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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">sorokkan</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pandu arah </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-Laman-Utama" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Laman_Utama"><span>Laman Utama</span></a></li><li id="n-Tinjau" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Tinjau"><span>Tinjau</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Hal_semasa" title="Cari maklumat latar belakang mengenai peristiwa semasa"><span>Hal semasa</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Rawak" title="Muat laman rawak [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Rencana rawak</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Perhubungan </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-Tentang-Wikipedia" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Perihal"><span>Tentang Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-Gerbang-komuniti" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Gerbang_Komuniti"><span>Gerbang komuniti</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Perubahan_terkini" title="Senarai perubahan terkini dalam wiki [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Perubahan terkini</span></a></li><li id="n-Hubungi-kami" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Hubungi_kami"><span>Hubungi kami</span></a></li><li id="n-Menderma" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_ms.wikipedia.org&uselang=ms"><span>Menderma</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Contents" title="Tempat mencari jawapan"><span>Bantuan</span></a></li><li id="n-Kedai-Kopi" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Kedai_Kopi"><span>Kedai Kopi</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Laman_Utama" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="Ensiklopedia Bebas" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-ms.svg" width="120" height="13" style="width: 7.5em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Cari" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Cari di wiki ini [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Cari</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Cari Wikipedia" aria-label="Cari Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Cari di wiki ini [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Khas:Cari"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Cari</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Alat peribadi"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Penampilan"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Tukar penampilan saiz, lebar dan warna fon laman" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Penampilan" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Penampilan</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_ms.wikipedia.org&uselang=ms" class=""><span>Derma</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Buka_akaun&returnto=Ruang+vektor" title="Anda digalakkan untuk membuka akaun dan melog masuk; walau bagaimanapun, ianya tidak wajib" class=""><span>Buka akaun</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Log_masuk&returnto=Ruang+vektor" title="Anda digalakkan untuk melog masuk; walau bagaimanapun, ia tidak wajib. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log masuk</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Lebih pilihan" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Alat peribadi" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Alat peribadi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Menu pengguna" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_ms.wikipedia.org&uselang=ms"><span>Derma</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Buka_akaun&returnto=Ruang+vektor" title="Anda digalakkan untuk membuka akaun dan melog masuk; walau bagaimanapun, ianya tidak wajib"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Buka akaun</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Log_masuk&returnto=Ruang+vektor" title="Anda digalakkan untuk melog masuk; walau bagaimanapun, ia tidak wajib. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log masuk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Laman untuk penyunting log keluar <a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Pengenalan" aria-label="Ketahui lebih lanjut tentang menyunting"><span>Ketahui lebih lanjut</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumbangan_saya" title="Senarai suntingan yang dibuat daripada alamat IP ini [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Sumbangan</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Perbincangan_saya" title="Perbincangan mengenai penyuntingan daripada alamat IP anda [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Perbincangan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Tapak"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Kandungan" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Kandungan</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">alih ke bar sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sorokkan</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Permulaan</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Catatan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Catatan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Catatan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Catatan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rujukan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rujukan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Rujukan</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Rujukan-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Togol subbahagian Rujukan</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Rujukan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Algebra" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Algebra"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Algebra</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Algebra-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Analisis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Analisis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Analisis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Analisis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rujukan_bersejarah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rujukan_bersejarah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Rujukan bersejarah</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rujukan_bersejarah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rujukan_selanjutnya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rujukan_selanjutnya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Rujukan selanjutnya</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rujukan_selanjutnya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pautan_luar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pautan_luar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Pautan luar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pautan_luar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Kandungan" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Togol isi kandungan" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Togol isi kandungan</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ruang vektor</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pergi ke rencana dalam bahasa lain. Tersedia dalam 77 bahasa" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-77" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">77 bahasa</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vektorruimte" title="Vektorruimte – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Vektorruimte" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AC%D9%87%D9%8A" title="فضاء متجهي – Arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فضاء متجهي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espaciu_vectorial" title="Espaciu vectorial – Asturia" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Espaciu vectorial" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruang_vektor" title="Ruang vektor – Indonesia" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ruang vektor" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4" title="সদিক রাশির বীজগণিত – Benggali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সদিক রাশির বীজগণিত" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Benggali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hi%C3%B2ng-li%C5%8Dng_khong-kan" title="Hiòng-liōng khong-kan – Cina Min Nan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hiòng-liōng khong-kan" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Cina Min Nan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8B_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%8B%D2%A1" title="Векторлы арауыҡ – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Векторлы арауыҡ" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Вектарная прастора – Belarus" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Вектарная прастора" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8" title="वेक्टर स्पेस – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="वेक्टर स्पेस" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vektorski_prostor" title="Vektorski prostor – Bosnia" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Vektorski prostor" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Линейно пространство – Bulgaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Линейно пространство" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="rencana pilihan"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espai_vectorial" title="Espai vectorial – Catalonia" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Espai vectorial" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D1%83%C3%A7%D0%BB%C4%83%D1%85" title="Векторла уçлăх – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Векторла уçлăх" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vektorov%C3%BD_prostor" title="Vektorový prostor – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Vektorový prostor" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gofod_fector" title="Gofod fector – Wales" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gofod fector" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Wales" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vektorrum" title="Vektorrum – Denmark" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Vektorrum" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Denmark" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vektorraum" title="Vektorraum – Jerman" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Vektorraum" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vektorruum" title="Vektorruum – Estonia" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Vektorruum" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%85%CF%83%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82_%CF%87%CF%8E%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Διανυσματικός χώρος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Διανυσματικός χώρος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="rencana baik"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector_space" title="Vector