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Available in 34 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-34" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">34 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AC%D8%A9_%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B0%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%8A" title="درجة حرارة الاشتعال الذاتي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="درجة حرارة الاشتعال الذاتي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperatura_d%27autoignici%C3%B3n" title="Temperatura d'autoignición – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Temperatura d'autoignición" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperatura_d%27autoignici%C3%B3" title="Temperatura d'autoignició – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Temperatura d'autoignició" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teplota_vzn%C3%ADcen%C3%AD" title="Teplota vznícení – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Teplota vznícení" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%BCndtemperatur" title="Zündtemperatur – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Zündtemperatur" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%BF_%CE%B1%CF%85%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AC%CF%86%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BE%CE%B7%CF%82" title="Σημείο αυτανάφλεξης – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σημείο αυτανάφλεξης" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperatura_de_autoignici%C3%B3n" title="Temperatura de autoignición – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Temperatura de autoignición" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memsparka_temperaturo" title="Memsparka temperaturo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Memsparka temperaturo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A2%D8%AA%D8%B4%DA%AF%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="دمای خودآتشگیری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دمای خودآتشگیری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_d%27auto-inflammation" title="Point d'auto-inflammation – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Point d'auto-inflammation" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%90%EC%97%B0%EB%B0%9C%ED%99%94%EC%98%A8%EB%8F%84" title="자연발화온도 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="자연발화온도" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%83%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA" title="स्वतःप्रज्वलन ताप – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="स्वतःप्रज्वलन ताप" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suhu_swasulut" title="Suhu swasulut – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Suhu swasulut" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperatura_di_autoignizione" title="Temperatura di autoignizione – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Temperatura di autoignizione" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%93%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%AA%D7%9C%D7%A7%D7%97%D7%95%D7%AA" title="נקודת התלקחות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="נקודת התלקחות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa%C5%A1aizdeg%C5%A1an%C4%81s_temperat%C5%ABra" title="Pašaizdegšanās temperatūra – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Pašaizdegšanās temperatūra" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savaiminio_u%C5%BEsiliepsnojimo_temperat%C5%ABra" title="Savaiminio užsiliepsnojimo temperatūra – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Savaiminio užsiliepsnojimo temperatūra" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5" title="Температура на самозапалување – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Температура на самозапалување" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontbindingstemperatuur" title="Ontbindingstemperatuur – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ontbindingstemperatuur" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%99%BA%E7%81%AB%E7%82%B9" title="発火点 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="発火点" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenntemperatur" title="Tenntemperatur – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tenntemperatur" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperatura_samozap%C5%82onu" title="Temperatura samozapłonu – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Temperatura samozapłonu" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperatura_de_autoigni%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Temperatura de autoignição – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Temperatura de autoignição" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperatur%C4%83_de_autoaprindere" title="Temperatură de autoaprindere – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Temperatură de autoaprindere" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Температура самовоспламенения – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Температура самовоспламенения" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teplota_vznietenia" title="Teplota vznietenia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Teplota vznietenia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperatura_samov%C5%BEiga" title="Temperatura samovžiga – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Temperatura samovžiga" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta%C4%8Dka_spontanog_paljenja" title="Tačka spontanog paljenja – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Tačka spontanog paljenja" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itsesyttymisl%C3%A4mp%C3%B6tila" title="Itsesyttymislämpötila – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Itsesyttymislämpötila" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sj%C3%A4lvant%C3%A4ndning#Självantändningspunkt" title="Självantändning – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Självantändning" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88" title="எரிவெப்பநிலை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="எரிவெப்பநிலை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96z_tutu%C5%9Fma_s%C4%B1cakl%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Öz tutuşma sıcaklığı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Öz tutuşma sıcaklığı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Температура самозаймання – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Температура