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</div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disappearance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul 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searchaux" style="display:none">Archaeological culture in the US</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fort_Ancient_Monongahela_cultures_HRoe_2010.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Fort_Ancient_Monongahela_cultures_HRoe_2010.jpg/260px-Fort_Ancient_Monongahela_cultures_HRoe_2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Fort_Ancient_Monongahela_cultures_HRoe_2010.jpg/390px-Fort_Ancient_Monongahela_cultures_HRoe_2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Fort_Ancient_Monongahela_cultures_HRoe_2010.jpg/520px-Fort_Ancient_Monongahela_cultures_HRoe_2010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="496" /></a><figcaption>The Monongahela cultural region with some of its major sites and neighbors as of 1050~1635 AD</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Monongahela culture</b> were an <a href="/wiki/Iroquoian_peoples" title="Iroquoian peoples">Iroquoian</a> <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a> cultural manifestation of <a href="/wiki/Woodland_period" title="Woodland period">Late Woodland</a> peoples from AD 1050 to 1635 in present-day <a href="/wiki/Western_Pennsylvania" title="Western Pennsylvania">Western Pennsylvania</a>, western <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a>, eastern <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a>, and <a href="/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia">West Virginia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-forthillarchaeology_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-forthillarchaeology-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The culture was named by Mary Butler in 1939 for the <a href="/wiki/Monongahela_River" title="Monongahela River">Monongahela River</a>, whose valley contains the majority of this culture's sites.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Monongahela practiced <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">maize</a> agriculture, and lived in well laid out villages, some of which consisted of as many as 50-100 structures. They traded with other Indian groups who in turn traded with Europeans. The Monongahela seem to have disappeared some time during the 1620s or 1630s before having significant direct contact with Europeans. </p><p>Many scholars believe this to be the result of the spread of European <a href="/wiki/Infectious_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Infectious disease">infectious diseases</a>. Others believe that most of the Monongahela were killed by or assimilated into either the <a href="/wiki/Iroquois" title="Iroquois">Iroquois</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Algonquian_languages" title="Algonquian languages">Algonquian</a>-speaking <a href="/wiki/Lenape" title="Lenape">Lenape</a> tribes during warfare, as the more powerful tribes competed to control area hunting grounds for the <a href="/wiki/Fur_trade" title="Fur trade">fur trade</a>. Still others claim that two severe <a href="/wiki/Droughts" class="mw-redirect" title="Droughts">droughts</a>, one from 1587 to 1589 and another from 1607 to 1612, drove habitable area. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Interculture_chronology">Interculture chronology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monongahela_culture&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Interculture chronology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An internal temporal subdivision of the Monongahela culture, based on <a href="/wiki/Ceramic" title="Ceramic">ceramic</a> decorative attributes.<sup id="cite_ref-forthillarchaeology_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-forthillarchaeology-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th><i>Subdivisions</i></th> <th><i>Dates</i></th> <th><i>Ceramic markers</i> </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">Late Monongahela </td> <td>AD 1580 - 1635 </td> <td>Characterized by plain pottery with decoration on lips and inside of the rim, also marks the appearance of ceramic traits that indicate contacts with the Iroquois </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">Middle Monongahela </td> <td>AD 1250 - 1580 </td> <td>Pottery surfaces usually undecorated, with some decoration on the lip of the pot including notching, incising, or stamping with a cord-wrapped paddle </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">Early Monongahela </td> <td>AD 1050 - 1250 </td> <td>Characterized by pottery decorated with rectangular incising and/or horizontal punctuated bands </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Location">Location</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monongahela_culture&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Location"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Clip-Sanson-map-_1656-Jesuits.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Clip-Sanson-map-_1656-Jesuits.gif/260px-Clip-Sanson-map-_1656-Jesuits.gif" decoding="async" width="260" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Clip-Sanson-map-_1656-Jesuits.gif/390px-Clip-Sanson-map-_1656-Jesuits.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Clip-Sanson-map-_1656-Jesuits.gif/520px-Clip-Sanson-map-_1656-Jesuits.gif 2x" data-file-width="527" data-file-height="669" /></a><figcaption>Clip of 1656 (3) LE CANADA OU NOUVELLE FRANCE &C. by Nicolas Sanson. In the <a href="/wiki/Wyandot_people" title="Wyandot people">Huron</a> <a href="/wiki/Iroquoian" class="mw-redirect" title="Iroquoian">Iroquoian</a> dialect, <i>Akounake</i> means "people of a strange language", and <i>Attiouandron</i> means "people of a similar language" (see lower part of map). Various "Smith Maps" by <a href="/wiki/Captain_John_Smith" class="mw-redirect" title="Captain John Smith">Captain John Smith</a>, note the <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Indians" class="mw-redirect" title="Virginia Indians">Virginia Indians</a> refer to those to the west of the <a href="/wiki/Allegheny_Mountains" title="Allegheny Mountains">Allegheny Mountains</a> as <i>Messawomeck</i>. <i>Riviere de la Ronceverte</i> (<a href="/wiki/Greenbrier_River" title="Greenbrier River">Greenbrier River</a>) scholars assert the early French Jesuits did not see the main <a href="/wiki/Ohio_River" title="Ohio River">Ohio River</a> during these decades.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The Monongahela culture extended in the area of the upper <a href="/wiki/Ohio_River" title="Ohio River">Ohio River</a> system that includes the <a href="/wiki/Monongahela_River" title="Monongahela River">Monongahela</a>, <a href="/wiki/Youghiogheny" class="mw-redirect" title="Youghiogheny">Youghiogheny</a> and <a href="/wiki/Casselman_River" title="Casselman River">Casselman</a> tributary rivers. Their region was of western <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> and the adjoining areas of eastern <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia">West Virginia</a>, and western <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a>. Nearly four hundred <a href="/wiki/Archeological" class="mw-redirect" title="Archeological">archeological</a> sites have been recorded. The culture was contemporaneous to the bordering <a href="/wiki/Fort_Ancient" title="Fort Ancient">Fort Ancient</a> culture in the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Ohio Valley">Ohio Valley</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Monongahela is a Late <a href="/wiki/Woodland_period" title="Woodland period">Woodland</a> horizon that coincides with the <a href="/wiki/Mingo" title="Mingo">Mingo</a> homeland and distinguishes it from the <a href="/wiki/Iroquois_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Iroquois League">Iroquois League</a> homeland, centered in present-day New York state.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Monongahela villages originated on flood plains, but by 1250, the people had migrated to the watershed highlands and often lived on gaps between ridges. Archaeologists speculate that the move to these areas, and construction of larger, fortified villages at this time was a symptom of intergroup warfare. </p><p>The Fort Hill Site (46MG12) in <a href="/wiki/Morgantown,_West_Virginia" title="Morgantown, West Virginia">Morgantown, West Virginia</a> is a nearly 5-acre (20,000 m<sup>2</sup>) archeological site that includes what appears to be a Monongahela village. The site has good preservation. A human burial, animal bones, bone beads, a <i>marginella</i>-shell bead, <a href="/wiki/Temper_(pottery)" title="Temper (pottery)">shell-tempered</a> pottery and triangular arrow points have been recovered during excavations at the site. In 2002 the site was endangered with destruction by commercial development.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The majority of the 18 known sites within the Osage USGS Quadrangle and the Blacksville USGS Quadrangle on the environs of the Pennsylvania and West Virginia border are of the Monongahela Culture. The Worley village Complex (46Mg23) dates to about AD 900. It is located within the Blacksville USGS Quadrangle, as is the recently found Wana village site, which was revealed by <a href="/wiki/Infrared_photography" title="Infrared photography">infrared photography</a>. A field test at the Wana site confirmed pottery, shell, and flint present. It has not yet been studied. </p><p>The LaPoe (46Mg21) village complex in <a href="/wiki/Monongalia_County,_West_Virginia" title="Monongalia County, West Virginia">Monongalia County, West Virginia</a> is a circular village occupied during the 16th and 17th centuries, with trade items recovered. Nearby LaPoe, 46Mg18 is a stone <a href="/wiki/Burial_mound" class="mw-redirect" title="Burial mound">burial mound</a>. Also located at LaPoe is the village site 46Mg20. Pyle Farm, 46Mg15, is a late prehistoric village site that is located in the Osage USGS Quadrangle. In addition, hundreds of undocumented archeological sites exist in the <a href="/wiki/Dunkard_Creek" title="Dunkard Creek">Dunkard Creek</a> Watershed of <a href="/wiki/Greene_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Greene County, Pennsylvania">Greene County, Pennsylvania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Monongalia_County,_West_Virginia" title="Monongalia County, West Virginia">Monongalia County, West Virginia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Material_culture">Material culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monongahela_culture&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Material culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ceramics">Ceramics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monongahela_culture&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Ceramics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Monongahela pottery was constructed using the coil method, tempered using crushed igneous rock (e.g., granite) or quartz temper, and usually decorated with cordmarking. (Mayer-Oakes’ 1955) To quote the Maryland Archaeological Conservation Lab, "Monongahela ceramics are a complex series that begin with an early grit or limestone tempered group and end with a very anomalous collection of types found in southwestern Pennsylvania during the post-Contact period."