space – Inggeris" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Vector space" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Inggeris" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espacio_vectorial" title="Espacio vectorial – Sepanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Espacio vectorial" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Sepanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vektora_spaco" title="Vektora spaco – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Vektora spaco" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bektore_espazio" title="Bektore espazio – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Bektore espazio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B6%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="فضای برداری – Parsi" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فضای برداری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Parsi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espace_vectoriel" title="Espace vectoriel – Perancis" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Espace vectoriel" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Perancis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sp%C3%A1s_veicteoireach" title="Spás veicteoireach – Ireland" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Spás veicteoireach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Ireland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espazo_vectorial" title="Espazo vectorial – Galicia" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Espazo vectorial" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galicia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B2%A1%ED%84%B0_%EA%B3%B5%EA%B0%84" title="벡터 공간 – Korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="벡터 공간" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%A5%D5%AF%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AE%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Վեկտորական տարածություն – Armenia" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վեկտորական տարածություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4" title="सदिश बीजगणित – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सदिश बीजगणित" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vektorski_prostor" title="Vektorski prostor – Croatia" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Vektorski prostor" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spatio_vectorial" title="Spatio vectorial – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Spatio vectorial" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vigurr%C3%BAm" title="Vigurrúm – Iceland" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Vigurrúm" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Iceland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spazio_vettoriale" title="Spazio vettoriale – Itali" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Spazio vettoriale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Itali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%97%D7%91_%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99" title="מרחב וקטורי – Ibrani" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מרחב וקטורי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Ibrani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BA_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Вектордук мейкиндик – Kirghiz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Вектордук мейкиндик" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirghiz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%81%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%95%E0%BA%B5" title="ເວັກເຕີ – Laos" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ເວັກເຕີ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Laos" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spatium_vectoriale" title="Spatium vectoriale – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Spatium vectoriale" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vektoru_telpa" title="Vektoru telpa – Latvia" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Vektoru telpa" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vektorin%C4%97_erdv%C4%97" title="Vektorinė erdvė – Lithuania" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vektorinė erdvė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spazzi_vettorial" title="Spazzi vettorial – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Spazzi vettorial" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vektort%C3%A9r" title="Vektortér – Hungary" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Vektortér" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungary" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Векторски простор – Macedonia" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Векторски простор" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BF" title="സദിശസമഷ്ടി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സദിശസമഷ്ടി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vectorruimte" title="Vectorruimte – Belanda" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Vectorruimte" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Belanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%99%E3%82%AF%E3%83%88%E3%83%AB%E7%A9%BA%E9%96%93" title="ベクトル空間 – Jepun" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ベクトル空間" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Jepun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vektorrom" title="Vektorrom – Bokmal Norway" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Vektorrom" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Bokmal Norway" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vektorrom" title="Vektorrom – Nynorsk Norway" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Vektorrom" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Nynorsk Norway" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espaci_vectoriau" title="Espaci vectoriau – Occitania" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Espaci vectoriau" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B5%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%B0_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B8" title="ਵੈਕਟਰ ਸਪੇਸ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਵੈਕਟਰ ਸਪੇਸ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%B9%D8%B1_%D8%B3%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="ویکٹر سپیس – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ویکٹر سپیس" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spassi_vetorial" title="Spassi vetorial – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Spassi vetorial" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Przestrze%C5%84_liniowa" title="Przestrzeń liniowa – Poland" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Przestrzeń liniowa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Poland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espa%C3%A7o_vetorial" title="Espaço vetorial – Portugis" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Espaço vetorial" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="rencana baik"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spa%C8%9Biu_vectorial" title="Spațiu vectorial – Romania" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Spațiu vectorial" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Векторное пространство – Rusia" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Векторное пространство" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hap%C3%ABsira_vektoriale" title="Hapësira vektoriale – Albania" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Hapësira vektoriale" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spazziu_vitturiali" title="Spazziu vitturiali – Sicili" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Spazziu vitturiali" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector_space" title="Vector space – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Vector space" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vektorov%C3%BD_priestor" title="Vektorový priestor – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Vektorový priestor" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vektorski_prostor" title="Vektorski prostor – Slovenia" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Vektorski prostor" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%86%D8%B4%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D8%A6%D8%A7%DA%95%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%95%D8%A8%DA%95%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86" title="بۆشاییی ئاڕاستەبڕەکان – Kurdi Tengah" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="بۆشاییی ئاڕاستەبڕەکان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Kurdi Tengah" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Векторски простор – Serbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Векторски простор" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vektorski_prostor" title="Vektorski prostor – SerboCroatia" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Vektorski prostor" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="SerboCroatia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vektoriavaruus" title="Vektoriavaruus – Finland" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Vektoriavaruus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linj%C3%A4rt_rum" title="Linjärt rum – Sweden" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Linjärt rum" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Sweden" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espasyong_bektor" title="Espasyong bektor – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Espasyong bektor" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF" title="திசையன் வெளி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="திசையன் வெளி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kh%C3%B4ng_gian_vect%C6%A1" title="Không gian vectơ – Vietnam" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Không gian vectơ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vekt%C3%B6r_uzay%C4%B1" title="Vektör uzayı – Turki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Vektör uzayı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96%D1%80" title="Векторний простір – Ukraine" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Векторний простір" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukraine" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%AA%DB%8C%DB%81_%D9%85%DA%A9%D8%A7%DA%BA" title="سمتیہ مکاں – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سمتیہ مکاں" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spasio_vetorial" title="Spasio vetorial – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Spasio vetorial" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9F%A2%E9%87%8F%E7%A9%BA%E9%96%93" title="矢量空間 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="矢量空間" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%91%E9%87%8F%E7%A9%BA%E9%97%B4" title="向量空间 – Cina Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="向量空间" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Cina Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%91%E9%87%8F%E7%A9%BA%E9%96%93" title="向量空間 – Kantonis" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="向量空間" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kantonis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%91%E9%87%8F%E7%A9%BA%E9%97%B4" title="向量空间 – Cina" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="向量空间" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Cina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q125977#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Sunting pautan antara bahasa" class="wbc-editpage">Sunting pautan</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Ruang nama"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Ruang_vektor" title="Lihat laman kandungan [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Rencana</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Perbincangan:Ruang_vektor" rel="discussion" title="Perbincangan 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mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruang_vektor&veaction=edit" title="Sunting laman ini [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Sunting</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruang_vektor&action=edit" title="Sunting kod sumber untuk laman ini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Sunting sumber</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruang_vektor&action=history"><span>Lihat sejarah</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Umum </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Pautan_ke_sini/Ruang_vektor" title="Senarai semua laman wiki yang mengandungi pautan ke laman ini [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Pautan ke laman ini</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Perubahan_berkaitan/Ruang_vektor" rel="nofollow" title="Perubahan terkini bagi laman yang dipaut dari laman ini [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Perubahan berkaitan</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=ms" title="Muat naik fail [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Muat naik fail</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Laman_khas" title="Senarai semua laman khas [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Laman khas</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruang_vektor&oldid=5351372" title="Pautan kekal ke semakan laman ini"><span>Pautan kekal</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruang_vektor&action=info" title="Maklumat lanjut mengenai laman ini"><span>Maklumat laman</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Petik_laman_ini&page=Ruang_vektor&id=5351372&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Maklumat tentang cara memetik laman ini"><span>Petik laman ini</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fms.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FRuang_vektor"><span>Dapatkan URL pendek</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fms.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FRuang_vektor"><span>Muat turun kod QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Cetak/eksport </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Buku&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Ruang+vektor"><span>Cipta buku</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" 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yang bersambung [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Butir Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Alatan laman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Penampilan"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Penampilan</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">alih ke bar sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">sorokkan</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Daripada Wikipedia, ensiklopedia bebas.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ms" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Vector_add_scale.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Vector_add_scale.svg/200px-Vector_add_scale.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Vector_add_scale.svg/300px-Vector_add_scale.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Vector_add_scale.svg/400px-Vector_add_scale.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="530" data-file-height="294" /></a><figcaption>Penambahan vektor dan pendaraban skalar: vektor <span class="texhtml"><b>v</b></span> (biru) ditambah kepada vektor <span class="texhtml"><b>w</b></span> (merah, ilustrasi atas). Di bawah, <b>w</b> diregangkan dengan faktor 2, menghasilkan hasil tambah <span class="texhtml"><b>v</b> + 2<b>w</b></span>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Dalam <a href="/wiki/Matematik" title="Matematik">matematik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fizik" title="Fizik">fizik</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Kejuruteraan" title="Kejuruteraan">kejuruteraan</a>, <b>ruang vektor</b> (juga dipanggil <b>ruang linear</b>) ialah satu <a href="/wiki/Set" title="Set">set</a> objek yang dipanggil <i><a href="/wiki/Vektor" title="Vektor">vektor</a></i>, yang boleh <a href="/wiki/Vektor" title="Vektor">ditambah</a> bersama dan <a href="/wiki/Pendaraban_skalar" title="Pendaraban skalar">didarabkan</a> ("berskala") dengan nombor yang dipanggil <i><a href="/wiki/Skalar_(matematik)" title="Skalar (matematik)">skalar</a></i>. Skalar selalunya ialah <a href="/wiki/Nombor_nyata" title="Nombor nyata">nombor nyata</a>, tetapi sesetengah ruang vektor mempunyai pendaraban skalar dengan <a href="/wiki/Nombor_kompleks" title="Nombor kompleks">nombor kompleks</a> atau, secara amnya, dengan skalar daripada sebarang <a href="/wiki/Medan_(matematik)" title="Medan (matematik)">medan matematik</a>. Operasi penambahan vektor dan pendaraban skalar mesti memenuhi keperluan tertentu, dipanggil <i><a href="/wiki/Aksiom" title="Aksiom">aksiom</a></i> vektor. Untuk menentukan sama ada skalar dalam ruang vektor tertentu ialah nombor nyata atau nombor kompleks, istilah <b>ruang vektor nyata</b> dan <b>ruang vektor kompleks</b> sering digunakan.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Catatan">Catatan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruang_vektor&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Sunting bahagian: Catatan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruang_vektor&action=edit&section=1" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Catatan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r6173370">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r5110723">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://math.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Linear_Algebra/Map%3A_Linear_Algebra_(Waldron_Cherney_and_Denton)/05%3A_Vector_Spaces">"5: Vector Spaces"</a>. <i>Mathematics LibreTexts</i> (dalam bahasa Inggeris). 2016-02-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Dicapai pada <span class="nowrap">2020-08-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mathematics+LibreTexts&rft.atitle=5%3A+Vector+Spaces&rft.date=2016-02-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmath.libretexts.org%2FBookshelves%2FLinear_Algebra%2FMap%253A_Linear_Algebra_%28Waldron_Cherney_and_Denton%29%2F05%253A_Vector_Spaces&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ARuang+vektor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFWeisstein" class="citation web cs1">Weisstein, Eric W. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathworld.wolfram.com/VectorSpace.html">"Vector Space"</a>. <i>mathworld.wolfram.com</i> (dalam bahasa Inggeris)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Dicapai pada <span class="nowrap">2020-08-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mathworld.wolfram.com&rft.atitle=Vector+Space&rft.aulast=Weisstein&rft.aufirst=Eric+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmathworld.wolfram.com%2FVectorSpace.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ARuang+vektor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rujukan">Rujukan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruang_vektor&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Sunting bahagian: Rujukan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruang_vektor&action=edit&section=2" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Rujukan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Algebra">Algebra</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruang_vektor&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Sunting bahagian: Algebra" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruang_vektor&action=edit&section=3" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Algebra"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFArtin1991" class="citation cs2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Artin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michael Artin (laman tidak wujud)">Artin, Michael</a> (1991), <i>Algebra</i>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Prentice_Hall&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prentice Hall (laman tidak wujud)">Prentice Hall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-0-89871-510-1" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-0-89871-510-1"><bdi>978-0-89871-510-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Algebra&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-89871-510-1&rft.aulast=Artin&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ARuang+vektor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFBlass1984" class="citation cs2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andreas_Blass&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andreas Blass (laman tidak wujud)">Blass, Andreas</a> (1984), "Existence of bases implies the axiom of choice", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.math.lsa.umich.edu/~ablass/bases-AC.pdf"><i>Axiomatic set theory (Boulder, Colorado, 1983)</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, Contemporary Mathematics, <b>31</b>, Providence, R.I.: <a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Mathematical_Society&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="American Mathematical Society (laman tidak wujud)">American Mathematical Society</a>, m/s. 31–33, <a href="/w/index.php?title=MR&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MR (laman tidak wujud)">MR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0763890">0763890</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Existence+of+bases+implies+the+axiom+of+choice&rft.btitle=Axiomatic+set+theory+%28Boulder%2C+Colorado%2C+1983%29&rft.place=Providence%2C+R.I.&rft.series=Contemporary+Mathematics&rft.pages=31-33&rft.pub=American+Mathematical+Society&rft.date=1984&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ams.org%2Fmathscinet-getitem%3Fmr%3D763890%23id-name%3DMR&rft.aulast=Blass&rft.aufirst=Andreas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.math.lsa.umich.edu%2F~ablass%2Fbases-AC.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ARuang+vektor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFBrown1991" class="citation cs2">Brown, William A. (1991), <span class="cs1-lock-registration" title="Pendaftaran percuma diperlukan"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/matricesvectorsp0000brow"><i>Matrices and vector spaces</i></a></span>, New York: M. Dekker, <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-0-8247-8419-5" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-0-8247-8419-5"><bdi>978-0-8247-8419-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Matrices+and+vector+spaces&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=M.