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meskipun, hal itu tidak diwajibkan" class=""><span>Buat akun baru</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Masuk_log&returnto=Katak-puru+eropa" title="Anda disarankan untuk masuk log, meskipun hal itu tidak diwajibkan. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Masuk log</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Opsi lainnya" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Perkakas pribadi" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Perkakas pribadi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Menu pengguna" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_id.wikipedia.org&uselang=id"><span>Menyumbang</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Buat_akun&returnto=Katak-puru+eropa" title="Anda dianjurkan untuk membuat akun dan masuk log; meskipun, hal itu tidak diwajibkan"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Buat akun baru</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Masuk_log&returnto=Katak-puru+eropa" title="Anda disarankan untuk masuk log, meskipun hal itu tidak diwajibkan. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Masuk log</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Halaman penyunting yang telah keluar log <a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Pengantar" aria-label="Pelajari lebih lanjut tentang menyunting"><span>pelajari lebih lanjut</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Kontribusi_saya" title="Daftar suntingan yang dibuat dari alamat IP ini [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Kontribusi</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Pembicaraan_saya" title="Pembicaraan tentang suntingan dari alamat IP ini [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Pembicaraan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Situs"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Daftar isi" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Daftar isi</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Awal</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Taksonomi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taksonomi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Taksonomi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taksonomi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deskripsi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deskripsi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Deskripsi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deskripsi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Penyebaran_dan_habitat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Penyebaran_dan_habitat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Penyebaran dan habitat</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Penyebaran_dan_habitat-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Penyebaran dan habitat</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Penyebaran_dan_habitat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Reproduksi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reproduksi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Reproduksi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reproduksi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tidur_di_musim_dingin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tidur_di_musim_dingin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Tidur di musim dingin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tidur_di_musim_dingin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Konservasi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Konservasi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Konservasi</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Konservasi-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Konservasi</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Konservasi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kematian_di_jalan_raya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kematian_di_jalan_raya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Kematian di jalan raya</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kematian_di_jalan_raya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bufotoksin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bufotoksin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Bufotoksin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bufotoksin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Makna_budaya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Makna_budaya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Makna budaya</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Makna_budaya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referensi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referensi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Referensi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referensi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pranala_luar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pranala_luar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Pranala luar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pranala_luar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Daftar isi" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Gulingkan daftar isi" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Gulingkan daftar isi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Katak-puru eropa</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pergi ke artikel dalam bahasa lain. Terdapat 66 bahasa" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-66" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">66 bahasa</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bufo_bufo" title="Bufo bufo – Aragon" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Bufo bufo" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B6%D9%81%D8%AF%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%A8%D9%84" title="ضفدع الجبل – Arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ضفدع الجبل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B6%D9%81%D8%AF%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%A8%D9%84" title="ضفدع الجبل – Arab Mesir" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ضفدع الجبل" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Arab Mesir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adi_quru_qurba%C4%9Fas%C4%B1" title="Adi quru qurbağası – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Adi quru qurbağası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooz" title="Brooz – Bavaria" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Brooz" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0_%D1%88%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%8F" title="Рапуха шэрая – Belarusia" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Рапуха шэрая" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0_%D1%88%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%8F" title="Рапуха шэрая – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Рапуха шэрая" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%8F%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Кафява крастава жаба – Bulgaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Кафява крастава жаба" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Touseg_boutin" title="Touseg boutin – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Touseg boutin" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gripau_com%C3%BA" title="Gripau comú – Katalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Gripau comú" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bufo_bufo" title="Bufo bufo – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Bufo bufo" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ropucha_obecn%C3%A1" title="Ropucha obecná – Cheska" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ropucha obecná" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Cheska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parchatnica" title="Parchatnica – Kashubia" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Parchatnica" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D2%AB%D3%97%D1%80_%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B8" title="Ахаль ҫӗр шапи – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Ахаль ҫӗр шапи" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llyffant_dafadennog" title="Llyffant dafadennog – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Llyffant dafadennog" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skrubtudse" title="Skrubtudse – Dansk" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Skrubtudse" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Dansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erdkr%C3%B6te" title="Erdkröte – Jerman" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Erdkröte" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B3lna_%C5%A1krodawa" title="Pólna škrodawa – Sorbia Hilir" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Pólna škrodawa" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Sorbia Hilir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%BF%CE%B9%CE%BD%CF%8C%CF%82_%CF%86%CF%81%CF%8D%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Κοινός φρύνος – Yunani" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κοινός φρύνος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Yunani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B2sp" title="Ròsp – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Ròsp" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_toad" title="Common toad – Inggris" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Common toad" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Inggris" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordinara_bufo" title="Ordinara bufo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ordinara bufo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bufo_bufo" title="Bufo bufo – Spanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Bufo bufo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harilik_k%C3%A4rnkonn" title="Harilik kärnkonn – Esti" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Harilik kärnkonn" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Esti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apo_arrunt_europarra" title="Apo arrunt europarra – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Apo arrunt europarra" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%BA_%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C" title="وزغ معمولی – Persia" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="وزغ معمولی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rupikonna" title="Rupikonna – Suomi" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Rupikonna" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Suomi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crapaud_commun" title="Crapaud commun – Prancis" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Crapaud commun" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Prancis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pod" title="Pod – Frisia Utara" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Pod" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Frisia Utara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapo_com%C3%BAn" title="Sapo común – Galisia" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Sapo común" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galisia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%93%D7%94_%D7%9E%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%99%D7%94" title="קרפדה מצויה – Ibrani" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קרפדה מצויה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Ibrani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sme%C4%91a_krasta%C4%8Da" title="Smeđa krastača – Kroasia" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Smeđa krastača" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroasia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B3lna_krokawa" title="Pólna krokawa – Sorbia Hulu" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Pólna krokawa" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Sorbia Hulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barna_varangy" title="Barna varangy – Hungaria" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Barna varangy" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bufo_bufo" title="Bufo bufo – Italia" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Bufo bufo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A8%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AD%E3%83%83%E3%83%91%E3%83%92%E3%82%AD%E3%82%AC%E3%82%A8%E3%83%AB" title="ヨーロッパヒキガエル – Jepang" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヨーロッパヒキガエル" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Jepang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%A0%EB%9F%BD%EB%91%90%EA%BA%BC%EB%B9%84" title="유럽두꺼비 – Korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="유럽두꺼비" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feldmouk" title="Feldmouk – Luksemburg" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Feldmouk" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luksemburg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilkoji_rup%C5%AB%C5%BE%C4%97" title="Pilkoji rupūžė – Lituavi" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Pilkoji rupūžė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lituavi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parastais_krupis" title="Parastais krupis – Latvi" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Parastais krupis" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Голема крастава жаба – Makedonia" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Голема крастава жаба" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Makedonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uott_chemune" title="Uott chemune – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Uott chemune" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gewone_pad" title="Gewone pad – Belanda" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Gewone pad" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Belanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordpadde" title="Nordpadde – Nynorsk Norwegia" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Nordpadde" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Nynorsk Norwegia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordpadde" title="Nordpadde – Bokmål Norwegia" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Nordpadde" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Bokmål