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mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Classification of <i>grandes écoles</i> subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Classification_of_grandes_écoles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Origins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Today" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Today"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Today</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Today-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Admission_to_grandes_écoles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Admission_to_grandes_écoles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Admission to <i>grandes écoles</i></span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Admission_to_grandes_écoles-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Admission to <i>grandes écoles</i> subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Admission_to_grandes_écoles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Preparatory_classes_for_grandes_écoles_(CPGE)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Preparatory_classes_for_grandes_écoles_(CPGE)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Preparatory classes for grandes écoles (CPGE)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Preparatory_classes_for_grandes_écoles_(CPGE)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recruitment_at_baccalauréat_level" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recruitment_at_baccalauréat_level"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Recruitment at <i>baccalauréat</i> level</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recruitment_at_baccalauréat_level-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parallel_admission" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parallel_admission"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Parallel admission</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parallel_admission-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Degrees_awarded" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Degrees_awarded"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Degrees awarded</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Degrees_awarded-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Degrees awarded subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Degrees_awarded-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Historically" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historically"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Historically</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historically-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_engineering_Grandes_écoles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_engineering_Grandes_écoles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>In engineering <i>Grandes écoles</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_engineering_Grandes_écoles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Grandes_écoles_business_schools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Grandes_écoles_business_schools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>In <i>Grandes écoles</i> business schools</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Grandes_écoles_business_schools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Faculty_in_Grandes_écoles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Faculty_in_Grandes_écoles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Faculty in <i>Grandes écoles</i></span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Faculty_in_Grandes_écoles-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Faculty in <i>Grandes écoles</i> subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Faculty_in_Grandes_écoles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Full-time_researchers_and_teaching_faculty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Full-time_researchers_and_teaching_faculty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Full-time researchers and teaching faculty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Full-time_researchers_and_teaching_faculty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adjunct_professors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adjunct_professors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Adjunct professors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adjunct_professors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Categories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Categories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Categories</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Categories-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Categories subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Categories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Écoles_normales_supérieures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Écoles_normales_supérieures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Écoles normales supérieures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Écoles_normales_supérieures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Engineering_schools_(grandes_écoles_d'ingénieurs)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Engineering_schools_(grandes_écoles_d'ingénieurs)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Engineering schools (<i>grandes écoles d'ingénieurs</i>)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Engineering_schools_(grandes_écoles_d'ingénieurs)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Business_schools_(grandes_écoles_de_commerce)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Business_schools_(grandes_écoles_de_commerce)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Business schools (<i>grandes écoles de commerce</i>)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Business_schools_(grandes_écoles_de_commerce)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grandes_écoles_without_preparatory_classes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grandes_écoles_without_preparatory_classes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Grandes écoles without preparatory classes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grandes_écoles_without_preparatory_classes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Universities_that_have_joined_the_Conférence_des_grandes_écoles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Universities_that_have_joined_the_Conférence_des_grandes_écoles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Universities that have joined the <i>Conférence des grandes écoles</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Universities_that_have_joined_the_Conférence_des_grandes_écoles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Schools_for_Political_Studies,_Social_Sciences,_Journalism_and_Communication_studies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Schools_for_Political_Studies,_Social_Sciences,_Journalism_and_Communication_studies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Schools for Political Studies, Social Sciences, Journalism and Communication studies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Schools_for_Political_Studies,_Social_Sciences,_Journalism_and_Communication_studies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_officer_academies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_officer_academies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7</span> <span>Military officer academies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_officer_academies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Facts_and_influence_in_French_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Facts_and_influence_in_French_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Facts and influence in French culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Facts_and_influence_in_French_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Facts and influence in French culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Facts_and_influence_in_French_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notable_alumni" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_alumni"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Notable alumni</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_alumni-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet 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Available in 27 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-27" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">27 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skolio%C3%B9_uhel_Fra%C3%B1s" title="Skolioù uhel Frañs – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Skolioù uhel Frañs" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grande_%C3%A9cole" title="Grande école – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Grande école" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grande_%C3%A9cole" title="Grande école – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Grande école" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grande_%C3%A9cole" title="Grande école – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Grande école" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grande_%C3%89cole" title="Grande École – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Grande École" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grandes_Escuelas" title="Grandes Escuelas – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Grandes Escuelas" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grande_%C3%A9cole" title="Grande école – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Grande école" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grande_%C3%A9cole" title="Grande école – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Grande école" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B7%B8%EB%9E%91%EC%A0%9C%EC%BD%9C" title="그랑제콜 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="그랑제콜" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grande_%C3%A9cole" title="Grande école – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Grande école" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grande_%C3%A9cole" title="Grande école – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Grande école" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%93_%D7%90%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9C" title="גרנד אקול – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גרנד אקול" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grande_%C3%A9cole" title="Grande école – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Grande école" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B0%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%82%BC%E3%82%B3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB" title="グランゼコール – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="グランゼコール" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grande_%C3%A9cole" title="Grande école – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Grande école" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grande_%C3%A9cole" title="Grande école – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Grande école" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grande_%C3%A9cole" title="Grande école – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Grande école" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grandes_%C3%A9coles" title="Grandes écoles – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Grandes écoles" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8B_(%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Большие школы (Франция) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Большие школы (Франция)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grande_%C3%A9cole" title="Grande école – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Grande école" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grandes_%C3%A9coles" title="Grandes écoles – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Grandes écoles" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grandes_%C3%89coles" title="Grandes Écoles – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Grandes Écoles" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grande_%C3%A9cole" title="Grande école – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Grande école" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%96_%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Великі школи – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Великі школи" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grande_%C3%A9cole" title="Grande école – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Grande école" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E7%AD%89%E5%B0%88%E6%A5%AD%E5%AD%B8%E9%99%A2_(%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B)" title="高等專業學院 (法國) – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="高等專業學院 (法國)" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E6%A0%A1_(%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD)" title="大学校 (法国) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="大学校 (法国)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">French institutions of higher education</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the film released in 2004, see <a href="/wiki/Grande_%C3%89cole_(film)" title="Grande École (film)">Grande École (film)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:P1020032_Paris_III_CNAM_entr%C3%A9e_rue_Saint-Martin_reductwk.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/P1020032_Paris_III_CNAM_entr%C3%A9e_rue_Saint-Martin_reductwk.JPG/220px-P1020032_Paris_III_CNAM_entr%C3%A9e_rue_Saint-Martin_reductwk.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="329" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/P1020032_Paris_III_CNAM_entr%C3%A9e_rue_Saint-Martin_reductwk.JPG/330px-P1020032_Paris_III_CNAM_entr%C3%A9e_rue_Saint-Martin_reductwk.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/P1020032_Paris_III_CNAM_entr%C3%A9e_rue_Saint-Martin_reductwk.JPG/440px-P1020032_Paris_III_CNAM_entr%C3%A9e_rue_Saint-Martin_reductwk.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1004" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>Gate of the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Conservatoire_national_des_arts_et_m%C3%A9tiers" title="Conservatoire national des arts et métiers">Conservatoire national des arts et métiers</a></i></span>, in the <a href="/wiki/3rd_arrondissement_of_Paris" title="3rd arrondissement of Paris">3rd arrondissement of Paris</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><b>grande école</b></i></span> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">French:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[ɡʁɑ̃d<span class="wrap"> </span>ekɔl]</a></span>; <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">great school</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>) is a specialized top-level educational institution in <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> and some other previous French colonies such as <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>. <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Grandes écoles</i></span> are part of an alternative educational system that operates alongside the mainstream <a href="/wiki/List_of_public_universities_in_France" class="mw-redirect" title="List of public universities in France">French public university system</a>, and take the shape of institutes dedicated to teaching, research and professional training in either <a href="/wiki/Basic_research" title="Basic research">pure natural</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_science" title="Social science">social sciences</a>, or applied sciences such as <a href="/wiki/Engineering" title="Engineering">engineering</a>, <a href="/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture">architecture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Business_administration" title="Business administration">business administration</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Civil_service" title="Civil service">public policy and administration</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Similar to the <a href="/wiki/Ivy_League" title="Ivy League">Ivy League</a> in the United States, <a href="/wiki/Oxbridge" title="Oxbridge">Oxbridge</a> in the UK, and <a href="/wiki/C9_League" title="C9 League">C9 League</a> in China, <i>Grandes écoles</i> are elite academic institutions that admit students through an extremely competitive process.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Grandes écoles</i></span> primarily admit students based on their national ranking in written and oral exams called <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">concours</i></span>, which are organized annually by the <a href="/wiki/French_Ministry_of_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="French Ministry of Education">French Ministry of Education</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While anyone can register for <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">concours</i></span>, successful candidates have almost always completed two or three years of dedicated <a href="/wiki/Classes_pr%C3%A9paratoires_aux_grandes_%C3%A9coles" class="mw-redirect" title="Classes préparatoires aux grandes écoles">preparatory classes</a> (<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">classes préparatoires</i></span>) prior to admission.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As they are separate from universities, most of them do not deliver the undergraduate degree of the <i><a href="/wiki/Licentiate_(degree)" title="Licentiate (degree)">Licence</a></i> (the <a href="/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree" title="Bachelor's degree">bachelor's degree</a> in France) but deliver <a href="/wiki/Master%27s_degree_(France)" title="Master's degree (France)">master's <i>grande école</i> degrees</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Dipl%C3%B4me_d%27Ing%C3%A9nieur" title="Diplôme d'Ingénieur">Engineer's Diploma</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Accredited_diploma_(France)" title="Accredited diploma (France)">Accredited Diploma</a> (for example, delivered with a <i><a href="/wiki/Master_in_Management_(France)" title="Master in Management (France)">Programme Grande École</a></i> in business schools).<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Admission to the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">grandes écoles</i></span> is extremely selective.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Grandes écoles</i></span> are generally <a href="/wiki/Public_university" title="Public university">publicly funded</a> and therefore have limited tuition costs. Some, especially <a href="/wiki/Business_school" title="Business school">business schools</a> (<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Écoles de commerce</i></span>), are organised privately and therefore have more costly tuition. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification_of_grandes_écoles"><span id="Classification_of_grandes_.C3.A9coles"></span>Classification of <i>grandes écoles</i></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grande_%C3%A9cole&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Classification of grandes écoles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grande_%C3%A9cole&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term <i>grande école</i> originated in 1794 after the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when the <a href="/wiki/National_Convention" title="National Convention">National Convention</a> created the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_normale_sup%C3%A9rieure" title="École normale supérieure">École normale supérieure</a></i></span>, the mathematician <a href="/wiki/Gaspard_Monge" title="Gaspard Monge">Gaspard Monge</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lazare_Nicolas_Marguerite_Carnot" class="mw-redirect" title="Lazare Nicolas Marguerite Carnot">Lazare Carnot</a> created the <i>École centrale des travaux publics</i> (later the <i><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique" title="École polytechnique">École polytechnique</a></i>), and the abbot <a href="/wiki/Henri_Gr%C3%A9goire" title="Henri Grégoire">Henri Grégoire</a> created the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Conservatoire_national_des_arts_et_m%C3%A9tiers" title="Conservatoire national des arts et métiers">Conservatoire national des arts et métiers</a></i></span>. </p><p>The model was probably the military academy at <a href="/wiki/Charleville-M%C3%A9zi%C3%A8res" title="Charleville-Mézières">Mézières</a>, of which Monge was an alumnus. The selective admission opens up to higher education based on academic merit. </p><p>Some schools included in the category have roots in the 17th and 18th centuries and are older than the term <i>grande école</i>, which dates to 1794. Their forerunners were schools aimed at graduating civil servants, such as technical officers (École d'Arts et Métiers, renamed <a href="/wiki/Arts_et_M%C3%A9tiers_ParisTech" title="Arts et Métiers ParisTech">Arts et Métiers ParisTech</a>, established in 1780), mine supervisors (<a href="/wiki/Mines_ParisTech" class="mw-redirect" title="Mines ParisTech">École des mines de Paris</a>, established in 1783), bridge and road engineers (<a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_des_ponts_ParisTech" title="École des ponts ParisTech">École royale des ponts et chaussées</a>, established in 1747), and shipbuilding engineers (<a href="/wiki/ENSTA_Paris" title="ENSTA Paris">École des ingénieurs-constructeurs des vaisseaux royaux</a>, established in 1741). </p><p>Five military engineering academies and <a href="/wiki/School_of_Applied_Artillery_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="School of Applied Artillery (France)">graduate schools of artillery</a> were established in the 17th century in France, such as the <a href="/wiki/School_of_Applied_Artillery_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="School of Applied Artillery (France)">école de l'artillerie de Douai</a> (established in 1697) and the later école du génie de Mézières (established in 1748), wherein mathematics, chemistry and sciences were already a major part of the curriculum taught by first-rank scientists such as <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Simon_Laplace" title="Pierre-Simon Laplace">Pierre-Simon Laplace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_%C3%89tienne_Louis_Camus" title="Charles Étienne Louis Camus">Charles Étienne Louis Camus</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_B%C3%A9zout" title="Étienne Bézout">Étienne Bézout</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sylvestre-Fran%C3%A7ois_Lacroix" class="mw-redirect" title="Sylvestre-François Lacroix">Sylvestre-François Lacroix</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%A9on_Denis_Poisson" title="Siméon Denis Poisson">Siméon Denis Poisson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gaspard_Monge" title="Gaspard Monge">Gaspard Monge</a> (most of whom were later to form the teaching corps of École Polytechnique during the Napoleonic era). </p><p>In 1802, Napoleon created the <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_sp%C3%A9ciale_militaire_de_Saint-Cyr" title="École spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr">École spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr</a>, which is also considered a <i>grande école</i>, although it trains only army officers. </p><p> During the 19th century, a number of higher-education grandes écoles were established to support industry and commerce, such as <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Nationale_Sup%C3%A9rieure_des_Mines_de_Saint-%C3%89tienne" class="mw-redirect" title="École Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Saint-Étienne">École nationale supérieure des Mines de Saint-Étienne</a> in 1816, <a href="/wiki/ESCP_Business_School" title="ESCP Business School">École supérieure de Commerce de Paris</a> (today <a href="/wiki/ESCP_Business_School" title="ESCP Business School">ESCP Business School</a>, founded in 1819), <a href="/wiki/Agro_ParisTech" class="mw-redirect" title="Agro ParisTech">L'institut des sciences et industries du vivant et de l'environnement</a> (Agro ParisTech) in 1826, and <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Centrale_Paris" title="École Centrale Paris">École centrale des Arts et Manufactures</a> (<a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Centrale_Paris" title="École Centrale Paris">École centrale Paris</a>) in 1829. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Between 1832 and 1870, the <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_centrale_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="École centrale Paris">Central School of Arts and Manufactures</a> produced 3,000 engineers and served as a model for most of the industrialized countries. Until 1864, a quarter of its students came from abroad. Conversely, the quality of French technicians astonished southeastern Europe, Italy, the Near East, and even Belgium. The system of <i>grandes écoles</i> expanded, enriched by the <a href="/wiki/French_National_School_of_Forestry" title="French National School of Forestry">Ecole des Eaux et Forêts</a> at Nancy in 1826, the <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_des_arts_industriels_et_des_mines" title="École des arts industriels et des mines">Ecole des Arts industriels</a> at Lille in 1854, the <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_centrale_de_Lyon" title="École centrale de Lyon">Ecole centrale lyonnaise</a> in 1857, and the <a href="/wiki/Institut_national_agronomique_Paris_Grignon" title="Institut national agronomique Paris Grignon">National Institute of Agronomy</a>, reconstituted in 1876 after a fruitless attempt between 1848 and 1855. Finally, the training of the lower grades of staff, who might today be called ‘production engineers’, was assured to an even greater extent by the development of <a href="/wiki/Arts_et_M%C3%A9tiers_ParisTech" title="Arts et Métiers ParisTech">Ecoles d’Arts et métiers</a>, of which the first was established at Châlons-sur-Marne in 1806 and the second at Angers in 1811 (both reorganized in 1832), with a third at Aix-en-Provence in 1841. Each had room for 300 pupils. There is no doubt that in the 1860s France had the best system of higher technical and scientific education in Europe.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMathiasPostan1978" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Mathias" title="Peter Mathias">Mathias, Peter</a>; <a href="/wiki/Michael_Postan" title="Michael Postan">Postan, Michael</a> (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0j87AAAAIAAJ&q=%22ecole+des+arts+industriels%22+de+Lille&pg=PA313"><i>The Cambridge Economic History of Europe</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 313. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521215909" title="Special:BookSources/9780521215909"><bdi>9780521215909</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Economic+History+of+Europe&rft.pages=313&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=9780521215909&rft.aulast=Mathias&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Postan%2C+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0j87AAAAIAAJ%26q%3D%2522ecole%2Bdes%2Barts%2Bindustriels%2522%2Bde%2BLille%26pg%3DPA313&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrande+%C3%A9cole" class="Z3988"></span></cite></div></blockquote> <p>During the latter part of the 19th century and in the 20th century, more grandes écoles were established for education in businesses as well as newer fields of science and technology, including <a href="/wiki/Rouen_Business_School" title="Rouen Business School">Rouen Business School</a> (<a href="/wiki/NEOMA_Business_School" title="NEOMA Business School">NEOMA Business School</a>) in 1871, <a href="/wiki/Sciences_Po_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Sciences Po Paris">Sciences Po Paris</a> in 1872, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_sup%C3%A9rieure_des_t%C3%A9l%C3%A9communications" class="mw-redirect" title="École nationale supérieure des télécommunications">École nationale supérieure des télécommunications</a> in 1878, <a href="/wiki/HEC_Paris" title="HEC Paris">Hautes Études commerciales</a> in 1881,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sup%C3%A9lec" title="Supélec">École supérieure d'électricité</a> in 1894, <a href="/wiki/EDHEC_Business_School" title="EDHEC Business School">Ecole des hautes Etudes commerciales du Nord</a> in 1906 , <a href="/wiki/ESSEC_Business_School" title="ESSEC Business School">Ecole Supérieure des Sciences économiques et commerciales</a> in 1907, and <a href="/wiki/Supaero" class="mw-redirect" title="Supaero">Supaero</a> in 1909. </p><p>Since then, France has had a unique dual higher education system, with small and middle-sized specialized graduate schools operating alongside the traditional university system. Some fields of study are nearly exclusive to one part of this dual system, such as medicine in <i>universités</i> only, or architecture in <i>écoles</i> only. </p><p>The grande école (and "prépa") system also exists in former French colonies, Switzerland, and Italy (Napoleon, as king of Italy for ten years, established the French system there). The influence of this system was strong in the 19th century throughout the world, as can be seen in the original names of many world universities (Caltech was originally "Polytechnic Institute", as was ETH Zürich—"the Polytechnicum"—in addition to the <a href="/wiki/Polytechnique_Montr%C3%A9al" title="Polytechnique Montréal">Polytechnique</a> in Montréal. Some institutions in China, Russia, the UK, and the US also have names of some French grandes écoles, adapted to their languages). The success of the German and Anglo-Saxon university models from the late 19th century reduced the influence of the French system in some of the English-speaking world.