<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the collaborative research of 2009 of William C. Johnson (Society for Pennsylvania Archaeology) and D. Scott Speedy (Grave Creek Mound Archaeology Complex Research Facility in West Virginia), Monongahela tradition women favored the production of final Z-twist cordage production. On the upper Ohio River <a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">drainage basin</a> subareas, some pottery apparently represents the incorporation of local Late Woodland groups with their own distinctive cordage-manufacturing traditions. As Johnson and Speedy say in their abstract, "In the absence of elaborately decorated ceramics, variations in the relative frequency of the predominant cordage twist direction peculiar to some subareas also suggest that twist direction may function as a group signature, thus permitting identification of individual or related village removals that may be synonymous with tribes." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Village_construction">Village construction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monongahela_culture&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Village construction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Monongahela houses were small oval to round shaped and were built within <a href="/wiki/Palisade" title="Palisade">palisaded</a> villages with a central <a href="/wiki/Plaza" class="mw-redirect" title="Plaza">plaza</a>. These villages' entry point often had a maze-like structure that overlapped the stockaded outer walls. Differing from <a href="/wiki/Fort_Ancient" title="Fort Ancient">Fort Ancient</a> methods, some entrances were covered. Some of the villages had elevated observation platforms. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Charnel_house" title="Charnel house">Charnel houses</a> have been found in the larger villages. Black bear masks have been found in some graves, showing a possible indication of a rank. Of the average adult burials, it is not clearly understood where they might have been buried. To distinguish the characteristics between Fort Ancient and interior Monongahelan of West Virginia, Dr. McMichael writes, "A reflection of the Monongahela's greater Woodland heritage was the continued use of small stone mounds in the Monongahela drainage area, well into the Late Prehistoric." Child burials were sometimes inside the village and sometimes under the house.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (May 2013)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup> This contrasted with <a href="/wiki/Andaste" class="mw-redirect" title="Andaste">Andaste</a> (Susquehannock) burials from 1450/1550, which were outside the palisaded village, as found east of the <a href="/wiki/Allegheny_Mountains" title="Allegheny Mountains">Allegheny Mountains</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1450, petal-shaped attachments to their houses became common. These were used for storage or perhaps a smokehouse. Monongahela pottery and tools were well crafted and included decorated clay pipes for smoking. Glass <a href="/wiki/Trade_beads" title="Trade beads">trade beads</a> have been found at some villages, although there is no record of European contact. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agriculture_and_food">Agriculture and food</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monongahela_culture&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Agriculture and food"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Like its sister culture the <a href="/wiki/Fort_Ancient" title="Fort Ancient">Fort Ancient</a>, the Monongahela made a leap in agriculture by adopting seed crops from Mesoamerica, which had been obtained through their ancestral trade network. The women cultivated varieties of crops such as <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">maize</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beans" class="mw-redirect" title="Beans">beans</a>, squash, and <a href="/wiki/Sunflower" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunflower">sunflower</a>, collecting their seeds to use in subsequent years. They also collected wild plant foods, such as nuts and berries, to complete their diets. As with many contemporary groups to the west and south, they depended on maize as the major staple of their diet. The Monongahela men hunted animals including deer and turtles, and caught fish and shell fish.<sup id="cite_ref-forthillarchaeology_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-forthillarchaeology-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>They made advances in the cultivation of <a href="/wiki/Tobacco" title="Tobacco">tobacco</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hemp" title="Hemp">hemp</a> <a href="/wiki/Braid" title="Braid">braid</a> crops, and traded these with the East Coast agriculturists. In 1599 - 1600 the English geographer and propagandist <a href="/wiki/Richard_Hakluyt" title="Richard Hakluyt">Richard Hakluyt</a> reported on <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a> foods of the mid-Atlantic coastal people with whom they also traded. As evidence of that trade, sea shells from the mid-Atlantic have been found in some Monongahela sites.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Disappearance">Disappearance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monongahela_culture&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Disappearance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carte_Nouvelle-france_et_13_colonies_en_1710.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Carte_Nouvelle-france_et_13_colonies_en_1710.jpg/260px-Carte_Nouvelle-france_et_13_colonies_en_1710.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Carte_Nouvelle-france_et_13_colonies_en_1710.jpg/390px-Carte_Nouvelle-france_et_13_colonies_en_1710.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/ff/Carte_Nouvelle-france_et_13_colonies_en_1710.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>Clip from John Senex map ca 1710, showing the peoples Captain Vielle passed by in 1692 to reach <i>Chaouenon</i> country, as the French Jesuit called the Shawnee.</figcaption></figure> <p>This late prehistoric culture peaked about AD 1300. The colder weather of the <a href="/wiki/Little_Ice_Age" title="Little Ice Age">Little Ice Age</a> may have caused inter-group battling over food and farmland, according to some scholars.<sup id="cite_ref-ohio_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ohio-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The crops did not prosper as well during this colder period, causing food shortages for populations that had grown after their introduction. Some studies show that the culture began failing due to poor health conditions. </p><p>In addition, some scholars believe that two severe <a href="/wiki/Droughts" class="mw-redirect" title="Droughts">droughts</a>, one from 1587 to 1589 and another from 1607 to 1612, drove the bearer of the Monongahela culture from the region in search of a more habitable area. Because of trade with other groups, the Monongahela could have contracted <a href="/wiki/Infectious_diseases" class="mw-redirect" title="Infectious diseases">infectious diseases</a> from coastal peoples, who were directly exposed by their contact with Europeans. As the Native Americans did not have <a href="/wiki/Immunity_(medical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Immunity (medical)">immunity</a>, the new diseases resulted in high fatalities in widespread areas. </p><p>The Monongahela culture was progressively disappearing before the time the <a href="/wiki/Iroquois_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Iroquois League">Iroquois League</a> invaded the <a href="/wiki/Allegheny_Plateau" title="Allegheny Plateau">Allegheny Plateau</a> through to the <a href="/wiki/Lake_Erie" title="Lake Erie">Lake Erie</a> region in an effort to control new hunting grounds for the lucrative <a href="/wiki/Fur_trade" title="Fur trade">fur trade</a>. The powerful Iroquois likely conquered or drove out the Monongahela. </p><p>About the year of 1635, it appears that a group of refugees from the Monongahela culture resettled in south-central <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a> at <a href="/wiki/Halifax_County,_Virginia" title="Halifax County, Virginia">Halifax County</a>. They were likely absorbed by a <a href="/wiki/Siouan" class="mw-redirect" title="Siouan">Siouan</a>-speaking tribe of the area, but historians do not know for sure. There were also <a href="/wiki/Algonquian_peoples" title="Algonquian peoples">Algonquian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iroquoian" class="mw-redirect" title="Iroquoian">Iroquoian</a>-speaking tribes nearby.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monongahela_culture&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_West_Virginia" title="Prehistory of West Virginia">Prehistory of West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protohistory_of_West_Virginia" title="Protohistory of West Virginia">Protohistory of West Virginia</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monongahela_culture&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-forthillarchaeology-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-forthillarchaeology_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-forthillarchaeology_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-forthillarchaeology_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://forthillarchaeology.com/Monon.htm">"Monongahela culture-AD 1050-1635"</a>. Fort Hill Archeology<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-01-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Monongahela+culture-AD+1050-1635&rft.pub=Fort+Hill+Archeology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fforthillarchaeology.com%2FMonon.