_Polish_prisoners_of_war" title="German atrocities committed against Polish prisoners of war">prisoners of war were executed</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-137">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-138">[124]</a>: 121 ), with 420,000 others being captured by the Germans and 240,000 more by the Soviets (for a total of 660,000 prisoners). Up to 120,000 Polish troops escaped to <a href="/wiki/Neutral_country" title="Neutral country">neutral</a> Romania (through the Romanian Bridgehead and <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a>), and another 20,000 to <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a> and Lithuania, with the majority eventually making their way to France or Britain. Most of the Polish Navy succeeded in evacuating to Britain as well. German personnel losses were less than their enemies (c. 16,000 killed). None of the parties to the conflict—Germany, the Western Allies or the Soviet Union—expected that the German invasion of Poland would lead to a war that would surpass World War I in its scale and cost.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] It would be months before Hitler would see the futility of his peace negotiation attempts with the United Kingdom and France, but the culmination of combined European and Pacific conflicts would result in what was truly a "world war". Thus, what was not seen by most politicians and generals in 1939 is clear from the historical perspective: The Polish September Campaign marked the beginning of a pan-European war, which combined with the <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Japanese invasion of China</a> in 1937 and the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific War</a> in 1941 to form the global conflict known as World War II. The invasion of Poland led Britain and France to declare war on Germany on 3 September. However, they did little to affect the outcome of the September Campaign. No declaration of war was issued by Britain and France against the Soviet Union. This lack of direct help led many Poles to believe that they had been <a href="/wiki/Western_betrayal#Up_to_1939" title="Western betrayal">betrayed by their Western allies</a>. British Foreign Secretary <a href="/wiki/Edward_Wood,_1st_Earl_of_Halifax" title="Edward Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax">Lord Halifax</a> said they were only obligated to declare war on Germany due to the first clause of the Anglo-Polish Agreement in 1939.<a href="#cite_note-139">[125]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H27915,_Danzig,_Enfernen_eines_polnischen_Hoheitszeichens.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photo of two German soldiers removing Polish government insignia from a wall." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H27915%2C_Danzig%2C_Enfernen_eines_polnischen_Hoheitszeichens.jpg/170px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H27915%2C_Danzig%2C_Enfernen_eines_polnischen_Hoheitszeichens.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H27915%2C_Danzig%2C_Enfernen_eines_polnischen_Hoheitszeichens.jpg/255px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H27915%2C_Danzig%2C_Enfernen_eines_polnischen_Hoheitszeichens.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H27915%2C_Danzig%2C_Enfernen_eines_polnischen_Hoheitszeichens.jpg/340px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H27915%2C_Danzig%2C_Enfernen_eines_polnischen_Hoheitszeichens.jpg 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>German soldiers removing Polish government insignia</figcaption></figure> The different attitude of the Anglo-French allies of Poland towards Nazi Germany and the USSR was argued at this time, for example, by the future head of the British government, Churchill: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Russians were guilty of gross treachery during the recent negotiations, but Marshal Voroshilov's demand that the Russian armies, if they were allies of Poland, should occupy Vilnius and <a href="/wiki/Lviv" title="Lviv">Lvov</a> was a perfectly reasonable military demand. It was rejected by Poland, whose arguments, despite their naturalness, cannot be considered satisfactory in the light of current events. As a result, Russia took up the same positions as an enemy of Poland that it might have taken as a very dubious and suspected friend. The difference is actually not as great as it might seem. The Russians mobilized a very large force and showed that they were able to move quickly and far from their pre-war positions. They now border on Germany, and the latter is completely unable to expose the Eastern front. A large German army will have to be left behind to monitor it. As far as I know, General Hamelin estimates its strength at least 20 divisions, but there may well be 25 or even more. Therefore, the Eastern front potentially exists.<a href="#cite_note-Churchill_U_1991._p._204-140">[126]</a></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Russia is pursuing a cold policy of its own interests. We would prefer that the Russian armies stand in their present positions as friends and allies of Poland, rather than as invaders. But to protect Russia from the Nazi threat, it was clearly necessary that Russian armies should stand on this line. In any case, this line exists and, consequently, the Eastern front has been created, which Nazi Germany will not dare to attack...<a href="#cite_note-Churchill_U_1991._p._204-140">[126]</a></blockquote> On 23 May 1939, Hitler explained to his officers that the object of the aggression was not Danzig, but the need to obtain German Lebensraum and details of this concept would be later formulated in the infamous <a href="/wiki/Generalplan_Ost" title="Generalplan Ost">Generalplan Ost</a>.<a href="#cite_note-A_World_at_Arms-141">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-Justice_and_the_Genesis_of_War-142">[128]</a> The invasion decimated <a href="/wiki/Urban_area" title="Urban area">urban</a> residential areas, civilians soon became indistinguishable from combatants, and the forthcoming German occupation (both on the annexed territories and in the General Government) was one of the most brutal episodes of World War II, resulting in between 5.47 million and 5.67 million Polish deaths<a href="#cite_note-INR-143">[129]</a> (about one-sixth of the country's total population, and over 90% of its Jewish minority)—including the mass murder of 3 million Polish citizens (mainly Jews as part of the <a href="/wiki/Final_solution" class="mw-redirect" title="Final solution">final solution</a>) in <a href="/wiki/Extermination_camp" title="Extermination camp">extermination camps</a> like <a href="/wiki/Auschwitz" class="mw-redirect" title="Auschwitz">Auschwitz</a>, in concentration camps, and in numerous ad hoc massacres, where civilians were rounded up, taken to a nearby forest, machine-gunned, and then buried, whether they were dead or not.<a href="#cite_note-144">[130]</a> Among the 100,000 people murdered in the <a href="/wiki/Intelligenzaktion" title="Intelligenzaktion">Intelligenzaktion</a> operations in 1939–1940, approximately 61,000 were members of the Polish intelligentsia: scholars, clergy, former officers, and others, whom the Germans identified as political targets in the <a href="/wiki/Special_Prosecution_Book-Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Special Prosecution Book-Poland">Special Prosecution Book-Poland</a>, compiled before the war began in September 1939.<a href="#cite_note-145">[131]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Institute_of_National_Remembrance" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish Institute of National Remembrance">Polish Institute of National Remembrance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polish_areas_annexed_by_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish areas annexed by the Soviet Union">Soviet occupation</a> between 1939 and 1941 resulted in the death of 150,000 and <a href="/wiki/Deportation" title="Deportation">deportation</a> of 320,000 of Polish citizens,<a href="#cite_note-INR-143">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-146">[132]</a> when all who were deemed dangerous to the Soviet regime were subject to <a href="/wiki/Sovietization" title="Sovietization">Sovietization</a>, forced resettlement, imprisonment in <a href="/wiki/Labor_camp" title="Labor camp">labor camps</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Gulag" title="Gulag">Gulags</a>) or murdered, like the Polish officers in the <a href="/wiki/Katyn_massacre" title="Katyn massacre">Katyn massacre</a>.<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><a href="#endnote_a1">[a]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Valentine_tanks_of_the_1st_Polish_Corps_on_exercise_in_Scotland.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Valentine_tanks_of_the_1st_Polish_Corps_on_exercise_in_Scotland.jpg/220px-Valentine_tanks_of_the_1st_Polish_Corps_on_exercise_in_Scotland.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Valentine_tanks_of_the_1st_Polish_Corps_on_exercise_in_Scotland.jpg/330px-Valentine_tanks_of_the_1st_Polish_Corps_on_exercise_in_Scotland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Valentine_tanks_of_the_1st_Polish_Corps_on_exercise_in_Scotland.jpg/440px-Valentine_tanks_of_the_1st_Polish_Corps_on_exercise_in_Scotland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="599" data-file-height="401" /></a><figcaption>1st Polish Corps on exercise in Scotland in 1941</figcaption></figure> Since October 1939, the Polish army that could escape imprisonment from the Soviets or Nazis were mainly heading for British and French territories. These places were considered safe, because of the pre-war alliance between Great-Britain, France and Poland. Not only did the government escape, but also the national gold supply was evacuated via Romania and brought to the West, notably London and Ottawa.<a href="#cite_note-147">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-148">[134]</a> The approximately 75 tonnes (83 short tons) of gold was considered sufficient to field an army for the duration of the war.<a href="#cite_note-149">[135]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eyewitness_accounts">Eyewitness accounts</h2></div> <a href="/wiki/From_Lemberg_to_Bordeaux" class="mw-redirect" title="From Lemberg to Bordeaux">From Lemberg to Bordeaux</a> ('Von Lemberg bis Bordeaux'), written by <a href="/wiki/Leo_Leixner" title="Leo Leixner">Leo Leixner</a>, a journalist and war correspondent, is a first-hand account of the battles that led to the falls of Poland, the Low Countries, and France. It includes a rare eyewitness description of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_W%C4%99gierska_G%C3%B3rka" title="Battle of Węgierska Górka">Battle of Węgierska Górka</a>. In August 1939, Leixner joined the Wehrmacht as a war reporter, was promoted to sergeant and, in 1941, published his recollections. The book was originally issued by <a href="/wiki/Franz_Eher_Nachfolger" title="Franz Eher Nachfolger">Franz Eher Nachfolger</a>, the central publishing house of the Nazi Party.<a href="#cite_note-150">[136]</a> The American journalist and filmmaker <a href="/wiki/Julien_Bryan" title="Julien Bryan">Julien Bryan</a> came to besieged Warsaw on 7 September 1939 in the time of German bombardment. He photographed the beginning of the war by using one roll of colour film (<a href="/wiki/Kodachrome" title="Kodachrome">Kodachrome</a>) and much <a href="/wiki/Black-and-white_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Black-and-white film">black-and-white film</a>. He made one film about German crimes against civilians during the invasion. In colour, he photographed Polish soldiers, fleeing civilians, bombed houses, and a German bomber He 111 destroyed by the Polish Army in Warsaw. His photographs and film Siege are stored in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum" title="United States Holocaust Memorial Museum">United States Holocaust Memorial Museum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-151">[137]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Misconceptions">Misconceptions</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Combat_between_Polish_cavalry_and_German_tanks">Combat between Polish cavalry and German tanks</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Polski_u%C5%82an_z_karabinem_przeciwpancernym_UR.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Polski_u%C5%82an_z_karabinem_przeciwpancernym_UR.jpg/220px-Polski_u%C5%82an_z_karabinem_przeciwpancernym_UR.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Polski_u%C5%82an_z_karabinem_przeciwpancernym_UR.jpg/330px-Polski_u%C5%82an_z_karabinem_przeciwpancernym_UR.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Polski_u%C5%82an_z_karabinem_przeciwpancernym_UR.jpg/440px-Polski_u%C5%82an_z_karabinem_przeciwpancernym_UR.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1836" data-file-height="1815" /></a><figcaption>Polish <a href="/wiki/Uhlan" title="Uhlan">uhlan</a> with <a href="/wiki/Wz._35_anti-tank_rifle" title="Wz. 35 anti-tank rifle">anti-tank rifle (Wz. 35)</a>, 1938</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Charge_at_Krojanty" title="Charge at Krojanty">Charge at Krojanty</a></div> Polish cavalry units did not engage German tanks with lances and swords. At the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tuchola_Forest" title="Battle of Tuchola Forest">Battle of Tuchola Forest</a> on 1 September 1939 the <a href="/wiki/18th_Pomeranian_Uhlan_Regiment" title="18th Pomeranian Uhlan Regiment">18th Pomeranian Uhlan Regiment</a> had been tasked to cover the retreat of Polish infantry. In the evening the Pomeranian Uhlans encountered contingents of the advancing German 20th Infantry Division of Heinz Guderian's XIX Army. Commander Kazimierz Mastalerz ordered an attack, forcing the 20th infantry to withdraw and disperse. The engagement proved to be successful as the German advance had been delayed. However, upon redeployment, the 18th Pomeranians came under sudden and intense machine gun fire of German armored reconnaissance vehicles. Despite their quick retreat, nearly a third of the Uhlans were killed or wounded.<a href="#cite_note-152">[138]</a> A group of German and Italian war correspondents, who visited the battlefield noticed the dead cavalry men and horses among the armored vehicles. Italian reporter <a href="/wiki/Indro_Montanelli" title="Indro Montanelli">Indro Montanelli</a> promptly published an article in the Corriere della Sera, on the brave and heroic Polish cavalry men, who charged German tanks with sabres and lances. Historian <a href="/wiki/Steven_Zaloga" class="mw-redirect" title="Steven Zaloga">Steven Zaloga</a> in Poland 1939: The Birth of Blitzkrieg (2004): <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">If a single image dominates the popular perception of the Polish campaign of 1939, it is the scene of Polish cavalry bravely charging the Panzers with their lances. Like many other details of the campaign, it is a myth that was created by German wartime propaganda and perpetuated by sloppy scholarship. Yet such myths have also been embraced by the Poles themselves as symbols of their wartime gallantry, achieving a cultural resonance in spite of their variance with the historical record.<a href="#cite_note-Zaloga2004-153">[139]</a></blockquote> In 1939, 10% of the Polish army was made up of cavalry units.<a href="#cite_note-154">[140]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Polish_Air_Force">Polish Air Force</h3></div> The <a href="/wiki/Polish_Air_Force_order_of_battle_in_1939" title="Polish Air Force order of battle in 1939">Polish Air Force</a> was not destroyed on the ground in the first days of the war. Though numerically inferior, it had been redeployed from major air bases to small camouflaged airfields shortly before the war. Only some <a href="/wiki/Trainer_aircraft" title="Trainer aircraft">trainers</a> and auxiliary aircraft were destroyed on the ground. The Polish Air Force, despite being significantly outnumbered and with its fighters outmatched by more advanced German fighters, remained active until the second week of the campaign, inflicting significant damage on the Luftwaffe.<a href="#cite_note-155">[141]</a> The Luftwaffe lost 285 aircraft to all operational causes, with 279 more damaged, and the Poles lost 333 aircraft.<a href="#cite_note-156">[142]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Polish_resistance_to_the_invasion">Polish resistance to the invasion</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Defenders_of_Warsaw_(1939).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Defenders_of_Warsaw_%281939%29.jpg/220px-Defenders_of_Warsaw_%281939%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Defenders_of_Warsaw_%281939%29.jpg/330px-Defenders_of_Warsaw_%281939%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Defenders_of_Warsaw_%281939%29.jpg/440px-Defenders_of_Warsaw_%281939%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3500" data-file-height="2743" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Polish_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish Army">Polish soldiers</a> with anti-aircraft machine gun near the Warsaw Central Station in the first days of September 1939</figcaption></figure> Another question concerns whether Poland inflicted any significant losses on the German forces and whether it surrendered too quickly. While exact estimates vary, Poland cost the Germans about 45,000 casualties and 11,000 damaged or destroyed military vehicles, including 993 tanks and armored cars, 565 to 697 airplanes and 370 artillery pieces.<a href="#cite_note-LeslieLeslie1983-157">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-158">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-159">[145]</a> As for duration, the September Campaign lasted about a week and a half less than the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_France" title="Battle of France">Battle of France</a> in 1940 even though the Anglo-French forces were much closer to parity with the Germans in numerical strength and equipment and were supported by the <a href="/wiki/Maginot_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Maginot line">Maginot line</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FrenchForces-160">[Note 7]</a> Furthermore, the Polish Army was preparing the Romanian Bridgehead, which would have prolonged Polish defence, but the plan was invalidated by the Soviet invasion of Poland on 17 September 1939.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeidner1978-161">[146]</a> Poland also never officially surrendered to the Germans. Under German occupation, there was continued resistance by forces such as the <a href="/wiki/Armia_Krajowa" class="mw-redirect" title="Armia Krajowa">Armia Krajowa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henryk_Dobrza%C5%84ski" title="Henryk Dobrzański">Henryk Dobrzański</a>'s guerrillas, and the Leśni ("forest partisans"). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_use_of_Blitzkrieg_strategy">First use of Blitzkrieg strategy</h3></div> It is often assumed that Blitzkrieg is the strategy that Germany first used in Poland. Many early post-war histories, such as Barrie Pitt's in The Second World War (BPC Publishing 1966), attribute German victory to "enormous development in military technique which occurred between 1918 and 1940", and cite that "Germany, who translated (British inter-war) theories into action... called the result Blitzkrieg". That idea has been repudiated by some authors. Matthew Cooper writes: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Throughout the Polish Campaign, the employment of the mechanized units revealed the idea that they were intended solely to ease the advance and to support the activities of the infantry.... Thus, any strategic exploitation of the armoured idea was still-born. The paralysis of command and the breakdown of morale were not made the ultimate aim of the ... German ground and air forces, and were only incidental by-products of the traditional manoeuvers of rapid encirclement and of the supporting activities of the flying artillery of the Luftwaffe, both of which had as their purpose the physical destruction of the enemy troops. Such was the <a href="/wiki/Vernichtungsgedanke" title="Vernichtungsgedanke">Vernichtungsgedanke</a> of the Polish campaign. – Cooper<a href="#cite_note-Cooper176-162">[147]</a></blockquote> Vernichtungsgedanke was a strategy dating back to <a href="/wiki/Frederick_the_Great" title="Frederick the Great">Frederick the Great</a>, and it was applied in the Polish Campaign, little changed from the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">French campaigns in 1870</a> or 1914. According to Cooper, the use of tanks "left much to be desired... Fear of enemy action against the flanks of the advance, fear which was to prove so disastrous to German prospects in the west in 1940 and in the Soviet Union in 1941, was present from the beginning of the war."<a href="#cite_note-Cooper0-64">[52]</a> John Ellis, writing in <a href="/wiki/Brute_Force_(Ellis_book)" title="Brute Force (Ellis book)">Brute Force</a>, asserted that, "there is considerable justice in Matthew Cooper's assertion that the panzer divisions were not given the kind of strategic mission that was to characterize authentic armoured blitzkrieg, and were almost always closely subordinated to the various mass infantry armies".<a href="#cite_note-163">[148]</a> (emphasis in original) Zaloga and Madej, in The Polish Campaign 1939, also address the subject of mythical interpretations of Blitzkrieg and the importance of other arms in the campaign. They argue that Western accounts of the September campaign have stressed the shock value of the panzers and Stuka attacks have "tended to underestimate the punishing effect of German artillery on Polish units. Mobile and available in significant quantity, artillery shattered as many units as any other branch of the Wehrmacht."