+Dekker&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-8247-8419-5&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=William+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmatricesvectorsp0000brow&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ARuang+vektor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFLang1987" class="citation cs2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serge_Lang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serge Lang (laman tidak wujud)">Lang, Serge</a> (1987), <i>Linear algebra</i>, Berlin, New York: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Springer-Verlag&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Springer-Verlag (laman tidak wujud)">Springer-Verlag</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-0-387-96412-6" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-0-387-96412-6"><bdi>978-0-387-96412-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Linear+algebra&rft.place=Berlin%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Springer-Verlag&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-387-96412-6&rft.aulast=Lang&rft.aufirst=Serge&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ARuang+vektor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Templat:Lang_Algebra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Templat:Lang Algebra (laman tidak wujud)">Templat:Lang Algebra</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFMac_Lane1999" class="citation cs2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saunders_Mac_Lane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saunders Mac Lane (laman tidak wujud)">Mac Lane, Saunders</a> (1999), <i>Algebra</i> (ed. 3rd), m/s. 193–222, <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-0-8218-1646-2" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-0-8218-1646-2"><bdi>978-0-8218-1646-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Algebra&rft.pages=193-222&rft.edition=3rd&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-8218-1646-2&rft.aulast=Mac+Lane&rft.aufirst=Saunders&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ARuang+vektor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFMeyer2000" class="citation cs2">Meyer, Carl D. (2000), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.matrixanalysis.com/"><i>Matrix Analysis and Applied Linear Algebra</i></a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Society_for_Industrial_and_Applied_Mathematics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (laman tidak wujud)">SIAM</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-0-89871-454-8" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-0-89871-454-8"><bdi>978-0-89871-454-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Matrix+Analysis+and+Applied+Linear+Algebra&rft.pub=SIAM&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-89871-454-8&rft.aulast=Meyer&rft.aufirst=Carl+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.matrixanalysis.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ARuang+vektor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFRoman2005" class="citation cs2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steven_Roman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Steven Roman (laman tidak wujud)">Roman, Steven</a> (2005), <i>Advanced Linear Algebra</i>, Graduate Texts in Mathematics, <b>135</b> (ed. 2nd), Berlin, New York: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Springer-Verlag&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Springer-Verlag (laman tidak wujud)">Springer-Verlag</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-0-387-24766-3" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-0-387-24766-3"><bdi>978-0-387-24766-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Advanced+Linear+Algebra&rft.place=Berlin%2C+New+York&rft.series=Graduate+Texts+in+Mathematics&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Springer-Verlag&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-387-24766-3&rft.aulast=Roman&rft.aufirst=Steven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ARuang+vektor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFSpindler1993" class="citation cs2">Spindler, Karlheinz (1993), <i>Abstract Algebra with Applications: Volume 1: Vector spaces and groups</i>, CRC, <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-0-8247-9144-5" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-0-8247-9144-5"><bdi>978-0-8247-9144-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Abstract+Algebra+with+Applications%3A+Volume+1%3A+Vector+spaces+and+groups&rft.pub=CRC&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-8247-9144-5&rft.aulast=Spindler&rft.aufirst=Karlheinz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ARuang+vektor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFvan_der_Waerden1993" class="citation cs2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bartel_Leendert_van_der_Waerden&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bartel Leendert van der Waerden (laman tidak wujud)">van der Waerden, Bartel Leendert</a> (1993), <i>Algebra</i> (dalam bahasa Jerman) (ed. 9th), Berlin, New York: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Springer-Verlag&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Springer-Verlag (laman tidak wujud)">Springer-Verlag</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-3-540-56799-8" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-3-540-56799-8"><bdi>978-3-540-56799-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Algebra&rft.place=Berlin%2C+New+York&rft.edition=9th&rft.pub=Springer-Verlag&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-3-540-56799-8&rft.aulast=van+der+Waerden&rft.aufirst=Bartel+Leendert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ARuang+vektor" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Analisis">Analisis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruang_vektor&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Sunting bahagian: Analisis" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruang_vektor&action=edit&section=4" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Analisis"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFBourbaki1987" class="citation cs2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolas_Bourbaki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nicolas Bourbaki (laman tidak wujud)">Bourbaki, Nicolas</a> (1987), <i>Topological vector spaces</i>, Elements of mathematics, Berlin, New York: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Springer-Verlag&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Springer-Verlag (laman tidak wujud)">Springer-Verlag</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-3-540-13627-9" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-3-540-13627-9"><bdi>978-3-540-13627-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Topological+vector+spaces&rft.place=Berlin%2C+New+York&rft.series=Elements+of+mathematics&rft.pub=Springer-Verlag&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-3-540-13627-9&rft.aulast=Bourbaki&rft.aufirst=Nicolas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ARuang+vektor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFBourbaki2004" class="citation cs2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolas_Bourbaki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nicolas Bourbaki (laman tidak wujud)">Bourbaki, Nicolas</a> (2004), <i>Integration I</i>, Berlin, New York: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Springer-Verlag&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Springer-Verlag (laman tidak wujud)">Springer-Verlag</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-3-540-41129-1" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-3-540-41129-1"><bdi>978-3-540-41129-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Integration+I&rft.place=Berlin%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Springer-Verlag&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-3-540-41129-1&rft.aulast=Bourbaki&rft.aufirst=Nicolas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ARuang+vektor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFBraun1993" class="citation cs2">Braun, Martin (1993), <i>Differential equations and their applications: an introduction to applied mathematics</i>, Berlin, New York: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Springer-Verlag&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Springer-Verlag (laman tidak wujud)">Springer-Verlag</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-0-387-97894-9" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-0-387-97894-9"><bdi>978-0-387-97894-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Differential+equations+and+their+applications%3A+an+introduction+to+applied+mathematics&rft.place=Berlin%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Springer-Verlag&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-387-97894-9&rft.aulast=Braun&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ARuang+vektor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFBSE-32001" class="citation cs2">BSE-3 (2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/index.php?title=T/t092180">"Tangent plane"</a>, dalam Hazewinkel, Michiel (penyunting), <i>Encyclopedia of Mathematics</i>, <a href="/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media" title="Springer Science+Business Media">Springer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-1-55608-010-4" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-1-55608-010-4"><bdi>978-1-55608-010-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tangent+plane&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Mathematics&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-55608-010-4&rft.au=BSE-3&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopediaofmath.org%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DT%2Ft092180&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ARuang+vektor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFChoquet1966" class="citation cs2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gustave_Choquet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gustave Choquet (laman tidak wujud)">Choquet, Gustave</a> (1966), <i>Topology</i>, Boston, MA: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Academic_Press&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Academic Press (laman tidak wujud)">Academic Press</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Topology&rft.place=Boston%2C+MA&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Choquet&rft.aufirst=Gustave&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ARuang+vektor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFDenneryKrzywicki1996" class="citation cs2">Dennery, Philippe; Krzywicki, Andre (1996), <i>Mathematics for Physicists</i>, Courier Dover