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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Judicial_philosophy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judicial_philosophy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Judicial philosophy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judicial_philosophy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Works_centering_on_the_Vinson_Court" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_centering_on_the_Vinson_Court"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Works centering on the Vinson Court</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_centering_on_the_Vinson_Court-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works_centering_on_Vinson_Court_justices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_centering_on_Vinson_Court_justices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Works centering on Vinson Court justices</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_centering_on_Vinson_Court_justices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_relevant_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_relevant_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Other relevant works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_relevant_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" 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.navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Supreme Court of the United States</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">Vinson Court</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div style="float: left;"><a href="/wiki/Stone_Court_(judges)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stone Court (judges)">Stone Court</a> ←</div> <div style="float: right;">→ <a href="/wiki/Warren_Court" title="Warren Court">Warren Court</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Frederick_Vinson_portrait.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Frederick_Vinson_portrait.png/170px-Frederick_Vinson_portrait.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0a/Frederick_Vinson_portrait.png 1.5x" data-file-width="184" data-file-height="239" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States" title="Chief Justice of the United States">Chief Justice</a> <a href="/wiki/Fred_Vinson" class="mw-redirect" title="Fred Vinson">Fred Vinson</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><b>June 24, 1946 – September 8, 1953</b><br />(7 years, 76 days)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Seat_of_government" title="Seat of government">Seat</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court_Building" title="United States Supreme Court Building">Supreme Court Building</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> of <a href="/wiki/List_of_justices_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States_by_seat" title="List of justices of the Supreme Court of the United States by seat">positions</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_Act_of_1869" title="Judiciary Act of 1869">9</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Vinson_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Vinson Court">Vinson Court decisions</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/70px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/105px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/140px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="720" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Vinson Court</b> refers to the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a> from 1946 to 1953, when <a href="/wiki/Fred_M._Vinson" title="Fred M. Vinson">Fred M. Vinson</a> served as <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States" title="Chief Justice of the United States">Chief Justice of the United States</a>. Vinson succeeded <a href="/wiki/Harlan_F._Stone" title="Harlan F. Stone">Harlan F. Stone</a> as Chief Justice after the latter's death, and Vinson served as Chief Justice until his death, at which point <a href="/wiki/Earl_Warren" title="Earl Warren">Earl Warren</a> was nominated and confirmed to succeed Vinson. </p><p>The court presided over the country during the start of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a>. The court's decisions reflected the continuing ideological battle between the <a href="/wiki/Judicial_restraint" title="Judicial restraint">judicial restraint</a> of Justice <a href="/wiki/Felix_Frankfurter" title="Felix Frankfurter">Felix Frankfurter</a> and the civil rights activism of Justices <a href="/wiki/William_O._Douglas" title="William O. Douglas">William O. Douglas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Black" title="Hugo Black">Hugo Black</a>. Frankfurter's more conservative views prevailed during Vinson's tenure, but many of the dissents written during the Vinson Court would lay the groundwork for the major rulings during the succeeding <a href="/wiki/Warren_Court" title="Warren Court">Warren Court</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Membership">Membership</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vinson_Court&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Membership"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Justices_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States">List of Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States</a></div> <p>The Vinson Court began in 1946, when U.S. Secretary of the Treasury <a href="/wiki/Fred_M._Vinson" title="Fred M. Vinson">Fred M. Vinson</a> was confirmed to replace <a href="/wiki/Harlan_F._Stone" title="Harlan F. Stone">Harlan F. Stone</a> as Chief Justice. Vinson was appointed by President <a href="/wiki/Harry_Truman" class="mw-redirect" title="Harry Truman">Harry Truman</a>, who had also appointed <a href="/wiki/Harold_Hitz_Burton" class="mw-redirect" title="Harold Hitz Burton">Harold Hitz Burton</a> to the court in 1945. </p><p>At the beginning of the Vinson Court, the court consisted of Vinson, Burton, and seven of <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a>'s appointees: <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Black" title="Hugo Black">Hugo Black</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Forman_Reed" title="Stanley Forman Reed">Stanley Forman Reed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Felix_Frankfurter" title="Felix Frankfurter">Felix Frankfurter</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_O._Douglas" title="William O. Douglas">William O. Douglas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frank_Murphy" title="Frank Murphy">Frank Murphy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Jackson" title="Robert H. Jackson">Robert H. Jackson</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wiley_Rutledge" title="Wiley Rutledge">Wiley Rutledge</a>. Rutledge and Murphy died in 1949, prompting Truman to appoint <a href="/wiki/Tom_C._Clark" title="Tom C. Clark">Tom C. Clark</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sherman_Minton" title="Sherman Minton">Sherman Minton</a> to the bench. Vinson died in September, 1953. President <a href="/wiki/Dwight_Eisenhower" class="mw-redirect" title="Dwight Eisenhower">Dwight Eisenhower</a> appointed <a href="/wiki/Earl_Warren" title="Earl Warren">Earl Warren</a> as Vinson's successor by means of a <a href="/wiki/Recess_appointment" title="Recess appointment">recess appointment</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Timeline">Timeline</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vinson_Court&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Timeline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r996643573">.mw-parser-output .block-indent{padding-left:3em;padding-right:0;overflow:hidden}</style><div class="block-indent"> <div class="timeline-wrapper"><map name="timeline_9koxtu6kh5lien9ev04cud6s6nf6fs5"></map><img usemap="#timeline_9koxtu6kh5lien9ev04cud6s6nf6fs5" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/timeline/9koxtu6kh5lien9ev04cud6s6nf6fs5.png" /></div> <b>Bar key</b>:  <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ddd06a; color:black;"> </span> F.Roosevelt appointee</span>   <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#50c878; color:black;"> </span> Truman appointee</span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_branches">Other branches</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vinson_Court&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Other branches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Presidents during this court included <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a>. Congresses during this court included <a href="/wiki/79th_United_States_Congress" title="79th United States Congress">79th</a> through the <a href="/wiki/83rd_United_States_Congress" title="83rd United States Congress">83rd</a> United States Congresses. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rulings_of_the_Court">Rulings of the Court</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vinson_Court&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Rulings of the Court"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Vinson_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Vinson Court">List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Vinson Court</a></div> <p>The short tenure of the Vinson Court gave it relatively little time to render major rulings, but decisions of the court include:<sup id="cite_ref-belknap_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-belknap-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Everson_v._Board_of_Education" title="Everson v. Board of Education">Everson v. Board of Education</a></i> (1947): In a 5–4 decision written by Justice Black, the court upheld a New Jersey law that provided for transportation reimbursement for children attending private schools. The court unanimously <a href="/wiki/Incorporation_of_the_Bill_of_Rights" title="Incorporation of the Bill of Rights">incorporated</a> the <a href="/wiki/Establishment_Clause" title="Establishment Clause">Establishment Clause</a> via <a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">the Fourteenth Amendment</a>, but the majority held that the New Jersey law did not violate the Establishment Clause because the reimbursements were provided to all parents regardless of religion.