<a href="#cite_note-Cooper4-164">[149]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Defense_of_Ochota_and_Wola_(1939)" title="Defense of Ochota and Wola (1939)">Defense of Ochota and Wola (1939)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front (World War II)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gestapo%E2%80%93NKVD_conferences" title="Gestapo–NKVD conferences">Gestapo–NKVD conferences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="History of Poland (1939–1945)">History of Poland (1939–1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Polish_divisions_in_World_War_II" title="List of Polish divisions in World War II">List of Polish divisions in World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Poland_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Poland (1939–1945)">Occupation of Poland (1939–1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oder%E2%80%93Neisse_line" title="Oder–Neisse line">Oder–Neisse line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoney_War" title="Phoney War">Phoney War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_cavalry_brigade_order_of_battle_in_1939" title="Polish cavalry brigade order of battle in 1939">Polish cavalry brigade order of battle in 1939</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_contribution_to_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish contribution to World War II">Polish contribution to World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II" title="Polish resistance movement in World War II">Polish resistance movement in World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Warsaw_(1939)" title="Siege of Warsaw (1939)">Siege of Warsaw (1939)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Black_Book_of_Poland" title="The Black Book of Poland">The Black Book of Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_invasion_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of the invasion of Poland">Timeline of the invasion of Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_military_equipment_of_Poland" title="List of World War II military equipment of Poland">List of World War II military equipment of Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_German_military_equipment_of_World_War_II" title="List of German military equipment of World War II">List of German military equipment of World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Czechoslovakia_interwar_period_weapons" title="List of Czechoslovakia interwar period weapons">List of Czechoslovakia interwar period weapons</a> – the Slovak arsenal was inherited from Czechoslovakia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Air_Force_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Slovak Air Force (1939–1945)">Slovak Air Force (1939–1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_betrayal" title="Western betrayal">Western betrayal</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> See: <a href="/wiki/Slovak_invasion_of_Poland" title="Slovak invasion of Poland">Slovak invasion of Poland</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> From <a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Poland" title="Soviet invasion of Poland">17 September</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> Separated from 12th Army on 28 September </li> <li id="cite_note-imp-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-imp_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-imp_4-1">b</a> Improvised during the invasion </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: Überfall auf Polen 1939; <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: вторжение в Польшу, transcription: vtorshenie v Polshshu; <a href="/wiki/Slovak_language" title="Slovak language">Slovak</a>: invázia do Poľska </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>: kampania wrześniowa </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>: kampania polska; <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: Polenfeldzug; also known as Polish Campaign of the Second World War (<a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>: kampania polska drugiej wojny światowej) </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>: wojna obronna 1939 roku </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> Various sources contradict each other so the figures quoted above should only be taken as a rough indication of the strength estimate. The most common range differences and their brackets are: Polish personnel 1,490,900 (official figure of the Polish Ministry of Foreign Affairs)—or 1,800,000. Polish tanks: 100–880, 100 is the number of modern tanks, while the 880 number includes older tanks from the World War I era and <a href="/wiki/Tankette" title="Tankette">tankettes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-7">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[4]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> The discrepancy in German casualties can be attributed to the fact that some German statistics still listed soldiers as missing decades after the war. Today the most common and accepted numbers are: 8,082 to 16,343 KIA, 320 to 5,029 MIA, 27,280 to 34,136 WIA.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-11">[6]</a> For comparison, in his 1939 speech following the Polish campaign, Adolf Hitler presented these German figures: 10,576 KIA, 30,222 WIA, and 3,400 MIA.<a href="#cite_note-Polish_War,_German_Losses-12">[7]</a> According to early Allied estimates, including those of the Polish government-in-exile, the number of German KIA casualties was 90,000 and WIA casualties was 200,000<a href="#cite_note-Polish_War,_German_Losses-12">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nazi_Loss_in_Poland_Placed_at_290,000-13">[8]</a> Equipment losses are given as 832 German tanks<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-14">[9]</a> with approximately 236<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-14">[9]</a> to 341 as irrecoverable losses and approximately 319 other armored vehicles as irrecoverable losses (including 165 Panzerspähwagen – of them 101 as irrecoverable losses)<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-14">[9]</a> 522–561 German planes (including 246–285 destroyed and 276 damaged), 1 German minelayer (M-85) and 1 German torpedo ship ("Tiger") </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> Soviet official losses – figures provided by Krivosheev – are currently estimated at 1,475 KIA or MIA presumed dead (Ukrainian Front – 972, Belorussian Front – 503), and 2,383 WIA (Ukrainian Front – 1,741, Belorussian Front – 642). The Soviets lost approximately 150 tanks in combat of which 43 as irrecoverable losses, while hundreds more suffered technical failures.<a href="#cite_note-Krivosheev-17">[11]</a> However, Russian historian Igor Bunich estimates Soviet manpower losses at 5,327 KIA or MIA without a trace and WIA.<a href="#cite_note-WIF-18">[12]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> Various sources contradict each other so the figures quoted above should only be taken as a rough indication of losses. The most common range brackets for casualties are: Poland: 63,000 to 66,300 KIA, 134,000 WIA.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-11">[6]</a> The often cited figure of 420,000 Polish prisoners of war represents only those captured by the Germans, as Soviets captured about 250,000 Polish POWs themselves, making the total number of Polish POWs about 660,000–690,000. In terms of equipment the Polish Navy lost one destroyer (<a href="/wiki/ORP_Wicher_(1928)" title="ORP Wicher (1928)">ORP Wicher</a>), one minelayer (<a href="/wiki/ORP_Gryf_(1936)" title="ORP Gryf (1936)">ORP Gryf</a>) and several support craft. Equipment loses included 132 Polish tanks and armored cars 327 Polish planes (118 fighters)<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-14">[9]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> P-11c (+43 reserve), 30 P-7 (+85 reserve), 118 P-23 Karaś light bombers, 36 P-37 Łoś bombers (armed in line, additionally a few of the total number produced were used in combat), 84 reconnaissance RXIII Lublin, RWD14 Czapla (+115 reserve)<a href="#cite_note-76">[64]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> Other treaties violated by the Soviet Union were the 1919 <a href="/wiki/Covenant_of_the_League_of_Nations" title="Covenant of the League of Nations">Covenant of the League of Nations</a> (to which the Soviet Union adhered in 1934); the <a href="/wiki/Briand-Kellogg_Pact" class="mw-redirect" title="Briand-Kellogg Pact">Briand-Kellogg Pact</a> of 1928 and the 1933 London Convention on the Definition of Aggression.<a href="#cite_note-Poland's_Holocaust:_Ethnic_Strife,_Collaboration_with_Occupying_Forces_and_Genocide...-109">[96]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FrenchForces-160"><a href="#cite_ref-FrenchForces_160-0">^</a> Polish to German forces in the September Campaign: 1,000,000 soldiers, 4,300 guns, 880 tanks, 435 aircraft (Poland) to 1,800,000 soldiers, 10,000 guns, 2,800 tanks, 3,000 aircraft (Germany). French and participating Allies to German forces in the Battle of France: 2,862,000 soldiers, 13,974 guns, 3,384 tanks, 3,099 aircraft 2 (Allies) to 3,350,000 soldiers, 7,378 guns, 2,445 tanks, 5,446 aircraft (Germany). </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-polishgovernment-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-polishgovernment_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-polishgovernment_5-1">b</a> Ministry of Foreign Affairs. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ww2.pl/The,1939,Campaign,22.html">The 1939 Campaign</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131211211729/http://www.ww2.pl/The%2C1939%2CCampaign%2C22.html">Archived</a> 11 December 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/Polish_Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish Ministry of Foreign Affairs">Polish Ministry of Foreign Affairs</a>, 2005. </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> ER Hooton, p. 85 </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Internetowa_encyklopedia_PWN" title="Internetowa encyklopedia PWN">Internetowa encyklopedia PWN</a>, article on 'Kampania Wrześniowa 1939' </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> Website of the Polish Ministry of Foreign Affairs – the Poles on the Front Lines </li> <li id="cite_note-pereslegin-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pereslegin_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pereslegin_10-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pereslegin_10-2">c</a> (in Russian) Переслегин. Вторая мировая: война между реальностями.– М.:Яуза, Эксмо, 2006, с.22; Р. Э. Дюпюи, Т. Н. Дюпюи. Всемирная история войн. – С-П,М: АСТ, кн.4, с.93. </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceB-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_11-1">b</a> Wojna Obronna Polski 1939, p. 851 </li> <li id="cite_note-Polish_War,_German_Losses-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Polish_War,_German_Losses_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Polish_War,_German_Losses_12-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/2513833">"Polish War, German Losses"</a>. The Canberra Times. 13 October 1939. Retrieved 17 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Canberra+Times&rft.atitle=Polish+War%2C+German+Losses&rft.date=1939-10-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftrove.nla.gov.au%2Fnewspaper%2Farticle%2F2513833&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInvasion+of+Poland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nazi_Loss_in_Poland_Placed_at_290,000-13"><a href="#cite_ref-Nazi_Loss_in_Poland_Placed_at_290,000_13-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090207150102/http://www.freeimagehosting.net/image.php?cdbae543be.jpg">"Nazi Loss in Poland Placed at 290,000"</a>. The New York Times. 1941. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.freeimagehosting.net/image.php?cdbae543be.jpg">the original</a> on 7 February 2009. Retrieved 16 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Nazi+Loss+in+Poland+Placed+at+290%2C000&rft.date=1941&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.freeimagehosting.net%2Fimage.php%3Fcdbae543be.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInvasion+of+Poland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceC-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceC_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceC_14-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceC_14-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceC_14-3">d</a> Kamil Cywinski, Waffen und Geheimwaffen des deutschen Heeres 1933–1945 </li> <li id="cite_note-Axis_Slovakia:_Hitler's_Slavic_Wedge,_1938-1945-16"><a href="#cite_ref-Axis_Slovakia:_Hitler's_Slavic_Wedge,_1938-1945_16-0">^</a> "Axis Slovakia: Hitler's Slavic Wedge, 1938–1945", p. 81 </li> <li id="cite_note-Krivosheev-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Krivosheev_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Krivosheev_17-1">b</a> Кривошеев Г. Ф., Россия и СССР в войнах XX века: потери вооруженных сил. Статистическое исследование (Krivosheev G.F., Russia and the USSR in the wars of the 20th century: losses of the Armed Forces. A Statistical Study Greenhill 1997 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1853672807" title="Special:BookSources/1853672807">1853672807</a>) (in Russian) </li> <li id="cite_note-WIF-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WIF_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WIF_18-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBunich1994" class="citation book cs1">Bunich, Igor (1994). Operatsiia Groza, Ili, Oshibka V Tretem Znake: Istoricheskaia Khronika. Vita-Oblik. p. 88. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5859760039" title="Special:BookSources/978-5859760039"><bdi>978-5859760039</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Operatsiia+Groza%2C+Ili%2C+Oshibka+V+Tretem+Znake%3A+Istoricheskaia+Khronika&rft.pages=88&rft.pub=Vita-Oblik&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-5859760039&rft.aulast=Bunich&rft.aufirst=Igor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInvasion+of+Poland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> Czesław Grzelak, Henryk Stańczyk: Kampania polska 1939 roku. Początek II wojny światowej. Warsaw Oficyna Wydawnicza Rytm, 2005, p. 5, 385. ISBN 83-7399-169-7. (in Polish) </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/german-soviet-pact">"German-Soviet Pact"</a>. encyclopedia.ushmm.org. Retrieved 27 July 2022. <q>...paved the way for the joint invasion and occupation of Poland by Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union that September.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=encyclopedia.ushmm.org&rft.atitle=German-Soviet+Pact&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fencyclopedia.ushmm.org%2Fcontent%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fgerman-soviet-pact&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInvasion+of+Poland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> Collier, Martin, and Pedley, Philip Germany 1919–45 (2000) p. 146 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiotrowski1998115-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPiotrowski1998115_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPiotrowski1998115_28-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPiotrowski1998">Piotrowski (1998)</a>, p. 115. </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGushee2013" class="citation book cs1">Gushee, David P. 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JHU Press. pp. 188–189. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0801864933" title="Special:BookSources/978-0801864933"><bdi>978-0801864933</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22Non-Germans%22+under+the+Third+Reich%3A+the+Nazi+judicial+and+administrative+system+in+Germany+and+occupied+Eastern+Europe+with+special+regard+to+occupied+Poland%2C+1939%E2%80%931945&rft.pages=188-189&rft.pub=JHU+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0801864933&rft.aulast=Majer&rft.aufirst=Diemut&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dw-IQu7nWQwQC%26q%3Dpoland%2Bmitteleuropa%26pg%3DPA188&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInvasion+of+Poland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-rothwell-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rothwell_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rothwell_37-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRothwell2001" class="citation book cs1">Rothwell, Victor (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JLlaN3e4IcsC&pg=PA92">Origins of the Second World War</a>. 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Bloomsbury Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1472834942" title="Special:BookSources/978-1472834942"><bdi>978-1472834942</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Case+White%3A+The+Invasion+of+Poland+1939&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1472834942&rft.au=Robert+Forczyk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTPSGDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInvasion+of+Poland" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-E.R_Hooton,_p87-97">^ <a href="#cite_ref-E.R_Hooton,_p87_97-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-E.R_Hooton,_p87_97-1">b</a> E.R. Hooton, p. 87 </li> <li id="cite_note-gunther1940-98">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gunther1940_98-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gunther1940_98-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gunther1940_98-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gunther1940_98-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGunther,_John1940" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Gunther" title="John Gunther">Gunther, John</a> (1940). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.149663/2015.149663.Inside-Europe#page/n13/mode/2up">Inside Europe</a>. New York: Harper & Brothers. pp. xvi–xvii.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inside+Europe&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=xvi-xvii&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Brothers&rft.date=1940&rft.au=Gunther%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.149663%2F2015.149663.Inside-Europe%23page%2Fn13%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInvasion+of+Poland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Poles_Holding_Line-99"><a href="#cite_ref-Poles_Holding_Line_99-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=sA8mAAAAIBAJ&pg=950%2C5226447">"Poles Holding Line 30 Miles From Warsaw"</a>. The Gettysburg Times. Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. 7 September 1939. p. 9.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Gettysburg+Times&rft.atitle=Poles+Holding+Line+30+Miles+From+Warsaw&rft.pages=9&rft.date=1939-09-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3DsA8mAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D950%252C5226447&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInvasion+of+Poland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOhler2017" class="citation book cs1">Ohler, Norman (2017). Blitzed: Drugs in Nazi Germany. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. pp. 51–54, 62–64.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blitzed%3A+Drugs+in+Nazi+Germany&rft.pages=51-54%2C+62-64&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Harcourt&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Ohler&rft.aufirst=Norman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInvasion+of+Poland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooke2016" class="citation news cs1">Cooke, Rachel (25 September 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/sep/25/blitzed-norman-ohler-adolf-hitler-nazi-drug-abuse-interview">"High Hitler: how Nazi drug abuse steered the course of history"</a>. The Observer. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0029-7712">0029-7712</a>. Retrieved 20 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Observer&rft.atitle=High+Hitler%3A+how+Nazi+drug+abuse+steered+the+course+of+history&rft.date=2016-09-25&rft.issn=0029-7712&rft.aulast=Cooke&rft.aufirst=Rachel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2F2016%2Fsep%2F25%2Fblitzed-norman-ohler-adolf-hitler-nazi-drug-abuse-interview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInvasion+of+Poland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stanley_S_1977,_pp._29-102">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stanley_S_1977,_pp._29_102-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stanley_S_1977,_pp._29_102-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stanley_S_1977,_pp._29_102-2">c</a> Stanley S. Seidner, "Reflections from Rumania and Beyond: Marshal Śmigły-Rydz Rydz in Exile", The Polish Review vol. xxii, no. 2, 1977, pp. 29–51. </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> Czesław Grzelak, Henryk Stańczyk (2005), Kampania polska 1939 roku, Oficyna Wydawnicza RYTM Warszawa, p. 182. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8373991697" title="Special:BookSources/8373991697">8373991697</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-E.R_Hooton,_p91-104">^ <a href="#cite_ref-E.R_Hooton,_p91_104-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-E.R_Hooton,_p91_104-1">b</a> E.R. Hooton, p. 91 </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> Tippelskirch, Kurt. History of Second World War </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts1992" class="citation journal cs1">Roberts, Geoffrey (1 January 1992). "The Soviet Decision for a Pact with Nazi Germany". <a href="/wiki/Europe-Asia_Studies" title="Europe-Asia Studies">Soviet Studies</a>. 44 (1): 57–78. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09668139208411994">10.1080/09668139208411994</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0038-5859">0038-5859</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/152247">152247</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Soviet+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Soviet+Decision+for+a+Pact+with+Nazi+Germany&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=57-78&rft.date=1992-01-01&rft.issn=0038-5859&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F152247%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09668139208411994&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInvasion+of+Poland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SCHULENBURG-107"><a href="#cite_ref-SCHULENBURG_107-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/ns069.asp">Telegram</a>: The German Ambassador in the Soviet Union, (Schulenburg) to the German Foreign Office. Moscow, 10 September 1939 – 9:40 p.m. and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/ns073.asp">Telegram 2</a>: he German Ambassador in the Soviet Union (Schulenburg) to the German Foreign Office. Moscow, 16 September 1939. Source: The Avalon Project at Yale Law School. Last. Retrieved 14 November 2006 </li> <li id="cite_note-Goldman_p._163,_164-108"><a href="#cite_ref-Goldman_p._163,_164_108-0">^</a> Goldman pp. 163, 164 </li> <li id="cite_note-Poland's_Holocaust:_Ethnic_Strife,_Collaboration_with_Occupying_Forces_and_Genocide...-109"><a href="#cite_ref-Poland's_Holocaust:_Ethnic_Strife,_Collaboration_with_Occupying_Forces_and_Genocide..._109-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTadeusz_Piotrowski1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tadeusz_Piotrowski_(sociologist)" title="Tadeusz Piotrowski (sociologist)">Tadeusz Piotrowski</a> (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A4FlatJCro4C&q=1939+Soviet+citizenship+Poland&pg=PA295">Poland's Holocaust: Ethnic Strife, Collaboration with Occupying Forces and Genocide…</a>. McFarland & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0786403714" title="Special:BookSources/978-0786403714"><bdi>978-0786403714</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Poland%27s+Holocaust%3A+Ethnic+Strife%2C+Collaboration+with+Occupying+Forces+and+Genocide%E2%80%A6&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Company&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0786403714&rft.au=Tadeusz+Piotrowski&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DA4FlatJCro4C%26q%3D1939%2BSoviet%2Bcitizenship%2BPoland%26pg%3DPA295&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInvasion+of+Poland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiotrowski1998295-111"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPiotrowski1998295_111-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPiotrowski1998">Piotrowski (1998)</a>, p. 295. </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> Sanford, p. 23; (in Polish) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://encyklopedia.pwn.pl/haslo.php?id=3950966">Olszyna-Wilczyński Józef Konstanty</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080306151813/http://encyklopedia.pwn.pl/haslo.php?id=3950966">Archived</a> 6 March 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Internetowa encyklopedia PWN. Retrieved 14 November 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-JOWIPN-113"><a href="#cite_ref-JOWIPN_113-0">^</a> (in Polish) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050107121610/http://www.ipn.gov.pl/sled_bialystok_9.html">Śledztwo w sprawie zabójstwa w dniu 22 września 1939 r. w okolicach miejscowości Sopoćkinie generała brygady Wojska Polskiego Józefa Olszyny-Wilczyńskiego i jego adiutanta kapitana Mieczysława Strzemskiego przez żołnierzy b. Związku Radzieckiego. (S 6/02/Zk)</a> Polish <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_National_Remembrance" title="Institute of National Remembrance">Institute of National Remembrance</a>. Internet Archive, 16.10.03. Retrieved 16 July 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiotrowski1998[httpsarchiveorgdetailspolandsholocaust00piotpage54_pp._54–56],_[httpsarchiveorgdetailspolandsholocaust00piotpage199_p._199]-114"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPiotrowski1998[httpsarchiveorgdetailspolandsholocaust00piotpage54_pp._54–56],_[httpsarchiveorgdetailspolandsholocaust00piotpage199_p._199]_114-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPiotrowski1998">Piotrowski (1998)</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/polandsholocaust00piot/page/54">pp. 54–56</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/polandsholocaust00piot/page/199">p. 199</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Sanford-115">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sanford_115-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sanford_115-1">b</a> (<a href="#CITEREFSanford2005">Sanford 2005</a>, pp. 20–24) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESeidner1978226-116"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeidner1978226_116-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSeidner1978">Seidner (1978)</a>, p. 226. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESeidner1978279-117"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeidner1978279_117-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSeidner1978">Seidner (1978)</a>, p. 279. </li> <li id="cite_note-PDOr-118"><a href="#cite_ref-PDOr_118-0">^</a> Peter David Orr (2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oRgpfP1SmVYC&q=Treaty.+guaranteed">Peace at Daggers Drawn</a> pp. 28–29 with more speech. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1413748295" title="Special:BookSources/1413748295">1413748295</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESeidner1978289-119"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeidner1978289_119-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSeidner1978">Seidner (1978)</a>, p. 289. </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> Richard J. Evans, The Third Reich at War, p. 102 </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> Bytwerk, Randall. "The Argument for Genocide in Nazi Propaganda." Quarterly Journal of Speech 91, no. 1 (February 2005): 37–62 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECorum2013174-122"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorum2013174_122-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCorum2013">Corum (2013)</a>, p. 174. </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_B._Rossino" title="Alexander B. Rossino">Rossino, Alexander B.</a> Hitler Strikes Poland: Blitzkrieg, Ideology, and Atrocity Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas, 2003 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEButler200145-124"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEButler200145_124-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFButler2001">Butler (2001)</a>, p. 45. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERossino2003114,_159–161-125"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERossino2003114,_159–161_125-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRossino2003">Rossino (2003)</a>, pp. 114, 159–161. </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGmyz2007" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gmyz, Cezary (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080513113925/http://www.wprost.pl/ar/105285/Seksualne-niewolnice-III-Rzeszy/">"Seksualne niewolnice III Rzeszy"</a>. WProst 24 (Arch. in WayBack Machine) (in Polish). 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Against Our Will – Men, Women and Rape. Fawcett Columbine. p. 71.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Against+Our+Will+%E2%80%93+Men%2C+Women+and+Rape&rft.pages=71&rft.pub=Fawcett+Columbine&rft.date=1975&rft.aulast=Brownmiller&rft.aufirst=Susan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInvasion+of+Poland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiotrowski1998301-128"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPiotrowski1998301_128-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPiotrowski1998">Piotrowski (1998)</a>, p. 301. </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> (in Polish) Tomasz Chinciński, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ipn.gov.pl/portal/pl/236/3740/nr_2_82005_8211_cena_3600_zl.html">Niemiecka dywersja w Polsce w 1939 r. w świetle dokumentów policyjnych i wojskowych II Rzeczypospolitej oraz służb specjalnych III Rzeszy. Część 1 (marzec–sierpień 1939 r.).</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190512063601/http://ipn.gov.pl/pl?dzial=&id=3740">Archived</a> 12 May 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Pamięć i Sprawiedliwość. nr 2 (8)/2005 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELukas2001ix,_1–5-130"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELukas2001ix,_1–5_130-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLukas2001">Lukas (2001)</a>, pp. ix, 1–5. </li> <li id="cite_note-Toppe398-131">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Toppe398_131-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Toppe398_131-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Toppe398_131-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Toppe398_131-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Toppe398_131-4">e</a> Andreas Toppe, Militär und Kriegsvölkerrecht: Rechtsnorm, Fachdiskurs und Kriegspraxis in Deutschland 1899–1940, Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag, 2008, p. 398, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3486582062" title="Special:BookSources/3486582062">3486582062</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Moczulski-132"><a href="#cite_ref-Moczulski_132-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeszek_Moczulski2009" class="citation book cs1">Leszek Moczulski (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_WBmEuQnYlYC">Wojna polska</a>. Bellona. GGKEY:YJUTJZKPCPA.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wojna+polska&rft.pub=Bellona&rft.date=2009&rft.au=Leszek+Moczulski&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_WBmEuQnYlYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInvasion+of+Poland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> Кривошеин С.М. Междубурье. Воспоминания. Воронеж, 1964. (Krivoshein S.M. Between the Storms. Memoirs. Voronezh, 1964. in Russian); Guderian H. Erinnerungen eines Soldaten Heidelberg, 1951 (English: Memoirs of a Soldier) </li> <li id="cite_note-SDtW-134"><a href="#cite_ref-SDtW_134-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaack1995" class="citation book cs1">Raack, Richard (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pAdZMaWn8cIC&pg=PA58">Stalin's Drive to the West, 1938–1945</a>. Stanford University Press. p. 58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0804724159" title="Special:BookSources/978-0804724159"><bdi>978-0804724159</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2 November 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stalin%27s+Drive+to+the+West%2C+1938%E2%80%931945&rft.pages=58&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0804724159&rft.aulast=Raack&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpAdZMaWn8cIC%26pg%3DPA58&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInvasion+of+Poland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> Clark, Lloyd, Kursk: The greatest battle: Eastern Front 1943, 2011, pp. 62, 67, 76–80 </li> <li id="cite_note-Clark,_Lloyd_2011,_page_62-136">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Clark,_Lloyd_2011,_page_62_136-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clark,_Lloyd_2011,_page_62_136-1">b</a> Clark, Lloyd, Kursk: The greatest battle: Eastern Front 1943, 2011, p. 62 </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-137"><a href="#cite_ref-:1_137-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSudoł2011" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Sudoł, Tomasz (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.polska1918-89.pl/pdf/zbrodnie-wehrmachtu-na-jencach-polskich-we-wrzesniu-1939-roku,2028.pdf">"Zbrodnie Wehrmachtu na jeńcach polskich we wrześniu 1939 roku"</a> [Wehrmacht crimes against Polish prisoners of war in September 1939] (PDF). Biuletyn Instytutu Pamięci Narodowej. 8–9 (129–130). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211228235927/https://www.polska1918-89.pl/pdf/zbrodnie-wehrmachtu-na-jencach-polskich-we-wrzesniu-1939-roku,2028.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 28 December 2021. Retrieved 1 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biuletyn+Instytutu+Pami%C4%99ci+Narodowej&rft.atitle=Zbrodnie+Wehrmachtu+na+je%C5%84cach+polskich+we+wrze%C5%9Bniu+1939+roku&rft.volume=8%E2%80%939+%28129%E2%80%93130%29&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Sudo%C5%82&rft.aufirst=Tomasz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.polska1918-89.pl%2Fpdf%2Fzbrodnie-wehrmachtu-na-jencach-polskich-we-wrzesniu-1939-roku%2C2028.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInvasion+of+Poland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-138"><a href="#cite_ref-:3_138-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSnyder2012" class="citation book cs1">Snyder, Timothy (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=maEfAQAAQBAJ&pg=PT121">Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin</a>. Basic Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-03297-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-03297-6"><bdi>978-0-465-03297-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230602055440/https://books.google.com/books?id=maEfAQAAQBAJ&pg=PT121">Archived</a> from the original on 2 June 2023. Retrieved 2 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bloodlands%3A+Europe+Between+Hitler+and+Stalin&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-465-03297-6&rft.aulast=Snyder&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmaEfAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT121&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInvasion+of+Poland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSword1991" class="citation journal cs1">Sword, Keith Sword (1991). "British Reactions to the Soviet Occupation of Eastern Poland in September 1939". The Slavonic and East European Review. 69 (1): 81–101.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Slavonic+and+East+European+Review&rft.atitle=British+Reactions+to+the+Soviet+Occupation+of+Eastern+Poland+in+September+1939&rft.volume=69&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=81-101&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Sword&rft.aufirst=Keith+Sword&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInvasion+of+Poland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Churchill_U_1991._p._204-140">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Churchill_U_1991._p._204_140-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Churchill_U_1991._p._204_140-1">b</a> Черчилль У. Вторая мировая война. – М.: Воениздат, 1991. с. 204/Churchill U. World War II. – Moscow: Voenizdat, 1991. p. 204 </li> <li id="cite_note-A_World_at_Arms-141"><a href="#cite_ref-A_World_at_Arms_141-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeinberg2005" class="citation book cs1">Weinberg, Gerhard L. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=a-Wb45gW3P4C&q=Lebensraum+1939&pg=PA44">A World at Arms</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521618267" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521618267"><bdi>978-0521618267</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2 November 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+World+at+Arms&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0521618267&rft.aulast=Weinberg&rft.aufirst=Gerhard+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Da-Wb45gW3P4C%26q%3DLebensraum%2B1939%26pg%3DPA44&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInvasion+of+Poland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Justice_and_the_Genesis_of_War-142"><a href="#cite_ref-Justice_and_the_Genesis_of_War_142-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWelch1995" class="citation book cs1">Welch, David A. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i2Z5blE1KGoC&q=May+23+Hitler+lebensraum&pg=PA148">Justice and the Genesis of War</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521558686" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521558686"><bdi>978-0521558686</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Justice+and+the+Genesis+of+War&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0521558686&rft.aulast=Welch&rft.aufirst=David+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Di2Z5blE1KGoC%26q%3DMay%2B23%2BHitler%2Blebensraum%26pg%3DPA148&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInvasion+of+Poland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-INR-143">^ <a href="#cite_ref-INR_143-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-INR_143-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120406115752/http://www.expatica.com/de/news/german-news/Polish-experts-lower-nation_s-WWII-death-toll--_55843.html">"Polish experts lower nation's WWII death toll"</a>. AFP/Expatica. 30 July 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.expatica.com/de/news/german-news/Polish-experts-lower-nation_s-WWII-death-toll--_55843.html">the original</a> on 6 April 2012. Retrieved 4 November 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Polish+experts+lower+nation%27s+WWII+death+toll&rft.pub=AFP%2FExpatica&rft.date=2009-07-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.expatica.com%2Fde%2Fnews%2Fgerman-news%2FPolish-experts-lower-nation_s-WWII-death-toll--_55843.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInvasion+of+Poland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> Wojciech Materski and Tomasz Szarota (eds.).Polska 1939–1945. Straty osobowe i ofiary represji pod dwiema okupacjami.<a href="/wiki/Institute_of_National_Remembrance" title="Institute of National Remembrance">Institute of National Remembrance</a>(IPN) Warszawa 2009 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8376290676" title="Special:BookSources/978-8376290676">978-8376290676</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://niniwa2.cba.pl/polska_1939_1945.htm">Introduction reproduced here</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120323161233/http://niniwa2.cba.pl/polska_1939_1945.htm">Archived</a> 2012-03-23 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> Dr. Jan Moor-Jankowski, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pacwashmetrodiv.org/events/holoc04/moor-jankowski.htm">Holocaust of Non-Jewish Poles During WWII.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160516004415/http://www.pacwashmetrodiv.org/events/holoc04/moor-jankowski.htm">Archived</a> 16 May 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Polish American Congress, Washington. </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> Wojciech Materski and Tomasz Szarota. Polska 1939–1945. Straty osobowe i ofiary represji pod dwiema okupacjami.Institute of National Remembrance(IPN) Warszawa 2009 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8376290676" title="Special:BookSources/978-8376290676">978-8376290676</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> a.o. Robert Westerby en R.M. Low, The Polish Gold (London 1940), 1–18, Ingo Loose, Kredite für NS-Verbrechen. Die Deutsche Kreditinstituten im Polen und die Ausraubung der polnischen un jüdischen Bevölkerung 1939–1945 (München 2007), 64–67, Anita J. Prazmowska, Britain and Poland 1939–1943. The Betrayed Ally (1995), 21 </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304073842/http://www.polishsoldier.nl/chapter-2-the-soviet-german-invasion-and-the-polish-exodus-1939-1940/">"Chapter 2. The Soviet-German invasion and the Polish exodus (1939–1940) – Polish forces in the West"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.polishsoldier.nl/chapter-2-the-soviet-german-invasion-and-the-polish-exodus-1939-1940/">the original</a> on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 10 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chapter+2.+The+Soviet-German+invasion+and+the+Polish+exodus+%281939%E2%80%931940%29+%E2%80%93+Polish+forces+in+the+West&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.polishsoldier.nl%2Fchapter-2-the-soviet-german-invasion-and-the-polish-exodus-1939-1940%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInvasion+of+Poland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuiskamp2015" class="citation book cs1">Huiskamp, Florian (2015). Zonder Vrees en Zonder Verwijt. Poolse militairen in West-Europa tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog. Amsterdam. pp. 64–65.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zonder+Vrees+en+Zonder+Verwijt.+Poolse+militairen+in+West-Europa+tijdens+de+Tweede+Wereldoorlog&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pages=64-65&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Huiskamp&rft.aufirst=Florian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInvasion+of+Poland" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.loc.gov/vwebv/holdingsInfo?searchId=3789&recCount=25&recPointer=0&bibId=19493369">LC Online Catalog – Item Information (Full Record)</a>. SF Tafel Publishers. 2017. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781543059250" title="Special:BookSources/9781543059250"><bdi>9781543059250</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=LC+Online+Catalog+%E2%80%93+Item+Information+%28Full+Record%29&rft.pub=SF+Tafel+Publishers&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781543059250&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcatalog.loc.gov%2Fvwebv%2FholdingsInfo%3FsearchId%3D3789%26recCount%3D25%26recPointer%3D0%26bibId%3D19493369&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInvasion+of+Poland" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: <code class="cs1-code">|website=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/julien-bryan">"Julien Bryan"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Julien+Bryan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fencyclopedia.ushmm.org%2Fcontent%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fjulien-bryan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInvasion+of+Poland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://panzerworld.com/poland-1939#polishcavalry">"Poland 1939 (Fall Weiß) <s></s> Polish Cavalry Charges Against Tanks"</a>. Panzerworld. Retrieved 20 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Poland+1939+%28Fall+Wei%C3%9F%29+%3Cs%3E%3C%2Fs%3E+Polish+Cavalry+Charges+Against+Tanks&rft.pub=Panzerworld&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpanzerworld.com%2Fpoland-1939%23polishcavalry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInvasion+of+Poland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zaloga2004-153"><a href="#cite_ref-Zaloga2004_153-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteve_Zaloga2004" class="citation book cs1">Steve Zaloga (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IXshAQAAIAAJ">Poland 1939: The Birth of Blitzkrieg</a>. Praeger. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0275982782" title="Special:BookSources/978-0275982782"><bdi>978-0275982782</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Poland+1939%3A+The+Birth+of+Blitzkrieg&rft.pub=Praeger&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0275982782&rft.au=Steve+Zaloga&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIXshAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInvasion+of+Poland" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> Henryk Smaczny, Księga kawalerii polskiej ("Book of Polish cavalry"), TESCO, Warszawa 1989, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8300025553" title="Special:BookSources/8300025553">8300025553</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> Steven J. Zaloga, Ramiro Bujeiro, Howard Gerrard, Poland 1939: the birth of blitzkrieg, Osprey Publishing, 2002, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1841764086" title="Special:BookSources/1841764086">1841764086</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oQeAKAjlEwMC&dq=Polish+airforce+1939+ground&pg=PA50">Google Print, p. 50</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> Overy, Richard J., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Uocntt1lGDUC&pg=PA28">The Air War: 1939–1945</a>, London, Europa Publications, 1980. p. 28 </li> <li id="cite_note-LeslieLeslie1983-157"><a href="#cite_ref-LeslieLeslie1983_157-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoy_Francis_LeslieR._F._Leslie1983" class="citation book cs1">Roy Francis Leslie; R. F. Leslie (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0tYVKUsnw9IC&pg=PA212">The History of Poland Since 1863</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 212. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521275019" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521275019"><bdi>978-0521275019</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Poland+Since+1863&rft.pages=212&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0521275019&rft.au=Roy+Francis+Leslie&rft.au=R.+F.+Leslie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0tYVKUsnw9IC%26pg%3DPA212&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInvasion+of+Poland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> Bekker, Cajus (1964) Angriffshohe 285 aircraft destroyed, 279 damaged of initial force </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFForczyk2019">Forczyk 2019</a>, pp. 326–325 – lists 236 tanks as totally destroyed and 457 damaged, of which 180 were repaired and the remainder scrapped, giving 180 + 277 = 513 tanks destroyed or scrapped following damage, and 319 armoured cars lost. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESeidner1978-161"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeidner1978_161-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSeidner1978">Seidner (1978)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Cooper176-162"><a href="#cite_ref-Cooper176_162-0">^</a> Matthew Cooper, The German Army 1939–1945: Its Political and Military Failure, p. 176 </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> Ellis, John (1999). Brute Force: Allied Strategy and Tactics in the Second World War, pp. 3–4 </li> <li id="cite_note-Cooper4-164"><a href="#cite_ref-Cooper4_164-0">^</a> Matthew Cooper, The German Army 1939–1945: Its Political and Military Failure, p. 4 </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources_and_further_reading">Sources and further reading</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaliszewski2004" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Dariusz_Baliszewski" title="Dariusz Baliszewski">Baliszewski, Dariusz</a> (10 October 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wprost.pl/ar/?O=68347">"Wojna sukcesów"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Wprost" title="Wprost">Wprost</a> (in Polish) (1141). Retrieved 24 March 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wprost&rft.atitle=Wojna+sukces%C3%B3w&rft.issue=1141&rft.date=2004-10-10&rft.aulast=Baliszewski&rft.aufirst=Dariusz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wprost.pl%2Far%2F%3FO%3D68347&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInvasion+of+Poland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaliszewski2004" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Dariusz_Baliszewski" title="Dariusz Baliszewski">Baliszewski, Dariusz</a> (19 September 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070514184605/http://www.wprost.pl/ar/?O=66711">"Most honoru"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Wprost" title="Wprost">Wprost</a> (in Polish) (1138). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wprost.pl/ar/?O=66711">the original</a> on 14 May 2007. Retrieved 24 March 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wprost&rft.atitle=Most+honoru&rft.issue=1138&rft.date=2004-09-19&rft.aulast=Baliszewski&rft.aufirst=Dariusz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wprost.pl%2Far%2F%3FO%3D66711&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInvasion+of+Poland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrownmiller1975" class="citation book cs1">Brownmiller, Susan (1975). Against Our Will – Men, Women and Rape. Fawcett Columbine. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-449-90820-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-449-90820-8"><bdi>0-449-90820-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Against+Our+Will+%E2%80%93+Men%2C+Women+and+Rape&rft.pub=Fawcett+Columbine&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=0-449-90820-8&rft.aulast=Brownmiller&rft.aufirst=Susan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInvasion+of+Poland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButler2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rupert_Butler" title="Rupert Butler">Butler, Rupert</a> (2001). SS-Leibstandarte: The History of the First SS Division, 1934–45. Staplehurst: Spellmount. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86227-117-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86227-117-3"><bdi>978-1-86227-117-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=SS-Leibstandarte%3A+The+History+of+the+First+SS+Division%2C+1934%E2%80%9345&rft.place=Staplehurst&rft.pub=Spellmount&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-86227-117-3&rft.aulast=Butler&rft.aufirst=Rupert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInvasion+of+Poland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooper1978" class="citation book cs1">Cooper, Matthew (1978). The German Army 1939–1945: Its Political and Military Failure. New York: Stein and Day. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0812824681" title="Special:BookSources/978-0812824681"><bdi>978-0812824681</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+German+Army+1939%E2%80%931945%3A+Its+Political+and+Military+Failure&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Stein+and+Day&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0812824681&rft.aulast=Cooper&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInvasion+of+Poland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorum2013" class="citation journal cs1">Corum, James S. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.35467%2Fsdq%2F103158">"The Luftwaffe's Campaigns in Poland and the West 1939–1940: A Case Study of handling Innovation in Wartime"</a>. Security and Defence Quarterly. 1 (1): 158–189. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.35467%2Fsdq%2F103158">10.35467/sdq/103158</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Security+and+Defence+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+Luftwaffe%27s+Campaigns+in+Poland+and+the+West+1939%E2%80%931940%3A+A+Case+Study+of+handling+Innovation+in+Wartime&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=158-189&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.35467%2Fsdq%2F103158&rft.aulast=Corum&rft.aufirst=James+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.35467%252Fsdq%252F103158&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInvasion+of+Poland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChodakiewicz2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Marek_Jan_Chodakiewicz" title="Marek Jan Chodakiewicz">Chodakiewicz, Marek Jan</a> (2004). Between Nazis and Soviets: Occupation Politics in Poland, 1939–1947. Lexington Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0739104842" title="Special:BookSources/978-0739104842"><bdi>978-0739104842</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Between+Nazis+and+Soviets%3A+Occupation+Politics+in+Poland%2C+1939%E2%80%931947&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0739104842&rft.aulast=Chodakiewicz&rft.aufirst=Marek+Jan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInvasion+of+Poland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllis1999" class="citation book cs1">Ellis, John (1999). <a href="/wiki/Brute_Force_(Ellis_book)" title="Brute Force (Ellis book)">Brute Force: Allied Strategy and Tactics in the Second World War</a> (1st US ed.). Viking Adult. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0670807734" title="Special:BookSources/978-0670807734"><bdi>978-0670807734</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brute+Force%3A+Allied+Strategy+and+Tactics+in+the+Second+World+War&rft.edition=1st+US&rft.pub=Viking+Adult&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0670807734&rft.aulast=Ellis&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInvasion+of+Poland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFischer" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Fischer_(historian)" title="Benjamin Fischer (historian)">Fischer, Benjamin B.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070613112054/https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/winter99-00/art6.html">"The Katyn Controversy: Stalin's Killing Field"</a>. Studies in Intelligence. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/winter99-00/art6.html">the original</a> on 13 June 2007. Retrieved 10 December 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studies+in+Intelligence&rft.atitle=The+Katyn+Controversy%3A+Stalin%27s+Killing+Field&rft.aulast=Fischer&rft.aufirst=Benjamin+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Flibrary%2Fcenter-for-the-study-of-intelligence%2Fcsi-publications%2Fcsi-studies%2Fstudies%2Fwinter99-00%2Fart6.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInvasion+of+Poland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForczyk2019" class="citation book cs1">Forczyk, Robert (2019). Case White: The Invasion of Poland 1939. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1472834959" title="Special:BookSources/978-1472834959"><bdi>978-1472834959</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Case+White%3A+The+Invasion+of+Poland+1939&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1472834959&rft.aulast=Forczyk&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInvasion+of+Poland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldman2012" class="citation book cs1">Goldman, Stuart D. (2012). Nomonhan, 1939: The Red Army's Victory That Shaped World War II. <a href="/wiki/Naval_Institute_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval Institute Press">Naval Institute Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1591143291" title="Special:BookSources/978-1591143291"><bdi>978-1591143291</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nomonhan%2C+1939%3A+The+Red+Army%27s+Victory+That+Shaped+World+War+II&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1591143291&rft.aulast=Goldman&rft.aufirst=Stuart+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInvasion+of+Poland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHahn1986–1987" class="citation book cs1">Hahn, Fritz (1986–1987). Waffen und Geheimwaffen des deutschen Heeres 1933–1945 [Weapons and Secret Weapons of the German Army, 1933–1945]. Koblenz: Bernard & Graefe. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3763758302" title="Special:BookSources/978-3763758302"><bdi>978-3763758302</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Waffen+und+Geheimwaffen+des+deutschen+Heeres+1933%E2%80%931945&rft.place=Koblenz&rft.pub=Bernard+%26+Graefe&rft.date=1986%2F1987&rft.isbn=978-3763758302&rft.aulast=Hahn&rft.aufirst=Fritz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInvasion+of+Poland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHooton2007" class="citation book cs1">Hooton, E.R. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gatheringstorm190001hoot">Luftwaffe at War: Gathering Storm 1933–1939</a>. Vol. I. London: Chevron/Ian Allan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1903223710" title="Special:BookSources/978-1903223710"><bdi>978-1903223710</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Luftwaffe+at+War%3A+Gathering+Storm+1933%E2%80%931939&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Chevron%2FIan+Allan&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1903223710&rft.aulast=Hooton&rft.aufirst=E.R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgatheringstorm190001hoot&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInvasion+of+Poland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJentz1996" class="citation book cs1">Jentz, Thomas (1996). Panzertruppen: The Complete Guide to the Creation & Combat Employment of Germany's Tank Force 1933–1942 (v. 1). Atglen: Schiffer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0887409158" title="Special:BookSources/978-0887409158"><bdi>978-0887409158</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Panzertruppen%3A+The+Complete+Guide+to+the+Creation+%26+Combat+Employment+of+Germany%27s+Tank+Force+1933%E2%80%931942+%28v.+1%29&rft.place=Atglen&rft.pub=Schiffer&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0887409158&rft.aulast=Jentz&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInvasion+of+Poland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennedy1980" class="citation book cs1">Kennedy, Robert M. (1980). The German Campaign in Poland (1939). Zenger. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0892010646" title="Special:BookSources/978-0892010646"><bdi>978-0892010646</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+German+Campaign+in+Poland+%281939%29&rft.pub=Zenger&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0892010646&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.aufirst=Robert+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInvasion+of+Poland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKushnerKnox1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tony_Kushner" title="Tony Kushner">Kushner, Tony</a>; Knox, Katharine (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4iehSAirzqQC&q=Soviet+genocide+Poland&pg=PA219">Refugees in an Age of Genocide</a>. London; New York: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0714647838" title="Special:BookSources/978-0714647838"><bdi>978-0714647838</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2 November 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Refugees+in+an+Age+of+Genocide&rft.place=London%3B+New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0714647838&rft.aulast=Kushner&rft.aufirst=Tony&rft.au=Knox%2C+Katharine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4iehSAirzqQC%26q%3DSoviet%2Bgenocide%2BPoland%26pg%3DPA219&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInvasion+of+Poland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLukas2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_C._Lukas" title="Richard C. Lukas">Lukas, Richard C.</a> (2001). Forgotten Holocaust: The Poles Under German Occupation, 1939–1944. Hippocrene Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0781809016" title="Special:BookSources/978-0781809016"><bdi>978-0781809016</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Forgotten+Holocaust%3A+The+Poles+Under+German+Occupation%2C+1939%E2%80%931944&rft.pub=Hippocrene+Books&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0781809016&rft.aulast=Lukas&rft.aufirst=Richard+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInvasion+of+Poland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMajer2003" class="citation book cs1">Majer, Diemut; et al. (2003). Non-Germans under the Third Reich: The Nazi Judicial and Administrative System in Germany and Occupied Eastern Europe, with Special Regard to Occupied Poland, 1939–1945. Johns Hopkins University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0801864933" title="Special:BookSources/978-0801864933"><bdi>978-0801864933</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Non-Germans+under+the+Third+Reich%3A+The+Nazi+Judicial+and+Administrative+System+in+Germany+and+Occupied+Eastern+Europe%2C+with+Special+Regard+to+Occupied+Poland%2C+1939%E2%80%931945&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0801864933&rft.aulast=Majer&rft.aufirst=Diemut&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInvasion+of+Poland" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Moorhouse, Roger. Poland 1939: The Outbreak of World War II (Basic Books, 2020) popular history <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdiplo.org/to/E353">online review</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://select.nytimes.com/mem/archive/pdf?res=F50E11F63C5E1A7A93CAAB1782D85F458485F9">"Nazi Loss in Poland Placed at 290,000"</a>. The New York Times (Press release). 28 September 1941. Retrieved 17 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nazi+Loss+in+Poland+Placed+at+290%2C000&rft.date=1941-09-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fselect.nytimes.com%2Fmem%2Farchive%2Fpdf%3Fres%3DF50E11F63C5E1A7A93CAAB1782D85F458485F9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInvasion+of+Poland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrazmowska1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anita_J._Prazmowska" title="Anita J. Prazmowska">Prazmowska, Anita J.</a> (1995). Britain and Poland 1939–1943: The Betrayed Ally. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521483858" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521483858"><bdi>978-0521483858</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Britain+and+Poland+1939%E2%80%931943%3A+The+Betrayed+Ally&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0521483858&rft.aulast=Prazmowska&rft.aufirst=Anita+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInvasion+of+Poland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPiotrowski1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tadeusz_Piotrowski_(sociologist)" title="Tadeusz Piotrowski (sociologist)">Piotrowski, Tadeusz</a> (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hC0-dk7vpM8C">Poland's Holocaust: Ethnic Strife, Collaboration With Occupying Forces and Genocide in the Second Republic, 1918–1947</a>. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0786429134" title="Special:BookSources/978-0786429134"><bdi>978-0786429134</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Poland%27s+Holocaust%3A+Ethnic+Strife%2C+Collaboration+With+Occupying+Forces+and+Genocide+in+the+Second+Republic%2C+1918%E2%80%931947&rft.place=Jefferson%2C+NC&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Company&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0786429134&rft.aulast=Piotrowski&rft.aufirst=Tadeusz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhC0-dk7vpM8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInvasion+of+Poland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRossino2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_B._Rossino" title="Alexander B. Rossino">Rossino, Alexander B.</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hitlerstrikespol0000ross">Hitler Strikes Poland: Blitzkrieg, Ideology, and Atrocity</a>. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-1234-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-1234-5"><bdi>978-0-7006-1234-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitler+Strikes+Poland%3A+Blitzkrieg%2C+Ideology%2C+and+Atrocity&rft.place=Lawrence%2C+Kansas&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kansas&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7006-1234-5&rft.aulast=Rossino&rft.aufirst=Alexander+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhitlerstrikespol0000ross&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInvasion+of+Poland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanford2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Sanford_(scholar)" class="mw-redirect" title="George Sanford (scholar)">Sanford, George</a> (2005). Katyn and the Soviet Massacre of 1940: Truth, Justice And Memory. London; New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415338738" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415338738"><bdi>978-0415338738</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Katyn+and+the+Soviet+Massacre+of+1940%3A+Truth%2C+Justice+And+Memory&rft.place=London%3B+New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0415338738&rft.aulast=Sanford&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInvasion+of+Poland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeidner1978" class="citation book cs1">Seidner, Stanley S. (1978). Marshal Edward Śmigły-Rydz: Rydz and the Defence of Poland. New York.