Publications, <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-0-486-69193-0" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-0-486-69193-0"><bdi>978-0-486-69193-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mathematics+for+Physicists&rft.pub=Courier+Dover+Publications&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-486-69193-0&rft.aulast=Dennery&rft.aufirst=Philippe&rft.au=Krzywicki%2C+Andre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ARuang+vektor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFDudley1989" class="citation cs2">Dudley, Richard M. (1989), <i>Real analysis and probability</i>, The Wadsworth & Brooks/Cole Mathematics Series, Pacific Grove, CA: Wadsworth & Brooks/Cole Advanced Books & Software, <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-0-534-10050-6" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-0-534-10050-6"><bdi>978-0-534-10050-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Real+analysis+and+probability&rft.place=Pacific+Grove%2C+CA&rft.series=The+Wadsworth+%26+Brooks%2FCole+Mathematics+Series&rft.pub=Wadsworth+%26+Brooks%2FCole+Advanced+Books+%26+Software&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-534-10050-6&rft.aulast=Dudley&rft.aufirst=Richard+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ARuang+vektor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFDunham2005" class="citation cs2">Dunham, William (2005), <i>The Calculus Gallery</i>, <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-0-691-09565-3" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-0-691-09565-3"><bdi>978-0-691-09565-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Calculus+Gallery&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-691-09565-3&rft.aulast=Dunham&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ARuang+vektor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFEvans1998" class="citation cs2">Evans, Lawrence C. (1998), <i>Partial differential equations</i>, Providence, R.I.: <a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Mathematical_Society&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="American Mathematical Society (laman tidak wujud)">American Mathematical Society</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-0-8218-0772-9" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-0-8218-0772-9"><bdi>978-0-8218-0772-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Partial+differential+equations&rft.place=Providence%2C+R.I.&rft.pub=American+Mathematical+Society&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-8218-0772-9&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Lawrence+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ARuang+vektor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFFolland1992" class="citation cs2">Folland, Gerald B. (1992), <i>Fourier Analysis and Its Applications</i>, Brooks-Cole, <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-0-534-17094-3" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-0-534-17094-3"><bdi>978-0-534-17094-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fourier+Analysis+and+Its+Applications&rft.pub=Brooks-Cole&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-534-17094-3&rft.aulast=Folland&rft.aufirst=Gerald+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ARuang+vektor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFGasquetWitomski1999" class="citation cs2">Gasquet, Claude; Witomski, Patrick (1999), <i>Fourier Analysis and Applications: Filtering, Numerical Computation, Wavelets</i>, Texts in Applied Mathematics, New York: Springer-Verlag, <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-0-387-98485-8" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-0-387-98485-8"><bdi>978-0-387-98485-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fourier+Analysis+and+Applications%3A+Filtering%2C+Numerical+Computation%2C+Wavelets&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=Texts+in+Applied+Mathematics&rft.pub=Springer-Verlag&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-387-98485-8&rft.aulast=Gasquet&rft.aufirst=Claude&rft.au=Witomski%2C+Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ARuang+vektor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFIfeachorJervis2001" class="citation cs2">Ifeachor, Emmanuel C.; Jervis, Barrie W. (2001), <i>Digital Signal Processing: A Practical Approach</i> (ed. 2nd), Harlow, Essex, England: Prentice-Hall (diterbitkan 2002), <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-0-201-59619-9" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-0-201-59619-9"><bdi>978-0-201-59619-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Digital+Signal+Processing%3A+A+Practical+Approach&rft.place=Harlow%2C+Essex%2C+England&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Prentice-Hall&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-201-59619-9&rft.aulast=Ifeachor&rft.aufirst=Emmanuel+C.&rft.au=Jervis%2C+Barrie+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ARuang+vektor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFKrantz1999" class="citation cs2">Krantz, Steven G. (1999), <i>A Panorama of Harmonic Analysis</i>, Carus Mathematical Monographs, Washington, DC: Mathematical Association of America, <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-0-88385-031-2" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-0-88385-031-2"><bdi>978-0-88385-031-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Panorama+of+Harmonic+Analysis&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.series=Carus+Mathematical+Monographs&rft.pub=Mathematical+Association+of+America&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-88385-031-2&rft.aulast=Krantz&rft.aufirst=Steven+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ARuang+vektor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFKreyszig1988" class="citation cs2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erwin_Kreyszig&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Erwin Kreyszig (laman tidak wujud)">Kreyszig, Erwin</a> (1988), <i>Advanced Engineering Mathematics</i> (ed. 6th), New York: John Wiley & Sons, <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-0-471-85824-9" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-0-471-85824-9"><bdi>978-0-471-85824-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Advanced+Engineering+Mathematics&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=6th&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-471-85824-9&rft.aulast=Kreyszig&rft.aufirst=Erwin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ARuang+vektor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFKreyszig1989" class="citation cs2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erwin_Kreyszig&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Erwin Kreyszig (laman tidak wujud)">Kreyszig, Erwin</a> (1989), <i>Introductory functional analysis with applications</i>, Wiley Classics Library, New York: <a href="/wiki/John_Wiley_%26_Sons" title="John Wiley & Sons">John Wiley & Sons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-0-471-50459-7" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-0-471-50459-7"><bdi>978-0-471-50459-7</bdi></a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=MR&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MR (laman tidak wujud)">MR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0992618">0992618</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introductory+functional+analysis+with+applications&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=Wiley+Classics+Library&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-471-50459-7&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ams.org%2Fmathscinet-getitem%3Fmr%3D992618%23id-name%3DMR&rft.aulast=Kreyszig&rft.aufirst=Erwin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ARuang+vektor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFLang1983" class="citation cs2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serge_Lang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serge Lang (laman tidak wujud)">Lang, Serge</a> (1983), <i>Real analysis</i>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Addison-Wesley&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Addison-Wesley (laman tidak wujud)">Addison-Wesley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-0-201-14179-5" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-0-201-14179-5"><bdi>978-0-201-14179-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Real+analysis&rft.pub=Addison-Wesley&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-201-14179-5&rft.aulast=Lang&rft.aufirst=Serge&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ARuang+vektor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFLang1993" class="citation cs2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serge_Lang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serge Lang (laman tidak wujud)">Lang, Serge</a> (1993), <i>Real and functional analysis</i>, Berlin, New York: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Springer-Verlag&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Springer-Verlag (laman tidak wujud)">Springer-Verlag</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-0-387-94001-4" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-0-387-94001-4"><bdi>978-0-387-94001-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Real+and+functional+analysis&rft.place=Berlin%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Springer-Verlag&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-387-94001-4&rft.aulast=Lang&rft.aufirst=Serge&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ARuang+vektor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFLoomis1953" class="citation cs2">Loomis, Lynn H. (1953), <i>An introduction to abstract harmonic analysis</i>, Toronto-New York–London: D. Van Nostrand Company, Inc., m/s. x+190, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hdl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hdl (laman tidak wujud)">hdl</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Boleh diakses dengan percuma"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fuc1.b4250788">2027/uc1.b4250788</a></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+introduction+to+abstract+harmonic+analysis&rft.place=Toronto-New+York%E2%80%93London&rft.pages=x%2B190&rft.pub=D.