Norwegia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B3_W%C3%B3naan%C3%ADd%C4%99%CC%81%C4%99%CC%81%CA%BC_Bilag%C3%A1ana_Bik%C3%A9yahd%C4%99%CC%81%C4%99%CC%81%CA%BC_ch%CA%BCa%C5%82_dich%CA%BC%C3%ADzh%C3%AD" title="Tó Wónaanídę́ę́ʼ Bilagáana Bikéyahdę́ę́ʼ chʼał dichʼízhí – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Tó Wónaanídę́ę́ʼ Bilagáana Bikéyahdę́ę́ʼ chʼał dichʼízhí" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmai_rubi%C5%A1l%C3%B6p%C3%B6i" title="Harmai rubišlöpöi – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Harmai rubišlöpöi" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ropucha_szara" title="Ropucha szara – Polski" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ropucha szara" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapo-comum" title="Sapo-comum – Portugis" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sapo-comum" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broasc%C4%83_r%C3%A2ioas%C4%83_brun%C4%83" title="Broască râioasă brună – Rumania" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Broască râioasă brună" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Rumania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Обыкновенная жаба – Rusia" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Обыкновенная жаба" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffa" title="Buffa – Sisilia" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Buffa" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sisilia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bufo_bufo" title="Bufo bufo – Skotlandia" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Bufo bufo" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Skotlandia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_toad" title="Common toad – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Common toad" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ropucha_bradavi%C4%8Dnat%C3%A1" title="Ropucha bradavičnatá – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ropucha bradavičnatá" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navadna_krasta%C4%8Da" title="Navadna krastača – Sloven" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Navadna krastača" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Sloven" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B0" title="Обична крастача – Serbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Обична крастача" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkong_korodok" title="Bangkong korodok – Sunda" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Bangkong korodok" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sunda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanlig_padda" title="Vanlig padda – Swedia" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Vanlig padda" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Si%C4%9Filli_kurba%C4%9Fa" title="Siğilli kurbağa – Turki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Siğilli kurbağa" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Ропуха звичайна – Ukraina" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ропуха звичайна" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukraina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bufo_bufo" title="Bufo bufo – Vietnam" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bufo bufo" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padde" title="Padde – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Padde" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bufo_bufo" title="Bufo bufo – Warai" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Bufo bufo" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Warai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%9F%BE%E8%9C%8D" title="大蟾蜍 – Wu Tionghoa" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="大蟾蜍" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu Tionghoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%9F%BE%E8%9C%8D" title="大蟾蜍 – Tionghoa" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="大蟾蜍" data-language-autonym="中文" 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vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Perkakas</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Opsi lainnya" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Tindakan </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Katak-puru_eropa"><span>Baca</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Katak-puru_eropa&veaction=edit" title="Sunting halaman ini [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Sunting</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Katak-puru_eropa&action=edit" title="Sunting kode sumber halaman ini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Sunting sumber</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Katak-puru_eropa&action=history"><span>Lihat riwayat</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Umum </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Pranala_balik/Katak-puru_eropa" title="Daftar semua halaman wiki yang memiliki pranala ke halaman ini [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Pranala balik</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Perubahan_terkait/Katak-puru_eropa" rel="nofollow" title="Perubahan terbaru halaman-halaman yang memiliki pranala ke halaman ini [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Perubahan terkait</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Halaman_istimewa" title="Daftar semua halaman istimewa [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Halaman istimewa</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Katak-puru_eropa&oldid=23256878" title="Pranala permanen untuk revisi halaman ini"><span>Pranala permanen</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Katak-puru_eropa&action=info" title="Informasi lanjut tentang halaman ini"><span>Informasi halaman</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Kutip&page=Katak-puru_eropa&id=23256878&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informasi tentang bagaimana mengutip halaman ini"><span>Kutip halaman ini</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FKatak-puru_eropa"><span>Lihat URL pendek</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FKatak-puru_eropa"><span>Unduh kode QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Cetak/ekspor </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Buku&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Katak-puru+eropa"><span>Buat buku</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:DownloadAsPdf&page=Katak-puru_eropa&action=show-download-screen"><span>Unduh versi PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Katak-puru_eropa&printable=yes" title="Versi cetak halaman ini [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Versi cetak</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Dalam proyek lain </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Bufo_bufo" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-species mw-list-item"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Bufo_bufo" hreflang="en"><span>Wikispesies</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q146375" title="Pranala untuk menghubungkan butir pada ruang penyimpanan data [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Butir di Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Peralatan halaman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Tampilan"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tampilan</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Dari Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="id" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r26333525">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}html.client-js body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .mbox-text-span{margin-left:23px!important}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Wiki_letter_w.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/60px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/80px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="44" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">Artikel ini <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Yatim" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Yatim">sebatang kara</a>, artinya tidak ada artikel lain yang <a class="external text" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Whatlinkshere&target=Katak-puru_eropa&namespace=0">memiliki pranala balik ke halaman ini</a></b>.<br />Bantulah <a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Pranala" class="mw-redirect" title="Bantuan:Pranala">menambah pranala</a> ke artikel ini dari <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?search=Katak-puru_eropa&title=Istimewa%3APencarian&fulltext=1">artikel yang berhubungan</a></span> atau coba <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//edwardbetts.com/find_link?q=Katak-puru_eropa">peralatan pencari pranala</a>.<br /><span style="font-size: 90%">Tag ini diberikan pada Februari 2023.</span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><br /> </p> <table class="infobox" style="font-size:90%;width:25em;font-size: 100%; width:15em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;font-size: 100%; background-color: rgb(235,235,210); vertical-align:middle;;">Katak-puru eropa <br /><div style="font-size: 85%;"><div style="float: center;"> </div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center;font-size: 100%; background-color: rgb(235,235,210); font-weight: bold;"><i>Bufo bufo</i> <span class="penicon" data-bridge-edit-flow="single-best-value"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q146375?uselang=id#P225" title="Edit nilai pada Wikidata"><img alt="Edit nilai pada Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center"><div style="font-size: 88%;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Bufo_bufo_2_(2005_07_11).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Bufo_bufo_2_%282005_07_11%29.jpg/250px-Bufo_bufo_2_%282005_07_11%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Bufo_bufo_2_%282005_07_11%29.jpg/375px-Bufo_bufo_2_%282005_07_11%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Bufo_bufo_2_%282005_07_11%29.jpg/500px-Bufo_bufo_2_%282005_07_11%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span><br /> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q146375?uselang=id#P18" title="Edit nilai pada Wikidata"><img alt="Edit nilai pada Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:center;font-size: 100%; background-color: rgb(235,235,210);">Rekaman</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center;font-size: 90%; text-align:start"><center><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="54" data-mwtitle="Common_Toad_(Bufo_bufo)_(W_BUFO_BUFO_R3_C2).ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a9/Common_Toad_%28Bufo_bufo%29_%28W_BUFO_BUFO_R3_C2%29.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a9/Common_Toad_%28Bufo_bufo%29_%28W_BUFO_BUFO_R3_C2%29.ogg/Common_Toad_%28Bufo_bufo%29_%28W_BUFO_BUFO_R3_C2%29.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ACommon_Toad_%28Bufo_bufo%29_%28W_BUFO_BUFO_R3_C2%29.ogg&lang=bg&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="bg" label="български ‪(bg)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span></span> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q146375?uselang=id#P51" title="Edit nilai pada Wikidata"><img alt="Edit nilai pada Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></center></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center;font-size: 90%; text-align:start"><center><span typeof="mw:File"><span><video id="mwe_player_2" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Hariliku_k%C3%A4rnkonna_pulmam%C3%A4ng.webm/250px--Hariliku_k%C3%A4rnkonna_pulmam%C3%A4ng.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="250" height="141" data-durationhint="32" data-mwtitle="Hariliku_kärnkonna_pulmamäng.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/df/Hariliku_k%C3%A4rnkonna_pulmam%C3%A4ng.webm/Hariliku_k%C3%A4rnkonna_pulmam%C3%A4ng.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/df/Hariliku_k%C3%A4rnkonna_pulmam%C3%A4ng.webm/Hariliku_k%C3%A4rnkonna_pulmam%C3%A4ng.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/df/Hariliku_k%C3%A4rnkonna_pulmam%C3%A4ng.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/df/Hariliku_k%C3%A4rnkonna_pulmam%C3%A4ng.webm/Hariliku_k%C3%A4rnkonna_pulmam%C3%A4ng.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/df/Hariliku_k%C3%A4rnkonna_pulmam%C3%A4ng.webm/Hariliku_k%C3%A4rnkonna_pulmam%C3%A4ng.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /></video></span></span> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q146375?uselang=id#P10" title="Edit nilai pada Wikidata"><img alt="Edit nilai pada Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></center></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:center;font-size: 100%; background-color: rgb(235,235,210);">Status konservasi</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center;font-size: 90%; text-align:start"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg/langid-200px-Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg/langid-300px-Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg/langid-400px-Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="137" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Spesies_risiko_rendah" title="Spesies risiko rendah">Risiko rendah</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left;text-align:start"><a href="/wiki/IUCN" class="mw-redirect" title="IUCN">IUCN</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/54596/0">54596</a> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q146375?uselang=id#P627" title="Edit nilai pada Wikidata"><img alt="Edit nilai pada Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:center;font-size: 100%; background-color: rgb(235,235,210);">Taksonomi</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center;font-size: 90%; text-align:start"><strong class="error"><span class="scribunto-error mw-scribunto-error-fd6b5e84">Galat Lua: callParserFunction: function "Template" was not found.