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shelley_v._Kraemer" title="Shelley v. Kraemer">Shelley v. Kraemer</a></i> (1948): In a 6–0 decision written by Chief Justice Vinson, the court struck down a racially <a href="/wiki/Covenant_(law)" title="Covenant (law)">restrictive covenant</a> which had prevented <a href="/wiki/Person_of_color" title="Person of color">people of color</a> from purchasing a house in <a href="/wiki/St._Louis,_Missouri" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Louis, Missouri">St. Louis, Missouri</a>. The court held that such covenants cannot be enforced by courts of law since doing so would violate the <a href="/wiki/Equal_Protection_Clause" title="Equal Protection Clause">Equal Protection Clause</a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/McCollum_v._Board_of_Education" title="McCollum v. Board of Education">McCollum v. Board of Education</a></i> (1948): In an 8–1 decision written by Justice Black, the court struck down an Illinois program that used public school classrooms to teach voluntary religion classes during school hours. The court held that the classes violated the Establishment Clause.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Paramount_Pictures,_Inc." title="United States v. Paramount Pictures, Inc.">United States v. Paramount Pictures, Inc.</a></i> (1948): In a 7–1 opinion written by Justice Douglas, the court forced the <a href="/wiki/Big_Eight_(film_studios)" class="mw-redirect" title="Big Eight (film studios)">Big Eight</a> <a href="/wiki/Film_studio" title="Film studio">film studios</a> to sell their movie theaters in order to comply with the <a href="/wiki/Sherman_Antitrust_Act" title="Sherman Antitrust Act">Sherman Antitrust Act</a>. The decision curtailed the <a href="/wiki/Vertical_integration" title="Vertical integration">vertical integration</a> of the film studios, as well as the practice of <a href="/wiki/Block_booking" title="Block booking">block booking</a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dennis_v._United_States" title="Dennis v. United States">Dennis v. United States</a></i> (1951): In a plurality decision written by Justice Vinson, the court upheld the <a href="/wiki/Smith_Act_trials_of_Communist_Party_leaders" title="Smith Act trials of Communist Party leaders">conviction</a> of <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Dennis" title="Eugene Dennis">Eugene Dennis</a>, a Communist Party leader, under the <a href="/wiki/Smith_Act" title="Smith Act">Smith Act</a>. The court held that the <a href="/wiki/First_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="First Amendment to the United States Constitution">First Amendment</a> does not protect activities that seek to overthrow the United States government. <i><a href="/wiki/Brandenburg_v._Ohio" title="Brandenburg v. Ohio">Brandenburg v. Ohio</a></i> (1969) largely overruled this holding.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Burstyn,_Inc._v._Wilson" title="Joseph Burstyn, Inc. v. Wilson">Joseph Burstyn, Inc. v. Wilson</a></i> (1952): In a 9–0 decision written by Justice Clark, the court ruled that motion pictures qualify as <a href="/wiki/Art" title="Art">art</a> and thus receive some protections from the First Amendment in the face of government <a href="/wiki/Film_censorship_in_the_United_States" title="Film censorship in the United States">censorship</a>. The decision overturned <i><a href="/wiki/Mutual_Film_Corp._v._Industrial_Commission_of_Ohio" title="Mutual Film Corp. v. Industrial Commission of Ohio">Mutual Film Corp. v. Industrial Commission of Ohio</a></i> (1915). Later cases expanded on <i>Burstyn</i> to the point that the government can only censor films for <a href="/wiki/Obscenity" title="Obscenity">obscenity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-wkell_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wkell-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Youngstown_Sheet_%26_Tube_Co._v._Sawyer" title="Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer">Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer</a></i> (1952): In a 6–3 decision written by Justice Black and in which five justices wrote concurrences, the court ordered President Truman to return control of several steel mills to their owners. Truman had taken control of the mills after the <a href="/wiki/1952_steel_strike" title="1952 steel strike">1952 steel strike</a>, which presented a threat to the American effort in the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a>. The large number of concurrences made the precedential value of the ruling unclear, but the ruling nonetheless checked the <a href="/wiki/Powers_of_the_President_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Powers of the President of the United States">executive power</a> of the president. Justice Jackson's <a href="/wiki/Concurring_opinion" title="Concurring opinion">concurring opinion</a> laid out three categories of executive power and made a lasting impact in the understanding of <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Separation of powers under the United States Constitution">separation of powers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-jackson_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jackson-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Reynolds" title="United States v. Reynolds">United States v. Reynolds</a></i> (1953): In a 6–3 decision written by Chief Justice Vinson, the court recognized the <a href="/wiki/State_secrets_privilege" title="State secrets privilege">state secrets privilege</a>. The decision allowed the government to avoid releasing papers related to the <a href="/wiki/1948_Waycross_B-29_crash" class="mw-redirect" title="1948 Waycross B-29 crash">1948 Waycross B-29 crash</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Judicial_philosophy">Judicial philosophy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vinson_Court&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Judicial philosophy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Vinson took office at a time when the court was divided into two camps: a progressive camp led by Justices Black and Douglas, and a more moderate-conservative camp led by Justices Jackson and Frankfurter.<sup id="cite_ref-belknap2_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-belknap2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> President Roosevelt had appointed justices who would uphold the more expansive economic regulations of the <a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a> (thus ending the <a href="/wiki/Lochner_era" title="Lochner era">Lochner era</a>), but the same Roosevelt appointees often split on civil liberties cases.<sup id="cite_ref-belknap3_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-belknap3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Truman appointees, who had executive or legislative branch experience and were reluctant to strike down government powers at the dawn of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, largely took the side of Jackson and Frankfurter.<sup id="cite_ref-belknap2_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-belknap2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Justices Rutledge and Murphy were part of the more liberal bloc prior to their death, while Burton and Reed tended to side with Frankfurter and Jackson.<sup id="cite_ref-gal_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gal-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The court thus took a more conservative position than the Stone Court (particularly after 1949),<sup id="cite_ref-gal_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gal-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which often struck down laws for conflicting with civil liberties.<sup id="cite_ref-belknap3_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-belknap3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the views of Black and Douglas generally won out in the succeeding <a href="/wiki/Warren_Court" title="Warren Court">Warren Court</a>, and their dissents in Vinson Court cases such as <i>Dennis</i> helped lay the foundation for many of the Warren Court holdings.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On his death, <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> credited Vinson for soothing the tensions between the two blocs of justices,<sup id="cite_ref-nyt_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but legal historian Michal Belknap argues that Vinson was largely unsuccessful in this endeavor.<sup id="cite_ref-belknap2_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-belknap2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vinson_Court&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248256098">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{width:100%!important}}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{display:table}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-default{background:transparent;margin-top:4px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-none{float:none}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-collapsible{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div{display:table-cell;padding:0 4px 4px;text-align:center;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main>div{display:table-cell}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallery{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div{display:table-cell;padding:4px;text-align:right;font-size:85%;line-height:1em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div *,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div *{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallerybox img{background:none!important}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img{border:solid var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0)1px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb{background:var(--background-color-base,#fff)!important}</style><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 200.