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (June 2019)">according to whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Today">Today</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grande_%C3%A9cole&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Today"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is no standard definition or official list of grandes écoles. The term <i>grande école</i> is not employed in the French education code, with the exception of a quotation in the social statistics. It generally employs the expression of "<i>écoles supérieures</i>" to indicate higher educational institutions that are not universities. </p><p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Conf%C3%A9rence_des_Grandes_%C3%A9coles" title="Conférence des Grandes écoles">Conférence des grandes écoles (CGE)</a></i> (<i>Grandes Écoles</i> Conference) is a non-profit organization. It uses a broad definition of <i>grande école</i>, which is not restricted to the school's selectivity or the prestige of the diploma awarded. The members of CGE have not made an official or "accepted" list of grandes écoles. For example, some engineering school members of the CGE cannot award state-recognized engineering degrees. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Admission_to_grandes_écoles"><span id="Admission_to_grandes_.C3.A9coles"></span>Admission to <i>grandes écoles</i></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grande_%C3%A9cole&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Admission to grandes écoles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The admissions process for grandes écoles differs greatly from those of other French universities. To be admitted into most French grandes écoles, most students study in a two-year preparatory program in one of the CPGEs (see below) before taking a set of competitive national exams. Different exams are required by groups (called "banques") of different schools. The national exams are sets of written tests, given over the course of several weeks, that challenge the student on the intensive studies of the previous two years. During the summer, those students who succeed in the written exams then take a further set of exams, usually one-hour oral exams, during which they are given a problem to solve. After 20 minutes of preparation, the candidate presents the solution to a professor, who challenges the candidate on the answer and the assumptions being made. Afterwards, candidates receive a final national ranking, which determines admission to their grande école of choice. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Preparatory_classes_for_grandes_écoles_(CPGE)"><span id="Preparatory_classes_for_grandes_.C3.A9coles_.28CPGE.29"></span>Preparatory classes for grandes écoles (CPGE)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grande_%C3%A9cole&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Preparatory classes for grandes écoles (CPGE)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Classe_pr%C3%A9paratoire_aux_Grandes_%C3%89coles" class="mw-redirect" title="Classe préparatoire aux Grandes Écoles">Classe préparatoire aux Grandes Écoles</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rue_St_Jacques_Louis_Le_Grand_DSC09316.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Rue_St_Jacques_Louis_Le_Grand_DSC09316.jpg/191px-Rue_St_Jacques_Louis_Le_Grand_DSC09316.jpg" decoding="async" width="191" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Rue_St_Jacques_Louis_Le_Grand_DSC09316.jpg/287px-Rue_St_Jacques_Louis_Le_Grand_DSC09316.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Rue_St_Jacques_Louis_Le_Grand_DSC09316.jpg/382px-Rue_St_Jacques_Louis_Le_Grand_DSC09316.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2108" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>The <i><a href="/wiki/Lyc%C3%A9e_Louis-le-Grand" title="Lycée Louis-le-Grand">Lycée Louis-le-Grand</a></i>, in Paris, is one of the most famous lycées providing preparatory classes for grandes écoles. (It is on the right side of the rue Saint-Jacques; on the left is the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Paris" title="University of Paris">Sorbonne</a>.)</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Classes préparatoires aux Grandes Écoles</b> (CPGE), or <i>prépas</i> (preparatory classes for grandes écoles), are two-year classes, in either sciences, literature, or economics. These are the traditional way in which most students prepare to pass the competitive recruitment examination of the main grandes écoles. Most are held in state lycées (high schools); a few are private. Admission is competitive and based on the students' lycée grades. Preparatory classes with the highest success rates in the entrance examinations of the top grandes écoles are highly selective. Students who are not admitted to the grande école of their choice often repeat the second year of preparatory classes and attempt the exam again the following year. </p><p>There are five categories of <i>prépas</i>: </p> <ul><li><b>Scientifiques:</b> These prepare for the engineering schools and teach mathematics, physics, chemistry, and technology. They are broken down in sub-categories according to the emphasis of their dominant subject: they are mainly focused on mathematics and either physics (MP), industrial sciences and technologies (TSI), physics and chemistry (PC), physics and engineering science (PSI), physics and technology (PT) and chemistry, physics and technology (TPC) .</li> <li><b>BCPST:</b> biology, chemistry, physics, geology, and mathematics. Commonly called "Agro-Véto", these classes prepare students primarily for agricultural and veterinary schools, but also for schools in geology, hydrology, and forestry, as well as for research and teaching careers via the <i><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_normale_sup%C3%A9rieure" title="École normale supérieure">Écoles normales supérieures</a></i>.</li> <li><b>Lettres:</b> <a href="/wiki/Humanities" title="Humanities">humanities</a>, essentially for the <i><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Normale_Sup%C3%A9rieure" class="mw-redirect" title="École Normale Supérieure">Écoles normales supérieures</a></i> (students can also compete to enter business schools, but represent a small minority of those admitted). There are two main sub-categories: "Lettres", in either "A/L" (with Ancient Greek and/or Latin) or LSH (with geography), and B/L (with mathematics and social sciences).</li> <li><b>Économique et commerciale:</b> mathematics and economics. These prepare for the entrance exams to the French <a href="/wiki/Business_schools" class="mw-redirect" title="Business schools">business schools</a>, and are subdivided between science (mathematics) and economics tracks - a third track also exists for students with a "technological", i.e. applied background.</li> <li><b>Chartes:</b> humanities, with an emphasis on philology, history and <a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">languages</a>, named after the school <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Nationale_des_Chartes" title="École Nationale des Chartes">École nationale des Chartes</a>. By far the smallest <i>prépa</i> in number of students.</li></ul> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lyc%C3%A9e_Henri_IV.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Lyc%C3%A9e_Henri_IV.JPG/195px-Lyc%C3%A9e_Henri_IV.JPG" decoding="async" width="195" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Lyc%C3%A9e_Henri_IV.JPG/293px-Lyc%C3%A9e_Henri_IV.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Lyc%C3%A9e_Henri_IV.JPG/390px-Lyc%C3%A9e_Henri_IV.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4592" data-file-height="3056" /></a><figcaption>Just as famous for its <i>classes prépas</i> is the Lycée Henri-IV, facing the Panthéon.<figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lyc%C3%A9e_Henri-IV_rue_Clovis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Lyc%C3%A9e_Henri-IV_rue_Clovis.jpg/182px-Lyc%C3%A9e_Henri-IV_rue_Clovis.jpg" decoding="async" width="182" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Lyc%C3%A9e_Henri-IV_rue_Clovis.jpg/273px-Lyc%C3%A9e_Henri-IV_rue_Clovis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Lyc%C3%A9e_Henri-IV_rue_Clovis.jpg/364px-Lyc%C3%A9e_Henri-IV_rue_Clovis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2742" data-file-height="2056" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recruitment_at_baccalauréat_level"><span id="Recruitment_at_baccalaur.C3.A9at_level"></span>Recruitment at <i>baccalauréat</i> level</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grande_%C3%A9cole&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Recruitment at baccalauréat level"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some schools are accessible after a selection based on the grades of the two last years of lycée (High school) and/or the baccalaureate (High school diploma) results. For example, in engineering, the most attractive and selective ones are the seven schools composing the <a href="/wiki/Institut_National_des_Sciences_Appliqu%C3%A9es" class="mw-redirect" title="Institut National des Sciences Appliquées">Institut National des Sciences Appliquées</a> (INSA network), but there are dozens of selective and less selective engineering schools accessible directly after the baccalaureate. Some other famous highly selective engineering school are the three <a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_de_Technologie" class="mw-redirect" title="Université de Technologie">Universités de Technologie</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also possible to join these schools in third year after a preparatory class or university and then the recruitment is based on a contest or the student results. </p><p>Most of these five-year grandes écoles are public, with very low admission fees (between 601€ and 2,350€ per year), and are free for national scholarship holders. A few others are either private or public with very high admission fee (up to 10,000€ per year, without exoneration for scholarship holders). These are usually the least selective ones and offer five-year training to students who otherwise could not have enrolled in a five-year curriculum directly after High school. </p><p>The top three public engineering grandes écoles with standard admission fees (among 70), according to the French magazine <a href="/wiki/L%27%C3%89tudiant_noir" title="L'Étudiant noir">L'Étudiant noir</a>, are in 2023 the <a href="/wiki/Institut_National_des_Sciences_Appliqu%C3%A9es_de_Lyon" class="mw-redirect" title="Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon">Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon</a> (INSA Lyon), <a href="/wiki/Institut_National_des_Sciences_Appliqu%C3%A9es_de_Toulouse" class="mw-redirect" title="Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Toulouse">Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Toulouse</a> (INSA Toulouse) and <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_des_Mines_de_Douai" title="École des Mines de Douai">École des Mines de Douai</a> (IMT Nord Europe).<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the rankings may differ significantly between years, magazines, and the metric of interest (academic excellence, employability, diversity, ...). </p><p>Most of them simply include the two-year preparatory class in their program while others like INSA Toulouse chose the <a href="/wiki/Bachelor%27s_master%27s_doctorate_system" title="Bachelor's master's doctorate system">Bachelor's master's doctorate system</a> (BMD or LMD in French) to start the specialization earlier. Most students choose to get their licence, master or doctorate close to home. </p><p>These years of preparation can be highly focused on the school program so students have a greater chance of succeeding in the admission exam or contest in their school if there is one, but they are not prepared to take the examinations for other schools so their chance of success in these other examinations is low.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The advantage is that instead of studying simply to pass the admission exams, the student will study topics more targeted to their training and future specialization. The main advantage is that students choose their speciality more according to their interests and less according to their rank. (Indeed, the rank obtained after standard preparatory classes determines a list of schools with their specialities). </p><p>On another note, the selection process during the first preparatory year is considered less stressful than in a standard first preparatory class, and the first year often offers broader scientific training since it does not specifically prepare students for competitions. Nevertheless, the selection percentage are often the same order as during standard preparatory classes. The top-ranking five year grandes écoles also recruit some of the best students who followed one or two years of CPGE, through parallel admission procedures. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parallel_admission">Parallel admission</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grande_%C3%A9cole&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Parallel admission"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>prépa</i> years are not required to sit the entrance exams. Moreover, in many schools, there is also the possibility of “parallel admission” to a grande école. Parallel admissions are open to university students or students from other schools that decide not to take the entrance exams. This method of recruitment is proving increasingly popular, with many students choosing to first go to a university and then enroll in a grande école. </p><p>Some grandes écoles have a dual diploma arrangement in which a student can switch establishments in the last year to receive diplomas from both establishments. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Degrees_awarded">Degrees awarded</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grande_%C3%A9cole&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Degrees awarded"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historically">Historically</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grande_%C3%A9cole&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Historically"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The French <i>Grandes écoles</i> mostly do not fit into the international, Anglo-American framework regarding their diplomas, nor in the European <a href="/wiki/Bologna_Process" title="Bologna Process">Bologna system</a>. In 2007, the <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">OECD</a> remarked in a report that "their diplomas do not fit easily into the increasingly standardised international nomenclature for academic study ... Instead, students effectively study for five years and are then awarded a masters degree, with no intermediate diploma".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, some <i>Grandes écoles</i> have decided to adopt the standard, European Bologna system of diplomas recently in order to better integrate themselves in the international academic competition.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In their 2008 book <i>European Universities in Transition</i>, Carmelo Mazza, Paolo Quattrone and Angelo Riccaboni underlined that "the vast majority of Grandes Ecoles do not give any degree" upon completion of undergraduate studies, but that "[i]n practice, for accreditation or student exchange purposes, they grant a certificate of 'equivalence to a bachelor's degree'".<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_engineering_Grandes_écoles"><span id="In_engineering_Grandes_.C3.A9coles"></span>In engineering <i>Grandes écoles</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grande_%C3%A9cole&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: In engineering Grandes écoles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For their engineering programs, the <i>Grandes écoles</i> award an "<i><a href="/wiki/Dipl%C3%B4me_d%27Ing%C3%A9nieur" title="Diplôme d'Ingénieur">Diplôme d'Ingénieur</a></i>", similar to a <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Engineering" title="Master of Engineering">Master of Engineering</a> degree. This <a href="/wiki/Engineer%27s_degree" title="Engineer's degree">engineer's degree</a>, required to use the engineer title in France, is strictly protected and can only be awarded by state-accredited <i>Grandes écoles</i>, via the Engineering Accreditation Commission (CTI). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Grandes_écoles_business_schools"><span id="In_Grandes_.C3.A9coles_business_schools"></span>In <i>Grandes écoles</i> business schools</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grande_%C3%A9cole&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: In Grandes écoles business schools"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Master_in_Management_(France)" title="Master in Management (France)">Master in Management (France)</a></div> <p>In France, the majority of business schools are private or semi-private. For their programs, <a href="/wiki/Business_school" title="Business school">business schools</a> that are <i>Grandes écoles</i> (like <a href="/wiki/HEC_Paris" title="HEC Paris">HEC</a> or <a href="/wiki/ESCP_Business_School" title="ESCP Business School">ESCP</a>) offer a "<i><a href="/wiki/Grande_%C3%89cole_program" class="mw-redirect" title="Grande École program">Programme Grande École</a></i>" or "PGE" (generally translated into English as "<a href="/wiki/Master_of_Management" title="Master of Management">Master in Management</a>", or "Grande École program"), which delivers a <a href="/wiki/Accredited_diploma_(France)" title="Accredited diploma (France)">state-accredited diploma</a> that is considerably more prestigious than a French master's degree in management delivered by <a href="/wiki/Institut_d%27Administration_des_Entreprises" title="Institut d'Administration des Entreprises">university schools of management</a> (IAE) or management faculties in the mainstream French university system. </p><p>In France, only public <i>Grandes écoles</i> and universities can award licences, masters and doctorates. For example, the semi-private ESCP Business School has signed a partnership agreement to award a <a href="/wiki/PhD" class="mw-redirect" title="PhD">PhD</a> in management from <a href="/wiki/Panth%C3%A9on-Sorbonne_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Panthéon-Sorbonne University">Panthéon-Sorbonne University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The semi-private school <a href="/wiki/HEC_Paris" title="HEC Paris">HEC</a> has done the same, along with the <a href="/wiki/Polytechnic_Institute_of_Paris" title="Polytechnic Institute of Paris">Polytechnic Institute of Paris</a> (a public research university which consists of six public <i>grandes écoles</i>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Faculty_in_Grandes_écoles"><span id="Faculty_in_Grandes_.C3.A9coles"></span>Faculty in <i>Grandes écoles</i></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grande_%C3%A9cole&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Faculty in Grandes écoles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Full-time_researchers_and_teaching_faculty">Full-time researchers and teaching faculty</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grande_%C3%A9cole&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Full-time researchers and teaching faculty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Full-time faculty researchers to assume their responsibility as teaching staff by giving lectures, accompanying students in their projects, participating in the campus life and representing the school during symposia. </p><p>Their contractual number of working hours is defined at the beginning of each academic year in a <a href="/wiki/Lump_sum_contract" title="Lump sum contract">lump sum</a> workload timetable. </p><p>Full-time faculty/teaching are in charge of giving lectures, but also shoulder pedagogic coordination. As such, they are deeply involved in their respective campus' life and accountable for the teaching quality as well as the pedagogic continuous improvement of the School. </p><p><b>Prominent professors:</b> according to <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27%C3%89tudiant_(magazine)" class="extiw" title="fr:L'Étudiant (magazine)">L'Etudiant</a>, a prominent professor is permanent professor, holding a <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy" title="Doctor of Philosophy">PhD</a> from a French or foreign Higher Education Institution which is <a href="/wiki/Association_to_Advance_Collegiate_Schools_of_Business" title="Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business">AACSB</a>- or <a href="/wiki/EFMD_Quality_Improvement_System" title="EFMD Quality Improvement System">EQUIS</a>-accredited and ranked amongst the <a href="/wiki/Academic_Ranking_of_World_Universities" title="Academic Ranking of World Universities">Shanghai 2019 top 500 ranking</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adjunct_professors">Adjunct professors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grande_%C3%A9cole&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Adjunct professors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Adjunct Professors hold chair in another <a href="/wiki/Higher_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education">Higher Education Institution</a>. Their teaching conditions are various, but not always stipulated in a contractual form. </p><p>Visiting professors are teaching staff which hold a chair along another activity, e.g. a <a href="/wiki/Consultant" title="Consultant">consultant</a> or <a href="/wiki/Entrepreneurship" title="Entrepreneurship">entrepreneur</a> giving lectures once or twice a week. </p><p>Guest professors are international professors who take part in special lectures, classes or programme. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Categories">Categories</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grande_%C3%A9cole&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Categories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Grandes écoles can be classified into following broad categories: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Écoles_normales_supérieures"><span id=".C3.89coles_normales_sup.C3.A9rieures"></span>Écoles normales supérieures</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grande_%C3%A9cole&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Écoles normales supérieures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_normale_sup%C3%A9rieure" title="École normale supérieure">École normale supérieure</a></div> <p>These schools train <a href="/wiki/Researcher" class="mw-redirect" title="Researcher">researchers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Professor" title="Professor">professors</a> and may be a beginning for executive careers in public administration or business. Many French <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fields_Medal" title="Fields Medal">Fields Medal</a> laureates were educated at the <i>École Normale Supérieure</i> in Paris, Lyon or Paris-Saclay.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are four ENS: </p> <ul><li>the <i><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Normale_Sup%C3%A9rieure" class="mw-redirect" title="École Normale Supérieure">École Normale Supérieure</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/PSL_University" class="mw-redirect" title="PSL University">PSL University</a>, nicknamed "<i>Ulm</i>" from its address <i>rue d'Ulm</i> in Paris (sciences and humanities);</li> <li>the <i><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Normale_Sup%C3%A9rieure_de_Lyon" class="mw-redirect" title="École Normale Supérieure de Lyon">École Normale Supérieure de Lyon</a></i> in <a href="/wiki/Lyon" title="Lyon">Lyon</a> (sciences and humanities);<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>the <i><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_normale_sup%C3%A9rieure_Paris-Saclay" title="École normale supérieure Paris-Saclay">École Normale Supérieure Paris-Saclay</a></i>, near Paris (sciences, engineering, social sciences, economics and management, foreign languages), a constituent <i>grande école</i> of <a href="/wiki/Paris-Saclay_University" title="Paris-Saclay University">Paris-Saclay University</a>.</li> <li>the <i><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Normale_Sup%C3%A9rieure_de_Rennes" class="mw-redirect" title="École Normale Supérieure de Rennes">École Normale Supérieure de Rennes</a></i> near <a href="/wiki/Rennes" title="Rennes">Rennes</a> (sciences, engineering, social sciences, economics and management, sport), a constituent <i>grande école</i> of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Rennes" title="University of Rennes">University of Rennes</a>.</li></ul> <p>Until recently, unlike most other grandes écoles, <i>écoles normales supérieures</i> (ENS) did not award specific diplomas. Students who completed their curriculum were entitled to be known as "ENS alumni" or "<a href="/wiki/List_of_%C3%89cole_Normale_Sup%C3%A9rieure_people" class="mw-redirect" title="List of École Normale Supérieure people">normaliens</a>". The schools encourage their students to obtain university diplomas in partner institutions while providing extra classes and support. Many ENS students obtain more than one university diploma. <i>Normaliens</i> from France and other <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> countries are considered civil servants in training (unless they were recruited by parallel admission), and as such are paid a monthly salary in exchange for agreeing to serve France for ten years, including those years spent as students. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Engineering_schools_(grandes_écoles_d'ingénieurs)"><span id="Engineering_schools_.28grandes_.C3.A9coles_d.27ing.C3.A9nieurs.29"></span>Engineering schools (<i>grandes écoles d'ingénieurs</i>)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grande_%C3%A9cole&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Engineering schools (grandes écoles d'ingénieurs)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many engineering schools recruit most of their students who have completed their education in scientific preparatory classes (2 years of post-baccalaureat study). Many are also joint graduate schools from several regional universities, sometimes in association with other international higher education networks. </p><p>In France, the term 'engineer' has a broader meaning compared to the one understood in most other countries and can imply a person who has achieved a high level of study in both fundamental and applied sciences, as well as business management, humanities and social sciences. The best engineering schools will often provide such a general and very intensive education, although this is not always the case. Most of the schools of the following first four groups train the so-called 'generaliste' engineers: </p><p><b>1. <a href="/wiki/ParisTech" title="ParisTech">ParisTech</a> alliance</b> (it is an alliance of the best French engineering schools in Paris. Some of these schools are now part of collegiate universities such as Paris-Saclay University, PSL University or the Polytechnic Institute of Paris. Also some of these schools teach only a specific area): </p> <ul><li>In <a href="/wiki/Paris-Saclay_University" title="Paris-Saclay University">Paris-Saclay University</a>: <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Agro_ParisTech" class="mw-redirect" title="Agro ParisTech">Institut des sciences et industries du vivant et de l'environnement</a></i> (<b>AgroParisTech</b>) - administered by the French Ministry of Agriculture;</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_sup%C3%A9rieure_d%27optique" class="mw-redirect" title="École supérieure d'optique">Institut d'Optique Graduate School</a></i> (IOGS, nicknamed <b>SupOptique</b>);</li></ul></li> <li>In the <a href="/wiki/Polytechnic_Institute_of_Paris" title="Polytechnic Institute of Paris">Polytechnic Institute of Paris</a>: <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Polytechnique" class="mw-redirect" title="École Polytechnique">École polytechnique</a></i> (<b>l'X</b>) – The most selective engineering school in France, administered by the French Ministry of Defense;</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/ENSAE_ParisTech" class="mw-redirect" title="ENSAE ParisTech">École nationale de la statistique et de l'administration économique</a></i> (<b>ENSAE ParisTech</b>) – formed by the <i><a href="/wiki/Insee" class="mw-redirect" title="Insee">Institut National de la Statistique et des Études Économiques</a></i> (INSEE : French Statistical Authority) and administered by the French Ministry for the Economy and Finance;</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/ENSTA_ParisTech" class="mw-redirect" title="ENSTA ParisTech">École nationale supérieure de techniques avancées</a></i> (<b>ENSTA ParisTech</b>) administered by the French Ministry of Defense;</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A9l%C3%A9com_ParisTech" class="mw-redirect" title="Télécom ParisTech">École nationale supérieure des télécommunications</a></i> (<b>Télécom Paris</b>, administered by the French Ministry of Industry) – member of <i>Institut Mines-Télécom (IMT)</i>;</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_des_Ponts_ParisTech" class="mw-redirect" title="École des Ponts ParisTech">École nationale des ponts et chaussées</a></i> (<b>École des Ponts ParisTech</b>, administered by the French Ministry of Ecology, Sustainable Development and Energy, nicknamed <i>les Ponts</i>) – founded in 1747;</li></ul></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Paris_Sciences_et_Lettres_University" title="Paris Sciences et Lettres University">PSL University</a>: <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chimie_ParisTech" title="Chimie ParisTech">École nationale supérieure de chimie de Paris</a></i> (<b>Chimie ParisTech – PSL</b>);</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mines_ParisTech" class="mw-redirect" title="Mines ParisTech">École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris</a></i> (<b>MINES Paris – PSL</b>, administered by the French Ministry for Industry);</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/ESPCI_ParisTech" class="mw-redirect" title="ESPCI ParisTech">École supérieure de physique et de chimie industrielles de la ville de Paris</a></i> (<b>ESPCI Paris –</b> <b>PSL</b>);</li></ul></li> <li>Independent: <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Arts_et_M%C3%A9tiers_ParisTech" title="Arts et Métiers ParisTech">Arts et Métiers ParisTech</a></i> (<i>École nationale d'Arts et Métiers</i> previously called <i>ENSAM</i> or <i>les Arts et Metiers</i> or "Les Arts", administered by the French Ministry of National Education, Higher Education and Research) </li></ul></li></ul> <p><b>2. <a href="/wiki/Centrale_Graduate_School" title="Centrale Graduate School">Centrale Graduate Schools</a> of engineering</b>; its students are commonly known as <i>pistons</i> (a reference to the <a href="/wiki/Piston_engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Piston engine">piston engine</a>, one of the centrepieces of the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>): </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/CentraleSup%C3%A9lec" title="CentraleSupélec">CentraleSupélec</a></i>, which is the result of the 2015 merger between <i><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_centrale_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="École centrale Paris">École centrale Paris</a></i> (ECP or Centrale Paris) founded in 1829, and <a href="/wiki/Sup%C3%A9lec" title="Supélec">École Supérieure d'Electricité</a> (or Supélec) founded in 1894. Constituent <i>Grande école</i> of <a href="/wiki/Paris-Saclay_University" title="Paris-Saclay University">Paris-Saclay University</a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_centrale_de_Lille" class="mw-redirect" title="École centrale de Lille">École centrale de Lille</a></i> (ECLi, EC-Lille or Centrale Lille)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_centrale_de_Lyon" title="École centrale de Lyon">École centrale de Lyon</a></i> (ECL, EC-Lyon, or Centrale Lyon) was founded in 1857 as the <i>École centrale lyonnaise pour l'Industrie et le Commerce</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_centrale_de_Marseille" class="mw-redirect" title="École centrale de Marseille">École centrale de Marseille</a></i> (ECM, EC-Marseille, or Centrale Marseille)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_centrale_de_Nantes" title="École centrale de Nantes">École centrale de Nantes</a></i> (ECN, EC-Nantes, or Centrale Nantes)</li></ul> <p><b>3. <i><a href="/wiki/Institut_National_des_Sciences_Appliqu%C3%A9es" class="mw-redirect" title="Institut National des Sciences Appliquées">Institut National des Sciences Appliquées</a></i> (INSA)</b> network is the largest engineer training group in France, with 16,700+ students, administered by the <i><a href="/wiki/French_Ministry_of_National_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="French Ministry of National Education">French Ministry of National Education</a></i>. It consists of grandes écoles distributed throughout mainland France: </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/INSA_Lyon" class="mw-redirect" title="INSA Lyon">Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon</a></i> – founded in 1957</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/INSA_Toulouse" class="mw-redirect" title="INSA Toulouse">Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Toulouse</a></i> – founded in 1963</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/INSA_Rennes" class="mw-redirect" title="INSA Rennes">Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Rennes</a></i> – founded in 1966</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/INSA_Rouen" class="mw-redirect" title="INSA Rouen">Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Rouen</a></i> – founded in 1985</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/INSA_Strasbourg" title="INSA Strasbourg">Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Strasbourg</a></i> – founded in 2003</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/INSA_Centre_Val_de_Loire" title="INSA Centre Val de Loire">Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Centre Val de Loire</a></i> – founded in 2014</li></ul> <p><b>4. National Polytechnic Institutes (<i>INP</i>)</b> </p> <ul><li>the <i><a href="/wiki/Institut_polytechnique_de_Grenoble" class="mw-redirect" title="Institut polytechnique de Grenoble">Institut Polytechnique de Grenoble</a></i>: includes the <i><a href="/wiki/Grenoble_Institute_of_Technology" title="Grenoble Institute of Technology">Grenoble Institute of Technology</a></i>, and the <i><a href="/wiki/Grenoble_INP" class="mw-redirect" title="Grenoble INP">Grenoble INP</a></i> (formerly <i><a href="/wiki/INPG" class="mw-redirect" title="INPG">INPG</a></i>) which has six departments (<i><a href="/wiki/ENSIMAG" class="mw-redirect" title="ENSIMAG">ENSIMAG</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Ense3" class="mw-redirect" title="Ense3">Ense3</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Phelma" class="mw-redirect" title="Phelma">Phelma</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/ESISAR" class="mw-redirect" title="ESISAR">ESISAR</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_sup%C3%A9rieure_de_g%C3%A9nie_industriel" title="École nationale supérieure de génie industriel">Génie Industriel</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_internationale_du_papier,_de_la_communication_imprim%C3%A9e_et_des_biomat%C3%A9riaux" title="École internationale du papier, de la communication imprimée et des biomatériaux">Pagora</a></i>);</li> <li>the <i><a href="/wiki/National_Polytechnic_Institute_of_Lorraine" title="National Polytechnic Institute of Lorraine">Institut National Polytechnique de Lorraine</a></i>: includes the <i><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_europ%C3%A9enne_d%27ing%C3%A9nieurs_en_g%C3%A9nie_des_mat%C3%A9riaux" title="École européenne d'ingénieurs en génie des matériaux">EEIGM, the European School of Materials Sciences and Engineering</a></i>, the <i><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_sup%C3%A9rieure_d%27agronomie_et_des_industries_alimentaires" title="École nationale supérieure d'agronomie et des industries alimentaires">École Nationale Supérieure d'Agronomie et des Industries Alimentaires</a> (ENSAIA, the National School of Agronomy and Food Sciences)</i>, the <i><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_sup%C3%A9rieure_d%27%C3%A9lectricit%C3%A9_et_de_m%C3%A9canique_de_Nancy" title="École nationale supérieure d'électricité et de mécanique de Nancy">École Nationale Supérieure d'Électricité et de Mécanique</a> (ENSEM, the National School of Electricity and Mechanics)</i>, the <i><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Nationale_Sup%C3%A9rieure_de_G%C3%A9ologie" title="École Nationale Supérieure de Géologie">École Nationale Supérieure de Géologie</a></i> (ENSG), the <i><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_sup%C3%A9rieure_en_g%C3%A9nie_des_syst%C3%A8mes_et_de_l%27innovation" title="École nationale supérieure en génie des systèmes et de l'innovation">École nationale supérieure en génie des systèmes et de l'innovation</a> (ENSGSI, the National School of Industrial Systems and Innovation)</i>, the <i><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_sup%C3%A9rieure_des_industries_chimiques" title="École nationale supérieure des industries chimiques">École Nationale Supérieure des Industries Chimiques</a> (ENSIC, the National School of Chemical Industries)</i>, the <i><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_sup%C3%A9rieure_des_mines_de_Nancy" title="École nationale supérieure des mines de Nancy">École Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Nancy</a> (ENSMN, the National School of Mines of Nancy)</i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/School_of_architecture_of_Nancy" title="School of architecture of Nancy">École Nationale Supérieure d'Architecture de Nancy</a> (ENSA Nancy, the School of Architecture)</i>);</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Polytechnic_Institute_of_Bordeaux" title="Polytechnic Institute of Bordeaux">Polytechnic Institute of Bordeaux</a> : includes the <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_sup%C3%A9rieure_de_cognitique" class="extiw" title="fr:École nationale supérieure de cognitique">ENSC</a>, the <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_sup%C3%A9rieure_d%27%C3%A9lectronique,_informatique,_t%C3%A9l%C3%A9communications,_math%C3%A9matique_et_m%C3%A9canique_de_Bordeaux" title="École nationale supérieure d'électronique, informatique, télécommunications, mathématique et mécanique de Bordeaux">ENSEIRB-MATMECA</a>, the ENSCBP, the ENSTBB, the ENSEGID, and the ENSPIMA;</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Polytechnic_Institute_of_Clermont-Auvergne" title="Polytechnic Institute of Clermont-Auvergne">Polytechnic Institute of Clermont-Auvergne</a>: includes the <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique_universitaire_de_Clermont-Auvergne" title="École polytechnique universitaire de Clermont-Auvergne">École polytechnique universitaire de Clermont-Auvergne</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Institut_d%27informatique_d%27Auvergne" title="Institut d'informatique d'Auvergne">Institut d'informatique d'Auvergne</a>, the <a href="/wiki/SIGMA_Clermont" title="SIGMA Clermont">SIGMA Clermont</a>.</li></ul> <p><b>5. <a href="/wiki/Polytech_Group_(France)" title="Polytech Group (France)">Réseau Polytech</a> schools of engineering</b>, is a French network of 15 graduate schools of engineering within France's leading technological universities. All schools in the Group offer Master of Engineering degrees in various specialities: </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique_de_l%27universit%C3%A9_d%27Angers" title="École polytechnique de l'université d'Angers">Polytech Angers</a>,</i> <a href="/wiki/University_of_Angers" title="University of Angers">University of Angers</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Polytechnique_de_l%27Universit%C3%A9_de_Lorraine" title="École Polytechnique de l'Université de Lorraine">Polytech Nancy</a></i> (Polytech Nancy), <a href="/wiki/University_of_Lorraine" title="University of Lorraine">University of Lorraine</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique_universitaire_de_Grenoble-Alpes" title="École polytechnique universitaire de Grenoble-Alpes">Polytech Grenoble</a>,</i> <a href="/wiki/Grenoble_Alpes_University" title="Grenoble Alpes University">Grenoble Alpes University</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique_universitaire_de_Lille" title="École polytechnique universitaire de Lille">Polytech Lille</a>,</i> <a href="/wiki/University_of_Lille" title="University of Lille">University of Lille</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique_universitaire_de_l%27universit%C3%A9_Lyon-I" title="École polytechnique universitaire de l'université Lyon-I">Polytech Lyon</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Claude_Bernard_University_Lyon_1" title="Claude Bernard University Lyon 1">Claude Bernard University Lyon 1</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique_universitaire_d%27Aix-Marseille" title="École polytechnique universitaire d'Aix-Marseille">Polytech Marseille</a>,</i> <a href="/wiki/Aix-Marseille_University" title="Aix-Marseille University">Aix-Marseille University</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique_universitaire_de_Montpellier" title="École polytechnique universitaire de Montpellier">Polytech Montpellier</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Montpellier" title="University of Montpellier">University of Montpellier</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique_universitaire_de_Clermont-Auvergne" title="École polytechnique universitaire de Clermont-Auvergne">Polytech Clermont-Ferrand</a>,</i> <a href="/wiki/University_of_Clermont-Ferrand" title="University of Clermont-Ferrand">University of Clermont-Ferrand</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Polytechnique_de_l%27Universit%C3%A9_de_Nantes" title="École Polytechnique de l'Université de Nantes">Polytech Nantes</a>,</i> <a href="/wiki/University_of_Nantes" title="University of Nantes">University of Nantes</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Polytech_Nice_Sophia" title="Polytech Nice Sophia">Polytech Nice Sophia</a>,</i> <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B4te_d%27Azur_University" title="Côte d'Azur University">Côte d'Azur University</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ecole_Polytechnique_de_l%27Universit%C3%A9_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Ecole Polytechnique de l'Université d'Orléans">Polytech Orleans</a>,</i> <a href="/wiki/University_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="University of Orléans">University of Orleans</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique_universitaire_de_Sorbonne_Universit%C3%A9" title="École polytechnique universitaire de Sorbonne Université">Polytech Sorbonne</a></i>, in the <a href="/wiki/Sorbonne_University" title="Sorbonne University">Sorbonne University</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique_universitaire_de_Paris-Saclay" title="École polytechnique universitaire de Paris-Saclay">Polytech Paris-Saclay</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Paris-Saclay_University" title="Paris-Saclay University">Paris-Saclay University</a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Polytech%27Savoie" class="mw-redirect" title="Polytech'Savoie">Polytech Savoie</a>,</i> <a href="/wiki/University_of_Savoie" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Savoie">University of Savoie Mont Blanc</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique_de_l%27universit%C3%A9_de_Tours" title="École polytechnique de l'université de Tours">Polytech Tours</a>,</i> <a href="/wiki/University_of_Tours" title="University of Tours">University of Tours</a></li></ul> <p><b>6. <i>Écoles Nationales Supérieures d'Ingénieurs</i> (ENSI),</b> which encompasses approximately 40 grandes écoles: </p> <ul><li>the <i><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_sup%C3%A9rieure_d%27%C3%A9lectronique,_d%27%C3%A9lectrotechnique,_d%27informatique,_d%27hydraulique,_et_de_t%C3%A9l%C3%A9communications" class="mw-redirect" title="École nationale supérieure d'électronique, d'électrotechnique, d'informatique, d'hydraulique, et de télécommunications">École nationale supérieure d'électronique, d'électrotechnique, d'informatique, d'hydraulique, et de télécommunications</a></i> (ENSEEIHT, nicknamed <i>N7</i>), considered the largest ENSI, with more than 400 graduates every year. It is one of the schools of the <i><a href="/wiki/National_Polytechnic_Institute_of_Toulouse" title="National Polytechnic Institute of Toulouse">INP Toulouse</a></i>;</li> <li>the <i><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_sup%C3%A9rieure_d%27ing%C3%A9nieurs_de_Caen" title="École nationale supérieure d'ingénieurs de Caen">École nationale supérieure d'ingénieurs de Caen</a></i> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ensicaen.fr">ENSICAEN</a>);</li> <li>the <i><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_sup%C3%A9rieure_d%27ing%C3%A9nieurs_de_Bretagne_Sud" title="École nationale supérieure d'ingénieurs de Bretagne Sud">École nationale supérieure d'ingénieurs de Bretagne Sud</a></i> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-ensibs.univ-ubs.fr">ENSIBS</a>);</li> <li>the <i><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_sup%C3%A9rieure_d%27ing%C3%A9nieurs_de_Poitiers" title="École nationale supérieure d'ingénieurs de Poitiers">École nationale supérieure d'ingénieurs de Poitiers</a></i> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ensip.univ-poitiers.fr">ENSI Poitiers</a>);</li> <li>the <i><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_d%27ing%C3%A9nieurs_ENSIL-ENSCI" title="École d'ingénieurs ENSIL-ENSCI">École d'ingénieurs ENSIL-ENSCI</a></i> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ensil-ensci.unilim.fr">ENSIL-ENSCI</a>);</li> <li>the <i><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_sup%C3%A9rieure_en_g%C3%A9nie_des_syst%C3%A8mes_et_de_l%27innovation" title="École nationale supérieure en génie des systèmes et de l'innovation">École nationale supérieure en génie des systèmes et de l'innovation</a></i> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ensgsi.univ-lorraine.fr/">ENSGSI</a>);</li> <li>the <i><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_sup%C3%A9rieure_des_arts_et_industries_textiles" class="mw-redirect" title="École nationale supérieure des arts et industries textiles">École nationale supérieure des arts et industries textiles</a></i> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.ensait.fr/">ENSAIT</a>);</li> <li>the <i><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Nationale_Sup%C3%A9rieure_d%27Ing%C3%A9nieurs_en_Informatique_Automatique_M%C3%A9canique_%C3%89nerg%C3%A9tique_%C3%89lectronique" class="mw-redirect" title="École Nationale Supérieure d'Ingénieurs en Informatique Automatique Mécanique Énergétique Électronique">École Nationale Supérieure d'Ingénieurs en Informatique Automatique Mécanique Énergétique Électronique</a></i> (ENSIAME);</li></ul> <p><b>7. <a href="/wiki/Institut_Mines-Telecom" class="mw-redirect" title="Institut Mines-Telecom">Institut Mines-Telecom</a> schools of engineering</b> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/IMT_Atlantique" title="IMT Atlantique">École Nationale Supérieure des Mines Telecom Atlantique Bretagne Pays de la Loire</a></i> (<i><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A9l%C3%A9com_Bretagne" class="mw-redirect" title="Télécom Bretagne">Telecom Bretagne</a> and École des Mines de Nantes, merged 2017</i>);</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_des_Mines_d%27Albi-Carmaux" class="mw-redirect" title="École des Mines d'Albi-Carmaux">École nationale supérieure des mines d'Albi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_des_mines_d%27Al%C3%A8s" title="École des mines d'Alès">École nationale supérieure des mines d'Alès</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_des_Mines_de_Douai" title="École des Mines de Douai">École des Mines-Télécom de Lille-Douai (IMT Lille Douai)</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mines_ParisTech" class="mw-redirect" title="Mines ParisTech">École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris</a></i> (<i>MINES ParisTech</i>)(also member of ParisTech);</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Nationale_Sup%C3%A9rieure_des_Mines_de_Nancy" class="mw-redirect" title="École Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Nancy">École nationale supérieure des mines de Nancy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Nationale_Sup%C3%A9rieure_des_Mines_de_Saint-%C3%89tienne" class="mw-redirect" title="École Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Saint-Étienne">École nationale supérieure des mines de Saint-Étienne</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Nationale_Sup%C3%A9rieure_des_Mines_de_Rabat" class="mw-redirect" title="École Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Rabat">École nationale supérieure des mines de Rabat</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A9l%C3%A9com_ParisTech" class="mw-redirect" title="Télécom ParisTech">École nationale supérieure des télécommunications</a></i> (<i>TELECOM ParisTech</i>) </li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Telecom_SudParis" class="mw-redirect" title="Telecom SudParis">Telecom SudParis</a></i> (<i>ex - Telecom INT</i>). On the campus of <i><a href="/wiki/Telecom_%26_Management_SudParis" class="mw-redirect" title="Telecom & Management SudParis">Telecom & Management SudParis</a></i>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A9l%C3%A9com_Physique_Strasbourg" title="Télécom Physique Strasbourg">Télécom Physique Strasbourg</a></i> (<i>ex - ENSPS</i>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Institut_Eur%C3%A9com" class="mw-redirect" title="Institut Eurécom">Institut Eurécom</a></i></li></ul> <p><b>8. <i><a href="/wiki/Groupe_des_%C3%A9coles_nationales_d%27ing%C3%A9nieurs" title="Groupe des écoles nationales d'ingénieurs">École Nationale d'Ingénieurs</a></i> (ENI)</b> network is an engineer training group: </p> <ul><li>the <i><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_d%27ing%C3%A9nieurs_de_Brest" title="École nationale d'ingénieurs de Brest">École nationale d'ingénieurs de Brest</a></i> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.enib.fr">ENIB</a>)</li> <li>the <i><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_d%27ing%C3%A9nieurs_de_Metz" title="École nationale d'ingénieurs de Metz">École nationale d'ingénieurs de Metz</a></i> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.enim.fr">ENIM</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220621204927/http://www.enim.fr/">Archived</a> 2022-06-21 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>)</li> <li>the <i><a href="/wiki/ENISE" class="mw-redirect" title="ENISE">École Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Saint-Étienne</a></i> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.enise.fr">ENISE</a>)</li> <li>the <i><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_d%27ing%C3%A9nieurs_de_Tarbes" title="École nationale d'ingénieurs de Tarbes">École nationale d'ingénieurs de Tarbes</a></i> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.enit.fr">ENIT</a>)</li></ul> <p><b>9. <i><a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_de_Technologie" class="mw-redirect" title="Université de Technologie">Universités de technologie</a></i> (UT) group:</b> <i><a href="/wiki/University_of_Technology_of_Compi%C3%A8gne" title="University of Technology of Compiègne">Compiègne</a></i> (UTC), <i><a href="/wiki/University_of_Technology_of_Troyes" title="University of Technology of Troyes">Troyes</a></i> (UTT); <i><a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_de_technologie_de_Belfort-Montb%C3%A9liard" title="Université de technologie de Belfort-Montbéliard">Belfort-Montbéliard</a></i> (UTBM) </p><p><b>10. <i><a href="/wiki/Conservatoire_National_des_Arts_et_M%C3%A9tiers" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers">Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers</a></i></b> </p><p>The following schools usually train each student for a more specific area in science or engineering: </p><p><b>11. Grandes écoles of Actuarial Sciences, Statistics and Econometrics</b> </p> <ul><li>the <i><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institut_de_science_financi%C3%A8re_et_d%27assurances" class="extiw" title="fr:Institut de science financière et d'assurances">Institut de Science Financiere et d'Assurances</a></i> (<i>ISFA</i>);</li> <li>the <i><a href="/wiki/Paris_Institute_of_Statistics" title="Paris Institute of Statistics">Institut de Statistiques de l'Université de Paris</a></i> (ISUP).</li></ul> <p><b>12. Grandes écoles of Chemistry</b> </p> <ul><li>the <i><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_sup%C3%A9rieure_de_chimie_physique_%C3%A9lectronique_de_Lyon" class="mw-redirect" title="École supérieure de chimie physique électronique de Lyon">École supérieure de chimie physique électronique de Lyon</a></i> (ESCPE, or <i>CPE-Lyon</i>);</li> <li>the <i><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_sup%C3%A9rieure_de_chimie_de_Rennes" title="École nationale supérieure de chimie de Rennes">École nationale supérieure de chimie de Rennes</a></i> (<i>ENSCR</i>);</li> <li>the <i><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_sup%C3%A9rieure_de_chimie_de_Lille" title="École nationale supérieure de chimie de Lille">École nationale supérieure de chimie de Lille</a></i> (<i>ENSCL</i>);</li> <li>the <i><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Nationale_Sup%C3%A9rieure_de_Chimie_de_Montpellier" class="mw-redirect" title="École Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier">École Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier</a></i> (<i>ENSCM</i>);</li> <li>the <i><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_europ%C3%A9enne_de_chimie,_polym%C3%A8res_et_mat%C3%A9riaux" title="École européenne de chimie, polymères et matériaux">École européenne de Chimie, Polymères et Matériaux de Strasbourg</a></i> (<i>ECPM</i>);</li></ul> <p><b>13. Grandes écoles of Physics</b> </p> <ul><li>the <i><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_sup%C3%A9rieure_de_chimie_physique_%C3%A9lectronique_de_Lyon" class="mw-redirect" title="École supérieure de chimie physique électronique de Lyon">École supérieure de chimie physique électronique de Lyon</a></i> (ESCPE, or <i>CPE-Lyon</i>);</li> <li>the <i><a href="/wiki/Institut_d%27Optique_Graduate_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Institut d'Optique Graduate School">Institut d'Optique Graduate School</a></i> (<i>IOGS</i>, nicknamed <i>SupOptique</i>);</li> <li>the <i><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_sup%C3%A9rieure_de_physique_et_de_chimie_industrielles_de_la_ville_de_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="École supérieure de physique et de chimie industrielles de la ville de Paris">École supérieure de physique et de chimie industrielles de la ville de Paris</a></i> (<i>ESPCI ParisTech</i>);</li> <li>the <i><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_sup%C3%A9rieure_de_chimie_et_de_physique_de_Bordeaux" class="mw-redirect" title="École nationale supérieure de chimie et de physique de Bordeaux">École nationale supérieure de chimie et de physique de Bordeaux</a></i> (ENSCPB);</li> <li>the <i><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_sup%C3%A9rieure_des_ing%C3%A9nieurs_en_arts_chimiques_et_technologiques" class="mw-redirect" title="École nationale supérieure des ingénieurs en arts chimiques et technologiques">École nationale supérieure des ingénieurs en arts chimiques et technologiques</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/ENSIACET" class="mw-redirect" title="ENSIACET">ENSIACET</a>, nicknamed <i>A7</i>), also part of the <i><a href="/wiki/National_Polytechnic_Institute_of_Toulouse" title="National Polytechnic Institute of Toulouse">INP Toulouse</a></i>;</li> <li>the <i><a href="/wiki/ENSEA" class="mw-redirect" title="ENSEA">École nationale supérieure de l'électronique et de ses Applications</a> (ENSEA);</i></li></ul> <p><b>14. Grandes écoles of Information Technology and Telecommunications</b> </p> <ul><li>The <i><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_centrale_d%27%C3%A9lectronique" title="École centrale d'électronique">École Centrale d'Électronique</a></i> (ECE Paris);</li> <li>the <i><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_des_sciences_g%C3%A9ographiques" title="École nationale des sciences géographiques">École nationale des sciences géographiques</a></i> (ENSG - géomatique);</li> <li>the <i><a href="/wiki/ESIEA_(university)" title="ESIEA (university)">École supérieure d'informatique, électronique et automatique</a></i> (ESIEA);</li> <li>the <i><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_pour_l%27informatique_et_les_techniques_avanc%C3%A9es" title="École pour l'informatique et les techniques avancées">École pour l'informatique et les techniques avancées</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/EPITA" class="mw-redirect" title="EPITA">EPITA</a>);</li> <li>the <i><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_pour_l%27informatique_et_les_nouvelles_technologies" class="mw-redirect" title="École pour l'informatique et les nouvelles technologies">École pour l'informatique et les nouvelles technologies</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/EPITECH" class="mw-redirect" title="EPITECH">EPITECH</a>);</li> <li>the <i><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_sup%C3%A9rieure_d%27%C3%A9lectronique,_informatique_et_radiocommunications_de_Bordeaux" class="mw-redirect" title="École nationale supérieure d'électronique, informatique et radiocommunications de Bordeaux">École nationale supérieure d'électronique, informatique et radiocommunications de Bordeaux</a></i> (ENSEIRB);</li> <li>the <i><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_sup%C3%A9rieure_angevine_en_informatique_et_productique" title="École supérieure angevine en informatique et productique">École supérieure angevine en informatique et productique</a></i> (ESAIP);</li> <li>the <i><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_sup%C3%A9rieure_d%27%C3%A9lectronique_de_l%27Ouest" title="École supérieure d'électronique de l'Ouest">École supérieure d'électronique de l'Ouest</a></i> (Groupe ESEO);</li> <li>the <i><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_sup%C3%A9rieure_d%27ing%C3%A9nieurs_en_g%C3%A9nie_%C3%A9lectrique" class="mw-redirect" title="École supérieure d'ingénieurs en génie électrique">École supérieure d'ingénieurs en génie électrique</a></i> (ESIGELEC);</li> <li>the <i><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_catholique_des_arts_et_m%C3%A9tiers" title="École catholique des arts et métiers">École catholique des arts et métiers</a></i> (ECAM Lyon - Groupe ECAM);</li> <li>the <i><a href="/wiki/ECAM-EPMI" title="ECAM-EPMI">École d'électricité, de production et des méthodes industrielles</a> (EPMI - Groupe ECAM);</i></li> <li>the <i><a href="/wiki/EFREI" title="EFREI">École d'ingénieur généraliste en informatique et technologies du numérique</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/EFREI" title="EFREI">EFREI</a>);</li> <li>the <i><a href="/wiki/CY_Tech" title="CY Tech">École Internationale des Sciences du Traitement de l'Information</a></i> (EISTI, now called CY Tech);</li> <li>the <i><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_sup%C3%A9rieure_d%27informatique_pour_l%27industrie_et_l%27enterprise" class="mw-redirect" title="École nationale supérieure d'informatique pour l'industrie et l'enterprise">École nationale supérieure d'informatique pour l'industrie et l'enterprise</a></i> (ENSIIE, previously <i>IIE</i>);</li> <li>the <i><a href="/wiki/Institut_sup%C3%A9rieur_d%27%C3%A9lectronique_de_Paris" title="Institut supérieur d'électronique de Paris">Institut supérieur d'électronique de Paris</a></i> (ISEP);</li> <li>the <i><a href="/wiki/ISEN" class="mw-redirect" title="ISEN">Institut Superieur de l'electronique et du numerique</a></i> (ISEN);</li> <li>the <i><a href="/wiki/Institut_d%27informatique_d%27Auvergne" title="Institut d'informatique d'Auvergne">Institut d'informatique d'Auvergne</a></i> (ISIMA);</li> <li>the <i><a href="/wiki/ISTY" title="ISTY">Institut des Sciences et Techniques des Yvelines</a></i> (ISTY);</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Telecom_Nancy" title="Telecom Nancy">Telecom Nancy</a></i> (<i>ex - ESIAL</i>);</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A9l%C3%A9com_Saint-%C3%89tienne" title="Télécom Saint-Étienne">Télécom Saint-Étienne</a>.