+Van+Nostrand+Company%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1953&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027%2Fuc1.b4250788&rft.aulast=Loomis&rft.aufirst=Lynn+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ARuang+vektor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Templat:Narici_Beckenstein_Topological_Vector_Spaces&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Templat:Narici Beckenstein Topological Vector Spaces (laman tidak wujud)">Templat:Narici Beckenstein Topological Vector Spaces</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Templat:Schaefer_Wolff_Topological_Vector_Spaces&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Templat:Schaefer Wolff Topological Vector Spaces (laman tidak wujud)">Templat:Schaefer Wolff Topological Vector Spaces</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFTreves1967" class="citation cs2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fran%C3%A7ois_Tr%C3%A8ves&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="François Trèves (laman tidak wujud)">Treves, François</a> (1967), <i>Topological vector spaces, distributions and kernels</i>, Boston, MA: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Academic_Press&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Academic Press (laman tidak wujud)">Academic Press</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Topological+vector+spaces%2C+distributions+and+kernels&rft.place=Boston%2C+MA&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Treves&rft.aufirst=Fran%C3%A7ois&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ARuang+vektor" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rujukan_bersejarah">Rujukan bersejarah</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruang_vektor&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Sunting bahagian: Rujukan bersejarah" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruang_vektor&action=edit&section=5" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Rujukan bersejarah"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFBanach1922" class="citation cs2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stefan_Banach&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stefan Banach (laman tidak wujud)">Banach, Stefan</a> (1922), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://matwbn.icm.edu.pl/ksiazki/fm/fm3/fm3120.pdf">"Sur les opérations dans les ensembles abstraits et leur application aux équations intégrales (On operations in abstract sets and their application to integral equations)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fundamenta_Mathematicae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fundamenta Mathematicae (laman tidak wujud)">Fundamenta Mathematicae</a></i> (dalam bahasa Perancis), <b>3</b>: 133–181, <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4064%2Ffm-3-1-133-181">10.4064/fm-3-1-133-181</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Siri_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Siri Piawai Antarabangsa">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0016-2736">0016-2736</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fundamenta+Mathematicae&rft.atitle=Sur+les+op%C3%A9rations+dans+les+ensembles+abstraits+et+leur+application+aux+%C3%A9quations+int%C3%A9grales+%28On+operations+in+abstract+sets+and+their+application+to+integral+equations%29&rft.volume=3&rft.pages=133-181&rft.date=1922&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4064%2Ffm-3-1-133-181&rft.issn=0016-2736&rft.aulast=Banach&rft.aufirst=Stefan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmatwbn.icm.edu.pl%2Fksiazki%2Ffm%2Ffm3%2Ffm3120.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ARuang+vektor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFBolzano1804" class="citation cs2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bernard_Bolzano&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bernard Bolzano (laman tidak wujud)">Bolzano, Bernard</a> (1804), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dml.cz/handle/10338.dmlcz/400338"><i>Betrachtungen über einige Gegenstände der Elementargeometrie (Considerations of some aspects of elementary geometry)</i></a> (dalam bahasa Jerman)</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Betrachtungen+%C3%BCber+einige+Gegenst%C3%A4nde+der+Elementargeometrie+%28Considerations+of+some+aspects+of+elementary+geometry%29&rft.date=1804&rft.aulast=Bolzano&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdml.cz%2Fhandle%2F10338.dmlcz%2F400338&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ARuang+vektor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFBellavitis1833" class="citation cs2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Giusto_Bellavitis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Giusto Bellavitis (laman tidak wujud)">Bellavitis, Giuso</a> (1833), "Sopra alcune applicazioni di un nuovo metodo di geometria analitica", <i>Il poligrafo giornale di scienze, lettre ed arti</i>, Verona, <b>13</b>: 53–61</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Il+poligrafo+giornale+di+scienze%2C+lettre+ed+arti&rft.atitle=Sopra+alcune+applicazioni+di+un+nuovo+metodo+di+geometria+analitica&rft.volume=13&rft.pages=53-61&rft.date=1833&rft.aulast=Bellavitis&rft.aufirst=Giuso&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ARuang+vektor" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFBourbaki1969" class="citation cs2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolas_Bourbaki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nicolas Bourbaki (laman tidak wujud)">Bourbaki, Nicolas</a> (1969), <i>Éléments d'histoire des mathématiques (Elements of history of mathematics)</i> (dalam bahasa Perancis), Paris: Hermann</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%C3%89l%C3%A9ments+d%27histoire+des+math%C3%A9matiques+%28Elements+of+history+of+mathematics%29&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Hermann&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Bourbaki&rft.aufirst=Nicolas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ARuang+vektor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFDorier1995" class="citation cs2">Dorier, Jean-Luc (1995), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive-ouverte.unige.ch/unige:16642">"A general outline of the genesis of vector space theory"</a>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historia_Mathematica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historia Mathematica (laman tidak wujud)">Historia Mathematica</a></i>, <b>22</b> (3): 227–261, <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Boleh diakses dengan percuma"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1006%2Fhmat.1995.1024">10.1006/hmat.1995.1024</a></span>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=MR&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MR (laman tidak wujud)">MR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=1347828">1347828</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Historia+Mathematica&rft.atitle=A+general+outline+of+the+genesis+of+vector+space+theory&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=227-261&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1006%2Fhmat.1995.1024&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ams.org%2Fmathscinet-getitem%3Fmr%3D1347828%23id-name%3DMR&rft.aulast=Dorier&rft.aufirst=Jean-Luc&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive-ouverte.unige.ch%2Funige%3A16642&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ARuang+vektor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFFourier1822" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Fourier" title="Joseph Fourier">Fourier, Jean Baptiste Joseph</a> (1822), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TDQJAAAAIAAJ"><i>Théorie analytique de la chaleur</i></a> (dalam bahasa Perancis), Chez Firmin Didot, père et fils</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Th%C3%A9orie+analytique+de+la+chaleur&rft.pub=Chez+Firmin+Didot%2C+p%C3%A8re+et+fils&rft.date=1822&rft.aulast=Fourier&rft.aufirst=Jean+Baptiste+Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTDQJAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ARuang+vektor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFGrassmann1844" class="citation cs2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermann_Grassmann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hermann Grassmann (laman tidak wujud)">Grassmann, Hermann</a> (1844), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bKgAAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA1"><i>Die Lineale Ausdehnungslehre - Ein neuer Zweig der Mathematik</i></a> (dalam bahasa Jerman), O. Wigand</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Lineale+Ausdehnungslehre+-+Ein+neuer+Zweig+der+Mathematik&rft.pub=O.+Wigand&rft.date=1844&rft.aulast=Grassmann&rft.aufirst=Hermann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbKgAAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ARuang+vektor" class="Z3988"></span>, reprint: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFGrassmann2000" class="citation cs2">Grassmann, Hermann (2000), Kannenberg, L.C. (penyunting), <i>Extension Theory</i>, diterjemahkan oleh Kannenberg, Lloyd C., Providence, R.I.: <a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Mathematical_Society&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="American Mathematical Society (laman tidak wujud)">American Mathematical Society</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-0-8218-2031-5" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-0-8218-2031-5"><bdi>978-0-8218-2031-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Extension+Theory&rft.place=Providence%2C+R.I.&rft.pub=American+Mathematical+Society&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8218-2031-5&rft.aulast=Grassmann&rft.aufirst=Hermann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ARuang+vektor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFHamilton1853" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/William_Rowan_Hamilton" title="William Rowan Hamilton">Hamilton, William Rowan</a> (1853), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://historical.library.cornell.edu/cgi-bin/cul.math/docviewer?did=05230001&seq=9"><i>Lectures on Quaternions</i></a>, Royal Irish Academy</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lectures+on+Quaternions&rft.pub=Royal+Irish+Academy&rft.date=1853&rft.aulast=Hamilton&rft.aufirst=William+Rowan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhistorical.library.cornell.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2Fcul.math%2Fdocviewer%3Fdid%3D05230001%26seq%3D9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ARuang+vektor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFMöbius1827" class="citation cs2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=August_Ferdinand_M%C3%B6bius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="August Ferdinand Möbius (laman tidak wujud)">Möbius, August Ferdinand</a> (1827), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061123192612/http://mathdoc.emath.fr/cgi-bin/oeitem?id=OE_MOBIUS__1_1_0"><i>Der Barycentrische Calcul : ein neues Hülfsmittel zur analytischen Behandlung der Geometrie (Barycentric calculus: a new utility for an analytic treatment of geometry)</i></a> (dalam bahasa Jerman), diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mathdoc.emath.fr/cgi-bin/oeitem?id=OE_MOBIUS__1_1_0">yang asal</a> pada 2006-11-23</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Der+Barycentrische+Calcul+%3A+ein+neues+H%C3%BClfsmittel+zur+analytischen+Behandlung+der+Geometrie+%28Barycentric+calculus%3A+a+new+utility+for+an+analytic+treatment+of+geometry%29&rft.date=1827&rft.aulast=M%C3%B6bius&rft.aufirst=August+Ferdinand&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmathdoc.emath.fr%2Fcgi-bin%2Foeitem%3Fid%3DOE_MOBIUS__1_1_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ARuang+vektor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFMoore1995" class="citation cs2">Moore, Gregory H. (1995), "The axiomatization of linear algebra: 1875–1940", <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historia_Mathematica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historia Mathematica (laman tidak wujud)">Historia Mathematica</a></i>, <b>22</b> (3): 262–303, <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Boleh diakses dengan percuma"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1006%2Fhmat.1995.1025">10.1006/hmat.1995.1025</a></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Historia+Mathematica&rft.atitle=The+axiomatization+of+linear+algebra%3A+1875%E2%80%931940&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=262-303&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1006%2Fhmat.1995.1025&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=Gregory+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ARuang+vektor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFPeano1888" class="citation cs2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Giuseppe_Peano&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Giuseppe Peano (laman tidak wujud)">Peano, Giuseppe</a> (1888), <i>Calcolo Geometrico secondo l'Ausdehnungslehre di H. Grassmann preceduto dalle Operazioni della Logica Deduttiva</i> (dalam bahasa Itali), Turin</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Calcolo+Geometrico+secondo+l%27Ausdehnungslehre+di+H.