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 198.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vinson_Court_(1946-1949).png" class="mw-file-description" title="Vinson Court (June 24, 1946 - July 19, 1949)"><img alt="Vinson Court (June 24, 1946 - July 19, 1949)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Vinson_Court_%281946-1949%29.png/298px-Vinson_Court_%281946-1949%29.png" decoding="async" width="199" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Vinson_Court_%281946-1949%29.png/447px-Vinson_Court_%281946-1949%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Vinson_Court_%281946-1949%29.png/596px-Vinson_Court_%281946-1949%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1026" data-file-height="696" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Vinson Court<br />(June 24, 1946 - July 19, 1949)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 216.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 214.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vinson_Court_(1949-1953).png" class="mw-file-description" title="Vinson Court (October 12, 1949 - September 8, 1953)"><img alt="Vinson Court (October 12, 1949 - September 8, 1953)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Vinson_Court_%281949-1953%29.png/322px-Vinson_Court_%281949-1953%29.png" decoding="async" width="215" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Vinson_Court_%281949-1953%29.png/483px-Vinson_Court_%281949-1953%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Vinson_Court_%281949-1953%29.png/645px-Vinson_Court_%281949-1953%29.png 2x" data-file-width="944" data-file-height="592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Vinson Court<br />(October 12, 1949 - September 8, 1953)</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vinson_Court&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-belknap-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-belknap_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBelknap2004" class="citation book cs1">Belknap, Michal (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oeFRJj8dVAUC&q=vinson+court"><i>The Vinson Court: Justices, Rulings, and Legacy</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. pp. 89–91. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781576072011" title="Special:BookSources/9781576072011"><bdi>9781576072011</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Vinson+Court%3A+Justices%2C+Rulings%2C+and+Legacy&rft.pages=89-91&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9781576072011&rft.aulast=Belknap&rft.aufirst=Michal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoeFRJj8dVAUC%26q%3Dvinson%2Bcourt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVinson+Court" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wkell-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wkell_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWittern-Keller2008" class="citation book cs1">Wittern-Keller, Laura (11 January 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dvzHIRpfY1UC&q=burstyn+freedman"><i>Freedom of the Screen: Legal Challenges to State Film Censorship, 1915-1981</i></a>. University Press of Kentucky. p. 276. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0813172644" title="Special:BookSources/978-0813172644"><bdi>978-0813172644</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Freedom+of+the+Screen%3A+Legal+Challenges+to+State+Film+Censorship%2C+1915-1981&rft.pages=276&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kentucky&rft.date=2008-01-11&rft.isbn=978-0813172644&rft.aulast=Wittern-Keller&rft.aufirst=Laura&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdvzHIRpfY1UC%26q%3Dburstyn%2Bfreedman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVinson+Court" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jackson-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jackson_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiptak2006" class="citation news cs1">Liptak, Adam (10 January 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2006/01/10/politics/politicsspecial1/10legal.html">"Focus of Hearings Quickly Turns to Limits of Presidential Power"</a>. <i>New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Focus+of+Hearings+Quickly+Turns+to+Limits+of+Presidential+Power&rft.date=2006-01-10&rft.aulast=Liptak&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2006%2F01%2F10%2Fpolitics%2Fpoliticsspecial1%2F10legal.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVinson+Court" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-belknap2-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-belknap2_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-belknap2_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-belknap2_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Belknap, 162-163</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-belknap3-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-belknap3_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-belknap3_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Belknap, 3-4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gal-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gal_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gal_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGalloway1982" class="citation journal cs1">Galloway, Russell Jr. (1 January 1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitalcommons.law.scu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2036&context=lawreview">"The Vinson Court: Polarization (1946-1949) and Conservative Dominance (1949-1953)"</a>. <i>Santa Clara Law Review</i>. <b>22</b> (2): 377, 388<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Santa+Clara+Law+Review&rft.atitle=The+Vinson+Court%3A+Polarization+%281946-1949%29+and+Conservative+Dominance+%281949-1953%29&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=377%2C+388&rft.date=1982-01-01&rft.aulast=Galloway&rft.aufirst=Russell+Jr.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.law.scu.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D2036%26context%3Dlawreview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVinson+Court" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Belknap, 90, 165-167</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nyt-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nyt_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/0122.html">"Vinson Excelled In Federal Posts"</a>. <i>New York Times</i>. 9 September 1953<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Vinson+Excelled+In+Federal+Posts&rft.date=1953-09-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Flearning%2Fgeneral%2Fonthisday%2Fbday%2F0122.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVinson+Court" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vinson_Court&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_centering_on_the_Vinson_Court">Works centering on the Vinson Court</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vinson_Court&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Works centering on the Vinson Court"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBelknap2004" class="citation book cs1">Belknap, Michael R. (2004). <i>The Vinson Court: Justices, Rulings, and Legacy</i>. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781576072011" title="Special:BookSources/9781576072011"><bdi>9781576072011</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Vinson+Court%3A+Justices%2C+Rulings%2C+and+Legacy&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9781576072011&rft.aulast=Belknap&rft.aufirst=Michael+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVinson+Court" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalmer1990" class="citation book cs1">Palmer, Jan S. (1990). <i>The Vinson Court Era: The Supreme Court's Conference Votes: Data and Analysis</i>. AMS Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780404616090" title="Special:BookSources/9780404616090"><bdi>9780404616090</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Vinson+Court+Era%3A+The+Supreme+Court%27s+Conference+Votes%3A+Data+and+Analysis&rft.pub=AMS+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=9780404616090&rft.aulast=Palmer&rft.aufirst=Jan+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVinson+Court" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUrofsky1997" class="citation book cs1">Urofsky, Melvin I. (1997). <i>Division and Discord: The Supreme Court Under Stone and Vinson, 1941-1953</i>. University of South Carolina Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781570031205" title="Special:BookSources/9781570031205"><bdi>9781570031205</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Division+and+Discord%3A+The+Supreme+Court+Under+Stone+and+Vinson%2C+1941-1953&rft.pub=University+of+South+Carolina+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9781570031205&rft.aulast=Urofsky&rft.aufirst=Melvin+I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVinson+Court" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_centering_on_Vinson_Court_justices">Works centering on Vinson Court justices</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vinson_Court&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Works centering on Vinson Court justices"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFassett1994" class="citation book cs1">Fassett, John D. (1994). <i>New Deal Justice: the Life of Stanley Reed of Kentucky</i>. Vantage Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780533107070" title="Special:BookSources/9780533107070"><bdi>9780533107070</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Deal+Justice%3A+the+Life+of+Stanley+Reed+of+Kentucky&rft.pub=Vantage+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9780533107070&rft.aulast=Fassett&rft.aufirst=John+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVinson+Court" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeldman2010" class="citation book cs1">Feldman, Noah (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/scorpionsbattles00noah"><i>Scorpions: The Battles and Triumphs of FDR's Great Supreme Court Justices</i></a>. Grand