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonongahela+culture" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged January 2018">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/entry.php?rec=2050">"Monongahela culture"</a>. Ohio History Central<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-01-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Monongahela+culture&rft.pub=Ohio+History+Central&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ohiohistorycentral.org%2Fentry.php%3Frec%3D2050&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonongahela+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Le_Caron" title="Joseph Le Caron">Joseph Le Caron</a> (b. near Paris in 1586; d. in France, 29 March 1632; first missionary to the Hurons) wrote the first dictionary of the Huron language. The <i>Bibliotheca Universa Franciscana</i> of Jean de S. Antoine, II (Madrid, 1732), 243, says on the evidence of Arturus in his <i>Martyrologium Franciscanum</i> under date of 31 August, that Le Caron wrote "Quærimonia Novæ Franciæ" (Complaint of New France). Citation: Odoric M. Jouve. Transcribed by Mario Anello. The <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>, Volume IX. Published 1910. New York: Robert Appleton Company. Nihil Obstat, October 1, 1910. Remy Lafort, Censor. Imprimatur. +John M. Farley, Archbishop of New York Bibliography, <i>Histoire chronol. de la province de St-Denis</i> (Bibl. Nat., Paris); <i>Mortuologe des Récollets de la province de St-Denis</i> (late seventeenth-century MS., in the archives of Quebec seminary); CHAMPLAIN (Euvres, ed. LAVARDI?RE (6 vols., Quebec, 1870); SAGARD, <i>Histoire du Canada</i>, ed. TROSS (4 vols.. Paris, 1866); LECLERCQ, <i>Premier Etablissment de la Foi dans la Nouvelle France</i> (2 vols., Paris, 1691)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDarla_Spencer" class="citation web cs1">Darla Spencer. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pointpleasantwv.org/MasonCoHistory/ARCH/Arch_1.htm">"An Archaeological Treasure: a survey of the Lower Kanawha Valley in Putnam and Mason counties"</a>. Council for West Virginia Archaeology.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=An+Archaeological+Treasure%3A+a+survey+of+the+Lower+Kanawha+Valley+in+Putnam+and+Mason+counties&rft.pub=Council+for+West+Virginia+Archaeology&rft.au=Darla+Spencer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pointpleasantwv.org%2FMasonCoHistory%2FARCH%2FArch_1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonongahela+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas_McElwain" class="citation web cs1">Thomas McElwain. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mingolanguage.org/texts/tom/20c_mingo.html">"The Use of the Mingo Language in the Last Half of the Twentieth Century"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Use+of+the+Mingo+Language+in+the+Last+Half+of+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.au=Thomas+McElwain&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mingolanguage.org%2Ftexts%2Ftom%2F20c_mingo.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonongahela+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEVELYN_RYAN2002" class="citation web cs1">EVELYN RYAN (2002-08-08). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120721140112/http://tech.groups.yahoo.com/group/WVArch/message/143">"Fort Hill Site returns to the news"</a>. <i>The Morgantown Dominion Post</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tech.groups.yahoo.com/group/WVArch/message/143">the original</a> on July 21, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-02-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Morgantown+Dominion+Post&rft.atitle=Fort+Hill+Site+returns+to+the+news&rft.date=2002-08-08&rft.au=EVELYN+RYAN&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftech.groups.yahoo.com%2Fgroup%2FWVArch%2Fmessage%2F143&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonongahela+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110721174526/http://www.co.greene.pa.us/secured/gc2/depts/ed/conserv/dunkardcreek/archaeological.htm">"Sites registered with the WV Department of Culture and History"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.co.greene.pa.us/secured/gc2/depts/ed/conserv/dunkardcreek/archaeological.htm">the original</a> on 2011-07-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-02-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sites+registered+with+the+WV+Department+of+Culture+and+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.co.greene.pa.us%2Fsecured%2Fgc2%2Fdepts%2Fed%2Fconserv%2Fdunkardcreek%2Farchaeological.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonongahela+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101128134348/http://www.jefpat.org/diagnostic/Prehistoric_Ceramic_Web_Page/Prehistoric%20Ware%20Descriptions/Monongahela.htm">"Minority Wares in Maryland: Monongahela and Susquehannock Ceramics"</a>. <i>Diagnostic Artifacts in Maryland</i>. Maryland Archaeological Conservation Lab. 2003. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jefpat.org/diagnostic/Prehistoric_Ceramic_Web_Page/Prehistoric%20Ware%20Descriptions/Monongahela.htm">the original</a> on 2010-11-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-02-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Diagnostic+Artifacts+in+Maryland&rft.atitle=Minority+Wares+in+Maryland%3A+Monongahela+and+Susquehannock+Ceramics&rft.date=2003&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jefpat.org%2Fdiagnostic%2FPrehistoric_Ceramic_Web_Page%2FPrehistoric%2520Ware%2520Descriptions%2FMonongahela.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonongahela+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDennis_Stahl" class="citation book cs1">Dennis Stahl. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141203001520/http://www.quemahoning.com/Somerset/Monongahela/stahl.htm"><i>The Monongahela People</i></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.quemahoning.com/Somerset/Monongahela/stahl.htm">the original</a> on 2014-12-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-05-20</span></span>. <q>Somerset County Monongahela concentrations include site clusters at Confluence, Quemahoning and Upper Casselman (Meyersdale). Specific recorded and excavated archaeological sites at Meyersdale include Gnagey 36SO55; Peck #1 36SO1: Peck #2, 36SO8; Petenbrink, 36SO113; and Bluelick, 36SO62. Just south of Meyersdale are Troutman 36SO9, near Wellersburg and Emerick 36SO10, near Kennells Mill</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Monongahela+People&rft.au=Dennis+Stahl&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.quemahoning.com%2FSomerset%2FMonongahela%2Fstahl.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonongahela+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenry_W._HieseyJ._Paul_Witmer1971" class="citation book cs1">Henry W. Hiesey; J. Paul Witmer (1971). <i>Foundations of Pennsylvania Prehistory, The Shenks Ferry People</i>. Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission, Harrisburg. p. 491.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Foundations+of+Pennsylvania+Prehistory%2C+The+Shenks+Ferry+People&rft.pages=491&rft.pub=Pennsylvania+Historical+and+Museum+Commission%2C+Harrisburg&rft.date=1971&rft.au=Henry+W.+Hiesey&rft.au=J.+Paul+Witmer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonongahela+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_Hakluyt1898" class="citation book cs1">Richard Hakluyt (1898). "The Principall Voyages, Traffiques, and Discourses of the English Nations (1599-1600)". In Albert Bushnell Hart (ed.). <i>American History Told by Contemporaries</i>. Vol. 1. pp. 89–95.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Principall+Voyages%2C+Traffiques%2C+and+Discourses+of+the+English+Nations+%281599-1600%29&rft.btitle=American+History+Told+by+Contemporaries&rft.pages=89-95&rft.date=1898&rft.au=Richard+Hakluyt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonongahela+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ohio-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ohio_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ohsweb.ohiohistory.org/gallery2/main.php?g2_itemId=1305">"Monongahela Culture"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101227232617/http://ohsweb.ohiohistory.org/gallery2/main.php?g2_itemId=1305">Archived</a> 2010-12-27 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>Virtual First Ohioans</i>, Ohio Historical Society</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMargaret_M._Nava2001" class="citation web cs1">Margaret M. Nava (February 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080720005045/http://www.wonderfulwv.com/archives/feb01/fea1.cfm">"The Golden Harvest of the Fort Ancient and Monongahela Cultures"</a>. Wonderful West Virginia Magazine. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wonderfulwv.com/archives/feb01/fea1.cfm">the original</a> on 2008-07-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Golden+Harvest+of+the+Fort+Ancient+and+Monongahela+Cultures&rft.pub=Wonderful+West+Virginia+Magazine&rft.date=2001-02&rft.au=Margaret+M.+Nava&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wonderfulwv.com%2Farchives%2Ffeb01%2Ffea1.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonongahela+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monongahela_culture&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ohsweb.ohiohistory.org/gallery2/main.php?g2_itemId=1305">Monongahela Culture</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101227232617/http://ohsweb.ohiohistory.org/gallery2/main.php?g2_itemId=1305">Archived</a> 2010-12-27 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Virtual First Ohioans</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110106134827/http://www.archaeologychannel.org/content/video/ghosts_300kW.html">"Ghosts of the Mountains"</a>, a video of Somerset County Archaeology, Pennsylvania, the working of sites of Monongahela people</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template:Monongahela_villages" title="Template:Monongahela villages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Monongahela_villages" title="Template talk:Monongahela villages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Monongahela_villages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Monongahela villages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Monongahela_village_sites" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Monongahela</a> village sites</b></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barton_Village_Site" title="Barton Village Site">Barton Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedford_Village_Archeological_Site" title="Bedford Village Archeological Site">Bedford Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deffenbaugh_Site" title="Deffenbaugh Site">Deffenbaugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisher_site" title="Fisher site">Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_T._Foley_Site" title="Richard T. Foley Site">Richard T. Foley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Household_No._1_Site" title="Household No. 1 Site">Household No. 