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searchaux" style="display:none">U.S. Army general & military governor (1817–1873)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%; background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div style="display:inline-block" class="fn">Edward R. S. Canby</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa;; line-height: 1.5em"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:General_Edward_Canby_525.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/General_Edward_Canby_525.jpg/220px-General_Edward_Canby_525.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/General_Edward_Canby_525.jpg/330px-General_Edward_Canby_525.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/General_Edward_Canby_525.jpg/440px-General_Edward_Canby_525.jpg 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="739" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="font-size: 100%">Major General E. R. S. Canby in U.S. uniform</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1817-11-09</span>)</span>November 9, 1817<br /><a href="/wiki/Piatt%27s_Landing,_Kentucky" title="Piatt's Landing, Kentucky">Piatt's Landing, Kentucky</a>, US</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">April 11, 1873<span style="display:none">(1873-04-11)</span> (aged 55)<br />near <a href="/wiki/Tule_Lake" title="Tule Lake">Tule Lake</a>, California, US</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Place of burial</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="label"><a href="/wiki/Crown_Hill_Cemetery" title="Crown Hill Cemetery">Crown Hill Cemetery</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Indianapolis" title="Indianapolis">Indianapolis</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data">United States <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">Union</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Service <wbr />/ branch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Union_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Army">Union Army</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data">1839–1873</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Major_general_(United_States)" title="Major general (United States)">Major general</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Commands</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Department_of_New_Mexico" title="Department of New Mexico">Department of New Mexico</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Fort_Snelling" title="Fort Snelling">Fort Snelling</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Battles / wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Wars">Indian Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Seminole_War" title="Second Seminole War">Second Seminole War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Contreras" title="Battle of Contreras">Battle of Contreras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Churubusco" title="Battle of Churubusco">Battle of Churubusco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mexico_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Mexico City">Battle of Mexico City</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utah_War" title="Utah War">Utah War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Wars">Indian Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Navajo_Wars" title="Navajo Wars">Navajo War of 1860</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Valverde" title="Battle of Valverde">Battle of Valverde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Peralta" title="Battle of Peralta">Battle of Peralta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Spanish_Fort" title="Battle of Spanish Fort">Battle of Spanish Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Blakeley" title="Battle of Fort Blakeley">Battle of Fort Blakeley</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Wars">Indian Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modoc_War" title="Modoc War">Modoc War</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Spouse(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Louisa_Hawkins_Canby" title="Louisa Hawkins Canby">Louisa Hawkins Canby</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Signature_of_Edward_Richard_Sprigg_Canby_(1817%E2%80%931873).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Signature_of_Edward_Richard_Sprigg_Canby_%281817%E2%80%931873%29.png/100px-Signature_of_Edward_Richard_Sprigg_Canby_%281817%E2%80%931873%29.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a7/Signature_of_Edward_Richard_Sprigg_Canby_%281817%E2%80%931873%29.png 1.5x" data-file-width="139" data-file-height="40" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Edward Richard Sprigg Canby</b> (November 9, 1817 – April 11, 1873) was a career <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a> officer and a <a href="/wiki/Union_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Army">Union</a> <a href="/wiki/General_officer" title="General officer">general</a> in the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>. He served as a military governor after the war. </p><p>In 1861–1862, Canby commanded the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_New_Mexico" title="Department of New Mexico">Department of New Mexico</a>, defeating the Confederate General <a href="/wiki/Henry_Hopkins_Sibley" title="Henry Hopkins Sibley">Henry Hopkins Sibley</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Glorieta_Pass" title="Battle of Glorieta Pass">Battle of Glorieta Pass</a>, forcing him to retreat to Texas. At the war's end, he took the surrender of Generals <a href="/wiki/Richard_Taylor_(Confederate_general)" title="Richard Taylor (Confederate general)">Richard Taylor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Kirby_Smith" title="Edmund Kirby Smith">Edmund Kirby Smith</a>. </p><p>As commander of the Pacific Northwest in 1873, he was assassinated by Chief <a href="/wiki/Kintpuash" title="Kintpuash">Kintpuash</a> during peace talks with the <a href="/wiki/Modoc_people" title="Modoc people">Modoc</a>, who were refusing to move from their California homelands. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Canby&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Canby was born in <a href="/wiki/Piatt%27s_Landing,_Kentucky" title="Piatt's Landing, Kentucky">Piatt's Landing, Kentucky</a>, to Israel T. and Elizabeth (Piatt) Canby. He attended <a href="/wiki/Wabash_College" title="Wabash College">Wabash College</a>, but transferred to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Academy" title="United States Military Academy">United States Military Academy</a>, from which he graduated in 1839. He was commissioned a <a href="/wiki/Second_lieutenant#United_States" title="Second lieutenant">second lieutenant</a> in the <a href="/wiki/2nd_Infantry_Regiment_(United_States)" title="2nd Infantry Regiment (United States)">2nd U.S. Infantry</a> and served as the regimental adjutant. </p><p>Although he was often referred to as Edward Canby, a biographer has suggested that he was known as "Richard" during childhood and to some friends for most of his life. He was called "Sprigg" by fellow cadets at West Point, but during most of his career, he was generally referred to as E.R.S. Canby, sometimes signing his name "Ed. R.S. Canby." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Marriage_and_family">Marriage and family</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Canby&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Marriage and family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>He married <a href="/wiki/Louisa_Hawkins_Canby" title="Louisa Hawkins Canby">Louisa Hawkins Canby</a> at <a href="/wiki/Crawfordsville,_Indiana" title="Crawfordsville, Indiana">Crawfordsville, Indiana</a>, August 1, 1839. She came from a family of three sisters and a brother, with whom she remained close. The Canbys had one child, a daughter, who did not survive childhood.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_military_career">Early military career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Canby&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early military career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During his early career, Canby served in the <a href="/wiki/Seminole_Wars" title="Seminole Wars">Second Seminole War</a> in <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a> and saw combat during the <a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a>, where he received three <a href="/wiki/Brevet_(military)" title="Brevet (military)">brevet</a> promotions, including to <a href="/wiki/Major_(United_States)" title="Major (United States)">major</a> for <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Contreras" title="Battle of Contreras">Contreras</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Churubusco" title="Battle of Churubusco">Churubusco</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_colonel_(United_States)" title="Lieutenant colonel (United States)">lieutenant colonel</a> for <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mexico_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Mexico City">Belén Gates</a>. He also served at various posts, including <a href="/wiki/Upstate_New_York" title="Upstate New York">Upstate New York</a> and in the adjutant general's office in <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> from 1849 until 1851, covering the period of the territory's transition to statehood. </p><p>Against his wishes, he was assigned to what was supposed to be the civilian post of custodian of the California Archives from March 1850 until he left California in April 1851. The Archives included records of <a href="/wiki/Spanish_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish people">Spanish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mexican_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexican people">Mexican</a> governments in California, as well as <a href="/wiki/Mission_(Christian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mission (Christian)">Mission</a> records and land titles. Evidently, Canby had some knowledge of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_(language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish (language)">Spanish language</a>, which was extremely useful as the government was trying to unravel land titles. (<a href="/wiki/The_Filson_Historical_Society" title="The Filson Historical Society">The Filson Historical Society</a> in <a href="/wiki/Louisville,_Kentucky" title="Louisville, Kentucky">Louisville, Kentucky</a> holds what appears to be a document written in Canby's hand in Spanish, in which he identifies himself as "Edwardo  [<i><a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a></i>] Ricardo S. Canby.") </p><p>Canby served in <a href="/wiki/Wyoming" title="Wyoming">Wyoming</a> and <a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a> (then both part of the <a href="/wiki/Utah_Territory" title="Utah Territory">Utah Territory</a>) during the <a href="/wiki/Utah_War" title="Utah War">Utah War</a> (1857–1858). During this period, he served on the panel of judges for the court martial of Captain <a href="/wiki/Henry_Hopkins_Sibley" title="Henry Hopkins Sibley">Henry Hopkins Sibley</a>. Sibley was acquitted. Subsequently, Canby wrote an endorsement for a <a href="/wiki/Teepee" class="mw-redirect" title="Teepee">teepee-like</a> army <a href="/wiki/Tent" title="Tent">tent</a> which Sibley had adapted from the American Indian style. </p><p>Both officers were later assigned to <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a>, where in 1860 Canby coordinated a campaign against the <a href="/wiki/Navajo_(people)" class="mw-redirect" title="Navajo (people)">Navajo</a>, commanding Sibley in a futile attempt to capture and punish Navajo for "depredations" against the <a href="/wiki/Livestock" title="Livestock">livestock</a> of settlers. The campaign ended in frustration, with Canby and Sibley rarely sighting Navajo raiders. Usually they saw the Navajo at a distance and never got close to them. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Civil_War">Civil War</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Canby&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Civil War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the start of the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a>, Canby commanded <a href="/wiki/Fort_Defiance,_Arizona" title="Fort Defiance, Arizona">Fort Defiance</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_Territory" title="New Mexico Territory">New Mexico Territory</a>. He was promoted to <a href="/wiki/Colonel_(United_States)" title="Colonel (United States)">colonel</a> of the <a href="/wiki/19th_Infantry_Regiment_(United_States)" title="19th Infantry Regiment (United States)">19th U.S. Infantry</a> on May 14, 1861, and the following month commanded the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_New_Mexico" title="Department of New Mexico">Department of New Mexico</a>. His former assistant Sibley resigned to join the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate</a> Army, becoming a Brigadier General. Although Sibley's <a href="/wiki/Army_of_New_Mexico" title="Army of New Mexico">Army of New Mexico</a> defeated Canby and his troops in February 1862 at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Valverde" title="Battle of Valverde">Battle of Valverde</a>, Canby eventually forced the Confederates to retreat to <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">Union</a>'s strategic victory at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Glorieta_Pass" title="Battle of Glorieta Pass">Battle of Glorieta Pass</a>. </p><p>Immediately following this battle, Canby was promoted to brigadier general on March 31, 1862. Recombining the forces he had earlier divided, Canby set off in pursuit of the retreating Confederate forces, but he soon gave up the chase and allowed them to reach <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>. Shortly after the failure of the Confederate invasion of northern New Mexico, Canby was relieved of his command by Gen. <a href="/wiki/James_H._Carleton" class="mw-redirect" title="James H. Carleton">James H. Carleton</a> and reassigned to the east. </p><p>Canby's achievement in New Mexico had largely been in his planning an overall defensive strategy. He and his opponent, Sibley, both had limited resources. Though Canby was a little better supplied, he saw that defending the entire territory from every possible attack would stretch his forces too thinly. Realizing that Sibley had to attack along a river, especially since New Mexico was in the middle of a long <a href="/wiki/Drought" title="Drought">drought</a>, Canby made the best use of his forces by defending against only two possible scenarios: an attack along the <a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande" title="Rio Grande">Rio Grande</a> and an attack by way of the <a href="/wiki/Pecos_River" title="Pecos River">Pecos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canadian_River" title="Canadian River">Canadian</a> rivers. He could easily shift the latter defensive force to protect <a href="/wiki/Fort_Union_National_Monument" title="Fort Union National Monument">Fort Union</a> if the enemy attacked by way of the Rio Grande, which they did. Canby persuaded the governors of both New Mexico and <a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a> to raise volunteer units to supplement regular Federal troops; the Colorado troops proved helpful at both <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Valverde" title="Battle of Valverde">Valverde</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Glorieta_Pass" title="Battle of Glorieta Pass">Glorieta</a>. In spite of occasional superior soldiering by Confederate troops and junior commanders, Sibley's sluggishness and vacillation in executing a plan with high risk led to an almost inevitable Confederate collapse.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>After a period of clerical duty, Canby was assigned as "commanding general of the city and harbor of New York City" on July 17, 1863. This assignment followed the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Draft_Riots" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Draft Riots">New York Draft Riots</a>, which caused about 120 deaths and extensive property damage. He served until November 9, reviving the draft, and overseeing a <a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Prisoner of war camp">prisoner of war camp</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_York_Harbor" title="New York Harbor">New York Harbor</a>. He then went to work in the office of the Secretary of War, unofficially describing himself in correspondence as an "Assistant Adjutant General." Looking back on Canby's record, a 20th-century adjutant general, Edward F. Witsell, described Canby's position as "similar to that of an Assistant to the Secretary of the Army." </p><p>In May 1864, Canby was promoted to <a href="/wiki/Major_general_(United_States)" title="Major general (United States)">major general</a> and relieved <a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_P._Banks" title="Nathaniel P. Banks">Nathaniel P. Banks</a> of his command at <a href="/wiki/Simmesport,_Louisiana" title="Simmesport, Louisiana">Simmesport, Louisiana</a>. He next was assigned to the <a href="/wiki/Midwest_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Midwest United States">Midwest</a>, where he commanded the Military Division of Western <a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a>. He was wounded in the upper thigh by a <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla" class="mw-redirect" title="Guerrilla">guerrilla</a> while aboard the gunboat <i><a href="/wiki/USS_Cricket" title="USS Cricket">USS Cricket</a></i> on the <a href="/wiki/White_River_(Arkansas%E2%80%93Missouri)" title="White River (Arkansas–Missouri)">White River</a> in <a href="/wiki/Arkansas" title="Arkansas">Arkansas</a> near Little Island on November 6, 1864. Canby commanded the Union forces assigned to conduct the campaign against <a href="/wiki/Mobile,_Alabama" title="Mobile, Alabama">Mobile, Alabama</a> in the spring of 1865. This culminated in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Blakeley" title="Battle of Fort Blakeley">Battle of Fort Blakeley</a>, which led to the fall of Mobile on April 12, 1865. Canby accepted the surrender of the Confederate forces under General <a href="/wiki/Richard_Taylor_(Confederate_general)" title="Richard Taylor (Confederate general)">Richard Taylor</a> in <a href="/wiki/Citronelle,_Alabama" title="Citronelle, Alabama">Citronelle</a>, on May 4, 1865, and those under General <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Kirby_Smith" title="Edmund Kirby Smith">Edmund Kirby Smith</a> west of the Mississippi River on May 26, 1865. </p><p>Canby was generally regarded as a great <a href="/wiki/Business_administration" title="Business administration">administrator</a>, but he was criticized as a soldier. <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a> thought him not aggressive enough. At one time, Grant sent Canby an order to "destroy [the enemy's] <a href="/wiki/Railroad" class="mw-redirect" title="Railroad">railroads</a>, <a href="/wiki/Machine_shop" title="Machine shop">machine-shops</a>, &c."