</span></strong></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:start;">Spesies</td><td style="font-style:italic;"><b>Bufo bufo <span class="penicon" data-bridge-edit-flow="single-best-value"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q146375?uselang=id#P225" title="Edit nilai pada Wikidata"><img alt="Edit nilai pada Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></b><br /><span style="font-style:normal; font-size: smaller;">(<a href="/wiki/Carolus_Linnaeus" title="Carolus Linnaeus">Linnaeus</a>, 1758)</span></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center;font-size: 90%; text-align:start"><div style="float: center;"> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:center;font-size: 100%; background-color: rgb(235,235,210);">Tata nama</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left;font-size: 90%; padding-right:1.2em;text-align:start; width:40%;">Sinonim takson</th><td class="infobox-data" style="font-size: 90%; text-align:start"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Daftar</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <div class="plainlist" style="margin-left: 1em; text-indent: -1em;"> <ul><li><i>Bufo (Bufo) bufo</i> <small>Dubois and Bour, 2010</small></li> <li><i>Bufo (Bufo) grediscola</i> <small>Dubois and Bour, 2010</small></li> <li><i>Bufo Roeselii</i> <small>Daudin, 1802</small></li> <li><i>Bufo Rouselei</i> <small>Latreille, 1801</small></li> <li><i>Bufo alpinus</i> <small>Schinz, 1833</small></li> <li><i>Bufo bufo bufo</i> <small>Poche, 1912</small></li> <li><i>Bufo bufo gredosicola</i> <small>Müller and Hellmich, 1935</small></li> <li><i>Bufo carbunculus</i> <small>Bonaparte, 1835</small></li> <li><i>Bufo cinereus</i> var. <i>hybridus</i> <small>Koch, 1872</small></li> <li><i>Bufo cinereus</i> var. <i>medius</i> <small>Koch, 1872</small></li> <li><i>Bufo cinereus</i> var.<i> minor</i> <small>Koch, 1872</small></li> <li><i>Bufo cinereus</i> <small>Schneider, 1799</small></li> <li><i>Bufo communis</i> <small>Bruch, 1862</small></li> <li><i>Bufo communis</i> <small>Günther, 1859</small></li> <li><i>Bufo commutatus</i> <small>Steenstrup, 1846</small></li> <li><i>Bufo ferruginosus</i> <small><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antoine_Risso&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antoine Risso (halaman belum tersedia)">Risso</a>, 1826</small></li> <li><i>Bufo minutus</i> <small>Schinz, 1833</small></li> <li><i>Bufo palmarum</i> <small>Cuvier, 1829</small></li> <li><i>Bufo rubeta</i> var. <i>robustior</i> <small>Lataste, 1880</small></li> <li><i>Bufo rubeta</i> <small>Schneider, 1799</small></li> <li><i>Bufo spelaeus</i> <small>Rivière, 1886</small></li> <li><i>Bufo tuberculosus</i> <small><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antoine_Risso&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antoine Risso (halaman belum tersedia)">Risso</a>, 1826</small></li> <li><i>Bufo ventricosus</i> <small>Bonnaterre, 1789</small></li> <li><i>Bufo ventricosus</i> <small>Laurenti, 1768</small></li> <li><i>Bufo vinearum</i> <small>Lesson, 1841</small></li> <li><i>Bufo vulgaris cinereus</i> <small>Lataste, 1880</small></li> <li><i>Bufo vulgaris</i> var. <i>acutirostris</i> <small>Lessona, 1877</small></li> <li><i>Bufo vulgaris</i> var. <i>obtusirostris</i> <small>Lessona, 1877</small></li> <li><i>Bufo vulgaris</i> <small>Laurenti, 1768</small></li> <li><i>Pegaeus bufo</i> <small>Gistel, 1868</small></li> <li><i>Rana (Bufo) vulgaris</i> <small>Guérin-Méneville, 1838</small></li> <li><i>Rana Bufo</i> <small>Linnaeus, 1758</small></li></ul> </div> </li></ul> </div><sup id="cite_ref-DFrost_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DFrost-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left;font-size: 90%; padding-right:1.2em;text-align:start; width:40%;">Protonim</th><td class="infobox-data" style="font-size: 90%; text-align:start"><i>Rana bufo</i> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q146375?uselang=id#P1403" title="Edit nilai pada Wikidata"><img alt="Edit nilai pada Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:center;font-size: 100%; background-color: rgb(235,235,210);">Distribusi</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center;font-size: 90%; text-align:start"><center><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Bufo_bufo_distribution.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Bufo_bufo_distribution.png/250px-Bufo_bufo_distribution.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Bufo_bufo_distribution.png/375px-Bufo_bufo_distribution.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Bufo_bufo_distribution.png/500px-Bufo_bufo_distribution.png 2x" data-file-width="1011" data-file-height="656" /></a></span><br /><small> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q146375?uselang=id#P181" title="Edit nilai pada Wikidata"><img alt="Edit nilai pada Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></small></center></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Katak-puru eropa (<i>common toad</i>)</b> atau di beberapa bagian wilayah Eropa yang berbahasa Inggris cukup disebut <i>toad</i> (<a href="/wiki/Kodok" class="mw-redirect" title="Kodok">kodok</a>) (<i>Bufo bufo</i>, dari <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Latin" title="Bahasa Latin">bahasa Latin</a> <i>bufo</i> "katak-puru"), adalah <a href="/wiki/Amfibia" class="mw-redirect" title="Amfibia">amfibi</a> yang ditemukan di sebagian besar Eropa (kecuali di <a href="/wiki/Pulau_Irlandia" title="Pulau Irlandia">Irlandia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islandia" title="Islandia">Islandia</a>, dan beberapa pulau di <a href="/wiki/Mediterania" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterania">Mediterania</a>), di bagian barat dari <a href="/wiki/Asia_Utara" title="Asia Utara">Asia Utara</a>, dan di sebagian kecil <a href="/wiki/Arab_Maghrib" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab Maghrib">barat Laut Afrika</a>. Hewan ini adalah salah satu dari sekelompok hewan yang memiliki hubungan erat dan berasal dari garis keturunan yang sama, yaitu <a href="/wiki/Katak_puru" title="Katak puru">katak puru</a>, yang membentuk <a href="/w/index.php?title=Species_complex&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Species complex (halaman belum tersedia)">spesies kompleks</a>. Kodok ini merupakan hewan yang sulit ditemukan, karena biasanya bersembunyi di siang hari. Ia aktif pada senja hari dan menghabiskan malam untuk berburu hewan <a href="/wiki/Avertebrata" class="mw-redirect" title="Avertebrata">invertebrata</a> yang bisa ia makan. Ia bergerak dengan cara berjalan lambat dan kaku atau melakukan lompatan pendek. Warna kulitnya cokelat keabu-abuan dan dipenuhi dengan benjolan seperti kutil. </p><p>Meskipun kodok termasuk hewan soliter, pada musim kawin, sejumlah besar kodok berkumpul di suatu kolam untuk berkembangbiak, di mana para kodok jantan bersaing untuk mengawini kodok betina. Telur-telurnya diletakkan di dalam semacam benang-benang yang tampak seperti agar-agar di dalam air dan kemudian menetas menjadi <a href="/wiki/Berudu" title="Berudu">berudu</a>. Setelah beberapa bulan tumbuh dan berkembang, anggota badannya mulai muncul dan mengalami <a href="/wiki/Metamorfosis" title="Metamorfosis">metamorfosis</a> menjadi kodok kecil. Kodok-kodok muda mulai muncul dari air dan menghabiskan hidup mereka di atas tanah. </p><p>Jumlah populasi katak-puru eropa tampaknya menurun dan terdaftar sebagai "<a href="/wiki/Spesies_risiko_rendah" title="Spesies risiko rendah">spesies risiko rendah</a>" dalam <a href="/wiki/Daftar_merah_IUCN" title="Daftar merah IUCN">Daftar Merah IUCN Spesies yang Terancam punah</a>. Jumlah populasinya terancam oleh hilangnya habitat, terutama karena keringnya kolam-kolam untuk berkembang biak, dan terbunuhnya kodok-kodok di jalan-jalan raya saat melakukan migrasi tahunan. Sejak dahulu, katak-puru eropa dikaitkan dengan ilmu <a href="/wiki/Sihir" title="Sihir">sihir</a> dalam budaya populer dan sastra. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Taksonomi">Taksonomi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Katak-puru_eropa&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Sunting bagian: Taksonomi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Katak-puru_eropa&action=edit&section=1" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Taksonomi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Toad_shoulder_girdle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Shoulder girdle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Toad_shoulder_girdle.jpg/220px-Toad_shoulder_girdle.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Toad_shoulder_girdle.jpg/330px-Toad_shoulder_girdle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Toad_shoulder_girdle.jpg/440px-Toad_shoulder_girdle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Kerangka yang menunjukkan gelangan bahu: 1 suprascapula, 2 tulang belikat, 3 klavikula, 4 procoracoid</figcaption></figure> <p>Pada awalnya katak-puru eropa diberi nama <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rana_(genus)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rana (genus) (halaman belum tersedia)">Rana</a> bufo</i> oleh ahli biologi <a href="/wiki/Swedia" title="Swedia">Swedia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carolus_Linnaeus" title="Carolus Linnaeus">Carl Linnaeus</a> dalam <i>Systema Naturae</i> edisi ke-10 pada tahun 1758.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dalam karyanya ini, ia menempatkan semua katak dan kodok dalam satu genus <i>Rana</i>. Kemudian ternyata diketahui bahwa genus <i>Rana</i> harus dibagi-bagi lagi. Pada tahun 1768, seorang naturalis asal Austria bernama Josephus Nicolaus Laurenti, menempatkan katak-puru eropa ini ke dalam genus <i>Bufo</i>, dan menamakannya <i>Bufo bufo</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-laurenti_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-laurenti-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-zootaxa_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zootaxa-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Semua kodok dalam genus ini termasuk ke dalam famili Bufonidae, yaitu kodok sejati.<sup id="cite_ref-DFrost_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DFrost-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Berbagai anak-jenis atau <a href="/wiki/Upaspesies" class="mw-redirect" title="Upaspesies">subspesies</a> dari <i>B. bufo</i> telah dikenali selama bertahun-tahun ini. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Katak-puru_kaukasia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Katak-puru kaukasia (halaman belum tersedia)">Katak-puru kaukasia</a> ditemukan di daerah Pegunungan Kaukasus dan sebelumnya digolongkan sebagai anak-jenis <i>B. b. verrucosissima</i>. Namun, katak-puru kaukasia memiliki <a href="/wiki/Genom" title="Genom">genom</a> yang lebih besar dan secara <a href="/wiki/Morfologis" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Morfologis">morfologis</a> berbeda dengan <i>B. bufo</i>, sehingga kodok ini sekarang diklasifikasikan sebagai <i>Bufo verrucosissimus</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Demikian pula, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Katak-puru_berduri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Katak-puru berduri (halaman belum tersedia)">katak-puru berduri</a> sebelumnya diklasifikasikan sebagai <i>B. b. spinosus</i>. Kodok ini ditemukan di daerah Mediterania dan tumbuh dengan ukuran yang lebih besar dan memiliki kulit yang lebih berduri jika dibandingkan dengan kerabatnya yang tinggal di sebelah utara zona intergradasinya.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sekarang katak-puru berduri diakui sebagai spesies tersendiri, <i>Bufo spinosus</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Katak-puru_gredos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Katak-puru gredos (halaman belum tersedia)">Katak-puru gredos</a>, <i>B. b. gredosicola</i>, adalah nama bagi sejenis katak-puru yang hidup di <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sierra_de_Gredos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sierra de Gredos (halaman belum tersedia)">Sierra de Gredos</a>, wilayah pegunungan di bagian tengah <a href="/wiki/Spanyol" title="Spanyol">Spanyol</a>. Kodok ini memiliki kelenjar <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paratoid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paratoid (halaman belum tersedia)">paratoid</a> yang sangat besar dan kulitnya penuh bercak-bercak yang tidak merata.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kodok ini sekarang dianggap sinonim dari <i>Bufo spinosus</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>B. bufo</i> merupakan bagian dari <a href="/w/index.php?title=Species_complex&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Species complex (halaman belum tersedia)">spesies kompleks</a>, sekelompok spesies yang memiliki hubungan erat sehingga perbedaannya tidak dapat dibatasi dengan jelas. Beberapa spesies modern diyakini dapat dikelompokkan berdasarkan taksa purba yang saling berkaitan pada masa pra-<a href="/wiki/Glasial" class="mw-redirect" title="Glasial">glasial</a>. Spesies-spesies ini adalah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Katak-puru_berduri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Katak-puru berduri (halaman belum tersedia)">katak-puru berduri</a> (<i>B. spinosus</i>), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Katak-puru_kaukasia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Katak-puru kaukasia (halaman belum tersedia)">katak-puru kaukasia</a> (<i>B. verrucosissimus</i>), dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Katak-puru_jepang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Katak-puru jepang (halaman belum tersedia)">katak-puru jepang</a> (<i>B. japonicus</i>). Katak-puru eropa (<i>Bufo bufo</i>) baru-baru ini diyakini masuk ke dalam kelompok ini.<sup id="cite_ref-Birstein_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Birstein-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Banyak yang meyakini bahwa leluhur spesies-spesies ini tersebar hingga ke Asia, tetapi terjadi isolasi antara spesies kompleks di timur dan barat akibat pembentukan gurun-gurun di Asia Tengah selama periode <a href="/wiki/Miosen" title="Miosen">Miosen</a> Tengah.