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locus_7_Site" title="Locus 7 Site">Locus 7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meyer_Site" title="Meyer Site">Meyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opatrny_Village_Site" title="Opatrny Village Site">Opatrny Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squirrel_Hill_Site" title="Squirrel Hill Site">Squirrel Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tower_Site" title="Tower Site">Tower</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="25x25px_Late_Woodland_cultures" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Late_Woodland_cultures" title="Template:Late Woodland cultures"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Late_Woodland_cultures" title="Template talk:Late Woodland cultures"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Late_Woodland_cultures" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Late Woodland cultures"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="25x25px_Late_Woodland_cultures" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="vertical-align:1px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Icon_mound_cone_HRoe.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Icon_mound_cone_HRoe.png/25px-Icon_mound_cone_HRoe.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d8/Icon_mound_cone_HRoe.png 1.5x" data-file-width="31" data-file-height="25" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Woodland_period" title="Woodland period">Late Woodland cultures</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mound_Builders" title="Mound Builders">Mound Builders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_archaeological_periods_(North_America)" title="List of archaeological periods (North America)">List of archaeological periods (North America)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baum_Site" title="Baum Site">Baum Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beattie_Park_Mound_Group" title="Beattie Park Mound Group">Beattie Park Mound Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_site" title="Book site">Book site</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bowen_Site&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bowen Site (page does not exist)">Bowen Site</a> (12 MA 61)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brinsfield_I_Site" title="Brinsfield I Site">Brinsfield I Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brokaw_Site" title="Brokaw Site">Brokaw Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clampitt_Site" title="Clampitt Site">Clampitt Site</a> (12-LR-329)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisher_site" title="Fisher site">Fisher site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoye_Site" title="Hoye Site">Hoye Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Maquoketa_River_Mounds_State_Preserve" title="Little Maquoketa River Mounds State Preserve">Little Maquoketa River Mounds State Preserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man_Mound" title="Man Mound">Man Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memorial_Park_Site" title="Memorial Park Site">Memorial Park Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nottingham_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Nottingham Site">Nottingham Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ormond_Mound" title="Ormond Mound">Ormond Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Croix_River_Access_Site" title="St. Croix River Access Site">St. Croix River Access Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sommerheim_Park_Archaeological_District" title="Sommerheim Park Archaeological District">Sommerheim Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Tennessee_Agriculture_Farm_Mound" title="University of Tennessee Agriculture Farm Mound">University of Tennessee Agriculture Farm Mound</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cultures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alachua_culture" title="Alachua culture">Alachua culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avonlea_culture" title="Avonlea culture">Avonlea culture</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clemson_Island_culture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clemson Island culture (page does not exist)">Clemson Island culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manahoac" title="Manahoac">Manahoac</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Monongahela culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_phase" title="Oliver phase">Oliver phase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Point_complex" title="Princess Point complex">Princess Point complex</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Springwells_phase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Springwells phase (page does not exist)">Springwells phase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suwannee_Valley_culture" title="Suwannee Valley culture">Suwannee Valley culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weeden_Island_culture" title="Weeden Island culture">Weeden Island culture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt>Related topics</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Steuben_point" title="Steuben point">Steuben point</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Belle_Glade_culture" title="Belle Glade culture">Belle Glade culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Extreme_weather_events_of_535%E2%80%93536" class="mw-redirect" title="Extreme weather events of 535–536">Extreme weather events of 535–536</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fort_Ancient" title="Fort Ancient">Fort Ancient culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mississippian_culture" title="Mississippian culture">Mississippian culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Oneota" title="Oneota">Oneota</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/St._Johns_culture" title="St. Johns culture">St. Johns culture</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pre-Columbian_North_America" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#E8E6B4"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pre-Columbian_North_America" title="Template:Pre-Columbian North America"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pre-Columbian_North_America" title="Template talk:Pre-Columbian North America"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pre-Columbian_North_America" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pre-Columbian North America"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pre-Columbian_North_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era#North_America" title="Pre-Columbian era">Pre-Columbian North America</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#E8E6B4"><div> <dl><dt><span class="nobold"><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_archaeological_periods_(North_America)" title="List of archaeological periods (North America)">Periods</a></i></span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lithic_stage" title="Lithic stage">Lithic</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Archaic_period_(North_America)" title="Archaic period (North America)">Archaic</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Formative_stage" title="Formative stage">Formative</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Classic_stage" title="Classic stage">Classic</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Post-Classic_stage" title="Post-Classic stage">Post-Classic</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#E8E6B4;width:1%;vertical-align:top;">Archaeological<br /> cultures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adena_culture" title="Adena culture">Adena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alachua_culture" title="Alachua culture">Alachua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Beringian" title="Ancient Beringian">Ancient Beringian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancestral_Puebloans" title="Ancestral Puebloans">Ancestral Pueblo (Anasazi)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anishinaabe" title="Anishinaabe">Anishinaabe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avonlea_culture" title="Avonlea culture">Avonlea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baytown_culture" title="Baytown culture">Baytown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belle_Glade_culture" title="Belle Glade culture">Belle Glade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buttermilk_Creek_complex" title="Buttermilk Creek complex">Buttermilk Creek complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caborn-Welborn_culture" title="Caborn-Welborn culture">Caborn-Welborn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cades_Pond_culture" title="Cades Pond culture">Cades Pond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calf_Creek_culture" title="Calf Creek culture">Calf Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caloosahatchee_culture" title="Caloosahatchee culture">Caloosahatchee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clovis_culture" title="Clovis culture">Clovis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coles_Creek_culture" title="Coles Creek culture">Coles Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comond%C3%BA_complex" title="Comondú complex">Comondú</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deptford_culture" title="Deptford culture">Deptford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folsom_tradition" title="Folsom