<sup id="cite_ref-Archer2010_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Archer2010-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ten days later, Grant reprimanded him for requesting men and materials to build railroads. "I wrote... urging you to... destroy railroads, machine-shops, &c., not to build them", Grant said.<sup id="cite_ref-DeptScott1897_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeptScott1897-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Canby could be a destroyer but appeared to prefer the role of builder. If someone had a question about army regulations or <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_law" title="Constitutional law">Constitutional law</a> affecting the military, Canby was the man to see. Grant came to appreciate this in peace time, once complaining vigorously when President <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">Andrew Johnson</a> proposed to assign Canby away from the capital where Grant considered him irreplaceable. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Central_Lunatic_Asylum_for_Colored_Insane">Central Lunatic Asylum for Colored Insane</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Canby&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Central Lunatic Asylum for Colored Insane"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In April 1869, Secretary of War Edwin Stanton appointed General Canby as military governor of Virginia. Soon after Canby arrived in Richmond, he confiscated each of the medical facilities in the city and converted them for use by the Union Army. In the next several months, Canby was made aware of the critical medical and economic plight of thousands of formerly enslaved blacks in the state uprooted by the Civil War. Canby had to decide how to provide blacks access to health and mental health services without violating the racial pecking order that existed in the South. One area in dispute was whether blacks would be allowed admission to the state's existing mental asylums at Williamsburg and Staunton. Racial integration of these two asylums had been debated in the legislature and the psychiatric community for over a decade. Dr. John Galt, superintendent of Eastern Lunatic Asylum at Williamsburg believed that free blacks and whites could be treated medically in the same facility as he had demonstrated.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Dr. Francis Stribling, superintendent of Western Lunatic Asylum at Staunton refused to admit either free or enslaved blacks to his institution.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the death of Galt, Stribling became chair of an asylum planning committee that advised Canby and the Freedman's Bureau on a permanent admission policy for the black population.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stribling proposed that Virginia should construct a separate asylum for the admission and treatment of blacks with lunacy.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Canby accepted his recommendation and included it as the basis of his military order number 136, published in December 1869.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Canby's order required continued utilization of a rented annex at Howard's Grove Hospital as the temporary psychiatric hospital for blacks until the state of Virginia could decide whether to maintain and expand it or construct a new facility. In June 1870 the Virginia legislature accepted ownership of the Central Lunatic Asylum for Colored Insane, the first standalone facility in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It remained located at the Howard's Grove site until 1885, when a new facility was constructed in Dinwiddie County some 40 miles south of Richmond and renamed Central State Hospital. Canby should be credited with creating the first racially segregated mental hospital in the US for African Americans.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The hospital remained segregated by race until passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Post-war_assignments">Post-war assignments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Canby&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Post-war assignments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the war, Canby served as commander of various military departments during Reconstruction, as the government tried to manage dramatic social changes while securing peace. He commanded <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a> from 1864 to May 1866. He was next assigned as commander of the Department of Washington, which consisted of <a href="/wiki/Delaware" title="Delaware">Delaware</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a>, the <a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="District of Columbia">District of Columbia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Alexandria_County,_Virginia" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexandria County, Virginia">Alexandria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fairfax_County,_Virginia" title="Fairfax County, Virginia">Fairfax</a> counties in Virginia, from June 1866 until August 1867. He was assigned to the command of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Military_District" title="Second Military District">Second Military District</a>, comprising <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a>. In August 1868, he briefly resumed command in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington</a>. </p><p>He was assigned to the <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Military_District" title="Fifth Military District">Fifth Military District</a> in November, where he focused primarily on the reconstruction of Texas. He left Texas for <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/First_Military_District" title="First Military District">First Military District</a>, in April 1869, serving there until July 1870. Each of these postings occurred during Reconstruction and put Canby at the center