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<span>Linguistics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Linguistics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Structure</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Structure-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Structure subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Spatial_modulation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spatial_modulation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Spatial modulation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spatial_modulation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Academic_interpretation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Academic_interpretation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Academic interpretation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Academic_interpretation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Academic interpretation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Academic_interpretation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-When_it_became_language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#When_it_became_language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>When it became language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-When_it_became_language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evidence_for_innate_language_capacities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evidence_for_innate_language_capacities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Evidence for innate language capacities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evidence_for_innate_language_capacities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-As_"unwritable"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_"unwritable""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>As "unwritable"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_"unwritable"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Nicaraguan Sign Language</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 39 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-39" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">39 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%A8%E1%8A%92%E1%8A%AB%E1%88%AB%E1%8C%93_%E1%88%9D%E1%88%8D%E1%8A%AD%E1%89%B5_%E1%89%8B%E1%8A%95%E1%89%8B" title="የኒካራጓ ምልክት ቋንቋ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="የኒካራጓ ምልክት ቋንቋ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%BA%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="لغة الإشارة النيكاراغوية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لغة الإشارة النيكاراغوية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llingua_de_se%C3%B1es_nicarag%C3%BCense" title="Llingua de señes nicaragüense – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Llingua de señes nicaragüense" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B6%D1%8D%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%9E" title="Нікарагуанская мова жэстаў – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Нікарагуанская мова жэстаў" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yezh_ar_Sino%C3%B9_Nikaragwek" title="Yezh ar Sinoù Nikaragwek – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Yezh ar Sinoù Nikaragwek" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llengua_de_signes_nicarag%C3%BCenca" title="Llengua de signes nicaragüenca – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Llengua de signes nicaragüenca" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iaith_Arwyddion_Nicaragwa" title="Iaith Arwyddion Nicaragwa – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Iaith Arwyddion Nicaragwa" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_de_Signos_Nicarag%C3%BCense" title="Idioma de Signos Nicaragüense – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Idioma de Signos Nicaragüense" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicaragua_viipekeel" title="Nicaragua viipekeel – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Nicaragua viipekeel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_de_se%C3%B1as_nicarag%C3%BCense" title="Lengua de señas nicaragüense – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lengua de señas nicaragüense" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikaragva_signolingvo" title="Nikaragva signolingvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Nikaragva signolingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87_%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%A6%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C" title="زبان اشاره نیکاراگوئه‌ای – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان اشاره نیکاراگوئه‌ای" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langue_des_signes_nicaraguayenne" title="Langue des signes nicaraguayenne – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Langue des signes nicaraguayenne" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8B%88%EC%B9%B4%EB%9D%BC%EA%B3%BC_%EC%88%98%ED%99%94" title="니카라과 수화 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="니카라과 수화" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Isyarat_Nikaragua" title="Bahasa Isyarat Nikaragua – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Isyarat Nikaragua" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%83%C3%A6%D0%B9%D1%8B_%D0%BA%D1%8A%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%82%D1%8B_%C3%A6%D0%B2%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Никарагуæйы къухамындтыты æвзаг – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Никарагуæйы къухамындтыты æвзаг" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_dei_segni_nicaraguense" title="Lingua dei segni nicaraguense – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua dei segni nicaraguense" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%A4%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%92%D7%95%D7%90%D7%94" title="שפת הסימנים של ניקרגואה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שפת הסימנים של ניקרגואה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_gesticulatoria_Nicaraguensis" title="Lingua gesticulatoria Nicaraguensis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lingua gesticulatoria Nicaraguensis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Isyarat_Nicaragua" title="Bahasa Isyarat Nicaragua – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa Isyarat Nicaragua" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicaraguaanse_Gebarentaal" title="Nicaraguaanse Gebarentaal – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Nicaraguaanse Gebarentaal" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8B%E3%82%AB%E3%83%A9%E3%82%B0%E3%82%A2%E6%89%8B%E8%A9%B1" title="ニカラグア手話 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ニカラグア手話" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenguaggio_d%22e_signe_d%22o_Nicaragua" title="Lenguaggio d"e signe d"o Nicaragua – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Lenguaggio d"e signe d"o Nicaragua" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicaraguansk_tegnspr%C3%A5k" title="Nicaraguansk tegnspråk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Nicaraguansk tegnspråk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_dels_signes_de_Nicaragua" title="Lenga dels signes de Nicaragua – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Lenga dels signes de Nicaragua" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_dij_segn_d%C3%ABl_Nicaragua" title="Lenga dij segn dël Nicaragua – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga dij segn dël Nicaragua" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikaragua%C5%84ski_j%C4%99zyk_migowy" title="Nikaraguański język migowy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Nikaraguański język migowy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_de_sinais_nicaraguense" title="Língua de sinais nicaraguense – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua de sinais nicaraguense" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Никарагуанский жестовый язык – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Никарагуанский жестовый язык" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_d%C3%AE_Signa_Nicaraguensa" title="Lingua dî Signa Nicaraguensa – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Lingua dî Signa Nicaraguensa" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicaraguan_Sign_Language" title="Nicaraguan Sign Language – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Nicaraguan Sign Language" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Никарагвански знаковни језик – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Никарагвански знаковни језик" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikaragvanski_jezik_znakova" title="Nikaragvanski jezik znakova – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Nikaragvanski jezik znakova" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicaragualainen_viittomakieli" title="Nicaragualainen viittomakieli – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Nicaragualainen viittomakieli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicaraguanskt_teckenspr%C3%A5k" title="Nicaraguanskt teckenspråk – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Nicaraguanskt teckenspråk" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikaragua_i%C5%9Faret_dili" title="Nikaragua işaret dili – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Nikaragua işaret dili" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Нікарагуанська жестова мова – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Нікарагуанська жестова мова" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%89%E7%93%9C%E6%89%8B%E8%AF%AD" title="尼加拉瓜手语 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" 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href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: silver;">Nicaraguan Sign Language</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: silver;">Idioma de Señas de Nicaragua, ISN</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">The <a href="/wiki/Managua" title="Managua">Managua</a> region and spreading throughout the country</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">3,000 (1997)<sup id="cite_ref-e18_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e18-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Deaf-community_sign_language" title="Deaf-community sign language">Deaf-community sign language</a>: developed as a <a href="/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">creole language</a> from <a href="/wiki/Home_sign" title="Home sign">home</a> and <a href="/wiki/Idioglossic" class="mw-redirect" title="Idioglossic">idioglossic</a> sign, with the addition of an <a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language" title="American Sign Language">ASL</a>-influenced <a href="/wiki/Manual_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Manual alphabet">manual alphabet</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: silver;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/ncs" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:ncs">ncs</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/nica1238">nica1238</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Endangered_Languages_Project" title="Endangered Languages Project">ELP</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/7112">Nicaraguan Sign Language</a></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <p><b>Nicaraguan Sign Language</b> (<b>ISN</b>; <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: <i lang="es">Idioma de Señas de Nicaragua</i>) is a form of <a href="/wiki/Sign_language" title="Sign language">sign language</a> developed by deaf children in several schools in Nicaragua. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicaraguan_Sign_Language&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Before the 1970s, a <a href="/wiki/Deaf_community" class="mw-redirect" title="Deaf community">deaf community</a> largely socializing with and amongst each other was not present in Nicaragua.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPolich2005_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolich2005-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Deaf people were generally isolated from one another and mostly used simple <a href="/wiki/Home_sign" title="Home sign">home sign</a> systems and <a href="/wiki/Gesture" title="Gesture">gesture</a> (<span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">mímicas</i></span>) to communicate with their families and friends, though there were several cases of <a href="/wiki/Idioglossia" title="Idioglossia">idioglossia</a> among deaf siblings.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeirSandlerPaddenAronoff2010_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeirSandlerPaddenAronoff2010-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The conditions necessary for a language to arise occurred in 1977 when a center for special education established a scheme that was initially attended by 50 deaf children. The number of pupils at the school (in the <a href="/wiki/Managua" title="Managua">Managua</a> neighborhood of San Judas) then grew to 100 by 1979, the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Sandinista_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Sandinista Revolution">Sandinista Revolution</a>. </p><p>In 1980 a vocational school for deaf adolescents was opened in the Villa Libertad area of <a href="/wiki/Managua" title="Managua">Managua</a>. By 1983 more than 400 deaf pupils were enrolled in the two schools. Initially, the language scheme emphasized spoken <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lipreading" class="mw-redirect" title="Lipreading">lipreading</a>, and the use of signs by teachers was limited to <a href="/wiki/Fingerspelling" title="Fingerspelling">fingerspelling</a> (using simple signs to sign the alphabet). </p><p>The scheme achieved little success, with most pupils failing to grasp the concept of Spanish words. The children subsequently remained linguistically disconnected from their teachers, but the schoolyard, the street, and the school bus provided fertile ground for them to communicate with one another. By combining gestures and elements of their home-sign systems, a <a href="/wiki/Pidgin" title="Pidgin">pidgin</a>-like form and a <a href="/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">creole</a>-like language rapidly emerged — they were creating their language. The "first-stage" pidgin has been called <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">Lenguaje de Signos Nicaragüense</i></span> (LSN) and is still used by many who attended the school at the time.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (April 2019)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Staff at the school, unaware of the development of this new language, saw the children's gesturing as mime and a failure to acquire Spanish. Unable to understand what the children were saying, they asked for outside help. In June 1986, the Nicaraguan Ministry of Education contacted <a href="/wiki/Judy_Kegl" class="mw-redirect" title="Judy Kegl">Judy Kegl</a>, an <a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language" title="American Sign Language">American Sign Language</a> linguist from MIT. As Kegl and other researchers began to analyze the language they noticed that the young children had taken the pidgin-like form of the older children to a higher level of complexity, with <a href="/wiki/Verb#Agreement" title="Verb">verb agreement</a> and other conventions of grammar. The more complex sign language is now known as <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">Idioma de Señas de Nicaragua</i></span> (ISN). </p><p>From the beginning of her research until Nicaraguan Sign Language was well established, Kegl carefully avoided introducing the sign languages that she knew, in particular American Sign Language, to the deaf community in Nicaragua.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Critics argued a form of <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_imperialism" title="Linguistic imperialism">linguistic imperialism</a> had been occurring internationally for decades, in which individuals would introduce ASL to populations of deaf people in other countries, often supplanting existing local sign languages. Kegl's policy was to document and study rather than to impose or change the language or its community. Whilst she did not interfere with deaf Nicaraguans gaining exposure to other sign languages, she did not introduce such opportunities. She has, however, documented contact and influences with other sign languages that have occurred since the 1990s. Critics, such as <a href="/wiki/Felicia_Nimue_Ackerman" title="Felicia Nimue Ackerman">Felicia Ackerman</a>, have taken issue with the ethics of isolating the Nicaraguan children.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kegl's organization, Nicaraguan Sign Language Projects, helped establish a deaf school staffed entirely by deaf Nicaraguan teachers and has supported deaf Nicaraguans in attending and presenting at international conferences.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Linguistics">Linguistics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicaraguan_Sign_Language&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Linguistics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>ISN offers a rare opportunity to study the emergence of a new language. Before ISN, studies of the early development of languages had focused on <a href="/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">creoles</a>, which develop from the mixture of two (or more) distinct communities of fluent speakers. In contrast, ISN was developed by a group of young people with only non-conventional <a href="/wiki/Home_sign" title="Home sign">home sign</a> systems and gestures. </p><p>Some linguists, such as Kegl<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and R. J. Senghas,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESenghasSenghasPyers2005_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESenghasSenghasPyers2005-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> view the sign language development in <a href="/wiki/Managua" title="Managua">Managua</a> as proof that <a href="/wiki/Language_acquisition_device" title="Language acquisition device">language acquisition is hard-wired</a> inside the human brain. <a href="/wiki/Steven_Pinker" title="Steven Pinker">Steven Pinker</a>, author of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Language_Instinct" title="The Language Instinct">The Language Instinct</a></i>, claims that "The Nicaraguan case is unique in history ... We've been able to see how it is that children—not adults—generate language, and we have been able to record it happening in great scientific detail. And it's the only time that we've seen a language being created out of thin air." </p><p>Since 1990, other researchers including <a href="/wiki/Ann_Senghas" title="Ann Senghas">Ann Senghas</a>, Marie Coppola, Richard Senghas, Laura Polich, and Jennie Pyers, have begun to study and report on the development of this unique language and its community. Since then, whilst researchers have their interpretations of the events leading to the language and its development, all agree that to date, the phenomenon being studied is one of the richest sources of data on language emergence discovered. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicaraguan_Sign_Language&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bierma<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> provides a good foundation to ISN structures. He takes as an example "rolling down". While a person may visualize this as one motion, ISN splits this action into two parts: manner and direction. These smaller parts allow for them to be rearranged to create different phrases. The most sophisticated speakers use an A-B-A speech pattern; in our example, this reflects the signs roll-down-roll, to note that the rolling down motion is continuous, not that the subject rolled and then descended. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spatial_modulation">Spatial modulation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicaraguan_Sign_Language&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Spatial modulation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:See_pay_spatial_-_Copy.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/See_pay_spatial_-_Copy.PNG/220px-See_pay_spatial_-_Copy.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/See_pay_spatial_-_Copy.PNG/330px-See_pay_spatial_-_Copy.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/51/See_pay_spatial_-_Copy.PNG 2x" data-file-width="379" data-file-height="470" /></a><figcaption>"See" (a) and "Pay" (b), produced in a neutral direction and spatially modulated to the signer's left</figcaption></figure> <p>Spatial modulations are the building blocks of all sign languages studied to date. A neutrally placed sign is in front of the chest; however, a sign can be modulated, or directionally altered, to convey many grammatical changes. </p><p>Spatial modulations can perform functions including "indicating person or number; providing deictic, locative, or temporal information; or indicating grammatical relationships".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESenghasCoppola2001324_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESenghasCoppola2001324-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the article written by Senghas and Coppola, they explore spatial modulation as it occurs in ISN. They found that this movement from the neutral space was much more common among signers who began learning at a younger age than their peers who did so when they were older. Taking this into consideration (as well as their studies on spatial modulations for indicating shared reference and the speed at which signers at different stages of learning signed), Senghas and Coppola determined that child learners are creating Nicaraguan Sign Language – they "changed the language as they learned it".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESenghasCoppola2001327_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESenghasCoppola2001327-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fact that students who began signing at a younger age use spatial modulation more often than their older peers, who began signing at ISN's conception, is indicative that the language matures as the younger cohorts make the grammar more complex. They go on to note that it is only when a language is not matured, such as with ISN, that language-learning abilities show their transformational and creative capacity. </p><p>In the signing space, the use of pointing to indicate referent identity has increased greatly since the 1980s. Points can serve a "pronoun-like function, coordinating with the spatial modulations to verbs, to indicate the argument structure of the sentence, and to co-index referents across discourse".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESenghas2010295_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESenghas2010295-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rotated.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Rotated.PNG/220px-Rotated.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="370" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8e/Rotated.PNG 1.5x" data-file-width="293" data-file-height="493" /></a><figcaption>Illustration of unrotated and rotated representation of a giving event. The location is compared with the man's location in the event to determine the rotation of the representation.</figcaption></figure> <p>Senghas and Coppola have noted that signers who learned ISN before the Extensive Contact Period (before 1983) were inconsistent in whether an event was represented as rotated or reflected (unrotated) in the signing space. If the signer was watching an event where a man on the signer's left gave an object to a woman on the signer's right, it was at random (when the signer reiterated the scene) whether or not the signer would use spatial modulation to mark left and right based on his view from in front of the scene or as if the signer were facing the same way as the actors in the scene. </p><p>Signers who began learning after 1983 were not inconsistent in that way. Across multiple signers and multiple scenes, signers would apply the same rotated representation. Senghas and Coppola suggested that this meant that "spatial modulations are being used as a shared grammatical element among this age cohort".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESenghas2003517_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESenghas2003517-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Academic_interpretation">Academic interpretation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicaraguan_Sign_Language&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Academic interpretation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="When_it_became_language">When it became language</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicaraguan_Sign_Language&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: When it became language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Researchers disagree regarding at what stage in the development of ISN it became a full-fledged language. </p> <ul><li>Coppola argues that isolated family-signed systems in Nicaragua contained components that can be called linguistic (but that does not mean she equates home sign with language).</li> <li>Kegl argues that following an intermediate stage when deaf contact gesturers came together and developed a communication sufficient to make young children think their input was a language to be acquired, the first generation of young children acquired a language as complete and rich as any human language known to date; subsequent changes constitute an expected process of historical change.</li> <li>Senghas argues that once ISN came into being, it became more and more complex over successive cohorts of young acquirers.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Evidence_for_innate_language_capacities">Evidence for innate language capacities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicaraguan_Sign_Language&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Evidence for innate language capacities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/William_Stokoe" title="William Stokoe">William Stokoe</a>, known by many as the father of American Sign Language linguistics, disagreed that the emergence of ISN is evidence of a <a href="/wiki/Language_acquisition_device" title="Language acquisition device">language acquisition device</a>. Stokoe also questions assertions that the language has emerged entirely without outside influence from, for example, Spanish or ASL.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is so far no final evidence available to resolve the controversy surrounding nativism v. cultural learning, and the dispute reaches far into theoretical linguistics, the approaches of which may conceptualize grammar in different and incompatible ways. Even if the evidence collected seems to indicate a lack of access to Spanish and ASL in the early emergence process, the possibility remains that the development of ISN is facilitated by the speaker's exposure to more general communicative strategies in early infancy. </p><p>Alternatives to theories proposing a language acquisition device have been presented by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Tomasello" title="Michael Tomasello">Michael Tomasello</a> (among others).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Tomasello argues that the process of acquiring a first language is boosted by non-linguistic communication, as in the establishment of joint intentional frames and in the understanding of communicative intentions.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In any case, once ISN came into being, like other languages, it actively engaged in contact with languages in its environment. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="As_"unwritable""><span id="As_.22unwritable.22"></span>As "unwritable"</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicaraguan_Sign_Language&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: As "unwritable""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>R. J. Senghas (1997) used the phrase "unspeakable, unwritable" language in the title of his dissertation to highlight the common misconception that those languages without a written form are not as "real" (a view often held by those who do not study indigenous languages).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESenghas1997_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESenghas1997-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a similar fashion, sign languages are often not given proper recognition because they are not spoken or written. (Senghas has never claimed that Nicaraguan Sign Language is unwritable, just that it was often thought of as such by those who do not study sign languages.) </p><p>Generally, the influence literacy has on the status of a language is also addressed in debates on the so-called "written language paradigm" in which it is acknowledged that the availability of written language to some extent must be considered as a culturally and historically dependent phenomenon. <a href="/wiki/Tim_Ingold" title="Tim Ingold">Tim Ingold</a>, a British anthropologist, discussed these matters at some length in <i>Perception of the Environment</i> (2000), though he does not specifically deal with ISN. </p><p>Since 1996, however, Nicaraguans have been writing their language by hand and on a computer using <a href="/wiki/SignWriting" title="SignWriting">SignWriting</a>. There are now many texts written in Nicaraguan Sign Language, including three volumes of reading lessons in ISN, Spanish I and II (two levels of texts, workbooks, and primers), <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">Cuentos Españoles</i></span> (a collection of stories in Spanish with ISN glossaries), and a geography text. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicaraguan_Sign_Language&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg/32px-Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg/48px-Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg/64px-Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Nicaragua" title="Portal:Nicaragua">Nicaragua portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deafness_in_Nicaragua" title="Deafness in Nicaragua">Deafness in Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adamorobe_Sign_Language" title="Adamorobe Sign Language">Adamorobe Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Sayyid_Bedouin_Sign_Language" title="Al-Sayyid Bedouin Sign Language">Al-Sayyid Bedouin Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kata_Kolok" title="Kata Kolok">Kata Kolok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha%27s_Vineyard_Sign_Language" title="Martha's Vineyard Sign Language">Martha's Vineyard Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yucatec_Maya_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yucatec Maya Sign Language">Yucatec Maya Sign Language</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicaraguan_Sign_Language&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-e18-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-e18_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/ncs/">Nicaraguan Sign Language</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> (18th ed., 2015) <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolich2005-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPolich2005_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPolich2005">Polich 2005</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeirSandlerPaddenAronoff2010-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeirSandlerPaddenAronoff2010_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMeirSandlerPaddenAronoff2010">Meir et al. 2010</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBouchard2018" class="citation news cs1">Bouchard, Kelly (March 19, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pressherald.com/2018/03/19/seeing-the-signs-renowned-usm-professor-reflects-on-life-changing-language-discovery/">"Seeing the signs: Renowned USM professor reflects on life-changing language discovery"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Portland_Press_Herald" title="Portland Press Herald">Portland Press Herald</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180319103400/https://www.pressherald.com/2018/03/19/seeing-the-signs-renowned-usm-professor-reflects-on-life-changing-language-discovery/">Archived</a> from the original on March 19, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 13,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Portland+Press+Herald&rft.atitle=Seeing+the+signs%3A+Renowned+USM+professor+reflects+on+life-changing+language+discovery&rft.date=2018-03-19&rft.aulast=Bouchard&rft.aufirst=Kelly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pressherald.com%2F2018%2F03%2F19%2Fseeing-the-signs-renowned-usm-professor-reflects-on-life-changing-language-discovery%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicaraguan+Sign+Language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAckerman1999" class="citation news cs1">Ackerman, Felicia (November 28, 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150527105803/https://www.nytimes.com/1999/11/28/magazine/l-a-linguistic-big-bang-591700.html">"A Linguistic Big Bang"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1999/11/28/magazine/l-a-linguistic-big-bang-591700.html">the original</a> on May 27, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=A+Linguistic+Big+Bang&rft.date=1999-11-28&rft.aulast=Ackerman&rft.aufirst=Felicia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1999%2F11%2F28%2Fmagazine%2Fl-a-linguistic-big-bang-591700.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicaraguan+Sign+Language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nicaraguansignlanguageprojects.org/">Nicaraguan Sign Language Projects</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171111001443/http://www.nicaraguansignlanguageprojects.org/">Archived</a> 2017-11-11 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Inc. 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kegl, J. 2002. "Language Emergence in a Language-Ready Brain: Acquisition Issues". In Morgan, G. and Woll, B., <i>Language Acquisition in Signed Languages</i>. Cambridge University Press, pp. 207–254.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESenghasSenghasPyers2005-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESenghasSenghasPyers2005_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSenghasSenghasPyers2005">Senghas, Senghas & Pyers 2005</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBierma2004" class="citation news cs1">Bierma, Nathan (October 14, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chicagotribune.com/2004/10/14/nicaraguan-deaf-children-create-language-of-their-own/">"At random on language: Nicaraguan deaf children create language of their own"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Tribune" title="Chicago Tribune">Chicago Tribune</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240505230710/https://www.chicagotribune.com/2004/10/14/nicaraguan-deaf-children-create-language-of-their-own/">Archived</a> from the original on May 5, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 5,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=At+random+on+language%3A+Nicaraguan+deaf+children+create+language+of+their+own&rft.date=2004-10-14&rft.aulast=Bierma&rft.aufirst=Nathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagotribune.com%2F2004%2F10%2F14%2Fnicaraguan-deaf-children-create-language-of-their-own%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicaraguan+Sign+Language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESenghasCoppola2001324-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESenghasCoppola2001324_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSenghasCoppola2001">Senghas & Coppola 2001</a>, p. 324.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESenghasCoppola2001327-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESenghasCoppola2001327_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSenghasCoppola2001">Senghas & Coppola 2001</a>, p. 327.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESenghas2010295-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESenghas2010295_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSenghas2010">Senghas 2010</a>, p. 295.