Central Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780446580571" title="Special:BookSources/9780446580571"><bdi>9780446580571</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scorpions%3A+The+Battles+and+Triumphs+of+FDR%27s+Great+Supreme+Court+Justices&rft.pub=Grand+Central+Publishing&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780446580571&rft.aulast=Feldman&rft.aufirst=Noah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fscorpionsbattles00noah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVinson+Court" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerren2006" class="citation book cs1">Ferren, John M. (2006). <i>Salt of the Earth, Conscience of the Court: The Story of Justice Wiley Rutledge</i>. University of North Carolina Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780807876619" title="Special:BookSources/9780807876619"><bdi>9780807876619</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Salt+of+the+Earth%2C+Conscience+of+the+Court%3A+The+Story+of+Justice+Wiley+Rutledge&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780807876619&rft.aulast=Ferren&rft.aufirst=John+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVinson+Court" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGronlund2010" class="citation book cs1">Gronlund, Mimi Clark (2010). <i>Supreme Court Justice Tom C. Clark: A Life of Service</i>. University of Texas Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0292719910" title="Special:BookSources/978-0292719910"><bdi>978-0292719910</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Supreme+Court+Justice+Tom+C.+Clark%3A+A+Life+of+Service&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0292719910&rft.aulast=Gronlund&rft.aufirst=Mimi+Clark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVinson+Court" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGugin1997" class="citation book cs1">Gugin, Linda C. (1997). <i>Sherman Minton: New Deal Senator, Cold War Justice</i>. Indiana Historical Society. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780871951168" title="Special:BookSources/9780871951168"><bdi>9780871951168</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sherman+Minton%3A+New+Deal+Senator%2C+Cold+War+Justice&rft.pub=Indiana+Historical+Society&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9780871951168&rft.aulast=Gugin&rft.aufirst=Linda+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVinson+Court" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoward2015" class="citation book cs1">Howard, J. Woodford (2015) [1968]. <i>Mr. Justice Murphy: A Political Biography</i>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781400875641" title="Special:BookSources/9781400875641"><bdi>9781400875641</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mr.+Justice+Murphy%3A+A+Political+Biography&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781400875641&rft.aulast=Howard&rft.aufirst=J.+Woodford&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVinson+Court" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurphy2003" class="citation book cs1">Murphy, Bruce Allen (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/wildbilllegendan00murp"><i>Wild Bill: The Legend and Life of William O. Douglas</i></a>. Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780394576282" title="Special:BookSources/9780394576282"><bdi>9780394576282</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wild+Bill%3A+The+Legend+and+Life+of+William+O.+Douglas&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780394576282&rft.aulast=Murphy&rft.aufirst=Bruce+Allen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwildbilllegendan00murp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVinson+Court" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewman1994" class="citation book cs1">Newman, Roger K. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hugoblackbiograp00newm"><i>Hugo Black: A Biography</i></a>. Pantheon. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0679431800" title="Special:BookSources/978-0679431800"><bdi>978-0679431800</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hugo+Black%3A+A+Biography&rft.pub=Pantheon&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0679431800&rft.aulast=Newman&rft.aufirst=Roger+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhugoblackbiograp00newm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVinson+Court" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSt._ClairGugin2015" class="citation book cs1">St. Clair, James E.; Gugin, Linda C. (2015). <i>Chief Justice Fred M. Vinson of Kentucky: A Political Biography</i>. University Press of Kentucky. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780813158860" title="Special:BookSources/9780813158860"><bdi>9780813158860</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chief+Justice+Fred+M.+Vinson+of+Kentucky%3A+A+Political+Biography&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kentucky&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9780813158860&rft.aulast=St.+Clair&rft.aufirst=James+E.&rft.au=Gugin%2C+Linda+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVinson+Court" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUrofsky1991" class="citation book cs1">Urofsky, Melvin I. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/felixfrankfurter00urof"><i>Felix Frankfurter: Judicial Restraint and Individual Liberties</i></a>. Twayne. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780805777741" title="Special:BookSources/9780805777741"><bdi>9780805777741</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Felix+Frankfurter%3A+Judicial+Restraint+and+Individual+Liberties&rft.pub=Twayne&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=9780805777741&rft.aulast=Urofsky&rft.aufirst=Melvin+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffelixfrankfurter00urof&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVinson+Court" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_relevant_works">Other relevant works</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vinson_Court&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Other relevant works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbraham2008" class="citation book cs1">Abraham, Henry Julian (2008). <i>Justices, Presidents, and Senators: A History of the U.S. Supreme Court Appointments from Washington to Bush II</i>. Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780742558953" title="Special:BookSources/9780742558953"><bdi>9780742558953</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Justices%2C+Presidents%2C+and+Senators%3A+A+History+of+the+U.S.+Supreme+Court+Appointments+from+Washington+to+Bush+II&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780742558953&rft.aulast=Abraham&rft.aufirst=Henry+Julian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVinson+Court" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCushman2001" class="citation book cs1">Cushman, Clare (2001). <i>The Supreme Court Justices: Illustrated Biographies, 1789–1995</i> (2nd ed.). (Supreme Court Historical Society, <a href="/wiki/Congressional_Quarterly" title="Congressional Quarterly">Congressional Quarterly</a> Books). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56802-126-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-56802-126-7"><bdi>1-56802-126-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Supreme+Court+Justices%3A+Illustrated+Biographies%2C+1789%E2%80%931995&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=%28Supreme+Court+Historical+Society%2C+Congressional+Quarterly+Books%29&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=1-56802-126-7&rft.aulast=Cushman&rft.aufirst=Clare&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVinson+Court" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriedmanIsrael1995" class="citation book cs1">Friedman, Leon; Israel, Fred L., eds. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/justicesofunited0000unse"><i>The Justices of the United States Supreme Court: Their Lives and Major Opinions</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Chelsea_House" class="mw-redirect" title="Chelsea House">Chelsea House</a> Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7910-1377-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7910-1377-4"><bdi>0-7910-1377-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Justices+of+the+United+States+Supreme+Court%3A+Their+Lives+and+Major+Opinions&rft.pub=Chelsea+House+Publishers&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-7910-1377-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjusticesofunited0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVinson+Court" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHallElyGrossman2005" class="citation book cs1">Hall, Kermit L.; Ely, James W. Jr.; Grossman, Joel B., eds. (2005). <i>The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States</i> (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195176612" title="Special:BookSources/9780195176612"><bdi>9780195176612</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+the+Supreme+Court+of+the+United+States&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780195176612&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVinson+Court" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHallEly2009" class="citation book cs1">Hall, Kermit L.; Ely, James W. Jr., eds. (2009). <i>The Oxford Guide to United States Supreme Court Decisions</i> (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195379396" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195379396"><bdi>978-0195379396</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Guide+to+United+States+Supreme+Court+Decisions&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0195379396&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVinson+Court" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHall2001" class="citation book cs1">Hall, Timothy L. (2001). <i>Supreme Court Justices: A Biographical Dictionary</i>. Infobase Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781438108179" title="Special:BookSources/9781438108179"><bdi>9781438108179</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Supreme+Court+Justices%3A+A+Biographical+Dictionary&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9781438108179&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=Timothy+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVinson+Court" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHofferHofferHull2018" class="citation book cs1">Hoffer, Peter Charles; Hoffer, WilliamJames Hull; Hull, N. E. H. (2018). <i>The Supreme Court: An Essential History</i> (2nd ed.). University Press of Kansas. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-2681-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-2681-6"><bdi>978-0-7006-2681-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Supreme+Court%3A+An+Essential+History&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kansas&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-7006-2681-6&rft.aulast=Hoffer&rft.aufirst=Peter+Charles&rft.au=Hoffer%2C+WilliamJames+Hull&rft.au=Hull%2C+N.+E.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVinson+Court" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoward1999" class="citation book cs1">Howard, John R. (1999). <i>The Shifting Wind: The Supreme Court and Civil Rights from Reconstruction to Brown</i>. SUNY Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780791440896" title="Special:BookSources/9780791440896"><bdi>9780791440896</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Shifting+Wind%3A+The+Supreme+Court+and+Civil+Rights+from+Reconstruction+to+Brown&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780791440896&rft.aulast=Howard&rft.aufirst=John+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVinson+Court" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIrons2006" class="citation book cs1">Irons, Peter (2006). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/peopleshistoryof00iron_0"><i>A People's History of the Supreme Court: The Men and Women Whose Cases and Decisions Have Shaped Our Constitution</i></a></span> (Revised ed.). Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781101503133" title="Special:BookSources/9781101503133"><bdi>9781101503133</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+People%27s+History+of+the+Supreme+Court%3A+The+Men+and+Women+Whose+Cases+and+Decisions+Have+Shaped+Our+Constitution&rft.edition=Revised&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9781101503133&rft.aulast=Irons&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpeopleshistoryof00iron_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVinson+Court" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartinGoehlert,_Robert_U.1990" class="citation book cs1">Martin, Fenton S.; Goehlert, Robert U. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ussupremecourtbi0000mart"><i>The U.S. Supreme Court: A Bibliography</i></a>. Congressional Quarterly Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87187-554-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-87187-554-3"><bdi>0-87187-554-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+U.S.+Supreme+Court%3A+A+Bibliography&rft.pub=Congressional+Quarterly+Books&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-87187-554-3&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Fenton+S.&rft.au=Goehlert%2C+Robert+U.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fussupremecourtbi0000mart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVinson+Court" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatterson1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_T._Patterson_(historian)" title="James T. Patterson (historian)">Patterson, James</a> (1996). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/grandexpectation00patt"><i>Grand Expectations: The United States 1945–1974</i></a></span>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195117974" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195117974"><bdi>978-0195117974</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grand+Expectations%3A+The+United+States+1945%E2%80%931974&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0195117974&rft.aulast=Patterson&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgrandexpectation00patt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVinson+Court" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwarz1995" class="citation book cs1">Schwarz, Bernard (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofsupreme00schw_0"><i>A History of the Supreme Court</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195093872" title="Special:BookSources/9780195093872"><bdi>9780195093872</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Supreme+Court&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9780195093872&rft.aulast=Schwarz&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofsupreme00schw_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVinson+Court" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTomlins2005" class="citation book cs1">Tomlins, Christopher, ed. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/unitedstatessupr00toml"><i>The United States Supreme Court: The Pursuit of Justice</i></a>. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0618329694" title="Special:BookSources/978-0618329694"><bdi>978-0618329694</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+United+States+Supreme+Court%3A+The+Pursuit+of+Justice&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Harcourt&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0618329694&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Funitedstatessupr00toml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVinson+Court" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUrofsky1994" class="citation book cs1">Urofsky, Melvin I. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/supremecourtjust00melv"><i>The Supreme Court Justices: A Biographical Dictionary</i></a>. Garland Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8153-1176-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8153-1176-1"><bdi>0-8153-1176-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Supreme+Court+Justices%3A+A+Biographical+Dictionary&rft.pub=Garland+Publishing&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-8153-1176-1&rft.aulast=Urofsky&rft.aufirst=Melvin+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsupremecourtjust00melv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVinson+Court" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template:SCOTUS_Justices" title="Template:SCOTUS Justices"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:SCOTUS_Justices" title="Template talk:SCOTUS Justices"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:SCOTUS_Justices" title="Special:EditPage/Template:SCOTUS Justices"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Justices_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Justices of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd flatlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Chief_justices" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States" title="Chief Justice of the United States">Chief justices</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/John_Jay" title="John Jay">John Jay</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jay_Court" title="Jay Court">1789–1795</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Jay_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Jay Court">cases</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rutledge" title="John Rutledge">John Rutledge</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rutledge_Court" title="Rutledge Court">1795</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Rutledge_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Rutledge Court">cases</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Ellsworth" title="Oliver Ellsworth">Oliver Ellsworth</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ellsworth_Court" title="Ellsworth Court">1796–1800</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Ellsworth_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Ellsworth Court">cases</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Marshall" title="John Marshall">John Marshall</a> (<a href="/wiki/Marshall_Court" title="Marshall Court">1801–1835</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Marshall_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Marshall Court">cases</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_B._Taney" title="Roger B. Taney">Roger B. Taney</a> (<a href="/wiki/Taney_Court" title="Taney Court">1836–1864</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Taney_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Taney Court">cases</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_P._Chase" title="Salmon P. Chase">Salmon P. Chase</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chase_Court" title="Chase Court">1864–1873</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Chase_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Chase Court">cases</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morrison_Waite" title="Morrison Waite">Morrison Waite</a> (<a href="/wiki/Waite_Court" title="Waite Court">1874–1888</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Waite_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Waite Court">cases</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melville_Fuller" title="Melville Fuller">Melville Fuller</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fuller_Court" title="Fuller Court">1888–1910</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Fuller_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Fuller Court">cases</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Douglass_White" title="Edward Douglass White">Edward Douglass White</a> (<a href="/wiki/White_Court_(justices)" title="White Court (justices)">1910–1921</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_White_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the White Court">cases</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">William Howard Taft</a> (<a href="/wiki/Taft_Court" title="Taft Court">1921–1930</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Taft_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Taft