of conflicts between <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republicans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democrats</a>, whites and blacks, state and federal governments. New state legislatures were writing constitutions, and the social climate was highly volatile, with insurgent attacks against <a href="/wiki/Freedmen" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedmen">freedmen</a> and Republicans on the rise in numerous areas. Many of his districts had Ku Klux Klan chapters, which the US government was not able to suppress until the early 1870s. Canby sometimes alienated one side or the other and often both. Charles W. Ramsdell called Canby "vigorous and firm, but just." Even political opponents, such as <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Worth_(Governor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jonathan Worth (Governor)">Jonathan Worth</a>, governor of North Carolina, admitted that Canby was sincere and honest. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Final_assignment_and_death">Final assignment and death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Canby&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Final assignment and death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In August 1872, Canby was posted to command the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest" title="Pacific Northwest">Pacific Northwest</a>. He soon faced problems with the <a href="/wiki/Modoc_people" title="Modoc people">Modoc</a> tribe, who had historically lived in <a href="/wiki/Northern_California" title="Northern California">Northern California</a>. Forced to remove to a <a href="/wiki/Native_American_reservation" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American reservation">reservation</a> in <a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a> which they had to share with their historical enemies, the <a href="/wiki/Klamath_people" title="Klamath people">Klamath</a> tribe, they had pled with the US government to return to California. When the US refused, the Modoc left the reservation and returned home. In 1872, the US Army went to fight against them to force them back and the <a href="/wiki/Modoc_War" title="Modoc War">Modoc War</a> broke out. The Modoc, entrenched in <a href="/wiki/Captain_Jack%27s_Stronghold" title="Captain Jack's Stronghold">Captain Jack's Stronghold</a> south of <a href="/wiki/Tule_Lake" title="Tule Lake">Tule Lake</a>, resisted army attacks and fought US forces to a <a href="/wiki/Stalemate" title="Stalemate">stalemate</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Modoc_women.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Modoc_women.jpg/220px-Modoc_women.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f8/Modoc_women.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="324" data-file-height="362" /></a><figcaption>L to R, US Indian agent, <i>Winema</i> (Tobey) and her husband Frank Riddle (interpreter), with other Modoc women in front, 1873</figcaption></figure> <p>General Canby had received conflicting orders from Washington as to whether to make peace or war on the Modoc.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> As war was not working, the US government authorized a peace commission and assigned Canby a key position on it. There were many lines of communication between the Modoc and whites. At one point, someone told <a href="/wiki/Kintpuash" title="Kintpuash">the Modoc leader Captain Jack</a> that the governor of Oregon intended to <a href="/wiki/Hanging" title="Hanging">hang</a> nine Modoc, apparently without trial, as soon as they surrendered.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The Modoc broke off scheduled talks; Canby was angered by the rumors and their action, as he believed that his federal authority trumped the governor's and made the threat irrelevant. </p><p>On April 11, 1873, after months of false starts and aborted meetings, Canby went to another parley, unarmed and with some hope of final resolution. Judge <a href="/wiki/Elijah_Steele" title="Elijah Steele">Elijah Steele</a> of <a href="/wiki/Yreka,_California" title="Yreka, California">Yreka, California</a> wrote later that when he warned Canby that the Modoc were volatile and he was at risk, Canby replied, "I believe you are right, Mr. Steele, and I shall regard your advice, but it would not be very well for the general in command to be afraid to go where the peace commissioners would venture." The peace talks were held midway between the army encampment and Captain Jack's stronghold near Tule Lake. It was discovered later that two members of Canby's party brought concealed weapons and Modoc warriors were also armed. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Murder_of_General_Canby_and_the_Rev._Dr._Thomas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Murder_of_General_Canby_and_the_Rev._Dr._Thomas.jpg/220px-Murder_of_General_Canby_and_the_Rev._Dr._Thomas.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Murder_of_General_Canby_and_the_Rev._Dr._Thomas.jpg/330px-Murder_of_General_Canby_and_the_Rev._Dr._Thomas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Murder_of_General_Canby_and_the_Rev._Dr._Thomas.jpg/440px-Murder_of_General_Canby_and_the_Rev._Dr._Thomas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="864" data-file-height="654" /></a><figcaption><i>Murder of General Canby and the Rev. Dr. Thomas</i>, an 1873 print</figcaption></figure> <p>According to Jeff C. Riddle, the Modoc son of the US interpreter and the author of <i>Indian History of the Modoc War</i> (1914), the Modoc had plotted before the meeting to kill Canby and the other commissioners, as they believed peace was not possible. They were determined to "fight until we die."<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (He was the son of <i>Winema</i> and Frank Riddle.) Captain Jack had been reluctant to agree to the killings, believing it "coward's work", but was pressured by other warriors to agree. He insisted on being given another chance to ask Canby to "give us a home in our country."<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Canby said he did not have the authority to make such a promise, Captain Jack attacked the general. With Ellen's Man, one of his lieutenants, he shot Canby twice in the head and cut his throat. The Modoc also killed Reverend <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eleazar_Thomas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eleazar Thomas (page does not exist)">Eleazar Thomas</a>, a peace commissioner, and wounded others in the party. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Canby&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Funeral_of_the_Late_General_Canby_--_the_Body_Lying_in_State.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Funeral_of_the_Late_General_Canby_--_the_Body_Lying_in_State.jpg/220px-Funeral_of_the_Late_General_Canby_--_the_Body_Lying_in_State.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Funeral_of_the_Late_General_Canby_--_the_Body_Lying_in_State.jpg/330px-Funeral_of_the_Late_General_Canby_--_the_Body_Lying_in_State.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Funeral_of_the_Late_General_Canby_--_the_Body_Lying_in_State.jpg/440px-Funeral_of_the_Late_General_Canby_--_the_Body_Lying_in_State.jpg 2x" data-file-width="874" data-file-height="568" /></a><figcaption><i>Funeral of the Late General Canby -- the Body Lying in State</i></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grave_of_Edward_Richard_Sprigg_Canby_(1817%E2%80%931873)_at_Crown_Hill_Cemetery,_Indianapolis_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Grave_of_Edward_Richard_Sprigg_Canby_%281817%E2%80%931873%29_at_Crown_Hill_Cemetery%2C_Indianapolis_1.jpg/220px-Grave_of_Edward_Richard_Sprigg_Canby_%281817%E2%80%931873%29_at_Crown_Hill_Cemetery%2C_Indianapolis_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Grave_of_Edward_Richard_Sprigg_Canby_%281817%E2%80%931873%29_at_Crown_Hill_Cemetery%2C_Indianapolis_1.jpg/330px-Grave_of_Edward_Richard_Sprigg_Canby_%281817%E2%80%931873%29_at_Crown_Hill_Cemetery%2C_Indianapolis_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Grave_of_Edward_Richard_Sprigg_Canby_%281817%E2%80%931873%29_at_Crown_Hill_Cemetery%2C_Indianapolis_1.jpg/440px-Grave_of_Edward_Richard_Sprigg_Canby_%281817%E2%80%931873%29_at_Crown_Hill_Cemetery%2C_Indianapolis_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="3872" /></a><figcaption>Canby's grave at Crown Hill Cemetery</figcaption></figure> <p>Following Canby's death, national outrage was expressed against the Modoc. Eastern newspapers called for <a href="/wiki/Blood_vengeance" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood vengeance">blood vengeance</a>, except for one in Georgia, which headlined the story: "Captain Jack and Warriors Revenge the South By Murdering General Canby, One of Her Greatest Oppressors."<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> E.C. Thomas, son of the murdered peace commissioner, recognized the inevitability of reprisals for the killings, but said: "To be sure, peace will come through war, but not by extermination."<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eventually, Captain Jack (<i>Kintpuash</i>), <a href="/wiki/Boston_Charley" title="Boston Charley">Boston Charley</a>, Schonchin John, Black Jim, Barncho, and Sloluck were tried for "murder in violation of the laws of war", convicted, and sentenced to death. President Grant commuted the sentences of Barncho and Sloluck to life imprisonment. The other condemned men were all executed on October 3, 1873. The surviving Modoc were sent to reservations. Barncho died in prison in 1875, and Sloluck was released from prison in 1878.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The killing of Canby, and the <a href="/wiki/Great_Sioux_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Sioux War">Great Sioux War</a>, undermined public confidence in President Grant's peace policy, according to the historian Robert Utley.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was growing public sentiment for full defeat of the American Indians. </p><p>After memorial services were performed on the <a href="/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="West Coast of the United States">West Coast</a>, Canby's body was returned to <a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a> and buried in <a href="/wiki/Crown_Hill_Cemetery" title="Crown Hill Cemetery">Crown Hill Cemetery</a> in <a href="/wiki/Indianapolis,_Indiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Indianapolis, Indiana">Indianapolis, Indiana</a> on May 23, 1873. At least four Union generals attended his funeral there: <a href="/wiki/William_Tecumseh_Sherman" title="William Tecumseh Sherman">William Tecumseh Sherman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philip_Sheridan" title="Philip Sheridan">Philip Sheridan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lew_Wallace" title="Lew Wallace">Lew Wallace</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Irvin_McDowell" title="Irvin McDowell">Irvin McDowell</a>, and the latter two served among the <a href="/wiki/Pall_bearer" class="mw-redirect" title="Pall bearer">pall bearers</a>. A reporter noted that, although the funeral procession was generally reserved, "more than once, expressions of hatred toward the Modoc" marred the silence.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy_and_honors">Legacy and honors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Canby&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Legacy and honors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1871, he was awarded an honorary degree by <a href="/wiki/Wesleyan_University" title="Wesleyan University">Wesleyan University</a> of <a href="/wiki/Middletown,_Connecticut" title="Middletown, Connecticut">Middletown, Connecticut</a>.</li> <li>1875, <a href="/wiki/Cape_Disappointment_State_Park" title="Cape Disappointment State Park">Fort Canby</a>, a coast defense installation guarding the entrance to the <a href="/wiki/Columbia_River" title="Columbia River">Columbia River</a>, is named in his honor.</li> <li>1880s, <a href="/wiki/Canby%27s_Cross" title="Canby's Cross">Canby's Cross</a> was erected in his honor near the site of the peace talks, in the area later designated as the <a href="/wiki/Lava_Beds_National_Monument" title="Lava Beds National Monument">Lava Beds National Monument</a>.