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESenghas2003517-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESenghas2003517_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSenghas2003">Senghas 2003</a>, p. 517.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStokoe" class="citation web cs1">Stokoe, William. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151222134728/http://gupress.gallaudet.edu/Stokoeletter.html">"Letter to the Editor, Magazine"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gupress.gallaudet.edu/Stokoeletter.html">the original</a> on Dec 22, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Letter+to+the+Editor%2C+Magazine&rft.aulast=Stokoe&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgupress.gallaudet.edu%2FStokoeletter.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicaraguan+Sign+Language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTomasello2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Tomasello" title="Michael Tomasello">Tomasello, Michael</a> (2014). <i>A Natural History of Human Thinking</i>. 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In Marschark, Marc; Spencer, Patricia Elizabeth (eds.). <i>The Oxford Handbook of Deaf Studies, Language, and Education</i>. Vol. 2. New York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780195390032.013.0018">10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195390032.013.0018</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231219035124/https://www.stonybrook.edu/commcms/linguistics/faculty/mark.aronoff/files/Emerging%20sign%20languages.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2023-12-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-05-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Emerging+Sign+Languages&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Deaf+Studies%2C+Language%2C+and+Education&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780195390032.013.0018&rft.aulast=Meir&rft.aufirst=Irit&rft.au=Sandler%2C+Wendy&rft.au=Padden%2C+Carol&rft.au=Aronoff%2C+Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stonybrook.edu%2Fcommcms%2Flinguistics%2Ffaculty%2Fmark.aronoff%2Ffiles%2FEmerging%2520sign%2520languages.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicaraguan+Sign+Language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPolich2005" class="citation book cs1">Polich, Laura (2005). <i>The Emergence of the Deaf Community in Nicaragua: "With Sign Language You Can Learn So Much"</i>. Gallaudet University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctv2rcnfjw">10.2307/j.ctv2rcnfjw</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Emergence+of+the+Deaf+Community+in+Nicaragua%3A+%22With+Sign+Language+You+Can+Learn+So+Much%22&rft.pub=Gallaudet+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2Fj.ctv2rcnfjw&rft.aulast=Polich&rft.aufirst=Laura&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicaraguan+Sign+Language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSenghas2003" class="citation journal cs1">Senghas, Ann (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cogdev.2003.09.006">"Intergenerational influence and ontogenetic development in the emergence of spatial grammar in Nicaraguan Sign Language"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_Development" title="Cognitive Development">Cognitive Development</a></i>. <b>18</b> (4). Elsevier: <span class="nowrap">511–</span>531. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cogdev.2003.09.006">10.1016/j.cogdev.2003.09.006</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cognitive+Development&rft.atitle=Intergenerational+influence+and+ontogenetic+development+in+the+emergence+of+spatial+grammar+in+Nicaraguan+Sign+Language&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E511-%3C%2Fspan%3E531&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cogdev.2003.09.006&rft.aulast=Senghas&rft.aufirst=Ann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.cogdev.2003.09.006&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicaraguan+Sign+Language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSenghas2010" class="citation journal cs1">Senghas, Ann (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3031517">"The Emergence of Two Functions for Spatial Devices in Nicaraguan Sign Language"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_(journal)" title="Human Development (journal)">Human Development</a></i>. <b>53</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">287–</span>302. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1159%2F000321455">10.1159/000321455</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3031517">3031517</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22476198">22476198</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Human+Development&rft.atitle=The+Emergence+of+Two+Functions+for+Spatial+Devices+in+Nicaraguan+Sign+Language&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E287-%3C%2Fspan%3E302&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3031517%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22476198&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1159%2F000321455&rft.aulast=Senghas&rft.aufirst=Ann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3031517&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicaraguan+Sign+Language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSenghasCoppola2001" class="citation journal cs1">Senghas, Ann; Coppola, Marie (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1467-9280.00359">"Children Creating Language: How Nicaraguan Sign Language Acquired a Spatial Grammar"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Psychological_Science" title="Psychological Science">Psychological Science</a></i>. <b>12</b> (4). Sage Publications: <span class="nowrap">863–</span>883. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1467-9280.00359">10.1111/1467-9280.00359</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11476100">11476100</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Psychological+Science&rft.atitle=Children+Creating+Language%3A+How+Nicaraguan+Sign+Language+Acquired+a+Spatial+Grammar&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E863-%3C%2Fspan%3E883&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F1467-9280.00359&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11476100&rft.aulast=Senghas&rft.aufirst=Ann&rft.au=Coppola%2C+Marie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252F1467-9280.00359&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicaraguan+Sign+Language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSenghas1997" class="citation book cs1">Senghas, Richard J. (1997). <i>An 'unspeakable, unwriteable' language: Deaf identity, language & personhood among the first cohorts of Nicaraguan signers</i> (Ph.D. dissertation). University of Rochester.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+%27unspeakable%2C+unwriteable%27+language%3A+Deaf+identity%2C+language+%26+personhood+among+the+first+cohorts+of+Nicaraguan+signers&rft.pub=University+of+Rochester&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Senghas&rft.aufirst=Richard+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicaraguan+Sign+Language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSenghasSenghasPyers2005" class="citation book cs1">Senghas, Richard J.; Senghas, Ann; Pyers, Jennie E. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/260120196">"The Emergence of Nicaraguan Sign Language: Questions of Development, Acquisition, and Evolution"</a>. In Parker, Sue Taylor; Langer, Jonas; Milbrath, Constance (eds.). <i>Biology and Knowledge Revisited</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">287–</span>306. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781410611970-9">10.4324/9781410611970-9</a> (inactive 1 November 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220516040623/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/260120196_The_emergence_of_Nicaraguan_Sign_Language_Questions_of_development_acquisition_and_evolution">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-05-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-05-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Emergence+of+Nicaraguan+Sign+Language%3A+Questions+of+Development%2C+Acquisition%2C+and+Evolution&rft.btitle=Biology+and+Knowledge+Revisited&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E287-%3C%2Fspan%3E306&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9781410611970-9&rft.aulast=Senghas&rft.aufirst=Richard+J.&rft.au=Senghas%2C+Ann&rft.au=Pyers%2C+Jennie+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F260120196&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicaraguan+Sign+Language" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">link</a>)</span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicaraguan_Sign_Language&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoppola2002" class="citation thesis cs1">Coppola, Marie (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://production.wordpress.uconn.edu/languagecreationlab/wp-content/uploads/sites/644/2014/03/coppola_diss_2002.pdf"><i>The emergence of grammatical categories in home sign: Evidence from family-based gesture systems in Nicaragua</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Ph.D. Dissertation). Rochester, NY: Dept. of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, University of Rochester. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230515053921/https://production.wordpress.uconn.edu/languagecreationlab/wp-content/uploads/sites/644/2014/03/coppola_diss_2002.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2023-05-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-05-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=The+emergence+of+grammatical+categories+in+home+sign%3A+Evidence+from+family-based+gesture+systems+in+Nicaragua&rft.inst=Dept.+of+Brain+and+Cognitive+Sciences%2C+University+of+Rochester&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Coppola&rft.aufirst=Marie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fproduction.wordpress.uconn.edu%2Flanguagecreationlab%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fsites%2F644%2F2014%2F03%2Fcoppola_diss_2002.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicaraguan+Sign+Language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoppolaNewport2005" class="citation journal cs1">Coppola, Marie; Newport, Elissa L. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1315276">"Grammatical Subjects in home sign: Abstract linguistic structure in adult primary gesture systems without linguistic input"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</i>. <b>102</b> (52): <span class="nowrap">19249–</span>19253. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0509306102">10.1073/pnas.0509306102</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1315276">1315276</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16357199">16357199</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=Grammatical+Subjects+in+home+sign%3A+Abstract+linguistic+structure+in+adult+primary+gesture+systems+without+linguistic+input&rft.volume=102&rft.issue=52&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E19249-%3C%2Fspan%3E19253&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1315276%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16357199&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.0509306102&rft.aulast=Coppola&rft.aufirst=Marie&rft.au=Newport%2C+Elissa+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1315276&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicaraguan+Sign+Language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoppolaSenghas2010" class="citation book cs1">Coppola, Marie; Senghas, Ann (2010). "Deixis in an emerging sign language". In Brentari, Diane (ed.). <i>Sign Languages</i>. Cambridge Language Survey. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">543–</span>569. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9780511712203.025">10.1017/CBO9780511712203.025</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-88370-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-88370-2"><bdi>978-0-521-88370-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Deixis+in+an+emerging+sign+language&rft.btitle=Sign+Languages&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.series=Cambridge+Language+Survey&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E543-%3C%2Fspan%3E569&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FCBO9780511712203.025&rft.isbn=978-0-521-88370-2&rft.aulast=Coppola&rft.aufirst=Marie&rft.au=Senghas%2C+Ann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicaraguan+Sign+Language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Kegl, J. 1994. Conference Report: Linguistic Society of America Meeting, January 6–9, 1994. Signpost. vol.7, no. 1, Spring, pp. 62–66.</li> <li>Kegl, J. 1994. The Nicaraguan Sign Language Project: An Overview. Signpost. vol.7, no. 1, Spring, pp. 24–31.</li> <li>Senghas, R., and J. Kegl. 1994a. Social Considerations in the Emergence of Idioma de Signos Nicaragüense (Nicaraguan Sign Language). Signpost. vol.7, no. 1, Spring, pp. 40–46.</li> <li>Senghas, R., and J. Kegl. 1994b. Soziale Gesichtspunkte bei der Herausbildung der Nicaraguanishen Gebärdensprache. Das Zeichen, no. 29, September, pp. 288–293. [German translation of Senghas and Kegl (1994a)]</li> <li>Kegl, J. 2000. Is it soup yet? Or, When is it Language? In the Proceedings of the Child Language Seminar 1999. City University, London.</li> <li>Kegl, J. 2004. Language Emergence in a Language-Ready Brain: Acquisition Issues. In Jenkins, Lyle, (ed), Biolinguistics and the Evolution of Language. John Benjamins.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKegl2008" class="citation book cs1">Kegl, Judy (2008). "The Case of Signed Languages in the Context of Pidgin and Creole Studies". In Kouwenberg, Silvia; Singler, John Victor (eds.). <i>The Handbook of Pidgin and Creole Studies</i>. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. pp. <span class="nowrap">489–</span>511. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9781444305982.ch20">10.1002/9781444305982.ch20</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-22902-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-22902-5"><bdi>978-0-631-22902-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Case+of+Signed+Languages+in+the+Context+of+Pidgin+and+Creole+Studies&rft.btitle=The+Handbook+of+Pidgin+and+Creole+Studies&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E489-%3C%2Fspan%3E511&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing+Ltd&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F9781444305982.ch20&rft.isbn=978-0-631-22902-5&rft.aulast=Kegl&rft.aufirst=Judy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicaraguan+Sign+Language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Kegl, J. and G. Iwata. 1989. Lenguaje de Signos Nicaragüense: A Pidgin Sheds Light on the "Creole?" ASL. In Carlson, R., S. DeLancey, S. Gildea, D. Payne, and A. Saxena, (eds.). Proceedings of the Fourth Meetings of the Pacific Linguistics Conference. Eugene, Oregon: Department of Linguistics, University of Oregon, pp. 266–294.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorfordKegl2000" class="citation book cs1">Morford, Jill P.; Kegl, Judy A. (2000). "Gestural precursors to linguistic constructs: how input shapes the form of language". In McNeill, David (ed.). <i>Language and Gesture</i>. Cambridge University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">358–</span>387. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9780511620850.022">10.1017/CBO9780511620850.022</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-77761-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-77761-2"><bdi>978-0-521-77761-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gestural+precursors+to+linguistic+constructs%3A+how+input+shapes+the+form+of+language&rft.btitle=Language+and+Gesture&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E358-%3C%2Fspan%3E387&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FCBO9780511620850.022&rft.isbn=978-0-521-77761-2&rft.aulast=Morford&rft.aufirst=Jill+P.&rft.au=Kegl%2C+Judy+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicaraguan+Sign+Language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Kegl J., Senghas A., Coppola M 1999. Creation through contact: Sign language emergence and sign language change in Nicaragua. In M. DeGraff (ed), Comparative Grammatical Change: The Intersection of Language Acquisistion, Creole Genesis, and Diachronic Syntax, pp. 179–237. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPolich1998" class="citation thesis cs1">Polich, Laura (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/304457364"><i>Social Agency and Deaf Communities: A Nicaraguan Case Study</i></a> (PhD dissertation). University of Texas at Austin. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/304457364">304457364</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240505230718/https://www.proquest.com/docview/304457364">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-05-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-05-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Social+Agency+and+Deaf+Communities%3A+A+Nicaraguan+Case+Study&rft.inst=University+of+Texas+at+Austin&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Polich&rft.aufirst=Laura&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.proquest.com%2Fdocview%2F304457364&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicaraguan+Sign+Language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKocabPyersSenghas2015" class="citation journal cs1">Kocab, Annemarie; Pyers, Jennie; Senghas, Ann (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4288245">"Referential shift in Nicaraguan Sign Language: a transition from lexical to spatial devices"</a>. <i>Frontiers in Psychology</i>. <b>5</b>: 1540. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffpsyg.2014.01540">10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01540</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4288245">4288245</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25713541">25713541</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Psychology&rft.atitle=Referential+shift+in+Nicaraguan+Sign+Language%3A+a+transition+from+lexical+to+spatial+devices&rft.volume=5&rft.pages=1540&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4288245%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25713541&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3389%2Ffpsyg.2014.01540&rft.aulast=Kocab&rft.aufirst=Annemarie&rft.au=Pyers%2C+Jennie&rft.au=Senghas%2C+Ann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4288245&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicaraguan+Sign+Language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPyersSenghas2007" class="citation book cs1">Pyers, Jennie; Senghas, Ann (2007). "Reported action in Nicaraguan and American Sign Languages: Emerging versus established systems". In Perniss, Pamela M.; Pfau, Roland; Steinbach, Markus (eds.). <i>Visible Variation: Comparative Studies on Sign Language Structure</i>. De Gruyter Mouton. pp. <span class="nowrap">279–</span>302. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110198850.279">10.1515/9783110198850.279</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-019578-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-019578-1"><bdi>978-3-11-019578-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Reported+action+in+Nicaraguan+and+American+Sign+Languages%3A+Emerging+versus+established+systems&rft.btitle=Visible+Variation%3A+Comparative+Studies+on+Sign+Language+Structure&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E279-%3C%2Fspan%3E302&rft.pub=De+Gruyter+Mouton&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9783110198850.279&rft.isbn=978-3-11-019578-1&rft.aulast=Pyers&rft.aufirst=Jennie&rft.au=Senghas%2C+Ann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicaraguan+Sign+Language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaffranSenghasTrueswell2001" class="citation journal cs1">Saffran, Jenny R.; Senghas, Ann; Trueswell, John C. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC60790">"The acquisition of language by children"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</i>. <b>98</b> (23): <span class="nowrap">12874–</span>12875. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.231498898">10.1073/pnas.231498898</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC60790">60790</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11687645">11687645</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=The+acquisition+of+language+by+children&rft.volume=98&rft.issue=23&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E12874-%3C%2Fspan%3E12875&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC60790%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11687645&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.231498898&rft.aulast=Saffran&rft.aufirst=Jenny+R.&rft.au=Senghas%2C+Ann&rft.au=Trueswell%2C+John+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC60790&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicaraguan+Sign+Language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Senghas, A. (1994). Nicaragua's lessons for language acquisition. Signpost: The Journal of the International Sign Linguistics Association, 7:1, spring 1994.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSenghas1995" class="citation thesis cs1">Senghas, Ann (1995). <i>Children's Contribution to the Birth of Nicaraguan Sign Language</i> (PhD thesis). Massachusetts Institute of Technology. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1%2F11131">1721.1/11131</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Children%27s+Contribution+to+the+Birth+of+Nicaraguan+Sign+Language&rft.degree=PhD&rft.inst=Massachusetts+Institute+of+Technology&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1721.1%2F11131&rft.aulast=Senghas&rft.aufirst=Ann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicaraguan+Sign+Language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Senghas, A. (1995). Conventionalization in the first generation: a community acquires a language. USD Journal of Contemporary Legal Issues, 6, Spring, 1995.</li> <li>Senghas, A. (2005). Language emergence: Clues from a new Bedouin sign language. Current Biology, 15:12, 463–465.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSenghasÖzyürekKita2005" class="citation journal cs1">Senghas, Ann; <a href="/wiki/Asl%C4%B1_%C3%96zy%C3%BCrek" title="Aslı Özyürek">Özyürek, Aslı</a>; <a href="/wiki/Sotaro_Kita" title="Sotaro Kita">Kita, Sotaro</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1110901">"Response to Comment on 'Children Creating Core Properties of Language: Evidence from an Emerging Sign Language in Nicaragua'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Science</i>. <b>309</b>: 56. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1110901">10.1126/science.1110901</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11858%2F00-001M-0000-0013-1607-0">11858/00-001M-0000-0013-1607-0</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Response+to+Comment+on+%27Children+Creating+Core+Properties+of+Language%3A+Evidence+from+an+Emerging+Sign+Language+in+Nicaragua%27&rft.volume=309&rft.pages=56&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11858%2F00-001M-0000-0013-1607-0&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1110901&rft.aulast=Senghas&rft.aufirst=Ann&rft.au=%C3%96zy%C3%BCrek%2C+Asl%C4%B1&rft.au=Kita%2C+Sotaro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1126%252Fscience.1110901&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicaraguan+Sign+Language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSenghasÖzyürekKita2002" class="citation book cs1">Senghas, Ann; <a href="/wiki/Asl%C4%B1_%C3%96zy%C3%BCrek" title="Aslı Özyürek">Özyürek, Aslı</a>; <a href="/wiki/Sotaro_Kita" title="Sotaro Kita">Kita, Sotaro</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pure.mpg.de/rest/items/item_57563_5/component/file_532174/content">"Encoding motion events in an emerging sign language: From Nicaraguan gestures to Nicaraguan signs"</a>. In Baker, Anne; van den Bogaerde, Beppie; Crasborn, Onno (eds.). <i>Cross-Linguistic Perspectives in Sign Language Research: Selected Papers from TISLR 2000</i>. Hamburg: Signum Press. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11245%2F1.419490">11245/1.419490</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-927731-88-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-927731-88-2"><bdi>978-3-927731-88-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240526080634/https://pure.mpg.de/rest/items/item_57563_5/component/file_532174/content">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-05-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-05-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Encoding+motion+events+in+an+emerging+sign+language%3A+From+Nicaraguan+gestures+to+Nicaraguan+signs&rft.btitle=Cross-Linguistic+Perspectives+in+Sign+Language+Research%3A+Selected+Papers+from+TISLR+2000&rft.place=Hamburg&rft.pub=Signum+Press&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11245%2F1.419490&rft.isbn=978-3-927731-88-2&rft.aulast=Senghas&rft.aufirst=Ann&rft.au=%C3%96zy%C3%BCrek%2C+Asl%C4%B1&rft.au=Kita%2C+Sotaro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpure.mpg.de%2Frest%2Fitems%2Fitem_57563_5%2Fcomponent%2Ffile_532174%2Fcontent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicaraguan+Sign+Language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Senghas, A., D. Roman, and S. Mavillapalli (2006). Simplemente Unico: Lo que la Comunidad Sorda de Nicaragua le Puede Enseñar al Mundo [Simply Unique: What the Nicaraguan Deaf Community Can Teach the World]. London/Managua: Leonard Cheshire International.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSenghasKitaÖzyürek2004" class="citation journal cs1">Senghas, Ann; <a href="/wiki/Sotaro_Kita" title="Sotaro Kita">Kita, Sotaro</a>; <a href="/wiki/Asl%C4%B1_%C3%96zy%C3%BCrek" title="Aslı Özyürek">Özyürek, Aslı</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1100199">"Children Creating Core Properties of Language: Evidence from an Emerging Sign Language in Nicaragua"</a>. <i>Science</i>. <b>305</b> (5691): <span class="nowrap">1779–</span>1782. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1100199">10.1126/science.1100199</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11858%2F00-001M-0000-0013-1AEF-8">11858/00-001M-0000-0013-1AEF-8</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Children+Creating+Core+Properties+of+Language%3A+Evidence+from+an+Emerging+Sign+Language+in+Nicaragua&rft.volume=305&rft.issue=5691&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1779-%3C%2Fspan%3E1782&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11858%2F00-001M-0000-0013-1AEF-8&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1100199&rft.aulast=Senghas&rft.aufirst=Ann&rft.au=Kita%2C+Sotaro&rft.au=%C3%96zy%C3%BCrek%2C+Asl%C4%B1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1126%252Fscience.1100199&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicaraguan+Sign+Language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSenghas2003b" class="citation book cs1">Senghas, Richard J. (2003). "New Ways to Be Deaf in Nicaragua: Changes in Language, Personhood, and Community". In Monaghan, Leila; Schmaling, Constanze; Nakamura, Karen; Turner, Graham H. (eds.). <i>Many Ways to Be Deaf: International Variation in Deaf Communities</i>. Gallaudet University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">260–</span>282. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctv2rh298v.17">10.2307/j.ctv2rh298v.17</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=New+Ways+to+Be+Deaf+in+Nicaragua%3A+Changes+in+Language%2C+Personhood%2C+and+Community&rft.btitle=Many+Ways+to+Be+Deaf%3A+International+Variation+in+Deaf+Communities&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E260-%3C%2Fspan%3E282&rft.pub=Gallaudet+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2Fj.ctv2rh298v.17&rft.aulast=Senghas&rft.aufirst=Richard+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicaraguan+Sign+Language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Shepard-Kegl, J. A. 1997. Prólogo. In Lopez Gomez, J.J., Peréz Castellon, A. M., Rivera Rostrán, J. M., and Baltodano Baltodano, J.F., (eds.), Diccionario del Idioma de Señas de Nicaragua. Managua: Asociación Nacional se Sordos de Nicaragua (ANSNIC), pp. ix–xi.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShepard-Kegl2002" class="citation cs2">Shepard-Kegl, James (2002), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.signwriting.org/archive/docs2/sw0162-NI-Teaching-Literacy.pdf"><i>Teaching Literacy to Deaf Students in Nicaragua: A Common Sense Two-Step Approach</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, Nicaraguan Sign Language Projects, Inc., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240505230711/https://www.signwriting.org/archive/docs2/sw0162-NI-Teaching-Literacy.pdf">archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2024-05-05<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-05-05</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Teaching+Literacy+to+Deaf+Students+in+Nicaragua%3A+A+Common+Sense+Two-Step+Approach&rft.pub=Nicaraguan+Sign+Language+Projects%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Shepard-Kegl&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.signwriting.org%2Farchive%2Fdocs2%2Fsw0162-NI-Teaching-Literacy.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicaraguan+Sign+Language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTomasello2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Tomasello" title="Michael Tomasello">Tomasello, Michael</a> (2003). <i>Constructing a Language: A Usage-Based Theory of Language Acquisition</i>. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctv26070v8">10.2307/j.ctv26070v8</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674017641" title="Special:BookSources/9780674017641"><bdi>9780674017641</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constructing+a+Language%3A+A+Usage-Based+Theory+of+Language+Acquisition&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2Fj.ctv26070v8&rft.isbn=9780674017641&rft.aulast=Tomasello&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicaraguan+Sign+Language" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicaraguan_Sign_Language&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/library/07/2/l_072_04.html">5 minute PBS documentary video</a> showing examples of Nicaraguan Sign Language (<a href="/wiki/QuickTime" title="QuickTime">QuickTime</a> and <a href="/wiki/RealPlayer" title="RealPlayer">RealPlayer</a> formats).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.unet.maine.edu/courses/NSLP/">http://www.unet.maine.edu/courses/NSLP/</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090413185501/http://www.unet.maine.edu/courses/NSLP/">Archived Version, 2009</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.nytimes.com/library/magazine/home/19991024mag-sign-language.html">https://www.nytimes.com/library/magazine/home/19991024mag-sign-language.html</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www-news.uchicago.edu/citations/04/041014.coppola-ct.html">http://www-news.uchicago.edu/citations/04/041014.coppola-ct.html</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alifewithoutwords.com">Documentary film</a> about efforts to spread Nicaraguan Sign Language to rural communities.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethicalpolitics.org/ablunden/pdfs/Sign%20Language%20version%202.pdf">The invention of Nicaraguan Sign Language</a> puts the alternative view</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thornygames.com/sign">Sign: A Game About Being Understood</a>, a game that explores the experiences of the deaf students at the Managua school</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Nicaragua" title="Template:Languages of Nicaragua"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Nicaragua" title="Template talk:Languages of Nicaragua"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Nicaragua" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Nicaragua"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Nicaragua93" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Nicaragua" title="Languages of Nicaragua">Languages of Nicaragua</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg/32px-Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg/48px-Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg/64px-Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Nicaragua" title="Portal:Nicaragua">Nicaragua portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_Spanish" title="Nicaraguan Spanish">Spanish</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indigenous languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Garifuna_language" title="Garifuna language">Garifuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miskito_language" title="Miskito language">Miskito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama_language" title="Rama language">Rama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumo_languages" title="Sumo languages">Sumo</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Creole languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Miskito_Coastal_Creole" class="mw-redirect" title="Miskito Coastal Creole">Miskito Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama_Cay_Creole" title="Rama Cay Creole">Rama Cay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nicaraguan Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sign_language1559" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sign_language_navigation" title="Template:Sign language navigation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sign_language_navigation" title="Template talk:Sign language navigation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sign_language_navigation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sign language navigation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sign_language1559" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sign_language" title="Sign language">Sign language</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sign_languages" title="List of sign languages">List of sign languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sign_languages_by_number_of_native_signers" title="List of sign languages by number of native signers">List by number of signers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Language<br />families<sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_note_a"><a href="#endnote_note_a">[a]</a></sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Sign_languages_by_family1004" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Sign languages by family</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_sign_languages" title="Australian Aboriginal sign languages">Australian<br /> Aboriginal</a><br /> (<small>multiple families</small>)<sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_note_c"><a href="#endnote_note_c">[c]</a></sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dieri_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Dieri Sign Language">Diyari</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djingili_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Djingili Sign Language">Djingili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akitiri_Sign_Language" title="Akitiri Sign Language">Eltye eltyarrenke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrernte_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arrernte Sign Language">Iltyeme iltyeme</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jaralde_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaralde Sign Language">Jaralde</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kalkutungu_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalkutungu Sign Language">Kalkutungu</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miriwoong_Sign_Language" title="Miriwoong Sign Language">Miriwoong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudbura_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mudbura Sign Language">Mudburra</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pitha_Pitha_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pitha Pitha Sign Language">Pitha Pitha</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warlpiri_Sign_Language" title="Warlpiri Sign Language">Rdaka rdaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umpila_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Umpila Sign