+Grassmann+preceduto+dalle+Operazioni+della+Logica+Deduttiva&rft.place=Turin&rft.date=1888&rft.aulast=Peano&rft.aufirst=Giuseppe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ARuang+vektor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Peano, G. (1901) <a href="/w/index.php?title=Formulario_mathematico&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Formulario mathematico (laman tidak wujud)">Formulario mathematico</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/formulairedesmat00pean/page/194">vct axioms</a> via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rujukan_selanjutnya">Rujukan selanjutnya</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruang_vektor&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Sunting bahagian: Rujukan selanjutnya" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruang_vektor&action=edit&section=6" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Rujukan selanjutnya"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFAshcroftMermin1976" class="citation cs2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neil_Ashcroft&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neil Ashcroft (laman tidak wujud)">Ashcroft, Neil</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=N._David_Mermin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="N. David Mermin (laman tidak wujud)">Mermin, N. David</a> (1976), <span class="cs1-lock-registration" title="Pendaftaran percuma diperlukan"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/solidstatephysic00ashc"><i>Solid State Physics</i></a></span>, Toronto: Thomson Learning, <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-0-03-083993-1" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-0-03-083993-1"><bdi>978-0-03-083993-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Solid+State+Physics&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=Thomson+Learning&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0-03-083993-1&rft.aulast=Ashcroft&rft.aufirst=Neil&rft.au=Mermin%2C+N.+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsolidstatephysic00ashc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ARuang+vektor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFAtiyah1989" class="citation cs2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Atiyah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michael Atiyah (laman tidak wujud)">Atiyah, Michael Francis</a> (1989), <i>K-theory</i>, Advanced Book Classics (ed. 2nd), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Addison-Wesley&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Addison-Wesley (laman tidak wujud)">Addison-Wesley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-0-201-09394-0" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-0-201-09394-0"><bdi>978-0-201-09394-0</bdi></a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=MR&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MR (laman tidak wujud)">MR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=1043170">1043170</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=K-theory&rft.series=Advanced+Book+Classics&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Addison-Wesley&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-201-09394-0&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ams.org%2Fmathscinet-getitem%3Fmr%3D1043170%23id-name%3DMR&rft.aulast=Atiyah&rft.aufirst=Michael+Francis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ARuang+vektor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFBourbaki1998" class="citation cs2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolas_Bourbaki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nicolas Bourbaki (laman tidak wujud)">Bourbaki, Nicolas</a> (1998), <i>Elements of Mathematics : Algebra I Chapters 1-3</i>, Berlin, New York: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Springer-Verlag&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Springer-Verlag (laman tidak wujud)">Springer-Verlag</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-3-540-64243-5" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-3-540-64243-5"><bdi>978-3-540-64243-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Elements+of+Mathematics+%3A+Algebra+I+Chapters+1-3&rft.place=Berlin%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Springer-Verlag&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-3-540-64243-5&rft.aulast=Bourbaki&rft.aufirst=Nicolas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ARuang+vektor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFBourbaki1989" class="citation cs2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolas_Bourbaki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nicolas Bourbaki (laman tidak wujud)">Bourbaki, Nicolas</a> (1989), <i>General Topology. 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(2013), <i>Calculus : Single and Multivariable</i> (ed. 6), <a href="/wiki/John_Wiley_%26_Sons" title="John Wiley & Sons">John Wiley & Sons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-0470-88861-2" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-0470-88861-2"><bdi>978-0470-88861-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Calculus+%3A+Single+and+Multivariable&rft.edition=6&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0470-88861-2&rft.aulast=Hughes-Hallett&rft.aufirst=Deborah&rft.au=McCallum%2C+William+G.&rft.au=Gleason%2C+Andrew+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ARuang+vektor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFHusemoller1994" class="citation cs2">Husemoller, Dale (1994), <i>Fibre Bundles</i> (ed. 3rd), Berlin, New York: <a 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wujud)">Kreyszig, Erwin</a> (1991), <i>Differential geometry</i>, New York: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dover_Publications&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dover Publications (laman tidak wujud)">Dover Publications</a>, m/s. xiv+352, <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-0-486-66721-8" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-0-486-66721-8"><bdi>978-0-486-66721-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Differential+geometry&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=xiv%2B352&rft.pub=Dover+Publications&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-486-66721-8&rft.aulast=Kreyszig&rft.aufirst=Erwin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ARuang+vektor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFKreyszig1999" class="citation cs2">Kreyszig, Erwin (1999), <span class="cs1-lock-registration" title="Pendaftaran percuma diperlukan"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/advancedengineer0008krey"><i>Advanced Engineering Mathematics</i></a></span> (ed. 8th), New York: <a href="/wiki/John_Wiley_%26_Sons" title="John Wiley & Sons">John Wiley & Sons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-0-471-15496-9" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-0-471-15496-9"><bdi>978-0-471-15496-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Advanced+Engineering+Mathematics&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=8th&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-471-15496-9&rft.aulast=Kreyszig&rft.aufirst=Erwin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fadvancedengineer0008krey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ARuang+vektor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFLuenberger1997" class="citation cs2">Luenberger, David (1997), <i>Optimization by vector space methods</i>, New York: <a href="/wiki/John_Wiley_%26_Sons" title="John Wiley & Sons">John Wiley & Sons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-0-471-18117-0" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-0-471-18117-0"><bdi>978-0-471-18117-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Optimization+by+vector+space+methods&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-471-18117-0&rft.aulast=Luenberger&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ARuang+vektor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFMac_Lane1998" class="citation cs2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saunders_Mac_Lane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saunders Mac Lane (laman tidak wujud)">Mac Lane, Saunders</a> (1998), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Categories_for_the_Working_Mathematician&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Categories for the Working Mathematician (laman tidak wujud)"><i>Categories for the Working Mathematician</i></a> (ed. 2nd), Berlin, New York: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Springer-Verlag&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Springer-Verlag (laman tidak wujud)">Springer-Verlag</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-0-387-98403-2" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-0-387-98403-2"><bdi>978-0-387-98403-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Categories+for+the+Working+Mathematician&rft.place=Berlin%2C+New+York&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Springer-Verlag&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-387-98403-2&rft.aulast=Mac+Lane&rft.aufirst=Saunders&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ARuang+vektor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFMisnerThorneWheeler1973" class="citation cs2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_W._Misner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles W. Misner (laman tidak wujud)">Misner, Charles W.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Kip_Thorne" title="Kip Thorne">Thorne, Kip</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Archibald_Wheeler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Archibald Wheeler (laman tidak wujud)">Wheeler, John Archibald</a> (1973), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gravitation_(book)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gravitation (book) (laman tidak wujud)"><i>Gravitation</i></a>, W. H. Freeman, <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-0-7167-0344-0" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-0-7167-0344-0"><bdi>978-0-7167-0344-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gravitation&rft.pub=W.+H.