Court">cases</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Hughes" title="Charles Evans Hughes">Charles Evans Hughes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hughes_Court" title="Hughes Court">1930–1941</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Hughes_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Hughes Court">cases</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlan_F._Stone" title="Harlan F. Stone">Harlan F. Stone</a> (<a href="/wiki/Stone_Court" title="Stone Court">1941–1946</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Stone_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Stone Court">cases</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_M._Vinson" title="Fred M. Vinson">Fred M. Vinson</a> (<a class="mw-selflink selflink">1946–1953</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Vinson_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Vinson Court">cases</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earl_Warren" title="Earl Warren">Earl Warren</a> (<a href="/wiki/Warren_Court" title="Warren Court">1953–1969</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Warren_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Warren Court">cases</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_E._Burger" title="Warren E. Burger">Warren E. Burger</a> (<a href="/wiki/Burger_Court" title="Burger Court">1969–1986</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Burger_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Burger Court">cases</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Rehnquist" title="William Rehnquist">William Rehnquist</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rehnquist_Court" title="Rehnquist Court">1986–2005</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Rehnquist_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Rehnquist Court">cases</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Roberts" title="John Roberts">John Roberts</a> (<a href="/wiki/Roberts_Court" title="Roberts Court">2005–present</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Roberts_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Roberts Court">cases</a></i>)</li></ol> </div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/80px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/120px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/160px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd flatlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Associate_justices" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Associate_Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States">Associate justices</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 16em;"> <ol><li><span style="background-color: #eeeeff;color:black;"><a href="/wiki/John_Rutledge" title="John Rutledge">J. Rutledge</a>* (1790–1791)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Cushing" title="William Cushing">Cushing</a> (1790–1810)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Wilson_(Founding_Father)" title="James Wilson (Founding Father)">Wilson</a> (1789–1798)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Blair_Jr." title="John Blair Jr.">Blair</a> (1790–1795)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Iredell" title="James Iredell">Iredell</a> (1790–1799)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Johnson_(judge)" title="Thomas Johnson (judge)">T. Johnson</a> (1792–1793)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Paterson_(judge)" title="William Paterson (judge)">Paterson</a> (1793–1806)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Chase" title="Samuel Chase">S. Chase</a> (1796–1811)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bushrod_Washington" title="Bushrod Washington">Washington</a> (1798–1829)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Moore" title="Alfred Moore">Moore</a> (1800–1804)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Johnson_(judge)" title="William Johnson (judge)">W. Johnson</a> (1804–1834)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Brockholst_Livingston" title="Henry Brockholst Livingston">Livingston</a> (1807–1823)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Todd" title="Thomas Todd">Todd</a> (1807–1826)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Duvall" title="Gabriel Duvall">Duvall</a> (1811–1835)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Story" title="Joseph Story">Story</a> (1812–1845)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smith_Thompson" title="Smith Thompson">Thompson</a> (1823–1843)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Trimble" title="Robert Trimble">Trimble</a> (1826–1828)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McLean" title="John McLean">McLean</a> (1829–1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Baldwin_(judge)" title="Henry Baldwin (judge)">Baldwin</a> (1830–1844)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Moore_Wayne" class="mw-redirect" title="James Moore Wayne">Wayne</a> (1835–1867)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_P._Barbour" title="Philip P. Barbour">Barbour</a> (1836–1841)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Catron" title="John Catron">Catron</a> (1837–1865)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McKinley" title="John McKinley">McKinley</a> (1838–1852)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_V._Daniel" title="Peter V. Daniel">Daniel</a> (1842–1860)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Nelson" title="Samuel Nelson">Nelson</a> (1845–1872)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levi_Woodbury" title="Levi Woodbury">Woodbury</a> (1845–1851)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Cooper_Grier" title="Robert Cooper Grier">Grier</a> (1846–1870)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Robbins_Curtis" title="Benjamin Robbins Curtis">Curtis</a> (1851–1857)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Archibald_Campbell" title="John Archibald Campbell">Campbell</a> (1853–1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Clifford" title="Nathan Clifford">Clifford</a> (1858–1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah_Haynes_Swayne" title="Noah Haynes Swayne">Swayne</a> (1862–1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Freeman_Miller" title="Samuel Freeman Miller">Miller</a> (1862–1890)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Davis_(Supreme_Court_justice)" title="David Davis (Supreme Court justice)">Davis</a> (1862–1877)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Johnson_Field" title="Stephen Johnson Field">Field</a> (1863–1897)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Strong_(Pennsylvania_judge)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Strong (Pennsylvania judge)">Strong</a> (1870–1880)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_P._Bradley" title="Joseph P. Bradley">Bradley</a> (1870–1892)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ward_Hunt" title="Ward Hunt">Hunt</a> (1873–1882)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Marshall_Harlan" title="John Marshall Harlan">J. M. Harlan</a> (1877–1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Burnham_Woods" title="William Burnham Woods">Woods</a> (1881–1887)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Matthews_(judge)" title="Stanley Matthews (judge)">Matthews</a> (1881–1889)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_Gray" title="Horace Gray">Gray</a> (1882–1902)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Blatchford" title="Samuel Blatchford">Blatchford</a> (1882–1893)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Quintus_Cincinnatus_Lamar" title="Lucius Quintus Cincinnatus Lamar">L. Lamar</a> (1888–1893)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_J._Brewer" title="David J. Brewer">Brewer</a> (1890–1910)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Billings_Brown" title="Henry Billings Brown">Brown</a> (1891–1906)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Shiras_Jr." title="George Shiras Jr.">Shiras</a> (1892–1903)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howell_E._Jackson" title="Howell E. Jackson">H. Jackson</a> (1893–1895)</li> <li><span style="background-color: #eeeeff;color:black;"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Douglass_White" title="Edward Douglass White">E. White</a>* (1894–1910)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rufus_W._Peckham" title="Rufus W. Peckham">Peckham</a> (1896–1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_McKenna" title="Joseph McKenna">McKenna</a> (1898–1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Wendell_Holmes_Jr." title="Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.">Holmes</a> (1902–1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_R._Day" title="William R. Day">Day</a> (1903–1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Moody" title="William Henry Moody">Moody</a> (1906–1910)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_Harmon_Lurton" title="Horace Harmon Lurton">Lurton</a> (1910–1914)</li> <li><span style="background-color: #eeeeff;color:black;"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Hughes" title="Charles Evans Hughes">Hughes</a>* (1910–1916)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willis_Van_Devanter" title="Willis Van Devanter">Van Devanter</a> (1911–1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Rucker_Lamar" title="Joseph Rucker Lamar">J. Lamar</a> (1911–1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahlon_Pitney" title="Mahlon Pitney">Pitney</a> (1912–1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Clark_McReynolds" title="James Clark McReynolds">McReynolds</a> (1914–1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Brandeis" title="Louis Brandeis">Brandeis</a> (1916–1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hessin_Clarke" title="John Hessin Clarke">Clarke</a> (1916–1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Sutherland" title="George Sutherland">Sutherland</a> (1922–1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierce_Butler_(judge)" title="Pierce