tradition">Folsom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Ancient" title="Fort Ancient">Fort Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Walton_culture" title="Fort Walton culture">Fort Walton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fremont_culture" title="Fremont culture">Fremont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glacial_Kame_culture" title="Glacial Kame culture">Glacial Kame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glades_culture" title="Glades culture">Glades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hohokam" title="Hohokam">Hohokam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopewell_tradition" title="Hopewell tradition">Hopewell</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hopewell_sites" title="List of Hopewell sites">List of Hopewell sites</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Jolla_complex" title="La Jolla complex">La Jolla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Las_Palmas_complex" title="Las Palmas complex">Las Palmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_Archaic" title="Maritime Archaic">Maritime Archaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippian_culture" title="Mississippian culture">Mississippian</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mississippian_sites" title="List of Mississippian sites">List of Mississippian sites</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mogollon_culture" title="Mogollon culture">Mogollon</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Monongahela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Cordilleran_culture" title="Old Cordilleran culture">Old Cordilleran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oneota" title="Oneota">Oneota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Arctic_tradition" title="Paleo-Arctic tradition">Paleo-Arctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Indians" title="Paleo-Indians">Paleo-Indians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patayan" title="Patayan">Patayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plano_cultures" title="Plano cultures">Plano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plaquemine_culture" title="Plaquemine culture">Plaquemine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_Point_culture" title="Poverty Point culture">Poverty Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Ocher_people" title="Red Ocher people">Red Ocher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety_Harbor_culture" title="Safety Harbor culture">Safety Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Rosa-Swift_Creek_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Rosa-Swift Creek culture">Santa Rosa-Swift Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Johns_culture" title="St. Johns culture">St. Johns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steed-Kisker_culture" title="Steed-Kisker culture">Steed-Kisker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suwannee_Valley_culture" title="Suwannee Valley culture">Suwannee Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tchefuncte_site#Tchefuncte_culture" title="Tchefuncte site">Tchefuncte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troyville_culture" title="Troyville culture">Troyville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weeden_Island_culture" title="Weeden Island culture">Weeden Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#E8E6B4;width:1%;vertical-align:top;">Archaeological<br />sites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angel_Mounds" title="Angel Mounds">Angel Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anzick_site" title="Anzick site">Anzick site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandelier_National_Monument" title="Bandelier National Monument">Bandelier National Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bastian_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Bastian Site">Bastian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benson_Archeological_Site_(13WD50)" title="Benson Archeological Site (13WD50)">Benson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Spring_Heritage_Center" title="Blue Spring Heritage Center">Blue Spring Shelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bluefish_Caves" title="Bluefish Caves">Bluefish Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bluff_Point_Stoneworks" title="The Bluff Point Stoneworks">The Bluff Point Stoneworks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brewster_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Brewster Site">Brewster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cahokia" title="Cahokia">Cahokia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candelaria_Cave" title="Candelaria Cave">Candelaria Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casa_Grande_Ruins_National_Monument" title="Casa Grande Ruins National Monument">Casa Grande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaco_Culture_National_Historical_Park" title="Chaco Culture National Historical Park">Chaco Canyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coso_Rock_Art_District" title="Coso Rock Art District">Coso Rock Art District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystal_River_Archaeological_State_Park" title="Crystal River Archaeological State Park">Crystal River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuarenta_Casas" title="Cuarenta Casas">Cuarenta Casas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cueva_de_la_Olla_(archaeological_site)" title="Cueva de la Olla (archaeological site)">Cueva de la Olla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cutler_Fossil_Site" title="Cutler Fossil Site">Cutler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eaker_site" title="Eaker site">Eaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Fin_del_Mundo" title="El Fin del Mundo">El Fin del Mundo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Vallecito" title="El Vallecito">El Vallecito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effigy_Mounds_National_Monument" title="Effigy Mounds National Monument">Effigy Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etowah_Indian_Mounds" title="Etowah Indian Mounds">Etowah Indian Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eva_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Eva Site">Eva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folsom_site" title="Folsom site">Folsom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Ancient_(Lebanon,_Ohio)" title="Fort Ancient (Lebanon, Ohio)">Fort Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Center" title="Fort Center">Fort Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Juelson" title="Fort Juelson">Fort Juelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Mounds_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Four Mounds Site">Four Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gila_Cliff_Dwellings_National_Monument" title="Gila Cliff Dwellings National Monument">Gila Cliff Dwellings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenwood_Archeological_District" title="Glenwood Archeological District">Glenwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grimes_Point" title="Grimes Point">Grimes Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Blazes_archaeological_site" title="Helen Blazes archaeological site">Helen Blazes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holly_Bluff_site" title="Holly Bluff site">Holly Bluff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopewell_Culture_National_Historical_Park" title="Hopewell Culture National Historical Park">Hopewell Culture National Historical Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horr%27s_Island" title="Horr's Island">Horr's Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu%C3%A1poca" title="Huápoca">Huápoca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Key_Marco" title="Key Marco">Key Marco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimball_Village" title="Kimball Village">Kimball Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kincaid_Mounds_State_Historic_Site" title="Kincaid Mounds State Historic Site">Kincaid Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolomoki_Mounds" title="Kolomoki Mounds">Kolomoki Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Jackson_Mounds_Archaeological_State_Park" title="Lake Jackson Mounds Archaeological State Park">Lake Jackson Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lehner_Mammoth-Kill_Site" title="Lehner Mammoth-Kill Site">Lehner Mammoth-Kill Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%27Anse_aux_Meadows" title="L'Anse aux Meadows">L'Anse aux Meadows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynch_Quarry_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Lynch Quarry Site">Lynch Quarry Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marksville_culture" title="Marksville culture">Marksville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marmes_Rockshelter" title="Marmes Rockshelter">Marmes Rockshelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meadowcroft_Rockshelter" title="Meadowcroft Rockshelter">Meadowcroft Rockshelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesa_Verde_National_Park" title="Mesa Verde National Park">Mesa Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moaning_Cavern" title="Moaning Cavern">Moaning Cavern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moorehead_Circle" title="Moorehead Circle">Moorehead Circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morrison_Mounds" title="Morrison Mounds">Morrison Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moundville_Archaeological_Site" title="Moundville Archaeological Site">Moundville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mummy_Cave" title="Mummy Cave">Mummy Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nodena_site" title="Nodena site">Nodena site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocmulgee_Mounds_National_Historical_Park" title="Ocmulgee Mounds National Historical Park">Ocmulgee Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Stone_Fort_(Tennessee)" title="Old Stone Fort (Tennessee)">Old Stone Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orwell_Site_(Fergus_Falls,_Minnesota)" class="mw-redirect" title="Orwell Site (Fergus Falls, Minnesota)">Orwell site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casas_Grandes" title="Casas Grandes">Paquime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Painted_Bluff" title="Painted Bluff">Painted