</i></li></ul> <p><b>15. Grandes écoles of Applied Physics and Technology or Civil and Industrial Engineering</b> </p> <ul><li>the <i><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_des_ingenieurs_de_la_Ville_de_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="École des ingenieurs de la Ville de Paris">École des ingenieurs de la Ville de Paris</a></i> (EIVP);</li> <li>the <i><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_de_l%27aviation_civile" title="École nationale de l'aviation civile">École nationale de l'aviation civile</a></i> (ENAC), French civil aviation University;</li> <li>the <i><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_sup%C3%A9rieure_de_m%C3%A9canique_et_d%27a%C3%A9rotechnique" title="École nationale supérieure de mécanique et d'aérotechnique">École nationale supérieure de mécanique et d'aérotechnique</a></i> (ENSMA, or ISAE-ENSMA, Mechanical Engineering);</li> <li>the <i><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Nationale_Sup%C3%A9rieure_de_M%C3%A9canique_et_des_Microtechniques" class="mw-redirect" title="École Nationale Supérieure de Mécanique et des Microtechniques">École Nationale Supérieure de Mécanique et des Microtechniques</a></i> (ENSMM, Mechanical Engineering);</li> <li>the <i><a href="/wiki/ESIEE_Paris" title="ESIEE Paris">École Supérieure d'Ingénieurs en Électrotechnique et Électronique</a></i> (ESIEE Paris, Electrical & Computer Engineering / Industrial Engineering), administered by the French Ministry for the Economy and Finance - ESIEE Paris was established in 1904 and is part of the ESIEE network of graduate schools (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esiee.fr/en">Official website in English</a>);</li> <li>the <i><a href="/wiki/ESIEE_Amiens" title="ESIEE Amiens">École Supérieure d'Ingénieurs en Électrotechnique et Électronique d'Amiens</a></i> (ESIEE Amiens);</li> <li>the <i><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Nationale_des_Travaux_Publics_de_l%27%C3%89tat" class="mw-redirect" title="École Nationale des Travaux Publics de l'État">École Nationale des Travaux Publics de l'État</a></i> (ENTPE, nicknamed <i>TPE</i>, Civil Engineering);</li> <li>the <i><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_sup%C3%A9rieure_des_sciences_appliqu%C3%A9es_et_de_technologie_de_Lannion" title="École nationale supérieure des sciences appliquées et de technologie de Lannion">École Nationale Supérieure des Sciences Appliquées et de Technologie</a></i> (ENSSAT);</li> <li>the <i><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_sup%C3%A9rieure_des_techniques_a%C3%A9ronautiques_et_de_construction_automobile" title="École supérieure des techniques aéronautiques et de construction automobile">École supérieure des techniques aéronautiques et de construction automobile</a></i> (ESTACA or ISAE-ESTACA, Mechanical Engineering)</li> <li>the <i><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_sp%C3%A9ciale_des_travaux_publics" class="mw-redirect" title="École spéciale des travaux publics">École spéciale des travaux publics, du Bâtiment et de l'Industrie</a></i> (ESTP, Civil Engineering);</li> <li>the <i><a href="/wiki/Institut_polytechnique_des_sciences_avanc%C3%A9es" title="Institut polytechnique des sciences avancées">Institut polytechnique des sciences avancées</a></i> (IPSA, Aeronautical and Aerospace Engineering);</li> <li>the <i><a href="/wiki/Institut_sup%C3%A9rieur_de_l%27a%C3%A9ronautique_et_de_l%27espace" title="Institut supérieur de l'aéronautique et de l'espace">Institut supérieur de l'aéronautique et de l'espace</a></i> (ISAE-SUPAERO) - was formed by a merger of two institutes known as <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_sup%C3%A9rieure_de_l%27a%C3%A9ronautique_et_de_l%27espace" class="mw-redirect" title="École nationale supérieure de l'aéronautique et de l'espace"><i>SUPAERO</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_sup%C3%A9rieure_d%27ing%C3%A9nieurs_de_constructions_a%C3%A9ronautiques" title="École nationale supérieure d'ingénieurs de constructions aéronautiques">ENSICA</a> in <a href="/wiki/Toulouse" title="Toulouse">Toulouse</a></li> <li>the <i><a href="/wiki/Institut_sup%C3%A9rieur_des_mat%C3%A9riaux_du_Mans" title="Institut supérieur des matériaux du Mans">Institut supérieur des matériaux du Mans</a></i> (ISMANS);</li> <li>the <i><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_sup%C3%A9rieure_de_techniques_avanc%C3%A9es_de_Bretagne" class="mw-redirect" title="École nationale supérieure de techniques avancées de Bretagne">École nationale supérieure de techniques avancées de Bretagne</a></i> (ENSTA Bretagne, formerly ENSIETA), training French military engineers (25%) and civilian engineers (75%);</li> <li>the <i><a href="/wiki/Supm%C3%A9ca" title="Supméca">Institut Supérieur de Mécanique</a></i> (SUPMECA, Mechanical Engineering);</li> <li>the <i><a href="/wiki/SeaTech" title="SeaTech">SeaTech</a></i> (Marine Engineering)</li> <li>the <i><a href="/wiki/SIGMA_Clermont" title="SIGMA Clermont">SIGMA Clermont</a></i> (chemistry, mechanics)</li></ul> <p><b>16. Grandes écoles of Biology and other Natural Sciences</b> </p> <ul><li>the <i><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_sup%C3%A9rieure_agronomique" class="extiw" title="fr:École nationale supérieure agronomique">École nationale supérieure agronomique</a></i> (ENSA), Paris (<a href="/wiki/AgroParisTech" title="AgroParisTech">AgroParisTech</a>), Montpellier (<a href="/wiki/SupAgro" class="mw-redirect" title="SupAgro">SupAgro</a>), Rennes (<a href="/wiki/Agrocampus_Ouest" class="mw-redirect" title="Agrocampus Ouest">Agrocampus Ouest</a>), Toulouse (<a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Nationale_Sup%C3%A9rieure_Agronomique_de_Toulouse" title="École Nationale Supérieure Agronomique de Toulouse">ENSAT</a>), Nancy (<a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Nationale_Sup%C3%A9rieure_d%27Agronomie_et_des_Industries_Alimentaires" class="mw-redirect" title="École Nationale Supérieure d'Agronomie et des Industries Alimentaires">ENSAIA</a>), Bordeaux (<a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_sup%C3%A9rieure_des_sciences_agronomiques_de_Bordeaux_Aquitaine" title="École nationale supérieure des sciences agronomiques de Bordeaux Aquitaine">Sciences Agro</a>);</li> <li>the <i><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_sup%C3%A9rieure_de_biotechnologie_Strasbourg" title="École supérieure de biotechnologie Strasbourg">École supérieure de biotechnologie Strasbourg</a></i> (ESBS);</li> <li>the <i><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Nationale_Sup%C3%A9rieure_de_G%C3%A9ologie" title="École Nationale Supérieure de Géologie">École Nationale Supérieure de Géologie</a></i> (ENSG), whose graduates are <i>Géoliens</i>;</li> <li>the <i><a href="/wiki/Ecole_et_Observatoire_des_Sciences_de_la_Terre" title="Ecole et Observatoire des Sciences de la Terre">Ecole et Observatoire des Sciences de la Terre</a></i> (EOST), whose graduates are <i>Eostiens</i>;</li> <li>the <i><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_du_g%C3%A9nie_de_l%27eau_et_de_l%27environnement_de_Strasbourg" title="École nationale du génie de l'eau et de l'environnement de Strasbourg">École nationale du génie de l'eau et de l'environnement de Strasbourg</a></i> (ENGEES);</li> <li>the <i><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_de_Biologie_Industrielle" title="École de Biologie Industrielle">École de Biologie Industrielle</a></i> (EBI), whose graduates are <i>Ebistes</i>;</li> <li>the <i><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_sup%C3%A9rieure_d%27agricultures_d%27Angers" title="École supérieure d'agricultures d'Angers">École supérieure d'agricultures d'Angers</a></i> (ESA) ;</li> <li>the <i><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_d%27ing%C3%A9nieurs_de_Purpan" title="École d'ingénieurs de Purpan">École d'ingénieurs de Purpan</a></i> (EIPurpan), formerly École Supérieure d'Agriculture de Purpan (ESAP);</li> <li>the <i><a href="/wiki/L%27%C3%89cole_Nationale_Sup%C3%A9rieure_d%27Horticulture" class="mw-redirect" title="L'École Nationale Supérieure d'Horticulture">École nationale supérieure d'horticulture</a></i> (ENSH);</li> <li>the <i><a href="/wiki/Institut_Sup%27Biotech_de_Paris" title="Institut Sup'Biotech de Paris">Institut Sup'Biotech de Paris</a></i> (Sup'Biotech).</li></ul> <p><b>17. Other private Grandes écoles offering multiple specialities</b> </p> <ul><li>the <a href="/wiki/EPF_School_of_Engineering" title="EPF School of Engineering">EPF School of Engineering</a> known as "École Polytechnique Féminine", was only for women until 1994;</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Hautes_%C3%A9tudes_d%27ing%C3%A9nieur" title="Hautes études d'ingénieur"><i>HEI - Hautes Etudes d'Ingénieur</i></a> in Lille;</li> <li>the <i><a href="/wiki/ESTIA_Institute_of_Technology" title="ESTIA Institute of Technology">ESTIA Institute of Technology</a></i> (<i>École supérieure des technologies industrielles avancées</i> in <a href="/wiki/Biarritz" title="Biarritz">Biarritz</a>), founded in 1985. A generalist engineering school, former IDLS;</li> <li>the <i><a href="/wiki/ESME_Sudria" class="mw-redirect" title="ESME Sudria">École Speciale de Mecanique et d'Electricite</a></i> also called <a href="/wiki/ESME_Sudria" class="mw-redirect" title="ESME Sudria">ESME Sudria</a> in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> since 1905;</li> <li>the <i><a href="/wiki/ESIREM" title="ESIREM">École supérieure d'ingénieurs de recherche en matériaux et en InfoTronique</a></i> (ESIREM);</li> <li>the <i><a href="/wiki/CESI_(Education)" title="CESI (Education)">Centre des études supérieures industrielles</a></i> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cesi.fr">CESI</a>);</li> <li>the <i><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_sup%C3%A9rieure_d%27ing%C3%A9nieurs_de_Rennes" title="École supérieure d'ingénieurs de Rennes">École supérieure d'ingénieurs de Rennes</a></i> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esir.univ-rennes1.fr/">ESIR</a>);</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Business_schools_(grandes_écoles_de_commerce)"><span id="Business_schools_.28grandes_.C3.A9coles_de_commerce.29"></span>Business schools (<i>grandes écoles de commerce</i>)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grande_%C3%A9cole&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Business schools (grandes écoles de commerce)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most French business schools are partly privately run, or managed by the regional <a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_commerce" title="Chamber of commerce">chambers of commerce</a>. </p><p><b>Business schools recruiting students just after taking the <i>baccalauréat</i>, most of them are private:</b> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_sup%C3%A9rieure_des_sciences_commerciales_d%27Angers" title="École supérieure des sciences commerciales d'Angers">ESSCA School of Management</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/EDC_Paris_Business_School" title="EDC Paris Business School">EDC Paris Business School</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/ESCE_International_Business_School" title="ESCE International Business School">ESCE International Business School</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/ESDES_School_of_Business_and_Management" title="ESDES School of Business and Management">ESDES School of Business and Management</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/ESIEE_Management" title="ESIEE Management">ESIEE Management</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/European_Business_School_Paris" title="European Business School Paris">European Business School Paris</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/IESEG_School_of_Management" class="mw-redirect" title="IESEG School of Management">IESEG School of Management</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/IPAG_Business_School" title="IPAG Business School">IPAG Business School</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/ISG_Business_School" title="ISG Business School">ISG Business School</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/PSB_Paris_School_of_Business" class="mw-redirect" title="PSB Paris School of Business">PSB Paris School of Business</a></i></li></ul> <p>The below list contains French business schools that are officially part of the <i><a href="/wiki/Conf%C3%A9rence_des_grandes_%C3%A9coles" class="mw-redirect" title="Conférence des grandes écoles">Conférence des grandes écoles</a>.</i> </p><p><b>Business schools recruiting students from post-baccalaureat <a href="/wiki/Classes_pr%C3%A9paratoires_aux_grandes_%C3%A9coles" class="mw-redirect" title="Classes préparatoires aux grandes écoles">preparatory classes</a>, high selectivity rate:<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></b> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Audencia_Business_School" title="Audencia Business School">Audencia Business School</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Burgundy_School_of_Business" title="Burgundy School of Business">Burgundy School of Business</a></i> (École supérieure de commerce de Dijon)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_de_management_de_Normandie" title="École de management de Normandie">École de management de Normandie</a></i> (Normandy Business School)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_sup%C3%A9rieure_de_commerce_de_Pau" title="École supérieure de commerce de Pau">Groupe ESC Pau</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_sup%C3%A9rieure_de_commerce_de_Rennes" class="mw-redirect" title="École supérieure de commerce de Rennes">ESC Rennes School of Business</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/EDHEC_Business_School" title="EDHEC Business School">EDHEC Business School</a></i> (NGO - Association 1901)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/EM_Strasbourg_Business_School" title="EM Strasbourg Business School">EM Strasbourg Business School</a></i> (École de Management de Strasbourg)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/EMLYON_Business_School" class="mw-redirect" title="EMLYON Business School">Emlyon Business School</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/ESC_Clermont_Business_School" title="ESC Clermont Business School">ESC Clermont</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/ESCP_Business_School" title="ESCP Business School">ESCP Business School</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/ESSEC" class="mw-redirect" title="ESSEC">ESSEC Business School</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Excelia_Group" title="Excelia Group">Excelia Business School</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Groupe_%C3%89cole_sup%C3%A9rieure_de_commerce_de_Troyes" title="Groupe École supérieure de commerce de Troyes">ESC Troyes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Grenoble_School_of_Management" title="Grenoble School of Management">Grenoble École de management</a></i> (GEM)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/HEC_Paris" title="HEC Paris">HEC Paris</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/ICN_Business_School" title="ICN Business School">ICN Business School</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/INSEEC_Business_School" title="INSEEC Business School">INSEEC Business School</a></i> (private)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Institut_sup%C3%A9rieur_du_commerce_de_Paris" title="Institut supérieur du commerce de Paris">Institut supérieur du commerce de Paris</a></i> (ISC Paris, private)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/KEDGE_Business_School" title="KEDGE Business School">KEDGE Business School</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Montpellier_Business_School" title="Montpellier Business School">Montpellier Business School</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/NEOMA_Business_School" title="NEOMA Business School">NEOMA Business School</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Skema_Business_School" title="Skema Business School">Skema Business School</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Telecom_Business_School" title="Telecom Business School">Institut Mines-Télécom Business School</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Toulouse_Business_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Toulouse Business School">ESC Toulouse School of Business</a></i></li></ul> <p><b>Business schools recruiting students with professional experience:</b> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/INSEAD" title="INSEAD">INSEAD</a></i> (<i>Institut Européen d'Administration des Affaires)</i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Grandes_écoles_without_preparatory_classes"><span id="Grandes_.C3.A9coles_without_preparatory_classes"></span>Grandes écoles without preparatory classes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grande_%C3%A9cole&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Grandes écoles without preparatory classes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some schools are accessible after a competitive entrance exam directly after the <a href="/wiki/Baccalaur%C3%A9at" title="Baccalauréat">baccalauréat</a>. Often, students of these schools will progress to an administrative school. </p><p>These schools include: </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_du_Louvre" title="École du Louvre">École du Louvre</a></i>, for <a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">archaeology</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_art" title="History of art">history of art</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">anthropology</a>;</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_des_Hautes_%C3%89tudes_en_Sciences_Sociales" class="mw-redirect" title="École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales">École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales</a></i> (EHESS), trains researchers in Social and Human Sciences, for <a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">sociology</a>, <a href="/wiki/History" title="History">history</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geography" title="Geography">geography</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">anthropology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguistics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Statistics" title="Statistics">statistics</a>;</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Nationale_Sup%C3%A9rieure_des_Arts_D%C3%A9coratifs" class="mw-redirect" title="École Nationale Supérieure des Arts Décoratifs">École Nationale Supérieure des Arts Décoratifs</a></i> (part of <a href="/wiki/PSL_University" class="mw-redirect" title="PSL University">PSL University</a>);</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Nationale_Sup%C3%A9rieure_des_Beaux-Arts" class="mw-redirect" title="École Nationale Supérieure des Beaux-Arts">École Nationale Supérieure des Beaux-Arts</a></i>, best known as "les Beaux-Arts" (for <a href="/wiki/Fine_arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Fine arts">fine arts</a>) (part of <a href="/wiki/PSL_University" class="mw-redirect" title="PSL University">PSL University</a>);</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Villa_Arson" title="Villa Arson">École Nationale Supérieure d'Arts à la Villa Arson</a></i>,</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Nationale_Sup%C3%A9rieure_de_Cr%C3%A9ation_Industrielle" class="mw-redirect" title="École Nationale Supérieure de Création Industrielle">École Nationale Supérieure de Création Industrielle</a></i>,</li> <li><i><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_sup%C3%A9rieure_d%27architecture_de_Lyon" class="extiw" title="fr:École nationale supérieure d'architecture de Lyon">École nationale supérieure d'architecture de Lyon</a></i> (ENSAL), for <a href="/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture">architecture</a>;</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Nationale_Sup%C3%A9rieure_d%27Architecture_de_Versailles" class="mw-redirect" title="École Nationale Supérieure d'Architecture de Versailles">École Nationale Supérieure d'Architecture de Versailles</a></i> (ENSAV), for <a href="/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture">architecture</a>;</li> <li><i><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_sup%C3%A9rieure_d%27architecture_de_Saint-%C3%89tienne" class="extiw" title="fr:École nationale supérieure d'architecture de Saint-Étienne">École Nationale Supérieure d'Architecture de Saint-Etienne</a></i> (ENSASE), for <a href="/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture">architecture</a>;</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Institut_National_des_Sciences_Appliqu%C3%A9es" class="mw-redirect" title="Institut National des Sciences Appliquées">Instituts Nationaux des Sciences Appliquées</a></i> (INSA) in <a href="/wiki/INSA_Lyon" class="mw-redirect" title="INSA Lyon">Lyon</a>, <a href="/wiki/INSA_Rennes" class="mw-redirect" title="INSA Rennes">Rennes</a>, <a href="/wiki/INSA_Rouen" class="mw-redirect" title="INSA Rouen">Rouen</a>, <a href="/wiki/INSA_Strasbourg" title="INSA Strasbourg">Strasbourg</a>, <a href="/wiki/INSA_Toulouse" class="mw-redirect" title="INSA Toulouse">Toulouse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Centre-Val_de_Loire" title="Centre-Val de Loire">Centre-Val de Loire</a> (located in <a href="/wiki/Blois" title="Blois">Blois</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bourges" title="Bourges">Bourges</a>) delivering <i><a href="/wiki/Dipl%C3%B4me_d%27ing%C3%A9nieur" class="mw-redirect" title="Diplôme d'ingénieur">diplôme d'ingénieur</a></i> degrees in five years including two preparatory years. The three remaining years are also accessible after selection for the best students graduating a first cycle university diploma, or from institutes of technology;</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_de_Technologie" class="mw-redirect" title="Université de Technologie">Universités de Technologies</a></i> (UTC, UTT, UTBM) in <a href="/wiki/University_of_Technology_of_Compiegne" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Technology of Compiegne">Compiègne</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Technology_of_Troyes" title="University of Technology of Troyes">Troyes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_de_technologie_de_Belfort-Montb%C3%A9liard" title="Université de technologie de Belfort-Montbéliard">Belfort</a>, are also independent national schools delivering <i><a href="/wiki/Dipl%C3%B4me_d%27ing%C3%A9nieur" class="mw-redirect" title="Diplôme d'ingénieur">diplôme d'ingénieur</a></i> and selecting students that graduated baccalaureat with top honours.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Universities_that_have_joined_the_Conférence_des_grandes_écoles"><span id="Universities_that_have_joined_the_Conf.C3.A9rence_des_grandes_.C3.A9coles"></span>Universities that have joined the <i>Conférence des grandes écoles</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grande_%C3%A9cole&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Universities that have joined the Conférence des grandes écoles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2014, Paris-Dauphine University joined the <i>Conférence des grandes écoles</i> and now has the status of university, <i>grand établissement</i>, and grande école.