Language">Umpila</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Far_North_Queensland_Indigenous_Sign_Language" title="Far North Queensland Indigenous Sign Language">Far North Queensland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warlmanpa_Sign_Language" title="Warlmanpa Sign Language">Warlmanpa</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Warluwara_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Warluwara Sign Language">Warluwara</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warumungu_Sign_Language" title="Warumungu Sign Language">Warramunga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worora_Kinship_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Worora Kinship Sign Language">Worora Kinship</a></li> <li>Yan-nhaŋu</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yir_Yoront_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yir Yoront Sign Language">Yir Yoront</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yol%C5%8Bu_Sign_Language" title="Yolŋu Sign Language">Yolŋu</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Desert_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Desert Sign Language">Western Desert</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kartutjarra_language#Sign_language" title="Kartutjarra language">Kartutjarra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manjiljarra_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Manjiljarra Sign Language">Manjiljarra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngaatjatjarra_dialect#Sign_language" title="Ngaatjatjarra dialect">Ngaatjatjarra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Zendath Kesign</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Torres_Strait_Islander_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Torres Strait Islander Sign Language">Meriam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Torres_Strait_Islander_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Torres Strait Islander Sign Language">Western Torres Strait Islander</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arab_sign-language_family" title="Arab sign-language family">Arab (Ishaaric)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Sign_Language" title="Egyptian Sign Language">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwaiti_Sign_Language" title="Kuwaiti Sign Language">Kuwaiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_Sign_Language" title="Libyan Sign Language">Libyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatari_Unified_Sign_Language" title="Qatari Unified Sign Language">Qatari Unified</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_Sign_Language" title="Yemeni Sign Language">Yemeni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Iraqi–<br /> Levantine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Sign_Language" title="Iraqi Sign Language">Iraqi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Levantine_Arabic_Sign_Language" title="Levantine Arabic Sign Language">Levantine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Jordanian</li> <li>Lebanese</li> <li>Palestinian</li> <li>Syrian</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Possible</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emirati_Sign_Language" title="Emirati Sign Language">Emirati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Sign_Language" title="Saudi Sign Language">Saudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omani_Sign_Language" title="Omani Sign Language">Omani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/BANZSL" title="BANZSL">BANZSL</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auslan" title="Auslan">Auslan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinean_Sign_Language" title="Papua New Guinean Sign Language">Papua New Guinean (PNGSL)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Sign_Language" title="British Sign Language">British (BSL)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Sign_Language" title="Northern Ireland Sign Language">Northern Ireland (NISL)</a></li></ul></li> <li>Fijian</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_Sign_Language" title="Maritime Sign Language">Maritime (MSL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Sign_Language" title="New Zealand Sign Language">New Zealand (NZSL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoan_Sign_Language" title="Samoan Sign Language">Samoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Sign_Language" title="South African Sign Language">South African (SASL)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Sign_Language_family" title="Swedish Sign Language family">Swedish Sign</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Sign_Language" title="Eritrean Sign Language">Eritrean (EriSL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland-Swedish_Sign_Language" title="Finland-Swedish Sign Language">Finland-Swedish (FinSSL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Sign_Language" title="Portuguese Sign Language">Portuguese (LGP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Sign_Language" title="Swedish Sign Language">Swedish (Teckenspråk)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Sign_Language" title="Finnish Sign Language">Finnish (Viittomakieli)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Sign_Language" title="Chinese Sign Language">Chinese Sign</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Sign_Language" title="Chinese Sign Language">Chinese (CSL/ZGS)</a> <ul><li>Shanghai <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Sign_Language" title="Hong Kong Sign Language">Hong Kong (HKSL)</a> <ul><li>Macau</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chilean-Paraguayan-<br /> Uruguayan Sign</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_Sign_Language" title="Chilean Sign Language">Chilean (LSCh)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Paraguay-Uruguay_Sign_Language_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Paraguay-Uruguay Sign Language family">Paraguayan-<br /> Uruguayan Sign</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paraguay_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Paraguay Sign Language">Paraguay (LSPY)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguay_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Uruguay Sign Language">Uruguay (LSU)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/French_Sign_Language_family" title="French Sign Language family">Francosign</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Sign_Language" title="Algerian Sign Language">Algerian (LSA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss-German_Sign_Language" title="Swiss-German Sign Language">Swiss-German (DSGS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Sign_Language" title="Estonian Sign Language">Estonian (Eesti viipekeel)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Sign_Language" title="Irish Sign Language">Irish (ISL)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Irish_Sign_Language" title="Australian Irish Sign Language">Australian-Irish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Sign_Language" title="Brazilian Sign Language">Brazilian (Libras)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Sign_Language" title="Lithuanian Sign Language">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_Sign_Language" title="Catalan Sign Language">Catalan (LSC)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Valencian_Sign_Language" title="Valencian Sign Language">Valencian (LSV)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Sign_Language" title="French Sign Language">French (LSF)</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_French_Sign_Language" title="Old French Sign Language">Old French</a></i><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_note_c"><a href="#endnote_note_c">[c]</a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Sign_Language" title="Romanian Sign Language">Romanian (LSR)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_American_Sign_Language" title="Varieties of American Sign Language">American<br /> (ASLic)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language" title="American Sign Language">American (ASL)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_American_Sign_Language" title="Black American Sign Language">Black ASL (BASL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protactile" title="Protactile">Protactile</a></li></ul></li> <li>Bolivian</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_sign_language" title="Burmese sign language">Burmese</a> <ul><li>Yangon</li> <li>Mandalay</li></ul></li> <li>Cambodian</li> <li>Costa Rican</li> <li>Dominican</li> <li>Jamaican</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Sign_Language" title="Malaysian Sign Language">Malaysian (BIM)</a></li> <li>Oneida (OSL)</li> <li>Panamanian</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_Sign_Language" title="Filipino Sign Language">Filipino (FSL)</a></li> <li>Puerto Rican (PRSL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_Sign_Language" title="Quebec Sign Language">Quebec (LSQ)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sign_language_in_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Sign language in Singapore">Singapore (SgSL)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indonesian (Nusantaric)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Sign_Language" title="Indonesian Sign Language">Indonesian (Bisindo)</a> <ul><li>Jakarta</li> <li>Yogyakarta</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Francophone African<br />(Françafrosign)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Ethiopian</li> <li>Chadian</li> <li>Ghanaian</li> <li>Guinean</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamako_Sign_Language" title="Bamako Sign Language">Bamako (LaSiMa)</a></li> <li>Moroccan</li> <li>Nigerian</li> <li>Sierra Leonean</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mixed, <a href="/wiki/Plains_Indian_Sign_Language" title="Plains Indian Sign Language">Hand Talk</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Oneida (OSL)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mixed, <a href="/wiki/Hawai%CA%BBi_Sign_Language" title="Hawaiʻi Sign Language">Hoailona ʻŌlelo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Creole Hawaiʻi Sign Language (CHSL)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mixed, <a href="/wiki/French_Sign_Language" title="French Sign Language">French (LSF)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Sign_Language" title="Greek Sign Language">Greek (ΕΝΓ/ENG)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_Sign_Language" title="Cypriot Sign Language">Cypriot (ΚΝΓ/KNG)</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Austro-<br /> Hungarian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russian Sign</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Sign_Language" title="Bulgarian Sign Language">Bulgarian (БЖЕ)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Sign_Language" title="Georgian Sign Language">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Sign_Language" title="Kazakh Sign Language">Kazakh-Russian (KSL/KRSL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_Sign_Language" title="Latvian Sign Language">Latvian (LSL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Sign_Language" title="Mongolian Sign Language">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Sign_Language" title="Russian Sign Language">Russian (РЖЯ)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Yugoslavic Sign</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Sign_Language" title="Croatian Sign Language">Croatian (HZJ)</a></li> <li>Kosovar</li> <li>Serbian</li> <li>Slovenian</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Sign_Language" title="Yugoslav Sign Language">Yugoslav (YSL)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dutch Sign</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Sign_Language" title="Dutch Sign Language">Dutch (NGT)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambian_Sign_Language" title="Gambian Sign Language">Gambian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Italian Sign</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Sign_Language" title="Italian Sign Language">Italian (LIS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_Sign_Language" title="Tunisian Sign Language">Tunisian (TSL)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mexican Sign</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Sign_Language" title="Mexican Sign Language">Mexican (LSM)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honduran_Sign_Language" title="Honduran Sign Language">Honduran (LESHO)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Old Belgian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flemish_Sign_Language" title="Flemish Sign Language">Flemish (VGT)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Belgian_Sign_Language" title="French Belgian Sign Language">French Belgian (LSFB)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Danish_Sign_Language_family" title="Danish Sign Language family">Danish (Tegnic)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malagasy_Sign_Language" title="Malagasy Sign Language">Malagasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_Sign_Language" title="Icelandic Sign Language">Icelandic (Táknmál)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Sign_Language" title="Norwegian Sign Language">Norwegian (Tegnspråk)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_Sign_Language" title="Danish Sign Language">Danish (Tegnsprog)</a></li> <li>Teknmál</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_sign_languages" title="Vietnamese sign languages">Viet-Thai</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haiphong_Sign_Language" title="Haiphong Sign Language">Hai Phong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanoi_Sign_Language" title="Hanoi Sign Language">Hanoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saigon_Sign_Language" title="Saigon Sign Language">Ho Chi Minh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_Sign_Language" title="Thai Sign Language">Thai (TSL/MSTSL)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/German_Sign_Language_family" title="German Sign Language family">German Sign</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Sign_Language" title="German Sign Language">German (DGS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Sign_Language" title="Polish Sign Language">Polish (PJM)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Sign_Language" title="Israeli Sign Language">Israeli (Shassi)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_Sign_Language" title="Indo-Pakistani Sign Language">Indo-Pakistani<br /> Sign</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Bangalore-Madras</li> <li>Beluchistan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali Sign Language">Bengali</a></li> <li>Bombay</li> <li>Calcutta</li> <li>Delhi</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepali_Sign_Language" title="Nepali Sign Language">Nepali</a></li> <li>North West Frontier Province</li> <li>Punjab-Sindh</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Sign_Language_family" title="Japanese Sign Language family">Japanese Sign</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Sign_Language" title="Japanese Sign Language">Japanese (JSL/Nihon Shuwa)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Sign_Language" title="Korean Sign Language">Korean (KSL/Hanguk Sueo)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Sign_Language" title="Taiwan Sign Language">Taiwanese (TSL/Taiwan Shouyu)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>Kentish</i><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_note_c"><a href="#endnote_note_c">[c]</a></sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Kentish_Sign_Language" title="Old Kentish Sign Language">Old Kentish</a></i></li> <li><i>Chilmark</i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Martha%27s_Vineyard_Sign_Language" title="Martha's Vineyard Sign Language">Martha's Vineyard (MVSL)</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mayan_Sign_Language" title="Mayan Sign Language">Mayan (Meemul Tziij)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Highland Maya</li> <li>Yucatec <ul><li>Chicán</li> <li>Nohkop</li> <li>Nohya</li> <li>Trascorral</li> <li>Cepeda Peraza</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Old_Chiangmai%E2%80%93Bangkok_Sign_Language_family" title="Old Chiangmai–Bangkok Sign Language family">Original Thai Sign</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiangmai_Sign_Language" title="Chiangmai Sign Language">Chiangmai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haiphong_Sign_Language" title="Haiphong Sign Language">Hai Phong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Bangkok_Sign_Language" title="Old Bangkok Sign Language">Old Bangkok</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Paget_Gorman_Sign_System" title="Paget Gorman Sign System">Paget Gorman</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Namibian_Sign_Language" title="Namibian Sign Language">Namibian (NSL)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plains_Indian_Sign_Language" title="Plains Indian Sign Language">Plains Sign Language</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Anishinaabe</li> <li>Apsáalooke</li> <li>Arikara</li> <li>Chaticks si Chaticks</li> <li>Cheyenne</li> <li>Coahuilteco</li> <li>Dane-zaa</li> <li>Diné</li> <li>Hinono'eino</li> <li>Hiraacá</li> <li>Icāk</li> <li>Karankawa</li> <li>Liksiyu</li> <li>Maagiadawa</li> <li>Meciciya ka pekiskwakehk</li> <li>Nakota</li> <li>Ni Mii Puu</li> <li>Niimíipuu</li> <li>Niitsítapi</li> <li>Nųmą́khų́·ki</li> <li>Nʉmʉnʉʉ</li> <li>Omaha</li> <li>Palus</li> <li>Piipaash</li> <li>Ppáⁿkka</li> <li>Schitsu'umsh</li> <li>Shiwinna</li> <li>Sioux</li> <li>Taos</li> <li>Tickanwa•tic</li> <li>Tháumgá</li> <li>Tsuu T'ina</li> <li>Umatilla</li> <li>Wazhazhe</li> <li>Wichita</li> <li>Wíyut'a / Wíblut'e</li> <li>Wyandot</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mixed, <a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language" title="American Sign Language">American (ASL)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Oneida (OSL)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plateau_Sign_Language" title="Plateau Sign