<sup id="cite_ref-Garcia-Porta_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garcia-Porta-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hubungan taksonomi di antara spesies-spesies ini tetap belum jelas. Sebuah pemeriksaan serologis terhadap populasi kodok di <a href="/wiki/Turki" title="Turki">Turki</a> yang dilakukan pada tahun 2001, menguji protein <a href="/wiki/Serum_darah" title="Serum darah">serum darah</a> dari <i>Bufo verrucosissimus</i> dan <i>Bufo spinosus</i>. Ditemukan bahwa perbedaan di antara keduanya tidak signifikan dan oleh karena itu <i>Bufo verrucosissimus</i> harus dianggap bersinonim dengan <i>Bufo spinosus</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sebuah studi yang diterbitkan pada tahun 2012 meneliti hubungan filogenetik di antara spesies dalam kelompok <i>Bufo bufo</i> di Eurasia dan Afrika Utara, dan memperlihatkan sebuah sejarah evolusi yang panjang dalam kelompok tersebut. Sembilan sampai tiga belas juta tahun yang lalu, <i>Bufo eichwaldi</i>, spesies dari <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a> selatan dan <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> yang baru-baru ini dideskripsikan, terpisah dari garis keturunan utamanya. Divisinya menjadi lebih jauh ketika <i>Bufo spinosus</i> terrpisah sekitar lima juta tahun yang lalu ketika <a href="/wiki/Pegunungan_Pirenia" title="Pegunungan Pirenia">Pegunungan Pirenia</a> sedang terbentuk. Peristiwa ini mengisolasi populasi di Semenanjung <a href="/wiki/Iberia" title="Iberia">Iberia</a> dari populasi yang ada di wilayah lainnya di Eropa. Garis keturunan Eropa yang tersisa terbagi menjadi <i>Bufo bufo</i> dan <i>Bufo verrucosissimus,</i> kurang dari tiga juta tahun yang lalu selama masa <a href="/wiki/Pleistosen" title="Pleistosen">Pleistosen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Katak-puru eropa sering berhibridisasi dengan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Katak-puru_natterjack&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Katak-puru natterjack (halaman belum tersedia)">katak-puru natterjack</a> (<i>Bufo calamita</i>) atau <a href="/w/index.php?title=Katak-puru_hijau_eropa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Katak-puru hijau eropa (halaman belum tersedia)">katak-puru hijau eropa</a> (<i>Bufo viridis</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Collins_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collins-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Deskripsi">Deskripsi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Katak-puru_eropa&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Sunting bagian: Deskripsi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Katak-puru_eropa&action=edit&section=2" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Deskripsi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Panjang katak-puru eropa dapat mencapai sekitar 15 cm (6 in). Kodok betina biasanya lebih gemuk daripada yang jantan. Spesimen di selatan cenderung lebih besar daripada spesimen di utara. Kepalanya besar dengan mulut yang lebar di bawah moncongnya yang memiliki dua lubang hidung kecil. Katak-puru eropa tidak memiliki gigi. Matanya yang bulat menonjol memiliki iris berwarna kuning atau tembaga dan pupilnya berbentuk garis horizontal. Tepat di belakang matanya ada dua bagian menonjol yang merupakan kelenjar paratoid dengan posisi miring. Kelenjar ini mengandung zat berbahaya, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bufotoksin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bufotoksin (halaman belum tersedia)">bufotoksin</a>, yang digunakan untuk menghalau <a href="/wiki/Predator" class="mw-redirect" title="Predator">predator</a>. Kepalanya terhubung dengan tubuh tanpa terlihat leher dan tidak terdapat kantung vokal eksternal. Tubuhnya lebar dan menjongkok dengan posisi dekat dengan ke tanah. Tungkai depannya pendek dengan jari-jarinya yang mengarah ke dalam. Pada masa kawin, kodok jantan mengembangkan bantalan kawin pada tiga jari pertamanya. Kodok jantan menggunakan bantalan kawin ini untuk mencengkeram kodok betina saat kawin. Kaki belakang katak-puru relatif lebih pendek daripada kaki belakang katak. Jari-jarinya panjang dan tidak berselaput. Katak-puru eropa tidak memiliki ekor. Kulitnya kering dan dipenuhi dengan benjolan kecil seperti kutil. Warna kulitnya cukup merata dengan nuansa cokelat, cokelat zaitun, atau cokelat keabu-abuan. Terkadang sebagian kulitnya terdapat bercak atau garis seperti pita dengan warna yang lebih gelap. Katak-puru eropa cenderung memiliki <a href="/wiki/Dimorfisme_seksual" title="Dimorfisme seksual">dimorfisme seksual</a> yang mana kodok betinanya berwarna kecokelatan dan yang jantan berwarna keabu-abuan.<sup id="cite_ref-Naish_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Naish-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bagian bawah tubuhnya berwarna putih kotor dengan bercak abu-abu dan hitam.<sup id="cite_ref-AmphibiaWeb_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AmphibiaWeb-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Spesies lain yang sulit dibedakan dengan katak-puru eropa adalah katak-puru natterjack (<i>Bufo calamita</i>) dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Katak-puru_hijau_eropa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Katak-puru hijau eropa (halaman belum tersedia)">katak-puru hijau eropa</a> (<i>Bufo viridis</i>). Katak-puru natterjack biasanya lebih kecil dan memiliki garis kuning di sepanjang punggungnya, sedangkan katak-puru hijau eropa mempunyai bercak-bercak dengan corak yang unik. Posisi kelenjar paratoid dari kedua jenis kodok ini sejajar dan tidak miring seperti katak-puru eropa. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Katak_eropa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Katak eropa (halaman belum tersedia)">Katak eropa</a> (<i>Rana temporaria</i>) juga memiliki penampilan yang mirip, tetapi moncongnya tidak terlalu membulat, kulitnya halus dan lembap, dan biasanya bergerak dengan cara melompat.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Katak-puru eropa dapat hidup selama bertahun-tahun. Ada katak-puru eropa yang telah bertahan hidup selama lima puluh tahun di penangkaran.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Di alam liar, katak-puru eropa diperkirakan dapat bertahan hidup selama sekitar sepuluh sampai dua belas tahun. Usia mereka dapat diketahui dengan menghitung jumlah cincin dalam tulang jari (<i>phalanx</i>) mereka yang tumbuh setiap tahunnya.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 197.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 195.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Common_toad_(Bufo_bufo)_swimmimg.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Berenang, Otmoor, Oxfordshire"><img alt="Berenang, Otmoor, Oxfordshire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Common_toad_%28Bufo_bufo%29_swimmimg.jpg/293px-Common_toad_%28Bufo_bufo%29_swimmimg.jpg" decoding="async" width="196" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Common_toad_%28Bufo_bufo%29_swimmimg.jpg/440px-Common_toad_%28Bufo_bufo%29_swimmimg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Common_toad_%28Bufo_bufo%29_swimmimg.jpg/585px-Common_toad_%28Bufo_bufo%29_swimmimg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2117" data-file-height="1411" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Berenang, Otmoor, Oxfordshire</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 233.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 231.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Bufo_bufo.ogv/347px--Bufo_bufo.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" height="130" data-durationhint="230" data-mwtitle="Bufo_bufo.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/42/Bufo_bufo.ogv/Bufo_bufo.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/42/Bufo_bufo.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="1024" data-height="576" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/42/Bufo_bufo.ogv/Bufo_bufo.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/42/Bufo_bufo.ogv/Bufo_bufo.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/42/Bufo_bufo.ogv/Bufo_bufo.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/42/Bufo_bufo.ogv/Bufo_bufo.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Di kolam Burgwald, Jerman</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Penyebaran_dan_habitat">Penyebaran dan habitat</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Katak-puru_eropa&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Sunting bagian: Penyebaran dan habitat" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Katak-puru_eropa&action=edit&section=3" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Penyebaran dan habitat"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Katak-puru eropa menempati peringkat keempat sebagai amfibi yang paling banyak hidup di Eropa, setelah katak eropa (<i>Rana temporaria</i>), katak air (<i>Pelophylax esculentus</i>) dan kadal air halus (<i>Lissotriton vulgaris</i>). Katak-puru eropa dapat ditemui di daratan Eropa, kecuali di <a href="/wiki/Islandia" title="Islandia">Islandia</a>, wilayah utara <a href="/wiki/Skandinavia" title="Skandinavia">Skandinavia</a> yang dingin, <a href="/wiki/Irlandia" class="mw-redirect" title="Irlandia">Irlandia</a>, dan sejumlah pulau di <a href="/wiki/Mediterania" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterania">Mediterania</a>, termasuk <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kreta" title="Kreta">Kreta</a>, Korsika, <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Kepulauan_Balears" class="mw-redirect" title="Kepulauan Balears">Kepulauan Balear</a>s. Habitatnya di wilayah timur menyebar sampai ke <a href="/wiki/Irkutsk" title="Irkutsk">Irkutsk</a>, Siberia. Wilayahnya di selatan meliputi bagian barat laut <a href="/wiki/Afrika" title="Afrika">Afrika</a>. Sedangkan di utara menjangkau wilayah pegunungan <a href="/wiki/Maroko" title="Maroko">Maroko</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aljazair" title="Aljazair">Aljazair</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>. Kodok yang memiliki hubungan dekat dengan katak-puru eropa hidup di Asia timur, termasuk <a href="/wiki/Jepang" title="Jepang">Jepang</a>. Katak-puru eropa juga ditemukan pada ketinggian hingga 2.500 meter (8.200 ft) di habitat bagian selatan. Katak-puru eropa sebagian besar ditemukan di kawasan hutan dengan <a href="/wiki/Tumbuhan_runjung" title="Tumbuhan runjung">tumbuhan runjung</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tumbuhan_peluruh" title="Tumbuhan peluruh">tumbuhan peluruh</a>, dan campuran, terutama di tempat-tempat yang basah. Katak-puru eropa juga hidup di lahan terbuka pedesaan, ladang, belukar, taman dan kebun, dan sering berada di area kering, jauh dari genangan air. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Bufo_bufo-defensive_reaction1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A common toad adopts a defensive stance" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Bufo_bufo-defensive_reaction1.JPG/220px-Bufo_bufo-defensive_reaction1.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Bufo_bufo-defensive_reaction1.JPG/330px-Bufo_bufo-defensive_reaction1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Bufo_bufo-defensive_reaction1.JPG/440px-Bufo_bufo-defensive_reaction1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Sikap tubuh katak-puru eropa dengan posisi bertahan</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:U%C5%BEovka_obojkov%C3%A1_s_%C3%BAlovkem_(04).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/U%C5%BEovka_obojkov%C3%A1_s_%C3%BAlovkem_%2804%29.jpg/220px-U%C5%BEovka_obojkov%C3%A1_s_%C3%BAlovkem_%2804%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/U%C5%BEovka_obojkov%C3%A1_s_%C3%BAlovkem_%2804%29.jpg/330px-U%C5%BEovka_obojkov%C3%A1_s_%C3%BAlovkem_%2804%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/U%C5%BEovka_obojkov%C3%A1_s_%C3%BAlovkem_%2804%29.jpg/440px-U%C5%BEovka_obojkov%C3%A1_s_%C3%BAlovkem_%2804%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Seekor ular rumput sedang memakan katak-puru eropa dewasa, Republik Ceko</figcaption></figure> <p>Katak-puru eropa biasanya bergerak dengan cara berjalan lambat atau melompat pendek dengan menggunakan keempat kakinya. Ia menghabiskan waktunya di siang hari dengan bersembunyi di dalam sarang yang memiliki lubang di bawah dedaunan atau di bawah akar atau batu dengan warna yang membuatnya tidak terlihat. Ia keluar pada senja hari dan dapat melakukan perjalanan dalam kegelapan sambil berburu mangsa. Ia paling aktif pada musim hujan. Sebelum pagi tiba, ia telah kembali ke dalam sarangnya dan dapat menempati sarang yang sama selama beberapa bulan. Katak-puru eropa adalah pemakan yang rakus. Ia memangsa <a href="/wiki/Kutu_kayu" title="Kutu kayu">kutu kayu</a>, <i>slug</i> (siput tanpa cangkang), <a href="/wiki/Kumbang" title="Kumbang">kumbang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ulat" title="Ulat">ulat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lalat" title="Lalat">lalat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cacing_tanah" title="Cacing tanah">cacing tanah</a>, dan bahkan <a href="/wiki/Tikus" title="Tikus">tikus</a> kecil.<sup id="cite_ref-Observer_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Observer-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Surrey_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Surrey-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mangsa yang kecil dan bergerak dengan cepat dapat tertangkap oleh satu kibasan lidah, sedangkan mangsa yang lebih besar dicengkeram dengan rahangnya. Karena tidak memiliki gigi, ia menelan mangsanya dalam beberapa tegukan. Ia tidak mengenali mangsanya, tetapi ia akan mencoba memangsa apapun yang berbentuk kecil, berwarna gelap, dan bergerak, yang ia temui di malam hari. Sebuah studi penelitian menunjukkan bahwa katak-puru eropa mencaplok sepotong kertas hitam berukuran 1 cm (0,4 in) yang bergerak, seolah-olah kertas itu adalah mangsanya. Akan tetapi, ia mengabaikan potongan kertas yang bergerak dengan ukuran yang lebih besar.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kodok tampaknya menggunakan isyarat visual untuk mencari makan dan dapat melihat mangsanya dalam intensitas cahaya yang sangat rendah, di mana manusia tidak dapat melihat apapun.