самозаймання" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%87%83%E6%B8%A9%E5%BA%A6" title="自燃温度 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="自燃温度" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Lowest temperature at which a substance spontaneously combusts</div> <p>The <b>autoignition temperature</b> or <b>self-ignition temperature</b>, often called <b>spontaneous ignition temperature</b> or <b>minimum ignition temperature</b> (or shortly <b>ignition temperature</b>) and formerly also known as <b>kindling point</b>, of a <a href="/wiki/Chemical_substance" title="Chemical substance">substance</a> is the lowest <a href="/wiki/Temperature" title="Temperature">temperature</a> at which it <a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_combustion" title="Spontaneous combustion">spontaneously ignites</a> in a normal atmosphere without an external source of ignition, such as a <a href="/wiki/Flame" title="Flame">flame</a> or <a href="/wiki/Spark_(fire)" title="Spark (fire)">spark</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-LAURENDEAU_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LAURENDEAU-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This temperature is required to supply the <a href="/wiki/Activation_energy" title="Activation energy">activation energy</a> needed for <a href="/wiki/Combustion" title="Combustion">combustion</a>. The temperature at which a chemical ignites decreases as the <a href="/wiki/Pressure" title="Pressure">pressure</a> is increased. </p> <ul><li>Substances which spontaneously ignite in a normal atmosphere at naturally ambient temperatures are termed <a href="/wiki/Pyrophoricity" title="Pyrophoricity">pyrophoric</a>.</li></ul> <p>Autoignition temperatures of liquid chemicals are typically measured using a 500-millilitre (18 imp fl oz; 17 US fl oz) flask placed in a temperature-controlled oven in accordance with the procedure described in <a href="/wiki/ASTM_International" title="ASTM International">ASTM</a> E659.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When measured for <a href="/wiki/Plastics" class="mw-redirect" title="Plastics">plastics</a>, autoignition temperature can also be measured under elevated pressure and at 100% oxygen concentration. The resulting value is used as a predictor of viability for high-oxygen service. The main testing standard for this is ASTM G72.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Autoignition_time_equation">Autoignition time equation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autoignition_temperature&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Autoignition time equation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The time <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle t_{\text{ig}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>t</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>ig</mtext> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle t_{\text{ig}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e8c2bbc57adf9ae23b15103f01ebb642a18095a5" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:2.351ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle t_{\text{ig}}}"></span> it takes for a material to reach its autoignition temperature <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T_{\text{ig}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>T</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>ig</mtext> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T_{\text{ig}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/69603f35a1bc7062b4f0a318f4c01de3fb9641e8" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:2.869ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T_{\text{ig}}}"></span> when exposed to a <a href="/wiki/Heat_flux" title="Heat flux">heat flux</a> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle q''}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mi>q</mi> <mo>″</mo> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle q''}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/46bd61322618f638d67f20a848f1c63bb8b99e3c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.217ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle q''}"></span> is given by the following equation:<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle t_{\text{ig}}={\frac {\pi }{4}}k\rho c\left[{\frac {T_{\text{ig}}-T_{0}}{q''}}\right]^{2},}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>t</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>ig</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>π</mi> <mn>4</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> <mi>k</mi> <mi>ρ</mi> <mi>c</mi> <msup> <mrow> <mo>[</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <msub> <mi>T</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>ig</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <mo>−</mo> <msub> <mi>T</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> <msup> <mi>q</mi> <mo>″</mo> </msup> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>]</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>,</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle t_{\text{ig}}={\frac {\pi }{4}}k\rho c\left[{\frac {T_{\text{ig}}-T_{0}}{q''}}\right]^{2},}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9bfd512fd290fe84ebf0e46b62c79627ce9f8417" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:24.151ex; height:6.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle t_{\text{ig}}={\frac {\pi }{4}}k\rho c\left[{\frac {T_{\text{ig}}-T_{0}}{q''}}\right]^{2},}"></span></dd></dl> <p>where <i>k</i> = <a href="/wiki/Thermal_conductivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal conductivity">thermal conductivity</a>, <i>ρ</i> = density, and <i>c</i> = <a href="/wiki/Specific_heat_capacity" title="Specific heat capacity">specific heat capacity</a> of the material of interest, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T_{0}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>T</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T_{0}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/55b9e7d7b96196b5a6a26f4349caa3ac82fd67e3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.412ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T_{0}}"></span> is the initial temperature of the material (or the temperature of the bulk material). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Autoignition_temperature_of_selected_substances">Autoignition temperature of selected substances</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autoignition_temperature&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Autoignition temperature of selected substances"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Temperatures vary widely in the literature and should only be used as estimates. Factors that may cause variation include <a href="/wiki/Partial_pressure" title="Partial pressure">partial pressure</a> of oxygen, altitude, humidity, and amount of time required for ignition. Generally the autoignition temperature for hydrocarbon/air mixtures decreases with increasing <a href="/wiki/Molecular_mass" title="Molecular mass">molecular mass</a> and increasing <a href="/wiki/Catenation" title="Catenation">chain length</a>. The autoignition temperature is also higher for branched-chain hydrocarbons than for straight-chain hydrocarbons.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Substance</th> <th data-sort-type="number">Autoignition<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_standCondD"><a href="#endnote_standCondD">[D]</a></sup></th> <th scope="col" class="unsortable">Note </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">Barium</a></td> <td><span data-sort-value="7002823150000000000♠"></span>550 °C (1,022 °F)</td> <td>550±90<sup id="cite_ref-LAURENDEAU_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LAURENDEAU-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_PressureC"><a href="#endnote_PressureC">[C]</a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">Bismuth</a></td> <td><span data-sort-value="7003100815000000000♠"></span>735 °C (1,355 °F)</td> <td>735±20<sup id="cite_ref-LAURENDEAU_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LAURENDEAU-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_PressureC"><a href="#endnote_PressureC">[C]</a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Butane" title="Butane">Butane</a></td> <td><span data-sort-value="7002678150000000000♠"></span>405 °C (761 °F)</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">Calcium</a></td> <td><span data-sort-value="7003106315000000000♠"></span>790 °C (1,450 °F)</td> <td>790±10<sup id="cite_ref-LAURENDEAU_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LAURENDEAU-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_PressureC"><a href="#endnote_PressureC">[C]</a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Carbon_disulfide" title="Carbon disulfide">Carbon disulfide</a></td> <td><span data-sort-value="7002363150000000000♠"></span>90 °C (194 °F)</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-ETB_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ETB-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Diesel_fuel" title="Diesel fuel">Diesel</a> or <a href="/wiki/Jet_fuel" title="Jet fuel">Jet A-1</a></td> <td><span data-sort-value="7002483150000000000♠"></span>210 °C (410 °F)</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-TCForensics_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TCForensics-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Diethyl_ether" title="Diethyl ether">Diethyl ether</a></td> <td><span data-sort-value="7002433150000000000♠"></span>160 °C (320 °F)</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">Ethanol</a></td> <td><span data-sort-value="7002638150000000000♠"></span>365 °C (689 °F)</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-ETB_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ETB-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gasoline" title="Gasoline">Gasoline</a> (Petrol)</td> <td><span data-sort-value="7002520150000000000♠"></span>247–280 °C (477–536 °F)</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-ETB_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ETB-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">Hydrogen</a></td> <td><span data-sort-value="7002808150000000000♠"></span>535 °C (995 °F)</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Iron</a></td> <td><span data-sort-value="7003158815000000000♠"></span>1,315 °C (2,399 °F)</td> <td>1315±20<sup id="cite_ref-LAURENDEAU_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LAURENDEAU-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_PressureC"><a href="#endnote_PressureC">[C]</a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">Lead</a></td> <td><span data-sort-value="7003112315000000000♠"></span>850 °C (1,560 °F)</td> <td>850±5<sup id="cite_ref-LAURENDEAU_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LAURENDEAU-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_PressureC"><a href="#endnote_PressureC">[C]</a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Leather" title="Leather">Leather</a> / <a href="/wiki/Parchment" title="Parchment">parchment</a></td> <td><span data-sort-value="7002473150000000000♠"></span>200–212 °C (392–414 °F)</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-TCForensics_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TCForensics-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LeatherInt_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LeatherInt-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Magnesium</a></td> <td><span data-sort-value="7002908150000000000♠"></span>635 °C (1,175 °F)</td> <td>635±5<sup id="cite_ref-LAURENDEAU_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LAURENDEAU-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_MagnesiumB"><a href="#endnote_MagnesiumB">[B]</a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_PressureC"><a href="#endnote_PressureC">[C]</a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Magnesium</a></td> <td><span data-sort-value="7002746150000000000♠"></span>473 °C (883 °F)</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-ETB_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ETB-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_MagnesiumB"><a href="#endnote_MagnesiumB">[B]</a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">Methane</a></td> <td><span data-sort-value="7002810150000000000♠"></span>537 °C (999 °F)</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">Molybdenum</a></td> <td><span data-sort-value="7003105315000000000♠"></span>780 °C (1,440 °F)</td> <td>780±5<sup id="cite_ref-LAURENDEAU_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LAURENDEAU-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_PressureC"><a href="#endnote_PressureC">[C]</a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Paper" title="Paper">Paper</a></td> <td><span data-sort-value="7002491150000000000♠"></span>218–246 °C (424–475 °F)</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-TCForensics_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TCForensics-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Allotropes_of_phosphorus#White_phosphorus" title="Allotropes of phosphorus">Phosphorus (white)</a></td> <td><span data-sort-value="7002307150000000000♠"></span>34 °C (93 °F)</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-ETB_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ETB-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_PhosphorusA"><a href="#endnote_PhosphorusA">[A]</a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_MagnesiumB"><a href="#endnote_MagnesiumB">[B]</a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Silane" title="Silane">Silane</a></td> <td><span data-sort-value="7002294150000000000♠"></span>21 °C (70 °F)</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-ETB_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ETB-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <small>or below</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium">Strontium</a></td> <td><span data-sort-value="7003134815000000000♠"></span>1,075 °C (1,967 °F)</td> <td>1075±120<sup id="cite_ref-LAURENDEAU_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LAURENDEAU-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_PressureC"><a href="#endnote_PressureC">[C]</a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">Tin</a></td> <td><span data-sort-value="7003121315000000000♠"></span>940 °C (1,720 °F)</td> <td>940±25<sup id="cite_ref-LAURENDEAU_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LAURENDEAU-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_PressureC"><a href="#endnote_PressureC">[C]</a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Triethylborane" title="Triethylborane">Triethylborane</a></td> <td><span data-sort-value="7002253149999999999♠"></span>−20 °C (−4 °F)</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-ETB_7-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ETB-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table> <tbody><tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_PhosphorusA"><a href="#ref_PhosphorusA"><b><sup>A</sup></b></a></span> On contact with an <a href="/wiki/Organic_substance" class="mw-redirect" title="Organic substance">organic substance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Melting" title="Melting">melts</a> otherwise. </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_MagnesiumB"><a href="#ref_MagnesiumB"><b><sup>B</sup></b></a></span> There are two distinct results in the published literature. Both are separately listed in this table. </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_PressureC"><a href="#ref_PressureC"><b><sup>C</sup></b></a></span> At 1 <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_(unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Atmosphere (unit)">atm</a>. The ignition temperature depends on the air pressure. </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_standCondD"><a href="#ref_standCondD"><b><sup>D</sup></b></a></span> Under <a href="/wiki/Standard_conditions_for_temperature_and_pressure" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard conditions for temperature and pressure">standard conditions for pressure</a>. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autoignition_temperature&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fire_point" title="Fire point">Fire point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_point" title="Flash point">Flash point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_burner" title="Gas burner">Gas burner</a> (for flame temperatures, combustion heat energy values and ignition temperatures)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_combustion" title="Spontaneous combustion">Spontaneous combustion</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autoignition_temperature&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-LAURENDEAU-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LAURENDEAU_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LAURENDEAU_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LAURENDEAU_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LAURENDEAU_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a 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a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLaurendeauGlassman1971" class="citation journal cs1">Laurendeau, N. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=leathermag.com&rft.atitle=Flammability+and+flame+retardancy+of+leather&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.leathermag.com%2Ffeatures%2Ffeatureflammability-and-flame-retardancy-of-leather%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutoignition+temperature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTony_Cafe" class="citation journal cs1">Tony Cafe. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tcforensic.com.au/docs/article10.html">"Physical Constants for Investigators"</a>. <i>Journal of Australian Fire Investigators</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Australian+Fire+Investigators&rft.atitle=Physical+Constants+for+Investigators&rft.au=Tony+Cafe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tcforensic.com.au%2Fdocs%2Farticle10.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutoignition+temperature" class="Z3988"></span> (Reproduced from "Firepoint" magazine)</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output 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</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arson" title="Arson">Arson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Control_of_fire_by_early_humans" title="Control of fire by early humans">Control of fire by early humans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firem%27n_Chit" title="Firem'n Chit">Firem'n Chit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_use_of_fire_in_ecosystems" title="Native American use of fire in ecosystems">Native American use of fire in ecosystems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outdoor_cooking" title="Outdoor cooking">Outdoor cooking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrolysis" title="Pyrolysis">Pyrolysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyromania" title="Pyromania">Pyromania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Survival_skills" title="Survival skills">Survival skills</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div 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