Butler (judge)">Butler</a> (1923–1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Terry_Sanford" title="Edward Terry Sanford">Sanford</a> (1923–1930)</li> <li><span style="background-color: #eeeeff;color:black;"><a href="/wiki/Harlan_F._Stone" title="Harlan F. Stone">Stone</a>* (1925–1941)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owen_Roberts" title="Owen Roberts">O. Roberts</a> (1930–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_N._Cardozo" title="Benjamin N. Cardozo">Cardozo</a> (1932–1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Black" title="Hugo Black">Black</a> (1937–1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Forman_Reed" title="Stanley Forman Reed">Reed</a> (1938–1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Frankfurter" title="Felix Frankfurter">Frankfurter</a> (1939–1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_O._Douglas" title="William O. Douglas">Douglas</a> (1939–1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Murphy" title="Frank Murphy">Murphy</a> (1940–1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_F._Byrnes" title="James F. Byrnes">Byrnes</a> (1941–1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Jackson" title="Robert H. Jackson">R. Jackson</a> (1941–1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiley_Rutledge" title="Wiley Rutledge">W. Rutledge</a> (1943–1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_H._Burton" title="Harold H. Burton">Burton</a> (1945–1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_C._Clark" title="Tom C. Clark">Clark</a> (1949–1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherman_Minton" title="Sherman Minton">Minton</a> (1949–1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Marshall_Harlan_II" title="John Marshall Harlan II">J. M. Harlan II</a> (1955–1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_J._Brennan_Jr." title="William J. Brennan Jr.">Brennan</a> (1956–1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Whittaker" title="Charles Evans Whittaker">Whittaker</a> (1957–1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potter_Stewart" title="Potter Stewart">Stewart</a> (1958–1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byron_White" title="Byron White">B. White</a> (1962–1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Goldberg" title="Arthur Goldberg">Goldberg</a> (1962–1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abe_Fortas" title="Abe Fortas">Fortas</a> (1965–1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurgood_Marshall" title="Thurgood Marshall">T. Marshall</a> (1967–1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Blackmun" title="Harry Blackmun">Blackmun</a> (1970–1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_F._Powell_Jr." title="Lewis F. Powell Jr.">Powell</a> (1972–1987)</li> <li><span style="background-color: #eeeeff;color:black;"><a href="/wiki/William_Rehnquist" title="William Rehnquist">Rehnquist</a>* (1972–1986)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Paul_Stevens" title="John Paul Stevens">Stevens</a> (1975–2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Day_O%27Connor" title="Sandra Day O'Connor">O'Connor</a> (1981–2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonin_Scalia" title="Antonin Scalia">Scalia</a> (1986–2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Kennedy" title="Anthony Kennedy">Kennedy</a> (1988–2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Souter" title="David Souter">Souter</a> (1990–2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas">Thomas</a> (1991–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg">Ginsburg</a> (1993–2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Breyer" title="Stephen Breyer">Breyer</a> (1994–2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Alito" title="Samuel Alito">Alito</a> (2006–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonia_Sotomayor" title="Sonia Sotomayor">Sotomayor</a> (2009–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elena_Kagan" title="Elena Kagan">Kagan</a> (2010–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Gorsuch" title="Neil Gorsuch">Gorsuch</a> (2017–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brett_Kavanaugh" title="Brett Kavanaugh">Kavanaugh</a> (2018–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amy_Coney_Barrett" title="Amy Coney Barrett">Barrett</a> (2020–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketanji_Brown_Jackson" title="Ketanji Brown Jackson">K. Jackson</a> (2022–present)</li></ol> </div> <div style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: #eeeeff;color:black;">*<i>Also served as Chief Justice of the United States</i></span></div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/80px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/120px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/160px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:SCOTUS_horizontal" title="Template:SCOTUS horizontal"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:SCOTUS_horizontal" title="Template talk:SCOTUS horizontal"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:SCOTUS_horizontal" title="Special:EditPage/Template:SCOTUS horizontal"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">The court</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases" title="Lists of United States Supreme Court cases">Lists of cases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Demographics of the Supreme Court of the United States">Court demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideological_leanings_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_justices" title="Ideological leanings of United States Supreme Court justices">Ideological leanings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomination_and_confirmation_to_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Nomination and confirmation to the Supreme Court of the United States">Nomination and confirmation</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="10" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/100px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/150px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/200px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="720" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Procedures_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Procedures of the Supreme Court of the United States">Procedures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amicus_curiae#United_States_Supreme_Court_rules" title="Amicus curiae"><i>Amicus curiae</i> brief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Certiorari#United_States" title="Certiorari"><i>Certiorari</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Certiorari_before_judgment" title="Certiorari before judgment">Cert. before judgment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dismissed_as_improvidently_granted" title="Dismissed as improvidently granted">Cert. dismissed as improvidently granted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grant,_vacate,_remand" title="Grant, vacate, remand">Grant, vacate, remand</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_docket" title="Shadow docket">Shadow docket</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/In-chambers_opinion" title="In-chambers opinion">In-chambers opinion</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States" title="Chief Justice of the United States">Chief justice</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/John_Roberts" title="John Roberts">John Roberts</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Associate_Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States">Associate justices</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas">Clarence Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Alito" title="Samuel Alito">Samuel Alito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonia_Sotomayor" title="Sonia Sotomayor">Sonia Sotomayor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elena_Kagan" title="Elena Kagan">Elena Kagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Gorsuch" title="Neil Gorsuch">Neil Gorsuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brett_Kavanaugh" title="Brett Kavanaugh">Brett Kavanaugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amy_Coney_Barrett" title="Amy Coney Barrett">Amy Coney Barrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketanji_Brown_Jackson" title="Ketanji Brown Jackson">Ketanji Brown Jackson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States#Retired_justices" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Retired justices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Kennedy" title="Anthony Kennedy">Anthony Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Souter" title="David Souter">David Souter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Breyer" title="Stephen Breyer">Stephen Breyer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="History of the Supreme Court of the United States">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jay_Court" title="Jay Court">Jay Court</a> (1789–1795)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutledge_Court" title="Rutledge Court">Rutledge Court</a> (1795)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellsworth_Court" title="Ellsworth Court">Ellsworth Court</a> (1796–1800)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Court" title="Marshall Court">Marshall Court</a> (1801–1835)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taney_Court" title="Taney Court">Taney Court</a> (1836–1864)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chase_Court" title="Chase Court">Chase Court</a> (1864–1873)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waite_Court" title="Waite Court">Waite Court</a> (1874–1888)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuller_Court" title="Fuller Court">Fuller Court</a> (1888–1910)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Court_(judges)" class="mw-redirect" title="White Court (judges)">White Court</a> (1910–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taft_Court" title="Taft Court">Taft