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Katak-puru eropa berganti kulit secara berkala. Kulitnya akan lepas dalam bentuk serpihan yang kemudian ia makan. </p><p>Ketika diserang, katak-puru eropa memiliki sikap tubuh yang khas. Ia menaikkan tubuhnya dan berdiri dengan meninggikan kaki belakangnya dan merendahkan kepalanya. Sarana pertahanannya terletak pada sekresi berbau busuk yang diproduksi oleh kelenjar paratoid dan kelenjar lainnya yang ada pada kulitnya. Sekresinya mengandung racun bernama <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bufagin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bufagin (halaman belum tersedia)">bufagin</a> dan cukup untuk mengusir banyak predator, meskipun sepertinya tidak berpengaruh pada ular rumput. Predator kodok dewasa lainnya adalah <a href="/wiki/Landak" title="Landak">landak</a>, tikus, <a href="/wiki/Cerpelai" title="Cerpelai">cerpelai</a>, dan bahkan kucing domestik. Burung-burung yang memakan kodok ini adalah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cangak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cangak (halaman belum tersedia)">cangak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gagak" title="Gagak">gagak</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Burung_pemangsa" title="Burung pemangsa">burung pemangsa</a>. Burung gagak teramati memangsa kodok ini dengan cara merobek kulit kodok dengan paruhnya dan mengeluarkan organ hatinya, dengan demikian menghindari racunnya. Berudu katak-puru eropa juga memancarkan zat berbahaya untuk mencegah ikan yang ingin memakan mereka, tetapi tidak efektif untuk mengusir <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kadal_air_jambul_berkutil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kadal air jambul berkutil (halaman belum tersedia)">kadal air jambul berkutil</a> (<i>Triturus cristatus</i>). Hewan invertebrata air yang memangsa berudu kodok adalah larva <a href="/wiki/Capung" title="Capung">capung</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kumbang" title="Kumbang">kumbang</a> penyelam (bibis, Dytiscidae) dan anggang-anggang (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Corixidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Corixidae (halaman belum tersedia)">Corixidae</a>). Hewan-hewan ini biasanya menghindari sekresi beracunnya dengan menusuk kulit berudu dan mengisap cairannya. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Bufo_bufo_w_Bialogard_Polen_080901_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Infected with larvae of Lucilia bufonivora" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Bufo_bufo_w_Bialogard_Polen_080901_%281%29.jpg/220px-Bufo_bufo_w_Bialogard_Polen_080901_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Bufo_bufo_w_Bialogard_Polen_080901_%281%29.jpg/330px-Bufo_bufo_w_Bialogard_Polen_080901_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Bufo_bufo_w_Bialogard_Polen_080901_%281%29.jpg/440px-Bufo_bufo_w_Bialogard_Polen_080901_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="868" /></a><figcaption>Kodok yang terinfeksi larva lalat <i>Lucilia bufonivora</i>, Polandia</figcaption></figure> <p>Sejenis <a href="/wiki/Lalat" title="Lalat">lalat</a> parasit, <i>Lucilia bufonivora</i>, menyerang katak-puru eropa dewasa. Ia bertelur di kulit kodok dan ketika menetas, larvanya merayap ke lubang hidung kodok dan memakan dagingnya dari dalam dan mengakibatkan kematian bagi kodok tersebut.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sejenis kerang air tawar <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sphaerium_corneum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sphaerium corneum (halaman belum tersedia)">Sphaerium corneum</a></i> berbeda dengan kerang-kerang pada umumnya. Ia dapat memanjat tanaman air dan bergerak dengan kakinya yang berotot. Kerang ini kadang-kadang menempel pada jari kaki kodok dan diyakini sebagai salah satu cara untuk berpindah ke lokasi yang baru.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pada tahun 2007, para peneliti menggunakan kendaraan dalam air yang dikendalikan dari jarak jauh untuk menyurvei perairan <a href="/wiki/Loch_Ness" title="Loch Ness">Loch Ness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Skotlandia" title="Skotlandia">Skotlandia</a>. Mereka mendapati katak-puru eropa bergerak di sepanjang dasar danau pada kedalaman 324 kaki (99 m). Mereka terkejut menemukan seekor hewan yang bernapas dengan paru-paru dapat bertahan hidup di tempat tersebut.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Siklus hidup tahunan katak-puru eropa ini dibagi menjadi 3 periode, yaitu <a href="/wiki/Hibernasi" title="Hibernasi">tidur musim dingin</a>, waktu kawin, dan periode makan. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reproduksi">Reproduksi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Katak-puru_eropa&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Sunting bagian: Reproduksi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Katak-puru_eropa&action=edit&section=4" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Reproduksi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Amplexus_Bufo_bufo_2010-03-29.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Amplexus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Amplexus_Bufo_bufo_2010-03-29.jpg/220px-Amplexus_Bufo_bufo_2010-03-29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Amplexus_Bufo_bufo_2010-03-29.jpg/330px-Amplexus_Bufo_bufo_2010-03-29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Amplexus_Bufo_bufo_2010-03-29.jpg/440px-Amplexus_Bufo_bufo_2010-03-29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3747" data-file-height="2429" /></a><figcaption>Ampleksus</figcaption></figure> <p>Katak-puru eropa bangun dari <a href="/wiki/Hibernasi" title="Hibernasi">hibernasi</a> pada musim semi dan melakukan migrasi besar-besaran menuju tempat berkembang biak. Kodok-kodok berkumpul di kolam tertentu yang mereka sukai sambil menghindari genangan air lainnya. Kodok dewasa menggunakan lokasi yang sama dari tahun ke tahun dan lebih dari 80% kodok jantan muda kembali ke kolam di mana mereka ditetaskan.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sebagian besar kodok-kodok ini menemukan jalannya dengan menggunakan alat penciuman dan isyarat magnetik. Dalam suatu percobaan, kodok dipindahkan ke tempat lain dan dipasangi alat pelacak. Dari percobaan tersebut, diketahui bahwa kodok dapat menemukan lokasi kolam untuk berkembang biak meskipun pemindahannya melebihi tiga kilometer.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Common_toad_Bufo_bufo_multiple_amplexus_mating_ball.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Common_toad_Bufo_bufo_multiple_amplexus_mating_ball.jpg/220px-Common_toad_Bufo_bufo_multiple_amplexus_mating_ball.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Common_toad_Bufo_bufo_multiple_amplexus_mating_ball.jpg/330px-Common_toad_Bufo_bufo_multiple_amplexus_mating_ball.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Common_toad_Bufo_bufo_multiple_amplexus_mating_ball.jpg/440px-Common_toad_Bufo_bufo_multiple_amplexus_mating_ball.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1620" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>'Bola kawin' (<i>multiple amplexus)</i></figcaption></figure> <p>Kodok jantan tiba lebih dahulu di lokasi dan tinggal di sana selama beberapa minggu, sedangkan kodok betina hanya tinggal selama masa kawin dan bertelur. Kodok-kodok jantan tidak bertarung saat memperebutkan hak untuk mengawini kodok betina. Kodok jantan memperebutkan betina dengan nada suara mereka. Suara mereka menggambarkan ukuran tubuh dan kegagahan mereka.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Namun, pertarungan terjadi dalam beberapa kasus. Dari penelitian di sebuah kolam, di mana jumlah kodok jantan lebih banyak daripada kodok betina dengan perbandingan empat atau lima berbanding satu, ditemukan bahwa 38% dari kodok jantan memenangkan hak untuk kawin dengan mengalahkan saingannya dalam pertarungan atau dengan menggusur kodok jantan lain yang sudah menunggangi kodok betina.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kodok jantan pada umumnya lebih banyak daripada kodok betina di kolam perkembangbiakan. Sebuah studi di Swedia menunjukkan bahwa kematian kodok betina lebih tinggi daripada kodok jantan dan 41% kodok betina tidak datang ke kolam perkembangbiakan pada musim semi dan melewatkan satu tahun sebelum bereproduksi lagi.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Bufo.bufo.eggs.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Egg strings of common toad" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Bufo.bufo.eggs.jpg/220px-Bufo.bufo.eggs.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Bufo.bufo.eggs.jpg/330px-Bufo.bufo.eggs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Bufo.bufo.eggs.jpg/440px-Bufo.bufo.eggs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="425" /></a><figcaption>Benang telur, Belgia</figcaption></figure> <p>Kodok jantan menaiki punggung kodok betina, mencengkeramnya dengan tungkai depan mereka di bawah ketiaknya. Kegiatan ini disebut ampleksus. Kodok jantan yang sangat antusias, akan mencoba untuk mencengkeram ikan atau benda mati dan sering kali menaiki punggung kodok jantan lainnya. Kadang-kadang beberapa kodok akan membentuk sebuah tumpukan dan setiap kodok jantan mencoba mencengkeram kodok betina di bawahnya. Ini adalah periode yang penuh tekanan bagi kodok betina dan tingkat kematian kodok yang sedang berkembang biak cukup tinggi. Kodok jantan yang berhasil akan diam dalam posisi ampleksus selama beberapa hari. Ketika kodok betina mengeluarkan benang ganda panjang yang berisi telur-telur hitam, kodok jantan akan membuahinya dengan spermanya. Benang telur yang seperti agar-agar, bisa berisi 3.000 - 6.000 telur dan panjangnya bisa mencapai 3 - 4,5 meter. Saat pasangan kodok bergerak ke sana ke mari dalam posisi ampleksus, benang telurnya akan terjerat di tangkai tanaman dan menjadi kusut. </p><p>Benang telur menyerap air dan membengkak. <a href="/wiki/Berudu" title="Berudu">Berudu</a> kecil akan menetas setelah dua sampai tiga minggu. Pada awalnya mereka melekat pada sisa-sisa benang dan memakan agar-agarnya. Mereka kemudian menempel pada bagian bawah daun rumput air sampai mereka bisa berenang dengan bebas. Sekilas berudu katak-puru eropa tampak mirip dengan berudu <a href="/w/index.php?title=Katak_eropa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Katak eropa (halaman belum tersedia)">katak eropa</a> (<i>Rana temporaria</i>), tetapi warnanya lebih gelap, kehitaman di bagian atasnya dan abu-abu gelap di bagian bawahnya. Mereka dapat dibedakan dari berudu spesies lainnya berdasarkan fakta bahwa lebar mulutnya sama dengan jarak antara kedua matanya, dan dua kali lebih besar dari jarak antara kedua lubang hidungnya. Selama beberapa minggu kaki mereka akan tumbuh dan ekor mereka secara bertahap memendek. Saat mereka mencapai usia dua belas minggu, mereka sudah berbentuk kodok mini dengan panjang sekitar 1,5 cm (0,6 inchi) dan siap untuk meninggalkan kolam. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:BufoBufoTadpoles.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Tadpoles of common toad" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/BufoBufoTadpoles.jpg/220px-BufoBufoTadpoles.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/BufoBufoTadpoles.jpg/330px-BufoBufoTadpoles.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/BufoBufoTadpoles.jpg/440px-BufoBufoTadpoles.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Berudu katak-puru eropa, beberapa di antaranya sudah memiliki kaki belakang, Jerman</figcaption></figure><p> Katak-puru eropa mencapai <a href="/wiki/Kematangan_seksual" title="Kematangan seksual">kematangan seksual</a> pada usia tiga sampai tujuh tahun, tapi bervariasi di antara populasinya. Kodok-kodok muda sering terjangkit parasit nematoda paru-paru <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhabdias_bufonis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rhabdias bufonis (halaman belum tersedia)">Rhabdias bufonis</a></i>. Ini akan memperlambat tingkat pertumbuhan serta mengurangi stamina dan kebugaran. Kodok muda yang lebih besar saat bermetamorfosis, selalu lebih banyak daripada kodok muda kecil yang tumbuh di kolam yang dipenuhi oleh kodok. Meskipun mereka sudah terinfeksi cacing yang berat, kodok muda besar tumbuh lebih cepat daripada kodok muda kecil dengan infeksi cacing ringan.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Setelah beberapa bulan setelah infeksi cacing berat, di dalam suatu studi dengan metode <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scientific_control&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Scientific control (halaman belum tersedia)">scientific control</a></i>, berat tubuh beberapa kodok muda hanya setengah dari kodok muda yang berperan sebagai kontrol. Parasit yang menyerang tubuh mereka menimbulkan <a href="/wiki/Anoreksia_nervosa" title="Anoreksia nervosa">anoreksia</a> yang menyebabkan terjadi penurunan asupan makanan dan beberapa individu di antaranya mati.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Studi lainnya menyelidiki apakah penggunaan pupuk nitrogen mempengaruhi perkembangan berudu katak-puru eropa. Beberapa berudu disimpan di dalam larutan <a href="/wiki/Amonium_nitrat" title="Amonium nitrat">amonium nitrat</a> yang sangat encer dengan kadar yang berbeda-beda. Dari penelitian tersebut, ditemukan bahwa pada konsentrasi tertentu yang jauh di atas konsentrasi yang biasa ditemukan di lapangan, pertumbuhannya meningkat dan metamorfosisnya menjadi lebih cepat, tetapi yang lainnya tidak menunjukkan perbedaan yang signifikan di antara berudu percobaan dengan berudu kontrol. Namun demikian, di antara hewan-hewan percobaan ditemukan pola berenang yang tidak biasa dan beberapa kelainan bentuk.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:708px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Bufobufotadpoles.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Perkembangan berudu selama lebih dari dua minggu, Jerman"><img alt="Tadpole development" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Bufobufotadpoles.jpg/700px-Bufobufotadpoles.jpg" decoding="async" width="700" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Bufobufotadpoles.jpg/1050px-Bufobufotadpoles.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Bufobufotadpoles.jpg/1400px-Bufobufotadpoles.