Language">Plateau</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>A'aninin</li> <li>Kalispel</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ktunaxa_Sign_Language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ktunaxa Sign Language (page does not exist)">Ktunaxa (ʾa·qanⱡiⱡⱡitnam)</a></li> <li>Nesilextcl'n</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shuswap_Sign_Language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shuswap Sign Language (page does not exist)">Shuswap (Secwepemcékst)</a></li> <li>Sqeliz</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Providencia%E2%80%93Cayman_Sign_Language_family" title="Providencia–Cayman Sign Language family">Providencia–<br /> Cayman Sign</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Providence_Island_Sign_Language" title="Providence Island Sign Language">Providence Island (Provisle)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Cayman_Sign_Language" title="Old Cayman Sign Language">Old Cayman (Guyanese)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Sign_Language" title="Afghan Sign Language">Afghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Sayyid_Bedouin_Sign_Language" title="Al-Sayyid Bedouin Sign Language">Al-Sayyid Bedouin (ABSL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Sign_Language" title="Albanian Sign Language">Albanian (AlbSL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albarradas_Sign_Language" title="Albarradas Sign Language">Albarradas Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alipur_Sign_Language" title="Alipur Sign Language">Alipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Sign_Language" title="Argentine Sign Language">Argentine (LSA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Sign_Language" title="Armenian Sign Language">Armenian</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_Sign_Language" title="Caucasian Sign Language">Caucasian (Harsneren)</a></i><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_note_c"><a href="#endnote_note_c">[c]</a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_Sign_Language" title="Azerbaijani Sign Language">Azerbaijani (AİD)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Belizean_Sign_Language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Belizean Sign Language (page does not exist)">Belizean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutanese_Sign_Language" title="Bhutanese Sign Language">Bhutanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Sign_Language" title="Tibetan Sign Language">Tibetan (Bökyi lagda)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bribri_Sign_Language" title="Bribri Sign Language">Bribri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunca_Sign_Language" title="Brunca Sign Language">Brunca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cena_(sign_language)" title="Cena (sign language)">Cena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chatino_Sign_Language" title="Chatino Sign Language">Chatino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Sign_Language" title="Cuban Sign Language">Cuban (LSC)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Navajo_Family_Sign_Language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Navajo Family Sign Language (page does not exist)">Navajo/Diné Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogon_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Dogon Sign Language">Dogon/Douentza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuadorian_Sign_Language" title="Ecuadorian Sign Language">Ecuadorian (LSEC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enga_Sign_Language" title="Enga Sign Language">Enga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghandruk_Sign_Language" title="Ghandruk Sign Language">Ghandruk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghardaia_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghardaia Sign Language">Ghardaia (AJSL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_Sign_Language" title="Guatemalan Sign Language">Guatemalan (Lensegua)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau_Sign_Language" title="Guinea-Bissau Sign Language">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Henniker_Sign_Language" title="Henniker Sign Language">Henniker</a></i><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_note_c"><a href="#endnote_note_c">[c]</a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawai%27i_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Hawai'i Sign Language">Hawaiʻi (Hoailona ʻŌlelo)</a> <ul><li>Creole HSL</li></ul></li> <li>Inuit <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_Sign_Language" title="Inuit Sign Language">Atgangmuurniq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenlandic_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Greenlandic Sign Language">Greenlandic (Ussersuataarneq)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jhankot_Sign_Language" title="Jhankot Sign Language">Jhankot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jumla_Sign_Language" title="Jumla Sign Language">Jumla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ka%27apor_Sign_Language" title="Ka'apor Sign Language">Ka'apor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kajana_Sign_Language" title="Kajana Sign Language">Kajana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafr_Qasem_Sign_Language" title="Kafr Qasem Sign Language">Kafr Qasim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kailge_Sign_Language" title="Kailge Sign Language">Kailge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kata_Kolok" title="Kata Kolok">Kata Kolok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenyan_Sign_Language" title="Kenyan Sign Language">Kenyan (KSL/LAK)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Sign_Language" title="Somali Sign Language">Somali (SSL)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keresan_Sign_Language" title="Keresan Sign Language">Keresan Pueblo (KPISL/Keresign)</a></li> <li>Kisindo</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_Country_Sign_Language" title="Jamaican Country Sign Language">Jamaican Country (KS/Konchri Sain)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Sign_Language" title="Macedonian Sign Language">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_Sign_Language" title="Maltese Sign Language">Maltese (LSM)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hausa_Sign_Language" title="Hausa Sign Language">Hausa (HSL/Magannar Hannu)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mardin_Sign_Language" title="Mardin Sign Language">Mardin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritian_Sign_Language" title="Mauritian Sign Language">Mauritian (MSL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbour_Sign_Language" title="Mbour Sign Language">M'bour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehek_Sign_Language" title="Mehek Sign Language">Mehek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miyakubo_Sign_Language" title="Miyakubo Sign Language">Miyakubo Shuwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Sign_Language" title="Burkina Sign Language">Burkina (Mossi)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Avejaha_Sign_Language" title="Mount Avejaha Sign Language">Mount Avejaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambican_Sign_Language" title="Mozambican Sign Language">Mozambican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angami_Naga_Sign_Language" title="Angami Naga Sign Language">Naga</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nicaraguan (ISN)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Costa_Rican_Sign_Language" title="Old Costa Rican Sign Language">Old Costa Rican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Sign_Language" title="Ottoman Sign Language">Ottoman (Seraglio/Harem)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ban_Khor_Sign_Language" title="Ban Khor Sign Language">Ban Khor (Pasa kidd)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penang_Sign_Language" title="Penang Sign Language">Penang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Sign Language">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Sign_Language" title="Peruvian Sign Language">Peruvian (LSP)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inmaculada_Sign_Language" title="Inmaculada Sign Language">Inmaculada</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qahveh_Khaneh_Sign_Language" title="Qahveh Khaneh Sign Language">Qahveh Khaneh</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rennellese_Sign_Language" title="Rennellese Sign Language">Rennellese</a></i><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_note_c"><a href="#endnote_note_c">[c]</a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rossel_Island_Sign_Language" title="Rossel Island Sign Language">Rossel Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwandan_Sign_Language" title="Rwandan Sign Language">Rwandan (AKR/AMR)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sandy_River_Valley_Sign_Language" title="Sandy River Valley Sign Language">Sandy River</a></i><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_note_c"><a href="#endnote_note_c">[c]</a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_Sign_Language" title="Salvadoran Sign Language">Salvadoran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinasina_Sign_Language" title="Sinasina Sign Language">Sinasina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sivia_Sign_Language" title="Sivia Sign Language">Sivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Sign_Language" title="Spanish Sign Language">Spanish (LSE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tebul_Sign_Language" title="Tebul Sign Language">Tebul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago_Sign_Language" title="Trinidad and Tobago Sign Language">Trinidad and Tobago (TTSL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Sign_Language" title="Turkish Sign Language">Turkish (TİD)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugandan_Sign_Language" title="Ugandan Sign Language">Ugandan (USL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_Sign_Language" title="Venezuelan Sign Language">Venezuelan (LSV/VSL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wanib_Sign_Language" title="Wanib Sign Language">Wanib</a></li> <li>West African <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adamorobe_Sign_Language" title="Adamorobe Sign Language">Adamorobe (AdaSL / Mumu kasa)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bura_Sign_Language" title="Bura Sign Language">Bura (Burasl)</a></li> <li>Mofu-Gudur</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanabin_Sign_Language" title="Nanabin Sign Language">Nanabin (NanabinSL)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_Sign_Language" title="Yoruba Sign Language">Yoruban (YSL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zambian_Sign_Language" title="Zambian Sign Language">Zambian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other groupings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Koniya_Sign_Language" title="Koniya Sign Language">Amami Shuwa languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_sign_languages" title="Ethiopian sign languages">Ethiopian languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laotian_sign_languages" title="Laotian sign languages">Laotian languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_sign_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Lankan sign languages">Sri Lankan languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_sign_languages" title="Sudanese sign languages">Sudanese languages</a> (~150)<sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_note_b"><a href="#endnote_note_b">[b]</a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzanian_sign_languages" title="Tanzanian sign languages">Tanzanian languages</a> (7+)<sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_note_b"><a href="#endnote_note_b">[b]</a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_sign_languages" title="Zimbabwean sign languages">Zimsign languages</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Sign" title="International Sign">International Sign</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By region<sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_note_a"><a href="#endnote_note_a">[a]</a></sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Sign_languages_by_region108" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Sign languages by region</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Algeria</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Sign_Language" title="Algerian Sign Language">Algerian</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ghardaia_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghardaia Sign Language">Ghardaia</a></dd> <dt>Cameroon</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Maroua_Sign_Language" title="Maroua Sign Language">Maroua</a></dd> <dt>Ghana</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Adamorobe_Sign_Language" title="Adamorobe Sign Language">Adamorobe (AdaSL / Mumu kasa)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nanabin_Sign_Language" title="Nanabin Sign Language">Nanabin</a></dd> <dt>Ivory Coast</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bouakako_Sign_Language" title="Bouakako Sign Language">Bouakako (LaSiBo)</a></dd> <dt>Kenya</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kenyan_Sign_Language" title="Kenyan Sign Language">Kenyan</a></dd> <dt>Mali</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tebul_Sign_Language" title="Tebul Sign Language">Tebul</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bamako_Sign_Language" title="Bamako Sign Language">Bamako (LaSiMa)</a></dd> <dt>Nigeria</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bura_Sign_Language" title="Bura Sign Language">Bura</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hausa_Sign_Language" title="Hausa Sign Language">Hausa (Magannar Hannu)</a></dd> <dt>Senegal</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mbour_Sign_Language" title="Mbour Sign Language">Mbour</a></dd> <dt>Somalia, Somaliland & Djibouti</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Somali_Sign_Language" title="Somali Sign Language">Somali</a></dd> <dt>South Africa</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/South_African_Sign_Language" title="South African Sign Language">South African</a></dd> <dt>Tanzania</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tanzanian_sign_languages" title="Tanzanian sign languages">Tanzanian</a></dd> <dt>Uganda</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ugandan_Sign_Language" title="Ugandan Sign Language">Ugandan</a></dd> <dt>Zambia</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Zambian_Sign_Language" title="Zambian Sign Language">Zambian</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Bengal</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali Sign Language">Bengali</a></dd> <dt>Cambodia</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_Sign_Language" title="Cambodian Sign Language">Cambodian</a></dd> <dt>China</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Sign_Language" title="Chinese Sign Language">Chinese</a></dd> <dt>Hong Kong</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Sign_Language" title="Hong Kong Sign Language">Hong Kong (HKSL)</a></dd> <dt>India</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Alipur_Sign_Language" title="Alipur Sign Language">Alipur</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali Sign Language">Bengali</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_Sign_Language" title="Indo-Pakistani Sign Language">Indo-Pakistani</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Naga_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Naga Sign Language">Naga</a></dd> <dt>Indonesia</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Sign_Language" title="Indonesian Sign Language">Indonesian</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kata_Kolok" title="Kata Kolok">Kata Kolok (Benkala, Balinese)</a></dd> <dt>Iran</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Persian_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Sign Language">Persian</a></dd> <dt>Iraq</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Sign_Language" title="Iraqi Sign Language">Iraqi</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Sign_Language" title="Kurdish Sign Language">Kurdish</a></dd> <dt>Israel</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Al-Sayyid_Bedouin_Sign_Language" title="Al-Sayyid Bedouin Sign Language">Al-Sayyid Bedouin</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ghardaia_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghardaia Sign Language">Ghardaia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Sign_Language" title="Israeli Sign Language">Israeli</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kafr_Qasem_Sign_Language" title="Kafr Qasem Sign Language">Kafr Qasem</a></dd> <dt>Japan</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Sign_Language" title="Japanese Sign Language">Japanese</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Koniya_Sign_Language" title="Koniya Sign Language">Koniya</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Miyakubo_Sign_Language" title="Miyakubo Sign Language">Miyakubo</a></dd> <dt>Korea</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Korean_Sign_Language" title="Korean Sign Language">Korean</a></dd> <dt>Kazakhstan</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Sign_Language" title="Kazakh Sign Language">Kazakh-Russian</a></dd> <dt>Laos</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Laotian_sign_languages" title="Laotian sign languages">Laotian</a></dd> <dt>Malaysia</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Sign_Language" title="Malaysian Sign Language">Malaysian</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Penang_Sign_Language" title="Penang Sign Language">Penang</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Selangor_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Selangor Sign Language">Selangor</a></dd> <dt>Maldives</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Maldives_Sign_Language" title="Maldives Sign Language">Maldives</a></dd> <dt>Mongolia</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Sign_Language" title="Mongolian Sign