+Freeman&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0-7167-0344-0&rft.aulast=Misner&rft.aufirst=Charles+W.&rft.au=Thorne%2C+Kip&rft.au=Wheeler%2C+John+Archibald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ARuang+vektor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFNaber2003" class="citation cs2">Naber, Gregory L. (2003), <i>The geometry of Minkowski spacetime</i>, New York: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dover_Publications&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dover Publications (laman tidak wujud)">Dover Publications</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-0-486-43235-9" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-0-486-43235-9"><bdi>978-0-486-43235-9</bdi></a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=MR&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MR (laman tidak wujud)">MR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=2044239">2044239</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+geometry+of+Minkowski+spacetime&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Dover+Publications&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-486-43235-9&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ams.org%2Fmathscinet-getitem%3Fmr%3D2044239%23id-name%3DMR&rft.aulast=Naber&rft.aufirst=Gregory+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ARuang+vektor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFSchönhageStrassen1971" class="citation cs2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arnold_Sch%C3%B6nhage&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arnold Schönhage (laman tidak wujud)">Schönhage, A.</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Volker_Strassen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Volker Strassen (laman tidak wujud)">Strassen, Volker</a> (1971), "Schnelle Multiplikation großer Zahlen (Fast multiplication of big numbers)", <i>Computing</i> (dalam bahasa Jerman), <b>7</b> (3–4): 281–292, <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fbf02242355">10.1007/bf02242355</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Siri_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Siri Piawai Antarabangsa">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0010-485X">0010-485X</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:9738629">9738629</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Computing&rft.atitle=Schnelle+Multiplikation+gro%C3%9Fer+Zahlen+%28Fast+multiplication+of+big+numbers%29&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=3%E2%80%934&rft.pages=281-292&rft.date=1971&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A9738629%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0010-485X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fbf02242355&rft.aulast=Sch%C3%B6nhage&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Strassen%2C+Volker&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ARuang+vektor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFSpivak1999" class="citation cs2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Spivak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michael Spivak (laman tidak wujud)">Spivak, Michael</a> (1999), <i>A Comprehensive Introduction to Differential Geometry (Volume Two)</i>, Houston, TX: Publish or Perish</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Comprehensive+Introduction+to+Differential+Geometry+%28Volume+Two%29&rft.place=Houston%2C+TX&rft.pub=Publish+or+Perish&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Spivak&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ARuang+vektor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFStewart1975" class="citation cs2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ian_Stewart_(mathematician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ian Stewart (mathematician) (laman tidak wujud)">Stewart, Ian</a> (1975), <span class="cs1-lock-registration" title="Pendaftaran percuma diperlukan"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/galoistheory0000stew"><i>Galois Theory</i></a></span>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chapman_and_Hall&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chapman and Hall (laman tidak wujud)">Chapman and Hall</a> Mathematics Series, London: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chapman_and_Hall&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chapman and Hall (laman tidak wujud)">Chapman and Hall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-0-412-10800-6" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-0-412-10800-6"><bdi>978-0-412-10800-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Galois+Theory&rft.place=London&rft.series=Chapman+and+Hall+Mathematics+Series&rft.pub=Chapman+and+Hall&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0-412-10800-6&rft.aulast=Stewart&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgaloistheory0000stew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ARuang+vektor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFVaradarajan1974" class="citation cs2">Varadarajan, V. S. (1974), <i>Lie groups, Lie algebras, and their representations</i>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Prentice_Hall&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prentice Hall (laman tidak wujud)">Prentice Hall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-0-13-535732-3" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-0-13-535732-3"><bdi>978-0-13-535732-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lie+groups%2C+Lie+algebras%2C+and+their+representations&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-0-13-535732-3&rft.aulast=Varadarajan&rft.aufirst=V.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ARuang+vektor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFWallace1992" class="citation cs2">Wallace, G.K. (Feb 1992), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070113155847/http://www.csc.ncsu.edu/faculty/rhee/export/papers/TheJPEGStillPictureCompressionStandard.pdf">"The JPEG still picture compression standard"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics</i>, <b>38</b> (1): xviii–xxxiv, <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX" title="CiteSeerX">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Boleh diakses dengan percuma"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.318.4292">10.1.1.318.4292</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2F30.125072">10.1109/30.125072</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Siri_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Siri Piawai Antarabangsa">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0098-3063">0098-3063</a>, diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csc.ncsu.edu/faculty/rhee/export/papers/TheJPEGStillPictureCompressionStandard.pdf">yang asal</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> pada 2007-01-13<span class="reference-accessdate">, dicapai pada <span class="nowrap">2017-10-25</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Transactions+on+Consumer+Electronics&rft.atitle=The+JPEG+still+picture+compression+standard&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=xviii-xxxiv&rft.date=1992-02&rft_id=%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.318.4292%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft.issn=0098-3063&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2F30.125072&rft.aulast=Wallace&rft.aufirst=G.K.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.csc.ncsu.edu%2Ffaculty%2Frhee%2Fexport%2Fpapers%2FTheJPEGStillPictureCompressionStandard.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ARuang+vektor" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pautan_luar">Pautan luar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruang_vektor&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Sunting bahagian: Pautan luar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruang_vektor&action=edit&section=7" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Pautan luar"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle, #f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base, #a2a9b1);color:inherit"> <tbody><tr> <td class="mbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/80px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></td> <td class="mbox-text plainlist"><i><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Linear_Algebra" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Linear Algebra">Linear Algebra</a></i> mempunyai sebuah laman berkenaan topik: <i><b><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Linear_Algebra/Definition_and_Examples_of_Vector_Spaces" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Linear Algebra/Definition and Examples of Vector Spaces">Real vector spaces</a></b></i></td></tr> </tbody></table> <table role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle, #f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base, #a2a9b1);color:inherit"> <tbody><tr> <td class="mbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/80px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></td> <td class="mbox-text plainlist"><i><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Linear_Algebra" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Linear Algebra">Linear Algebra</a></i> mempunyai sebuah laman berkenaan topik: <i><b><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Linear_Algebra/Vector_spaces" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Linear Algebra/Vector spaces">Vector spaces</a></b></i></td></tr> </tbody></table> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFHazewinkel2001" class="citation cs2">Hazewinkel, Michiel, penyunting (2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/index.php?title=p/v096520">"Vector space"</a>, <i>Encyclopedia of Mathematics</i>, <a href="/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media" title="Springer Science+Business Media">Springer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-1-55608-010-4" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-1-55608-010-4"><bdi>978-1-55608-010-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Vector+space&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Mathematics&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-55608-010-4&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopediaofmath.org%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3Dp%2Fv096520&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ARuang+vektor" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Diambil daripada "<a dir="ltr" href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ruang_vektor&oldid=5351372">https://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ruang_vektor&oldid=5351372</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Kategori" title="Khas:Kategori">Kategori</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Struktur_matematik" title="Kategori:Struktur matematik">Struktur matematik</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Teori_kumpulan" title="Kategori:Teori kumpulan">Teori kumpulan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Konsep_fizik_asas" title="Kategori:Konsep fizik asas">Konsep fizik asas</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" 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