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4321" data-file-height="253" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Bufobufotadpoles.jpg" title="Berkas:Bufobufotadpoles.jpg"> </a></div>Perkembangan berudu selama lebih dari dua minggu, Jerman</div></div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-source-container" lang="en" dir="ltr" style="display: none;"><div class="cx-template-editor-source"><div class="cx-template-editor-title" title="Allows you to easily include a panorama image. If the image is too wide, scrollbars will be added.">Wide image</div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="1" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Filename</span><span data-key="1" title="Name of the file to display. Example: Helsinki z00.jpg" class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="1" style="position: relative;">Bufobufotadpoles.jpg</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="2" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Image width</span><span data-key="2" title="Give the width in pixels (like: 1600px) that you want the included image to be" class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="2" style="position: relative;">700px</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="3" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Caption</span><span data-key="3" title="A caption for the image that will be shown below image" class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="3" style="position: relative;">Perkembangan berudu selama lebih dari dua minggu, Jerman</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="alt" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Textual alternative</span><span data-key="alt" title="Describes the image's visual appearance to visually disabled readers. Please see WP:ALT for details" class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="alt" style="position: relative;">Tadpole development</div></div></div></div><p>Sebuah perbandingan dibuat di antara tingkat pertumbuhan kodok muda yang baru saja <a href="/wiki/Metamorfosis" title="Metamorfosis">bermetamorfosis</a> di berbagai tempat dengan ketinggian dan lintang yang berbeda. Spesimen-spesimen yang diteliti berasal dari Norwegia, Jerman, Swiss, Belanda, dan Prancis. Pada awalnya, tingkat pertumbuhan kodok jantan dan betina bersifat identik. Ketika mereka akan mencapai kedewasaan, tingkat pertumbuhannya menurun sebanyak kira-kira 21% di awal dan mencapai 95% dari ukuran kodok dewasa yang diharapkan. Pada beberapa kodok betina yang sedang mengalami siklus pembiakan dua tahunan, berkembang pesat dalam waktu yang lebih lama. Menyesuaikan dengan suhu yang berbeda dan jangka waktu musim tanam, kodok-kodok tumbuh dan matang dengan tingkat yang sama dengan kodok-kodok dari empat lokasi yang lebih dingin. Kodok-kodok muda ini mencapai kedewasaannya setelah 1,09 tahun untuk kodok jantan, dan 1,55 tahun untuk kodok betina. Akan tetapi, kodok muda dari dataran rendah Prancis tumbuh lebih cepat dan lebih panjang dengan ukuran yang lebih besar, dengan rata-rata 1,77 tahun untuk kodok jantan dan 2,49 tahun untuk kodok betina, sebelum mencapai kedewasaan.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tidur_di_musim_dingin">Tidur di musim dingin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Katak-puru_eropa&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Sunting bagian: Tidur di musim dingin" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Katak-puru_eropa&action=edit&section=5" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Tidur di musim dingin"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Katak-puru eropa menghabiskan waktu di musim dingin di dalam berbagai lubang di tanah, kadang-kadang di ruang bawah tanah, dan sering berbarengan dengan amfibi lainnya. Katak-puru eropa jarang menghabiskan musim dingin di air mengalir bersama <a href="/w/index.php?title=Katak_eropa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Katak eropa (halaman belum tersedia)">katak eropa</a> dan katak air <i>Pelophylax esculentus</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Konservasi">Konservasi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Katak-puru_eropa&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Sunting bagian: Konservasi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Katak-puru_eropa&action=edit&section=6" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Konservasi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Daftar_Merah_IUCN" class="mw-redirect" title="Daftar Merah IUCN">Daftar Merah IUCN</a> menganggap katak-puru eropa sebagai <a href="/wiki/Spesies_risiko_rendah" title="Spesies risiko rendah">spesies risiko rendah</a>. Ini disebabkan karena penyebaran spesiesnya luas dan merupakan spesies umum. Katak-puru eropa tidak terancam oleh hilangnya habitat karena mudah beradaptasi dan dapat ditemukan di hutan dengan tumbuhan peluruh dan tumbuhan runjung, semak belukar, padang rumput, taman, dan kebun. Katak-puru eropa menyukai area basah dengan dedaunan yang lebat. Ancaman utamanya adalah hilangnya habitat lokal, keringnya lahan basah untuk berkembangbiak, kegiatan pertanian, polusi, dan kematian di jalan raya. </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kitridiomikosis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kitridiomikosis (halaman belum tersedia)">Kitridiomikosis</a>, sebuah penyakit yang menginfeksi amfibi sering menyerang katak-puru eropa di Spanyol dan <a href="/wiki/Kerajaan_Bersatu_Britania_Raya_dan_Irlandia_Utara" class="mw-redirect" title="Kerajaan Bersatu Britania Raya dan Irlandia Utara">Kerajaan Bersatu Britania Raya dan Irlandia Utara</a> dan dapat mempengaruhi beberapa populasi.<sup id="cite_ref-iucn_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iucn-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Di beberapa wilayah, jumlah katak-puru eropa menurun. Di Spanyol meningkatnya kekeringan dan hilangnya habitat menyebabkan penyusutan jumlah katak-puru eropa, sehingga katak tersebut digolongkan "<a href="/wiki/Spesies_mendekati_terancam" title="Spesies mendekati terancam">spesies mendekati terancam</a>". Sebuah populasi di pegunungan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sierra_de_Gredos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sierra de Gredos (halaman belum tersedia)">Sierra de Gredos</a> menghadapi ancaman dari predator berang-berang dan meningkatnya kompetisi dengan katak <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pelophylax_perezi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pelophylax perezi (halaman belum tersedia)">Pelophylax perezi</a></i>. Baik berang-berang maupun katak memperluas wilayahnya ke daerah yang lebih tinggi.<sup id="cite_ref-iucn_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iucn-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Katak-puru eropa tidak bisa diperjualbelikan secara legal di <a href="/wiki/Kerajaan_Bersatu_Britania_Raya_dan_Irlandia_Utara" class="mw-redirect" title="Kerajaan Bersatu Britania Raya dan Irlandia Utara">Kerajaan Bersatu Britania Raya dan Irlandia Utara</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Akan tetapi, ada penurunan jumlah kodok, meskipun lamban.<sup id="cite_ref-iucn_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iucn-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Oleh karena itu, katak-puru eropa dideklarasikan sebagai spesies prioritas dalam <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biodiversity_Action_Plan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Biodiversity Action Plan (halaman belum tersedia)">Biodiversity Action Plan</a></i> (Rencana Aksi Keanekaragaman Hayati).<sup id="cite_ref-AmphibiaWeb_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AmphibiaWeb-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Di <a href="/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia">Rusia</a>, katak-puru eropa dianggap sebagai "Spesies Langka" di Provinsi <a href="/wiki/Bashkortostan" title="Bashkortostan">Bashkortostan</a>, Tataria, <a href="/wiki/Yamalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Yamalia">Yamalia</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Irkutsk" title="Irkutsk">Irkutsk</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-AmphibiaWeb_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AmphibiaWeb-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> tetapi selama tahun 1990an, jumlah katak-puru eropa menjadi sangat banyak di <a href="/wiki/Oblast_moskwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Oblast moskwa">Provinsi Moskow</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AmphibiaWeb_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AmphibiaWeb-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dari sebuah penelitian diketahui bahwa populasi katak-puru eropa di perkotaan yang menempati area-area kecil dan terisolasi oleh perkembangan kota, memiliki level <a href="/wiki/Keanekaragaman_genetik" title="Keanekaragaman genetik">keanekaragaman genetik</a> yang rendah dan kemampuan fisiknya lebih rendah daripada populasi katak-puru eropa yang tinggal di pedesaan. Para peneliti mendemonstrasikan hal ini melalui analisis genetik dan dengan mencatat jumlah abnomalitas fisik yang banyak pada kodok perkotaan jika dibandingkan dengan berudu pedesaan yang tumbuh besar di sebuah lingkungan yang terkendali. Penurunan jumlah katak-puru eropa dalam jangka panjang dan fragmentasi habitat dianggap dapat mengurangi jumlah populasi di lingkungan perkotaan.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kematian_di_jalan_raya">Kematian di jalan raya</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Katak-puru_eropa&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Sunting bagian: Kematian di jalan raya" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Katak-puru_eropa&action=edit&section=7" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Kematian di jalan raya"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Toad_tunnel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Tunnel for toads" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Toad_tunnel.jpg/220px-Toad_tunnel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Toad_tunnel.jpg/330px-Toad_tunnel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Toad_tunnel.jpg/440px-Toad_tunnel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1419" data-file-height="871" /></a><figcaption>Terowongan di bawah jalan untuk kodok, Jerman</figcaption></figure> <p>Banyak kodok terbunuh oleh kendaraan saat bermigrasi ke lokasi perkembangbiakannya. Di Eropa, katak-puru eropa memiliki angka kematian di jalan raya tertinggi di antara amfibi-amfibi lainnya. Banyak kematian terjadi di ruas-ruas jalan di mana aliran sungai mengalir di bawahnya. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa rute migrasi sering kali mengikuti arah air mengalir.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Di beberapa tempat di <a href="/wiki/Jerman" title="Jerman">Jerman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belgia" title="Belgia">Belgia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pulau_Britania_Raya" title="Pulau Britania Raya">Inggris</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Italy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Northern Italy (halaman belum tersedia)">Italia Utara</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Polandia" title="Polandia">Polandia</a>, terowongan khusus telah dibangun agar katak dapat menyebrangi bagian bawah jalan dengan aman. Di tempat lain, kelompok pemerhati satwa liar setempat menjalankan "patroli kodok", dengan memasukkan amfibi ke dalam ember dan membawanya menyeberangi titik-titik penyeberangan yang ramai. Kodok mulai bergerak saat senja hari, dan bagi mereka, untuk melakukan perjalanan jauh, suhu harus tetap berada di atas 5 °C (41 °F). Pada malam hari yang hangat dan basah, mereka dapat terus bergerak sepanjang malam, tetapi jika suhunya menurun, mereka berhenti lebih awal.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sebuah perkiraan mengenai kematian di jalan raya menjadi penyebab utama kematian katak-puru eropa, dibuat di Belanda. Jumlah kodok betina yang mati saat migrasi pada musim semi di jalan pedesaan yang sepi (sepuluh kendaraan per jam) dibandingkan dengan jumlah benang telur yang dikeluarkan di rawa di dekat jalan tersebut. Hasilnya adalah angka kematian sebesar 30% . Angka kematian pada kodok jantan cenderung sama.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bufotoksin">Bufotoksin</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Katak-puru_eropa&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Sunting bagian: Bufotoksin" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Katak-puru_eropa&action=edit&section=8" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Bufotoksin"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Zat beracun utama yang ditemukan di dalam kelenjar parotoid dan kulit katak-puru eropa bernama bufotoksin. Zat ini pertama kali diisolasi oleh <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Otto_Wieland" title="Heinrich Otto Wieland">Heinrich Wieland</a> dan rekan-rekannya pada tahun 1922 dan mereka berhasil mengidentifikasi strukturnya sekitar 20 tahun kemudian.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sementara itu, peneliti lainnya berhasil mengisolasi senyawa yang sama dan <a href="/wiki/Steroid" title="Steroid">steroid</a> induknya, bufotalin, dari <a href="/w/index.php?title=Katak-puru_jepang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Katak-puru jepang (halaman belum tersedia)">katak-puru jepang</a> (<i>Bufo japonicus</i>). Pada tahun 1986, para peneliti di Universitas Negara Bagian Arizona telah berhasil mensintesis unsur racun kodok, yaitu <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bufotalin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bufotalin (halaman belum tersedia)">bufotalin</a>, bufalitoksin, dan bufotoksin.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rumus kimia dari bufotoksin adalah C<sub>40</sub>H<sub>60</sub>N<sub>4</sub>O<sub>10</sub>. Efek fisik yang ditimbulkan menyerupai efek kerja tumbuhan <a href="/wiki/Digitalis" class="mw-redirect" title="Digitalis">digitalis</a><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> di mana dalam dosis kecil meningkatkan kontraksi otot jantung dan karenanya digunakan untuk pengobatan <a href="/wiki/Gagal_jantung_kongestif" class="mw-redirect" title="Gagal jantung kongestif">gagal jantung kongestif</a>. Kulit dari seekor kodok mengandung cukup banyak racun untuk menimbulkan gejala serius atau bahkan kematian pada hewan dan manusia.<sup id="cite_ref-textfiles_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-textfiles-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Efek klinis termasuk iritasi parah, rasa sakit pada mata, mulut, hidung, tenggorokan, gejala jantung dan gejala pernapasan, <a href="/wiki/Kelumpuhan" title="Kelumpuhan">kelumpuhan</a>, kejang-kejang, peningkatan air liur, muntah, <a href="/wiki/Hiperkalemia" title="Hiperkalemia">hiperkalemia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sianosis" title="Sianosis">sianosis</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Halusinasi" title="Halusinasi">halusinasi</a>. Sejauh ini anti-racun tersebut belum diketahui. Tatalaksana penanganannya berupa penyediaan alat pendukung pernapasan dan fungsi kardiovaskular, pencegahan penyerapan racun lebih jauh dan <a href="/wiki/Elektrokardiogram" title="Elektrokardiogram">elektrokardiografi</a> untuk memantau kondisi korban. Pemberian <a href="/wiki/Atropin" title="Atropin">atropin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fenitoin" title="Fenitoin">fenitoin</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kolestiramin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kolestiramin (halaman belum tersedia)">kolestiramin</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Lidokain" title="Lidokain">lidokain</a> terbukti bermanfaat dalam pengobatannya. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Makna_budaya">Makna budaya</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Katak-puru_eropa&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Sunting bagian: Makna budaya" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Katak-puru_eropa&action=edit&section=9" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Makna budaya"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Satan-traditional-arms.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Devil's coat of arms" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Satan-traditional-arms.svg/220px-Satan-traditional-arms.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Satan-traditional-arms.svg/330px-Satan-traditional-arms.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Satan-traditional-arms.svg/440px-Satan-traditional-arms.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="623" data-file-height="783" /></a><figcaption>Lambang Iblis</figcaption></figure> <p>Kodok telah lama dianggap sebagai hewan yang membawa pertanda buruk atau sebagai koneksi ke dunia roh. Ini mungkin disebabkan oleh fakta bahwa kodok hidup di darat dan di air. Kebencian terhadap kodok bisa disebabkan oleh warnanya yang kehitaman, kulitnya yang dipenuhi benjolan seperti kutil, pergerakannya yang lambat, dan selalu keluar dari lubang-lubang gelap. Di Eropa pada <a href="/wiki/Abad_Pertengahan" title="Abad Pertengahan">Abad Pertengahan</a>, kodok diasosiasikan dengan <a href="/wiki/Setan" title="Setan">Iblis</a>, karena sebuah lambang Iblis ditemukan dengan gambar tiga ekor kodok.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Katak puru juga diketahui dapat meracuni manusia, dan sebagai hewan peliharaan penyihir, kodok dianggap memiliki kekuatan magis. Bahkan orang-orang biasa memanfaatkan kodok kering, empedu, feses, dan darahnya.<sup id="cite_ref-Witch-hunt_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Witch-hunt-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Di beberapa daerah, hadirnya katak puru dalam rumah dianggap sebagai bukti adanya seorang penyihir. Di <a href="/wiki/Basque" class="mw-redirect" title="Basque">Basque</a> Country, hewan peliharaan penyihir diyakini berupa katak puru yang mengenakan jubah yang elegan. Katak-katak ini digembalakan oleh anak-anak yang dilatih sebagai penyihir. Antara tahun 1610 dan 1612, Inkuisitor Spanyol <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alonso_de_Salazar_Fr%C3%ADas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alonso de Salazar Frías (halaman belum tersedia)">Alonso de Salazar Frías</a> menyelidiki kegiatan sihir di wilayah tersebut dan menggeledah rumah-rumah yang diduga milik penyihir untuk menemukan kodok yang diberi berpakaian. Dia tidak menemukannya.<sup id="cite_ref-Burns_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burns-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Penyihir-penyihir tersebut terkenal menggunakan kodok liar sebagai bahan obat gosok dan minuman. </p><p>Sebuah <a href="/wiki/Cerita_rakyat" class="mw-redirect" title="Cerita rakyat">cerita rakyat</a> menceritakan bagaimana seorang wanita tua yang merupakan seorang penyihir, mengutuk tuan tanahnya dan seluruh harta bendanya ketika sang tuan tanah menuntut uang sewa pondok yang ditinggalinya. Tak lama setelah itu, seekor kodok yang sangat besar terjatuh menimpa istrinya dan menyebabkannya pingsan. Kodok tersebut lalu dilemparkan ke dalam api, tetapi berhasil melarikan diri dengan luka bakar yang parah. Sementara itu, pondok penyihir tua terbakar dan dia mengalami luka bakar yang parah. Keesokan harinya, baik kodok dan penyihirnya mati, dan diketahui bahwa luka bakar sang wanita sihir sama seperti yang dialami kodok tersebut.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Witches%27Familiars1579.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Witch feeding toads" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Witches%27Familiars1579.jpg/220px-Witches%27Familiars1579.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Witches%27Familiars1579.jpg/330px-Witches%27Familiars1579.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Witches%27Familiars1579.jpg/440px-Witches%27Familiars1579.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cukil_kayu" title="Cukil kayu">Lukisan cukil kayu</a> dari tahun 1579 yang menunjukkan seorang penyihir memberi makan kodok peliharaannya</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Air_liur" title="Air liur">Air liur</a> kodok dianggap beracun dan dikenal sebagai "racun yang mengalir". Kodok dipercaya dapat meludah atau memuntahkan api beracun. Kodok dikaitkan dengan iblis dan setan di dalam puisi <i><a href="/wiki/Paradise_Lost" title="Paradise Lost">Paradise Lost</a></i> karya <a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">John Milton</a> yang menggambarkan <a href="/wiki/Setan" title="Setan">Setan</a> sebagai seekor kodok ketika ia menuangkan racun ke telinga <a href="/wiki/Hawa" title="Hawa">Hawa</a>. Penyihir Pertama di sandiwara <a href="/wiki/Macbeth" title="Macbeth">Macbeth</a> karya <a href="/wiki/Shakespeare" class="mw-redirect" title="Shakespeare">Shakespeare</a> memberi instruksi tentang cara menggunakan kodok dalam ramuan mantra:<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div class="cx-template-editor-source-container" lang="en" dir="ltr" style="display: none;"><div class="cx-template-editor-source"><div class="cx-template-editor-title" title="Adds a block quotation.">Quote</div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="text" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">text</span><span data-key="text" title="The text to quote" class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="text" style="position: relative;"> <p><i>Round about the cauldron go;</i> <i>In the poison'd entrails throw.</i> <i>Toad, that under cold stone</i> <i>Days and nights has thirty-one</i> <i>Swelter'd venom sleeping got,</i> <i>Boil thou first i' the charmed pot.</i> </p> </div></div></div></div> <table cellspacing="0" class="" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="display: table-cell;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r21477316">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 40px}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;padding-left:1.6em;margin-top:0}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p> <i>Round about the cauldron go;</i> <i>In the poison'd entrails throw.</i> <i>Toad, that under cold stone</i> <i>Days and nights has thirty-one</i> <i>Swelter'd venom sleeping got,</i> <i>Boil thou first i' the charmed pot.</i> </p> </div></blockquote> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Diyakini juga bahwa ada sebuah permata di dalam kepala seekor kodok yang disebut "toadstone" (batu kodok), yang apabila dikenakan sebagai kalung atau cincin dapat memberi peringatan kepada pemakainya jika ada yang mencoba meracuninya.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shakespeare menyebutkan hal ini dalam sandiwara <i><a href="/wiki/As_You_Like_It" title="As You Like It">As You Like It</a></i>:<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Wind_in_the_Willows_pg_292.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Mr. Toad" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Wind_in_the_Willows_pg_292.png/220px-Wind_in_the_Willows_pg_292.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="315" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Wind_in_the_Willows_pg_292.png/330px-Wind_in_the_Willows_pg_292.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2c/Wind_in_the_Willows_pg_292.png 2x" data-file-width="392" data-file-height="562" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mr._Toad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mr. Toad (halaman belum tersedia)">Mr. Toad</a> digambar oleh <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Bransom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paul Bransom (halaman belum tersedia)">Paul Bransom</a>, 1913</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r21477316"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><i>Sweet are the uses of adversity</i> <i>Which, like the toad, ugly and venomous,</i> <i>Wears yet a precious jewel in his head.</i> <i>(Manis adalah buah dari kesengsaraan</i> <i>Seperti halnya kodok yang buruk rupa dan beracun,</i> <i>Namun memakai permata berharga di kepalanya)</i></p></blockquote><p>Mr. Toad Esq. adalah salah satu tokoh utama di dalam novel anak-anak berjudul <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wind_in_the_Willows" title="The Wind in the Willows">The Wind in the Willows</a></i> karya <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kenneth_Grahame&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kenneth Grahame (halaman belum tersedia)">Kenneth Grahame</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Karya ini telah didramatisasi oleh beberapa pengarang termasuk <a href="/wiki/A._A._Milne" title="A. A. Milne">A. A. Milne</a> yang menyebut dramanya <a href="/w/index.php?title=Toad_of_Toad_Hall.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Toad of Toad Hall. (halaman belum tersedia)">Toad of Toad Hall.</a> Mr. Toad adalah seekor kodok yang sangat sombong dan <a href="/wiki/Antropomorfisme" title="Antropomorfisme">antropomorfis</a> dan di dalam bukunya ia menciptakan sebuah lagu pendek yang memuji dirinya sendiri yang dimulai seperti berikut ini.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r21477316"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><i>The world has held great heroes,</i> <i>As history books have showed;</i> <i>But never a name went down to fame</i> <i>Compared with that of Toad!</i> <i>(Dunia ini memiliki pahlawan-pahlawan hebat,</i> <i>Seperti yang ditunjukkan buku-buku sejarah;</i> <i>Tetapi tidak pernah ada nama yang tenar</i> <i>jika dibandingkan dengan Kodok itu!)</i> <i><br /> </i> <span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="623" style="background-color: rgb(248, 249, 250);"><i>The clever men at Oxford</i><br /> <i>Know all there is to be knowed.</i><br /> </span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="624" style="background-color: rgb(248, 249, 250);"><i>But none of them know half as much</i><br /> <i>As intelligent Mr. Toad!</i></span><i><br /> </i> <span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="624" style="background-color: rgb(248, 249, 250);"><i>(Pria cerdas di Oxford</i></span> <span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="624" style="background-color: rgb(248, 249, 250);"><i>Mengetahui semua yang harus diketahui.</i></span> <span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="624" style="background-color: rgb(248, 249, 250);"><i>Tetapi tidak ada satu pun dari mereka mengetahui sebanyak</i></span> <span style="background-color: rgb(248, 249, 250);"><i>Si Cerdas Mr. Toad!)</i></span> <i><br /> </i> <i><br /> </i></p></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell">George Orwell</a> di dalam esainya <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Some_Thoughts_on_the_Common_Toad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Some Thoughts on the Common Toad (halaman belum tersedia)">Some Thoughts on the Common Toad</a></i> menggambarkan bangunnya katak-puru eropa dari hibernasi sebagai salah satu tanda musim semi yang paling penting.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referensi">Referensi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Katak-puru_eropa&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Sunting bagian: Referensi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Katak-puru_eropa&action=edit&section=10" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Referensi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18833634">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-DFrost-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DFrost_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DFrost_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Frost, Darrel R. 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Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2012-08-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Amphibian+Species+of+the+World%3A+an+Online+Reference.+Version+5.5&rft.atitle=Bufonidae&rft.date=2011-01-31&rft.au=Frost%2C+Darrel+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fresearch.amnh.org%2Fvz%2Fherpetology%2Famphibia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKatak-puru+eropa" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" class="mw-redirect" title="Carl Linnaeus">von Linné, Carl</a>, translated by <a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Turton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Turton (halaman belum tersedia)">William Turton</a> (1806). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=I3QZAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover"><i>A General System of Nature,: Through the Three Grand Kingdoms of Animals, Vegetables, and Minerals, Systematically Divided Into Their Several Classes, Orders, Genera, Species, and Varieties (Volume 1)</i></a>. Lackington, Allen, and Co. hlm. 648–649.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+General+System+of+Nature%2C%3A+Through+the+Three+Grand+Kingdoms+of+Animals%2C+Vegetables%2C+and+Minerals%2C+Systematically+Divided+Into+Their+Several+Classes%2C+Orders%2C+Genera%2C+Species%2C+and+Varieties+%28Volume+1%29&rft.pages=648-649&rft.pub=Lackington%2C+Allen%2C+and+Co&rft.date=1806&rft.au=von+Linn%C3%A9%2C+Carl%2C+translated+by+William+Turton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DI3QZAAAAYAAJ%26printsec%3Dfrontcover&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKatak-puru+eropa" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Banyak_nama:_authors_list" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list">link</a>) </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-laurenti-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-laurenti_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Laurenti, J. 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"Loss of genetic diversity and fitness in Common Toad <i>(Bufo bufo)</i> populations isolated by inimical habitat". <i>Journal of Evolutionary Biology</i>. <b>11</b> (3): 269–283. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1420-9101.1998.11030269.x">10.1046/j.1420-9101.1998.11030269.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Evolutionary+Biology&rft.atitle=Loss+of+genetic+diversity+and+fitness+in+Common+Toad+%28Bufo+bufo%29+populations+isolated+by+inimical+habitat&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=269-283&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1046%2Fj.1420-9101.1998.11030269.x&rft.au=Hitchings%2C+S.+P.&rft.au=Beebee%2C+T.+J.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKatak-puru+eropa" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Santos, X.; Llorente, G. 