Language">Mongolian</a></dd> <dt>Nepal</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ghandruk_Sign_Language" title="Ghandruk Sign Language">Ghandruk</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jhankot_Sign_Language" title="Jhankot Sign Language">Jhankot</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jumla_Sign_Language" title="Jumla Sign Language">Jumla</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepalese Sign Language">Nepalese</a></dd> <dt>Philippines</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Filipino_Sign_Language" title="Filipino Sign Language">Filipino</a></dd> <dt>Saudi Arabia</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Sign_Language" title="Saudi Sign Language">Saudi</a></dd> <dt>Singapore</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sign_language_in_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Sign language in Singapore">Singapore</a></dd> <dt>Sri Lanka</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_sign_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Lankan sign languages">Sri Lankan</a></dd> <dt>Taiwan</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Sign_Language" title="Taiwan Sign Language">Taiwanese</a></dd> <dt>Tajikistan</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Russian_Sign_Language" title="Russian Sign Language">Russian</a></dd> <dt>Tibet</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Sign_Language" title="Tibetan Sign Language">Tibetan (Bökyi lagda)</a></dd> <dt>Thailand</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Old_Bangkok_Sign_Language" title="Old Bangkok Sign Language">Old Bangkok</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chiangmai_Sign_Language" title="Chiangmai Sign Language">Chiangmai</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Thai_Sign_Language" title="Thai Sign Language">Thai</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ban_Khor_Sign_Language" title="Ban Khor Sign Language">Ban Khor (Pasa kidd)</a></dd> <dt>Vietnam</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_sign_languages" title="Vietnamese sign languages">Vietnamese</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Armenia</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Sign_Language" title="Armenian Sign Language">Armenian</a></dd> <dt>Austria</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Sign_Language" title="Austrian Sign Language">Austrian</a></dd> <dt>Azerbaijan</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_Sign_Language" title="Azerbaijani Sign Language">Azerbaijani</a></dd> <dt>Belgium</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Flemish_Sign_Language" title="Flemish Sign Language">Flemish</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/French_Belgian_Sign_Language" title="French Belgian Sign Language">French Belgian</a></dd> <dt>United Kingdom</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/British_Sign_Language" title="British Sign Language">British</a></dd> <dt>Croatia</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Sign_Language" title="Croatian Sign Language">Croatian</a></dd> <dt>Denmark</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Danish_Sign_Language" title="Danish Sign Language">Danish</a></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Faroese_Sign_Language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Faroese Sign Language (page does not exist)">Faroese (Teknmál)</a></dd> <dt>Estonia</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Sign_Language" title="Estonian Sign Language">Estonian</a></dd> <dt>Finland</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Sign_Language" title="Finnish Sign Language">Finnish</a></dd> <dt>France</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ghardaia_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghardaia Sign Language">Ghardaia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/French_Sign_Language" title="French Sign Language">French</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lyons_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Lyons Sign Language">Lyons</a></dd> <dt>Germany</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/German_Sign_Language" title="German Sign Language">German</a></dd> <dt>Greece</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Greek_Sign_Language" title="Greek Sign Language">Greek</a></dd> <dt>Hungary</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Sign_Language" title="Hungarian Sign Language">Hungarian</a></dd> <dt>Iceland</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_Sign_Language" title="Icelandic Sign Language">Icelandic</a></dd> <dt>Ireland</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Irish_Sign_Language" title="Irish Sign Language">Irish</a></dd> <dt>Italy</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Italian_Sign_Language" title="Italian Sign Language">Italian</a></dd> <dt>Kosovo</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Sign_Language" title="Yugoslav Sign Language">Yugoslav (Kosovar)</a></dd> <dt>Latvia</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Latvian_Sign_Language" title="Latvian Sign Language">Latvian</a></dd> <dt>Lithuania</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Sign_Language" title="Lithuanian Sign Language">Lithuanian</a></dd> <dt>Moldova</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Russian_Sign_Language" title="Russian Sign Language">Russian</a></dd> <dt>Netherlands</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Sign_Language" title="Dutch Sign Language">Dutch</a></dd> <dt>North Macedonia</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Sign_Language" title="Macedonian Sign Language">Macedonian</a></dd> <dt>Northern Ireland</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Sign_Language" title="Northern Ireland Sign Language">Northern Ireland</a></dd> <dt>Norway</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Sign_Language" title="Norwegian Sign Language">Norwegian</a></dd> <dt>Poland</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Polish_Sign_Language" title="Polish Sign Language">Polish</a></dd> <dt>Portugal</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Sign_Language" title="Portuguese Sign Language">Portuguese</a></dd> <dt>Russia</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Russian_Sign_Language" title="Russian Sign Language">Russian</a></dd> <dt>Slovenia</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Sign_Language" title="Yugoslav Sign Language">Slovenian</a></dd> <dt>Spain</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Catalan_Sign_Language" title="Catalan Sign Language">Catalan</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Sign_Language" title="Spanish Sign Language">Spanish</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Valencian_Sign_Language" title="Valencian Sign Language">Valencian</a></dd> <dt>Sweden</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Sign_Language" title="Swedish Sign Language">Swedish</a></dd> <dt>Switzerland</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Swiss-German_Sign_Language" title="Swiss-German Sign Language">Swiss-German</a></dd> <dt>Turkey</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Central_Taurus_Sign_Language" title="Central Taurus Sign Language">Central Taurus</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mardin_Sign_Language" title="Mardin Sign Language">Mardin</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Sign_Language" title="Turkish Sign Language">Turkish</a></dd> <dt>Ukraine</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Sign_Language" title="Ukrainian Sign Language">Ukrainian</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North and<br />Central<br />America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Plains_Indian_Sign_Language" title="Plains Indian Sign Language">Plains Sign Talk</a></dd> <dt>Belize</dt> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Belizean_Sign_Language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Belizean Sign Language (page does not exist)">Belizean</a></dd> <dt>Canada</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language" title="American Sign Language">American (ASL)</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Black_ASL" class="mw-redirect" title="Black ASL">Black ASL</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Protactile" title="Protactile">Protactile</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd>Blackfoot</dd> <dd>Cree</dd> <dd>Ojibwa</dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oneida_Sign_Language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oneida Sign Language (page does not exist)">Oneida</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Maritime_Sign_Language" title="Maritime Sign Language">Maritime (MSL)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Quebec_Sign_Language" title="Quebec Sign Language">Quebec</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Inuit_Sign_Language" title="Inuit Sign Language">Inuit (Atgangmuurniq)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Plateau_Sign_Language" title="Plateau Sign Language"><i>Plateau</i></a></dd> <dt>Cayman</dt> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Cayman_Sign_Language" title="Old Cayman Sign Language">Old Cayman</a></i></dd> <dt>Costa Rica</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bribri_Sign_Language" title="Bribri Sign Language">Bribri</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Brunca_Sign_Language" title="Brunca Sign Language">Brunca</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Old_Costa_Rican_Sign_Language" title="Old Costa Rican Sign Language">Old Costa Rican</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/New_Costa_Rican_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="New Costa Rican Sign Language">New Costa Rican</a></dd> <dt>Cuba</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Sign_Language" title="Cuban Sign Language">Cuban</a></dd> <dt>Greenland</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Greenlandic_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Greenlandic Sign Language">Greenlandic (Ussersuataarneq)</a></dd> <dt>Guatemala</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_Sign_Language" title="Guatemalan Sign Language">Guatemalan</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mayan_Sign_Language" title="Mayan Sign Language">Mayan</a></dd> <dt>Haiti</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Haitian Sign Language">Haitian</a></dd> <dt>Honduras</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Honduras_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Honduras Sign Language">Honduran</a></dd> <dt>Mexico</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Albarradas_Sign_Language" title="Albarradas Sign Language">Albarradas</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chatino_Sign_Language" title="Chatino Sign Language">Chatino</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mayan_Sign_Language" title="Mayan Sign Language">Mayan</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Sign_Language" title="Mexican Sign Language">Mexican</a></dd> <dt>Nicaragua</dt> <dd><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nicaraguan</a></dd> <dt>Panama</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chiriqui_Sign_Language" title="Chiriqui Sign Language">Chiriqui</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Panamanian_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Panamanian Sign Language">Panamanian</a></dd> <dt>El Salvador</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_Sign_Language" title="Salvadoran Sign Language">Salvadoran</a></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_Salvadoran_Sign_Language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Old Salvadoran Sign Language (page does not exist)">Old Salvadoran</a></dd> <dt>United States</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language" title="American Sign Language">American (ASL)</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Black_American_Sign_Language" title="Black American Sign Language">Black ASL</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Protactile" title="Protactile">Protactile</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd>Blackfeet</dd> <dd>Cree</dd> <dd>Cheyenne</dd> <dd>Ojibwa</dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oneida_Sign_Language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oneida Sign Language (page does not exist)">Oneida</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Keresan_Sign_Language" title="Keresan Sign Language">Keresan (Keresign)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Martha%27s_Vineyard_Sign_Language" title="Martha's Vineyard Sign Language"><i>Martha's Vineyard</i></a></dd> <dd>Navajo</dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Navajo_Family_Sign_Language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Navajo Family Sign Language (page does not exist)">Navajo Family</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sandy_River_Valley_Sign_Language" title="Sandy River Valley Sign Language"><i>Sandy River Valley</i></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Henniker_Sign_Language" title="Henniker Sign Language"><i>Henniker</i></a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Australia</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Auslan" title="Auslan">Auslan</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Australian-Irish_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian-Irish Sign Language">Australian-Irish</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Akitiri_Sign_Language" title="Akitiri Sign Language">Akitiri (Eltye eltyarrenke)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Far_North_Queensland_Indigenous_Sign_Language" title="Far North Queensland Indigenous Sign Language">Far North Queensland Indigenous</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Arrernte_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arrernte Sign Language">Arrernte (Iltyeme iltyeme)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Warlpiri_Sign_Language" title="Warlpiri Sign Language">Warlpiri (Rdaka rdaka)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Manjiljarra_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Manjiljarra Sign Language">Manjiljarra</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Warlmanpa_Sign_Language" title="Warlmanpa Sign Language">Warlmanpa</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Warumungu_Sign_Language" title="Warumungu Sign Language">Warumungu (Warramunga)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mudbura_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mudbura Sign Language">Mudbura (Mudburra)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ngada_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ngada Sign Language">Ngada</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Umpila_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Umpila Sign Language">Umpila</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Far_North_Queensland_Indigenous_Sign_Language" title="Far North Queensland Indigenous Sign Language">Far North Queensland</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Western_Desert_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Desert Sign Language">Western Desert</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Western_Torres_Strait_Islander_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Torres Strait Islander Sign Language">Western Torres Strait Islander</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Yir_Yoront_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yir Yoront Sign Language">Yir Yoront</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Yol%C5%8Bu_Sign_Language" title="Yolŋu Sign Language">Yolŋu</a></dd> <dt>Hawaii (USA)</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Hawaiian Sign Language">Hawaiʻan (Haoilona ʻŌlelo)</a></dd> <dt>New Zealand</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Sign_Language" title="New Zealand Sign Language">New Zealand (NZSL)</a></dd> <dt>Papua New Guinea</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Enga_Sign_Language" title="Enga Sign Language">Enga</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kailge_Sign_Language" title="Kailge Sign Language">Kailge</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mehek_Sign_Language" title="Mehek Sign Language">Mehek</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mount_Avejaha_Sign_Language" title="Mount Avejaha Sign Language">Mount Avejaha</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinean_Sign_Language" title="Papua New Guinean Sign Language">Papua New Guinean (PNGSL)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rossel_Island_Sign_Language" title="Rossel Island Sign Language">Rossel Island</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sinasina_Sign_Language" title="Sinasina Sign Language">Sinasina</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wanib_Sign_Language" title="Wanib Sign Language">Wanib</a></dd> <dt>Samoa and American Samoa</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Samoan_Sign_Language" title="Samoan Sign Language">Samoan</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Argentina</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Sign_Language" title="Argentine Sign Language">Argentine (LSA)</a></dd> <dt>Bolivia</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bolivian_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolivian Sign Language">Bolivian</a></dd> <dt>Brazil</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Sign_Language" title="Brazilian Sign Language">Brazilian (Libras)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cena_(sign_language)" title="Cena (sign language)">Cena</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ka%27apor_Sign_Language" title="Ka'apor Sign Language">Ka'apor</a></dd> <dt>Chile</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chilean_Sign_Language" title="Chilean Sign Language">Chilean</a></dd> <dt>Colombia</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Colombian_Sign_Language" title="Colombian Sign Language">Colombian</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Provisle" class="mw-redirect" title="Provisle">Provisle</a></dd> <dt>Ecuador</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ecuadorian_Sign_Language" title="Ecuadorian Sign