</li> <li>The towns of <a href="/wiki/Canby,_Oregon" title="Canby, Oregon">Canby</a> in <a href="/wiki/Clackamas_County,_Oregon" title="Clackamas County, Oregon">Clackamas County, Oregon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canby,_Minnesota" title="Canby, Minnesota">Canby</a> in <a href="/wiki/Yellow_Medicine_County,_Minnesota" title="Yellow Medicine County, Minnesota">Yellow Medicine County, Minnesota</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Canby,_California" title="Canby, California">Canby</a> in <a href="/wiki/Modoc_County,_California" title="Modoc County, California">Modoc County, California</a>, are named for him.</li> <li>Canby, Oregon's annual <a href="/wiki/Fourth_of_July" class="mw-redirect" title="Fourth of July">July 4th</a> celebration used to be called General Canby Days, with activities including a pancake breakfast, <a href="/wiki/Car_show" class="mw-redirect" title="Car show">car show</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parade" title="Parade">parade</a> and music.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Canby&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/United_states_confederate_flag_hybrid.png/28px-United_states_confederate_flag_hybrid.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/United_states_confederate_flag_hybrid.png/42px-United_states_confederate_flag_hybrid.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/United_states_confederate_flag_hybrid.png/56px-United_states_confederate_flag_hybrid.png 2x" data-file-width="1875" data-file-height="1875" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:American_Civil_War" title="Portal:American Civil War">American Civil War portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_Civil_War_generals_(Union)" title="List of American Civil War generals (Union)">List of American Civil War generals (Union)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Canby&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.filsonhistorical.org/archive/guide2.html">"Canby, Edward Richard Sprigg, 1819[sic]-1873. Papers, 1837–1873"</a>, A\C214 (1 box, 146 items; Filson Historical Society Library: MS #118, includes correspondence between Louisa Canby and her siblings, as well as contemporary newspaper accounts regarding General Canby's death and its aftermath)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Archer2010-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Archer2010_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJones_Archer2010" class="citation book cs1">Jones Archer (May 11, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xJwL3Wjs9MIC&pg=PA215"><i>Civil War Command And Strategy: The Process Of Victory And Defeat</i></a>. Simon and Schuster. p. 215. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4391-0581-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4391-0581-8"><bdi>978-1-4391-0581-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Civil+War+Command+And+Strategy%3A+The+Process+Of+Victory+And+Defeat&rft.pages=215&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2010-05-11&rft.isbn=978-1-4391-0581-8&rft.au=Jones+Archer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxJwL3Wjs9MIC%26pg%3DPA215&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Canby" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DeptScott1897-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DeptScott1897_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States._War_DeptRobert_Nicholson_ScottHenry_Martyn_LazelleGeorge_Breckenridge_Davis1897" class="citation book cs1">United States. War Dept; Robert Nicholson Scott; Henry Martyn Lazelle; George Breckenridge Davis; Leslie J. Perry; Joseph William Kirkley; Fred Crayton Ainsworth; John Sheldon Moodey (1897). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/warrebellionaco25offigoog"><i>The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies</i></a>. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/warrebellionaco25offigoog/page/n879">875</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+War+of+the+Rebellion%3A+A+Compilation+of+the+Official+Records+of+the+Union+and+Confederate+Armies&rft.pages=875&rft.pub=U.S.+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1897&rft.au=United+States.+War+Dept&rft.au=Robert+Nicholson+Scott&rft.au=Henry+Martyn+Lazelle&rft.au=George+Breckenridge+Davis&rft.au=Leslie+J.+Perry&rft.au=Joseph+William+Kirkley&rft.au=Fred+Crayton+Ainsworth&rft.au=John+Sheldon+Moodey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwarrebellionaco25offigoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Canby" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. Galt, "Asylums for Colored People", <i>American Psychological Journal</i> (1853), 75-88.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> W. Gonaver, <i>The Peculiar Institution and the Making of Modern Psychiatry 1840-1880</i> (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina, 2018), p. 256.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">5 'Eastern and Western Lunatic Asylums Meeting of the Commission', Staunton Spectator, November 30, 1869 1869, p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">F. Stribling, <i>Annual Report of the Western Lunatic Asylum</i> (Richmond: Superintendent Public Printing, 1845).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">E. R. S. Canby, <i>General Order 136</i>, ed. by Freedman Bureau of Refugees, and Abandoned Lands (Richmond, Virginia: 1st Military District, 1869), pp. 1-1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gilbert C. Walker, <i>Asylum for Insane Colored People</i>, ed. by Office of the Provisional Governor (Richmond, Virginia: James B. Goode's Steam Presses, 1869).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>An Act to Establish the Central Lunatic Asylum for Colored Insane</i>, (1870), p. 189.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Civil Rights Act of 1964, (1964).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Riddle, 71-72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Riddle, 72, 76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBonnerCurtisAldenConant1873" class="citation news cs1">Bonner, John; Curtis, George William; Alden, Henry Mills; Conant, Samuel Stillman; Schuyler, Montgomery; Foord, John; Davis, Richard Harding; Schurz, Carl; Nelson, Henry Loomis; Bangs, John Kendrick; Harvey, George Brinton Mcclellan; Hapgood, Norman (May 17, 1873). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4ySERiKHkb4C&pg=PA411">"The Athens Northeast Georgian announced the murder..."</a> <i>Harper's Weekly</i>. p. 3, Col 4<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 5,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harper%27s+Weekly&rft.atitle=The+Athens+Northeast+Georgian+announced+the+murder...