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Paris-Dauphine_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris-Dauphine University">Paris-Dauphine University</a></i> (part of <a href="/wiki/PSL_University" class="mw-redirect" title="PSL University">PSL University</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Schools_for_Political_Studies,_Social_Sciences,_Journalism_and_Communication_studies"><span id="Schools_for_Political_Studies.2C_Social_Sciences.2C_Journalism_and_Communication_studies"></span>Schools for Political Studies, Social Sciences, Journalism and Communication studies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grande_%C3%A9cole&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Schools for Political Studies, Social Sciences, Journalism and Communication studies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>These schools train students in multidisciplinary fields of social and human studies. Students are prepared for civil service and other public-sector leader positions, but more and more of them do end up working in the private sector. Some of these schools are reserved for French or <a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Area" title="European Economic Area">EEA</a> citizens only. </p><p><b><i><a href="/wiki/Institut_d%27%C3%A9tudes_politiques" class="mw-redirect" title="Institut d'études politiques">Institut d'études politiques</a></i> (IEP, Sciences Po)</b> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sciences_Po" title="Sciences Po">Sciences Po</a></i> (also known as <b>Sciences Po Paris</b>, most prestigious and selective among all)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_d%27%C3%A9tudes_politiques_de_Bordeaux" title="Institut d'études politiques de Bordeaux"><i>Sciences Po Bordeaux</i></a> (part of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Bordeaux" title="University of Bordeaux">University of Bordeaux</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sciences_Po_Lille" title="Sciences Po Lille">Sciences Po Lille</a></i> (part of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Lille" title="University of Lille">University of Lille</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_d%27%C3%A9tudes_politiques_de_Rennes" title="Institut d'études politiques de Rennes"><i>Sciences Po Rennes</i></a> (part of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Rennes" title="University of Rennes">University of Rennes</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_d%27%C3%A9tudes_politiques_de_Strasbourg" title="Institut d'études politiques de Strasbourg"><i>Sciences Po Strasbourg</i></a> (part of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Strasbourg" title="University of Strasbourg">University of Strasbourg</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sciences_Po_Aix" title="Sciences Po Aix">Sciences Po Aix</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sciences_Po_Lyon" class="mw-redirect" title="Sciences Po Lyon">Sciences Po Lyon</a></i> (part of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Lyon" title="University of Lyon">University of Lyon Alliance</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenoble_Institute_of_Political_Studies" title="Grenoble Institute of Political Studies"><i>Sciences Po Grenoble</i></a> (part of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Grenoble-Alpes" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Grenoble-Alpes">University of Grenoble-Alpes</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_d%27%C3%A9tudes_politiques_de_Saint-Germain-en-Laye" title="Institut d'études politiques de Saint-Germain-en-Laye"><i>Sciences Po Saint-Germain-en-Laye</i></a> (part of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Versailles_Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines" title="University of Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines">University of Versailles</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_d%27%C3%A9tudes_politiques_de_Toulouse" title="Institut d'études politiques de Toulouse"><i>Sciences Po Toulouse</i></a> (part of the <a href="/wiki/Toulouse_Capitole_University" title="Toulouse Capitole University">University of Toulouse-Capitole</a>)</li></ul> <p><b><i>Grandes Écoles</i> of Journalism and communication studies</b> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/CELSA_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="CELSA Paris">CELSA Paris</a></i> (part of <a href="/wiki/Sorbonne_University" title="Sorbonne University">Sorbonne University</a>);</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_de_formation_des_journalistes_de_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Centre de formation des journalistes de Paris"><i>Centre de Formation des Journalistes</i></a> (part of <a href="/wiki/Assas_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Assas University">Assas University</a>);</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sciences_Po" title="Sciences Po">Sciences Po</a></i> Journalism School (part of <a href="/wiki/Sciences_Po" title="Sciences Po">Sciences Po</a>);</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_d%27%C3%A9tudes_politiques_de_Rennes" title="Institut d'études politiques de Rennes"><i>Sciences Po Rennes</i></a> Journalism School (part of <a href="/wiki/Institut_d%27%C3%A9tudes_politiques_de_Rennes" title="Institut d'études politiques de Rennes">Sciences Po Rennes</a>);</li></ul> <p><b>Other</b> <i><b>Grandes Écoles</b></i> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Institut_national_du_service_public" title="Institut national du service public">Institut national du service public</a></i> (INSP), (formerly <i><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_d%27administration" title="École nationale d'administration">École nationale d'administration</a></i>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Nationale_de_la_Magistrature" class="mw-redirect" title="École Nationale de la Magistrature">École Nationale de la Magistrature</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Bordeaux" title="Bordeaux">Bordeaux</a>) (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070622152633/http://www.enm.justice.fr/relations_internationales/presentation_anglais2003.htm">ENM</a>), which trains <a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_France#Ordinary" title="Judiciary of France">judicial</a> <a href="/wiki/Magistrate#Continental_Europe_and_its_former_colonies" title="Magistrate">magistrates</a>;</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ecole_Nationale_Superieure_des_Sciences_de_l%27information_et_des_Bibliotheques" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecole Nationale Superieure des Sciences de l'information et des Bibliotheques">École nationale supérieure des sciences de l'information et des bibliothèques</a></i> (Lyon) (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.enssib.fr/">ENSSIB</a>), which trains library and information managers (part of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Lyon" title="University of Lyon">University of Lyon Alliance</a>);</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/EHESP" title="EHESP">École des Hautes Études en Santé Publique</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Rennes" title="Rennes">Rennes</a>) (<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.ehesp.fr">[2]</a>), trains managers of hospitals and other leaders and technical experts in public health and health care;</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military_officer_academies">Military officer academies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grande_%C3%A9cole&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Military officer academies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Today, there are only 3 grandes écoles that are officially denominated as <a href="/wiki/Military_academies" class="mw-redirect" title="Military academies">military academies</a> of the French Republic. </p> <ul><li>The <i><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Sp%C3%A9ciale_Militaire_de_Saint-Cyr" class="mw-redirect" title="École Spéciale Militaire de Saint-Cyr">École Spéciale Militaire de Saint-Cyr</a></i>, formerly located in <a href="/wiki/Saint-Cyr-l%27%C3%89cole" title="Saint-Cyr-l'École">Saint-Cyr-l'École</a> but now in <a href="/wiki/Co%C3%ABtquidan" title="Coëtquidan">Coëtquidan</a> in Brittany, is the Army Academy. Nicknamed <i>Saint-Cyr</i>, its graduates and students are <i>cyrards</i> but are generally referred to as <i>saint-cyriens</i>;</li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_de_l%27Air" class="mw-redirect" title="École de l'Air">École de l'Air</a></i> (<i>EA</i>) is the Air Force Academy, located in <a href="/wiki/Salon-de-Provence" title="Salon-de-Provence">Salon-de-Provence</a>;</li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Navale" class="mw-redirect" title="École Navale">École Navale</a></i> (<i>EN</i>) is nicknamed <i>Navale</i> and its graduates and students are <i>Bordaches</i>. It is located in <a href="/wiki/Brest,_France" title="Brest, France">Brest</a>.</li></ul> <p>While <i>École polytechnique</i> is also under supervision of the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Defence (France)">French Ministry of Defence</a>, it is no longer officially a <a href="/wiki/Military_academy" title="Military academy">military academy</a>. Only a small number of its students progress to military careers, while between a fifth and a quarter choose to remain in France to work for the state's technical administrations. </p><p>There are also other specialized military "grandes écoles": </p> <ul><li>The <i><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_de_sant%C3%A9_des_arm%C3%A9es" title="École de santé des armées">École de santé des armées</a>,</i> located in Lyon for the training of army doctors and pharmacists.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_de_la_s%C3%A9curit%C3%A9_et_de_l%27administration_de_la_mer" title="École nationale de la sécurité et de l'administration de la mer">École nationale de la sécurité et de l'administration de la mer</a></i> for the military officers and civil servants of the French Maritime Administration<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <i><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_des_commissaires_des_arm%C3%A9es" class="extiw" title="fr:École des commissaires des armées">École des commissaires des armées</a></i> (ECA), training military officers in charge of all the support functions (management, purchasing, finance, human support, human resources, legal advice, decision support, logistics)<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Facts_and_influence_in_French_culture">Facts and influence in French culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grande_%C3%A9cole&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Facts and influence in French culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Altogether, grandes écoles awarded approximately 60,000 master's degrees in 2013, compared with 150,000 master's degrees awarded by all French higher institutions in the same year, including universities.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Grande école graduates in 2013 represent 10% of the French population graduating from high school 5 years before (600,000 in 2008).<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some grandes écoles are renowned in France for their selectivity and the complexity of their curriculum. In the press, they are usually called the "A+" schools, referring to the grade given by some rankings. These elite schools represent less than 1% of the higher education students in France. </p><p>Admission to a certain number of these institutions (e.g. l'Ecole Nationale de la Magistrature in Bordeaux) is reserved only to French citizens, raising questions relating to European mobility and institutional reciprocity.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since 1975, the <i><a href="/wiki/Comit%C3%A9_d%27%C3%A9tudes_sur_les_formations_d%27ing%C3%A9nieurs" title="Comité d'études sur les formations d'ingénieurs">Comité d'études sur les formations d'ingénieurs</a></i> has studied the questions of training and job placement for engineers graduating from grandes écoles. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notable_alumni">Notable alumni</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grande_%C3%A9cole&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Notable alumni"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Of the 29 persons who have served as <a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_France" title="List of presidents of France">President of France</a>, 17 attended a Grande école. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>President of France </th> <th>In Office </th> <th>Grande école(s) </th></tr> <tr> <td nowrap=""><a href="/wiki/Patrice_de_MacMahon" title="Patrice de MacMahon">Patrice de MacMahon</a> </td> <td>1873 – 1879 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_sp%C3%A9ciale_militaire_de_Saint-Cyr" title="École spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr">École spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td nowrap=""><a href="/wiki/Sadi_Carnot_(statesman)" title="Sadi Carnot (statesman)">Sadi Carnot</a> </td> <td>1887 – 1894 </td> <td><span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Polytechnique" class="mw-redirect" title="École Polytechnique">École Polytechnique</a></span></span>; <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_des_ponts_ParisTech" title="École des ponts ParisTech">École des ponts ParisTech</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td nowrap=""><a href="/wiki/Paul_Doumer" title="Paul Doumer">Paul Doumer</a> </td> <td>1931 – 1932 </td> <td><span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Conservatoire_national_des_arts_et_m%C3%A9tiers" title="Conservatoire national des arts et métiers">Conservatoire national des arts et métiers</a></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td nowrap=""><a href="/wiki/Albert_Lebrun" title="Albert Lebrun">Albert Lebrun</a> </td> <td>1932 – 1940 </td> <td><span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Polytechnique" class="mw-redirect" title="École Polytechnique">École Polytechnique</a></span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Mines_ParisTech" class="mw-redirect" title="Mines ParisTech">Mines ParisTech</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td nowrap=""><a href="/wiki/Philippe_P%C3%A9tain" title="Philippe Pétain">Philippe Pétain</a> </td> <td>1940 – 1944 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_sp%C3%A9ciale_militaire_de_Saint-Cyr" title="École spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr">École spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td nowrap=""><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Blum" title="Léon Blum">Léon Blum</a> </td> <td>1946 – 1947 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_normale_sup%C3%A9rieure_(Paris)" title="École normale supérieure (Paris)">École normale supérieure (Paris)</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td nowrap=""><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a> </td> <td>1959 – 1969 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_sp%C3%A9ciale_militaire_de_Saint-Cyr" title="École spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr">École spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td nowrap=""><a href="/wiki/Alain_Poher" title="Alain Poher">Alain Poher</a> (Acting) </td> <td>1969; 1974 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mines_ParisTech" class="mw-redirect" title="Mines ParisTech">Mines ParisTech</a>; <a href="/wiki/Sciences_Po" title="Sciences Po">Sciences Po</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td nowrap=""><a href="/wiki/Georges_Pompidou" title="Georges Pompidou">Georges Pompidou</a> </td> <td>1969 – 1974 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sciences_Po" title="Sciences Po">Sciences Po</a>; <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_normale_sup%C3%A9rieure_(Paris)" title="École normale supérieure (Paris)">École normale supérieure (Paris)</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td nowrap=""><a href="/wiki/Val%C3%A9ry_Giscard_d%27Estaing" title="Valéry Giscard d'Estaing">Valéry Giscard d'Estaing</a> </td> <td>1974 – 1981 </td> <td><span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Polytechnique" class="mw-redirect" title="École Polytechnique">École Polytechnique</a></span></span>; <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_d%27administration" title="École nationale d'administration">École nationale d'administration</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td nowrap=""><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" title="François Mitterrand">François Mitterrand</a> </td> <td>1981 – 1995 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sciences_Po" title="Sciences Po">Sciences Po</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td nowrap=""><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Chirac" title="Jacques Chirac">Jacques Chirac</a> </td> <td>1995 – 2007 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sciences_Po" title="Sciences Po">Sciences Po</a>; <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_d%27administration" title="École nationale d'administration">École nationale d'administration</a></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td nowrap=""><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy" title="Nicolas Sarkozy">Nicolas Sarkozy</a> </td> <td>2007 - 2012 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sciences_Po" title="Sciences Po">Sciences Po</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td nowrap=""><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Hollande" title="François Hollande">François Hollande</a> </td> <td>2012 – 2017 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/HEC_Paris" title="HEC Paris">HEC Paris</a>; <a href="/wiki/Sciences_Po" title="Sciences Po">Sciences Po</a>; <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_d%27administration" title="École nationale d'administration">École nationale d'administration</a></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td nowrap=""><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Macron" title="Emmanuel Macron">Emmanuel Macron</a> </td> <td>2017 – present </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sciences_Po" title="Sciences Po">Sciences Po</a>; <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_d%27administration" title="École nationale d'administration">École nationale d'administration</a></span></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Many winners of the Nobel prize attended a Grande école </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Nobel laureate </th> <th>Year </th> <th>Category </th> <th>Grande école(s) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">Marie Curie</a> </td> <td>1903 & 1911 </td> <td>Physics & Chemistry </td> <td><a href="/wiki/ESPCI_Paris" title="ESPCI Paris">ESPCI Paris</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Henri_Becquerel" title="Henri Becquerel">Henri Becquerel</a> </td> <td>1903 </td> <td>Physics </td> <td><span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Conservatoire_national_des_arts_et_m%C3%A9tiers" title="Conservatoire national des arts et métiers">Conservatoire national des arts et métiers</a></span></span>; <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Polytechnique" class="mw-redirect" title="École Polytechnique">École Polytechnique</a></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Henri_Moissan" title="Henri Moissan">Henri Moissan</a> </td> <td>1906 </td> <td>Chemistry </td> <td><span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_pratique_des_hautes_%C3%A9tudes" title="École pratique des hautes études">École pratique des hautes études</a></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Lippmann" title="Gabriel Lippmann">Gabriel Lippmann</a> </td> <td>1908 </td> <td>Physics </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_normale_sup%C3%A9rieure_(Paris)" title="École normale supérieure (Paris)">École normale supérieure (Paris)</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Paul_Sabatier_(chemist)" title="Paul Sabatier (chemist)">Paul Sabatier</a> </td> <td>1912 </td> <td>Chemistry </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_normale_sup%C3%A9rieure_(Paris)" title="École normale supérieure (Paris)">École normale supérieure (Paris)</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_Perrin" title="Jean Baptiste Perrin">Jean Baptiste Perrin</a> </td> <td>1926 </td> <td>Physics </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_normale_sup%C3%A9rieure_(Paris)" title="École normale supérieure (Paris)">École normale supérieure (Paris)</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Henri_Bergson" title="Henri Bergson">Henri Bergson</a> </td> <td>1927 </td> <td>Literature </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_normale_sup%C3%A9rieure_(Paris)" title="École normale supérieure (Paris)">École normale supérieure (Paris)</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Joliot-Curie" title="Frédéric Joliot-Curie">Frédéric Joliot-Curie</a> </td> <td>1935 </td> <td>Chemistry </td> <td><a href="/wiki/ESPCI_Paris" title="ESPCI Paris">ESPCI Paris</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Roger_Martin_du_Gard" title="Roger Martin du Gard">Roger Martin du Gard</a> </td> <td>1937 </td> <td>Literature </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Nationale_des_Chartes" title="École Nationale des Chartes">École Nationale des Chartes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mauriac" title="François Mauriac">François Mauriac</a> </td> <td>1952 </td> <td>Literature </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Nationale_des_Chartes" title="École Nationale des Chartes">École Nationale des Chartes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Jean-Paul Sartre</a> </td> <td>1964 </td> <td>Literature </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_normale_sup%C3%A9rieure_(Paris)" title="École normale supérieure (Paris)">École normale supérieure (Paris)</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Kastler" title="Alfred Kastler">Alfred Kastler</a> </td> <td>1966 </td> <td>Physics </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_normale_sup%C3%A9rieure_(Paris)" title="École normale supérieure (Paris)">École normale supérieure (Paris)</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Louis_N%C3%A9el" title="Louis Néel">Louis Néel</a> </td> <td>1970 </td> <td>Physics </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_normale_sup%C3%A9rieure_(Paris)" title="École normale supérieure (Paris)">École normale supérieure (Paris)</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Debreu" title="Gérard Debreu">Gérard Debreu</a> </td> <td>1983 </td> <td>Economics </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_normale_sup%C3%A9rieure_(Paris)" title="École normale supérieure (Paris)">École normale supérieure (Paris)</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Allais" title="Maurice Allais">Maurice Allais</a> </td> <td>1988 </td> <td>Economics </td> <td><span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Polytechnique" class="mw-redirect" title="École Polytechnique">École Polytechnique</a></span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Mines_ParisTech" class="mw-redirect" title="Mines ParisTech">Mines ParisTech</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Gilles_de_Gennes" title="Pierre-Gilles de Gennes">Pierre-Gilles de Gennes</a> </td> <td>1991 </td> <td>Physics </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_normale_sup%C3%A9rieure_(Paris)" title="École normale supérieure (Paris)">École normale supérieure (Paris)</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Georges_Charpak" title="Georges Charpak">Georges Charpak</a> </td> <td>1992 </td> <td>Physics </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mines_ParisTech" class="mw-redirect" title="Mines ParisTech">Mines ParisTech</a>; <a href="/wiki/ESPCI_Paris" title="ESPCI Paris">ESPCI Paris</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Claude_Cohen-Tannoudji" title="Claude Cohen-Tannoudji">Claude Cohen-Tannoudji</a> </td> <td>1997 </td> <td>Physics </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_normale_sup%C3%A9rieure_(Paris)" title="École normale supérieure (Paris)">École normale supérieure (Paris)</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Yves_Chauvin" title="Yves Chauvin">Yves Chauvin</a> </td> <td>2005 </td> <td>Chemistry </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Sup%C3%A9rieure_de_Chimie_Physique_%C3%89lectronique_de_Lyon" title="École Supérieure de Chimie Physique Électronique de Lyon">École Supérieure de Chimie Physique Électronique de Lyon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Albert_Fert" title="Albert Fert">Albert Fert</a> </td> <td>2007 </td> <td>Physics </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_normale_sup%C3%A9rieure_(Paris)" title="École normale supérieure (Paris)">École normale supérieure (Paris)</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Serge_Haroche" title="Serge Haroche">Serge Haroche</a> </td> <td>2012 </td> <td>Physics </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_normale_sup%C3%A9rieure_(Paris)" title="École normale supérieure (Paris)">École normale supérieure (Paris)</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jean_Tirole" title="Jean Tirole">Jean Tirole</a> </td> <td>2014 </td> <td>Economics </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Paris_Dauphine_University" title="Paris Dauphine University">Paris Dauphine University</a>; <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_des_ponts_ParisTech" title="École des ponts ParisTech">École des ponts ParisTech</a>; <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Polytechnique" class="mw-redirect" title="École Polytechnique">École Polytechnique</a></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Esther_Duflo" title="Esther Duflo">Esther Duflo</a> </td> <td>2019 </td> <td>Economics </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_normale_sup%C3%A9rieure_(Paris)" title="École normale supérieure (Paris)">École normale supérieure (Paris)</a>; <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_des_Hautes_%C3%89tudes_en_Sciences_Sociales" class="mw-redirect" title="École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales">École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Alain_Aspect" title="Alain Aspect">Alain Aspect</a> </td> <td>2022 </td> <td>Physics </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_normale_sup%C3%A9rieure_Paris-Saclay" title="École normale supérieure Paris-Saclay">École normale supérieure Paris-Saclay</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Anne_L%27Huillier" title="Anne L'Huillier">Anne L'Huillier</a> </td> <td>2023 </td> <td>Physics </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_normale_sup%C3%A9rieure_de_Fontenay-aux-Roses" class="mw-redirect" title="École normale supérieure de Fontenay-aux-Roses">École normale supérieure de Fontenay-aux-Roses</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grande_%C3%A9cole&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_grading_in_France" title="Academic grading in France">Academic grading in France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commission_des_titres_d%27ing%C3%A9nieur" class="mw-redirect" title="Commission des titres d'ingénieur">Commission des titres d'ingénieur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conf%C3%A9rence_des_directeurs_des_%C3%A9coles_fran%C3%A7aises_d%27ing%C3%A9nieurs_(CDEFI)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conférence des directeurs des écoles françaises d'ingénieurs (CDEFI)">Conférence des directeurs des écoles françaises d'ingénieurs (CDEFI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conf%C3%A9rence_des_grandes_%C3%A9coles_(CGE)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conférence des grandes écoles (CGE)">Conférence des grandes écoles (CGE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_France" title="Education in France">Education in France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grands_%C3%A9tablissements" title="Grands établissements">Grands établissements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_France" class="mw-redirect" title="List of universities in France">List of universities in France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_public_universities_in_France" class="mw-redirect" title="List of public universities in France">List of public universities in France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superior_Graduate_Schools_in_Italy" title="Superior Graduate Schools in Italy">Superior Graduate Schools in Italy</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grande_%C3%A9cole&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/grande-ecole">"grande école | French education | Britannica"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-04-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=grande+%C3%A9cole+%7C+French+education+%7C+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2Fgrande-ecole&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrande+%C3%A9cole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lemonde.fr/education/article/2011/02/11/c-est-quoi-une-grande-ecole_1477588_1473685.html">"C'est quoi une grande école ?"</a>. <i>Le Monde.fr</i> (in French). 2011-02-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-04-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Le+Monde.fr&rft.atitle=C%27est+quoi+une+grande+%C3%A9cole+%3F&rft.date=2011-02-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lemonde.fr%2Feducation%2Farticle%2F2011%2F02%2F11%2Fc-est-quoi-une-grande-ecole_1477588_1473685.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrande+%C3%A9cole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/expat/4190728/Frances-educational-elite.html">"France's educational elite"</a>. <i>Daily Telegraph</i>. 17 November 2003<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=France%27s+educational+elite&rft.date=2003-11-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fexpat%2F4190728%2FFrances-educational-elite.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrande+%C3%A9cole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPierre_Bourdieu1998" class="citation book cs1">Pierre Bourdieu (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=do9o-jIrzXgC&pg=PA133"><i>The State Nobility: Elite Schools in the Field of Power</i></a>. Stanford UP. pp. 133–35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780804733465" title="Special:BookSources/9780804733465"><bdi>9780804733465</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+State+Nobility%3A+Elite+Schools+in+the+Field+of+Power&rft.pages=133-35&rft.pub=Stanford+UP&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9780804733465&rft.au=Pierre+Bourdieu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ddo9o-jIrzXgC%26pg%3DPA133&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrande+%C3%A9cole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mbacrystalball.com/blog/2019/04/19/grand-ecoles-france/,">What are Grandes Ecoles Institutes in France?</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fonction-publique.gouv.fr/score/concours/calendrier-des-concours">"Le calendrier général des concours | Portail de la Fonction publique"</a>. <i>www.fonction-publique.gouv.fr</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-04-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.fonction-publique.gouv.fr&rft.atitle=Le+calendrier+g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral+des+concours+%7C+Portail+de+la+Fonction+publique&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fonction-publique.gouv.fr%2Fscore%2Fconcours%2Fcalendrier-des-concours&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrande+%C3%A9cole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cersa.org/classe-preparatoire/">"C'est quoi une classe préparatoire ?"</a>. <i>Cersa</i> (in French). 2019-03-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-04-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cersa&rft.atitle=C%27est+quoi+une+classe+pr%C3%A9paratoire+%3F&rft.date=2019-03-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cersa.org%2Fclasse-preparatoire%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrande+%C3%A9cole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.letudiant.fr/etudes/classes-prepa/qu-est-ce-qu-une-cpge-classe-preparatoire-aux-grandes-ecoles.html">"Qu'est-ce qu'une CPGE (classe préparatoire aux grandes écoles) ?"</a>. <i>L'Etudant</i> (in French)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-04-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=L%27Etudant&rft.atitle=Qu%27est-ce+qu%27une+CPGE+%28classe+pr%C3%A9paratoire+aux+grandes+%C3%A9coles%29+%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.letudiant.fr%2Fetudes%2Fclasses-prepa%2Fqu-est-ce-qu-une-cpge-classe-preparatoire-aux-grandes-ecoles.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrande+%C3%A9cole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaneFraser2011" class="citation book cs1">Lane, Philippe; Fraser, Maurice (2011-07-08). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OHRvEAAAQBAJ"><i>Franco-British Academic Partnerships: The Next Chapter</i></a>. Liverpool University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78138-656-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78138-656-9"><bdi>978-1-78138-656-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Franco-British+Academic+Partnerships%3A+The+Next+Chapter&rft.pub=Liverpool+University+Press&rft.date=2011-07-08&rft.isbn=978-1-78138-656-9&rft.aulast=Lane&rft.aufirst=Philippe&rft.au=Fraser%2C+Maurice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOHRvEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrande+%C3%A9cole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/expat/4190728/Frances-educational-elite.html">"France's educational elite"</a></span>. <i>Daily Telegraph</i>. 17 November 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/expat/4190728/Frances-educational-elite.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-01-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=France%27s+educational+elite&rft.date=2003-11-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fexpat%2F4190728%2FFrances-educational-elite.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrande+%C3%A9cole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPierre_Bourdieu1998" class="citation book cs1">Pierre Bourdieu (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=do9o-jIrzXgC&pg=PA133"><i>The State Nobility: Elite Schools in the Field of Power</i></a>. Stanford UP. pp. 133–35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780804733465" title="Special:BookSources/9780804733465"><bdi>9780804733465</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+State+Nobility%3A+Elite+Schools+in+the+Field+of+Power&rft.pages=133-35&rft.pub=Stanford+UP&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9780804733465&rft.au=Pierre+Bourdieu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ddo9o-jIrzXgC%26pg%3DPA133&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrande+%C3%A9cole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mbacrystalball.com/blog/2019/04/19/grand-ecoles-france/,">What are Grandes Ecoles Institutes in France?</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bretagne.ens-cachan.fr/version-francaise/l-ecole/histoire/les-ecoles-de-l-an-iii-106752.kjsp?RH=1189690570769">Michel Nusimovici, <i>Les écoles de l'an III</i>, 2010.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140922040143/http://www.hec.edu/MSc/Why-join-us/History">"HEC - History"</a>. <i>hec.edu</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hec.edu/MSc/Why-join-us/History">the original</a> on 22 September 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hec.edu&rft.atitle=HEC+-+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hec.edu%2FMSc%2FWhy-join-us%2FHistory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrande+%C3%A9cole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://grandes-ecoles.studyrama.com/ecoles-d-ingenieurs/apres-bac/tout-savoir-sur-parcoursup/les-ecoles-d-ingenieurs-preferees-des-bac-s-sur-parcoursup-7902.html">"Les écoles d'ingénieurs préférées des bac S sur Parcoursup"</a>. <i>grandes-ecoles.studyrama.com</i>. 24 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=grandes-ecoles.studyrama.com&rft.atitle=Les+%C3%A9coles+d%27ing%C3%A9nieurs+pr%C3%A9f%C3%A9r%C3%A9es+des+bac+S+sur+Parcoursup&rft.date=2019-05-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgrandes-ecoles.studyrama.com%2Fecoles-d-ingenieurs%2Fapres-bac%2Ftout-savoir-sur-parcoursup%2Fles-ecoles-d-ingenieurs-preferees-des-bac-s-sur-parcoursup-7902.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrande+%C3%A9cole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.letudiant.fr/classements/classement-des-ecoles-d-ingenieurs.html?filters%5B672%5D=Public&filters%5B673%5D=5%20ans&filters%5B679%5D=601,00%20€">"Comparatif 2023 des écoles d'ingénieurs en France"</a>. <i>www.letudiant.fr</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.letudiant.fr&rft.atitle=Comparatif+2023+des+%C3%A9coles+d%27ing%C3%A9nieurs+en+France&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.letudiant.fr%2Fclassements%2Fclassement-des-ecoles-d-ingenieurs.html%3Ffilters%255B672%255D%3DPublic%26filters%255B673%255D%3D5%2520ans%26filters%255B679%255D%3D601%2C00%2520%E2%82%AC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrande+%C3%A9cole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOECD2007" class="citation book cs1">OECD (2007-06-27). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RsjVAgAAQBAJ"><i>OECD Economic Surveys: France 2007</i></a>. OECD Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-64-03329-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-64-03329-0"><bdi>978-92-64-03329-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=OECD+Economic+Surveys%3A+France+2007&rft.pub=OECD+Publishing&rft.date=2007-06-27&rft.isbn=978-92-64-03329-0&rft.au=OECD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRsjVAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrande+%C3%A9cole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMazzaQuattroneRiccaboni2008" class="citation book cs1">Mazza, Carmelo; Quattrone, Paolo; Riccaboni, Angelo (2008-01-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fyUuDvNjzwIC"><i>European Universities in Transition: Issues, Models and Cases</i></a>. Edward Elgar Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84844-141-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84844-141-5"><bdi>978-1-84844-141-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=European+Universities+in+Transition%3A+Issues%2C+Models+and+Cases&rft.pub=Edward+Elgar+Publishing&rft.date=2008-01-01&rft.isbn=978-1-84844-141-5&rft.aulast=Mazza&rft.aufirst=Carmelo&rft.au=Quattrone%2C+Paolo&rft.au=Riccaboni%2C+Angelo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfyUuDvNjzwIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrande+%C3%A9cole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://escp.eu/programmes/doctoral-programmes/paris">"Paris Doctoral Programme | ESCP Business School"</a>. <i>escp.eu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-11-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=escp.eu&rft.atitle=Paris+Doctoral+Programme+%7C+ESCP+Business+School&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fescp.eu%2Fprogrammes%2Fdoctoral-programmes%2Fparis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrande+%C3%A9cole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ens.fr/spip.php?article6">11-12 Nobel laureates and 10 Fields medalists</a> were educated at the <i><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Normale_Sup%C3%A9rieure" class="mw-redirect" title="École Normale Supérieure">École Normale Supérieure</a></i> in Paris <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110615073836/http://www.ens.fr/spip.php?article6">Archived</a> 2011-06-15 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <i><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Normale_Sup%C3%A9rieure_Lettres_et_Sciences_Humaines" class="mw-redirect" title="École Normale Supérieure Lettres et Sciences Humaines">École Normale Supérieure Lettres et Sciences Humaines</a></i> in <a href="/wiki/Lyon" title="Lyon">Lyon</a> (humanities), was merged in 2010 with the <i>Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon (Sciences)</i> to create the current ENS Lyon.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.cefdg.fr/ecoles-et-formations-visees?p_auth=ApgqcQV9&p_p_id=QuickAppBuilder_WAR_QuickAppBuilder_INSTANCE_Kj03&p_p_lifecycle=1&p_p_state=normal&p_p_mode=view&p_p_col_id=column-1&p_p_col_count=1">[1]</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged February 2019">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFL'étudiant2014" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">L'étudiant, Journal (8 April 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.letudiant.fr/educpros/actualite/l-universite-paris-dauphine-rejoint-les-grandes-ecoles.html">"L'université Paris Dauphine rejoint le cercle des grandes écoles"</a>. <i>L'étudiant</i> (in French)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=L%27%C3%A9tudiant&rft.atitle=L%27universit%C3%A9+Paris+Dauphine+rejoint+le+cercle+des+grandes+%C3%A9coles&rft.date=2014-04-08&rft.aulast=L%27%C3%A9tudiant&rft.aufirst=Journal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.letudiant.fr%2Feducpros%2Factualite%2Fl-universite-paris-dauphine-rejoint-les-grandes-ecoles.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrande+%C3%A9cole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140529212010/http://www.cge.asso.fr/nos-membres/ecoles/267-universite-paris-dauphine">"Université Paris-Dauphine - Université Paris-Dauphine - Écoles - Conférence des Grandes Ecoles"</a>. <i>www.cge.asso.fr</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cge.asso.fr/nos-membres/ecoles/267-universite-paris-dauphine">the original</a> on 29 May 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cge.asso.fr&rft.atitle=Universit%C3%A9+Paris-Dauphine+-+Universit%C3%A9+Paris-Dauphine+-+%C3%89coles+-+Conf%C3%A9rence+des+Grandes+Ecoles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cge.asso.fr%2Fnos-membres%2Fecoles%2F267-universite-paris-dauphine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrande+%C3%A9cole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cge.asso.fr/ecoles/esa-lyon-bron/">"ESA Lyon-Bron"</a>. <i>CGE</i> (in French)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-12-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CGE&rft.atitle=ESA+Lyon-Bron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cge.asso.fr%2Fecoles%2Fesa-lyon-bron%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrande+%C3%A9cole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/loda/article_lc/LEGIARTI000037087050/2018-08-30">"Article 2 - Arrêté du 16 mai 2018 portant organisation et fonctionnement d'un service à compétence nationale dénommé « Ecole nationale de la sécurité et de l'administration de la mer » - Légifrance"</a>. <i>www.legifrance.gouv.fr</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-12-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.legifrance.gouv.fr&rft.atitle=Article+2+-+Arr%C3%AAt%C3%A9+du+16+mai+2018+portant+organisation+et+fonctionnement+d%27un+service+%C3%A0+comp%C3%A9tence+nationale+d%C3%A9nomm%C3%A9+%C2%AB+Ecole+nationale+de+la+s%C3%A9curit%C3%A9+et+de+l%27administration+de+la+mer+%C2%BB+-+L%C3%A9gifrance&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.legifrance.gouv.fr%2Floda%2Farticle_lc%2FLEGIARTI000037087050%2F2018-08-30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrande+%C3%A9cole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><i>www.defense.gouv.fr</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.defense.gouv.fr/commissariat/nos-ecoles/ecole-des-commissaires-des-armees">https://www.defense.gouv.fr/commissariat/nos-ecoles/ecole-des-commissaires-des-armees</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-12-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.defense.gouv.fr&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.defense.gouv.fr%2Fcommissariat%2Fnos-ecoles%2Fecole-des-commissaires-des-armees&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrande+%C3%A9cole" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Missing or empty <code class="cs1-code">|title=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#citation_missing_title" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130316021123/http://www.cge.asso.fr/document/312/enquete-insertion-2012.pdf">"Archived copy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_sup%C3%A9rieure_de_chimie_de_Lille" title="École nationale supérieure de chimie de Lille">Lille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_sup%C3%A9rieure_de_chimie_de_Montpellier" title="École nationale supérieure de chimie de Montpellier">Montpellier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_sup%C3%A9rieure_de_chimie_de_Mulhouse" title="École nationale supérieure de chimie de Mulhouse">Mulhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_sup%C3%A9rieure_de_chimie_de_Rennes" title="École nationale supérieure de chimie de Rennes">Rennes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_sup%C3%A9rieure_de_chimie,_de_biologie_et_de_physique" title="École nationale supérieure de chimie, de biologie et de physique">ENSCBP Bordeaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_sup%C3%A9rieure_de_l%27%C3%A9lectronique_et_de_ses_applications_(Cergy-Pontoise)" class="mw-redirect" title="École nationale supérieure de l'électronique et de ses applications (Cergy-Pontoise)">ENSEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_sup%C3%A9rieure_d%27%C3%A9lectronique,_informatique,_t%C3%A9l%C3%A9communications,_math%C3%A9matique_et_m%C3%A9canique_de_Bordeaux" title="École nationale supérieure d'électronique, informatique, télécommunications, mathématique et mécanique de Bordeaux">ENSEIRB-MATMECA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_sup%C3%A9rieure_d%27%C3%A9lectricit%C3%A9_et_de_m%C3%A9canique_de_Nancy" title="École nationale supérieure d'électricité et de mécanique de Nancy">ENSEM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Nationale_Sup%C3%A9rieure_de_G%C3%A9ologie" title="École Nationale Supérieure de Géologie">ENSG-Géologie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_des_sciences_g%C3%A9ographiques" title="École nationale des sciences géographiques">ENSG-Géomatique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_sup%C3%A9rieure_en_g%C3%A9nie_des_syst%C3%A8mes_et_de_l%27innovation" title="École nationale supérieure en génie des systèmes et de l'innovation">ENSGSI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_sup%C3%A9rieure_des_industries_chimiques_(ENSIC,_Nancy)" class="mw-redirect" title="École nationale supérieure des industries chimiques (ENSIC, Nancy)">ENSIC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_sup%C3%A9rieure_d%27ing%C3%A9nieurs_de_Caen" title="École nationale supérieure d'ingénieurs de Caen">ENSICAEN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_sup%C3%A9rieure_d%27informatique_pour_l%27industrie_et_l%27entreprise" title="École nationale supérieure d'informatique pour l'industrie et l'entreprise">ENSIIE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_sup%C3%A9rieure_d%27ing%C3%A9nieurs_Sud-Alsace" title="École nationale supérieure d'ingénieurs Sud-Alsace">ENSISA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_sup%C3%A9rieure_des_sciences_appliqu%C3%A9es_et_de_technologie_de_Lannion" title="École nationale supérieure des sciences appliquées et de technologie de Lannion">ENSSAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ENSTA_ParisTech" class="mw-redirect" title="ENSTA ParisTech">ENSTA ParisTech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_sup%C3%A9rieure_des_technologies_et_industries_du_bois" title="École nationale supérieure des technologies et industries du bois">ENSTIB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_des_travaux_publics_de_l%27%C3%89tat" title="École nationale des travaux publics de l'État">ENTPE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Polytechnique" class="mw-redirect" title="École Polytechnique">École Polytechnique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_pour_l%27informatique_et_les_techniques_avanc%C3%A9es" title="École pour l'informatique et les techniques avancées">EPITA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EPF_School_of_Engineering" title="EPF School of Engineering">EPF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ECAM-EPMI" title="ECAM-EPMI">EPMI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_sup%C3%A9rieure_d%27agricultures_d%27Angers" title="École supérieure d'agricultures d'Angers">ESA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_sup%C3%A9rieure_angevine_en_informatique_et_productique" title="École supérieure angevine en informatique et productique">ESAIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_sup%C3%A9rieure_du_bois" title="École supérieure du bois">ESB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_sup%C3%A9rieure_de_chimie_organique_et_min%C3%A9rale" title="École supérieure de chimie organique et minérale">ESCOM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_sup%C3%A9rieure_d%27%C3%A9lectronique_de_l%27Ouest" title="École supérieure d'électronique de l'Ouest">ESEO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ESIEA_(university)" title="ESIEA (university)">ESIEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ESIEE_Amiens" title="ESIEE Amiens">ESIEE Amiens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ESIEE_Paris" title="ESIEE Paris">ESIEE Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ESIGELEC" title="ESIGELEC">ESIGELEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_sup%C3%A9rieure_d%27ing%C3%A9nieurs_des_travaux_de_la_construction_de_Caen" title="École supérieure d'ingénieurs des travaux de la construction de Caen">ESITC Caen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ESME-Sudria" title="ESME-Sudria">ESME-Sudria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ESPCI_ParisTech" class="mw-redirect" title="ESPCI ParisTech">ESPCI ParisTech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_sup%C3%A9rieure_des_techniques_a%C3%A9ronautiques_et_de_construction_automobile" title="École supérieure des techniques aéronautiques et de construction automobile">ESTACA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ESTIA_Institute_of_Technology" title="ESTIA Institute of Technology">ESTIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Sp%C3%A9ciale_des_Travaux_Publics" title="École Spéciale des Travaux Publics">ESTP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenoble_Institute_of_Technology" title="Grenoble Institute of Technology">Grenoble INP</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_sup%C3%A9rieure_de_l%27%C3%A9nergie,_l%27eau_et_l%27environnement" title="École nationale supérieure de l'énergie, l'eau et l'environnement">ENSE<sup>3</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_sup%C3%A9rieure_d%27informatique_et_de_math%C3%A9matiques_appliqu%C3%A9es_de_Grenoble" title="École nationale supérieure d'informatique et de mathématiques appliquées de Grenoble">ENSIMAG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_sup%C3%A9rieure_de_g%C3%A9nie_industriel" title="École nationale supérieure de génie industriel">ENSGI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_internationale_du_papier,_de_la_communication_imprim%C3%A9e_et_des_biomat%C3%A9riaux" title="École internationale du papier, de la communication imprimée et des biomatériaux">PAGORA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_sup%C3%A9rieure_de_physique,_%C3%A9lectronique_et_mat%C3%A9riaux" class="mw-redirect" title="École nationale supérieure de physique, électronique et matériaux">PHELMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_sup%C3%A9rieure_d%27ing%C3%A9nieurs_des_syst%C3%A8mes_avanc%C3%A9s_et_r%C3%A9seaux" title="École nationale supérieure d'ingénieurs des systèmes avancés et réseaux">ESISAR</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hautes_%C3%A9tudes_d%27ing%C3%A9nieur" title="Hautes études d'ingénieur">HEI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_catholique_d%27arts_et_m%C3%A9tiers" title="Institut catholique d'arts et métiers">ICAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IFP_School" title="IFP School">IFP School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Polytechnic_Institute_of_Toulouse" title="National Polytechnic Institute of Toulouse">INP Toulouse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ENSEEIHT" title="ENSEEIHT">ENSEEIHT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_sup%C3%A9rieure_des_ing%C3%A9nieurs_en_arts_chimiques_et_technologiques" class="mw-redirect" title="École nationale supérieure des ingénieurs en arts chimiques et technologiques">ENSIACET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_d%27ing%C3%A9nieurs_de_Tarbes" title="École nationale d'ingénieurs de Tarbes">ENIT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_de_la_m%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologie" title="École nationale de la météorologie">ENM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Nationale_Sup%C3%A9rieure_Agronomique_de_Toulouse" title="École Nationale Supérieure Agronomique de Toulouse">ENSAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_d%27ing%C3%A9nieurs_de_Purpan" title="École d'ingénieurs de Purpan">EIP</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_national_des_sciences_appliqu%C3%A9es" title="Institut national des sciences appliquées">INSA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/INSA_Centre_Val_de_Loire" title="INSA Centre Val de Loire">CVL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INSA_Hauts-de-France" title="INSA Hauts-de-France">Hauts-de-France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_national_des_sciences_appliqu%C3%A9es_de_Lyon" title="Institut national des sciences appliquées de Lyon">Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_national_des_sciences_appliqu%C3%A9es_de_Rennes" title="Institut national des sciences appliquées de Rennes">Rennes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_national_des_sciences_appliqu%C3%A9es_de_Rouen" title="Institut national des sciences appliquées de Rouen">Rouen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INSA_Strasbourg" title="INSA Strasbourg">Strasbourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_national_des_sciences_appliqu%C3%A9es_de_Toulouse" title="Institut national des sciences appliquées de Toulouse">Toulouse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_sup%C3%A9rieure_d%27optique" class="mw-redirect" title="École supérieure d'optique">Institut d'optique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_polytechnique_des_sciences_avanc%C3%A9es" title="Institut polytechnique des sciences avancées">IPSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISA_Lille" title="ISA Lille">ISA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_sup%C3%A9rieur_de_l%27a%C3%A9ronautique_et_de_l%27espace" title="Institut supérieur de l'aéronautique et de l'espace">ISAE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_sup%C3%A9rieur_de_l%27automobile_et_des_transports" title="Institut supérieur de l'automobile et des transports">ISAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_sup%C3%A9rieur_d%27agriculture_Rh%C3%B4ne-Alpes" title="Institut supérieur d'agriculture Rhône-Alpes">ISARA Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_sup%C3%A9rieur_d%27%C3%A9lectronique_et_du_num%C3%A9rique" class="mw-redirect" title="Institut supérieur d'électronique et du numérique">ISEN</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Institut_sup%C3%A9rieur_d%27%C3%A9lectronique_et_du_num%C3%A9rique" class="mw-redirect" title="Institut supérieur d'électronique et du numérique">Brest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_sup%C3%A9rieur_d%27%C3%A9lectronique_et_du_num%C3%A9rique" class="mw-redirect" title="Institut supérieur d'électronique et du numérique">Lille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_sup%C3%A9rieur_d%27%C3%A9lectronique_et_du_num%C3%A9rique" class="mw-redirect" title="Institut supérieur d'électronique et du numérique">Toulon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_sup%C3%A9rieur_d%27%C3%A9lectronique_de_Paris" title="Institut supérieur d'électronique de Paris">ISEP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_d%27informatique_d%27Auvergne" title="Institut d'informatique d'Auvergne">ISIMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_sup%C3%A9rieur_des_mat%C3%A9riaux_du_Mans" title="Institut supérieur des matériaux du Mans">ISMANS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_textile_et_chimique_de_Lyon" title="Institut textile et chimique de Lyon">ITECH Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SupAgro" class="mw-redirect" title="SupAgro">SupAgro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polym%C3%A9ca" title="Polyméca">Polyméca</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_d%27ing%C3%A9nieurs_ENSIL-ENSCI" title="École d'ingénieurs ENSIL-ENSCI">ENSCI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_sup%C3%A9rieure_de_techniques_avanc%C3%A9es_Bretagne" title="École nationale supérieure de techniques avancées Bretagne">ENSTA Bretagne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_sup%C3%A9rieure_de_m%C3%A9canique_et_d%27a%C3%A9rotechnique" title="École nationale supérieure de mécanique et d'aérotechnique">ENSMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supm%C3%A9ca" title="Supméca">Supméca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supmicrotech" title="Supmicrotech">Supmicrotech</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytech_Group_(France)" title="Polytech Group (France)">Polytech Group</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique_universitaire_de_Savoie_de_l%27Universit%C3%A9_de_Chamb%C3%A9ry" title="École polytechnique universitaire de Savoie de l'Université de Chambéry">Annecy-Chambéry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique_de_l%27universit%C3%A9_d%27Angers" title="École polytechnique de l'université d'Angers">Angers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique_universitaire_de_Clermont-Auvergne" title="École polytechnique universitaire de Clermont-Auvergne">Clermont-Ferrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique_universitaire_de_Grenoble-Alpes" title="École polytechnique universitaire de Grenoble-Alpes">Grenoble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique_universitaire_de_Lille" title="École polytechnique universitaire de Lille">Lille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique_universitaire_de_l%27universit%C3%A9_Lyon-I" title="École polytechnique universitaire de l'université Lyon-I">Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique_universitaire_d%27Aix-Marseille" title="École polytechnique universitaire d'Aix-Marseille">Marseille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique_universitaire_de_Montpellier" title="École polytechnique universitaire de Montpellier">Montpellier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Polytechnique_de_l%27Universit%C3%A9_de_Lorraine" title="École Polytechnique de l'Université de Lorraine">Nancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Polytechnique_de_l%27Universit%C3%A9_de_Nantes" title="École Polytechnique de l'Université de Nantes">Nantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytech_Nice_Sophia" title="Polytech Nice Sophia">Nice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecole_Polytechnique_de_l%27Universit%C3%A9_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Ecole Polytechnique de l'Université d'Orléans">Orléans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique_universitaire_de_Paris-Saclay" title="École polytechnique universitaire de Paris-Saclay">Paris-Saclay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique_universitaire_de_Sorbonne_Universit%C3%A9" title="École polytechnique universitaire de Sorbonne Université">Sorbonne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique_de_l%27universit%C3%A9_de_Tours" title="École polytechnique de l'université de Tours">Tours</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SIGMA_Clermont" title="SIGMA Clermont">SIGMA Clermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_Mines-T%C3%A9l%C3%A9com" title="Institut Mines-Télécom">Institut Mines-Télécom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_sup%C3%A9rieure_des_t%C3%A9l%C3%A9communications_de_Bretagne" title="École nationale supérieure des télécommunications de Bretagne">Bretagne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecom_SudParis" class="mw-redirect" title="Telecom SudParis">Évry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TELECOM_Lille_1" title="TELECOM Lille 1">Lille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A9l%C3%A9com_Paris" title="Télécom Paris">Paris</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci_Engineering_School" title="Leonardo da Vinci Engineering School">ESILV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A9l%C3%A9com_Physique_Strasbourg" title="Télécom Physique Strasbourg">Télécom Physique Strasbourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unilasalle" title="Unilasalle">Unilasalle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_de_technologie_de_Belfort-Montb%C3%A9liard" title="Université de technologie de Belfort-Montbéliard">UTBM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Technology_of_Compi%C3%A8gne" title="University of Technology of Compiègne">UTC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Technology_of_Troyes" title="University of Technology of Troyes">UTT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VetAgro_Sup" title="VetAgro Sup">VetAgro Sup</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Business_school" title="Business school">Business schools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audencia_Business_School" title="Audencia Business School">Audencia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgundy_School_of_Business" title="Burgundy School of Business">BSB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EDC_Paris_Business_School" title="EDC Paris Business School">EDC Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EDHEC_Business_School_(Ecole_des_Hautes_Etudes_Commerciales_du_Nord)" class="mw-redirect" title="EDHEC Business School (Ecole des Hautes Etudes Commerciales du Nord)">EDHEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emlyon_Business_School" title="Emlyon