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marshal+Edward+%C5%9Amig%C5%82y-Rydz%3A+Rydz+and+the+Defence+of+Poland&rft.place=New+York&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=Seidner&rft.aufirst=Stanley+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInvasion+of+Poland" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylorMayer1974" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, A.J.P.; Mayer, S.L., eds. (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofworldwa00tayl">A History of World War Two</a>. London: Octopus Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0706403992" title="Special:BookSources/978-0706403992"><bdi>978-0706403992</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+World+War+Two&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Octopus+Books&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-0706403992&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofworldwa00tayl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInvasion+of+Poland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeinberg1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Weinberg" title="Gerhard Weinberg">Weinberg, Gerhard</a> (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worldatarmsgloba00wein">A World at Arms: A Global History of World War II</a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521443173" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521443173"><bdi>978-0521443173</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+World+at+Arms%3A+A+Global+History+of+World+War+II&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0521443173&rft.aulast=Weinberg&rft.aufirst=Gerhard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fworldatarmsgloba00wein&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInvasion+of+Poland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZalogaGerrard2002" class="citation book cs1">Zaloga, Steve; Gerrard, Howard (2002). Poland 1939: The Birth of Blitzkrieg. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1841764085" title="Special:BookSources/978-1841764085"><bdi>978-1841764085</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Poland+1939%3A+The+Birth+of+Blitzkrieg&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1841764085&rft.aulast=Zaloga&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft.au=Gerrard%2C+Howard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInvasion+of+Poland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZaloga1982" class="citation book cs1">Zaloga, Steve (1982). The Polish Army 1939–1945. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0850454178" title="Special:BookSources/978-0850454178"><bdi>978-0850454178</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Polish+Army+1939%E2%80%931945&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0850454178&rft.aulast=Zaloga&rft.aufirst=Steve&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInvasion+of+Poland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050927194547/http://encyklopedia.pwn.pl/33490_1.html">"Kampania Wrześniowa 1939"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Internetowa_encyklopedia_PWN" title="Internetowa encyklopedia PWN">Internetowa encyklopedia PWN</a> (in Polish). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://encyklopedia.pwn.pl/33490_1.html">the original</a> on 27 September 2005. Retrieved 10 December 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kampania+Wrze%C5%9Bniowa+1939&rft.btitle=Internetowa+encyklopedia+PWN&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fencyklopedia.pwn.pl%2F33490_1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInvasion+of+Poland" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBöhler2006" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Böhler, Jochen (2006). "Preface". Auftakt zum Vernichtungskrieg; Die Wehrmacht in Polen 1939 [War of Annihilation: The Wehrmacht in Poland 1939] (in German). Frankfurt: Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3596163076" title="Special:BookSources/978-3596163076"><bdi>978-3596163076</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Preface&rft.btitle=Auftakt+zum+Vernichtungskrieg%3B+Die+Wehrmacht+in+Polen+1939&rft.place=Frankfurt&rft.pub=Fischer+Taschenbuch+Verlag&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-3596163076&rft.aulast=B%C3%B6hler&rft.aufirst=Jochen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInvasion+of+Poland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGross2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jan_T._Gross" title="Jan T. Gross">Gross, Jan T.</a> (2002). Revolution from Abroad: The Soviet Conquest of Poland's Western Ukraine and Western Belorussia. Princeton: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0691096032" title="Special:BookSources/978-0691096032"><bdi>978-0691096032</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revolution+from+Abroad%3A+The+Soviet+Conquest+of+Poland%27s+Western+Ukraine+and+Western+Belorussia&rft.place=Princeton&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0691096032&rft.aulast=Gross&rft.aufirst=Jan+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInvasion+of+Poland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoorhouse2019" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Roger_Moorhouse" title="Roger Moorhouse">Moorhouse, Roger</a> (2019). First to Fight: The Polish War 1939. <a href="/wiki/The_Bodley_Head" title="The Bodley Head">The Bodley Head</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1847924605" title="Special:BookSources/978-1847924605"><bdi>978-1847924605</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=First+to+Fight%3A+The+Polish+War+1939&rft.pub=The+Bodley+Head&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1847924605&rft.aulast=Moorhouse&rft.aufirst=Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInvasion+of+Poland" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121108072837/http://www1.yadvashem.org/yv/en/holocaust/about/02/occupation.asp?WT.mc_id=wiki">Archived</a> 8 November 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Yad_Vashem" title="Yad Vashem">Yad Vashem</a> website</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090511235344/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/system/topicRoot/German_invasion_of_Poland/">German invasion of Poland</a> Original reports from The Times <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090511235344/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/system/topicRoot/German_invasion_of_Poland/">Archived</a> May 11, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lTW_dftTTUcC&q=%22Invasion+of+Poland%22+-wikipedia">Blitzkrieg Unleashed: The German Invasion of Poland, 1939</a> History of the invasion with focus on precise locations and events, as experienced by real people.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USA/DAP-Poland/Campaign-III.html">Detailed outline of campaign, mainly from German documents</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231020131911/http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USA/DAP-Poland/Campaign-III.html">Archived</a> October 20, 2023, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ww2db.com/battle_spec.php?battle_id=28">The Campaign in Poland at WorldWar2 Database</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231120225546/https://ww2db.com/battle_spec.php?battle_id=28">Archived</a> November 20, 2023, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.achtungpanzer.com/polcamp.htm">The Campaign in Poland at Achtung! Panzer</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180318222115/http://www.achtungpanzer.com/invasion-of-poland-fall-weiss.htm">Archived</a> March 18, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.feldgrau.com/WW2-Germany-Statistics-and-Numbers/">German Statistics including September Campaign losses</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240407051954/https://www.feldgrau.com/ww2-germany-statistics-and-numbers/">Archived</a> April 7, 2024, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.schoolshistory.org.uk/EuropeatWar/blitzkrieg_poland.htm">Brief Campaign losses and more statistics</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181223121622/http://www.schoolshistory.org.uk/EuropeatWar/blitzkrieg_poland.htm">Archived</a> December 23, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldatwar.net/article/poland39/index.html">Fall Weiß – The Fall of Poland</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231201062620/http://worldatwar.net/article/poland39/index.html">Archived</a> December 1, 2023, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.com/video.do?name=militaryhistory&bcpid=1681694250&bclid=1699210677&bctid=1606750320">Radio reports on the German invasion of Poland</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a>‍] and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091008124031/http://www.history.com/video.do?name=militaryhistory&bcpid=1681694250&bclid=1699210677&bctid=1606750307">Nazi broadcast claiming that Germany's action is an act of defence</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/september/1/newsid_3506000/3506335.stm">Headline story on BBC: Germany invades Poland</a> 1 September 1939. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231206085527/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/september/1/newsid_3506000/3506335.stm">Archived</a> December 6, 2023, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.engdahl.oilgeopolitics.net/History/MacKinder/mackinder.html">Halford Mackinder's Necessary War</a> An essay describing the Polish Campaign in a larger strategic context of the war <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240204135056/http://www.engdahl.oilgeopolitics.net/History/MacKinder/mackinder.html">Archived</a> February 4, 2024, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://niehorster.org/029_poland/__poland.htm">Detailed Polish Army organization</a> schemas by Dr. Leo Niehorster <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240404204616/http://www.niehorster.org/029_poland/__poland.htm">Archived</a> April 4, 2024, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://niehorster.org/011_germany/__ge_index.htm">Detailed German Army organization</a> schemas by Dr. Leo Niehorster <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240404204616/http://www.niehorster.org/011_germany/__ge_index.htm">Archived</a> April 4, 2024, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://derela.republika.pl/form.htm">Polish Armoured Units 1939</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080430163947/http://derela.republika.pl/form.htm">Archived</a> 30 April 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091012130715/http://www.uwm.edu/Library/digilib/pol/index.html">Nazi invasion of Poland in 1939: Images and Documents from the Harrison Forman collection</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.polishnews.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&catid=93%3Ahistoriapolish-history&id=402%3Athe-polish-campaign-of-september-1939-in-perspective&Itemid=329&showall=1">"The Polish Campaign of September 1939 in Perspective" Polish News, 24 September 2008</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110926224555/http://www.polishnews.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&catid=93%3Ahistoriapolish-history&id=402%3Athe-polish-campaign-of-september-1939-in-perspective&Itemid=329&showall=1">Archived</a> September 26, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/invasion_poland_01.shtml">Invasion of Poland</a> by Bradley Lightbody, Last updated 2011-03-30 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240520053028/https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/invasion_poland_01.shtml">Archived</a> May 20, 2024, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.polamjournal.com/Library/APHistory/Cavalry_Myth/cavalry_myth.html">The Mythical Polish Cavalry Charge</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120626134027/http://www.polamjournal.com/Library/APHistory/Cavalry_Myth/cavalry_myth.html">Archived</a> 26 June 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.polishsoldier.nl/introduction/">Polish forces in the West</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160208124935/http://www.polishsoldier.nl/introduction/">Archived</a> 8 February 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. A website describing the Polish forces in France, UK and the Netherlands</li></ul> War propaganda newsreel <ul><li>Advance into Poland. National Archives and Records Administration (German. Series: Motion Picture Films. G-2 Army Military Intelligence Division). <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gov.archives.arc.44381.1">Reel 1 of 4</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gov.archives.arc.44381.2">Reel 2 of 4</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gov.archives.arc.44381.3">Reel 3 of 4</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gov.archives.arc.44381.4">Reel 4 of 4</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gov.archives.arc.24457">Invasion of Poland in 1939 by German Army</a> (1943). Film Bulletin n. 48 US Department of the Army, Signal Corps Photographic Center. Internet Archive.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/1939-09-04_Special_Release_Europe_At_War">Special Release – Europe At War!</a> (1939). Universal Studios. Internet Archive.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="World_War_II" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_War_II" title="Template:World War II"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_War_II" title="Template talk:World War II"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_War_II" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World War II"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="World_War_II" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_World_War_II" title="Outline of World War II">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_battles" title="List of World War II battles">Battles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_military_operations" title="List of World War II military operations">Operations</a></li></ul></li> <li>Leaders <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_leaders_of_World_War_II" title="Allied leaders of World War II">Allied</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axis_leaders_of_World_War_II" title="Axis leaders of World War II">Axis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commanders_of_World_War_II" title="Commanders of World War II">Commanders</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_casualties" title="World War II casualties">Casualties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Allied_World_War_II_conferences" title="List of Allied World War II conferences">Conferences</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_World_War_II_topics" title="Lists of World War II topics">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_warfare_of_World_War_II" title="Air warfare of World War II">Air warfare of World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_air_operations_during_the_Battle_of_Europe" title="List of air operations during the Battle of Europe">In Europe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blitzkrieg" title="Blitzkrieg">Blitzkrieg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_officer_ranks_of_World_War_II" title="Comparative officer ranks of World War II">Comparative military ranks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_cryptography" title="World War II cryptography">Cryptography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declarations_of_war_during_World_War_II" title="Declarations of war during World War II">Declarations of war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_II" title="Diplomatic history of World War II">Diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governments_in_exile_during_World_War_II" title="List of governments in exile during World War II">Governments in exile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_front_during_World_War_II" title="Home front during World War II">Home front</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="Australian home front during World War II">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United Kingdom home front during World War II">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United States home front during World War II">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lend-Lease" title="Lend-Lease">Lend-Lease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_contribution_to_the_Manhattan_Project" title="British contribution to the Manhattan Project">British contribution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_awards_and_decorations_of_World_War_II" title="List of military awards and decorations of World War II">Military awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_World_War_II_military_equipment" title="Lists of World War II military equipment">Military equipment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_production_during_World_War_II" title="Military production during World War II">Military production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_history_of_World_War_II" title="Naval history of World War II">Naval history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_plunder" title="Nazi plunder">Nazi plunder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_World_War_II" title="Opposition to World War II">Opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology_during_World_War_II" title="Technology during World War II">Technology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_technological_cooperation_during_World_War_II" title="Allied technological cooperation during World War II">Allied cooperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulberry_harbour" class="mw-redirect" title="Mulberry harbour">Mulberry harbour</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_war#World_War_II" title="Total war">Total war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_II" title="Strategic bombing during World War II">Strategic bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_puppet_states" title="List of World War II puppet states">Puppet states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_World_War_II" title="Women in World War II">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_and_World_War_II" title="Art and World War II">Art and World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_in_World_War_II" title="Music in World War II">Music in World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weather_events_during_wars#World_War_II" title="Weather events during wars">Weather events during World War II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_theaters_and_campaigns_of_World_War_II" title="List of theaters and campaigns of World War II">Theaters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asiatic-Pacific_theater" title="Asiatic-Pacific theater">Asia and Pacific</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South-East_Asian_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South-East Asian theatre of World War II">South-East Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean_theater_of_World_War_II" title="Pacific Ocean theater of World War II">North and Central Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_West_Pacific_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South West Pacific theatre of World War II">South-West Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_in_World_War_II" title="Indian Ocean in World War II">Indian Ocean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="European theatre of World War II">Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Western Front (World War II)">Western Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_and_Middle_East_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II">Mediterranean and Middle East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_African_campaign" title="North African campaign">North Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African campaign (World War II)">East Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="Italian campaign (World War II)">Italy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa_in_World_War_II" title="French West Africa in World War II">West Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Atlantic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Timeline of the Battle of the Atlantic">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Theater_(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="American Theater (World War II)">Americas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_World_War_II" title="Aftermath of World War II">Aftermath</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decolonization" title="Decolonization">Decolonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Division_of_Korea" title="Division of Korea">Division of Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_and_expulsion_of_Germans_(1944%E2%80%931950)" title="Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)">Expulsion of