&rft.pages=3%2C+Col+4&rft.date=1873-05-17&rft.aulast=Bonner&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Curtis%2C+George+William&rft.au=Alden%2C+Henry+Mills&rft.au=Conant%2C+Samuel+Stillman&rft.au=Schuyler%2C+Montgomery&rft.au=Foord%2C+John&rft.au=Davis%2C+Richard+Harding&rft.au=Schurz%2C+Carl&rft.au=Nelson%2C+Henry+Loomis&rft.au=Bangs%2C+John+Kendrick&rft.au=Harvey%2C+George+Brinton+Mcclellan&rft.au=Hapgood%2C+Norman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4ySERiKHkb4C%26pg%3DPA411&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Canby" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMattson2012" class="citation book cs1">Mattson, Lu (June 21, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Rs8qUfAV-cIC&q=%22To+be+sure%2C+peace+will+come+through+war%2C+but+not+by+extermination%22&pg=PT443"><i>Shaman's Dream: The Modoc War</i></a>. eBookIt.com. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781456609207" title="Special:BookSources/9781456609207"><bdi>9781456609207</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 31,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shaman%27s+Dream%3A+The+Modoc+War&rft.pub=eBookIt.com&rft.date=2012-06-21&rft.isbn=9781456609207&rft.aulast=Mattson&rft.aufirst=Lu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRs8qUfAV-cIC%26q%3D%2522To%2Bbe%2Bsure%252C%2Bpeace%2Bwill%2Bcome%2Bthrough%2Bwar%252C%2Bbut%2Bnot%2Bby%2Bextermination%2522%26pg%3DPT443&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Canby" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/articles/the-army-and-american-indian-prisoners.htm">"The Army and American Indian Prisoners (U.S. National Park Service)"</a>. <i>www.nps.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 18,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nps.gov&rft.atitle=The+Army+and+American+Indian+Prisoners+%28U.S.+National+Park+Service%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Farticles%2Fthe-army-and-american-indian-prisoners.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Canby" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert Marshall Utley, <i>Frontier Regulars: the United States Army and the Indian, 1866–1891</i> (1984) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ojYrdQ-IBaMC&dq=modoc+ulysses+canby&pg=PA206">p. 206 online</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A\C214 (1 box, 146 items; Filson Historical Society Library: MS #118, includes correspondence between Louisa Canby and her siblings, as well as contemporary newspaper accounts regarding General Canby's death and its aftermath)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://filsonhistorical.org/research-doc/canby-edward-richard-sprigg-papers-1837-1873/">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChicago_and_North_Western_Railway_Company1908" class="citation book cs1">Chicago and North Western Railway Company (1908). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OspBAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA51"><i>A History of the Origin of the Place Names Connected with the Chicago & North Western and Chicago, St. Paul, Minneapolis & Omaha Railways</i></a>. p. 51.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Origin+of+the+Place+Names+Connected+with+the+Chicago+%26+North+Western+and+Chicago%2C+St.+Paul%2C+Minneapolis+%26+Omaha+Railways&rft.pages=51&rft.date=1908&rft.au=Chicago+and+North+Western+Railway+Company&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOspBAQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA51&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Canby" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://canbyindependenceday.com/">"Home"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 27,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Home&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcanbyindependenceday.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Canby" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Canby&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Eicher, John H., and <a href="/wiki/David_J._Eicher" title="David J. Eicher">Eicher, David J.</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Fs0Ajlnjl6AC"><i>Civil War High Commands</i></a>, Stanford University Press, 2001, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8047-3641-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8047-3641-3">0-8047-3641-3</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nSDVAAAAMAAJ">Heyman, Max L., Jr.: <i>Prudent Soldier: A Biography of Major General ERS Canby, 1817-1873</i></a>, Frontier Military Series III, Glendale, California: The Arthur H. Clark Co., 1959.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.filsonhistorical.org/archive/guide2.html">"Canby, Edward Richard Sprigg, 1819[sic]-1873. Papers, 1837-1873"</a>, A\C214 (1 box, 146 items; Filson Historical Society Library: MS #118, includes contemporary newspaper accounts regarding General Canby's death and its aftermath).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/indianhistoryofm00riddrich">Riddle, Jeff C. (<i>Charka</i>) Davis. <i>Indian History of the Modoc War</i></a>, San Francisco: Marnell and Company, 1914, Internet Archive, online text</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Canby&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Edward_Canby" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Edward Canby">Edward Canby</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bcpl.org/cbc/doku.php/e.r.s._canby">"General Edward Richard Sprigg Canby,"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131230234553/http://www.bcpl.org/cbc/doku.php/e.r.s._canby">Archived</a> December 30, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>Chronicles of Boone County</i>, Boone County Public Library (KY)</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Condition_of_the_South#no8" class="extiw" title="s:Condition of the South">Accompanying Document No. 8</a> to “Report of Carl Schurz on the States of South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana,” 1865.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://noehill.com/modoc/cal0110.asp">Canby's Cross Commemorative Plaque</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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