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K.; Jensen, H.; Chen, A. L. (April 1932). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/bufotoxin">"Action of Bufotoxins"</a>. <i>Merriam-Webster Dictionary</i>. 7. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3181%2F00379727-29-6141">10.3181/00379727-29-6141</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1535-3699">1535-3699</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2012-05-26</span></span>. <q>Wieland and Alles isolated bufotoxin from the skin of <i>B. vulgaris</i> or <i>B. bufo bufo</i>.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Action+of+Bufotoxins&rft.date=1932-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3181%2F00379727-29-6141&rft.issn=1535-3699&rft.au=Chen%2C+K.+K.&rft.au=Jensen%2C+H.&rft.au=Chen%2C+A.+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fmedical%2Fbufotoxin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKatak-puru+eropa" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Pettit, G. R.; Kamano, Y.; Drasar, P.; Inoue, M.; Knight, J. C. 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Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2012-05-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Textfiles.com&rft.atitle=Steroids+and+related+natural+products.+104.+Bufadienolides.+36.+Synthesis+of+bufalitoxin+and+bufotoxin&rft.pages=3573-3578&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fjo00392a014&rft.au=Pettit%2C+G.+R.&rft.au=Kamano%2C+Y.&rft.au=Drasar%2C+P.&rft.au=Inoue%2C+M.&rft.au=Knight%2C+J.+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.textfiles.com%2Fdrugs%2Ftoadtoxins.drg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKatak-puru+eropa" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/bufotoxin">"Bufotoxin"</a>. <i>Merriam-Webster Dictionary</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2012-05-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Bufotoxin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fmedical%2Fbufotoxin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKatak-puru+eropa" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-textfiles-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-textfiles_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.textfiles.com/drugs/toadtoxins.drg">"Toad toxins"</a>. <i>Textfiles.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Robert Hale. hlm. 118. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-7090-8248-7" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-7090-8248-7">0-7090-8248-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pagan+Channel+Islands%3A+Europe%27s+Hidden+Heritage&rft.pages=118&rft.pub=Robert+Hale&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=0-7090-8248-7&rft.aulast=Peddle&rft.aufirst=S.+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKatak-puru+eropa" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Witch-hunt-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Witch-hunt_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Burns, William E. 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Greenwood Publishing Group. hlm. 7. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-313-32142-9" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-313-32142-9">978-0-313-32142-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Witch+Hunts+in+Europe+and+America%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-313-32142-9&rft.aulast=Burns&rft.aufirst=William+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DQr6_q-chR6MC%26pg%3DPA7%26lpg%3DPA7%26dq%3Dcommon%2Btoad%2Bwitchcraft%23v%3Donepage%26q%3Dcommon%2520toad%2520witchcraft%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKatak-puru+eropa" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Burns-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Burns_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Burns, William E. 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Poets.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Macbeth%2C+Act+IV%2C+Scene+I&rft.pub=Poets.org&rft.date=1605%2F1606&rft.au=Shakespeare%2C+William&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.poets.org%2Fviewmedia.php%2FprmMID%2F19259&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKatak-puru+eropa" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Wanner, Noel, Kenneth (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.exploratorium.edu/frogs/folklore/"><i>Frogs: Frog myths across cultures</i></a>. <i>The Exploratorium</i>. The museum of science, art and human perception. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-674-03447-1" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-674-03447-1">978-0-674-03447-1</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2012-08-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Frogs%3A+Frog+myths+across+cultures&rft.pub=The+museum+of+science%2C+art+and+human+perception&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-674-03447-1&rft.aulast=Wanner%2C+Noel&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.exploratorium.edu%2Ffrogs%2Ffolklore%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKatak-puru+eropa" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Shakespeare, William, Kenneth (1599–1600). "Chapter 10". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anvari.org/fortune/Miscellaneous_Collections/242143_sweet-are-the-uses-of-adversity-which-like-the-toad-ugly-and-venomous-wears-yet-a-precious-jewel-in-his-head.html"><i><span></span></i>As you like it<i>, Act II, Scene I</i></a>. Anvari.org. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-674-03447-1" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-674-03447-1">978-0-674-03447-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+10&rft.btitle=As+you+like+it%2C+Act+II%2C+Scene+I&rft.pub=Anvari.org&rft.date=1599%2F1600&rft.isbn=978-0-674-03447-1&rft.aulast=Shakespeare%2C+William&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.anvari.org%2Ffortune%2FMiscellaneous_Collections%2F242143_sweet-are-the-uses-of-adversity-which-like-the-toad-ugly-and-venomous-wears-yet-a-precious-jewel-in-his-head.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKatak-puru+eropa" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Periksa nilai tanggal di: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|year= / |date= mismatch</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_date" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Grahame, Kenneth (1908). <i>The Wind in the Willows</i>. Methuen. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-674-03447-1" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-674-03447-1">978-0-674-03447-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wind+in+the+Willows&rft.pub=Methuen&rft.date=1908&rft.isbn=978-0-674-03447-1&rft.aulast=Grahame&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKatak-puru+eropa" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Grahame, Kenneth (1908). "Chapter 10". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cleavebooks.co.uk/grol/grahame/wind10.htm"><i>The Wind in the Willows</i></a>. Methuen. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-674-03447-1" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-674-03447-1">978-0-674-03447-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+10&rft.btitle=The+Wind+in+the+Willows&rft.pub=Methuen&rft.date=1908&rft.isbn=978-0-674-03447-1&rft.aulast=Grahame&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cleavebooks.co.uk%2Fgrol%2Fgrahame%2Fwind10.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKatak-puru+eropa" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Orwell, George (1950). <i>Shooting an Elephant</i>. Secker and Warburg, p. 202</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pranala_luar">Pranala luar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Katak-puru_eropa&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Sunting bagian: Pranala luar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Katak-puru_eropa&action=edit&section=11" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Pranala luar"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r23035139">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r23782729">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons memiliki media mengenai <i><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Bufo_bufo" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Bufo bufo"><span style="">Bufo bufo</span></a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Bufo_bufo" title="wikispecies:Bufo bufo"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/16px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/24px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 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href="/wiki/Bantuan:Pengawasan_otoritas" title="Bantuan:Pengawasan otoritas">Pengawasan otoritas</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q146375#identifiers" title="Sunting ini di Wikidata"><img alt="Sunting ini di Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Umum</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4152676-4">Integrated Authority File (Jerman)</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Perpustakaan nasional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85017653">Amerika Serikat</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph274750&CON_LNG=ENG">Republik Ceko</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23782733"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r25847331"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pengidentifikasi_takson" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Pengidentifikasi_takson" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Pengidentifikasi_takson" title="Bantuan:Pengidentifikasi takson">Pengidentifikasi takson</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Bufo bufo</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q146375" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q146375">Q146375</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Bufo_bufo" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Bufo bufo">Bufo bufo</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Animal_Diversity_Web" title="Animal Diversity Web">ADW</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Bufo_bufo/">Bufo_bufo</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/AmphibiaWeb" title="AmphibiaWeb">AmphibiaWeb</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://amphibiaweb.org/species/127">127</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amphibian_Species_of_the_World&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amphibian Species of the World (halaman belum tersedia)">ASW</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://amphibiansoftheworld.amnh.org/Amphibia/Anura/Bufonidae/Bufo/Bufo-bufo">Bufo-bufo</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">BioLib: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id322">322</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Barcode_of_Life_Data_System" title="Barcode of Life Data System">BOLD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=101499">101499</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/333310">333310</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/EPPO_Code" class="mw-redirect" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/BUFOBU">BUFOBU</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Fauna_Europaea" title="Fauna Europaea">Fauna Europaea</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eu-nomen.eu/portal/taxon.php?GUID=urn:lsid:faunaeur.org:taxname:177878">177878</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Fauna_Europaea" title="Fauna Europaea">Fauna Europaea (new)</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fauna-eu.org/cdm_dataportal/taxon/77277517-b91f-4f54-878e-37c6ec7c7b56">77277517-b91f-4f54-878e-37c6ec7c7b56</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" class="mw-redirect" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/5217160">5217160</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Invasive_Species_Database" title="Global Invasive Species Database">GISD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iucngisd.org/gisd/species.php?sc=1952">1952</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/326296">326296</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=10193774">10193774</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=173480">173480</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" class="mw-redirect" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apiv3.iucnredlist.org/api/v3/taxonredirect/54596">54596</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">NAS: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nas.er.usgs.gov/queries/FactSheet.aspx?speciesID=47">47</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Biodiversity_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="National Biodiversity Network">NBN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.nbn.org.uk/Taxa/NHMSYS0000080159">NHMSYS0000080159</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" class="mw-redirect" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=8384">8384</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/World_Register_of_Marine_Species" title="World Register of Marine Species">WoRMS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1350162">1350162</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Rana bufo</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q109525973" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q109525973">Q109525973</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/European_Nature_Information_System" class="mw-redirect" title="European Nature Information System">EUNIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eunis.eea.europa.eu/species/10882">10882</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" class="mw-redirect" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/8415029">8415029</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=1103349">1103349</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/ZooBank" title="ZooBank">ZooBank</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zoobank.org/NomenclaturalActs/967CCA7F-43E7-40F9-B0BA-571DB3F20210">967CCA7F-43E7-40F9-B0BA-571DB3F20210</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Diperoleh dari "<a dir="ltr" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Katak-puru_eropa&oldid=23256878">https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Katak-puru_eropa&oldid=23256878</a>"</div></div> <div 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