Bluff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkin_Archeological_State_Park" title="Parkin Archeological State Park">Parkin Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinson_Mounds" title="Pinson Mounds">Pinson Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plum_Bayou_Mounds_Archeological_State_Park" title="Plum Bayou Mounds Archeological State Park">Plum Bayou Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portsmouth_Earthworks" title="Portsmouth Earthworks">Portsmouth Earthworks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_Point" title="Poverty Point">Poverty Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_Bonito" title="Pueblo Bonito">Pueblo Bonito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rassawek" title="Rassawek">Rassawek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recapture_Canyon" title="Recapture Canyon">Recapture Canyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Styx_archaeological_site" title="River Styx archaeological site">River Styx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberts_Island_complex" title="Roberts Island complex">Roberts Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Eagle" title="Rock Eagle">Rock Eagle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Hawk" title="Rock Hawk">Rock Hawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosenstock_Village_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Rosenstock Village Site">Rosenstock Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Cave_National_Monument" title="Russell Cave National Monument">Russell Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_Ruins" title="Salmon Ruins">Salmon Ruins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serpent_Mound" title="Serpent Mound">Serpent Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Paintings_of_Sierra_de_San_Francisco" title="Rock Paintings of Sierra de San Francisco">Sierra de San Francisco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_shell_ring_sites" title="List of shell ring sites">Shell ring sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiro_Mounds" title="Spiro Mounds">Spiro Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stallings_Island" title="Stallings Island">Stallings Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SunWatch_Indian_Village" title="SunWatch Indian Village">SunWatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taos_Pueblo" title="Taos Pueblo">Taos Pueblo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Town_Creek_Indian_Mound" title="Town Creek Indian Mound">Town Creek Indian Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey_River_Mounds_State_Preserve" title="Turkey River Mounds State Preserve">Turkey River Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upward_Sun_River_site" title="Upward Sun River site">Upward Sun River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velda_Mound" title="Velda Mound">Velda Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Oak_Forest_Earthlodge_Site" title="West Oak Forest Earthlodge Site">West Oak Forest Earthlodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wickiup_Hill" title="Wickiup Hill">Wickiup Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windover_Archeological_Site" title="Windover Archeological Site">Windover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winterville_site" title="Winterville site">Winterville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wupatki_National_Monument" title="Wupatki National Monument">Wupatki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#E8E6B4;width:1%;vertical-align:top;">Human<br />remains</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anzick-1" title="Anzick-1">Anzick-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arlington_Springs_Man" title="Arlington Springs Man">Arlington Springs Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buhl_Woman" title="Buhl Woman">Buhl Woman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennewick_Man" title="Kennewick Man">Kennewick Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Brea_Woman" title="La Brea Woman">La Brea Woman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leanderthal_Lady" title="Leanderthal Lady">Leanderthal Lady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melbourne_Bone_Bed#Melbourne_Man" title="Melbourne Bone Bed">Melbourne Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Woman" title="Minnesota Woman">Minnesota Woman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pe%C3%B1on_woman" title="Peñon woman">Peñon woman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_Cave_mummy" title="Spirit Cave mummy">Spirit Cave mummy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vero_man" title="Vero man">Vero man</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#E8E6B4;width:1%;vertical-align:top;">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aridoamerica" title="Aridoamerica">Aridoamerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_ballgame" title="Mesoamerican ballgame">Ballgame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_drink" class="mw-redirect" title="Black drink">Black drink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_pipe" title="Ceremonial pipe">Ceremonial pipe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chanunpa" title="Chanunpa">Chanunpa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chunkey" title="Chunkey">Chunkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clovis_point" title="Clovis point">Clovis point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Container_Revolution_(pottery)" class="mw-redirect" title="Container Revolution (pottery)">Container Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Agricultural_Complex" title="Eastern Agricultural Complex">Eastern Agricultural Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eden_point" title="Eden point">Eden point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effigy_mound" title="Effigy mound">Effigy mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Ceremonial_Complex#Birdman" title="Southeastern Ceremonial Complex">Falcon dancer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folsom_point" title="Folsom point">Folsom point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Corn_Ceremony" title="Green Corn Ceremony">Green Corn Ceremony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horned_Serpent" title="Horned Serpent">Horned Serpent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiva" title="Kiva">Kiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicine_wheel" title="Medicine wheel">Medicine wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metallurgy_in_pre-Columbian_America#North_America" title="Metallurgy in pre-Columbian America">Metallurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mi%27kmaq_hieroglyphic_writing" class="mw-redirect" title="Mi'kmaq hieroglyphic writing">Mi'kmaq hieroglyphic writing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mound_Builders" title="Mound Builders">Mound Builders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_Graves_Protection_and_Repatriation_Act" title="Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act">N.A.G.P.R.A.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_colonization_of_North_America" title="Norse colonization of North America">Norse colonization of North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oasisamerica" title="Oasisamerica">Oasisamerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piasa" title="Piasa">Piasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Projectile_point" title="Projectile point">Projectile point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Ceremonial_Complex" title="Southeastern Ceremonial Complex">Southeastern Ceremonial Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_North_American_stickball" title="Indigenous North American stickball">Stickball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Sisters_(agriculture)" title="Three Sisters (agriculture)">Three Sisters agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thunderbird_(mythology)" title="Thunderbird (mythology)">Thunderbird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_transoceanic_contact_theories" title="Pre-Columbian transoceanic contact theories">Transoceanic contact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_panther" title="Underwater panther">Underwater panther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_glyphs" title="Water glyphs">Water glyphs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#E8E6B4"><div> <dl><dt>Related</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic history of indigenous peoples of the Americas">Genetic history</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era" title="Pre-Columbian era">Pre-Columbian era</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Native_Americans_in_Maryland" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#F0E68C;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Native_Americans_in_Maryland" title="Template:Native Americans in Maryland"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Native_Americans_in_Maryland" title="Template talk:Native Americans in Maryland"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Native_Americans_in_Maryland" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Native Americans in Maryland"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Native_Americans_in_Maryland" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Native Americans in Maryland</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F0E68C;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tribe_(Native_American)" title="Tribe (Native American)">Historic and present tribes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accokeek_people" title="Accokeek people">Accokeek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assateague_people" title="Assateague people">Assateague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaptico" title="Chaptico">Chaptico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choptank_people" title="Choptank people">Choptank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doeg_people" title="Doeg people">Doeg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumbee" title="Lumbee">Lumbee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mattawoman" title="Mattawoman">Mattawoman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nacotchtank" title="Nacotchtank">Nacotchtank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanticoke_people" title="Nanticoke