Language">Ecuadorian</a></dd> <dt>Paraguay</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paraguayan_Sign_Language" title="Paraguayan Sign Language">Paraguayan</a></dd> <dt>Peru</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Inmaculada_Sign_Language" title="Inmaculada Sign Language">Inmaculada</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Sign_Language" title="Peruvian Sign Language">Peruvian</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sivia_Sign_Language" title="Sivia Sign Language">Sivia</a></dd> <dt>Uruguay</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Uruguayan_Sign_Language" title="Uruguayan Sign Language">Uruguayan</a></dd> <dt>Venezuela</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_Sign_Language" title="Venezuelan Sign Language">Venezuelan</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Sign" title="International Sign">International Sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makaton" title="Makaton">Makaton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monastic_sign_languages" title="Monastic sign languages">Monastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signalong" title="Signalong">Signalong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language" title="American Sign Language">ASL</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language_grammar" title="American Sign Language grammar">Grammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idioms_in_American_Sign_Language" title="Idioms in American Sign Language">Idioms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language_literature" title="American Sign Language literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Profanity_in_American_Sign_Language" title="Profanity in American Sign Language">Profanity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASL_name_sign" class="mw-redirect" title="ASL name sign">Name signs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Extinct<br /> languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Chilmark</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dieri_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Dieri Sign Language">Diyari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaralde_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaralde Sign Language">Jaralde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalkutungu_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalkutungu Sign Language">Kalkutungu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henniker_Sign_Language" title="Henniker Sign Language">Henniker Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha%27s_Vineyard_Sign_Language" title="Martha's Vineyard Sign Language">Martha's Vineyard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_French_Sign_Language" title="Old French Sign Language">Old French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Kentish_Sign_Language" title="Old Kentish Sign Language">Old Kent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plateau_Sign_Language" title="Plateau Sign Language">Plateau Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitha_Pitha_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pitha Pitha Sign Language">Pitha Pitha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandy_River_Valley_Sign_Language" title="Sandy River Valley Sign Language">Sandy River Valley Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warluwara_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Warluwara Sign Language">Warluwara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Linguistics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language_grammar" title="American Sign Language grammar">Grammar (ASL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bimodal_bilingualism" title="Bimodal bilingualism">Bimodal bilingualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language_phonology" title="American Sign Language phonology">Phonology (ASL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handshape" title="Handshape">Handshape</a> / <a href="/wiki/Location_(sign_language)" title="Location (sign language)">Location</a> / <a href="/wiki/Orientation_(sign_language)" title="Orientation (sign language)">Orientation</a> / <a href="/wiki/Movement_(sign_language)" title="Movement (sign language)">Movement</a> / <a href="/wiki/Expression_(sign_language)" title="Expression (sign language)">Expression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mouthing" title="Mouthing">Mouthing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonmanual_feature" title="Nonmanual feature">Nonmanual feature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sign_name" title="Sign name">Sign names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_sign" title="Home sign">Home sign</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fingerspelling" title="Fingerspelling">Fingerspelling</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_manual_alphabet" title="American manual alphabet">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-handed_manual_alphabets" title="Two-handed manual alphabets">British (two-handed)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_manual_alphabet" title="Catalan manual alphabet">Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_manual_alphabet" title="Chilean manual alphabet">Chilean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esperanto_manual_alphabet" title="Esperanto manual alphabet">Esperanto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_manual_alphabet" title="French manual alphabet">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_manual_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="German manual alphabet">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_manual_alphabet" title="Hungarian manual alphabet">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_manual_alphabet" title="Irish manual alphabet">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_manual_syllabary" title="Japanese manual syllabary">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_manual_alphabet" title="Korean manual alphabet">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_manual_alphabet" title="Polish manual alphabet">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_manual_alphabet" title="Russian manual alphabet">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_manual_alphabet" title="Yugoslav manual alphabet">Serbo-Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_manual_alphabet" title="Spanish manual alphabet">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_manual_alphabet" title="Ukrainian manual alphabet">Ukrainian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_manual_alphabet" title="Portuguese manual alphabet">Portuguese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Writing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ASL-phabet" title="ASL-phabet">ASL-phabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamburg_Notation_System" title="Hamburg Notation System">Hamburg Notation System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stokoe_notation" title="Stokoe notation">Stokoe notation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SignWriting" title="SignWriting">SignWriting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Si5s" title="Si5s">si5s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASLwrite" title="ASLwrite">ASLwrite</a> (<span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ASLwrite.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/ASLwrite.png/60px-ASLwrite.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/ASLwrite.png/90px-ASLwrite.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/ASLwrite.png/120px-ASLwrite.png 2x" data-file-width="5608" data-file-height="2001" /></a></span>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Language_contact" title="Language contact">Language<br /> contact</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contact_sign" title="Contact sign">Contact sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Initialized_sign" title="Initialized sign">Initialized sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mouthing" title="Mouthing">Mouthing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Manually_coded_language" title="Manually coded language">Signed Oral<br /> Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Signing_System" title="Indian Signing System">Indian Signing System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manually_coded_English" title="Manually coded English">Manually coded English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manually_coded_language_in_South_Africa" title="Manually coded language in South Africa">Manually coded language in South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manually_Coded_Malay" title="Manually Coded Malay">Manually Coded Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paget_Gorman_Sign_System" title="Paget Gorman Sign System">Paget Gorman Sign System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signed_Dutch" title="Signed Dutch">Signed Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signed_French" title="Signed French">Signed French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signed_German" title="Signed German">Signed German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signed_Italian" title="Signed Italian">Signed Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signed_Japanese" title="Signed Japanese">Signed Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signed_Polish" class="mw-redirect" title="Signed Polish">Signed Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signed_Spanish" title="Signed Spanish">Signed Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signing_Exact_English" title="Signing Exact English">Signing Exact English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tecknad_svenska" title="Tecknad svenska">Signed Swedish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bilingual%E2%80%93bicultural_education" title="Bilingual–bicultural education">Bilingual–bicultural education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manually_coded_language" title="Manually coded language">Manually coded language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sign-language_media" title="Sign-language media">Media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sign-language_films" title="Category:Sign-language films">Films (list)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sign_language_television_shows" title="Category:Sign language television shows">Television shows (list)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Persons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jabbar_Baghtcheban" title="Jabbar Baghtcheban">Jabbar Baghtcheban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeanette_Berglind" title="Jeanette Berglind">Jeanette Berglind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A4r_Aron_Borg" title="Pär Aron Borg">Pär Aron Borg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Braidwood" title="Thomas Braidwood">Thomas Braidwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurent_Clerc" title="Laurent Clerc">Laurent Clerc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles-Michel_de_l%27%C3%89p%C3%A9e" title="Charles-Michel de l'Épée">Abbé de l'Épée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Fouts" title="Roger Fouts">Roger Fouts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerie_Sutton" title="Valerie Sutton">Valerie Sutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hopkins_Gallaudet" title="Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet">Thomas Gallaudet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roch-Ambroise_Cucurron_Sicard" title="Roch-Ambroise Cucurron Sicard">Abbé Sicard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Stokoe" title="William Stokoe">William Stokoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_P%C3%A9lissier" title="Pierre Pélissier">Pierre Pélissier</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Visual_Language_Interpreters_of_Canada" title="Association of Visual Language Interpreters of Canada">Association of Visual Language Interpreters of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Center_on_Deafness_and_the_Arts" title="International Center on Deafness and the Arts">International Center on Deafness and the Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimics_and_Gesture_Theatre" title="Mimics and Gesture Theatre">Mimics and Gesture Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Association_of_Sign_Language_Interpreters" title="World Association of Sign Language Interpreters">World Association of Sign Language Interpreters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baby_sign_language" title="Baby sign language">Baby sign language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimpanzee_and_Human_Communication_Institute" title="Chimpanzee and Human Communication Institute">CHCI chimpanzee center</a> (<a href="/wiki/Washoe_(chimpanzee)" title="Washoe (chimpanzee)">Washoe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Loulis" title="Loulis">Loulis</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand_signaling_(open_outcry)" title="Hand signaling (open outcry)">Open Outcry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_recognition_of_sign_languages" title="Legal recognition of sign languages">Legal recognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Army_hand_and_arm_signals" title="U.S. Army hand and arm signals">U.S. Army hand and arm signals </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monastic_sign_languages" title="Monastic sign languages">Monastic sign languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tactile_signing" title="Tactile signing">Tactile signing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protactile" title="Protactile">Protactile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tic-tac_(horse_racing)" title="Tic-tac (horse racing)">Tic-tac</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align:left"><div><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_note_a"><b><a href="#ref_note_a">^a</a></b></span> Sign-language names reflect the region of origin. Natural sign languages are not related to the spoken language used in the same region. For example, French Sign Language originated in France, but is not related to French. Conversely, <a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language" title="American Sign Language">ASL</a> and <a href="/wiki/British_Sign_Language" title="British Sign Language">BSL</a> both originated in English-speaking countries but are not related to each other; ASL however is related to <a href="/wiki/French_Sign_Language" title="French Sign Language">French Sign Language</a>. <p><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_note_b"><b><a href="#ref_note_b">^b</a></b></span> Denotes the number (if known) of languages within the family. No further information is given on these languages. </p> <span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_note_c"><b><a href="#ref_note_c">^c</a></b></span> <i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Extinct_language" title="Extinct language">extinct languages</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nicaraguan_Sign_Language&oldid=1263171667">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nicaraguan_Sign_Language&oldid=1263171667</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sign_language_isolates" title="Category:Sign language isolates">Sign language isolates</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_of_Nicaragua" title="Category:Languages of Nicaragua">Languages of Nicaragua</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sign_languages" title="Category:Sign languages">Sign languages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_attested_from_the_1980s" title="Category:Languages attested from the 1980s">Languages attested from the 1980s</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1980s_establishments_in_Nicaragua" title="Category:1980s establishments in Nicaragua">1980s establishments in Nicaragua</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_containing_links_to_subscription-only_content" title="Category:Pages containing links to subscription-only content">Pages containing links to subscription-only content</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Language_articles_citing_Ethnologue_18" title="Category:Language articles citing Ethnologue 18">Language articles citing Ethnologue 18</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_lacking_in-text_citations_from_April_2011" title="Category:Articles lacking in-text citations from April 2011">Articles lacking in-text citations from April 2011</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_lacking_in-text_citations" title="Category:All articles lacking in-text citations">All articles lacking in-text citations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Spanish-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Spanish-language text">Articles containing Spanish-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_vague_or_ambiguous_time" title="Category:All articles with vague or ambiguous time">All articles with vague or ambiguous time</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Vague_or_ambiguous_time_from_April_2019" title="Category:Vague or ambiguous time from April 2019">Vague or ambiguous time from April 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_April_2012" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from April 2012">Articles with unsourced statements from April 2012</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 15 December 2024, at 03:01<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sign language navigation\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 1,\n [\"When\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-int.codfw.main-5b65fffc7d-5np8t","timestamp":"20250214042220","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Nicaraguan Sign Language","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nicaraguan_Sign_Language","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q33765","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q33765","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-11-16T17:24:59Z","dateModified":"2024-12-15T03:01:38Z","headline":"sign language used in 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