Germans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Civil_War" title="Greek Civil War">Greek Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Revolution" title="Indonesian National Revolution">Indonesian National Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Keelhaul" title="Operation Keelhaul">Keelhaul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied-occupied_Germany" title="Allied-occupied Germany">Occupation of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan" title="Occupation of Japan">Occupation of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Osoaviakhim" title="Operation Osoaviakhim">Osoaviakhim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Paperclip" title="Operation Paperclip">Paperclip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_occupations_by_the_Soviet_Union" title="Military occupations by the Soviet Union">Soviet occupations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Baltic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Hungary–Soviet Union relations">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Romania" title="Soviet occupation of Romania">Romania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oder%E2%80%93Neisse_line" title="Oder–Neisse line">Territorial changes of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Final_Settlement_with_Respect_to_Germany" title="Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany">Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_World_War_II" title="War crimes in World War II">War crimes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_war_crimes_during_World_War_II" title="Allied war crimes during World War II">Allied war crimes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="Soviet war crimes">Soviet war crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="British war crimes">British war crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="United States war crimes">United States war crimes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="German war crimes">German war crimes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forced_labour_under_German_rule_during_World_War_II" title="Forced labour under German rule during World War II">forced labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_of_the_Wehrmacht" title="War crimes of the Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht war crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_Holocaust" title="Aftermath of the Holocaust">Aftermath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_response_to_the_Holocaust" title="International response to the Holocaust">Response</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg trials</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_war_crimes" title="Italian war crimes">Italian war crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_war_crimes" title="Japanese war crimes">Japanese war crimes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nanjing_Massacre" title="Nanjing Massacre">Nanjing Massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unit_731" title="Unit 731">Unit 731</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Military_Tribunal_for_the_Far_East" title="International Military Tribunal for the Far East">Prosecution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e" title="Ustaše">Croatian war crimes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Serbs_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia">Genocide of Serbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="The Holocaust in the Independent State of Croatia">Persecution of Jews</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Romania#The_Holocaust" title="History of the Jews in Romania">Romanian war crimes</a></li> <li>Sexual violence <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_military_brothels_in_World_War_II" title="German military brothels in World War II">German military brothels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_camp_brothels_in_World_War_II" title="German camp brothels in World War II">Camp brothels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_occupation_of_Germany" title="Rape during the occupation of Germany">Rape during the occupation of Germany</a>  / <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_occupation_of_Japan" title="Rape during the occupation of Japan">Japan</a>  / <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_Soviet_occupation_of_Poland" title="Rape during the Soviet occupation of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_liberation_of_France" title="Rape during the liberation of France">Rape during the liberation of France</a>  / <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_liberation_of_Serbia" title="Rape during the liberation of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sook_Ching" title="Sook Ching">Sook Ching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comfort_women" title="Comfort women">Comfort women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manila_massacre#Mass_rapes" title="Manila massacre">Rape of Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marocchinate" title="Marocchinate">Marocchinate</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_by_country" title="World War II by country">Participants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algeria_in_World_War_II" title="Algeria in World War II">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Australia_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Australia during World War II">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium_in_World_War_II" title="Belgium in World War II">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil_in_World_War_II" title="Brazil in World War II">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgaria during World War II">Bulgaria</a> (<a href="/wiki/1944_Bulgarian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1944 Bulgarian coup d'état">from September 1944</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_in_World_War_II" title="Canada in World War II">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba_during_World_War_II" title="Cuba during World War II">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Czechoslovakia_(1938%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)">Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark_in_World_War_II" title="Denmark in World War II">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eswatini_in_World_War_II" title="Eswatini in World War II">Eswatini</a> (formerly Swaziland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland_in_World_War_II" title="Finland in World War II">Finland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lapland_War" title="Lapland War">from September 1944</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/France_during_World_War_II" title="France during World War II">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_France" title="Free France">Free France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Greece_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Greece during World War II">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_in_World_War_II" title="India in World War II">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Co-belligerent_Army" title="Italian Co-belligerent Army">Italy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Italian_Civil_War" title="Italian Civil War">from September 1943</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_in_World_War_II" title="Luxembourg in World War II">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico_during_World_War_II" title="Mexico during World War II">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Netherlands_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the Netherlands during World War II">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Newfoundland_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Newfoundland during World War II">Newfoundland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_New_Zealand_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of New Zealand during World War II">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_campaign" title="Norwegian campaign">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Philippines_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the Philippines during World War II">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="History of Poland (1939–1945)">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_II" title="Romania in World War II">Romania</a> (<a href="/wiki/1944_Romanian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1944 Romanian coup d'état">from August 1944</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_in_World_War_II" title="Sierra Leone in World War II">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_South_Africa_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of South Africa during World War II">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia_in_World_War_II" title="Southern Rhodesia in World War II">Southern Rhodesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union_in_World_War_II" title="Soviet Union in World War II">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuva_in_World_War_II" title="Tuva in World War II">Tuva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United Kingdom during World War II">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire_in_World_War_II" title="British Empire in World War II">British Empire</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United States during World War II">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Ricans_in_World_War_II" title="Puerto Ricans in World War II">Puerto Rico</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Yugoslavia" title="World War II in Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_protectorate_of_Albania_(1939%E2%80%931943)" title="Italian protectorate of Albania (1939–1943)">Albania protectorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgaria during World War II">Bulgaria</a> (until September 1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Jingwei_regime" title="Wang Jingwei regime">Wang Jingwei regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Independent State of Croatia">Independent State of Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland_in_World_War_II" title="Finland in World War II">Finland</a> (until September 1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">German Reich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary_in_World_War_II" title="Hungary in World War II">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azad_Hind" title="Azad Hind">Azad Hind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Indochina_in_World_War_II" title="French Indochina in World War II">French Indochina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Italy during World War II">Italy</a> (until September 1943) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Italian Social Republic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Philippine_Republic" title="Second Philippine Republic">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_II" title="Romania in World War II">Romania</a> (until August 1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Republic_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Slovak Republic (1939–1945)">Slovak Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand_in_World_War_II" title="Thailand in World War II">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Collaboration_with_Axis_Powers" title="Template:Collaboration with Axis Powers">Collaboration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Neutral_powers_during_World_War_II" title="Neutral powers during World War II">Neutral</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Afghanistan" title="Kingdom of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Andorra#20th_and_21st_centuries" title="History of Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_neutrality_during_World_War_II" title="Irish neutrality during World War II">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein_in_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Liechtenstein in World War II">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal_during_World_War_II" title="Portugal during World War II">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain_during_World_War_II" title="Spain during World War II">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden_during_World_War_II" title="Sweden during World War II">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland_during_the_World_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Switzerland during the World Wars">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_(1912%E2%80%931951)" title="Tibet (1912–1951)">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City_during_World_War_II" title="Vatican City during World War II">Vatican City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Resistance_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance during World War II">Resistance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Albania" title="World War II in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_resistance" title="Austrian resistance">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Resistance" title="Belgian Resistance">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_resistance_movement_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgarian resistance movement during World War II">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_in_the_Protectorate_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia" title="Resistance in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia">Czech lands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_resistance_movement" title="Danish resistance movement">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies#Underground_resistance" title="Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_anti-German_resistance_movement_1941%E2%80%931944" title="Estonian anti-German resistance movement 1941–1944">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arbegnoch" title="Arbegnoch">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Resistance" title="French Resistance">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_resistance_to_Nazism" title="German resistance to Nazism">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_resistance" title="Greek resistance">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Hong_Kong#Anti-Japanese_resistance" title="Japanese occupation of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement" title="Italian resistance movement">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_dissidence_in_the_Empire_of_Japan#Dissidence_during_World_War_II" title="Political dissidence in the Empire of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_resistance_in_German-occupied_Europe" title="Jewish resistance in German-occupied Europe">Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Liberation_Army" title="Korean Liberation Army">Korean Liberation Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Volunteer_Army" title="Korean Volunteer Army">Korean Volunteer Army</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_anti-Nazi_resistance_movement_1941%E2%80%931945" title="Latvian anti-Nazi resistance movement 1941–1945">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_in_Lithuania_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance in Lithuania during World War II">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_Resistance" title="Luxembourg Resistance">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_Peoples%27_Anti-Japanese_Army" title="Malayan Peoples' Anti-Japanese Army">Malaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_resistance" title="Dutch resistance">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Anti-Japanese_United_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeast Anti-Japanese United Army">Northeast China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_resistance_movement" title="Norwegian resistance movement">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_resistance_against_Japan" title="Philippine resistance against Japan">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II" title="Polish resistance movement in World War II">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_anti-communist_resistance_movement" title="Romanian anti-communist resistance movement">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Thai_Movement" title="Free Thai Movement">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_partisans" title="Soviet partisans">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_National_Uprising" title="Slovak National Uprising">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army" title="Ukrainian Insurgent Army">Western Ukraine</a></li> <li>Vietnam <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam_Qu%E1%BB%91c_D%C3%A2n_%C4%90%E1%BA%A3ng" title="Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng">Quốc dân Đảng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viet_Minh" title="Viet Minh">Viet Minh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Partisans" title="Yugoslav Partisans">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">POWs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Finnish prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></li> <li>German prisoners <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="German prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_Azerbaijan" title="German prisoners of war in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_United_States" title="German prisoners of war in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="German prisoners of war in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Italian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_prisoners_of_war_in_World_War_II" title="Japanese prisoners of war in World War II">Japanese prisoners</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Japanese prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_atrocities_committed_against_Polish_prisoners_of_war" title="German atrocities committed against Polish prisoners of war">German atrocities against Polish POWs</a></li> <li>Soviet prisoners <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_prisoners_of_war_in_Finland" title="Soviet prisoners of war in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_atrocities_committed_against_Soviet_prisoners_of_war" title="German atrocities committed against Soviet prisoners of war">atrocities by Germans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_prisoners-of-war_in_the_Soviet_Union_after_1939" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish prisoners-of-war in the Soviet Union after 1939">Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Romanian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_timelines_of_World_War_II" title="List of timelines of World War II">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th id="Prelude" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_World_War_II" title="Causes of World War II">Prelude</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abyssinia_Crisis" title="Abyssinia Crisis">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Second Italo-Ethiopian War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Events_preceding_World_War_II_in_Asia" title="Events preceding World War II in Asia">Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Khalkhin_Gol" title="Battles of Khalkhin Gol">Battles of Khalkhin Gol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Events_preceding_World_War_II_in_Europe" title="Events preceding World War II in Europe">Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anschluss" title="Anschluss">Anschluss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munich_Agreement" title="Munich Agreement">Munich Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Czechoslovakia_(1938%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)">Occupation of Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Himmler" title="Operation Himmler">Operation Himmler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_Albania" title="Italian invasion of Albania">Italian invasion of Albania</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1939)" title="Timeline of World War II (1939)">1939</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Invasion of Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Battle of the Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoney_War" title="Phoney War">Phoney War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1939)" title="Battle of Changsha (1939)">First Battle of Changsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Guangxi" title="Battle of South Guangxi">Battle of South Guangxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_War" title="Winter War">Winter War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1939%E2%80%931940_Winter_Offensive" title="1939–1940 Winter Offensive">1939–1940 Winter Offensive</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1940)" title="Timeline of World War II (1940)">1940</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_campaign" title="Norwegian campaign">Norwegian campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Denmark_(1940)" title="German invasion of Denmark (1940)">German invasion of Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zaoyang%E2%80%93Yichang" title="Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang">Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Luxembourg" title="German invasion of Luxembourg">German invasion of Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_the_Netherlands" title="German invasion of the Netherlands">German invasion of the Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Belgium_(1940)" title="German invasion of Belgium (1940)">German invasion of Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_France" title="Battle of France">Battle of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunkirk_evacuation" title="Dunkirk evacuation">Dunkirk evacuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Britain" title="Battle of Britain">Battle of Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Mediterranean" title="Battle of the Mediterranean">Battle of the Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Desert_campaign" title="Western Desert campaign">North Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa_in_World_War_II" title="French West Africa in World War II">West Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_British_Somaliland" title="Italian invasion of British Somaliland">British Somaliland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Regiments_Offensive" title="Hundred Regiments Offensive">Hundred Regiments Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Baltic states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Bessarabia_and_Northern_Bukovina" title="Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina">Eastern Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_French_Indochina" title="Japanese invasion of French Indochina">Japanese invasion of French Indochina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Italian_War" title="Greco-Italian War">Italian invasion of Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Compass" title="Operation Compass">Compass</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1941)" title="Timeline of World War II (1941)">1941</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Henan" title="Battle of South Henan">Battle of South Henan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shanggao" title="Battle of Shanggao">Battle of Shanggao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Yugoslavia" title="Invasion of Yugoslavia">Invasion of Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Greece" title="German invasion of Greece">German invasion of Greece</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Crete" title="Battle of Crete">Battle of Crete</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Anglo-Iraqi War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Shanxi" title="Battle of South Shanxi">Battle of South Shanxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria%E2%80%93Lebanon_campaign" title="Syria–Lebanon campaign">Syria–Lebanon campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African campaign (World War II)">East African campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Invasion of the Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Summer_War" title="Summer War">Summer War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuation_War" title="Continuation War">Finland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Operation_Silver_Fox" title="Operation Silver Fox">Silver Fox</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_Uprising_in_Lithuania" title="June Uprising in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kiev_(1941)" title="Battle of Kiev (1941)">Battle of Kiev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Soviet_invasion_of_Iran" title="Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran">Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1941)" title="Battle of Changsha (1941)">Second Battle of Changsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Leningrad" title="Siege of Leningrad">Siege of Leningrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Moscow" title="Battle of Moscow">Battle of Moscow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Gorky_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Gorky in World War II">Bombing of Gorky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sevastopol_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Siege of Sevastopol (1941–1942)">Siege of Sevastopol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">Attack on Pearl Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Thailand" title="Japanese invasion of Thailand">Japanese invasion of Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hong_Kong" title="Battle of Hong Kong">Fall of Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Philippines campaign (1941–1942)">Fall of the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guam_(1941)" title="Battle of Guam (1941)">Battle of Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wake_Island" title="Battle of Wake Island">Battle of Wake Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_campaign" title="Malayan campaign">Malayan campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Borneo_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Battle of Borneo (1941–1942)">Battle of Borneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Burma" title="Japanese invasion of Burma">Japanese invasion of Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Battle of Changsha (1941–1942)">Third Battle of Changsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_(Greece)" title="Great Famine (Greece)">Greek famine of 1941–1944</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1942)" title="Timeline of World War II (1942)">1942</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Singapore" title="Fall of Singapore">Fall of Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Java_Sea" title="Battle of the Java Sea">Battle of the Java Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Nazaire_Raid" title="St Nazaire Raid">St Nazaire Raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Christmas_Island" title="Battle of Christmas Island">Battle of Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Coral_Sea" title="Battle of the Coral Sea">Battle of the Coral Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Madagascar" title="Battle of Madagascar">Battle of Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhejiang-Jiangxi_campaign" title="Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign">Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gazala" title="Battle of Gazala">Battle of Gazala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dutch_Harbor" title="Battle of Dutch Harbor">Battle of Dutch Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Midway" title="Battle of Midway">Battle of Midway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleutian_Islands_campaign" title="Aleutian Islands campaign">Aleutian Islands campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Kiska" title="Japanese occupation of Kiska">Kiska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Attu" title="Japanese occupation of Attu"> Attu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Case_Blue" title="Case Blue">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="First Battle of El Alamein">First Battle of El Alamein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Battle of Stalingrad">Battle of Stalingrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokoda_Track_campaign" title="Kokoda Track campaign">Kokoda Track campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rzhev,_summer_1942" title="Battle of Rzhev, summer 1942">Rzhev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dieppe_Raid" title="Dieppe Raid">Jubilee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="Second Battle of El Alamein">Second Battle of El Alamein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guadalcanal_campaign" title="Guadalcanal campaign">Guadalcanal campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Torch" title="Operation Torch">Torch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_famine_of_1942%E2%80%931943" title="Chinese famine of 1942–1943">Chinese famine of 1942–1943</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1943)" title="Timeline of World War II (1943)">1943</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_May_(1943)" title="Black May (1943)">Black May</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_campaign" title="Tunisian campaign">Tunisian campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_West_Hubei" title="Battle of West Hubei">Battle of West Hubei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Attu" title="Battle of Attu">Battle of Attu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Gorky_in_World_War_II#June_1943" title="Bombing of Gorky in World War II">Bombing of Gorky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kursk" title="Battle of Kursk">Battle of Kursk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Sicily" title="Allied invasion of Sicily">Allied invasion of Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smolensk_operation" title="Smolensk operation">Smolensk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands_campaign" title="Solomon Islands campaign">Solomon Islands campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Cottage" title="Operation Cottage">Cottage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Dnieper" title="Battle of the Dnieper">Battle of the Dnieper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Italy" title="Allied invasion of Italy">Allied invasion of Italy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Cassibile" title="Armistice of Cassibile">Armistice of Cassibile</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign" title="Burma campaign">Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Northern_Burma_and_Western_Yunnan" title="Battle of Northern Burma and Western Yunnan">Northern Burma and Western Yunnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changde" title="Battle of Changde">Changde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kiev_(1943)" title="Battle of Kiev (1943)">Second Battle of Kiev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_and_Marshall_Islands_campaign" title="Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign">Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tarawa" title="Battle of Tarawa">Tarawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Makin" title="Battle of Makin">Makin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_famine_of_1943" title="Bengal famine of 1943">Bengal famine of 1943</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1944)" title="Timeline of World War II (1944)">1944</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tempest" title="Operation Tempest">Tempest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monte_Cassino" title="Battle of Monte Cassino">Monte Cassino</a> / <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Anzio" title="Battle of Anzio">Anzio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Korsun%E2%80%93Cherkassy" title="Battle of Korsun–Cherkassy">Korsun–Cherkassy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Narva_(1944)" title="Battle of Narva (1944)">Narva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Ichi-Go" title="Operation Ichi-Go">Ichi-Go</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Overlord" title="Operation Overlord">Overlord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normandy_landings" title="Normandy landings">Neptune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariana_and_Palau_Islands_campaign" title="Mariana and Palau Islands campaign">Mariana and Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bagration" title="Operation Bagration">Bagration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lvov%E2%80%93Sandomierz_offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Lvov–Sandomierz offensive">Western Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guam_(1944)" title="Battle of Guam (1944)">Second Battle of Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tannenberg_Line" title="Battle of Tannenberg Line">Tannenberg Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Uprising" title="Warsaw Uprising">Warsaw Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Jassy%E2%80%93Kishinev_offensive" title="Second Jassy–Kishinev offensive">Eastern Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Paris" title="Liberation of Paris">Liberation of Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Dragoon" title="Operation Dragoon">Dragoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Line" title="Gothic Line">Gothic Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgrade_offensive" title="Belgrade offensive">Belgrade offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapland_War" title="Lapland War">Lapland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Market_Garden" title="Operation Market Garden">Market Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tallinn_offensive" title="Tallinn offensive">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Crossbow" title="Operation Crossbow">Crossbow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combined_Bomber_Offensive" title="Combined Bomber Offensive">Pointblank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_famine_of_1944%E2%80%931945" title="Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945">Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="Philippines campaign (1944–1945)">Philippines (1944–1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leyte_Gulf" title="Battle of Leyte Gulf">Leyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrmian_Front" title="Syrmian Front">Syrmian Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_offensive" title="Budapest offensive">Hungary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Budapest" title="Siege of Budapest">Budapest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="Burma campaign (1944–1945)">Burma (1944–1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bulge" title="Battle of the Bulge">Ardennes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bodenplatte" title="Operation Bodenplatte">Bodenplatte</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_famine_of_1944%E2%80%931945" title="Dutch famine of 1944–1945">Dutch famine of 1944–1945</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1945%E2%80%931991)" title="Timeline of World War II (1945–1991)">1945</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vistula%E2%80%93Oder_offensive" title="Vistula–Oder offensive">Vistula–Oder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_(1945)" title="Battle of Manila (1945)">Battle of Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Iwo_Jima" title="Battle of Iwo Jima">Battle of Iwo Jima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_in_French_Indochina" title="Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina">Indochina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vienna_offensive" title="Vienna offensive">Vienna offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Hula" title="Project Hula">Project Hula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Allied_invasion_of_Germany" title="Western Allied invasion of Germany">Western invasion of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bratislava%E2%80%93Brno_offensive" title="Bratislava–Brno offensive">Bratislava–Brno offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Okinawa" title="Battle of Okinawa">Battle of Okinawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Guangxi_campaign" title="Second Guangxi campaign">Second Guangxi campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_West_Hunan" title="Battle of West Hunan">West Hunan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spring_1945_offensive_in_Italy" title="Spring 1945 offensive in Italy">Italy (Spring 1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Berlin" title="Battle of Berlin">Battle of Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague_offensive" title="Prague offensive">Prague offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End_of_World_War_II_in_Europe" title="End of World War II in Europe">Surrender of Germany</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="German Instrument of Surrender">document</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borneo_campaign" title="Borneo campaign">Borneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Taipei" title="Raid on Taipei">Taipei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_naval_bombardments_of_Japan_during_World_War_II" title="Allied naval bombardments of Japan during World War II">Naval bombardment of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Soviet invasion of Manchuria">Manchuria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Atomic bombings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Debate_over_the_atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Debate over the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Debate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_South_Sakhalin" title="Soviet invasion of South Sakhalin">South Sakhalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_the_Kuril_Islands" title="Invasion of the Kuril Islands">Kuril Islands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shumshu" title="Battle of Shumshu">Shumshu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">Surrender of Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Potsdam_Declaration" title="Potsdam Declaration">Potsdam Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="Japanese Instrument of Surrender">document</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End_of_World_War_II_in_Asia" title="End of World War II in Asia">End of World War II in Asia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/16px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/24px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/32px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3002" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:World" title="Portal:World">World portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_World_War_II" title="Bibliography of World War II">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:World_War_II" title="Category:World War II">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Polish_wars_and_conflicts" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Polish_wars_and_conflicts" title="Template:Polish wars and conflicts"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Polish_wars_and_conflicts" title="Template talk:Polish wars and conflicts"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Polish_wars_and_conflicts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Polish wars and conflicts"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Polish_wars_and_conflicts" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Poland" title="List of wars involving Poland">Polish wars and conflicts</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">General and related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_warfare" title="Early modern warfare">Early modern warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Polish_Army" title="History of the Polish Army">History of the Polish Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Polish_intelligence_services" title="History of Polish intelligence services">History of Polish intelligence services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Poland" title="List of wars involving Poland">List of wars involving Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_the_Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Military of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Military of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Armed_Forces" title="Polish Armed Forces">Polish Armed Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warfare_in_Medieval_Poland" title="Warfare in Medieval Poland">Warfare in Medieval Poland</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:POL_Wojska_L%C4%85dowe.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/POL_Wojska_L%C4%85dowe.svg/50px-POL_Wojska_L%C4%85dowe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/POL_Wojska_L%C4%85dowe.svg/75px-POL_Wojska_L%C4%85dowe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/POL_Wojska_L%C4%85dowe.svg/100px-POL_Wojska_L%C4%85dowe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="1061" /></a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:POL_Marynarka_Wojenna.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/POL_Marynarka_Wojenna.svg/50px-POL_Marynarka_Wojenna.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/POL_Marynarka_Wojenna.svg/75px-POL_Marynarka_Wojenna.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/POL_Marynarka_Wojenna.svg/100px-POL_Marynarka_Wojenna.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="567" data-file-height="800" /></a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:POL_Wojska_Lotnicze.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/POL_Wojska_Lotnicze.svg/50px-POL_Wojska_Lotnicze.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/POL_Wojska_Lotnicze.svg/75px-POL_Wojska_Lotnicze.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/POL_Wojska_Lotnicze.svg/100px-POL_Wojska_Lotnicze.