people">Nanticoke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patuxent_people" title="Patuxent people">Patuxent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piscataway_Indian_Nation_and_Tayac_Territory" title="Piscataway Indian Nation and Tayac Territory">Piscataway Indian Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piscataway_people" title="Piscataway people">Piscataway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pocomoke_people" title="Pocomoke people">Pocomoke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potapoco" title="Potapoco">Potapoco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powhatan" title="Powhatan">Powhatan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shawnee" title="Shawnee">Shawnee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susquehannock" title="Susquehannock">Susquehannock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tockwogh" title="Tockwogh">Tockwogh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaocomico" title="Yaocomico">Yaocomico</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F0E68C;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">Historical languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nanticoke_language" title="Nanticoke language">Nanticoke language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piscataway_language" title="Piscataway language">Piscataway language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powhatan_language" title="Powhatan language">Powhatan language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susquehannock_language" title="Susquehannock language">Susquehannock language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unami_language" title="Unami language">Unami language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F0E68C;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">Present territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Piscataway_Indian_Nation_and_Tayac_Territory" title="Piscataway Indian Nation and Tayac Territory">Tayac Territory</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F0E68C;;width:1%">Historic figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkey_Tayac" title="Turkey Tayac">Turkey Tayac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Will" title="Indian Will">Indian Will</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F0E68C;;width:1%">Historic communities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accokeek_Creek_Site" title="Accokeek Creek Site">Accokeek Creek Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caiuctucuc" title="Caiuctucuc">Caiuctucuc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nottingham,_Prince_George%27s_County,_Maryland" title="Nottingham, Prince George's County, Maryland">Nottingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shawnee_Old_Fields_Village_Site" title="Shawnee Old Fields Village Site">Shawnee Old Fields Village Site</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F0E68C;;width:1%">Prehistoric peoples</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Monongahela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F0E68C;;width:1%">Prehistoric communities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aisquith_Farm_E_Archeological_Site" title="Aisquith Farm E Archeological Site">Aisquith Farm E Archeological Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arundel_Cove_Archaeological_Site" title="Arundel Cove Archaeological Site">Arundel Cove Archaeological Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barton_Village_Site" title="Barton Village Site">Barton Village Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beck_Northeast_Site_(18AN65)" class="mw-redirect" title="Beck Northeast Site (18AN65)">Beck Northeast Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biggs_Ford_Site" title="Biggs Ford Site">Biggs Ford Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brinsfield_I_Site" title="Brinsfield I Site">Brinsfield I Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buckingham_Archeological_Site" title="Buckingham Archeological Site">Buckingham Archeological Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bumpstead_Archeological_Site" title="Bumpstead Archeological Site">Bumpstead Archeological Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elkridge_Site" title="Elkridge Site">Elkridge Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grear_Prehistoric_Village_Site" title="Grear Prehistoric Village Site">Grear Prehistoric Village Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heath_Farm_Camp_Archeological_Site" title="Heath Farm Camp Archeological Site">Heath Farm Camp Archeological Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heath_Farm_Jasper_Quarry_Archeological_Site" title="Heath Farm Jasper Quarry Archeological Site">Heath Farm Jasper Quarry Archeological Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoye_Site" title="Hoye Site">Hoye Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Hill_Cut_Jasper_Quarry_Archeological_Site" title="Iron Hill Cut Jasper Quarry Archeological Site">Iron Hill Cut Jasper Quarry Archeological Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katcef_Archeological_Site" title="Katcef Archeological Site">Katcef Archeological Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martins_Pond_Site" title="Martins Pond Site">Martins Pond Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCandless_Archeological_Site" title="McCandless Archeological Site">McCandless Archeological Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meyer_Site" title="Meyer Site">Meyer Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monocacy_Site" title="Monocacy Site">Monocacy Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nolands_Ferry_I_Archeological_Site" title="Nolands Ferry I Archeological Site">Nolands Ferry I Archeological Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandy_Point_Site" title="Sandy Point Site">Sandy Point Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoemaker_III_Village_Site" title="Shoemaker III Village Site">Shoemaker III Village Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walker_Prehistoric_Village_Archeological_Site" title="Walker Prehistoric Village Archeological Site">Walker Prehistoric Village Archeological Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willin_Village_Archeological_Site" title="Willin Village Archeological Site">Willin Village Archeological Site</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F0E68C;;width:1%">Other prehistoric places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Broad_Creek_Soapstone_Quarries" title="Broad Creek Soapstone Quarries">Broad Creek Soapstone Quarries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magothy_Quartzite_Quarry_Archeological_Site" title="Magothy Quartzite Quarry Archeological Site">Magothy Quartzite Quarry Archeological Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Archives_Archeological_Site_(College_Park,_Maryland)" title="National Archives Archeological Site (College Park, Maryland)">National Archives Archeological Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Colony_Cove_Site" title="Old Colony Cove Site">Old Colony Cove Site</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F0E68C;;width:1%">Institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltimore_American_Indian_Center" title="Baltimore American Indian Center">Baltimore American Indian Center</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F0E68C;;width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Maryland_placenames_of_Native_American_origin" title="List of Maryland placenames of Native American origin">Native American place names in Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/We-Sorts" class="mw-redirect" title="We-Sorts">We-Sorts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="25px&#124;_&#124;alt=Ohio&#124;link=Ohio_Native_Americans_in_Ohio" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Native_Americans_in_Ohio" title="Template:Native Americans in Ohio"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Native_Americans_in_Ohio" title="Template talk:Native Americans in Ohio"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Native_Americans_in_Ohio" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Native Americans in Ohio"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="25px&#124;_&#124;alt=Ohio&#124;link=Ohio_Native_Americans_in_Ohio" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio"><img alt="Ohio" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Ohio.svg/25px-Flag_of_Ohio.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Ohio.svg/38px-Flag_of_Ohio.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Ohio.svg/50px-Flag_of_Ohio.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="520" data-file-height="320" /></a></span></span> Native Americans in Ohio</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Ohio" title="Prehistory of Ohio">Prehistory of Ohio</a> – <a href="/wiki/History_of_Ohio" title="History of Ohio">History of Ohio</a> – <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territory" title="Northwest Territory">Northwest Territory</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ohio_Country" title="Ohio Country">Ohio Country</a> – <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans in the United States</a> – <a href="/wiki/History_of_Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="History of Native Americans in the United States">History of Native Americans in the United States</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tribe_(Native_American)" title="Tribe (Native American)">Historic tribes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chalahgawtha" title="Chalahgawtha">Chalahgawtha</a> (Shawnee)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Delaware people">Delaware</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lenape" title="Lenape">Lenape</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erie_people" title="Erie people">Erie people</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iroquois" title="Iroquois">Iroquois</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honniasont" title="Honniasont">Honniasont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huron_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Huron people">Huron</a> (Wyandot)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miami_people" title="Miami people">Miami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mingo" title="Mingo">Mingo</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iroquoian_languages" title="Iroquoian