Court</a> (1921–1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hughes_Court" title="Hughes Court">Hughes Court</a> (1930–1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_Court" title="Stone Court">Stone Court</a> (1941–1946)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vinson Court</a> (1946–1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_Court" title="Warren Court">Warren Court</a> (1953–1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burger_Court" title="Burger Court">Burger Court</a> (1969–1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rehnquist_Court" title="Rehnquist Court">Rehnquist Court</a> (1986–2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberts_Court" title="Roberts Court">Roberts Court</a> (2005–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists of justices<br />and nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States#List_of_chief_justices" title="Chief Justice of the United States">Chief justices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Associate_Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States#list_of_associate_justices" title="Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States">Associate justices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_justices_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="List of justices of the Supreme Court of the United States">All justices</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_justices_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States_by_court_composition" title="List of justices of the Supreme Court of the United States by court composition">court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_law_schools_attended_by_United_States_Supreme_Court_justices" title="List of law schools attended by United States Supreme Court justices">education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_justices_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States_by_seat" title="List of justices of the Supreme Court of the United States by seat">seat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_justices_by_time_in_office" title="List of United States Supreme Court justices by time in office">time in office</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nominations_to_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="List of nominations to the Supreme Court of the United States">All nominations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unsuccessful_nominations_to_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Unsuccessful nominations to the Supreme Court of the United States">unsuccessful</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._Supreme_Court_justices_who_also_served_in_the_U.S._Congress" title="List of U.S. Supreme Court justices who also served in the U.S. Congress">Justices who served in Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_burial_places_of_justices_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="List of burial places of justices of the Supreme Court of the United States">Burial places of justices</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Statutes affecting<br />court size</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_Act_of_1789" title="Judiciary Act of 1789">Judiciary Act of 1789</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midnight_Judges_Act" title="Midnight Judges Act">Judiciary Act of 1801</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_Act_of_1802" title="Judiciary Act of 1802">Judiciary Act of 1802</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventh_Circuit_Act_of_1807" title="Seventh Circuit Act of 1807">Seventh Circuit Act of 1807</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighth_and_Ninth_Circuits_Act_of_1837" title="Eighth and Ninth Circuits Act of 1837">Eighth and Ninth Circuits Act of 1837</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenth_Circuit_Act_of_1863" title="Tenth Circuit Act of 1863">Tenth Circuit Act of 1863</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_Circuits_Act" title="Judicial Circuits Act">Judicial Circuits Act of 1866</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_Act_of_1869" title="Judiciary Act of 1869">Judiciary Act of 1869</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Functionaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clerk_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Clerk of the Supreme Court of the United States">Clerk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court" title="Marshal of the United States Supreme Court">Marshal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_Police" title="Supreme Court Police">Supreme Court Police</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reporter_of_Decisions_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Reporter of Decisions of the Supreme Court of the United States">Reporter of Decisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_clerk_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Law clerk of the Supreme Court of the United States">Law clerk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_law_clerks_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Lists of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States">lists</a>: <a href="/wiki/List_of_law_clerks_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States_(Chief_Justice)" title="List of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States (Chief Justice)">Chief Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_law_clerks_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States_(Seat_1)" title="List of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States (Seat 1)">Seat 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_law_clerks_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States_(Seat_2)" title="List of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States (Seat 2)">Seat 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_law_clerks_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States_(Seat_3)" title="List of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States (Seat 3)">Seat 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_law_clerks_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States_(Seat_4)" title="List of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States (Seat 4)">Seat 4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_law_clerks_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States_(Seat_6)" title="List of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States (Seat 6)">Seat 6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_law_clerks_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States_(Seat_8)" title="List of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States (Seat 8)">Seat 8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_law_clerks_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States_(Seat_9)" title="List of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States (Seat 9)">Seat 9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_law_clerks_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States_(Seat_10)" title="List of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States (Seat 10)">Seat 10</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Location</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court_Building" title="United States Supreme Court Building">Supreme Court Building</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Former: <a href="/wiki/Royal_Exchange_(New_York_City)" title="Royal Exchange (New York City)">Royal Exchange, New York City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_City_Hall_(Philadelphia)" title="Old City Hall (Philadelphia)">Old City Hall, Philadelphia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Supreme_Court_Chamber" title="Old Supreme Court Chamber">Old Supreme Court Chamber, U.S. Capitol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Senate_Chamber" title="Old Senate Chamber">Old Senate Chamber, U.S. Capitol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Article_Three_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Article Three of the United States Constitution">Article III, U.S. Constitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Original_jurisdiction_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Original jurisdiction of the Supreme Court of the United States">original jurisdiction</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameras_in_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Cameras in the Supreme Court of the United States">Camera policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_of_Conduct_for_Justices_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Code of Conduct for Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States">Code of Conduct for Justices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_Procedures_Reform_Bill_of_1937" title="Judicial Procedures Reform Bill of 1937">Judicial Procedures Reform Bill of 1937</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lochner_era" title="Lochner era"><i>Lochner</i> era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impeachment_of_Samuel_Chase" title="Impeachment of Samuel Chase">Impeachment of Samuel Chase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_Commission_on_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Presidential Commission on the Supreme Court of the United States">Presidential Commission on the Supreme Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States_in_fiction" title="Supreme Court of the United States in fiction">Supreme Court in fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_leaks" title="List of United States Supreme Court leaks">Supreme Court leaks</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">United States Reports</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Lawyers%27_Edition" title="Lawyers' Edition">Lawyers' Edition</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solicitor_General_of_the_United_States" title="Solicitor General of the United States">United States Solicitor General</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span 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