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="939" /></a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_during_the_Piast_dynasty" title="History of Poland during the Piast dynasty">Piast Poland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Veletian_War" title="Polish–Veletian War">Polish–Veletian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cedynia" title="Battle of Cedynia">Battle of Cedynia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German%E2%80%93Polish_War_(1003%E2%80%931018)" title="German–Polish War (1003–1018)">German–Polish War (1003–1018)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_I%27s_intervention_in_the_Kievan_succession_crisis" title="Bolesław I's intervention in the Kievan succession crisis">Bolesław I's intervention in the Kievan succession crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German%E2%80%93Polish_War_(1028%E2%80%931031)" title="German–Polish War (1028–1031)">German–Polish War (1028–1031)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miec%C5%82aw%27s_Rebellion" title="Miecław's Rebellion">Miecław's Rebellion</a></li> <li>1072 war against <a href="/wiki/Bohemia" title="Bohemia">Bohemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_G%C5%82og%C3%B3w" title="Siege of Głogów">Siege of Głogów</a></li> <li>1146 war against Germany</li> <li>1156 war against Germany</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galicia%E2%80%93Volhynia_Wars" title="Galicia–Volhynia Wars">Galicia–Volhynia Wars</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mongol invasions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Mongol_invasion_of_Poland" title="First Mongol invasion of Poland">First Mongol invasion of Poland (1240/41)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Mongol_invasion_of_Poland" title="Second Mongol invasion of Poland">Second Mongol invasion of Poland (1259/60)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Mongol_invasion_of_Poland" title="Third Mongol invasion of Poland">Third Mongol invasion of Poland (1287/88)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Legnica" title="Battle of Legnica">Battle of Legnica</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_during_the_Jagiellonian_dynasty" title="History of Poland during the Jagiellonian dynasty">Jagiellon Poland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Teutonic_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish–Teutonic War">Polish–Teutonic wars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Teutonic_takeover_of_Danzig_(Gda%C5%84sk)" title="Teutonic takeover of Danzig (Gdańsk)">Teutonic takeover of Danzig (Gdańsk)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Teutonic_War_(1326%E2%80%931332)" title="Polish–Teutonic War (1326–1332)">Polish–Teutonic War (1326–1332)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_P%C5%82owce" title="Battle of Płowce">Battle of Płowce</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian%E2%80%93Teutonic_War" title="Polish–Lithuanian–Teutonic War">Great War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Grunwald" title="Battle of Grunwald">Battle of Grunwald</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunger_War" title="Hunger War">Hunger War (1414)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gollub_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Gollub War">Gollub War (1422)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Teutonic_War_(1431%E2%80%931435)" title="Polish–Teutonic War (1431–1435)">Polish–Teutonic War (1431–1435)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Years%27_War_(1454%E2%80%931466)" title="Thirteen Years' War (1454–1466)">Thirteen Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Priests_(Poland)" title="War of the Priests (Poland)">War of the Priests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Teutonic_War_(1519%E2%80%931521)" title="Polish–Teutonic War (1519–1521)">Polish–Teutonic War (1519–1521)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_the_White%27s_rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Władysław the White's rebellion">Władysław the White's rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Civil_War_(1432%E2%80%931438)" title="Lithuanian Civil War (1432–1438)">Lithuanian Civil War (1432–1438)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Grotniki" title="Battle of Grotniki">Battle of Grotniki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusade_of_Varna" title="Crusade of Varna">1444 war against the Ottomans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Varna" title="Battle of Varna">Battle of Varna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldavian_campaign_(1497%E2%80%931499)" title="Moldavian campaign (1497–1499)">Moldavian campaign (1497–1499)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscovite%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Wars" title="Muscovite–Lithuanian Wars">Polish–Lithuanian–Muscovite War (1512–1522)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Orsha" title="Battle of Orsha">Battle of Orsha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian%E2%80%93Muscovite_War_(1534%E2%80%931537)" title="Lithuanian–Muscovite War (1534–1537)">Polish–Lithuanian–Muscovite War (1534–1537)</a></li> <li>Ottoman–Tatar Invasion of Lithuania and Poland</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Commonwealth</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Swedish_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish–Swedish wars">Polish–Swedish wars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Livonian_War" title="Livonian War">Livonian War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Livonian_campaign_of_Stephen_B%C3%A1thory" title="Livonian campaign of Stephen Báthory">campaign of Stephen Báthory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Seven_Years%27_War" title="Northern Seven Years' War">Northern Seven Years' War (1563–1570)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_against_Sigismund" title="War against Sigismund">War against Sigismund</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_St%C3%A5ngebro" title="Battle of Stångebro">Battle of Stångebro</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Swedish_War_(1600%E2%80%931629)" title="Polish–Swedish War (1600–1629)">Polish–Swedish War of 1600–1629</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Swedish_War_(1600%E2%80%931611)" title="Polish–Swedish War (1600–1611)">Polish–Swedish War of 1600–1611</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kircholm" title="Battle of Kircholm">Battle of Kircholm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Swedish_War_(1617%E2%80%931618)" title="Polish–Swedish War (1617–1618)">Polish–Swedish War of 1617–1618</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Swedish_War_(1621%E2%80%931625)" title="Polish–Swedish War (1621–1625)">Polish–Swedish War of 1621–1625</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Swedish_War_(1626%E2%80%931629)" title="Polish–Swedish War (1626–1629)">Polish–Swedish War of 1626–1629</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_War_of_1655%E2%80%931660" title="Northern War of 1655–1660">Northern War of 1655–1660</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deluge_(history)" title="Deluge (history)">The Deluge</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Northern_War" title="Great Northern War">Great Northern War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danzig_rebellion" title="Danzig rebellion">Danzig rebellion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lubiesz%C3%B3w" title="Battle of Lubieszów">Battle of Lubieszów</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Danzig_(1577)" title="Siege of Danzig (1577)">Siege of Danzig (1577)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Polish_Succession_(1587%E2%80%931588)" title="War of the Polish Succession (1587–1588)">War of the Polish Succession (1587–1588)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Byczyna" title="Battle of Byczyna">Battle of Byczyna</a></li></ul></li> <li>1589 Tatar Invasion</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosi%C5%84ski_uprising" title="Kosiński uprising">Kosiński uprising</a></li> <li>1593 Tatar Invasion</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nalyvaiko_Uprising" title="Nalyvaiko Uprising">Nalyvaiko Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldavian_Magnate_Wars" title="Moldavian Magnate Wars">Moldavian Magnate Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Russian_War_(1609%E2%80%931618)" title="Polish–Russian War (1609–1618)">Polish–Russian War of 1609–1618</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Klushino" title="Battle of Klushino">Battle of Kłuszyn</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zebrzydowski_rebellion" title="Zebrzydowski rebellion">Zebrzydowski rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Humenn%C3%A9" title="Battle of Humenné">Battle of Humenné</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Ottoman_Wars" title="Polish–Ottoman Wars">Polish–Ottoman wars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moldavian_campaign_(1497%E2%80%931499)" title="Moldavian campaign (1497–1499)">Moldavian campaign (1497–1499)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Ottoman_War_(1620%E2%80%931621)" title="Polish–Ottoman War (1620–1621)">Polish–Ottoman War of 1620–1621</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khotyn_(1621)" title="Battle of Khotyn (1621)">Battle of Chocim (1621)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Ottoman_War_(1633%E2%80%931634)" title="Polish–Ottoman War (1633–1634)">Polish–Ottoman War of 1633–1634</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Cossack%E2%80%93Tatar_War_(1666%E2%80%931671)" title="Polish–Cossack–Tatar War (1666–1671)">Polish–Cossack–Tatar War (1666–1671)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Ottoman_War_(1672%E2%80%931676)" title="Polish–Ottoman War (1672–1676)">Polish–Ottoman War of 1672–1676</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khotyn_(1673)" title="Battle of Khotyn (1673)">Battle of Chocim (1673)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Turkish_War" title="Great Turkish War">Great Turkish War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Ottoman_War_(1683%E2%80%931699)" title="Polish–Ottoman War (1683–1699)">War of the Holy League 1683–1699</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vienna" title="Battle of Vienna">Battle of Vienna</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1624 Tatar Invasion</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhmaylo_uprising" title="Zhmaylo uprising">Zhmaylo uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fedorovych_uprising" title="Fedorovych uprising">Fedorovych uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smolensk_War" title="Smolensk War">Smolensk War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Smolensk_(1632%E2%80%931633)" title="Siege of Smolensk (1632–1633)">Siege of Smolensk (1632–1633)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavlyuk_uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="Pavlyuk uprising">Pavlyuk uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostryanyn_uprising" title="Ostryanyn uprising">Ostryanyn uprising</a></li> <li>1644 Tatar Invasion</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmelnytsky_Uprising" title="Khmelnytsky Uprising">Khmelnytsky Uprising</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Berestechko" title="Battle of Berestechko">Battle of Berestechko</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Polish_War_(1654%E2%80%931667)" title="Russo-Polish War (1654–1667)">Russo–Polish War of 1654–1667</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Polish_Succession" title="War of the Polish Succession">War of the Polish Succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_Confederation" title="Bar Confederation">War of the Bar Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Russian_War_of_1792" title="Polish–Russian War of 1792">Polish–Russian War of 1792</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ko%C5%9Bciuszko_Uprising" title="Kościuszko Uprising">Kościuszko Uprising</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1795%E2%80%931918)" title="History of Poland (1795–1918)">Poland partitioned</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Denisko_uprising" title="Denisko uprising">Denisko uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peninsular_War" title="Peninsular War">Peninsular War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Fourth_Coalition" title="War of the Fourth Coalition">War of the Fourth Coalition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Fourth_Coalition" title="War of the Fourth Coalition">Prussian campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Fifth_Coalition" title="War of the Fifth Coalition">War of the Fifth Coalition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Polish_War" title="Austro-Polish War">Austro-Polish War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Sixth_Coalition" title="War of the Sixth Coalition">War of the Sixth Coalition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_invasion_of_Russia" title="French invasion of Russia">French invasion of Russia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Poland_uprising_(1848)" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Poland uprising (1848)">Greater Poland uprising (1848)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_Uprising" title="November Uprising">November Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_Uprising" title="January Uprising">January Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_during_World_War_I" title="History of Poland during World War I">fighting in Poland</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Eastern Front (World War I)">Eastern Front</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Second Republic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Ukrainian_War" title="Polish–Ukrainian War">Polish–Ukrainian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Poland_uprising_(1918%E2%80%931919)" title="Greater Poland uprising (1918–1919)">Greater Poland uprising (1918–1919)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Czechoslovak_War" title="Polish–Czechoslovak War">Polish–Czechoslovak War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Silesian_Uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="First Silesian Uprising">First Silesian Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Polish–Soviet War">Polish–Soviet War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Warsaw_(1920)" title="Battle of Warsaw (1920)">Battle of Warsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiev_offensive_(1920)" title="Kiev offensive (1920)">Kiev offensive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Silesian_Uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Silesian Uprising">Second Silesian Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_War" title="Polish–Lithuanian War">Polish–Lithuanian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Silesian_Uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Silesian Uprising">Third Silesian Uprising</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="History of Poland (1939–1945)">World War II in Poland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Invasion of Poland</a></li> <li>Polish <a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="History of Poland (1939–1945)">history</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II" title="Polish resistance movement in World War II"> resistance</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Poland_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Poland during World War II">contributions</a> during World War II</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ghetto_uprisings" title="Ghetto uprisings">Ghetto uprisings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Ghetto_Uprising" title="Warsaw Ghetto Uprising">Warsaw Ghetto Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bia%C5%82ystok_Ghetto_uprising" title="Białystok Ghetto uprising">Białystok Ghetto uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cz%C4%99stochowa_Ghetto_uprising" title="Częstochowa Ghetto uprising">Częstochowa Ghetto uprising</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="Italian campaign (World War II)">Italian Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tempest" title="Operation Tempest">Operation Tempest</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Ostra_Brama" title="Operation Ostra Brama">Operation Ostra Brama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lw%C3%B3w_uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="Lwów uprising">Lwów uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Uprising" title="Warsaw Uprising">Warsaw Uprising</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1945%E2%80%931989)" title="History of Poland (1945–1989)">People's Republic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racib%C3%B3rz_Conflict" title="Racibórz Conflict">Racibórz Conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact_invasion_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia">Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1989%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Poland (1989–present)">Third Republic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">War in Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Uphold_Democracy" title="Operation Uphold Democracy">Operation Uphold Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="2003 invasion of Iraq">2003 invasion of Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Iraq_(2003%E2%80%932011)" title="Occupation of Iraq (2003–2011)">Occupation of Iraq</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_aid_to_Ukraine_during_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="List of military aid to Ukraine during the Russo-Ukrainian War">Military aid to Ukraine</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Nazi_German–Soviet_relations_before_1941" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nazi%E2%80%93Soviet_relations" title="Template:Nazi–Soviet relations"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nazi%E2%80%93Soviet_relations" title="Template talk:Nazi–Soviet relations"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nazi%E2%80%93Soviet_relations" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nazi–Soviet relations"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nazi_German–Soviet_relations_before_1941" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations,_1918%E2%80%931941" title="Germany–Soviet Union relations, 1918–1941">Nazi German–Soviet relations before 1941</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prior antagonism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Comintern_Pact" title="Anti-Comintern Pact">Anti-Comintern Pact</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Jewish_Bolshevism" title="Jewish Bolshevism">Jewish Bolshevism</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Czechoslovakia_(1938%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)">German occupation of Czechoslovakia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Political</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations,_1918%E2%80%931941" title="Germany–Soviet Union relations, 1918–1941">Relations before 1941</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact" title="Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact">Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact_negotiations" title="Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact negotiations">negotiations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German%E2%80%93Soviet_Boundary_and_Friendship_Treaty" title="German–Soviet Boundary and Friendship Treaty">Boundary and Friendship Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German%E2%80%93Soviet_population_transfers" title="German–Soviet population transfers">Population transfers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German%E2%80%93Soviet_Axis_talks" title="German–Soviet Axis talks">Axis talks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gestapo%E2%80%93NKVD_conferences" title="Gestapo–NKVD conferences">Gestapo–NKVD conferences</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Economic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German%E2%80%93Soviet_economic_relations_(1934%E2%80%931941)" title="German–Soviet economic relations (1934–1941)">Economic relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German%E2%80%93Soviet_Credit_Agreement_(1939)" title="German–Soviet Credit Agreement (1939)">Commercial Agreement (1939)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German%E2%80%93Soviet_Commercial_Agreement_(1940)" title="German–Soviet Commercial Agreement (1940)">Commercial Agreement (1940)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German%E2%80%93Soviet_Border_and_Commercial_Agreement" title="German–Soviet Border and Commercial Agreement">Border and Commercial Agreement (1941)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Invasion of Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Poland" title="Soviet invasion of Poland">Soviet invasion of Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Occupation of the Baltic states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_War" title="Winter War">Winter War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Bessarabia_and_Northern_Bukovina" title="Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina">Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_cruiser_L%C3%BCtzow_(1939)" title="German cruiser Lützow (1939)">Naval cruiser Lützow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_offensive_plans_controversy" title="Soviet offensive plans controversy">Soviet offensive plans controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basis_Nord" title="Basis Nord">Basis Nord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_auxiliary_cruiser_Komet" title="German auxiliary cruiser Komet">Komet Northern Sea Route Raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German%E2%80%93Soviet_military_parade_in_Brest-Litovsk" title="German–Soviet military parade in Brest-Litovsk">German–Soviet military parade in Brest-Litovsk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aftermath</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Operation Barbarossa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katyn_massacre" title="Katyn massacre">Katyń massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falsifiers_of_History" title="Falsifiers of History">Falsifiers of History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Way" title="Baltic Way">Baltic Way</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Germany%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Category:Germany–Soviet Union relations">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q150812#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 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