languages">Iroquoian</a> speaking)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosopelea" title="Mosopelea">Mosopelea</a> (<a href="/wiki/Siouan_languages" title="Siouan languages">Siouan</a> speaking)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ojibwe" title="Ojibwe">Ojibwe</a> (<a href="/wiki/Anishinaabe" title="Anishinaabe">Anishinaabe</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odawa" title="Odawa">Odawa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Anishinaabe" title="Anishinaabe">Anishinaabe</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pekowi" title="Pekowi">Pekowi</a> (Shawnee)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piankeshaw" title="Piankeshaw">Piankeshaw</a> (Miami)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shawnee" title="Shawnee">Shawnee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyandot_people" title="Wyandot people">Wyandot</a></li> <li><i>See also</i> <a href="/wiki/Western_Confederacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Confederacy">Western Confederacy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algonquian_languages" title="Algonquian languages">Algonquian languages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">Former reservations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blanchard%27s_Fork_Reserve,_Ohio" title="Blanchard's Fork Reserve, Ohio">Blanchard's Fork Reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moravian_Indian_Grants" title="Moravian Indian Grants">Moravian Indian Grants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nawash-Kinjoano_Reservation" title="Nawash-Kinjoano Reservation">Nawash-Kinjoano Reservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_Mile_Square_Reservation" title="Two Mile Square Reservation">Two Mile Square Reservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Sandusky_Reservation" title="Upper Sandusky Reservation">Upper Sandusky Reservation</a></li> <li><i>See also</i> <a href="/wiki/Indian_removals_in_Ohio" title="Indian removals in Ohio">Indian removals in Ohio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historic figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Jacket" title="Blue Jacket">Blue Jacket</a> (Shawnee)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buckongahelas" title="Buckongahelas">Buckongahelas</a> (Lenape)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornstalk_(Shawnee_leader)" title="Cornstalk (Shawnee leader)">Cornstalk</a> (Shawnee)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egushawa" title="Egushawa">Egushawa</a> (Odawa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Brant" title="Joseph Brant">Joseph Brant</a> (Mohawk)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakowatcheky" title="Kakowatcheky">Kakowatcheky</a> (Shawnee)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Turtle" title="Little Turtle">Little Turtle</a> (Miami)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roundhead_(Wyandot)" title="Roundhead (Wyandot)">Roundhead</a> (Wyandot)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tecumseh" title="Tecumseh">Tecumseh</a> (Shawnee)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenskwatawa" title="Tenskwatawa">Tenskwatawa</a> (Shawnee)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historic communities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hell_Town,_Ohio" title="Hell Town, Ohio">Hell Town, Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenape_settlements" title="Lenape settlements">Lenape settlements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Shawneetown" title="Lower Shawneetown">Lower Shawneetown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muskingum_(village)" title="Muskingum (village)">Muskingum (village)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pickawillany" title="Pickawillany">Pickawillany</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prehistoric cultures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adena_culture" title="Adena culture">Adena</a> (Early Woodland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Ancient" title="Fort Ancient">Fort Ancient</a> (Late Prehistoric)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glacial_Kame_culture" title="Glacial Kame culture">Glacial Kame culture</a> (Archaic)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopewell_tradition" title="Hopewell tradition">Hopewell</a> (Middle Woodland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Eastern_Woodlands" title="Indigenous peoples of the Eastern Woodlands">Indigenous peoples of the Eastern Woodlands</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Monongahela culture</a> (Late Woodland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whittlesey_culture" title="Whittlesey culture">Whittlesey culture</a> (Late Prehistoric)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prehistoric communities or sites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Archaeological_sites_on_the_National_Register_of_Historic_Places_in_Ohio" title="Category:Archaeological sites on the National Register of Historic Places in Ohio">Archaeological sites on the National Register of Historic Places in Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Archaeological_sites_in_Ohio" title="Category:Archaeological sites in Ohio">Archaeological sites in Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mounds_in_Ohio" title="Category:Mounds in Ohio">Mounds in Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Petroglyphs_in_Ohio" title="Category:Petroglyphs in Ohio">Petroglyphs in Ohio‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tower_Site" title="Tower Site">Tower Site</a></li> <li><i>See also</i> <a href="/wiki/Ohio_River" title="Ohio River">Ohio River</a> – <a href="/wiki/Wilderness_Road" title="Wilderness Road">Wilderness Road</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bird_stone" title="Bird stone">Birdstone</a> (sculpture)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mounds_in_Ohio" title="Category:Mounds in Ohio">Mounds in Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Petroglyphs_in_Ohio" title="Category:Petroglyphs in Ohio">Petroglyphs in Ohio‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thunderbird_(mythology)" title="Thunderbird (mythology)">Thunderbird (mythology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_panther" title="Underwater panther">Underwater panther</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Museums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flint_Ridge_State_Memorial" title="Flint Ridge State Memorial">Flint Ridge State Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Ancient_(Lebanon,_Ohio)" title="Fort Ancient (Lebanon, Ohio)">Fort Ancient (Lebanon, Ohio)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Hill_State_Memorial" title="Fort Hill State Memorial">Fort Hill State Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Recovery" title="Fort Recovery">Fort Recovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopewell_Culture_National_Historical_Park" title="Hopewell Culture National Historical Park">Hopewell Culture National Historical Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson-Humrickhouse_Museum" title="Johnson-Humrickhouse Museum">Johnson-Humrickhouse Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Indian_Ridge_Museum" title="New Indian Ridge Museum">New Indian Ridge Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shawnee_Woodland_Native_American_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Shawnee Woodland Native American Museum">Shawnee Woodland Native American Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SunWatch_Indian_Village" title="SunWatch Indian Village">SunWatch Indian Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zane_Shawnee_Caverns" title="Zane Shawnee Caverns">Zane Shawnee Caverns</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beaver_Wars" title="Beaver Wars">Beaver Wars</a> (1609-1701)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanfan_Treaty" title="Nanfan Treaty">Nanfan Treaty</a> (1701, 1726)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Pickawillany" class="mw-redirect" title="Raid on Pickawillany">Raid on Pickawillany</a> (1752)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontiac%27s_War" title="Pontiac's War">Pontiac's War</a> (1763)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Dunmore%27s_War" title="Lord Dunmore's War">Lord Dunmore's War</a> (1774)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_Creek_massacre" title="Yellow Creek massacre">Yellow Creek massacre</a> (1774)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Camp_Charlotte" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Camp Charlotte">Treaty of Camp Charlotte</a> (1774)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Indian_War" title="Northwest Indian War">Northwest Indian War</a> (1785–1795)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Clair%27s_defeat" title="St. Clair's defeat">St. Clair's defeat</a> (1791)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Recovery" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Fort Recovery">Siege of Fort Recovery</a> (1794)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fallen_Timbers" title="Battle of Fallen Timbers">Battle of Fallen Timbers</a> (1794)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Greenville" title="Treaty of Greenville">Treaty of Greenville</a> (1795)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Grouseland" title="Treaty of Grouseland">Treaty of Grouseland</a> (1805)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Detroit" title="Treaty of Detroit">Treaty of Detroit</a> (1807)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brownstown" title="Treaty of Brownstown">Treaty of Brownstown</a> (1808)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Fort_Meigs" title="Treaty of Fort Meigs">Treaty of Fort Meigs</a> (1817)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_St._Mary%27s" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of St. Mary's">Treaty of St. Mary's</a> (1818)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_place_names_of_Native_American_origin_in_Ohio" class="mw-redirect" title="List of place names of Native American origin in Ohio">Native American place names in Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_removals_in_Ohio" title="Indian removals in Ohio">Indian removals in Ohio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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