Business School">Emlyon Business School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecole_de_Management_L%C3%A9onard_De_Vinci" title="Ecole de Management Léonard De Vinci">EMLV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_de_management_de_Normandie" title="École de management de Normandie">EM Normandie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EM_Strasbourg_Business_School" title="EM Strasbourg Business School">EM Strasbourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ESC_Bretagne_Brest" class="mw-redirect" title="ESC Bretagne Brest">ESC Bretagne Brest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excelia_Group" title="Excelia Group">La Rochelle BS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ESC_Clermont_Business_School" title="ESC Clermont Business School">ESC Clermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_sup%C3%A9rieure_de_commerce_de_Pau" title="École supérieure de commerce de Pau">ESC Pau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ESC_Rennes_School_of_Business" title="ESC Rennes School of Business">ESC Rennes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_sup%C3%A9rieure_de_commerce_et_management" title="École supérieure de commerce et management">ESCEM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ESCP_Business_School" title="ESCP Business School">ESCP Business School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ESDES_School_of_Business_and_Management" title="ESDES School of Business and Management">ESDES</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_sup%C3%A9rieure_des_sciences_commerciales_d%27Angers" title="École supérieure des sciences commerciales d'Angers">ESSCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ESSEC_Business_School" title="ESSEC Business School">ESSEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Business_School_Paris" title="European Business School Paris">European Business School Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenoble_School_of_Management" title="Grenoble School of Management">Grenoble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groupe_%C3%89cole_sup%C3%A9rieure_de_commerce_de_Troyes" title="Groupe École supérieure de commerce de Troyes">ESC Troyes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HEC_Paris" title="HEC Paris">HEC Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_international_du_commerce_et_du_d%C3%A9veloppement" title="Institut international du commerce et du développement">ICD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICN_Graduate_Business_School" class="mw-redirect" title="ICN Graduate Business School">ICN Graduate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IESEG_School_of_Management" class="mw-redirect" title="IESEG School of Management">IESEG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INSEAD" title="INSEAD">INSEAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INSEEC_Business_School" title="INSEEC Business School">INSEEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPAG_Business_School" title="IPAG Business School">IPAG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_sup%C3%A9rieur_du_commerce_de_Paris" title="Institut supérieur du commerce de Paris">ISC Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISG_Business_School" title="ISG Business School">ISG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KEDGE_Business_School" title="KEDGE Business School">KEDGE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montpellier_Business_School" title="Montpellier Business School">Montpellier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NEOMA_Business_School" title="NEOMA Business School">NEOMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_School_of_Business" title="Paris School of Business">PSB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skema_Business_School" title="Skema Business School">Skema </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecom_Business_School" title="Telecom Business School">Telecom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toulouse_Business_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Toulouse Business School">Toulouse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CELSA_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="CELSA Paris">CELSA Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_de_formation_des_journalistes_de_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Centre de formation des journalistes de Paris">CFJ Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EHESP" title="EHESP">EHESP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_d%27administration" title="École nationale d'administration">ENA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ENAC_Alumni" title="ENAC Alumni">ENAC Alumni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_sup%C3%A9rieure_de_formation_de_l%27enseignement_agricole" title="École nationale supérieure de formation de l'enseignement agricole">ENSFEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Normale_Sup%C3%A9rieure" class="mw-redirect" title="École Normale Supérieure">ENS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_normale_sup%C3%A9rieure_Paris-Saclay" title="École normale supérieure Paris-Saclay">ENS Paris-Saclay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_normale_sup%C3%A9rieure_de_lettres_et_sciences_humaines" title="École normale supérieure de lettres et sciences humaines">ENS LSH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_normale_sup%C3%A9rieure_de_Lyon" title="École normale supérieure de Lyon">ENS Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_normale_sup%C3%A9rieure_de_Rennes" title="École normale supérieure de Rennes">ENS Rennes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_architecture_of_Nancy" title="School of architecture of Nancy">ENSA Nancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_sup%C3%A9rieure_des_Beaux-Arts" class="mw-redirect" title="École nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts">ENSBA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_sup%C3%A9rieure_de_cr%C3%A9ation_industrielle" title="École nationale supérieure de création industrielle">ENSCI–Les Ateliers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_v%C3%A9t%C3%A9rinaire_d%27Alfort" title="École nationale vétérinaire d'Alfort">ENV Alfort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_des_officiers_de_la_gendarmerie_nationale" class="mw-redirect" title="École des officiers de la gendarmerie nationale">EOGN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Sp%C3%A9ciale_d%27Architecture" title="École Spéciale d'Architecture">ESA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_sp%C3%A9ciale_militaire_de_Saint-Cyr" title="École spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr">ESM Saint-Cyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_de_sant%C3%A9_des_arm%C3%A9es" title="École de santé des armées">ESA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HEC_Alumni" title="HEC Alumni">HEC Alumni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_Fran%C3%A7ais_de_la_Mode" title="Institut Français de la Mode">IFM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_v%C3%A9t%C3%A9rinaire_de_Toulouse" title="École nationale vétérinaire de Toulouse">INP-ENVT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Intercultural_Management_and_Communication" title="Institute of Intercultural Management and Communication">ISIT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_de_design_Nantes_Atlantique" title="École de design Nantes Atlantique">École de design Nantes Atlantique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenoble_Institute_of_Political_Studies" title="Grenoble Institute of Political Studies">Sciences Po Grenoble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Dauphine_University" title="Paris Dauphine University">Université Paris-Dauphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nantes-Atlantic_National_College_of_Veterinary_Medicine,_Food_Science_and_Engineering" title="Nantes-Atlantic National College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science and Engineering">Oniris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_des_industries_et_m%C3%A9tiers_de_la_m%C3%A9tallurgie" title="Union des industries et métiers de la métallurgie">Union des industries et métiers de la métallurgie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Universities abroad</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Fondation 2ie</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Hassania_des_travaux_publics" class="mw-redirect" title="École Hassania des travaux publics">École Hassania des travaux publics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_School_of_Mineral_Industry" class="mw-redirect" title="National School of Mineral Industry">National School of Mineral Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louvain_School_of_Engineering" title="Louvain School of Engineering">Louvain School of Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gembloux_Agro-Bio_Tech" title="Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech">Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HEC_Lausanne" title="HEC Lausanne">HEC Lausanne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HEC_Montr%C3%A9al" title="HEC Montréal">HEC Montréal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HEC_Management_School_%E2%80%93_University_of_Li%C3%A8ge" class="mw-redirect" title="HEC Management School – University of Liège">HEC Management School – University of Liège</a></li> <li>Institut national des postes et télécommunications</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytechnique_Montr%C3%A9al" title="Polytechnique Montréal">Polytechnique Montréal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solvay_Brussels_School_of_Economics_and_Management" title="Solvay Brussels School of Economics and Management">Solvay Brussels School of Economics and Management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higher_School_of_Communication_of_Tunis" title="Higher School of Communication of Tunis">École supérieure des communications de Tunis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_University_of_Madrid" title="Technical University of Madrid">Technical University of Madrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Lisbon" title="University of Lisbon">University of Lisbon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Accredited degrees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bilan_d%27aptitude_d%C3%A9livr%C3%A9_par_les_grandes_%C3%A9coles" title="Bilan d'aptitude délivré par les grandes écoles">Bilan d'aptitude délivré par les grandes écoles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mast%C3%A8re_sp%C3%A9cialis%C3%A9" title="Mastère spécialisé">Mastère spécialisé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mast%C3%A8re_en_sciences" title="Mastère en sciences">MSc</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Public_universities_and_Grandes_Écoles_in_France_(EPSCP)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:EPSCP" title="Template:EPSCP"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:EPSCP" title="Template talk:EPSCP"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:EPSCP" title="Special:EditPage/Template:EPSCP"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Public_universities_and_Grandes_Écoles_in_France_(EPSCP)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tablissement_public_%C3%A0_caract%C3%A8re_scientifique,_culturel_et_professionnel" title="Établissement public à caractère scientifique, culturel et professionnel">Public universities and <i>Grandes Écoles</i> in France</a> <small>(EPSCP)</small></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_colleges_and_universities_in_France" class="mw-redirect" title="List of colleges and universities in France">Universities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aix-Marseille_University" title="Aix-Marseille University">Aix-Marseille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Picardy_Jules_Verne" title="University of Picardy Jules Verne">Amiens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Angers" title="University of Angers">Angers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_the_French_Antilles" title="University of the French Antilles">Antilles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Artois" title="University of Artois">Artois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avignon_University" title="Avignon University">Avignon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Franche-Comt%C3%A9" title="University of Franche-Comté">Besançon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Bordeaux" title="University of Bordeaux">Bordeaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bordeaux_Montaigne_University" title="Bordeaux Montaigne University">Bordeaux Montaigne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Western_Brittany" title="University of Western Brittany">Brest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Brittany_University" title="Southern Brittany University">Bretagne-Sud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Caen_Normandy" title="University of Caen Normandy">Caen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_Savoie_Mont_Blanc" title="Université Savoie Mont Blanc">Chambéry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Corsica_Pasquale_Paoli" title="University of Corsica Pasquale Paoli">Corse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Burgundy" title="University of Burgundy">Dijon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_%C3%89vry_Val_d%27Essonne" title="University of Évry Val d'Essonne">Évry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Havre_Normandy_University" title="Le Havre Normandy University">Le Havre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_French_Guiana" title="University of French Guiana">Guyane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Limoges" title="University of Limoges">Limoges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Littoral_Opal_Coast" title="University of the Littoral Opal Coast">Littoral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Lyon" title="University of Lyon">Lyon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Bernard_University_Lyon_1" title="Claude Bernard University Lyon 1">Lyon 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumi%C3%A8re_University_Lyon_2" title="Lumière University Lyon 2">Lyon 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Moulin_University_Lyon_3" title="Jean Moulin University Lyon 3">Lyon 3</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Mans_University" title="Le Mans University">Le Mans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Val%C3%A9ry_University_Montpellier_3" title="Paul Valéry University Montpellier 3">Montpellier 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Upper_Alsace" title="University of Upper Alsace">Mulhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_N%C3%AEmes" title="University of Nîmes">Nîmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_New_Caledonia" title="University of New Caledonia">Nouvelle-Calédonie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="University of Orléans">Orléans</a></li> <li>Paris <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Nanterre_University" title="Paris Nanterre University">Nanterre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_1_Panth%C3%A9on-Sorbonne_University" title="Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne University">Panthéon-Sorbonne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorbonne_University" title="Sorbonne University">Sorbonne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorbonne_Nouvelle_University_Paris_3" class="mw-redirect" title="Sorbonne Nouvelle University Paris 3">Sorbonne Nouvelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorbonne_Paris_North_University" title="Sorbonne Paris North University">Sorbonne Paris North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_8_University_Vincennes-Saint-Denis" title="Paris 8 University Vincennes-Saint-Denis">Paris 8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris-East_Cr%C3%A9teil_University" title="Paris-East Créteil University">Paris-East Créteil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Pau_and_the_Adour_Region" title="University of Pau and the Adour Region">Pau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Perpignan_Via_Domitia" title="University of Perpignan Via Domitia">Perpignan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Poitiers" title="University of Poitiers">Poitiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_French_Polynesia" title="University of French Polynesia">Polynésie française</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Reims_Champagne-Ardenne" title="University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne">Reims</a></li> <li>Rennes <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rennes_2_University" title="Rennes 2 University">Rennes 2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Reunion_Island" title="University of Reunion Island">La Réunion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Rochelle_University" title="La Rochelle University">La Rochelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Rouen_Normandy" title="University of Rouen Normandy">Rouen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Monnet_University" title="Jean Monnet University">Saint-Étienne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Strasbourg" title="University of Strasbourg">Strasbourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Toulon" title="University of Toulon">Toulon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Toulouse" title="University of Toulouse">Toulouse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Toulouse-Jean_Jaur%C3%A8s" title="University of Toulouse-Jean Jaurès">Jean Jaurès</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toulouse_III_-_Paul_Sabatier_University" title="Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier University">Paul Sabatier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Polytechnic_Institute_of_Toulouse" title="National Polytechnic Institute of Toulouse">INPT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Tours" title="University of Tours">Tours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Versailles_Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines" title="University of Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines">Versailles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em">Collegiate universities <small>(EPE)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Paris <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paris_2_Panth%C3%A9on-Assas_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris 2 Panthéon-Assas University">Assas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_Paris_Cit%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Université Paris Cité">Cité</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris-Saclay_University" title="Paris-Saclay University">Saclay</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clermont_Auvergne_University" title="Clermont Auvergne University">Clermont-Ferrand</a></li> <li>Toulouse <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Toulouse_Capitole_University" title="Toulouse Capitole University">Capitole</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Lille" title="University of Lille">Lille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Nantes" title="University of Nantes">Nantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Rennes" title="University of Rennes">Rennes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CY_Cergy_Paris_University" title="CY Cergy Paris University">Cergy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Montpellier" title="University of Montpellier">Montpellier</a></li> <li> Nice <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_C%C3%B4te_d%27Azur" class="mw-redirect" title="Université Côte d'Azur">Côte d'Azur</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Eiffel_University" title="Gustave Eiffel University">Gustave Eiffel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytechnic_University_of_Hauts-de-France" title="Polytechnic University of Hauts-de-France">Polytechnic University of Hauts-de-France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytechnic_Institute_of_Paris" title="Polytechnic Institute of Paris">Polytechnic Institute of Paris</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em"><i><a href="/wiki/Grands_%C3%A9tablissements" title="Grands établissements">Grands établissements</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Sciences_et_Lettres_University" title="Paris Sciences et Lettres University">PSL University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Dauphine_University" title="Paris Dauphine University">Dauphine University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Lorraine" title="University of Lorraine">University of Lorraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenoble_Alpes_University" title="Grenoble Alpes University">Grenoble Alpes University</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Grandes_%C3%A9coles" class="mw-redirect" title="Grandes écoles">Grandes écoles</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em"><i><a href="/wiki/Grands_%C3%A9tablissements" title="Grands établissements">Grands établissements</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Polytechnic_Institutes_(France)" title="National Polytechnic Institutes (France)">Institutes of Technology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grenoble_Institute_of_Technology" title="Grenoble Institute of Technology">Grenoble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Polytechnic_Institute_of_Lorraine" title="National Polytechnic Institute of Lorraine">Lorraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Polytechnic_Institute_of_Toulouse" title="National Polytechnic Institute of Toulouse">Toulouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytechnic_Institute_of_Bordeaux" title="Polytechnic Institute of Bordeaux">Bordeaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytechnic_Institute_of_Clermont-Auvergne" title="Polytechnic Institute of Clermont-Auvergne">Clermont-Auvergne</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agro_ParisTech" class="mw-redirect" title="Agro ParisTech">Agro ParisTech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arts_et_M%C3%A9tiers_ParisTech" title="Arts et Métiers ParisTech">Arts et Métiers ParisTech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coll%C3%A8ge_de_France" title="Collège de France">Collège de France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatoire_national_des_arts_et_m%C3%A9tiers" title="Conservatoire national des arts et métiers">Conservatoire national des arts et métiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CentraleSup%C3%A9lec" title="CentraleSupélec">CentraleSupélec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_des_ponts_ParisTech" title="École des ponts ParisTech">École des ponts ParisTech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Nationale_des_Chartes" title="École Nationale des Chartes">École Nationale des Chartes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_sup%C3%A9rieure_des_sciences_de_l%27information_et_des_biblioth%C3%A8ques" class="mw-redirect" title="École nationale supérieure des sciences de l'information et des bibliothèques">ENSSIB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_sup%C3%A9rieure_maritime" title="École nationale supérieure maritime">École nationale supérieure maritime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_pratique_des_hautes_%C3%A9tudes" title="École pratique des hautes études">École pratique des hautes études</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EHESP" title="EHESP">EHESP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INSEP" title="INSEP">INSEP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_de_Physique_du_Globe_de_Paris" title="Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris">Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_Agro" title="Institut Agro">Institut Agro</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Institut_Agro_Dijon" title="Institut Agro Dijon">Dijon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_agro_Montpellier" title="Institut agro Montpellier">Montpellier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_Agro_Rennes-Angers" title="Institut Agro Rennes-Angers">Rennes-Angers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_Mines-T%C3%A9l%C3%A9com" title="Institut Mines-Télécom">Institut Mines-Télécom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A9l%C3%A9com_Paris" title="Télécom Paris">Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A9l%C3%A9com_SudParis" title="Télécom SudParis">Évry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_des_mines_d%27Albi-Carmaux" title="École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux">Albi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_des_mines_d%27Al%C3%A8s" title="École des mines d'Alès">Alès</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_sup%C3%A9rieure_des_mines_de_Saint-%C3%89tienne" title="École nationale supérieure des mines de Saint-Étienne">Saint-Étienne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IMT_Atlantique" title="IMT Atlantique">Brest-Rennes-Nantes-Toulouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_des_Mines_de_Douai" title="École des Mines de Douai">Lille-Douai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_national_d%27histoire_de_l%27art" class="mw-redirect" title="Institut national d'histoire de l'art">Institut national d'histoire de l'art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_national_des_langues_et_civilisations_orientales" title="Institut national des langues et civilisations orientales">Institut national des langues et civilisations orientales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_sup%C3%A9rieur_de_l%27a%C3%A9ronautique_et_de_l%27espace" title="Institut supérieur de l'aéronautique et de l'espace">Institut supérieur de l'aéronautique et de l'espace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VetAgro_Sup" title="VetAgro Sup">VetAgro Sup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Natural_History_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Museum of Natural History (France)">National Museum of Natural History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nantes-Atlantic_National_College_of_Veterinary_Medicine,_Food_Science_and_Engineering" title="Nantes-Atlantic National College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science and Engineering">Oniris Nantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Observatory" title="Paris Observatory">Paris Observatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_for_Advanced_Studies_in_the_Social_Sciences" title="School for Advanced Studies in the Social Sciences">School for Advanced Studies in the Social Sciences</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em"><i><a href="/wiki/Centrale_Graduate_School" title="Centrale Graduate School">Écoles centrales</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_centrale_de_Lille" class="mw-redirect" title="École centrale de Lille">École centrale de Lille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_centrale_de_Lyon" title="École centrale de Lyon">École centrale de Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_centrale_de_Marseille" class="mw-redirect" title="École centrale de Marseille">École centrale de Marseille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_centrale_de_Nantes" title="École centrale de Nantes">École centrale de Nantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Centrale_Paris" title="École Centrale Paris">École Centrale Paris</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em"><i><a href="/wiki/Institut_national_des_sciences_appliqu%C3%A9es" title="Institut national des sciences appliquées">Institut national<br /> des sciences appliquées</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/INSA_Centre_Val_de_Loire" title="INSA Centre Val de Loire">Centre Val-de-Loire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INSA_Euro-M%C3%A9diterran%C3%A9e" title="INSA Euro-Méditerranée">Euro-Méditerranée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INSA_Hauts-de-France" title="INSA Hauts-de-France">Hauts-de-France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_national_des_sciences_appliqu%C3%A9es_de_Lyon" title="Institut national des sciences appliquées de Lyon">Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_national_des_sciences_appliqu%C3%A9es_de_Rennes" title="Institut national des sciences appliquées de Rennes">Rennes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_national_des_sciences_appliqu%C3%A9es_de_Rouen" title="Institut national des sciences appliquées de Rouen">Rouen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INSA_Strasbourg" title="INSA Strasbourg">Strasbourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_national_des_sciences_appliqu%C3%A9es_de_Toulouse" title="Institut national des sciences appliquées de Toulouse">Toulouse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em"><a href="/wiki/Institutes_of_technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Institutes of technology">Universities of Technology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_de_technologie_de_Belfort-Montb%C3%A9liard" title="Université de technologie de Belfort-Montbéliard">Belfort-Montbéliard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Technology_of_Compi%C3%A8gne" title="University of Technology of Compiègne">Compiègne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Technology_of_Troyes" title="University of Technology of Troyes">Troyes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em"><i><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_normale_sup%C3%A9rieure" title="École normale supérieure">Écoles normales supérieures</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_normale_sup%C3%A9rieure_(Paris)" title="École normale supérieure (Paris)">École normale supérieure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_normale_sup%C3%A9rieure_Paris-Saclay" title="École normale supérieure Paris-Saclay">École normale supérieure Paris-Saclay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_normale_sup%C3%A9rieure_de_Lyon" title="École normale supérieure de Lyon">École normale supérieure de Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_normale_sup%C3%A9rieure_de_Rennes" title="École normale supérieure de Rennes">École normale supérieure de Rennes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em"><a href="/wiki/Instituts_d%27%C3%A9tudes_politiques" title="Instituts d'études politiques">Institutes of Political Studies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sciences_Po" title="Sciences Po">Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sciences_Po_Aix" title="Sciences Po Aix">Aix-en-Provence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_d%27%C3%A9tudes_politiques_de_Bordeaux" title="Institut d'études politiques de Bordeaux">Bordeaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_d%27%C3%A9tudes_politiques_de_Grenoble" class="mw-redirect" title="Institut d'études politiques de Grenoble">Grenoble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_d%27%C3%A9tudes_politiques_de_Lille" class="mw-redirect" title="Institut d'études politiques de Lille">Lille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_d%27%C3%A9tudes_politiques_de_Lyon" title="Institut d'études politiques de Lyon">Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_d%27%C3%A9tudes_politiques_de_Rennes" title="Institut d'études politiques de Rennes">Rennes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_d%27%C3%A9tudes_politiques_de_Saint-Germain-en-Laye" title="Institut d'études politiques de Saint-Germain-en-Laye">Saint-Germain-en-Laye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_d%27%C3%A9tudes_politiques_de_Strasbourg" title="Institut d'études politiques de Strasbourg">Strasbourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_d%27%C3%A9tudes_politiques_de_Toulouse" title="Institut d'études politiques de Toulouse">Toulouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris-East_Cr%C3%A9teil_University" title="Paris-East Créteil University">Fontainebleau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_d%27ing%C3%A9nieurs_de_Saint-%C3%89tienne" title="École nationale d'ingénieurs de Saint-Étienne">École nationale d'ingénieurs de Saint-Etienne (ENISE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ENSAIT" title="ENSAIT">ENSAIT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_des_travaux_publics_de_l%27%C3%89tat" title="École nationale des travaux publics de l'État">ENTPE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supm%C3%A9ca" title="Supméca">Supméca</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Groups_of_universities_and_institutions_(France)" title="Groups of universities and institutions (France)">University systems (groups)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Burgundy_-_Franche-Comt%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Burgundy - Franche-Comté">University of Burgundy - Franche-Comté</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Lyon" title="University of Lyon">University of Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normandy_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Normandy University">Normandy University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Paris-Est" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Paris-Est">Paris-Est Sup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorbonne_Paris_Cit%C3%A9_University_(group)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sorbonne Paris Cité University (group)">Sorbonne Paris Cité Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_University_of_Toulouse_Midi-Pyr%C3%A9n%C3%A9es" title="Federal University of Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées">Federal University of Toulouse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Universities_in_France" title="Category:Universities in France">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_and_colleges_in_France" title="List of universities and colleges in France">List</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Public_universities_and_higher_education_institutes_in_France" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Public_universities_and_higher_education_institutes_in_France" title="Template:Public universities and higher education institutes in France"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Public_universities_and_higher_education_institutes_in_France" title="Template talk:Public universities and higher education institutes in France"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Public_universities_and_higher_education_institutes_in_France" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Public universities and higher education institutes in France"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Public_universities_and_higher_education_institutes_in_France" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Public universities and higher education institutes in France</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Public universities in France,<br /> by academy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/List_of_public_universities_in_France#Academy_of_Aix_and_Marseille" class="mw-redirect" title="List of public universities in France">Aix-Marseille</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Aix-Marseille_University" title="Aix-Marseille University">Aix-Marseille</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/University_of_Avignon" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Avignon">Avignon</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/List_of_public_universities_in_France#Academy_of_Amiens" class="mw-redirect" title="List of public universities in France">Amiens</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/University_of_Picardie_Jules_Verne" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Picardie Jules Verne">Verne</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/List_of_public_universities_in_France#Academy_of_Besançon" class="mw-redirect" title="List of public universities in France">Besançon</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/University_of_Franche-Comt%C3%A9" title="University of Franche-Comté">Franche-Comté</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/List_of_public_universities_in_France#Academy_of_Bordeaux" class="mw-redirect" title="List of public universities in France">Bordeaux</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/University_of_Bordeaux_1" title="University of Bordeaux 1">Bordeaux 1</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bordeaux_Segalen_University" title="Bordeaux Segalen University">Segalen</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/University_Bordeaux_Montaigne" class="mw-redirect" title="University Bordeaux Montaigne">Montaigne</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Montesquieu_University_-_Bordeaux_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Montesquieu University - Bordeaux IV">Montesquieu</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/University_of_Pau_and_Pays_de_l%27Adour" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Pau and Pays de l'Adour">Pau/Adour</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/List_of_public_universities_in_France#Academy_of_Caen" class="mw-redirect" title="List of public universities in France">Caen</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/University_of_Caen_Lower_Normandy" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Caen Lower Normandy">Caen</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/List_of_public_universities_in_France#Academy_of_Clermont-Ferrand" class="mw-redirect" title="List of public universities in France">Clermont-Ferrand</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/University_of_Auvergne" title="University of Auvergne">Auvergne</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Blaise_Pascal_University" title="Blaise Pascal University">Pascal</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/List_of_public_universities_in_France#Academy_of_Corsica" class="mw-redirect" title="List of public universities in France">Corsica</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/University_of_Corsica_Pascal_Paoli" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Corsica Pascal Paoli">Paoli</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/List_of_public_universities_in_France#Academy_of_Créteil" class="mw-redirect" title="List of public universities in France">Créteil</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paris_8_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris 8 University">Paris 8</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paris_12_Val_de_Marne_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris 12 Val de Marne University">Paris 12</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paris_13_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris 13 University">Paris 13</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/University_of_Marne_la_Vall%C3%A9e" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Marne la Vallée">Marne la Vallée</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/List_of_public_universities_in_France#Academy_of_Dijon" class="mw-redirect" title="List of public universities in France">Dijon</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/University_of_Burgundy" title="University of Burgundy">Burgundy</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/List_of_public_universities_in_France#Academy_of_French_Guiana" class="mw-redirect" title="List of public universities in France">French Guiana</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/University_of_the_French_West_Indies_and_Guiana" class="mw-redirect" title="University of the French West Indies and Guiana">French West Indies/Guiana</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/List_of_public_universities_in_France#Academy_of_French_Polynesia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of public universities in France">French Polynesia</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/University_of_French_Polynesia" title="University of French Polynesia">French Polynesia</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/List_of_public_universities_in_France#Academy_of_Grenoble" class="mw-redirect" title="List of public universities in France">Grenoble</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Grenoble_Alpes_University" title="Grenoble Alpes University">Grenoble Alpes</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_Savoie_Mont_Blanc" title="Université Savoie Mont Blanc">Savoie Mont Blanc</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/List_of_public_universities_in_France#Academy_of_Lille" class="mw-redirect" title="List of public universities in France">Lille</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/University_of_Lille" title="University of Lille">Lille</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Artois_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Artois University">Artois</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Littoral_Opal_Coast" title="University of the Littoral Opal Coast">Littoral</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/University_of_Valenciennes_and_Hainaut-Cambresis" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Valenciennes and Hainaut-Cambresis">Valenciennes/Hainault-Cambrésis</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/List_of_public_universities_in_France#Academy_of_Limoges" class="mw-redirect" title="List of public universities in France">Limoges</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/University_of_Limoges" title="University of Limoges">Limoges</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/List_of_public_universities_in_France#Academy_of_Lyon" class="mw-redirect" title="List of public universities in France">Lyon</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Claude_Bernard_University_Lyon_1" title="Claude Bernard University Lyon 1">Bernard</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lumi%C3%A8re_University_Lyon_2" title="Lumière University Lyon 2">Lumière</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jean_Moulin_University_Lyon_3" title="Jean Moulin University Lyon 3">Moulin</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jean_Monnet_University" title="Jean Monnet University">Monnet</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/List_of_public_universities_in_France#Academy_of_Montpellier" class="mw-redirect" title="List of public universities in France">Montpellier</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/University_of_Montpellier_1" title="University of Montpellier 1">Montpellier 1</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Montpellier_2_University" title="Montpellier 2 University">Montpellier 2</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paul_Val%C3%A9ry_University,_Montpellier_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul Valéry University, Montpellier III">Valéry</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/University_of_N%C3%AEmes" title="University of Nîmes">Unîmes</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/University_of_Perpignan_Via_Domitia" title="University of Perpignan Via Domitia">Perpignan</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/List_of_public_universities_in_France#Academy_of_Nancy_and_Metz" class="mw-redirect" title="List of public universities in France">Nancy/Metz</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paul_Verlaine_University_-_Metz" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul Verlaine University - Metz">Verlaine</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Henri_Poincar%C3%A9_University" title="Henri Poincaré University">Poincaré</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nancy_2_University" title="Nancy 2 University">Nancy 2</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/List_of_public_universities_in_France#Academy_of_Nantes" class="mw-redirect" title="List of public universities in France">Nantes</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/University_of_Angers" title="University of Angers">Angers</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/University_of_Maine_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Maine (France)">Maine</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/University_of_Nantes" title="University of Nantes">Nantes</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/List_of_public_universities_in_France#Academy_of_Nice" class="mw-redirect" title="List of public universities in France">Nice</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/University_of_Nice_Sophia_Antipolis" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Nice Sophia Antipolis">Nice</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/University_of_the_South,_Toulon-Var" class="mw-redirect" title="University of the South, Toulon-Var">South</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/List_of_public_universities_in_France#Academy_of_Orleans_and_Tours" class="mw-redirect" title="List of public universities in France">Orleans/Tours</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/University_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="University of Orléans">Orléans</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Rabelais_University" class="mw-redirect" title="François Rabelais University">Rabelais</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/List_of_public_universities_in_France#Academy_of_New_Caledonia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of public universities in France">New Caledonia</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/University_of_New_Caledonia" title="University of New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/List_of_public_universities_in_France#Academy_of_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="List of public universities in France">Paris</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/University_of_Paris_1_Pantheon-Sorbonne" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Paris 1 Pantheon-Sorbonne">Panthéon-Sorbonne</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Panth%C3%A9on-Assas_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Panthéon-Assas University">Panthéon-Assas</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/University_of_Paris_III:_Sorbonne_Nouvelle" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Paris III: Sorbonne Nouvelle">New Sorbonne</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sorbonne_University" title="Sorbonne University">Sorbonne</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paris_Descartes_University" title="Paris Descartes University">Descartes</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paris_Diderot_University" title="Paris Diderot University">Diderot</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/List_of_public_universities_in_France#Academy_of_Poitiers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of public universities in France">Poitiers</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/University_of_Poitiers" title="University of Poitiers">Poitiers</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/University_of_La_Rochelle" class="mw-redirect" title="University of La Rochelle">La Rochelle</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/List_of_public_universities_in_France#Academy_of_Reims" class="mw-redirect" title="List of public universities in France">Reims</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/University_of_Reims_Champagne-Ardenne" title="University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne">Reims</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/List_of_public_universities_in_France#Academy_of_Rennes" class="mw-redirect" title="List of public universities in France">Rennes</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/University_of_Western_Brittany" title="University of Western Brittany">Western Brittany</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/University_of_Southern_Brittany" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Southern Brittany">Southern Brittany</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/University_of_Rennes_1" title="University of Rennes 1">Rennes 1</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/University_of_Rennes_2_-_Upper_Brittany" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Rennes 2 - Upper Brittany">Upper Brittany</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/List_of_public_universities_in_France#Academy_of_Réunion" class="mw-redirect" title="List of public universities in France">Réunion</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/University_of_La_R%C3%A9union" class="mw-redirect" title="University of La Réunion">Réunion</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/List_of_public_universities_in_France#Academy_of_Rouen" class="mw-redirect" title="List of public universities in France">Rouen</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/University_of_Le_Havre" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Le Havre">Le Havre</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/University_of_Rouen" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Rouen">Rouen</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/List_of_public_universities_in_France_by_academy#Academy_of_Strasbourg" class="mw-redirect" title="List of public universities in France by academy">Strasbourg</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/University_of_Strasbourg" title="University of Strasbourg">Strasbourg</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Upper_Alsace_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper Alsace University">Upper Alsace</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/List_of_public_universities_in_France#Academy_of_Toulouse" class="mw-redirect" title="List of public universities in France">Toulouse</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Toulouse_1_University_Social_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Toulouse 1 University Social Sciences">Toulouse 1</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/University_of_Toulouse_II_-_Le_Mirail" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Toulouse II - Le Mirail">Le Mirail</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paul_Sabatier_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul Sabatier University">Sabatier</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Champollion_University_Center_for_Teaching_and_Research" title="Jean-François Champollion University Center for Teaching and Research">Champollion</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/List_of_public_universities_in_France#Academy_of_Versailles" class="mw-redirect" title="List of public universities in France">Versailles</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cergy-Pontoise_University" title="Cergy-Pontoise University">Cergy-Pontoise</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Versailles_Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines University">Versailles</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/University_of_%C3%89vry_Val_d%27Essonne" title="University of Évry Val d'Essonne">Évry</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paris_X_University_Nanterre" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris X University Nanterre">Nanterre</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paris-Sud_11_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris-Sud 11 University">Paris-Sud</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Autonomous public higher<br /> education institutes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_centrale_de_Lille" class="mw-redirect" title="École centrale de Lille">École centrale de Lille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_centrale_de_Lyon" title="École centrale de Lyon">Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_centrale_de_Nantes" title="École centrale de Nantes">Nantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_centrale_de_Marseille" class="mw-redirect" title="École centrale de Marseille">Marseille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ENSAIT" title="ENSAIT">École nationale supérieure des arts et industries textiles</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Institut_national_des_sciences_appliqu%C3%A9es" title="Institut national des sciences appliquées">Institut national des sciences appliquées</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_national_des_sciences_appliqu%C3%A9es_de_Lyon" title="Institut national des sciences appliquées de Lyon">de Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_National_des_Sciences_Appliqu%C3%A9es_de_Rennes" class="mw-redirect" title="Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Rennes">Rennes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_National_des_Sciences_Appliqu%C3%A9es_de_Toulouse" class="mw-redirect" title="Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Toulouse">Toulouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_National_des_Sciences_Appliqu%C3%A9es_de_Rouen" class="mw-redirect" title="Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Rouen">Rouen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_national_des_sciences_appliqu%C3%A9es_de_Strasbourg" class="mw-redirect" title="Institut national des sciences appliquées de Strasbourg">Strasbourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supmeca" class="mw-redirect" title="Supmeca">Institut supérieur de mécanique de Paris</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Universités de technologie</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_de_technologie_de_Compi%C3%A8gne" class="mw-redirect" title="Université de technologie de Compiègne">Compiègne</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_de_technologie_de_Belfort-Montb%C3%A9liard" title="Université de technologie de Belfort-Montbéliard">Belfort-Montbéliard</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/University_of_Technology_of_Troyes" title="University of Technology of Troyes">Troyes</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Normale_Sup%C3%A9rieure" class="mw-redirect" title="École Normale Supérieure">Écoles normales supérieures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_normale_sup%C3%A9rieure_(rue_d%27Ulm)" class="mw-redirect" title="École normale supérieure (rue d'Ulm)">Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Normale_Sup%C3%A9rieure_de_Cachan" class="mw-redirect" title="École Normale Supérieure de Cachan">Cachan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Normale_Sup%C3%A9rieure_de_Lyon" class="mw-redirect" title="École Normale Supérieure de Lyon">Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Normale_Sup%C3%A9rieure_Lettres_et_Sciences_Humaines" class="mw-redirect" title="École Normale Supérieure Lettres et Sciences Humaines">École Normale Supérieure Lettres et Sciences Humaines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Écoles françaises à l'étranger</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Casa_de_Vel%C3%A1zquez" title="Casa de Velázquez">Casa de Velázquez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_fran%C3%A7aise_d%27Ath%C3%A8nes" class="mw-redirect" title="École française d'Athènes">École française d'archéologie d'Athènes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_fran%C3%A7aise_d%27Extr%C3%AAme-Orient" class="mw-redirect" title="École française d'Extrême-Orient">École française d'Extrême-Orient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_fran%C3%A7aise_de_Rome" title="École française de Rome">École française de Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_Fran%C3%A7ais_d%27Arch%C3%A9ologie_Orientale" title="Institut Français d'Archéologie Orientale">Institut Français d'Archéologie Orientale</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Grand_%C3%A9tablissement" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand établissement">Grands établissements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coll%C3%A8ge_de_France" title="Collège de France">Collège de France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatoire_national_des_arts_et_m%C3%A9tiers" title="Conservatoire national des arts et métiers">Conservatoire national des arts et métiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_centrale_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="École centrale Paris">École centrale Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_des_hautes_%C3%A9tudes_en_sciences_sociales" class="mw-redirect" title="École des hautes études en sciences sociales">École des hautes études en sciences sociales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Nationale_des_Chartes" title="École Nationale des Chartes">École Nationale des Chartes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arts_et_M%C3%A9tiers_ParisTech" title="Arts et Métiers ParisTech">Arts et Métiers ParisTech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_sup%C3%A9rieure_des_sciences_de_l%27information_et_des_biblioth%C3%A8ques" class="mw-redirect" title="École nationale supérieure des sciences de l'information et des bibliothèques">École nationale supérieure des sciences de l'information et des bibliothèques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_pratique_des_hautes_%C3%A9tudes" title="École pratique des hautes études">École pratique des hautes études</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sciences_Po" title="Sciences Po">Sciences Po</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_de_Physique_du_Globe_de_Paris" title="Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris">Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_national_d%27histoire_de_l%27art" class="mw-redirect" title="Institut national d'histoire de l'art">Institut national d'histoire de l'art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_national_des_langues_et_civilisations_orientales" title="Institut national des langues et civilisations orientales">Institut national des langues et civilisations orientales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_polytechnique_de_Grenoble" class="mw-redirect" title="Institut polytechnique de Grenoble">Institut polytechnique de Grenoble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9um_national_d%27histoire_naturelle" class="mw-redirect" title="Muséum national d'histoire naturelle">Muséum national d'histoire naturelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Observatoire_de_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Observatoire de Paris">Observatoire de Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palais_de_la_D%C3%A9couverte" title="Palais de la Découverte">Palais de la Découverte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_Paris-Dauphine" class="mw-redirect" title="Université Paris-Dauphine">Université Paris-Dauphine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a 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